Ji Young Ryu DRC by RMIT Landscape Architecture

6 feet above

: rethinking the function of cemetery in Korea

Design Research Catalogue Master of Landscape Architecture RMIT University 2013

6 Feet Above

Design Research Catalogue,2013

JiYoung Ryu

6 Feet Above: rethinking the function of cemetery in Korea

Contents

Research Summary

Introduction: Landscape of South Korea Problem and Approach

03 05

\\Precedent Study 01|Pere Lachaise, Paris, France

|Java Cemetery, Sweden, 2009

The Korean Cemetery_historical precedents

Understanding the city

Part 01| History Part 02|General Division

15 25

Seoul

Setting the context

\Opportunities on the site Mapogu[District], Seoul Kyungui Line : Railway Park > park + cemetery

Scale Comparison

Design Scenario

\Exploration Test 01|from max. 30m2 to min.10m2 cemetery plot for one person Test 02|network_Road System \ Buffer

63 65

\Design 01|park = cemetery \Design 02|cemetery > park \Design 03|park > cemetery \4 Feet Mound|Detail : [cemetery] Burial + cremation type

67 69 71 73

\\Precedent Study 02|Urn Cemetery, Netherlands, 2001 \\Precedent Study 03|Oostervaart Cemetery,Netherlands, 2011

77 79

\Vertical Grave|Detail : [cemetery] cremation type \Grave Column|Detail : [cemetery] cremation type \Grave Stone|Detail : [cemetery] cremation type \Family Forest Heaven|Detail :[cemetery] cremation type \ Stom water system_ Natural Burial

81 83 85 88 90

\\Precedent Study 03|Poetree Urn \ Planting Palette \ veiw

92 96 98

Conclusion

100

\References and Bibliography \Illustration credit

102 104

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Research Summary 6 feet above : rethinking the function of cemetery in Korea

Research Summary

How can a cemetery be adopted as both religious and green space in the urban context of Seoul in South Korea? How does a design approach mi gate a nega ve percep on of cemetery?

Due to countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fast growing economy and Industrialisa on in more than a decade, construc ng green space is the current issue of landscape urbanism to enhance the urban experience. However, in a meanwhile, the lack of cemetery space has rised up as a severe problem and it need to be solved in some ways. Therefore, it could be a possible gesture that combining the cemetery with green space and located them in the urban context.

This project inves gates the problem of Korean cemetery and explores the potenal for a nego a on between cemetery, park and expanding popula on to generate the opportunity for these places to operate as both cemetery and green space in an urban context.

However, nowadays, this tradi on of cemetery has become a troublesome ma er in all areas in Korea as there is a small amount of available land and too many people, living and dying, life is not just only for living but also dying. Therefore we need a place to serve the deceased but there is not enough area to supply for cemetery any more. In addi on 20,000 graves (represen ng another 8.48km2) are added each year. This leads to a fight between the live and the dead. The project design approach is driven through explora on of exis ng context condi on to nego ate a size of space for the park and the cemetery. This considera on leads to generate the new topography within the site and to suggest the future forma on of grave.

The Korea peninsula is 70 percent mountainous therefore, most of the available flatlands are occupied by people. This means that the mountains must become func on as a green space as well as another place to live for a deceased. Tradionally in Korea, if the ancestor is laid in a good state of place, for the following genera ons will be thriving. The family cemetery is placed in an open and warm area selected by and based on Korean Pungso theory on the mountain. Hence, people have become accustomed to the separaon of cemetery from urban context.

Keyword: cemetery, green space, park, religion, urban context, tradi on

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Introduction :

Landscape of South Korea

Dok Do (Island)

ae eB

Seoul

GLOBAL CONTEXT

Ulleung Do (Island)

t kM

Dae Jeon

f si

KOREA

Dae Gu Ulsan

Gwang Ju

THE KOREAN LANDSCAPE

Busan

Jeju Do (Island)

sec on A-A

YELLOW SEA

SEOUL

TAEBEAK MOUNTAINS

EAST SEA

Introduction

Pg 03 figure 1 \The figure ‘The Korean landscape’ represents where the mountains, rivers and ci es sit in the context of South Korea. Pg 04 image 1 \’ InWangJaeSaekDo’ by Jung Sun Pg 04 image 2 \ ‘PaekYeon Waterfall’ by Jung Sun

South Korea occupies the southern poron of the Korean Peninsula, which extends some 1,100km from the Asian mainland. Its terrain is mostly mountainous, most of which is not arable. South Korea can be divided into four general regions: an eastern region of high mountain ranges and narrow coastal plains; a western region of broad coastal plains, river basins, and rolling hills; a south-western region of mountains and valleys; and a south-eastern region dominated by the broad basin of the Nakdong River. 1 Due to the context of the Korean peninsula, fascina on with mountainous landscape is evident in Korean landscape pain ng that uses mountain, hills, rocks and water as a vehicle for illustra ng emoons. So tradi onally, forebears intended to construct a residen al space as well as a cemetery in a carefully calculate relaonship with surrounded typography of the mountains. This great asset of landscape also leads diﬀerent percep on of green space compare to other countries; the mountains must become func on as a green space as well as another place to live for a deceased.

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Introduction :

Problem and Approach

Introduction

Even though a cemetery is situated and surrounded with grass and trees in the mountains, the percep on of cemetery is a terrifying and rarely visited place not like any other green spaces at all. Is this because of the forma on of grave? Is this because of unknown graves are sca ered around mountains? Is this because of accessibility of cemetery? Is this because of myth of ghost in a cemetery? Is this because of a place for a deceased?

