Daniel Walker DRC by RMIT Landscape Architecture

b r U o t Industrial s3402616

Daniel Walker

y r o t i r r e T an

Industrial to Urban Territory Reprogramming Post-Industrial Locations Through Phytoremediation

Daniel Walker 3402616

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Great thanks to my parents Richard and Elizabeth for supporting me through my studies. To Dave and Ness for your support here in Melbourne. Thank you to my tutors who have pushed me throughout the year, and to also my friends and class mates who have been there over the past five years of studying.

Industrial to Urban Territory Reprogramming Post-Industrial Locations Through Phytoremediation

What techniques can be utilised in order to decrease the remediation time and enable program use throughout the Phytoremediation process?

ABSTRACT

As an industrial site closes down, integrating it back into the surrounding context becomes a task factored highly by the left over site conditions. The function of reprogrammed spaces relies on the development of them and their surroundings. Reprogramming can run into issues which may be hazardous to the construction and future use of the site, specifically regarding soil contamination. Long time periods begin to accumulate around these issues, delaying any development that may be planned. With a potential closure of the Exxon-Mobilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Altona oil refinery, this research proposes integrated methods for recognising and developing combinations of public space and remediation as a means to reprogramming the site while decreasing the time it takes to inhabit it. Throughout large post-industrial areas, these integrated methods will be applied to encourage the use of vegetation to remove contaminants through an approach that allows for public space to exist within the site at that stage and reduced time periods that occur before development processes can begin, rather than using an off-site extraction method. In this design research project, public space refers to accessible sites for the public regarding recreational, leisure, and communal programs. A major issue with post-industrial

sites being soil contamination, can be caused by illegal dumping of toxins and chemicals or through heavy industrial site programs. A relatively new and progressive method in containing situations like this on-site is Phytoremediation. It is a low-cost, on-site technique which uses plants to extract contaminants. There is a problem in this method which downplays its potential as a major contender for soil cleansing and that is the time scale it takes to do the job. Depending on the level of contaminants, Phytoremediation can take years or decades, to remove them from soils. What is needed are methods that can utilise this technique on site, allowing these spaces to be used by the public, and which can also identify and influence further surrounding development. Exxon-Mobilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Altona Oil refinery site is used as a case study in the investigation into how vegetation and open space share qualities such as form, materiality, and growth that can be amalgamated in order to influence programmable spaces. Exploring form and performance of specific plants as they would work through phytoremediation processes will provide opportunities to apply spatial materials and structures to locations within the site that work around the vegetation effectively; such as platforms, paths, and barriers.

CONTENTS 11__

Industrial to Urban Territory - Altona Oil Refinery

23__

Part 1. Post-Industrial Contamination Issues

33__

Part 2. Remediation Methods

51__

Part 3. Phytoremediation and Open Space Integration

63__

Part 4. Contaminated Soil Reduction

74__

Time Line

76__

Master Plan

77__

Stage 1: Refinery Closure, Disassembling, Phytoremedation Layout

95__

Stage 2: Integration of Accessibility and Phytoremediation

111_

Stage 3: Spatial Framework Through Phytoremediation, Extraction of Vegetation, Initial Development

121_

Conclusion // Projection

122_

References

127_

Apendices

DESIGN RESEARCH PROJECT DIAGRAM

Locate contaminated areas in site Research decontamination processes Understand the process

Generate methods that can integrate open space programs with remediation sites Identify possible programs and relationships to surrounding context Identify possible dynamic relationships between programs

Identify program evolution Apply layout in relation to open space Reveal process of development within the area

Identify recurring elements between three points

Identify interaction between surrounding context and remediating spaces 8

- Location through Vegetation Performance - Crop staging

Phytoremediation

Site

- Containment/ storage

- Organisation through phytoremediation plant layout - Edge condition - Accessible structures

Open Space

Boarder

Development

Context

- Plant extraction to open space

- Surrounding contextural influence - Overall methods used within the phytoremediation to determine usable areas

How can a space or an over-all site transform from one typology to another? What influences surround this transformation that need to be considered in order to reintegrate it back into the imediate context? As post-industrial sites begin to appear around inner suburbs as industrial businesses push to the outer edges of the city, reprogramming takes place in order to reintroduce the sites back into the surrounding context. For the site itself, the left over conditions from the former program can result in an inoperative period and further preperation. This research will engage in key terms to break down the process or processes that can oversee these condtions, resulting in a newly programmed and functioning site. The key terms that feature throughout this project consist of remediation, open space, and development. Remediation is a collective term that refers to various techniques that cleanse and purify soils. The process of remediation regarding this research is to function as a framework in which the reprogramming of a site takes place while cleansing the soil of contaminants left behind from industrial program use or illegal dumping. Through this process the remediating technique that is used will identify spatial layouts. Depending on the technique of remediation; time, cost, and removal, can vary considerably. The timeline that the site programs are planned for may be short or long, and the technique to cleanse a site can be chosen in relation to that; or the cost might be the driving factor. Remediating soils means removing contaminants that consist of toxins, heavy metals, or crude oil, left behind by the previous site programs through a specific method. This method may consist of soil extraction, soil washing, soil capping, and phytoremediation. This is particularly after heavy-industrial operations that had inhabited the site. The soils need to be brought to a condition that is not hazardous to be in contact with and can possibly support vegetation depending on the intentions of the future site.

The second key term is regarding open space. Open space within this project is defined by having accessibility for the surrounding community/public, and the ability to apply programs that suit the site qualities and the communities needs. Open space can refer to parks, plazas, lanes, markets, waterfronts, promenades, gardens, and courtyards. Accessibility is essential for anyone to make use of these spaces, which means easy movement into and out of the site daily. Enabling people to inhabit a space gives it personal value, and also a sense of quality, compared to a fenced off site with no human interaction. The third key term is development, regarding any sort of program progression that will take place. Developing a space comes down to the overall demand of what it will provide for the surrounding context, whether it be residential, park, industrial, or commercial, and how the site affects how this is done. These key terms will be implemented into this project in phases, working from disassembling the site, through to the cleansing phase, integrating open space and accessibility during that process, and developing the site through a framework constructed by the remediation process. The construction of a space begins long before anything is planned for it, before any program has been appointed to it. What is current will always affect the future of a site, particularly when the former program has had such a heavy impact on it. These terms are sought after to continue through and help influence these sites for the better, preparing and organising the next stage.

What techniques can be utilised in order to decrease the remediation time and enable program use throughout the Phytoremediation process?

ALTONA OIL REFINERY

INDUSTRIAL TO URBAN TERRITORY - Brief - Mobil Oil Refinery: Altona - Wider Context - Parks and Reserves - Local Context

Caltex Lytton

BP Bulwer Island

Shell Clyde (Closed 2012)

Bp Kwinana Exxon-Mobil Port Stanvac (Closed 2003)

Caltex Kurnell (Closing 2014) Shell Geelong

Existing Refinery

Defunct Refinery

Exxon-Mobil Altona

PROJECT BRIEF Australias Current Oil Refinery Industry: Overseas oil refineries pose substantial competition for Australian operators due to their cost and scale advantages. Not only is there overseas competition, but costs of newly introduced carbon tax on top of free permits that are issued to cover a substantial portion of industry average carbon emissions to Australian petroleum refiners under the Jobs and Competitiveness Program of the Government’s Clean Energy Future scheme will increase over time. Environmental impacts of the industry and OH&S will increase costs due to regulatory requirements, while utilities and infrastructure - such as power, water, and ports - will increase the general level of costs as well. Once high state and local government taxes and charges for land tax, payroll taxes, and council rates, joined by increasing labour costs, and the high Australian dollar are also considered, the current business environment shows to be very challenging for the Australian refinery industry. www.aph.gov.au

Remediation issues will need to be explored in regard to time, cost, and ability to clean the soils. These lead into any issues that may be created for development, such as time period before construction of any buildings or programmable spaces and level of contamination required to be removed for each type of program that will be occupying the site.

