Eco-filter Landscape
Design Research Catalogue Chenqi Huang s3371524 2013
Master of Landscape Architecture ARCH 1367 MLA Design Research Project B Design Research Catalogue Chenqi Huang Semester 02, 2013
Degraded waterfront in Binjiang District, Hangzhou, China
Contects
Research Question Abstract Design Research Project Diagram Development of Research question Site Images Introduction Water Quality & Health Site Location Water pollution Precedent 1 Houtan Park Precedent 2 Wusong Riverfront Precedent 3 Island of water Site 1 West Lake Hydrology & urban fabric Pollution souces Site Analysis Eco-filter+township Water+pattern of a city Disappearing Pattern of water Demands of water Plants selection Emerging possibility Interating with urban fabric Designing by science Activity Analysis Scenario 1_Clean Reconsider the problem Flooding and plant grownth Development of proposal diagram Scenario 2_Design wiith Rainfall Connecting Design scenarios Conclusion Bibliography
04 05 06 08 10 11 12 14 16 18 21 22 23 28 30 32 36 38 40 42 44 48 49 50 53 54 60 63 64 67 78 80 81
Eco-filter Landscape
Designing new waterfront development through water filtration infrastructure
Research Question:
How can the degraded waterfronts be revitalized through the design of ecological water treatment landscapes?
4
Abstract
Over three quarters of China’s rivers and lakes are
Guided by a number of precedents (such as
polluted due to the rapid development of industry.
Houtan Park), this research project explores
It is found in this research that environmental
design propositions for Eco-filter Landscape when
degradation caused by water pollution results
encourages people to reconnect to the water and
in considerable health damage to both humans
which ideally increases integration of recreational
and animals. According to the World Bank, water
and social programs. The design of Eco-filter
pollution directly causes 66,000 deaths annually in
Landscape for the
China from cancer and dysentery. This project aims
exemplifying the improvement and activation of a
to create a waterfront district as a living purification
degraded environment, may serve as an example
machine, providing residents with public amenities
for water treatment landscape in other polluted
and recreational open spaces through the design of
waterfronts.
waterfront in Hangzhou,
water filtration infrastructure.
Collage section reflects current condition of a degraded waterfront in Hangzhou
5
Design Research Project Diagram
Problems Site Elements River pollution Hydrology system Flood
Ecology Chemical Factories
Rural Residential
Farmland
Quality of life
Disconnect to people
Absent of live
6
Design Approaches Ambitions
Clean Water Planting Design Wetland Rehabilitating Environment Flood Retarding Basin Providing Recreation
Recreational facilities
Park Connecting to people
Precedent 1: Houtan Park Precedent 2: Wusong Riverfont Precedent 3: Island of Water
7
Development of Research Question
How to improve the utilization of public green space in dense cities through reconsidering the role of Landscape architecture in pedestrian network?
How to improve the utilization of public open green space in dense cities throught redesigning the pedestrian network?
Public open green space
Why?
Not enough Not open enough Green space NOT public
What are the benefits of public spaces? • Gathering -Sense of Community • Exercise • Aesthetic • Tourism • Focus/ Attention -Commercial -Residential How to improve the quality of living in a dense city though the design of its Public space network? How can the economical system of West Lake to be used to inform the spacial condition of the city? What is Water treatment system? Why is the design of water treatment system improve the city?
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+public recreation +biodeversity +spaces where people & natrue could interact
How Eco-belt expansion Filtrerate water
What - Improving utiliztion of public green space in dense area Why - Inefficency, “enclosed”, shared with limited users that social barrier How - Reconsidering the function of landscape architecture in pedestrian network
City
Why is this important? • Social • Cultural • Health -Environment • Ecology -Water -Sun -Pollution
Eco-filter Landscape Designing new waterfront development through water filtration infrastructure How can the degraded waterfronts be revitalized through the design of ecological water treatment landscape Does urban development change the meaning of water to people? How does Eco-filter landscape change the spatial quality? 9
Site Images
01
02
03
01: Current condition of the ground 02: Temporary accomondation for workers 03: Chemical factory 04
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04: Disused wasteland in industry zone
Introduction
Intact Restored Condition
Created Condition Turning Point
Degraded
Eco-filter landscape
is literally explained
and towns to attract and accomodate industries
ecological water filtration infrastructure.