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grave/ deceased Seoul

4km

Introduction

A Fight between the live and the dead. According to Ministry of Health and Welfare, the number of the deceased in country is approximately 20,000,000 (20 million) if the area for one grave is 30m2 this is taken 1% (1,072km2) out of the available area 4.7% of the na on. This is equivalent to being 1,3 mes bigger than Seoul and 3 mes bigger than all the area of industrial in Korea. In addi on 20,000 graves (represen ng another 8.48km2) are added each year.

Pg 07 figure 2 \the current propor on of the deceased in South Korea : 1.3 mes bigger than seoul.

Hence, with this nega ve no on and over growth of cemetery we need to generate a design approach mi gate these problems. If we may be willing to explore different approaches to current cemetery, problems will be solved in somehow? What if the cemetery is becoming a park as a green space for people where can be more familiar than before. The research is looking at the cemetery as a green surface of the city and thinking the graveyard to must have func on as a park as well. The following precedents might be good examples for nego a on between cemetery and park.

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\\Precedent Study 01

Pere Lachaise cemetery, Paris, France, 1804

Pere Lachaise cemetery also known as Clime ere de I’Est (East Cemtery) is the largest cemetery in the city of Paris, France. It covers an area of around 44 hectares (108 acres) of land. Since its original opening as a cemetery in 1804, Pere Lachaise was extended five mes, the last being in 1850. In fact, the cemetery a racts hundreds of thousands of visitors through its gates each year, Pere Lachaise is regarded as one of the world’s most visited cemeteries. It was built as part of eﬀorts to combat the growing health concerns caused by the mass innercity burial grounds of Paris. The cemetery serves not only as a burial ground and memorial to the deceased of the city but also as an open historical museum and beau ful ‘green spaces’.

Precedent Study 01

Java cemetery, Sweden, 2009 2

Pg 09 image 1-4 \’Pere Lachaise Cemetery’, Paris, France Pg 10 image 1 \’Java Cemetery’ image 2 \’Java Cemetery’ : Entrance image 3 \”java Cemetery’ : Hjulsta Pavilion image 4 \”java Cemetery’ : Main Entrance image 5 \’java Cemetery’ at night

It is finished compe on entry in 2009 by NRJA(no rules just architecture)prac ce. This new cemetery provides a place where the iden fy of the site is not only by the environmental quality of the space and its historical importance but also by the project’s emphasize on concentra on on the memory of the deceased. To preserve the memory and to promote awareness of archeological monuments, such as the Viking burial places, new memorial and medita on spots are planned, along pedestrian pathways. This project proposes several types and possibili es for burials as well. This project site does not sit on the urban context however it might be apply the no on of diﬀerent burial types into my design research to generate the opportuni es of Korean cemetery.

The Korean Cemetery _historical precedents

The Korean Cemetery _historical precedents Part 01| History

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The Korean Cemetery _historical precedents

Part 01| History Prehistoric time

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Dolmenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; TABLE STONE : SOUTHERN STYLE GO-TABLE (CHESSBOARD) : NOTHERN STYLE CAPSTONE (NO SUPPORT STONES)

Our ancestors believed that a spirit resided in great stones. They erected dolmen as an object of worship and faith in the spirit. Dolmens some mes appear in groupings of several dozens in one block, symbolizing groups of blood rela ves. These groupings were an important part of ancestor worship, as they symbolized life force and immortality. In the whole Korean peninsula, some 36,000 dolmens have been recorded by academics. Two dis nc ve styles of dolmen exist, a southern style and a northern style. Among the ones that have been recorded, there are more southern-style dolmen than northern style dolmen.

The Korean Cemetery

Southern Style Go-Table (Chessboard)

the deceased room

Northern Style Table Stone

Pg 15 image 1-4 \the Dolmens

Cap Stone (No Support Stones

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The Korean Cemetery _historical precedents Part 01| History SIlla Dynasty

‘CheonMa Tomb’ King JiJeong [AD 500-514]

The Korean Cemetery

ENT

ExhibiƟon Area

The SecƟon of CheonMa Tomb

CheonMaChong (tomb), formerly Tomb No.155, is a tumulus located in Gyeonju, South Korea. The tomb was excavated in 1973 and is believed to date probably AD 500-514 Silla Kingdom’s King JiJeong rules. The name of the tomb is derived from a famous pain ng of a white horse called a CheonMa (Korean Pegasus), has eight legs with wings on its feet. The tomb is a wood-lined chamber running east to west and is covered in a mound of boulders and earth. The chamber of the tomb contained a wooden coffin that had 11,500 burial goods placed around such as painted saddle flap, iron ke les, po ery and bronze vessels so on. So the tomb has an entrance to get inside of it and those ruins of Silla Kingdom is exhibited for people who visit the tomb.

Pg 17 image 5 \Bird eye view of ChenMa Tomb Site Pg 17 image 1-2 \ outside of ChenMa Tomb Pg 17 image 3 \ ‘ChenMa Do’ : The ruins of Sila Dynasty Pg 17 image 4 \ Exhibi on area of CheonMa Tomb

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The Korean Cemetery _historical precedents

Part 01| History Joseon Dynasty

‘Royal Tomb’

The Korean Cemetery

Korean PungSo theory the tomb is surrounded by mountains

King / Queen’s Tomb

27-260m

9-39m

veiwpoint

degree of viewpoint: 5.3-16.2

The Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty refers to the 40 tombs of members of the Korean Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910). These tombs are sca ered in over 18 locaons across South Korea. The tombs have been registered as a UNESCO World Heritage site since 2009. JungJa Gak