So far there have been two oil refinery closures, Shell Clyde in New South Wales, and Exxon-Mobil Port Stanvac in South Australia. Caltex Kurnell will be added to that list with its closure due to be in 2014. There have been instances regarding Exxon-Mobil’s Altona oil Refinery having a gloomy future with talk of importing oil from interstate and overseas as a more viable method. Resulting Situation: This design research project will investigate methods and techniques that will approach the situation of closed oil refinery sites in order to condition them into reusable land. In some situations the site will be converted into another form of industrial infrastructure as Shell Clyde has done, being developed into a fuel import facility. In other situations, (which require this exploration) such as Exxon-Mobil’s Port Stanvac, the site was mothballed in 2003, being unoperational since. After assessment in 2009, the decision to demolish the refinery was made. Because of this decision, remediation will need to be undertaken in order to proceed with any planning. Unlike smaller postindustrial sites, these refineries cover vast areas of land which contribute to large volumes of soils to be cleaned or removed which makes the whole process time consuming and highly expensive. For a possible closure of Exxon-Mobil’s Altona oil refinery, a series of methods are needed to reprogram the site through remediation, enabling it to merge back into the community as new development or an open park area, or combination of the two. With a majority of Melbourne’s urban expansion taking place on the edges of the Western suburbs, this is a prime location to explore how that can be brought back into the currently developed area and contribute to the surrounding community. (Ltd, 2012)

MOBIL OIL REFINERY - ALTONA

Main Refi

Koror

nery Area

oit Cre

ek Rd

Millers R

Western Crude Ta nk and Blen ding Area Farm

ALT ON

ALTONA NOR TH

North Cru

de Tank F

arm

South Cru

Kororoit C

reek Rd

de Tank F

WILLIAMS TOWN

arm

15 0m

250m

500m

WIDER CONTEXT

CBD

South Kingsville

Spotswood

Altona North Newport Williamstown North Altona Williamstown

Oil Refinery

Surrounding Suburbs

Fishermans Bend

WESTERN URBAN DEVELOPMENT CORRIDOR

(Branch, 2009)

Western Development Corridor

2000m

4000m

Altona Oil Refinery

PARKS AND RESERVES

Kororoit Creek, Taken 2013

Info Board,Taken 2013

Taken 2013

The surrounding park network through Altona and Williamstown to Fishermans Bend and the Central Business District sustains an existing ecosystem that is vital to the area. The opportunity to incorporate the refinery into this will enable a program to feed off of recreational and economical functionality, and ecology of the parks and reserves.

Altona North Newport Lakes Reserve

Paisley Park

Kororo

Cherry Lake

it Cree

Altona Coastal Park

Jawbone Flora and Fauna Reserve

Taken 2013

Westgate Park

Parks and Reserves

Creek/Water Altona Oil Refinery

1000m

2000m19

LOCAL CONTEXT

Oil Refinery Site

Existing Residential

Industrial Sites

Reserves and Parkland

500m

1000m

21 Taken 2013

Part 1

POST-INDUSTRIAL CONTAMINATION ISSUES

- Site Contamination Levels - Remediating Contaminants: Stages - Site Hydrology - Depth of Contamination - Remediation Methods

CONTAMINANTS LEVELS

High Contamination

High-Low Contamination

Moderate Contamination

Exxon Mobilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Altona oil refinery produces up to 13 million litres of refined products per day, with 60 percent of that represented by petrol, 30 percent by diesel, and 10 percent by jet fuel. Once processed, the refined products are pumped into storage tanks on site and the adjacent â&#x20AC;&#x153;tank farmâ&#x20AC;? to await distribution. (Mobil, 2008) Contamination may occur from seepage through storage tanks over long periods of time. This can prove hazardous and to local ecology, community and potential development on-site.

Low Contamination

10m

20m

40m

REDEMIATING CONTAMINANTS: STAGES Stage 1: Existing Contaminants

High Contamination High-Low Contamination

Stage 2: Vacant, Void Spaces Moderate Contamination Low Contamination

Due to the different levels of contaminantion within the soils, various areas will take longer to remediate than others. As the phytoremediation process progresses, levels of contamination will gradually decrease, becoming non-existant in certain areas earlier on.

Stage 3: Main Refinery and Pipelines

Stage 4: Silo Pits

260m

500m

1000m (Ltd, 2012)

DEPTH OF CONTAMINATION

1.2m AA 1-1000 Cracking Unit Site As the oil is not stored on this site, rather it passes through during the refinery processes, there is less accumulation of contaminants within the soil. The depth of the oil in the soil may not sink as deep as other locations throughout the site which means remediating it may not take as long. Other contaminants from heavy trucks and machinery are also included.

3m BB 1-1000 Silo Pit

Each oil silo is located within a pit which has elevated boundaries to keep any possible spillage from a silo collapse contained. This area within the pit can contain contaminated soils from years of crude oil storage seeping through and into the soil, the most being right around and beneath the silo.

SITE HYDROLOGY

Water Flow

Existing Buildings

Water Body

Silos

100m

200m

400m

REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES

Metals Removes

Time Chemicals

Off-site Disposal

2YRS

Cost

Oils

Extraction

Removes

Keeps contamintants on-site in contained state

Time

0.5YRS

Cost

On-site Encapsulation

Metals Removes

Time Chemicals

On-site

3-5YRS

Cost

Oils

Soil Washing

Metals Removes

Time Chemicals

On-site

2-7YRS

Cost

Oils

Phytoremediation

There are four major remediation techniques: extraction, encapsulation, soil washing, and phytormediation. 1. Extraction is one of the quickest solutions to decontaminating a site but is highly expensive and (as an individual method) requires off-site disposal which can be restricted or refused by local governments. It is an option on-site to shift contaminants around for organisational purposes.

source: [Roundtable, 2008]

3. Soil washings long time period and high price tag makes this option not as viable as others.

4. Phytoremediation is on site and a very cheap option. The time process varies highly depending on the contaminants and how much of it there is. It can be a long term process in highly contaminated locations. This technique has the opportunity to not only cleanse a site but also create a visually pleasing space which benefits the surrounding residential market by avoiding unattractive 2. Encapsulation is the quickest and one of the cheapest options but does not remove contaminants as it specifically development zones, provides a natural environment for the community to be around, and contributes towards the local seals them away underground, a method for dealing with former landfills that have high levels of waste. As this ecology. waste will take centuries, if not thousands of years to degrade, sealing it underneath the soil using specialised techniques can often be the only viable option to take, but when dealing with contaminated top soils this is not exactly sustainable with other ways of completely removing contaminants.

Viable land sizes for soil extraction: 1 Day

Low

10m²

1 Month

Medium 300m²

$ $

Unviable land sizes for soil extraction:

1 Year

High 16000m²

Part 2

PHYTOREMEDIATION METHODS

- Phytoremediation Techniques - Hydrostatic Barrier - Metal Hyper-accumulative Plants - Site Re-vegetation Phasing Scenario - Open Space Through Plant Performance - Plant Palette - Plant Strategy Types - Plant Spatial Qualities

FRESH KILLS

Soil regeneration through Argricultural Practice Seeding three carefully selected crops per year Rototilling them into the soil to build organic material Crops are planted on alternating strips that follow the contours of the land and help control erosion while retaining water for crop growth

Strip cropping - inexpensive - increases organic content of poor soils - increases soil depth source: [York, n.d.] source: [Corner, 2012]

Phytoremediation Process of using deep-rooted plants to extract contaminants or to degrade them in the soil. Low cost method Requires long periods of decontamination

Rhizofiltration Research is underway to see if crops can be used to extract contaminants and then contribute to the production of biofuels. Potential crops: Soybean, corn, canola, and switchgrass.

Use of plants to absorb and store contaminants within their roots from a high water based growth matrix.

source: [Robinson, 2009] source: [Programme, 2013]

PHYTOMREMEDIATION TECHNIQUES

Phytodegredation

Phytostimulation

Use of plants to absorb, store, and degrade contaminants within their tissue.

Process in which rhizospheric associations between certain plant species and symbiotic soil microbes degrade contaminants.

source: [Programme, 2013]

Phytovolatilisation

Phytoextraction

Process in which plants absorb contaminants form the soil, transform them, and then disperse (volatilise) them into the atmosphere.

The use of plants through absorbing, translocating, and storing toxic materials within their root and shoot tissue. The plant is then removed.

source: [Programme, 2013]

HYDROSTATIC BARRIER

The Hydrostatic barrier is a technique that uses phytoremediation to contain contaminants within soils and ground water, preventing them from travelling into soils within occuppied spaces. Through the use of certain plants and trees, the contaminants are extracted from the soils through processes such as: phytostimulation, phytodegredation, phytovolitilisation, and phytoextraction.

shrub crops. As the contaminants flows through the ground water and through the barrier the plants absorb the water and contaminants, putting them through the phytoremedation process. As the barrier contains a density of plants, the contaminant is reduced through the barrier until it has all been absorbed. Depending on the type of contaminants, the plants may need to be removed and possibly replaced.

The barrier consists of a border of trees (such as the Poplar sp.) and grass and

METAL HYPER-ACCUMULATIVE PLANTS

Alyssum wulfenianum

Azolla pinnata, lemna minor

Cu, Cr

Brassica juncea

Cu, Ni

Arobidopsis hallerii

Pteris uittata

Cu, Ni, Zn

Psychotria douarrei

Pelargonium sp.