and new inhabitants. But it is just another vast
The research explores the new relationship
urban agglomeration, made up of industrial sites,
between community and hydrological system
residential areas, commercial properties. This sort of
while the feature of water is degrading during
developing “mode� was seen from the development
the rapid development of urbanization. It aims
of waterfront in north part of Qiantang river. In
to design a water system that reconnect people
light of such expension, the need for new balancing
to water, through exploring the oppotunities
idea in urban design and development is urgent to
of bringing life back to a degrading waterfront.
show a path into a successful and livable future.
Located around 7km south-west of downtown,
This project is proposing a way to solve the existing
Binjiang is one of several industrial districts of the
water pollution and a the same time, using the
urban megapolis Hangzhou. It used to be a typical
challenges and opportunities
Chinese watertown, embedded in farmlands,
the process of designing a new water filtration
interlaced with rivers and clusters of lakes.
infrastructure
as
of live
as
that are arose in
a tool to develop the quality
of inhabitants and the environment.
Today, Binjiang is competing with other districts
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Water Quality and Health
01
ite es th rch a or e f ese ad e r m h n of t io cis on De lecti se
Hangzhou
02
12
03
Source: WB (2007a)
Major Health Effects
Populations at risk or affected
Traditional Unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation
Infectious diseases (eg, diarrhoea, hepatitis A, typhoid, schistosomiasis)
>40% of rural residents (>296 million); >6·2% urban residents (46 million)
Modern Industrial water Cancers of the digestive system pollution (eg, stomach, liver, oesophagus, or colorectal cancer)
The bar chart (fig. 01) shows
Affected population unknown; an estimated 11% of total digestive system cancer cases (~954 500 yearly)
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which is unsafe for any use.
Yangtze River has the lowest water quality amoung China’s Seven
Considering its water resource
River Systems, while industrial
is consuming by high population
pollution counts 75% of these
cities, humans’ and other living
pollutants.
beings’ health is certainly in risk and it also results in disconnection
Below diagram begins to look
between people and water in
at
between
cities above unsafe water. Thus, in
water quality of the seven water
this project, I will take Hangzhou
system and their users in China.
city as study phase.
the
relationship
The highlighted area (Zhejiang Province) is on Yangtze River, and its water quality is above grade V
01: Industrial pollution and domestic waste accounted for 75% of these pollutants. 02: The water quality of major river in Hangzhou is unsafe for any use. 03: Pollution Thread: Mortality rates for diseases associated with water pollution in China. The world average mortality rates are for year 2000 and China mortality rates are for year 2003. 04: Industrial water pollution threatens lives of human beings and the increase of population made the situation even worse.
13
Site Location China
Yangtze River
Qiantang River
Tai Lake
Hangzhou Population= 8,700,000 Area= 728 km² Density= 1,214/km2
West Lake Area= 5.6 km²
Hangzhou Binjiang District Population= 319,000 Area=73km² Density= 4,429/km2
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Kunshan
Precedent 2_ Wusong Riverfront
Shanghai
Precedent 1_ Houtan Park
Hangzhou Bay
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Water pollution along the river
Qiantang River
1. West Lake
HANGZHOU
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2. Binjiang
Scarttered Factories Point Pollution 17
Precedent 1 Houtan Park Before
Land Use Brownfield Park/Open space Project Type Park Wetland creation/restoration Waterfront redevelopment Location Pudong, Shibo Avenue Shanghai China
After
01
Size 34.5 Acres
b1
a1 b2
a2
02
2,400 m3/day of water can be treated from Lower Grade V to Grade III
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a1
01: Before and After images: Houtan park aimed to introduce treated water to the degrading waterfront and provided spaces for recreation.