Entrance : HongSal Moon

The FormaƟon of Royal Tomb

Pg 19 image 1-3 \’TaeJo Neung’ : the Royal Tomb of the 1st king TaeJo of Joseon Dynasty Pg 19 image 4 \ ‘King YoungJo’s Tomb’ Pg 19 image 5 \ ‘King SaeJong’s Tomb’ Pg 19 image 6 \ ‘King SunJo’s Tomb’ Pg 19 image 7 \ ‘King HeonJong’s Tomb’

The tombs are classified into two disnc ve types. Tombs of the kings and queens and those granted the tle of king or queen, were buried in neung type of tombs. Crown princes and their wives, as well as the parents of royalty were buried in won type of tombs. The loca on of a royal tomb was considered with many factors such as the distance from Hanyang (capital city of Joseon Dynasty), the distance in rela on to other royal tombs, the accessibility of the loca on, and Korean tradi ons of pongsu theory. Interes ngly, the degree of the viewpoint is 5.3-16.2 the tomb cannot be seen from the JungJa Gak. This method of built is to block the sight straigh orward to the tomb to make its curiosity and respectability of the royalty.

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The Korean Cemetery _historical precedents Part 01| History

‘National Cemetery’

The Korean Cemetery

The na onal cemetery is intended for huge capacity of a deceased who dies in a war or dies for the na on. The grave is mainly gravestone with name and the dates. On na onal memorial-day president and all the poli cians and soldiers perform the ceremony in this place. All four types of diﬀerent cemetery have to be preserved as an historical asset for the na on and for future genera ons.

Pg 21 image 1 \’YoungCheon Na onal Cemetery’ Pg 21 image 2 \’ICheon Na onal Cemetery’ Pg 21 image 3 \’ImSil Na onal Cemetery’ Pg 21 image 4-6 \’DaeHeon Na onal Cemetery

The Korean Cemetery _historical precedents

Part 02| General Division

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The Korean Cemetery _historical precedents

Part 02| General Division â&#x20AC;&#x2DC; General Graveyard/ Cemetery

2-1 2

3-1 3

2-2

The Korean Cemetery

1- 1.3m

The SecƟon of General Grave

General cemetery is a form of mound which is eﬀected by the royal tomb of Joseon Dynasty. The regula on of cemetery height is 1m under for a deceased and 1 to 1.3m above to be the mound. The mound has a reason to absorb a fair and equitable spirit within surrounded natural environment. There are two diﬀerent shapes of grave forma on; a regular shape and a round shape.

Pg 25 image 1 \’General mound grave without a granite frame’ Pg 25 image 2 \’Grave with a rectangular shape granite frame’ image 2-1/ 2-2 \’Two diﬀerent levels of Rectangular shape granite frame’ Pg 25 image 3 \’Grave with a round shape of granite frame’ image 3-1 \’Round shape granite frame’

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The Korean Cemetery _historical precedents

Part 02| General Division â&#x20AC;&#x2DC; Other Elementâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Name Stone TradiĆ&#x;onal name stone

Westernised name stone

All other elements of the cemetery is formed with grave in general however, having whole elements require big size of cemetery plot that could cause ma er of cost. Name stone is normally included with a grave and is located right beside the grave.

The Korean Cemetery

3 2 1

Spiritual table Granite stone table Incense table

Stone Figures beside grave

Granite stone table and incense table are needed for a religious service in occasions such as New Years and Thanksgiving when family and rela ves visit the cemetery. Spiritual table is for the spirit of the deceased to come and meet the family who visit them.

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The Korean Cemetery _historical precedents

Part 02| General Division ‘ Family Graveyard/ Cemetery’

The Korean Cemetery

Family cemetery is generally formed two genera ons of a family in their own place of the mountain. Nowadays, crema on ritual has become popular and has an advantage to serve all the family ashes in the family column or a chamber.

Pg 29 image 1-2 \’Two Genera ons Graveyard’ : Great-Grand parent and Grand parent’s cemetery Pg 29 image 3-4 \’Family Column’ : All family member’s ashes

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The Korean Cemetery _historical precedents

Part 02| General Division ‘ Public Graveyard/ Cemetery’ ‘ Memorial Park’

The Korean Cemetery

The capacity of public cemetery or memorial park is much higher than other cemeteries however, the requirement of its capacity has caused the problem of damage of natural environment; cut and fill process of the mountains. In addi on, a physical set of plenty of graves is cons tuted a terrifying atmosphere and is not func oning as a green space at all.

The SecƟon of Public Cemetery

Pg 31 image 1-4 \’Public cemetery’ in mountains

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The Korean Cemetery _historical precedents

Part 02| General Division ‘Graveyard/ Cemetery in different religions’ ‘ Memorial Park’

Christian cemetery Memorial Park

Catholic cemetery Memorial Park

The Korean Cemetery

Buddhism Budo Tower

The forma on of Chris an cemetery and Catholic cemetery are same as the general cemetery. However, there are diﬀerent types of a crema on structure are occurred in this religious cemetery. In Buddhism the crema on is main burial ritual and the deceased is served in budo tower.

Pg 34 image 1-2 \’Buddism Budo Tower’ : crema on type Pg 33 image 3-4 \’Catholic Cemetery or Memorial Park’: Burial type / image 4 : Churchman’s Graves Pg 33 image 5-7 \’Chris an Cemetery or Memorial Park’ : Burial and crema on type / image 7 : Ashe Graves

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The Korean Cemetery _historical precedents

Part 02| General Division ‘Foreigner’s Cemetery’

The forma on of foreigner’s cemetery is diﬀerent from Korean cemetery; a flat grave.

Japanes Chinese Thai Mongolian Indian American . . . 5

The Korean Cemetery

The Korean Cemetery _historical precedents

Part 02| General Division ‘Natural Burials’

Natural burials first started in Korea in 2004 and it is from Switzerland. This cemetery will be the future forma on of the cemetery in Korea to expand. Natural burial has a func on of cemetery as well as a forest environment. Also there are few sta s cs of natural burial what Korean have been thinking about it by the oﬃce of forestry. The future design approach will be driven with the following sta s cs to apply into a design.