Thlaspi caerulescens

Zn,Cd, Pb and Ni

Arabidopsis halleri

Amanita muscaria

Arabis gemmifera

Cd and Zn

Pistia stratiotes

Ag, Cd. Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn

Poptathertan miliacetall

Spartina plants

Astragulus bisulcatus, Brassica juncea

Selenium

Sedum alfredii

H. annuus

H. indicus

Sesbania drummondi

Lemma gibba

Pteris uittata

Sedum alfredii

Pb/Zn

Chengiopanax sciadophylloides

Tamarix smyrnensis

P. griffithii

Cd/Zn

Brassica napus

Arabidopsis thaliana

Zn and Cd

Crotalaria juncea

Ni and Cr

C. dactylon

Ni and Cr

Rorippa globosa

Most common contaminants present in the soil are; heavy metals, industrial chemicals, pesticides and crude oil.

source: [Anderson, 2012]

Lolium multiflorum

Festuca rubra

source: [Krzysztof Ziarnek, 2012]

Meticago sativa

source: [Anon., 2012]

source: [Wildflowers, 2013]

Nitrogen Fixing Trifolium pratense

Pultenaea pedunculata

source: [Ouellette, 2013]

source: [Nursery, 2013]

Vicia faba

Phytoremediation operates through the influence of a wide range of factors regarding contaminants type, density, plant type, and length of time it will take that or those plant types to remediate the soil. With various phytoremediation techniques that depend on how the plants process the contaminants and the choice of plants relying on the type of toxins in the soils, this remediation method can be highly interesting when applying to a site. The combinations of various plants when taking into account the foliage and flower colours, varying forms that change over time and foliage textures, can transform a contaminated space into a wonderful, captivating environment and experience. source: [Classics.edu, 2007]

SITE RE-VEGETATION PHASING SCENARIO I have tested the use of mass planting throughout Fishermans Bend to determine contaminated zones. This method takes the idea of phytoremediation forming and influencing space to the far end of the scale as any remediating spaces and programmable spaces are revealed entirely by the growth, characteristics, and performance of plants.

Phase 1: Re-vegetate Planting fast growing vegetation throughout the site is intended to revitalise the area and identify any contaminated soils throughout the industrial site.

Vegetation planted in contaminated soils should then show signs of slow or stunted growth through stress or low health.

Phase 2: Identify Contaminated Spaces

Phase 3: Remove Unhealthy Vegetation Clearing these zones will then pave way for remediation techniques such as soil removal or phytoremediation through removing the contaminants through the use of plants.

By using the phytoremediation techniques, new crops will be planted in the zones to remove contaminants. Depending on the metals and chemicals being extracted, the crops may or may not need to be removed throughout the process.

Phase 4: Generate Remediation Fields

OPEN SPACE THROUGH PLANT PERFORMANCE

Phase 1. Re-vegetate

Phase 2. Identify plants for phytoextraction

Phase 3. Remove contaminated plants

Phase 4. Apply new vegetation/program to vacant spaces

The site re-vegetation scenario does not seem too viable as the process of demolishing and then planting over a large site such as Fishermans Bend is very large. It would have to be done in phases, splitting the site up into sections. Some of the surrounding vegetation to that of what is removed is most likely also going to be removed, meaning that the amount of work and money it would cost to locate and remediate contaminated soils is spent on a process which is not entirely going to be relevant if a majority of the site is going to consist of built development.

From the site re-vegetation scenario came an idea of how remediating sites can be formed through the phytoextraction process at a smaller scale than the entire Fishermans Bend. Revegetating a contaminated site; identifying plants for phytoextraction; removing these plants once the process is complete; and then applying programs or developments to these void spaces. Informing open space programs and development through phytoremediation is vital to this research, discovering possible methods in which open space and remediating spaces can function together at the same time.

1. Revegetating a contaminated area of soil with appropriate plants for phytoremediation process. The time period that would be needed to clean the soils would depend on the

PLANT PALETTE Festuca rubra

30.48 cm

2-20 cm

- Well drained soils - Cool, temperate climates - Shaded areas - Wild animals browse it - Tolerates droughts - Maintenance: Medium - Water: Medium

(Data, 2013)(Gardens, 2013) source: [Anon., 2012]

0.61m

Carex stricta

0.20m

0.61m

-Type: Rush or Sedge - Bloom Time: May- June - Bloom Colour: Brown, Red - Sun: Full sun to part shade - Evergreen - Maintenance: Low - Moist marshes, forests, and alongside bodies of water

(Gardens, 2013) source: [Flora, 2013]

source: [Madison, 2013]

(Easy to harvest because of tops and roots being uniform in development)

0.5m

- Moist, moderately well drained fertile soils - Sandy to clay soils - Adapts to poorly drained soils but low salt tolerance - Best in full sun, tolerates shade - Maintenance: Low to Moderate - Herbicides, Cultivation, Mowing, and timely controlled burns

2-3m

Tripsacum dactyloides

(Forages, 2006)

(Nurery, 2013)

0.3m

- Flowers August to September - Full sun - Moist fertile soil - Adapts to a wide range of soils including dry - Drought tolerance: water to root depth once a month - Maintenance: Low

0.7-1.5m

Panicum virgatum

source: [Zelen, 2013]

The form of the plant is becoming an essential characteristic towards this design research project, indicating that the standard shape and appearance is a driving spatial feature, while the overall performance can also create 44 emerging spaces. â&#x20AC;&#x153;A Screening of Twelve Plant Species for Phytoremediation of Petrolium Hyrdrocarbon-Contaminated

Soilâ&#x20AC;?, a report done through Meiji University of Agriculture in Japan, has screened twelve plants in order to find out their phytoremediation ability for the cleanup of hydrocarboncontaminated soil in Japanese environmental conditions. The availability of these plants are located around the Melbourne region, as well as many countries around the world.

Triticum aestivum

0.45m

1.2-1.5m

- Cool to high temperate - Near arctic to tropical conditions - Soil: Light (sandy), medium (loamy), heavy (clay) - Soil: Well drained, moist - Tolerates strong winds - Cannot grow in shade

(Forages, 2006) (Gardens, 2013) source: [Altervista, 2013]

Zea mays

0.2m

1-4m

- Well-drained soils - Tolerates temporarily dry conditions when juvenile - Soil temperature of 12˚C or more - Minimum air temperature of 8.7˚C for growth - Requires higher temperatures (18˚C to 32˚C) for optimum growth - Requires full sunlight

(Forages, 2006) source: [Genetics, 2013]

(Future, 2013)

Nitrogen Fixing

- Type: Annual - Growth: Fast - Soil: Light (sandy), medium (loamy), heavy (clay) - Prefers well-drained, moist soil - Tolerates soils with high salinity - Tolerates harsh (strong winds) and cold climates - Semi-shade to no-shade

27cm

Vicia faba

source: [Classics.edu, 2007]

Glycine max

2m 0.2m

(Britannica, 2013)

Nitrogen Fixing

- Flowers: White to a shade of purple - Warm Climates - Fertile, well-drained sandy loam

source: [PROTA, 2013]

As form is essential to this investigation and design process, the plants selected consist of a range of a sizes and texture which can be displayed through varying space types. The selection of nitrogen fixing plants and remediating plants introduces the option for exploring future spatial design and garden areas that evolve from the phytoremediation process.

Plants Selected from Screening of Twelve Plant Species for Testing of Phytoremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon45 Contaminated Soil (Etsuko Kaimi, 2007)

POPLAR SP. Family: Salicaceae Hight: Up to 20m Width: Between 5m and 10m Growth Rate: Fast Habit/Form: Ovate/Narrow/Upright Branching/Rounded/Large Tree Evergreen to Semi-deciduous Foliage: Dark or light green. Yellow in Autumn Tolerances: Prefers moist soils and full sun. Can adapt to a range of soils. Some tolerate dry soils while others tolerate poorly drained soils. Can withstand windy conditions. Useful as windbreak and aesthetically attractive, particularly due to foliage colour change in autumn.

Sizes estimated at 20 years of growth

Poplars available within Melbourne: Populus x canadensis ‘Serotina Aurea’

Populus x canadensis ‘Evergreen 65-1’

Populus deltoides x P. yunnanensis ‘Kawa’

source: [Nurseries, 2013]

Populus x P. euramericana ‘Veronese’

Populus euramericana x nigra ‘Crows Nest’

Populus nigra ‘Italica’ - Lombardy Poplar

source: [Nurseries, 2013] 46

source: [Nurseries, 2013]

Populus yunnanensis

source: [Nurseries, 2013]

Family: Salicaceae Hight: 17m Width: 8m Growth Rate: Fast Habit/Form: Conical. Strongly angled shoots with ascending branches Evergreen to Semi-deciduous Foliage: Bright green leaves. 15cm long. 7cm Wide. Tolerances: Prefers moist soils and full sun. Can adapt to a range of soils. Useful as windbreak and aesthetically attractive, particularly due to foliage colour change in autumn.

The tree species that has been selected for this research is the Poplar sp. which is widely common in current phytoremediation testing. The selection of the poplar species is based on their fast growth rate, high water absortion, tolerance to harsh conditions, and attractive foliage colour (particularly autumn foliage). A report; "Transpiration and Water Relations of Poplar Trees Growing Close to the Water Table" by H.Zhang, J. I. L. Morison, and L. P. Simmonds covers the poplar's

ability to absorb ground water at fast rates, â&#x20AC;&#x153;In west Australia, sevenyear-old Eucalyptus trees extracted water with roots that penetrated 1m below the water table and transpired the equivalent of two to four times the annual rainfall of 680 mmâ&#x20AC;? - (Heping Zhang, 1998). The Poplar sp. provides a range of cultivars that can suit various situations and conditions.