a2
Wetland
03
Terraces
Huangpu River
02: water-cleaning machanism 03: Sections 04: Design of plants: Rethink the possibilities the wetland provide for the design of infrastructures
b1
b2
05: Diagrams: visualizing the spacial quality of the edges of wetland and walking paths 06: Diagramming spaces and allowed activities through the design of plants
04
Semi open
Clean
Reeds
Fu
nc
tio n
al
05
Spacial 19
Design of Plants Allowed activities
Houtan Park project in Shanghai is an important
specific spacial quality and thus forms interesting
precedent for this approach to design. Built on
relationships between water and human. This
a former industrial site, the park was designed a
precedent drives me to consider the possible
regenerative living organizm that treats polluted
activities that revitalized the degraded waterfront
river water, mitigates urban flooding, increase
by testing the spaces. In this case, the features of
habitat and biodiversity, while celebrating the
plants are considered to be key for the structure of
regional culture and beatifying the riverfront
Eco-filter landscape. However, this outcomes need
for public use. It unfolds along the Huangpu
to be reconsidered as the quality of water which is
River through several linear miles of natural and
treated by aquatic plants themselves, influences
constructed wetlands that clean the polluted river
the use of spaces.
water and encourage native fauna to return. From the design of Houtan park, it is learnt that the design of plant not only aids the treatment of water, but also provides opportunities to create
Sight
Emergent Plants
submerged Plants 06
Floating Plants
20
Precedent 2 : Wusong Riverfront
Wusong project aid to understand how to connect
medium scale, and forms of planting zones in small
the water filtration landscape to urban fabric that
scale. it started to reveal that wetland infrastructure
encourage utilization in proposed site. It also shows
revitalize the waterfront while blurring the
the water flow within the created system forms
boundary of the urban edge and blending the urban
the trend of urban development in a large scale,
context in the design.
changed the pedestrian and transport network in a
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Precedent 3: Island of Water
01
04
02 01: Shrinking water body that in need of restore 02: Introducing wetland infrastructure that brings live back 03: Diagramming the changing process of construction wetland 04: Diagramming the connection between pedestrian network and the wetland park.
03
This project introduce the changing process of emerged landscape. It helps to understand the trend of growth of constructed wetland and give an idea how the water treatment infrustructure encourage biodiversity and human uses. The sketches start to look at the connection between visitors and built infrastructure above water network.
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Water Pollution Reasons to cleaning water
23
16.7%
2.8%
2.7% 01
3.8%
8.3%
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Site 1: West Lake Located at the centre of Hangzhou, West Lake is a natural lake of most cultural significance in China. It is a lagoon formed about 2,000 years ago. West Lake in Hangzhou is surrounded by hills on three sides and by urban district on the forth, and it is an inseperable part of the city. As West Lake is the most famous attraction of Hangzhou, its degrading water quality became a serious problem that has been solving in the last 20 years, however, from this research, it is found that the water quality cannot be improved without cleanning the water of the major river that runs through the whole city - Qiantang River.
01: Water Pollutant diagram showing the percentage Mercury Toxics
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Understanding water filtration network in Hangzhou
Water Conversation Project (1986-present) The West Lake Water Conservation Project has been built in order to improve water quality
01
and help restore the ecosystem. It has torn down nearby structures, stopped discharge, built treatment facilities and introduced new aquatic plants. Urban river Diversion system Water flow direction Pump Deposition
This system is able to pump 300,000 tons of water per day from Qiantang River to West Lake
Year
02
through water purification machine. Aquatic Water Quality Assessment
Eutrophication
1997 1998 1999
Grade V Grade IV Grade IV
2000 2001 2002 2003
Grade IV Grade IV Grade V+ Grade IV
High
2004 2005 2006 2007
Grade V Grade V+ Grade V+ Grade V+
Low Low Low Low
2008
Grade V+
Low
Key pollution index
plants were introduced to contribute to the water treatment process. A dredging project for
High
Total Nitrogen Total Phosphorus
eliminating the bottom mud of lake has been put into practice for purification of the lake water and it also prevent the lake from shrinking. As
Medium
Total Nitrogen Total Phosphorus Total Nitrogen Total Nitrogen Total Nitrogen Total Phosphorus Total Nitrogen Petroleum
a result, the water quality of West Lake has improved somewhat. However, the expected effect has not occurred, and the dense bloom of blue–green algae continues to appear. West Lake is still in a state of eutrophication now.