Pg 35 image 3-5 \’Foreigner’s cemetery’ Pg 36 image 1-2 \’Natural Burials’ 2

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\\Survey_Natural Burial the reason why people prefer a Natural Burial

29.7%

to preserve the natural environment and territorial defama on

24.5%

through the growth of tree to remember and feel the deceased

22.3%

for natural assimila on

10%

cheap cost and easy for maintenance

9.7%

be er be a forest atmosphere than a cemetery

1.9%

other reasons

1.8%

to make a forest

the reason why people do not prefer a Natural Burial

25.6% 21.7% 21.7%

- a shady spot under the tree. - tradi onally avoid a root in a funeral culture. careles of the deceased ashes. does not feel to serve the place for the deceased or the ancestors.

The Korean Cemetery

62 / 100 %

71.6 / 100

% CREMATION

62 percentage of people agree with the natural burial.

71.6 percentage of people prefer the cremaon.

6 out of 10 people want to do nature burial when they die.

? 1600

people

par cipated the ques onaire.

Preference of the nature burial of CHRISTAIN rela vely higher than any other religion belivers.

WOMEN prefer the nature burial than Men.

People who live in CITY prefer the nature burial than people who live in any other provinces.

[ by THE OFFICE OF FORESTRY ]

Understanding the City

Seoul

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Understanding the City SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA

POPULATION 10,529,OOO DENSITY 16,000/»Ã2 Έ42,000/Ã2Ή

The topography and geographical features of Seoul are surrounded by moutains such as Bugaksan, Inwangsan, Namsan, and Naksan, and determined influence on the forma on of fortress, main road systems and major facili es which are key urban infrastructures. Minute geographical features are also directly related to the forma on of streets and waterways. Thus, such order is the result of Korean urban culture which has been created through long history.

The Three Kingdom period (AD4~7C), there existed the tradi on of ‘Pogosik Sanseong’, a fortress built along mountain ridges surrounding valleys. Korean urban culture and tradi ons are driven from this tradi on and therefore the gene c factor of the city-forming elements lies in its territorial characteris cs. The geographical condi on of Seoul is in itself a cultural heritage and a link to the past.2

Understanding the City

ROADS GYEONGGI-DO

HIGHWAY

GYEONGGI-DO

Highway and Roads

SEOUL

BUCHEON

SEONGNAM

GYEONGGI-DO

SUBWAY GYEONGGI-DO

LINE 1 WITH INTERCITY SERVICES LINE 4 IN GYEONGGI DO JUNGANG LINE BUNDANG LINE LINE K2 LINE 1 LINE 2 LINE 3 LINE 4

UNDERGROUND MAIN LINE ILSAN LINE IN SEOUL

LINE 5 LINE 6 LINE 7 LINE 8

GYEONGGI-DO

SEOUL

INTERCITY BUS STATION

INTERCITY RAIL STATION

KTX

KOREAN TRAIN EXPRESS STATION SEOUL, YOUNGSAN, GWANGMY

Transporta on

KORAIL MAIN LINES

SUBWAY STATION

KTX

TRAIN STATION BUCHEON

Despite of this historical context, during 1960s~1970s, Seoul was transformed with desires for modern urban construc on. It became the face of shameful past, and therefore established various urban redevelopment districts in the inner city in 1973. The increased development within the core had a nega ve impact on urban sprawl as less available lands in the city centre created leap frog development. Rapid construc on of high rises and skyscrapers and a massive investment in public infrastructure for prepara on of 1988 Olympics created as sprawl.

SEONGNAM KTX

GYEONGGI-DO

DOBONGSAN (Mt.) SURAKSAN (Mt.) BURAMSAN (Mt.)

BUKHANSAN (Mt.)

INWANGSAN (Mt.) ANSAN (Mt.)

Green spaces

TRANSFER STATION

NAMSAN (Mt.)

UMYEONSAN (Mt.) GWANAKSAN (Mt.) CHEONGGYESAN (Mt.)

GREEENS

From the 1990s the forma on and preserva on of parks and green space have been started to consider and the current urban plan is the Seoul General Plan of 2021, the city will focus on the crea on of a comprehensive, unifying plan for the city, the preserva on and maintenance of cultural heritage sites and buildings. Currently 76% of park and green space is located on the borders of the metropolitan area which is a diďŹ&#x20AC;erent pa ern compared to other historic ci es such as London where parks and greenery are located throughout the central part of the city.

Waterway

HAN RIVER

WATERWAY

Seoul plans to increase the balance of greenery throughout the city, and replace natural flora and fauna displaced during the Japanese occupa on. The goal is not only to increase green space, but also to use these exis ng spaces as arenas for ci zen par cipa on.

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CheongGaeCheon

Understanding the City

SeonYuDo Park

Seoul Forest People’s percep on toward parks and green space has been significantly changed in that construc ng urban parks perform a cri cal role in upgrading the quality of life.3 There are three diﬀerent precedents for city marke ng as exemplified in CheongaeCheon, Seonyudo Park, and Seoul forest.

CheongaeCheon was to restore the waterway in the core of the city by demolishing the intercity highway. Seonyodo Park was a water purifica on facili es transformed into diverse parks. Seoul Forest is a forest full of life where ci zens can breathe the invigora ng fresh air oﬀered by natural.