PLANT STRATEGY TYPES Interactive Spaces

Nitrogen Fixing

Festuca rubra

Vicia faba

Triticum aestivum

Glycine max

Tripsacum dactyloides

Heavy remediation

Light Remediation

Festuca rubra

Triticum aestivum

Tripsacum dactyloides

Vicia faba

Panicum virgatum

Tripsacum dactyloides

Poplar sp.

Glycine max

Carex stricta

Zea mays

PLANT SPATIAL QUALITIES Tripsacum dactyloides

0.31m

Festuca rubra

The tripsacum is a high growing bunch grass which can be planted individually or in groups. It can be used as a wide border or simply a space filler. Its deep roots at 0.5m enables it t reach deep contaminants.

The festuca is low enabling for high visibility around the space and platforms to sit just above them, increasing usability of the site.

Vicia faba

0.61m

Carex stricta

The carex is a low sedge, allowing for platforms to sit above while staying out of our eye line. Glycine max

The vicia have a medium height to create a low lying barrier between spaces. Their ability to fix the nitrogen in the soil can help prepare soils for future planting.

Triticum aestivum

The Glycine develops a large spread as well as height, generating a barrier or space filler. Its nitrogen fixing capability can prepare soils for future planting.

The triticum has a medium height between 1.2m to 1.5m, staying out of our eye line and keeping visibility, but providing a comfortable barrier height.

Zea mays

Panicum virgatum

The panicum enables visibility around the space while acting as an edge barrier.

The zea has the ability to grow in a dense crop, providing a dense barrier for large spaces. It can also 49 be utilised to create programmable spaces.

Part 3

PHYTOREMEDIATION AND OPEN SPACE INTEGRATION METHODS

- Inhabiting Phytoremediating Space Methods - Edge Condition Testing - Border Testing - Platform Testing

PRECEDENTS

Fort Saint Jean

by - In Situ Landscape Architects Project: Fort Saint Jean Location: Lyon, France Realisation: 2005 Area: 1ha

source: [Paysagistes, 2013]

Fort Saint Jean is a restoration of a historical site in France. It is not entirely working with a post industrial site but introduces rejuvenation through vegetation in an underutilised location. The ability to utilise the site through the rejuvenation process is important to my research as it demonstrates simple but efficient programs that can take place within a site such as this. Long grasses and annuals line pathways to indicate circulation routes, while introducing a spatial experience that draws the user in through aesthetically pleasing foliage colour and texture. 52

Qianâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an Sanlihe River Ecological Corridor by - Turenscape Location: Qianâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an City Category: Urban greenway, linear park Size: 135 hectares

Sanlihe Ecological Corridor was once a derelict, highly contaminated site which is now being restored through remediation. Being important to my research, it uses various techniques of remediation but what is most interesting is the spatial elements that have been applied, creating recreational spaces for flexible, open programming throughout the remediating areas. This is done through pathways bordering planter boxes, generating an embedded appearance around the site. Boardwalks and other separated surfaces create a subtle disconnection from the remediating soils.

source: [Turenscape, 2012]

INHABITING PHYTOREMEDIATING SPACE METHODS (Contaminated soil depth will vary through different sites) Contaminated Soil Clean Soil

Grasses such as Festuca rubra and Lolium multiflorum can be planted in crops to remediate large spaces.

To enable usability within the remediation space, excavation of some soil may be needed to make it safe for those in it. Excavated soils can be spread over spaces that still contain contaminants and are being remediated.

Varying spaces for program uses will factor in. Larger areas of soil being cut away will cause an increase of contaminated soil volume in surrounding spaces with safe levels of interaction in other spaces.

Omalanthus populifolius, Native Poplar

Trees can be spaced throughout a site to enable larger program use. If the soil is too hazardous to be directly contacted with then an elevated platform can be placed throughout the trees. Their roots will spread out beneath the platform, remedaiating the soil.

Mounds can be created from moving contaminated soils to sites that are more suited to remediation. These mounds can become obstacles for program use if containing steep slopes.

Terraces can be utilised for program use and remediation. Making sure contaminated soils are not present on pathways is necessary.

Platforms that extend out over the slope can reduce surface area being used which allows for remediation to take place all around it.

Edge Condition Types

- Site is still inaccessible. - Narrow space for programs. - Prevents people from accessing contamination areas. - Slope guides ground water flow away from street edge.

- Barrier prevents people from accessing contaminated soils. - Existing site feature which needs small alterations to become. - Detaches those passing by from actual site.

- Shifting soils elsewhere on site enables this space to be opened to the public. - Remediation will take a very short time due to low contaminants in the soil.

Border Types Border Mound

- Existing barrier prevents people from accessing contaminated sites. - Reduces vision of large areas and disconnects these space from the public.

Slatted Barrier

- Reduced mounds with the addition of a slatted barrier improves visibility of the site and creates some connection between the accessible and unaccessible. - As a single option, this can become hugely repetitive.

Barrier Platform

- Extending the slatted barrier over the contaminated soils can provide a platform and begin to untilise the space. - Reduces ability for plants to grow and remediate beneath.

Bio-Swale

- Swales become hard to cross and make for successful barriers . - Low, and opens spaces up. - Contributes to green infrastructure. - Requires waterflow.

Platform Types

Sheltered Platform - Decking can reduce the risk of any contact with contaminated soils while hovering over them - Comfortable in most weather

Raised Platform

- Decking may need to have a transparent base to aid shrubs and grasses growing beneath - Provides additional view points due to high

Tarraced Platform

- Seating helps encourage people to use space - Provides lookout - Limits space for open programs on the platform due to seating

To procede further, I will be locating a new site, most likely industrial or post-industrial, which I can obtain data about existing soil conditions and contamination. I intend to test my research on an existing site to explore combinations of plants within singular sites, investigating plant selection and how it varies on which contaminants are present within the site. This also allows me to explore the benefits and issues when applying the various phytoremediation methods that I have researched and how they transform the surrounding space and programs, and what opportunities they may possess for open space and development influence. Working with legitimate recorded levels of contamination, I will be able to test how much interaction with a contaminated site is possible and if it varies throughout the site due to different toxins. Once these have been tested, I will investigate how new development of the site may transform the open and remediating spaces, and how those spaces can also influence the development. My intention is to see which process would be more dominant than the other so I can understand the possible outcomes of how a remediated site through phytoremediation can or cannot continue as open space, or what it might possibly become. Through this I will test varying building typologies and relating programs in the site and how the methods to create open space within phytoremediating zones influence and affect their natural processes.

Part 4

CONTAMINATED SOIL REDUCTION

- Silo Selection

- Soil Shifting and Storage - Container Phytoremediation Unit - Silo Storage

Remediation Techniques

Metals Removes

Time Chemicals

Off-site Disposal

2YRS

Cost

Oils

Extraction

Removes

Keeps contamintants on-site in contained state

Time

0.5YRS

Cost

On-site Encapsulation

Metals Removes

Time Chemicals

On-site

3-5YRS

Cost

Oils

Soil Washing

Metals Removes

Time Chemicals

On-site Phytoremediation

2-7YRS

Cost

Oils

source: [Roundtable, 2008]

On-site extraction (removing soils from one location and placing or storing them in another on-site) can allow for some areas to remediate quicker. This would most likely be done for locations that have the highest economic influence on the site or are hazardous to the local ecology, resulting in them being moved to spaces that are not planned for heavy use or important programming. This method would factor highly due to a need for quick remediation so that development, or other use of the space can take place quicker than what phytoremediation can allow. (Phytoremediation would be used to remove the contaminants from the soils in the new location on-site). Encapsulation can be considered for high levels of contamination within a site that is intended for low contact and or low public use. Due to encapsulating on site, a program needs to involve low levels of the public inhabiting the site. An example may be light industrial development such as what exists in Fishermans Bend in Port Melbourne, which could consist of a lot of concreted surfaces and little direct interaction with soils compared to a sports field or childs playground.

The time period in which phytoremediation works in can vary depending on various factors such as contamination type, density, plant type and its ability to remediate the contaminants. The location, climate, and seasons also factor in the ability to grow crops for removing contaminants during the year.. As a small job may not take too long, high levels of contamination on large sites may take years to decades.

Responding to these methods only being utilised onsite, a combination of soil extraction, encapsulation, and phytoremediation can be organised in a way to decrease the time taken for phytoremediation as the primary method to remove contaminants from the soils. For example, within Altona oil refineries western crude tank farm, there possibly will be urban development constructed, but to benefit from that, the development needs to take place as soon as possible. The soils in the development zones could be extracted and stored within the silos temporarily, and being replaced with soils from the cleaner, eastern area of the site. This speeds up the process for the urban development while elsewhere on site still takes on the full phytoremediation process. To work around the long periods of phytoremediation within the other areas, platforms, elevated

pathways, and land manipulation can be applied in order to access the sites safely. As for the stored contaminated soils in the silos, they can be placed in dedicated phytoremediation zones once the rest of the site is free of hazardous levels of contaminants.