According to the research to the water quality in West Lake which is the core of Hangzhou city, there are 67 kinds of organic pollutants have been detected in Qiantang river basin, including benzopyrene, methylene chloride, carbon
tetrachloride,
hexachlorobutadiene
and dichloroethylene etc. It is revealed that Industrial discharge along the river is the main cause of its eutrophication. Dredging project for eliminating the bottom mud Water Treatment Plants Underground water pipe
03
Water filtration machine 300,000 t/day
West Lake Qiantang River
26
04
Site 2: Binjiang District
05 01: Current diversion and drainage systems 02: Water quality from 1997-2008 03: Section of water purification system 04: Existing Hydrology of Hangzhou City 05: Industrial wastewater discharges from nearby factories
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Hydrology and urban fabric
01
02
28
01: Residential growth direction 02: Urban and water fabric of the selected site
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Water Pollution along riverbank
ng a t n Qia r Rive
Landfarm
8 Disused Loading dock
1 2 Polluted water discharged from factories
3 4
5
6 Waterfront Edge of the site
Unplanned Industrial Use
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3
7
1- Chemical Factory
6- Disused Electrochemical Factory
7- Water Transportation
A
Qiantang River Total Length
459 km
Depth
8-9 m
Total Area
55,6000 Km2
Mean Annual Discharge
442.5 Bm3
Average Discharge
1,400 m3/s
1 Chemical Factory 2 Textile Material Industry 3 Cement Factory 4 Construction Material Factory 5 Electroplating Factory 6 Disused Electrochemical Factory 7 Water Transportation 8 Reservoir
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Site Analysis
2014
1. Clean 0
100 200
500
1000
2017 2. Recreational Space
0
100 200
500
1000
Industrial Area Disused Industrial Area
32
Disused Electrochemical Factory will be removed by 2017
Residential zone accomondates local farmers
Farmland 770,000m2 Cement Factory zone will be removed by 2014
33
Site Analysis - Zoning Residential Area
Field Land
Public green space
Existing Ponds
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3. Industrial waste water discharges directly to the river
W ay gh Hi
Riv ers an Ur b
Ex isti ng Fie l
Ex
isti
ng
Ro a
d
tio dir ec ow Riv er fl
2. Steel framework of chemical factory
d
n
1. Fieldland owed by surrounded residents located next to industrial zone.
Binjiang District is a degraded industrial waste land which is also a site potentially for the plugin of Eco-filter landscape. In order to do that, understanding of existing network system has been undertaken. This diagram starts to look at the connection of the existing filed to the water and transport network, exploring the landuse and possibility that water treatment infrastructure may integrate to the site.
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Eco-filter + township
Concept Diagram: Water to City
36
Eco-filter + township
Ecological Cycle
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Animalcule
Disintegrator (bacteria/epiphyte) Aquatic Plant
Algae
Egesta/organic debris/cadaver
Zooplankton
Herbivore
Carnivore
I start to question myself how to design an ecological landscape that is capable to archieve my goal: revitalized degraded waterfronts. As the current water quality of Qiantang river is lower grade V which is not suitable for any recreational activities. The first step is to clean the water in an ecological way, which vital for the
Nature
People
Activity zone
further research. By combining the understanding of water treatment system of West Lake and precedents (Houtan Park, Wusong Riverfront, etc.), and by further exploring the site, a more integrated design strategy help improving water quality and fuel the revitalization process will emerge.