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Setting the Context

\Opportunities on the site Mapogu[District], Seoul

Mapo Gu (Province), Seoul, South Korea

Seoul

Mapo Gu populaƟon 2012.5.1 populaƟon

397,736

area 23.88 km2

Setting the context

SeoDaeMoon-Gu

MaPo-Gu

YangCheon-Gu

0.5

1 Km

Road

SoSaek

SeoDaeMoon-Gu

GaJa

Mapo-Gu Office

HongIk Univ.

ChungJeongro

MangWon SinChon

MaPo-Gu

AHyeon

EHwa Women’s Univ.

Mapo district is a gu, or district, within Seoul, South Korea. It lies northwest of the Han River.

DaeHeong GwanHeongChang GongDeok

YangCheon-Gu Mapo 0

0.5

HyonChang park

1 Km

Subway

50m

200m 150m

100m

50m

100m

50m

100m

50m

300m 250m 200m

50m

150m

100m

250m 200m

SeoDaeMoon-Gu

50m 50m

50m

50m 100m 50m

50m

150m 100m

50m 50m

MaPo-Gu

50m

YangCheon-Gu 50m 0

0.5

1 Km

Contour

SeoDaeMoon-Gu NoEul Park

Seoul Worldcup Stadium HaNeul Park NanJi Han River Park PyeongHwa park

MaPo-Gu NanJi Han River Park

Wow Park

YangHwaJin Shrine park Jeoldusan Martyrs’ Shrine

YangCheon-Gu

0.5

Several universi es and government buildings are located there. Mapo is well known for the Hongdae club district around Hongik University. Seoul metropolitan subway line 1, line 5,line 6 and kyungui line pass through this district.

1 Km

Green space and Bike path

The seoul world cup stadium, a famous landmark in seoul, is located in Sangam town in northwest mapo. Neighboring districts include Yongsan, Jung, Seodaemun and Eunpyeong districts.

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Setting the Context

\Opportunities on the site

gU niv ng Go . ng sta De ion ok sta ion Yo ng Sa nG uc en tre

Un Ik Se

iv.

sta

ion

Kyungui Line : Railway Park

Setting the context

Design site is currently under constructed by government which is going to be a rail way park. Rail way park is from Yongsan cultural sport centre to Gaja sta on 6.19 km (Width 12~78m 14,000 km2).

Pg 47 image 1-3 \GongDuk Sta on Area Pg 47 image 4-9 \DaeHeong Sta on Area

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Setting the Context

\Opportunities on the site

Da e sta Heon ion g

Seo sta Gang ion Un iv.

Ho n sta gIk U ion niv .

Kyungui Line : Railway Park > park + cemetery

DESIGN SITE

The area is located around residen al, commercial and business, and universies, so develop this desolate rail bed to integrate with surrounding cultural context to generate a res ng place, safe for biking and walking in the urban context. Furthermore, this site would bring a great opportunity to explore the no on of the project within its context.

In order to the context of Korea: is a small land and densely populated so it is complicated to select the area for construc on randomly. Hence, abandoned or demolished space would be the poten al site for genera ng something new. Comprehensive design approach of this project is for nego a on between cemetery, park and expanding popula on to operate as both cemetery and green space in the urban context. In addi on, regenerate or redesign the exis ng cemetery to change the percepon of cemetery but generally the no on of cemetery and green space are diďŹ&#x20AC;erent to Korean, so on the contrary, if the cemetery is brought into a park, it might be a possible gesture to operate as both cemetery and green space.

Setting the context

9 8 7

AREA 1. 2,836m2 2. 3,029m2 3. 1,914 m2 4. 25,956m2 5. 5,543m2 6. 2,492m2 7. 6,631m2 8. 6,836m2 9. 9,492m2

0 16m

1:2000 @A0

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Religion in the Site

STATISTICS

Chris anity/ Protestan sm

60%

47%

no religion

23%

Buddhism

18%

Chris anity/ Protestan sm

11%

Roman Catholicism

other religions [Won Buddhism / Confucianism / Cheondoism / Islam]

Religion of South Korea

Buddhism

Roman Catholicism

Scale Comparison

43 Hactres Assistens cemetery, Copenhagen, Denmark

Cemeterio Municipal de Punta Arenas, Punta Arenas, Chile

POPULATION

Pere Lachaise, Paris, France

4,169,103

Melbourne General cemetery, ,Australia

200m

6.4 Hactres

POPULATION

Saint Louis cemetery, New Orleans

the Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California

Vestre cemetery, Copenhagen, Denmark

397,736

GyeongUi line, Mapogu, Seoul

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Setting the Context

\Opportunities on the site Kyungui Line : DaeHeong to HongIk Univ. station > park + cemetery

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC; Surrounding Land Useâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

8 7 6

Construction buildings Religion facilities Educational facilities Restaurant business Police Medical facilities Commercial & Business Residential 0 16m 1:1000 @A0

3 2

Setting the context

13 7

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Design Scenario

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Design Scenario \Exploration

Test 01| from max. 30m2 to min. 10m2 cemetery plot for one person

ONE GRAVE PLOT from 30m2 to 10m2

30m2

25m2 1

20m2 3

1. 1560mm x 2200mm 2. 1500mm x 2100mm 3. 1500mm x 2000mm

ONE GRAVE PLOT FORMATION

15m2

10m2 1

1. 1560mm x 2200mm 2. 1500mm x 2100mm 3. 1500mm x 2000mm

Design Scenario

Based on general regula on of cemetery size for a person, the cemetery plot is set up as from maximum 30m2 to minimum 10m2. The size of 10m2 generally is used in public cemetery. Tes ng with five diﬀerent scale of plot within the exis ng context. This is an evalua on for how many graves can be put in whole area of the site.