N 66 0m

100m

200m

SILO SELECTION

Retained Silos Old Silos

The site is organised to suit its surroundings and to effectively prepare for future development integrated with a park land. The major concern with the site having contaminants is the ecology that surrounds the site. A vegetation buffer will be inserted to reduce contaminants flow and a negative urban impact on the stream and existing habitats. A connection between the park to the reserve is necessary to introduce and preserve fauna within the park and to provide a continuous space from stream to park for those people using the site. The urban buffer cuts away at the existing silo farm to reduce the visual impact of the giant structures and utilise the site for urban development. As the site would be developed to a certain extent, this is a viable option in terms of layout to keep the park connected to the reserves and development easily accessible.

Development Zone Park Zone Vegetation Border Road Urban Buffer Park to Reserve Connection

100m

200m

SOIL SHIFTING AND STORAGE Soil Beneath Silo 2190m³ each

3084m³ each

1911m³

754 Containers

18 Containers

Total 11880m³ = 772 Containers

11 8

m³

Contaminated soils beneath and around silos

The contamination will be most concentrated right beneath the silos due to decades of storing oil. This will have caused seepage of the oils into the ground at slow rates, accumulating over time.

The removed soil will become shallower towards the outer edges of the pits.

Soils from the vacant eastern area of the crude tank farm will be used to fill in the pit caused by removing the contaminated soils. This will level the surface to enable maximum opportunity for development.

18m

x3 18,312.5m続

754 Containers

12m

36m

5,887.5m続

12m

25m

252 Containers

3,140m続

20m

Total Storage Space: 70,245m族

153 Containers

SOIL REPLACEMENT

Transferable Soil Silos

Soil from the eastern side of the site will be extracted to fill the pits formed when the contaminated soils were removed and stored.

Contours Movement of Soils

0m 70

100m

200m

CONTAINER PHYTOREMEDIATION UNIT

Container Remediation Box

2.438

6.058

1295.5m

2.591m

Inner liner to protect container from corriosion

need of cleansing immediately, and in turn, the containers can then be stored in the preserved silos for future use, or setup elsewhere on site to remediate the soil. Once there is open space that can be occupied, the containers can be removed from the silos and placed throughout the site to function as garden boxes, barriers, spatial indicators, and other possible functions; all while removing the contaminants in the soil through phytoremedation.

Heavy Concentration

With the ability move these around, the function that is initially applied to them can change various times due their positions and locations.

Light Concentration

Heavy Concentration

The Container Phytoremediation Unit allows for remediating soils to be moved around the site with ease, in order to suit the programs that occur within it over time. A standard shipping container is 2.591m high, 2.438m wide, and being a medium sized container, 6,058m in length (can range up to 12.192m long). This unit will be reduced to half of that height in order to not overshadow people using the space around it but to still maintain a height that is difficult to climb onto. The container will be lined to prevent the outer shell corroding over time with constant contact with the contaminated soil. The soils can be stored in the containers from sites that are in

STAGES - SILO

Existing

Hydrostatic Barrier

Stage 1.

Open sides and roof of silo to allow light to access phytoremediation crops

Stage 2. Container Phytoremediation Box

Transfer some of the remaining contaminated soil to form green roof on silo

Stage 3. Transfer remaining contaminated soils to exterior sites to be phytoremediated

The existing oil storage silos on site vary in sizes. Ranging between 20 to 40 metres in diameter and 10 to 20 metres tall, the silos occupy plenty of space, but will also contain vast void space within them once they are emptied. As a way of preserving the industrial heritage of the site and retaining some of the silos, utilising this space inside them can be economical. Using shipping containers with a width of 2.438m, a length of 6.058m, and a reduced height of just 1.2m (from the original height of 2.591m), contaminated soil can be stored and stacked within the silo awaiting the first stages of the phytoremediation of the surrounding site. The surrounding soils will be remediated by a range of crops depending on the various elevations and conditions that the site produces. Hydrostatic barriers will enclose the silos to prevent the contaminants beneath them from affecting remediating and cleansed soils.

Once the first stage is complete, opening up the site to be accessible by the public would allow for these containers to be placed and moved around the site to remediate more soil and in the process, contribute to the spatial layout and from of the spaces that are created. With the ability to shift the containers around, spaces can be identified or separated, turning these into barriers. When once again vacant, the silo walls will then be opened up and the roof removed in order to remediate the soil below. This will allow sunlight and rain to pass through to allow crops to grow. The deaper surrounding contaminants will still be remediated throughout this stage.

Once the phytoremediation crops have removed a certain amount of the contaminants within the soil beneath the silo, a roof can be attached to the silo again. Transferring some of the remaining contaminated soil on top of the silo can generate a green roof and continue remediating the soil out of reach from the users of the site. The remaining contaminated soils that are still beneath the silo can be transferred to other, now cleansed areas of land throughout the site, and be replaced by clean soils. This process will then allow the silo to be utilised as a structure to provide shelter and house varying programs within the later stages of the phytoremediation process of the site, keeping some of the identity that originally occupied that space.

TIME LINE

Phytoremediation

Time line

1.5

Years

4.5

Years

Access

Stage 1

This time line displays the process in which the oil refinery will develop through. Accessibility is minimal, mostly restricted to only those authorised to gain access to the site. The level of contamination throughout the site will prevent any access to begin with but as the phytoremediation gradually decreases this risk, accessibility starts to increase. The development will begin when the phytoremediation has decreased to a level in which there is land available to be constructed on that is safe to interact with. At this point some of the accessibility will be reduced to begin the development, but will increase as development progresses and phytoremediation decreases, revealing a further cleansed site.

Stage 2

Development 6 Years

7.3

Years

Poplar Removal Stage 3

STAGE 1

SITE PREPERATION AND PHYTOREMEDIATION

- Stage 1 Components - Crop Locations - Phytoremediation Staging - Strip Crops and Maintenance - Contaminated Plant Disposal - Spatial Separation - Programming Spaces - Extracting Spaces - Irrigation and Waterflow - Detailed Plan 77

TUDELA (CLUB MED) RESTORATION

(Landezine, 2011)

Landscape architects: EMF landscape architects Location: Cap de Creus cape, CadaquĂŠs, Catalunya, Spain

(Landezine, 2011)

78 (Landezine, 2011)

The Tudela restoration is on the far end of the scale when it comes to similarities between it and this project in terms of remediation. Tedula was not entirely a contaminated site in the same way as the Altona Mobil Oil Refinery is. The restoration consisted of removing the existing development that was created by developers on an important coastal environment. The methods used began with the removal of invasive exotic fauna, then selective deconstruction of 430 buildings, followed by rock cleaning which involved the removal of any man made materials and placing them back on site. The outcome resulted in a site that had no evidence of the previous development that was there, the only man made structures and features being the subtle to slightly contrasting walkways and the lookout. This example is highlighting the extent in which this project does not intend on achieving, rather, the intent is to sustain some of the structures and identity of the site in a way to preserve some of the industrial identity of the region. The subtleness of the man made structures that occupy the Club Med site now is an indication of what level of interaction the oil refinery might have during the phytoremediating period in this project. This is referring to the minimal use of the site as a result from the few pathways and lookouts mixed with the rugged terrain. Initially the phytoremediation process will occur in a predominantly cleared site bar the retained silos and pipe infrastructure in the park areas. For a period of time, the access to the site will be restricted due to remediation of any light contamination within the area. Once that phase has finished, access to the site and programmable spaces will begin to emerge through stage 1. Club Med is an indication of the early stages that will take place before the initial stage 1.

STAGE 1 COMPONENTS

Wetland Habitat

Programmable Space

Circulation

Phytoremediation Vegetation/Crops

Retained Buildings and Refinery Infrastructure

Soil Contamination

Landforms and Hydrology

CROP LOCATION

Tripsicum aestivum Festuca rubra Tripsacum dactyloides Wetland Plants Water Poplar sp. Walking Path Road Silo

P1 DD

Contour Pipes

N P1 AA

P1 BB

P1 CC

82 0m

100m

200m

PHYTOREMEDIATION STAGING

1. - Contaminated Soil

Planting and then extracting crops depends on the annual cycle that they grow to.

- Plant Crops in contaminated soils

- Plants absorb and break down contaminants through the Phytodegredation, phytostimulation, phytovolatilisation, phytoextraction, and rhyizofiltration process

- Depending on the process that has taken place, phytoextraction is normally required. If there are further contaminants to be removed then plants/ crops will be replanted. This is to reduce spread of contaminants through seed transfer and to also dispose of the contaminants in the plants.