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Water + Pattern of a city
Cultural landscape patterns resulting from the adaptation to the characteristic of the watershed
Settlement patterns resulting from logics of the watershed being evident within the city
The loss of visible water systems within the urban landscape of Cantho, Vietnam (Nemcova/Wust 2008)
38
39
Disappearing Pattern of Water in Hangzhou
1928
1982
2010
1940s
2010s
40
2030s
Design of Planting & Water
41
Demands of water
Local Crops
Annual Output (kg)
Tea
5,000
Total Farm Land
770,000m2
Fruit
Vegetable
150,000
200,000
Rice 350,000
Local Crop Consumption Domestic Consumption
Population = 6160 Total Area: 1.6 km
Treatment Wetland Area: Size of residential population = 1 person:5 m2 Wetland Area = 30800 m2
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Water Consumption (m3/kg)
Water Consumption (m3/year)
0
2
4
0.2
42,800
0.8
123,300
m3
5.4
27,000
6
875,000 2.5
Amount of water needed for the irrigation of agriculture
1068100 m3/year
Water Demand:
Min. =100 Gallons per person per day Max.=300 Gallons per person per day water treatment plant capacity Average community daily water demand = Average daily water demand Ă— Number of people distribution system capacity Maximum daily water demand = 1.8 Ă— (Average community daily water demand) Maximum hourly water demand = 3 Ă— (Average community daily water demand)
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Plants selection
Purpose 01. Comprehensive purification rhizoma acori graminei Iris pseudacorus Scirpus tabernaemontani
emergent plant
Reed (Phragmites) Wild Rice (Zizania latifolia) Typha angustifolia Lythrum salicaria Typha orientalis
Garden cress Acorus gramineus Pontederia cordata Floating plant
Aquatic Plant species
arundo donax var versicolor
water lily Hydrocharitaceae
Submerged plant
Hydrilla varticillata Potamogeton crispus Elodea nuttallii Myriophyllum spicatum Ceratophyllum demersum Potamogetonaceae
44
02. Bio-purification
03. Heavy Metal Removal
es 04: Pathogen purification
05: Nutrient Removal
06: Water Quality Stablization & Control
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rhizoma acori graminei Iris pseudacorus Scirpus tabernaemontani
emergent plant
Reed (Phragmites) Wild Rice (Zizania latifolia) Typha angustifolia Lythrum salicaria Typha orientalis arundo donax var versicolor Garden cress Acorus gramineus
Floating plant
Pontederia cordata
water lily Hydrocharitaceae
Submerged plant
Hydrilla varticillata
46
Potamogeton crispus Elodea nuttallii Myriophyllum spicatum Ceratophyllum demersum Potamogetonaceae
Floating Plants
Submerged Plants
Emergent Plants
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Emerging Possibilities
Clean Water, Class III Clean Water Impoundment
Water filtration Mechanism Water Quality Stablization & Control
Deep Water Aeration
Nutrient Removal Shallow Water Treatment Channel Pathogen Removal
Heavy Metal Removal
Sediment Pond River Water, Lower Class V
48
Integrating with urban complex
1. Building upon a water network. Showing water flow within filtration wetland. River water being pumped into the Eco-filter, clean by running through water treatment sequence. The length of “clean� cells is totally 1,600 metres, which is capable to purify 2,400 m3 01
water per day from grade V+ to grade III. The wetland stream connects the existing ponds and running the clean water to the urban river. 2.
Connecting important nodes from
contours and wetland infrastructure to create pedestrian network within the park. 3. Diagrams showing the relationship between non-structural infrastructure and structural infrastructure.