Pg 57 figure 01 \’One Grave Plot from 30m2 to 10m2’ which is formed by the size regula on of a grave for one person. Pg 57 figure 02 \’One Grave Plot Forma on’ indicates how three diﬀerent sizes of grave and two kinds of shape of grave are occupied in 30m2, 25m2, 20m2, 15m2, and 10m2 Pg 58 image 1-3 \’Religious Service’ Images are showing that what is happened in the Cemetery in general.

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Test 01| from max. 30m2 to min. 10m2 cemetery plot for one person

30m2 grave plot

Design Iterations

25m2 grave plot

15m2 grave plot

20m2 grave plot

10m2 grave plot

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Test 01| from max. 30m2 to min. 10m2 cemetery plot for one person

30m2 grave plot

Design Iterations

25m2 grave plot

15m2 grave plot

20m2 grave plot

10m2 grave plot

6 Feet Above

Design Scenario \Exploration

Test 02| network_Circulation System

Road 01

Road 02

Road 03

Road 1 : connec on between exis ng street or area for possibility to make a street. Road 2 : based on 30m2 cemetery plot to make a line. Each of line is 7.8 m gap between. Road 3 : based on the line of Road 1 to connect edge point of line and create the cross lines.

Design Iterations

Road 04

Road 05

Road 06

Road 4 : based on the line of Road 3 to connect middle point of line and create the centre lines. Road 5 : based on end point of each design site to create the lines. Road 6 : based on the line of Road 1,2, and 3 to connect in a possible way to create the various vast lines

6 Feet Above

Design Scenario \Buffer

Buﬀer

Use the garden bed and some of open space as a buffer to mi gate nega ve percep on of cemetery that not to face the cemetery straight way when people enter the park. Different entrances provide different impressions of the space.

Design Scenario

6 Feet Above

Design Scenario \Design 01

park = cemetery

16m 32m 48m

1:1000 @A0

Design Scenario

With the test of the cemetery plot and road system this design itera on aims to explore three diďŹ&#x20AC;erent designs to generate the opportuni es of new cemetery park. The intent of design itera on one is park = cemetery, and the propor on of the cemetery will be 50 percentages out of 100 percentages in the park. This first itera on is proposed with only a tradi onal burial in the area of the cemetery.

6 Feet Above

Design Scenario \Design 02

cemetery > park

16m 32m 48m

1:1000 @A0

Design Scenario

The intent of design itera on two is more cemetery than park, and the propor on of cemetery will be 80 percentages out of 100 percentages in the park. This second itera on is proposed with only a tradi onal burial to mi gate the problem with over growth of cemetery however, s ll remains the aspect of current cemetery people might not intend to use this space for the green space.

6 Feet Above

Design Scenario \Design 03

park > cemetery

4 feet mound 1

grave column 4 grave stone

5 family forest heaven

green ashes 16m 32m 48m

1:1000 @A0

Design Scenario

The intent of Design itera on three is more park than cemetery, however, the propor on of cemetery will be 60 percentages out of 100 percentages in the park.

4 Feet Mound Tradi onal Burial type

Grave Column Crema on type

Grave Stone Crema on type

Family Forest Heaven Natural Burial type

This third itera on proposed three diďŹ&#x20AC;erent types of cemetery; a tradi onal burial, a gravestone, and a natural burial. Even though tradi onal burial is occupied more spaces than other types of cemetery it has to be considered for people who want to follow the tradi on or for a religious reason. However if the cemetery is only kept in a tradi onal way, its nega ve percep on might not be changed at all. The gravestone and the natural burial may be good sugges ons from the burial but also those are represen ng as green space elements to oďŹ&#x20AC;er natural environment aspect as well as the func on of cemetery. The cemetery is intended for 26 family burials, 81 individual grave column( the capacity of a deceased is 162), 346 family grave column(the capacity of a deceased is 1,384), 63 natural burial trees (the capacity of a deceased is 176) and 133 green ashes (poetree Urn) its capacity of a deceased is 133. This itera on will be developed through three diďŹ&#x20AC;erent scales form 1:1000, 1:500 ,1:300 or 1:200, to 1:10

Green Ashes Crema on type

6 Feet Above

4 feet mound + Grave column

\Plan : [cemetery] Burial + cremation type

16m

32m

48m 1:300 @A0

1:100 @A4

Sec on AA

Design Scenario

The height of the burial mound is 6 feet above the ground influenced by Royal Tomb in Joseon Dynasty. The graves are surrounded by various kinds of trees so with the height of the mound and the natural environment around the graves oďŹ&#x20AC;er the aspect of a green space rather than the cemetery.

6 Feet Above

4 feet mound

\Detail : [cemetery] Burial type

1:200 @A4

Sec on BB

Design Scenario

Korean PungSo theory

King / Queenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Tomb

27-260m

9-39m

veiwpoint

degree of viewpoint: 5.3-16.2

6 Feet Above

\\Precedent Study 02

Precedent Study 02

\\Precedent Study 02

The precedent is the winning design by Bakers Architecten. This Urn cemetery may be more willing to explore diﬀerent approaches to burial and crema on. The ver cal elements are great design outcome to give the idea of dealing with the spa al and visual aspect of cemetery forma on.