- Planted to extraction periods depend on the existing site conditions. Contamination levels, the plants ability to remediate the contaminants and surrounding climates are all factors which can make the time between planting and extraction vary considerably from site to site. Poplars will need to be removed and replaced every six to twelve years (Fund, 2007) depending on the cultivar, to avoid them maturing and releasing contaminated seeds. Crops vary on their life cycles and the seasons that they are best suited growing in. Due to these factors, each plant will most likely be removed and then replanted with new ones throughout the phytoremediation. 83

STRIP CROPS AND MAINTENANCE

Contour Site Area Pipes Silo Pit Border Crop Gate/Entrance Crop Strip Maintenance Circulation Water Flow Silo

Plant Maintenance and Removal Plant

Method

Festuca rubra 0m

100m

200m

Tractor Harvest The remediation crops are laid out in strip crop formation in a process that is used in Fresh Kills. Generally strip cropping follows the contours that run across the site to reduce soil erosion from surface water. The silo pits are mostly flat with no significant gradient that causes soil erosion, while the earth mounds that surround them reduce water flow through the site. The method used with crop stripping here addresses the need to access and maintain the crops, running adjacently from the silo pit entrances and orienting themselves around the retained pipe infrastructure.

Hand/Tool Removal

Tripsacum dactyloides

Triticum aestivum

Tractor Harvest

As the crop strips generate corridors and various spacing around the silo pits, they will indicate the layout and growth of the space throughout the stages that are to take place. New plants will replace those of the Tripsicum dactyloides to begin nitrogen fixing or to remove left over contaminants. 84

Hand/Tool Removal

CONTAMINATED PLANT DISPOSAL

Disposal Process

Pre-treatment Phase Process

Disadvantages

Composting

Volume and water content reduction.

Time consuming (2-3 months). Special equipment is required. End-product as hazardous waste.

Compaction

Volume reduction. Recovery of metals.

Special equipment is required. End-product as hazardous waste (remaining biomass, leachates).

Pyrolysis

Significant volume reduction. Useful end-product (Pyrolytic gas)

End-product as hazardous waste (coke breeze).

Phytoremediation

Advantages

Plant Extraction

(A. Sas-Nowosielska, 2004)

3 Final Disposal Harvest of Contaminated Biomass Reduce crop volume and excess water to improve technical parameters and reduce the cost of transportation to treament or disposal site.

Process

Final Disposal

Disadvantages

Incineration

Significant reduction of biomass.

None

Direct disposal at a hazardous waste site

Time effectiveness.

High costs. Limitation of dumping sites. Trend towards incineration. Slow reduction of contaminated biomass

Pre-treatment Phase Compaction/Composting/Pyrolysis

Advantages

(A. Sas-Nowosielska, 2004)

Incineration/Direct Disposal

Fig. 1. The most commonly proposed techniques of phytoextraction crop disposal. (A. Sas-Nowosielska, 2004)

SPATIAL SEPARATION

P1 AA

Mound borders surround the silo pits as a containment technique incase of a silo collapsing while holding oil. These borders can be utilised to separate spaces, particularly restricting access to heavily contaminated zones until they have been remediated. Applying structures to the mounds can enable people to experience the contaminated silo pits to a certain extent by providing the opportunity to access and visually see around the space. What this promenade structure additionally creates is a third row of circulation that surrounds the silo pit, running parallel but separated by the mound border with the outer footpath which is then running parallel with the road with a bioswale running between. These spaces begin to emerge from the existing site and phytoremediating plants. These spaces and circulation paths serve different functions such as the road for vehicles, and the path for exercising or simply moving throughout the site. The promenade offers that space which can be used to sit back in, use as a path to get from A to B with the park, but most importantly the ability to extend further into the site as the phytoremediation progresses.

PROGRAMMING SPACES

P1 BB

Silo Pit Programmable Spaces Silo Contour Line

Walkways along the mound borders can provide access to a majority of the site, giving visibility of the silos and areas around them but with restricted access to the silo pits. This level of access is beginning with the subtle approach, much like what Club Med does, slowly introducing people into the site but there is also the restrictions of contamination as well. Small spaces formed along their borders by sections of the pipe infrastructure and mound border work with the low concentration of contaminants on the edges of the silo pits to remediate quickly and form programmable spaces to occupy within the inner area of the site. The pipes serve as barriers to restrict people from walking onto the contaminated zones.

87 0m

100m

200m

EXTRACTING SPACES 1

The mound border and infrastructural pipes that run through the inner silo pits form small spaces throughout the site (see plan on previous page). Of these small spaces, the ones that are located at the edges of the silo pits have a lower concentration of contaminants than the areas closer to the center of the pits and those right around the silos. In terms of this, the soils can be cleansed quicker, allowing for the Triticum aestivum to be extracted and replanted with Festuca rubra to form programmable spaces. The pipes then become barriers between these spaces and the still remediating spaces to ensure no one comes into contact with the contaminated soils.

Phytoremediating Zone Triticum aestivum

Phytoremediating Zone - Tripsacum dactyloides

Open Space Lowcut - Festuca rubra

Phytoremediating Zone Tripsacum dactyloides

P1 CC

Long grass increases density between pipes to create wide barrier between open space and phytoremediating zone.

EXTRACTING SPACES 2

P1 DD

The outer crops designated for development are fully accessible. Strip crops help to engage people with the process of phytoremediation, creating linear spaces to explore and inhabit. The use of the Tripsacum dactyloides enables any deep contamination to be removed with its long roots. As these outer silo pits are proposed to be emptied of most contaminants which is then stored away, any left over will be in small concentrations, harmless to people using the space. Surrounding the strip crops is a ring of Triticum aestivum and Festuca rubra. Within this ring are patches where â&#x20AC;&#x153;extraction spacesâ&#x20AC;? have formed from the removal of Triticum aestivum after phytoremediation has cleansed all contaminants in the space of soil. What is then placed down is Festuca rubra, low cut, to identify these spaces and provide an area that comfortable to rest in.

Generating open space through phytoremediation of cleansed soils locates new social areas with a naturally grown selection method.

IRRIGATION AND WATER FLOW

Irrigation Pipe

Water Collection

Water Flow

N 92 0m

100m

200m

STAGE 2

SITE ACCESSIBILITY AND PROGRAM APPLICATION

- Open Space and Program Relationship - Spatial Area - Spatial Qualities - Space Exposure and Surrounding Influence - Crop Transition - Planting Layout - Phytoremediation Spatial Influence - Open Space and Program Relationship - Spatial Area - Spatial Qualities - Detailed Plan

OPENSPACE AND PROGRAM RELATIONSHIP

Open Spaces Plaza Park Green Wedge Street/Laneway Courtyard Waterfront/ Promenade Market Garden

Programs - Busking - Stalls - Promotion Activities - Concert - Exhibition - Sports Event - Recreation - Hangout with friends/family - Lunch/Dinner - Festival - Exercise - Outdoor Cafe - Nightlife - Art/Exhibition/Graffiti - Picnic - Dog Walking

SPATIAL AREA

Small spaces with access between can hold various programs simultaneously without interruption from one another. This allows people to have varying environments to select from.

Large Spaces can hold big, singular one-off or annual events. The area can also house various programs which naturally work around one another

SPATIAL QUALITIES

Enclosed

High Exposure

Open to Left

Low Exposure

Open to Right

Vegetation and buildings form space boundaries and also create micro climates in which we inhabit.

SPACE EXPOSURE AND SURROUNDING INFLUENCE

Road/Corridor

Buildings/Occupied Space

Open/Public Space

Interactive Edges

LANDSCHAFTSPARK DUISBURG NORD by EMF Landscape Architecture Location: Cap de Creus cape, CadaquĂŠs, Catalunya, Spain

Duisburg has intrigued me and influenced this project through incorporating the old coal and steal production plant with a public park. Utilising old concrete structures and open fiields with outdoor activites such as rock climbing and bouldering walls, bmx tracks, temporary market places, and scuba diving has influenced the programs that could take place within the Altona Oil Refinery from initial access to the site, through to development. Integrating existing features to generate programs and symbolic features of the park are inspring and influencial towards this project. Iron plates have been placed in the centre of the park in which they generate a public gathering place, utilised for performances or market places and such. The iron plates have been gradually decaying since they were first installed when the facility was operational, and they will continue to decay as a representation of the park itself and the process it is and will further go through. Grass will grow between and through the iron plates up to the point in which they have broken down and are non-existant anymore. I find that this is an intriguing concept; not only does it indicate to the people what is taking place around them and provide an alternative appreciation for the park and its history, but also the natural process which will always take place. This process I am referring to is the vegetation returning the site to a natural environment, similar to that of phytoremediation.

(Landezine, 2011)

100 (Landezine, 2011)

(Landezine, 2011)

STRONGHOLD GREBBEBERG by Michael van Gessel Location: Grebbeberg / Rhenen / Netherlands

Stronghold Grebberberg is a subtle project that considers its surroundings and the value of preservation and observation of change throughout it. The design is merely a resurection of what was already there, “This attitude pays homage to the 18th century English author and landscape architect Joseph Spence: ‘What is, is the great guide as to what ought to be.’” - Landezine This project presents a design that is limited in interaction with the surrounding space, yet emmerses the person completely within it. Methods of cutting the landform or placing paths on top of it allow for minimal contact, which is highly relevent to this project and procedes to provide an example of that. In spaces that are still hazardous with high contamination, techniques need to be used to reduce direct contact with them.