02
03
49
Indicator tests
Soil characteristics
Width
50
Settling zone
Sediment storage zone
Basin design capacity=settling zone+ sediment storage zone
Type C Jar Settlement Test: Less than 33% finer Minimum depth = 0.6 m Equivalent to 100% of the settling volume. Rapid settling of settlement of clay particles in than 0.02 mm Minimum length to width ratio of Using the Revised Universal Soil Loss coarse sediments less than 1 hour. 3:1 without baffles Equation (RUSLE) to estimate sediment runoff volume over the duration ofthe Aggregate disturbance, or for the nominated period Immersion or Field Immersion between clean-outs, typically 2-3 months. Aggregate Test: soil does not disperse, but may slake
Basin Type
Designing by science Particle Sizes
Clay particle
Inflow
0.016mm-0.032mm > 0.032mm
Sediment storage zone
Spillway 500 mm
Downstream elevation
% of river sediment 90% 10%
1300
1200 1100
1000
900
800 700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Sediment Concentration (g/L) Profiles of concentration at each corresponding time
Sediment storage zone Centre spillway
Inflow Length
Length:width= 3:1 min Outlet Protection
Secure geotextile to gabions with 20mm to 30mm aggregate Gabion embankment
Needle punched geotextile
Sediment settling zone
500 mm
Crest of spillway
600 mm min
Outlet protection
Needle punched geotectile
ARTIFICIAL WETLANDS FOR SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE 1. Sewage flows into the constructed wetland, which is an excavated cell filled with sand that serves to filter out odors. 2. The filter consists of a large vegetative planting, in this case rushes, whose roots in the sand are fed by the wastewater. 3. The nutrients in the water are absorbed by rushes (Juncus), which sequester them in their tissues as they grow. 4. The nutrients absorbed are eliminated with vegatative dieback of the rushes, whose remnants form an insulating layer. 5. The purified water filters from the wetland into the lagoon. 6. Proportioning a wastewater treatment wetland: The area required is proportional to the size of the residential population and is calculated as follows: 1 person = around 5 m2.
51
Educational Institute Entertainment Retail & Restaurant Main street
52
Activities Analysis
Most Actived zone
Least Actived zone
More questions were arised after designing Eco-filter Mechanism. Design possibilities lead by the precedents study was tested in process of Scenario. However, each site has its own “personality�, contours, users, surrounding environment. Apart from industrial landuse, educational institutes account for a large proportion of Binjiang District. This mapping start to show the universities located in centralized area, while retail and restaurants spread out from them, form seperated group yet somehow connected with each other.
If the retail and restaurant spots tell the story about how people use this district, it also clearly indicated that the industrial zone along waterfont is not integrated with the flow of visitors. People do not activate highly polluted waterfront and that is the human nature. Houtan park illustrates as a sucessful example of how visitors reactivate a recover waterfront as the water filtration landscape bring lives back.
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Master Plan
2013 0
100
200
500
3
Water quality stablization and fish pond
2014 0
100
200
500
2017 0
54
100
200
500
0
100
200
500m
0
100
200
500
0
Bio Purification
b
b
Sediment pont
2
1
a
The
Water Bank Renovation
a
55
Existing River bank
0
1
5m
Wetland Purification
Sedimentation
0
1
5m Inlet
56
The design scenario is developed from the research of precedent study of Houtan Park in shanghai, however, the scale of the site in Binjiang is a lot larger than Houtan park. Considering that Houtan park is using pumping machine to pump up water from the river to constructed wetland, thus this design scenario may be not successful due to the scale, water consumption and contour feature of the site. This section shows the inlet process of water filtration, the water flow will not only flow to one direction, but also run through from opposite direction during wet seasons. In the next scenario, I will research the risk of flooding in the residential zone of the site to explore the opportunity that Eco-filter landscape may developed during flood seasons.
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1
Sediment Pond 0
10
50m
0
10
50m
0
20
0
20
2
3
58
100m
59
Reconsider the problem
60
61
Water filtration infrasttuture + [Flood retarding basin]
Widespread flooding in Japan
62
Flooding [and PLANT GROWTH) When floodwater deepens sufficiently to inundate the the shoots as well as the roots, stress on the plants is much magnified. The extra stress arises because influx of aerial carbon dioxide for photosynthesis is largely prevented. Only a relatively small group of well-adpted aquatic or amphibious species can survive total submergence of the shoot system for long at growing tempertures. The principle strategy for survival is to shorten the period of total submergence by means of a strong increase in the shoot elongation rate the reunites the shoot with air. In most cases this growth requires oxygen, is regulated by a build� up of the plant hormone ethylene and is mediated via expression of expansin genes (Voesenek et al., 2003; Vriezen et al., 2003). In contrast, a small number of species (e.g. Potamogeton pectinatus) are also able to escape by means of accelerated vertical extension growth even in the complete absence of oxygen and independently of ethylene. Taken together,
these acclimations help individual plants to survive through improved access to oxygen achieved by accelerated upward shoot growth. Even species that are susceptible to poorly aerated conditions possess metabolic and molecular responses that lengthen survival time from a few hours to several days. In better-adapted species with large respirable reserves, anaerobic proteins that synthesized by all plants can sustain survival under water for many months, and are the means by which aquatic perennials cope with seasonal winter flooding. Rice (Oryza sativa) is usually thought of as being highly tolerant of flooded conditions, that can can quickly return leaves or stems into contact with the air.