Pg 74 image 1-2 \’Urn Cemetery’, Netherlands

6 Feet Above

\\Precedent Study 03

Precedent Study 03

Oostervaart Cemetery, Langedijk, Netherlands, 2011 ‘Oostervaart Cemetery’ intended for 2,500 graves and 180 children’s graves and the project’s task was to ensure a firm consolida on of the cemetery to the surrounding landscape. 2

Pg 84 image 1 \’Oostervaart Cemetery’: plan drawing Pg 84 image 2 \’Oostervaart Cemetery’: Entrance Building Pg 83 image 3 \’Oostervaart Cemetery’: Gravechamber Pg 83 image 4 \’Oostervaart Cemetery’: Gravechamber 1 Pg 83 image 5 \’Oostervaart Cemetery’: Urn Columns

Karres en Brands landscape architecture prac ce decided to divide the cemetery into small, enclosed outdoor ‘grave chambers’ were made by means of a public park network. Graves will be in three layers and, depending on the ground water level, each ‘grave chamber’ will be given its own eleva on. The total number of graves will be divided into seven ‘grave chambers’. These will be surrounded by high hedges, crea ng inmate and enclosed spaces. Every ‘grave chamber’ will have its own atmosphere, with an appropriate design. The plan ng, trees and manner of placing the gravestone are diﬀerent for each chamber.

6 Feet Above

Vertical Grave

\Detail : [cemetery] cremation type

920 mm

1840 mm Test / Grave Stone on 30m2 plot in a row

1840 mm

1300 mm

Crema on [a deceasedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ash] 100 mm

Design Scenario

Plan ng on a Grave Stone

â&#x20AC;&#x153;I ger dies and leaves his coat. A man dies and leaves his name.â&#x20AC;? Think about this proverb might be we do not need our expensive and amazing graveyard to be memorised anymore. The ver cal grave could give a simple no on of a grave and natural aspect at the same me. In addi on, this ver cal cemetery accommodates more deceased than the tradi onal burial.

900 mm

920 mm

The test of the ver cal grave in a row through the size of 30m2 cemetery plot to explore how many ver cal grave can be occupied. Also this explora on is to consider the area for a pathway between the gravestones and for a religious service in occasions such as New Years and Thanksgiving. The height of the ver cal grave is based on the height of the general grave (1.3m). Vegeta on within the ver cal can be considered and selec on of plant will be by family of a deceased or the plants the deceased loved. However, due to increase the number of deceased there is another design itera on called Grave Column its capacity is much higher than this grave stone.

Religious Service

6 Feet Above

Grave Column

\Detail : [cemetery] cremation type

Design Scenario

single/ individual grave column

family grave column

6 Feet Above

Grave Stone

\Plan : [cemetery] cremation type

16m

32m

48m 1:500 @A3

Design Scenario

There are 1m2 to 4m2 stones to accommodates 176 deceased to be buried. There is a posi ve percep on of the natural stone that cons tutes the aspect of historical value as well as the func on of the cemetery.

1:200 @A4

Sec on CC

6 Feet Above

Design Scenario

1m2

2m2

3m2 320mm

4m2

200

400

600

1:10 @ A4

450mm

550mm

650mm

6 Feet Above

Family Forest Heaven

\Plan : [cemetery] cremation type

16m

32m

48m 1:500 @A3

Design Scenario

Selec on of the natural burial tree and the no on of design are based on survey about the natural burial by the OďŹ&#x192;ce of Forestry.

There are 63 suitable trees for the natural burial and accommodates 176 deceased to be buried. There is a posi ve percepon of the natural burial that cons tutes the aspect of a forest as well as the funcon of the cemetery.

1:100 @A4

35% PINE

33% EVERGREEN THUJA KORAIENSIS

41% OAK 7.6% BROADLEAF

ACER PALMATUM GINKGO BILOBA L. PRUNUS YEDOEN SIS THUMB. EX MUR RAY

Sec on DD

PRUNUS MUME SIEBOLD & ZUCC. FOR. MUME

6 Feet Above

Stormwater system_Natural Burial

Design Scenario

WATER TANK

STORM WATER COLLECTING PIPE WATER RUN OFF DIRECTION

STORM WATER SYSTEM PLAN

6 Feet Above

\\Precedent Study 04

Design Scenario

\\Precedent Study 04

Poetree: A Funeral Urn

by Margaux Ruyant

6 Feet Above

Green Ashes

\Plan : [cemetery] cremation type

Design Scenario

Green Ashes the poetree urn will be offer the space for the deceased family and they can have some private me before put the pot into the cemetery ground.

6 Feet Above

Detail : Planting palette

P P O O O PYM O PM O O

O O P O PO O P TK P P PM O O P O P PM O O PM O O PM O TK O PM O O PYM PM O TK P O P O PM O O P TK O PM TK PM PM P O PM O O PM O PM P P O O PM TK P O P O TK O PP PYM O PO P O O P P AP OPP P O AP TK P O P O TK AP O OO P O AP O O P O OO O TK OP TK O P TK O O O O O TK O TK P O O TK TK P O P O P P O O O O P P

Lawn / cemetery area

Lawn, vegetation /green space area

Garden bed /green space area

Design Scenario

PLANTING PALETTE

Oak

PINE

THUJA KORAIENSIS

PINUS PARVIFLORA SIEBOLD & ZUCC.

ACER PALMATUM THUNB. EX MURRAY

PRUNUS YEDOENSIS MATSUM

PRUNUS MUME SIEBOLD & ZUCC. FOR. MUME

GINKGO BILOBA L.

MAGNOLIA SIEBOLDII

MYOSOTIS ALPESTRIS

ZINNIA ELEGANS JACQ

HYDRANGEA MACROPHYLLA

NARCISSUS TAZETTA VAR. CHINENSIS ROEM

MISCANTHUS SINENSIS VAR. PURPURASCENS

LIGUSTRUM OBTUSLFOLIUM

JUNIPERUS CHINENSIS VAR. GLOBOSA

VIOLA TRICOLOR VAR. HORTENSIS

ROSA MULTIFLORA THUB. VAR. MULTIFLORA

COSMOS BIPINNATUS

RHODODENDRON SCHLIPPENBACHII

LAVANDULA ANGUSTIFOLIA

VIOLA ACUMINATA

DIANTHUS CHINENSIS VAR. SENPERFLORENS

6 Feet Above

100 6 Feet Above

Conclusion

conclusion

This project is intended as a gateway to reach to the understanding of space where people can interact and share their narra ve of life. The ambi on of the project is not just only for change the whole cemtery in Korea however, this is the big gesture to consider the changes for the future genera on. We can not remain the same problem to them.