101

Landezine, 2011

102

Hydrostatic Barrier

103

CROP TRANSITION

Stage 1

Stage 2

Tripsacum dactyloides

Carex stricta

Panicum virgatum

2-3m Mesh Platform

Deep Roots 0.5m (Removes any remaining contaminants) Removes contaminants

(Removes any remaining contaminants)

Shallow Roots 0.2m

Low height for platforms 0.61m

Stage 1

Stage 2

Tripsacum dactyloides

Vicia faba

Medium height for low spatial barrier 0.7-1.5m

2-3m

Deep Roots 0.5m

Removes contaminants

Nitrogen fixing (removes any remaining contaminants) Low height for visibility 1m

Stage 1 Tripsacum dactyloides

Stage 2 Glycine max

Shallow Roots 0.27m

Nitrogen fixing prepares the soil for future garden beds at later stages.

2-3m

Deep Roots 0.5m

Removes contaminants

104

Nitrogen fixing (removes any remaining contaminants) High for spatial barrier 2m

Shallow Roots 0.2m

Shallow Roots 0.3m

N Triticum aestivum

PLANTING LAYOUT Nitrogen fixing crops are located along this outer ring (formally planted there was Tritcum aestivum) of the exterior silo pits. Doing so will prepare soils for vegetation that will be planted throughout the rear of the bordering properties that will be developed in Stage 3.

Festuca rubra Vicia faba Glycine max Carex stricta Panicum virgatum Container Phytoremediation Unit Poplar sp. Walkway Mesh Platform

105

CROP-STRIP SPATIAL INFLUENCE

Shenyang Campus is a unique project given its low budget at around only 1 US dollar per square metre. The land that the campus is on was a former well known rice field that was highly successful in producing large amounts of rice per year. This success was due to the cool climate and long growing seasons. The design is to educate the students in the infastructural impact that this site had on the surrounding area as well as filling in the hard challenge of being fully constructed and grown within a year of construction. The

106

(Turenscape, 2013)

overall layout consists of a grid of crops with narrow paths leading to programmable junctions. The interesting spatial qualities of this design derive from the crops themselves, using them to define the space the is being moved through. As a low lying crop, rice obscures the paths from any adjacent view but do not affect any visibility from the actual user. This experience brings curiosity to the visitor, setting them out on an adventure to explore the site.

(Turenscape, 2013)

INFRASTRUCTURE SPACES Ballest Point Park

(Review, 2009)

(Hill, 2009)

Shenyang Architectural University Campus

Ballest Point Parkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s preservation of the old Caltex lubricant production facility symbolises the infrastructural elements of the site through preserving skeleton-like structures or footprints of the what formally existed. These structures not only serve the purpose of representation but also take on a sustainable job of collecting energy and cleaning the site through windmills and bioswales. The transformation of the silo into a frame that houses multiple windmills highlights the ability to utilise an iconic, but also unsustainable object (in terms of processing of fossil fuels) and apply functions that can benefit the immediate surroundings. This design research project will elaborate on the transformation and use of the structural elements produced from the former silos, while exploring how the footprints of such objects can organise and influence the spatial layout. 107

(Turenscape, 2013)

108

The program lense chosen to design this space through is to generate a performance area or stage within and around the silo. During the second stage the silo will be planted out to have the contaminated soils removed, This phytoremediation is taking place at this stage due to the silos acting as storage units for the contaminated soil containers that held the soils from the outer silo pits. Due to the inaccessibility of the silos, the surrounding edge will use floating platforms, staggered vertically towards the corner to generate a leisure and social space which can be utilised as an amphitheatre once the silo can sustain performances. These platforms will be elevated above remediating and nitrogen fixing plants in order to utilise the space while phytoremediation is taking place.

Dymaxion Sleep by Jane Hutton & Adrian Blackwell Dymaxion Sleep displays a method that explores how elevated platforms can be integrated into planted spaces. This method of elevating platforms netted with mesh above the plants, can contribute highly towards generating integrated (multifunctional) spaces. Developing this idea to accommodate multiple functions through program change within a space will need to be investigated to allow flexibility within the site. (Landezine, 2011)

109 (Landezine, 2011)

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STAGE 3

DEVELOPMENT SITE AND PROGRAMMING

- Stage 3 Componants - Lense: Exhibition Space - Planting Layout - Detailed Stage 3 Plan - Residential Development Programming

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STAGE 3 COMPONENTS Wetland Habitat

Programmable Space

Circulation

Phytoremediation Crops

Fields and Garden Beds

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Retained Buildings and Refinery Infrastructure

Development

Soil Contamination (Red)

Landform and Hydrology

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LENSE: EXHIBITION SPACE

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Plant Type 1 Plant Type 2 Plant Type 3 Plant Type 4 Plant Type 5 Plant Type 6 Festuca rubra Festuca rubra Poplar sp. Creek and Water Residential Building Pathway Container Phytoremediation Unit

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PLANTING LAYOUT

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118 0m

100m

200m

RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMING Heller Street Park And Residences by Six Degrees Architects

(Inhabitat, 2013)

Heller Street Park and Residents demonstrates how shared space can be brought into the private and park spaces. This project has utilised a former landfill that has been excavated to form a mound around the park to provide privacy to the town houses. These three storey town houses have minimal private space to encourage communal activities to take place within the park. Blurring the line between public and private works well along this park edge, removing the invisible wall of home containment and pushing residents into the park helps bring regular use of the site to life.

This will be a strong element in merging residential development into stage three, removing the harsh separation that the current road creates and form a row of townhouses between that and the park.

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CONCLUSION

The design research outcomes are a basis of how the framework that was utilised has influenced what was being tested. This investigation has explored techniques involving vegetation and open space in order to understand phytoremediation as a viable method to remove contamination from soils in an accessible location to the public. Outcomes of this investigation result in methods that consider the timeframe required to remove contaminants with the assistance of plants and utilise other remediating techniques on-site such as soil extraction, to suit the required site conditions to the proposed programs. In an initial response to the question, the vegetation became a primary focus throughout the testing, but alone would not increase the opportunity to program the site faster, resulting in various other methods such as structures, land sculpting, and existing infrastructure to work in collaboration to reveal ways in which people can utilise a site whether it be large or small, up high or on the ground. Questioning what the relationships between open spaces are and how they define them has explored the current and planned conditions and spatial elements of the site, particularly seeing that there are multiple large, individual silo pits that can host their own major programs or multiple programs as well as most of them bordering one another and also the surrounding circulation tracks. The spatial influence derived from these connections, such as a pathway running across an opening to a silo pit automatically creating an entrance and exit, modifies the space and generates new programs. Simple actions and changes to the surrounding structure can begin new programs without any effort as long as there are people to interact with it. I feel that the process in understanding how these aspects of the site and project relate to one another and influence the programs that occur in various situations can be used to elaborate on with further development of this project. The design research project so far has explored the larger framework that was set in order to guide the overall outcome. Phytoremediation has not only been explored to understand the various methods and techniques involved, but to develop methods

that can integrate with open space and influence spatial programs. To amplify open space within the framework, structural and spatial methods have been investigated. Dynamic relationships between programs are evident within stage two and three around the silos, such as elevated platforms combining as seats for the performance area. The development that takes place within stage three integrates with the open space around the edge of the park area, using the layout and placement of the nitrogen fixing plants in stage two to prepare the backyards for new vegetation, and cross programming the area to generate a vibrant environment. The notion of making a major key point and working it in a way to suit the site conditions or the issue focused on, the process in which this design research catalogue has developed through, can be utilised in multiple situations. What I found during this research design project was that losing site of the focus which was driving my investigation ( which was speeding up the overall wait for phytoremediation to process through other remediation methods on-site) caused me to go off track, exploring ideas that did not support the key point. Once back on track, the project expanded and gradually built towards the ending I had envisioned. To develop further on with this project, I would explore the possibilities of the dynamic relationships between open space and program to work the design and particularly the vegetation into a site framework which organises multiple programs at simultaneous moments. This project starts to define my thought process and dealing with the onsite relationships through applying elements that exist onsite and key points that drive the program. My design research projects content itself has opened my eyes up to what can be utilised through cleansing sites, but more so the ability to take other methods and techniques and use them in different lenses to drive the overall framework in order to explore the primary investigation.

