Y uha nZ ha ng Mi a oX ue Che ngGa o
Melbourne School of Design APPLIED CONSTRUCTION Coordinator: Giorgio Marfella Senior Tutor: Marianna Nigra
1.1 STACKING STRATEGY (1 of 2)
Author
Student ID
YUHAN ZHANG
347664
A. Design Concept The primary design intent of this office building is to develop a skyscraper with uniqueness rather than a plane glass box or a conglomeration of totally unskilled shoe-boxes. Our design team tried to break the rule of a normal shape of highrise building which consists of repetive number of stories piled tier upon tier. In this new 42-storey office building, each floor plate is moving horizontally, either towards left (east) or right (west) with a distance of 1000 meter. As a result, there will be two different views of this building from the four perspectives (as shown in Fig.1.2). From the east and west perspective, pedestrains will find the highrise building in a quite normal rectangular shape, however when they are walking around towards the north or south point, they will surprisingly explore another dynamic irregular view of the building which seems to be moving horizontally on each floor. In this case, the building is able to attract visitors by the sharp comparison between its regular and irregular character. Furthermore, the directions of the floor plates’ movement were not randomly designed only to attract people. More importantly, such design intends to make an inner connection between the office building and its surrounding environment: the vertical floor plate contour of this building actually responds to the horizontal contour of the buildings around this area, as shown in Fig.1.1. As the surrounding buildings on this site have not been determined, we assumed that this skyscraper will be located inMelbourne CBD, and thus the moving patten of this building was refined from Melbourne City’s higrise buildings. B. Function + Design We believe that functional values do not have to be on the contrary of architectural athaestics. Therefore the title here is ‘Function plus Design’ rather than ‘Function versus Design’. In order to achieve this principle, our team did a lot of research on office buildings in the similar situation and finally confirmed two buildings as our case study buildings. The first is theCrystal Clear in Oslo (Fig. 1.4) which shows a functional approach of commercial building in the similar form: its cantilevered floor plate provides the clients with various perspectives of views and sceneries. The two openings cutting diagonally through the building connect the 3rd floor plaza with the street in the north, so that the street connects to light and views of Oslo harbour and fjord. Such approach indicates the possible functional benefits of our building forms and thus, enables the office levels with various usages to meet the requirement of different companies or firms. Another case study building is the TaunusTurm built in Germany which uses attractive marble veneer as part of its envelope.Stone cladding system dominates the imagery of the building which makes it attractive with an expressive modern style. As the steel framed glass is set back of the concrete wall, the building façade turned from a plane, boring form to an interesting, dynamic apparence. This idea also fits the moving part (the north and south facade) of our office building. Thus the style of marble veneer with framed glazing façade was determined to be used as a part of our building envelope. W e were worried that the west and east façade would be too plane and inattractive to motivate people to walk around. And the using of stone-veneer solved this problem as the two normal sides were designed to have set-back frame and the columns would be more obvious than in other sides (see the Ground Floor Plan on page 2). And the façade of other sides would be plane though with the same façade material. On the other hand, the marble or natural stone material would bring another issue of high-costs. So the veneer will only be used on the Lobby, 1st floor, and the second floor of this building. The double-height lobby with its two upper floors would be good enough to attract people. And the mechanical floors and the roof-top area would recall the image of the white stone façade, which hence treats the building as a whole.