Potamogeton pecitinatus
63
Development of Project proposal diagram
64
65
Existing Water Control Increasing urbanization in not only Hangzhou but other developing city has led to significant changes in the natural systems. As an area is developed, the natural ability of the catchment to withstand natural hydrologic variability is removed. Infiltration capacity is decreased due to the increase in impervious surface and disrupted native soil and vegetation.
Proposed water control
Using manipulating of land to control water
66
Design with Rainfall
mm 220 200 180
째C Wet Season Dry Season
Dry Season
160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
0
67
Flooding zone
1 in 5 years 1 in 50 years Area = 26,200m2 Volume: = 31,700m3
68
Existing hydrology
Flooding zone diagram shows the floodplain area in the residential zone that happens every five years and 50 years, which risks lives and cause blocking of accessibility. This problem often occurs in developing cities and it is also an limitation for the design of Eco-filter landscape, it may become an opportunity to reconsider the design of wetland that adapt the context of urban riverfront.
69
70
Terrain topography Model
Normal Water Level
1 in 5 years
1 in 50 years
Terrain topography Model 71
ed erg
e
Zon
m
Sub
ed erg
e
Zon
m
Sub
Moment of Exiting Condition
72
Emergent plants: slow down the speed of rainfall
Sub
me
rge dZ one
Sub
me
rge d
Zo
Manipulating of land
Moment of proposed Condition
73
[Transport Infrasturture]
74
75
76
Proposed spacial arrangement
77
Connecting Scenarios
78
79
Conclusion In developing city of China, it is explored that continuous and rapid development has caused degradation or even disappearance of water fabric, a part of which is due to water pollution and reclaim of land. The ambition of this project was to create an water filtration infrastructure that combines the technical function: improve the quality of water and introduce inhabitants to reconnect to the water. In my design research project, I designed a recreational wetland that combines the water purification mechanism and flood retarding zone. It is driven by site condition and feature (such as terrain topography, building topography, river water pollution and rainfall condition), and guided by precedents that deal with the same quality of water and similar problems. Undoubtedly, in the process of designing a wetland park, I need to consider aspects from different field especially in a complicated site. I tried to turn the challenges that are arisen into opportunities in the design outcomes: relationship between water and township, river and topography and Eco-filter landscape itself and the surrounding buildings. After one-year research process, I reveal that these challenges limit but operates throughout my process and emerges as an outcome. The design provides a new idea for degraded waterfronts in China to rethink the relationship between water and waterfront spaces and amazing solution that wetland can possibly offer.
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Bibliography Saunders, W., 2012, Designed Ecologies: The Landscape Architecture of Kongjian Yu, Ria Stein, Berlin Martin J. 2008, Toxic threads green speace: fashion pollution, viewed from <http://www.guardian.co.uk/ environment/gallery/2012/dec/06/toxic-threads-greenpeace-fashion-pollution-in-pictures#/?picture=4004 78887&index=7> Romanowski, N., 1998, Planting Westlands+Dams, University of New South Wale Press Ltd Wong, M., 2004, Wetlands Ecosystems in Asia: Function and management, Hongkong Baptist University Wohl, E., 2004, Disconnected Rivers: Linking rivers to landscape, Yale University National Academy, 1992, Restoration of aquatic ecosystems: science, technology and public policy, National Academy Press, Washington DC. VoesenekLACJ, Benschop JJ, Bou J, Cox MCH, Groeneveld HW, Millenaar FF, Vreeburg RAM, Peeters AJM.2003. Interactions between plant hormones regulate submergence‐induced shoot elongation in the flooding‐tolerant dicot Rumex palustris. Annals of Botany91: 205–211
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