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REFERENCES - Web Documents A. Sas-Nowosielska, R. K. E. M. M. P. J. K. K. K., 2004. Phytoextraction Crop Disposal - An Unsolved Problem. In: Environmental Pollution. Tallahassee, FL: s.n., pp. 373-379. Agency, O. o. E. a. R. R. U. E. P., 1996. Superfund. [Online] Available at: http://www.epa.gov/superfund/resources/soil/ssg496.pdf [Accessed May 2013]. Branch, D. S. A. a. R., 2009. Victorian Environmental Assessment Council. [Online] Available at: http://www.veac.vic.gov.au/reports/VEAC%20demographics%20report%20Final%2014.7.09.pdf [Accessed 20 October 2013]. Corner, J., 2012. Lifescape - Fresh Kills Parkland. [Online] Available at: http://www.environmental-expert.com/Files%5C19643%5Carticles%5C5873%5Caatopos51.pdf Etsuko Kaimi, T. M. M. T., 2007. Screening of Twelve Plant Species for Phytoremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil. Plant Prod. Sci, II(10), pp. 211-218. faba), P. F. A. F. (., 2013. Plants For A Future (Vicia faba). [Online] Available at: http://www.pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?LatinName=Vicia+faba [Accessed 22 September 2013]. Heping Zhang, J. I. L. M. L. P. S., 1998. Transpiration and Water Relations of Poplar Trees Growing Close to the Water Table. Tree Physiology, Issue 19, pp. 563-573. Hill, D., 2009. Flickr. [Online] Available at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/cityofsound/4039375160/in/set-72157622650851890 [Accessed 19 October 2013]. Ltd, M. R. A. P., 2012. Mobil Altona Refinery Safety Case Summary, Melbourne: Mobil Refining Australia Pty Ltd. Mobil, E., 2008. Exxon Mobil Australia. [Online] Available at: http://www.exxonmobil.com.au/Australia-English/PA/about_what_rs_altona.aspx [Accessed 20 October 2013]. Programme, U. N. E., 2013. United Nations Environment Programme. [Online] Available at: http://www.unep.or.jp/Ietc/Publications/Freshwater/FMS2/2.asp [Accessed May 2013]. Robinson, B., 2009. Kiwiscience. [Online] Available at: http://www.kiwiscience.com/Phytomining.html [Accessed May 2013]. Roundtable, F. R. T., 2008. Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix and Reference Guide. [Online] Available at: http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section3/table3_2.pdf [Accessed May 2013].

Statistics, A. B. o., 2013. Australian Bureau of Statistics. [Online] Available at: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Products/3218.0~2011-12~Main+Features~Main+Features?OpenDocument [Accessed 27 September 2013].

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Available at: http://eol.org/pages/1115259/overview [Accessed 8 September 2013]. Ltd, F. N. P., 2013. Flemings Nurseries. [Online] Available at: http://www.flemings.com.au/ornamental_details.asp?CULT_ID=YANN [Accessed 9 October 2013]. Mouse, T. M. a. C., 2012. Town Mouse and Country Mouse - Blogspot. [Online] Available at: http://tmousecmouse.blogspot.com.au/2012/10/cabrillo-college-horticulture.html [Accessed May 2013]. Nurseries, F., 2013. Flemingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Nurseries. [Online] Available at: http://www.flemings.com.au/search.asp [Accessed 24 October 2013]. Nursery, B., 2013. Bluestem Nursery. [Online] Available at: http://www.bluestem.ca/panicum-virg.htm [Accessed 8 September 2013]. Paysagistes, I. S. A., 2013. Landezine - Fort Saint Jean by In Situ Landscape Architects. [Online] Available at: http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2013/01/fort-saint-jean-by-in-situ-landscape-architects/ [Accessed April 2013]. Review, A. D., 2009. Australian Design Review. [Online] Available at: http://www.australiandesignreview.com/news/537-mcgregor-partners-wins-international-topos-award [Accessed 19 October 2013]. Turenscape, 2012. Landezine -Sanlihe Ecological Corridor by Turenscape. [Online] Available at: http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2012/01/ecological-coridor-landscape-architecture/ [Accessed May 2013]. Turenscape, 2013. Turenscape. [Online] Available at: http://www.turenscape.com/english/projects/project.php?id=324 [Accessed 19 October 2013].

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APENDICES - Fishermans Bend Testing

This content covering Fishermans Bend was used to explore and test techniques to inhabit phytoremediation with the assistance of design lenses such as water fronts and inner industrial sites.

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Research Question What elements of open space, derived through phytoremediation, are essential for identifying zones for development?

- How is open space identified within the urban context? - What are the relationships between open spaces and how do they define them? - What methods are there to remediate soils? - What is process within the evolution of urban development and open space?

Title: Phytoremediant Development Sub-title: Urban Identification through Open Space Relationship Site: Fishermans Bend

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Melbourne currently has the highest population increase in Australia with a result of the city developing new suburbs and urban developmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rather quickly (Statistics, 2013). Current land within the inner suburbs of Melbourne City are currently occupied by industrial programs which are beginning to shift out of the built up areas and towards lower density zones, leaving the former sites vacant for new developments. These industrial programs threaten future development and site use through contaminants resulting from operations on the site being lodged in the surrounding soils. This project will initially investigate the process of phytoremediation within a post-industrial urban environments. The initial site is Fishermans Bend, located south-west of Melbourneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Central Business District which contains light industrial programs. The intent behind this research is to reveal methods in which people can access a site during the phytoremediation process and apply programs within and around it without interacting with any hazardous conditions. This approach is intended to enable the ability to use a site far before any development has taken place as to avoid it becoming an empty eye sore for the surrounding community, and also provide them with a space to utilise for recreational activities. The research will be tested through a scenario situation where soil contaminants will be speculated in order to provide a location with existing elements and context which can influence what the outcome may be.

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Fishermans Bend

High Points 1m Contour Water Edge

Green Space Water Area Street Trees Walking Track

Water Promenade Green Space Site Urban Development Existing Blocks Water Edge

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Fishermans Bend has a majority of its roads lined with street trees, but few urban parks. A Rejuvenation park, Westgate Park, has been established below the Westgate bridge to reintroduce wetlands to the once swampy region of Melbourne. South of Fishermans Bend is Port Melbourne which is the closest urban development to the site. The Yarra River runs from the east, right around to the far west of Fishermans Bend, isolating the site with only two bridges to cross. There is very little residential development in Fishermans Bend, making it a very desolate place outside of working hours, particularly on the weekends. Currently plans are underway to design a rebuild of Fishermans Bend south and east of the Westgate Freeway consisting of residential, commercial, and office buildings at high density.

2.43km²

0.06

0.43

0.15km² 0.09

0.43km²

0.08

0.81km² 0.02

0.07

0.16km²

0.06

0.29km²

0.85km² 0.96km²

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Industrial Site Planned Development Site

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A low lying, largely flat mass of land located south-west of Melbourne's Central Business District, Fishermans Bend has much potential for high density development which is currently being planned for it. As a result, around half of the current industrial businesses will be shut down or relocated, leaving possible contaminants in the soils. As these are mostly light industrial businesses, there may be no contaminants, and if there are, it is relatively hard to identify what they may be, which is necessary for the further part of the research in this project.

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Site Conditions

Factories, container yards, vast carparks and unused land sprawls throughout Fishermans Bend with ofice blocks filling in the spaces. Fishermans Bend not only has possible contaminated sites, but is a useful location to test remediation techniques in relation to open space and current and future developments.

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Possible Scenario

Site Blocks Site Existing Park

Currently, speculating what levels of contaminants could be there is a simple method in understanding these types of environments with existing conditions that can be applied to them.

High Contamination Low Contamination Planned Development Site

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Space Exposure And Surrounding Influence

Offices

Residential

Open/Public Space

Retail

Developed Space

Waterfront - Lorimer Street

1. 2.

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Leisure

3. 2.

Inland - Todd Road

4. 3. 2.

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Scenario 1 Contamination

Contaminated Soils Site 1

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Docking Edge

This is the site for the first design scenario. As a loading and docking water edge, oils and possible toxins have been contaminating the site over time which needs to be remediated.

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Space Formation Diagrams 1:2000

Low toxicity

High toxicity

Lorimer Street

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Existing soil conditions consist of contaminants in various areas. Due to different site programs there are varying levels of toxicity in the contaminated soils making some of them hazardous for people to interact with.

The layout of the site complements the flow in which people move through it, organising the spaces and influences how they have been formed.

Using the existing contaminated soil layout, the site reveals low access and large areas of unaccessible space. Excavating soils within the site can open up spaces and access. Moving some soils to save space either builds up in one space or fills in another area.

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Program area opens up views from the road

Road Surface

Uncontaminated Soil

Crop generates barrier from road

Road Surface

Uncontaminated Soil

Crop generates barrier from road

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Road Surface

Uncontaminated Soil

Road Surface

Uncontaminated Soil

Uncontaminated Soil Open public space in excavated area

AA Site Condition Section 1:250

Contaminated Soil

Uncontaminated Soil

Crop acts as barrier to road

Open public space

BB Site Condition Section 1:250

Contaminated Soil Mound created through exacation from other parts of the site to here.

CC Site Condition Section 1:250

Contaminated Soil

DD Site Condition Section 1:250

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Water Front Remediation Site 1-1000

Low levels of contamination in soils may pose little health risk and allow for direct contact between users and the site. Cutting these soils out and pushing them into specific areas means people are not directly interacting with them, lowering health risks to a safe level.

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High levels of contamination in soils impose risk if interacted with, requiring elevated structures above them to be able to use the space.

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