Melbourne School of Design APPLIED CONSTRUCTION Coordinator: Giorgio Marfella Senior Tutor: Marianna Nigra
1.1 STACKING STRATEGY (2 of 2)
Author
Student ID
YUHAN ZHANG
347664
C. Efficiency & Constructivity The second case study was defined in the last few weeks of design process when the structural system and the floor plate details have been completed already. So it did not fit the original design very well, and thus requires further structural regulation to achieve its constructivity as well as the efficiency. For instance, the structural columns were used to set behind the building envelope with a one-meter distance (Fig.1.6). However, if the faรงade is changed from glazing box to stone veneer, there has to be a non-structual concrete wall on the edge of floor plate, which leads to a waste of building material and the leasing area (NLA). Hence in the final review of this assignment, we moved the columns to the edge of the lobby floor plate, so that the area would not be wasted (Fig. 1.7). In relation to the core cofiguration, we chosed central core system because it is most accessible for public circulation. The centralized core also achieved a reasonable leasing depth of 11m to 13m, which is normal in Australian office buildings and allows good accessibility of natural lights. We have been aiming to 85% to 90% efficiency to meets the requirement of Melbourne office building. And that is another important reason to use the square-shape floor plate and the central core system. The building module in this building is 1500mm which is normal in Australia and hence achievable with great constructivity and efficiency. D. Horizontal &Vertical Circulation As mentioned previously, the core is centralized to achieve good performance of horizontal circulation. Also, as there is no estimated street on the north of the site, the building will have three entance rather than four. And since the southern area is the busiest area with heavier circulation load on the site, the south gate is designed to be the main entance (Fig.1.2). In terms of the vertical circulation, there are three blocks of lifts in this building that distinct the different usage loads of low rise, medium rise, and high rise levels (Fig.1.14). Each lift bank runs between 10 to 14 levels of the building to achieve moving efficiency. The floor-to-floor height is 3.9 meter on each level without variation as the function of office areas is not defined with difference. E. Safety & Durability For the sfatety issues, especially the fire-resistance concerns of this building, two fire escapes were provided in the core area. They are located on two sides of the centralized core so that users on both sides of the floor would be able to access the stairs with minimum walking distance (Fig.1.8-Fig.1.13)
1. 2STRUCTURALCONCEPT
1. 2STRUCTURALCONCEPT
Melbourne School of Design APPLIED CONSTRUCTION Coordinator: Giorgio Marfella Senior Tutor: Marianna Nigra
1.3 ENVELOPE CONCEPT (1 of 2)
Author
Student ID
CHENG GAO 336564 We selected scheme C – Glass box to develop our envelope concept. The highlight of our project is the floors which move in and out to depict the city skyline and provide a dynamic feeling. There are 2 types of glazing selected to express the dynamic building. One is the glazing connected to columns. Columns are exposed to exterior and covered by concrete panel cladding which looks like natural stone. They are applied at lobby and first 2 floors; and rooftop and last 3 floors. The other type is double glazed low-e vision glass with spandrel glass covering slab and ceiling area. They are used from 3rd floor up to 38th floor. The reason of selecting 2 different types of glazing is that the ‘floor movement’ starts from 3rd floor and stops at 38th floor. To emphasize the dynamic and movement, the top and bottom remains static and steady. Therefore 2 different types of glazing represents 2 different states: the one connect to columns covered with concrete panel cladding is relatively heavy and static, which is used at bottom and top to hold the whole building as well as distinguish itself from the moving floors; the low-e vision glass combined with spandrel glass is transparent, light and fluid, which could represent the dynamic change of the floors. Although they look quite different, the selection of vision glass is the same. It is Low-e transparent double glazed IGU glass, which allows reasonable sunlight penetration and vision transparency but also prevent excessive heat gain. The color is blue with a touch of greenish tint. The tint occurs from the iron contains in the glass. The iron ions absorb infra-red lights which could keep the building cool. The glazingWe selected scheme C – Glass box to develop our envelope concept. The highlight of our project is the floors which move in and out to depict the city skyline and provide a dynamic feeling. There are 2 types of glazing selected to express the dynamic building. One is the glazing connected to columns. Columns are exposed to exterior and covered by concrete panel cladding which looks like natural stone. They are applied at lobby and first 2 floors; and rooftop and last 3 floors. The other type is double glazed low-e vision glass with spandrel glass covering slab and ceiling area. They are used from 3rd floor up to 38th floor. The reason of selecting 2 different types of glazing is that the ‘floor movement’ starts from 3rd floor and stops at 38th floor. To emphasize the dynamic and movement, the top and bottom remains static and steady. Therefore 2 different types of glazing represents 2 different states: the one connect to columns covered with concrete panel cladding is relatively heavy and static, which is used at bottom and top to hold the whole building as well as distinguish itself from the moving floors; the low-e vision glass combined with spandrel glass is transparent, light and fluid, which could represent the dynamic change of the floors. Although they look quite different, the selection of vision glass is the same. It is Low-e transparent double glazed IGU glass, which allows reasonable sunlight penetration and vision transparency but also prevent excessive heat gain. The color is blue with a touch of greenish tint. The tint occurs from the iron contains in the glass. The iron ions absorb infra-red lights which could keep the building cool. The glazing panels are 1500mm each with height of 3000m (floor to ceiling height), as the building module. The units are connected in thin aluminum curtain wall frames, which are 50mm thick. The spandrel glass selected to cover slab and ceiling area is about 900mm high, the color of spandrel glass is selected deliberately similar to the vision glass. Therefore the floor slab is ‘hidden’ from the sight from the street.
Image 1 (Lobby) by Yuhan Zhang
Image 4(detail) by Cheng Gao
Image 3 (detail) by Cheng Gao
Image 4 (detail) by Cheng Gao
Image 2 (detail) by Cheng Gao
Melbourne School of Design APPLIED CONSTRUCTION Coordinator: Giorgio Marfella Senior Tutor: Marianna Nigra
1.3 ENVELOPE CONCEPT (2 of 2)
Author
Student ID
CHENG GAO 336564 In terms of fixing to structure, there are 2 types of fixing methods as well. The first method is to fix glass to columns and expose columns with concrete panel cladding to exterior (image 1). The slabs are also exposed to exterior (image 2). At the point where the sill and slab meets, there is a thermal gap where heat possibly enter or leak. Therefore a layer of insulation is necessary. For the part of 3rd level up to 38th level, it is where floors move in and out. The glazing façade is generally fixed to slabs rather tan fixed to columns. Although the floor is quite dynamic, there are only 3 different ways of connecting to slabs: connect to top of slab (image 3), connect to the side edge of slab (image 4), and connect to bottom of slab (image 5). Image 3 shows how the up sill of curtain wall is sealed and connecting to the upper slab. The spandrel glass is from the unit of the above floor and stops at the finish of bottom side of concrete slab. The bottom side of concrete slab is covered by 1 unit of concrete panel cladding which could protect slab from external The thermal gap, where slab and up sill of glazing is meet, is filled up with a layer of insulation. Image 4 shows how glazing façade is connected to concrete slab. The façade here is made of 2 types of glazing – the IGU double glazed vision glass and spandrel glass. The 2 glazing is connecting by aluminum frames. The connection is waterproofed to prevent humid environment, and with reflective surface to be consistent if looked from exterior. Image 5 shows how glass panel connected to the bottom of slab. Because some of the floors are sticking out therefore there is extra slab not covered by glass panels. Therefore drainage and weather protection is the major issue if fix glass panel to the slab. To deal with issue, a curtain wall sill weathering is applied, which functions not only as a slope to drain water out but also as a protection of the slab beneath it. It also covers the gap between cladding and slab on the side. After deciding the general configuration and important construction detail, a model is built and a wind-tunnel test is commenced. As image 6 indicated, we put some strings on 1:500 models. And the result shows that the wind load increases while height increases. Again, the wind tunnel test further reflects the necessity of selecting two types of façades. The type selected for rooftop is as the same as the one selected for lobby. They are fixed to both columns and slabs, which not only create a sense of heaviness visually but also provide more strength to hold by the glass panel. Therefore they are steadier than the building covered entirely by glazing panels fixed to concrete slabs.
Image 5 (detail) by Cheng Gao
Image 6 (wind tunnel test) by all group members
12500
S E CT I ONA-1: 500
ASSIGNEMNT 1: STACKING ABPL 90118 APPLIED CONSTRUCTION 2013, 1
Drawing No. A1.2
Group B: ChengGao(336564), MiaoXue(387344), YuhanZhang(347664)
GROUND FLOOR & 1ST FLOOR & 2ND FLOOR PLAN@1:500
HIGH RISE FLOOR PLAN@1:500
BEAM LAYOUT (NO SCALE)
LOW RISE FLOOR PLAN[MOVING TOWARDS LEFT]@1:500
DETAILED SECTIONS OF BEAMS @1:100 MEDIUM RISE FLOOR PLAN@1:500
EDGE BEAM: COLUMNS ARE NOT AT THE CENTER LINE OF EDGE
BEAM. According to our design concept, at least 1M space should be provided from the edge of the slab to the columns. Otherwise the minimum width of the edge beam will be extended to 2 M. Therefore one side of the column is placed at the inner edge of the edge beam.
MODULE & GRID DESCRIPTION:
THE MODULE IS 1200 & 1350 1200: A-B 1-8 1350: C-H There is a slight variation (200MM) from the STRUCTURAL LINE A-B & G-H to MODULE 1200.
CONSTRUCTION DATA
LOW RISE FLOOR PLAN[MOVING TOWARDS RIGHT]@1:500
ASSIGNEMNT 2: STRUCTURE ABPL 90118 APPLIED CONSTRUCTION 2013, 1
Drawing No2.1.
Group B: ChengGao(336564), MiaoXue(387344), YuhanZhang(347664)
LOW RISE FLOOR PLAN@1:500
INTERIOR STRUCTURE
PHYSICAL MODEL[low rise]@ 1:200 PHYSICAL MODEL ON SITE @ 1:200
ASSIGNEMNT 2: STRUCTURE ABPL 90118 APPLIED CONSTRUCTION 2013, 1
3D VIEW OF STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATION
Drawing No. A2.2
Group B: ChengGao(336564), MiaoXue(387344), YuhanZhang(347664)
DET AI LS E CT I ON1
DET AI LS E CT I ON2
DET AI LS E CT I ON3
1-1: 10
Det ai l edSect i on2-1: 10
Det ai l edSec t i on3-1: 10
Melbourne School of Design APPLIED CONSTRUCTION Coordinator: Giorgio Marfella Senior Tutor: Marianna Nigra
Part 3 – Key Envelope Details Lobby Façade Team Member 1 Mechanical Floor Team Member 2 Parapet Team Member 3
CONSTRUCTION METHOD OF FACADE
---STICK-SYSTEM SHOPFRONT supported by aluminium or steel mullions
---HIGH-QUALITY NATURAL STONE FAÇADE WITH FLOOR-TO-CEILING GLAZING. Fresh air supply through operable window panels that can be opened by hand. B
E
D
C
ESS
F
G
46000
1500
1500
1500
1500
6000 1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
7500 1500
1500
1750
1750
7500 1750
1750
1750
1750
1750
6000 1750
1750
1500
1500
1500
6000 1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
3500 1500
1500
1500
1500
ESS
b
MA IN
1500
6000
SEC ON DA RY AC C
AC C
3500
a
ESS
A
SEC ON DA RY AC C
3RD FLOOR
3900
560 400
3340
2ND FLOOR
GROUND FLOOR LOBBY 1450
300
3700
300 1450
1450
300
3700
7800
2270
400 560
3340
CD4.1
3900
A1.1
1ST FLOOR
2270
LOBBY FACADE + ENTRY
400 560
On-Site Diagram showing 3 enties responding to the site
300 1450
2400
2700
SOUTH ELEVATION(MAIN ENTRANCE) @1:200
A1 CD4.1
SOUTH ELEVATION SCALE: 1:200
REVOLVING DOORS: RDR-C03 OUTSIDE DIAMETER: 3700MM HEIGHT: 2300
FACADE STRUCTURE (from ground floor to second floor)
A1 CD4.1
SECTION DETAIL SCALE: 1:20
DETAILED STRUCTURE OF PARTITION WALLS AND FRAMED FACADE SYSTEM
CASE STUDY: TaunusTurm
ASSIGNEMNT 4: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ABPL 90118 APPLIED CONSTRUCTION 2013, 1
Drawing No. A4.1
Group B: YuhanZhang(347664)
LOBBY FACADE + ENTRY
TaunusTurm | Frankfurt, Germany | U/C
A
B
E
D
C
F
Stone Wall Systems
G
46000 3500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1750
1750
7500 1750
1750
1750
1750
1750
6000 1750
1750
1500
1500
1500
6000 1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
- to achieve a wide range of architectural styles, aethestic affects and appearances.
3500 1500
1500
1500
1500
- constructed as a veneer, in which no building loads are transferred to stone panels.
3900
- must resist lateral loads directly imparted on it, such as from wind and earthquake, as well as vertical loads resulting from the weight of the stone wall system.
A-D
A-A
CD5.1
CD5.1
400 560
CD5.1
3340
A-C
3900
560 400
3340
400 560
1500
2270
A-B
CD5.1 1450
300
3700
300 1450
1450
300
3700
- loads must be transmitted through the stone wall system and secondary structural elements to the building’s structure.
7800
1500
7500
2270
1500
6000
300 1450
2700 2400
STONE FACADE TO FORTH FLOOR
1500
6000
A1 CD5.1
SOUTH ELEVATION SCALE: 1:200
INTERIOR
A-C CD5.1
A-C
INTERIOR
A-D
SECTION DETAIL SCALE: 1:10
CD5.1
SECTION DETAIL SCALE: 1:10
CLADDING - STONE VENEER SHOWN INSULATION BETWEEN AIR SPACE AND EXTERIOR SHEATHINGG, FULL THERMAL RESISTANCE OUTBOUND OF BAC-UP WALL
- 9-10 mm wide joints are typically used.
SEALANT OVER BACKED ROD - TWISTED AND UNDERSIZED BACKER ROD NOT ALLOWED.
WALL MEMBRANE OVER EXTERIOR SHEATHING
- are sealed with sealant and are the primary line of protection against water penetration into the wall cavity.
EXTERIOR
- wall cavity space and the back up wall useually covered with a water resistant membrane, providing a secondary line of water protection.
COMPRESSIBLE MOISTURE TOLERANT INSULATION LOOP LOWER PIECE OF WALL MEMBRANE AND 6 INCH MINIMUM ONTO EACH SIDE OF JOINT
A-A
A-B
INTERIOR
EXPANSION JOINT GLAND BETWEEN COLUMNS.
CD5.1
GROUND FLOOR PLAN CD5.1 SCALE: 1:200 A2
A-A
CD5.1
ISOMETRIC OF OVERALL STONE VENEER TO PRECAST WALL (NO SCALE)
GROUND FLOOR & 1ST FLOOR & 2ND FLOOR PLAN@1:500
GAZE SAFETY BEAM MAINS CABLE SAFETY BEAM
EXTERIOR
INTERIOR
ABPL 90118 APPLIED CONSTRUCTION 2013, 1
Group B: YuhanZhang(347664)
PLAN DETAIL SCALE: 1:10
FIXED SCREEN
ASSIGNEMNT 5: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Drawing No. A5.1
(PLAN Detail A-E)
- must be wide enough to accommodate thermal expansion and differential movements between panels.
CD5.1
CD5.1
Joints between Panels
BRUAH TRIP
DOOR
A-B
LOBBY FACADE + ENTRY
CD5.1
PLAN DETAIL SCALE: 1:10
EAST FACADE ISOMETRIC
ABPL 90118 APPLIED CONSTRUCTION
EAST FACADE ROOF TOP DETAIL 1:50
Design intent: Rooftop is to respond to lobby design. The lobby is inspired by Taunusturm Building in Germany, will integrate glass curtain wall with natural stone cladding to give the building more depth. To emphasize middle part’s [in and out] oors, the last 4 oors including parapet wall will apply the similar materials as the lobby. But Instead of celebrating the verticality of the skyscraper (the white strips), our concept is to celebrate the [in and out] dynamic, which is emphasizing on horizontal direction. Therefore we decide to not use the white-natural-stone cladding as vertical element at our top oors.
ASSIGNMENT 4: BMU SYSTEM & ROOF TOP DETAIL
CHENG GAO 336564
COX GOMYL: CG 1600-1800 Series: Economy BMUs Max reach: 3.3m Max Height: 180m - Track type: Rail / Concrete Runway
ABPL 900118 APPLIED CONSTRUCTION ASSIGNMENT 5 CHENG GAO 336564
SECTION B
SECTION A
NATURAL STONE CLADDING REFERENCE
SECTION B
INSTALLATION REFERENCE, HOW TO PUT PIPE THROUGH CONCRETE SLAB
SECTION A
ROOFTOP DRAIN REFERENCE