101

102 6 Feet Above

\Reference and Bibliography

Reference and Bibliography

1South Korea h p://www.thefullwiki.org/South_Korea

Bibliography_

2Sang Goo Lee, ‘Living City, Seoul’

Ken Worpole, ‘ Last Landscape’ the architecture of the cemetery in the west, Reakon Books ,2003

3Kyung-Jin Zoh, ‘Urban Parks Movement and Park Cultural in Contemporary Korean Ci es’

Precedent_

Green park in KyungUi line h tt p : / / w w w. d ra p t . c o m / r h o m e / i n d ex . h t m ? u i d = 6 3 0 3 & s t a r t = 0 & s u b _ key=6&page_name=report_ view&field=&s_que=&agency=yspkim1 PungSo theory h p://www.dm4444.com/m_2_6.htm

Natural burials h p://blog.daum.net/kid021/16721086 http://www.archiprix.nl/national/index. php?project=3063&language=en General grave regula on h p://mjangmyo.co.kr/funeral02 Pere Lachaise http://www.sharediaries.com/articles/ pere-lachaise-cemetery-paris h p://www.des na on360.com/europe/ france/paris/pere-lachaisecime ere du Pere Lachaise h p://www.pariscemeteries.com/pages/ perelachaise.html Sila Dynasty CheonMa Tomb http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheonmachong Joseon Dynasty Royal Tomb http://en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Royal_ Tombs_of_the_Joseon_Dynasty

Pere Lachaise http://www.sharediaries.com/articles/ pere-lachaise-cemetery-paris Java Cemetery http://www.archdaily.com/80422/jarvacemetery-nrja/ Bakers Architecten: Urn Cemetery in Den Bosch, Netherlands, 2001 h p://www.gardenbeet.com/garden_design_blog/2010/07/02/bakers-architecten-urn-cemetery-design/ Oostervaart Cemetery, Langedijk, Netherlands htt p : / / w w w. l a n d ez i n e . co m / i n d ex . php/2011/01/langedijk-cemetery-bykarres-en-brands-landscape-architecture/

103

104 6 Feet Above

\Illustration Credit

Illustration Credit

DRC cover http://soilscience240.blogspot.com. au/2012/02/other-soil-parent-materialsfound-in.html DRC content http://www.skyspace.pe.kr/zboard/ view.php?id=gallery&page=3&sn1=&div page=1&sn=off&ss=on&sc=on&select_ arrange=hit&desc=asc&no=468 pg 04 Koran landscape pain ng by Jung Sun h p://lcj1120.egloos.com/10188612 pg 05-06 Problem and Approach : cemetery in mountain h p://blog.daum.net/click21net/501 h p://blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blog Id=successkyj&logNo=90086229237 http://www.greenkorea.org/zb/icon/ member_image_box/1/060508_013.jpg htt p : / / w w w. p re s s i a n . co m / article/article.asp?article_ num=30050524124320&Sec on= pg 15 Dolmen Image 1,2,4 http://blog.daum.net/_blog/BlogTypeView.do?blogid=06hf6&ar cleno=332420 9#ajax_history_home Image 3 h p://blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blog Id=ckn7138&logNo=80186867062 pg 17 CheonMa Tomb 01-02 h p://blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blog Id=jimsclub&logNo=80109813838&redire ct=Dlog&widgetTypeCall=true CheonMa Tomb 03-04 h p://blog.daum.net/rodin/15965530 CheonMa Tomb 05-06 h p://blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blog Id=001029jj&logNo=50098578502

105

pg 19 Image 1,2-3 TaeJo Neung http://news.dongascience.com/PHP/ NewsView.php?kisaid=201302072000023 80388&classcode=01 h p://blog.naver.com/sjyhkim?Redirect= Log&logNo=20150817032 image 4 Won Neung : King YoungJo htt p : / / b l o g . d a u m . n et / _ b l o g / B l o g TypeView.do?blogid=0JJaX&articleno =8525082&categoryId=651790&reg dt=20090101215716 image 5 King SeJong h p://daemyungresort. story.com/2140 Image 6 Yu Nueng :King SunJo http://blog.daum.net/_blog/BlogTypeView.do?blogid=0Dy66&ar cleno=11804 848#ajax_history_home i mage 7 Kyung Neung ( King HunJong and two Queens) h p://blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blog Id=1882yh&logNo=30116791141 image Royal Tomb height / royal tomb height_sunjo h p://www.heri ta ge c h a n n e l .t v / P h o to / E s s ay V i e w. asp?htmlIdx=5295

pg 25 Image 1 h p://blog.daum.net/sailgusanup/56 image 2, 2-1, 2-2 h p://skygate.kr/sub08_03 image 3, 3-1 h p://cafe.daum.net/gabostone/7pBp/1? docid=1Q3Sl|7pBp|1|20120501183430& srchid=IIMun5UO500#A157B894D4F9FAE 112E7E2A&srchid=IIMun5UO500

pg 21 Young Cheon h p://cafe.daum.net/hjb850/e8QF/142? docid=1LKPC|e8QF|142|2012060615001 0&srchid=IIMgc20U500#A151EC7464FCE F0570BFBD5&srchid=IIMgc20U500 iCheon h p://cafe.daum.net/mms22/HmMK/27 5?srchid=IIMtq9sg00#A48391257b3a36& filename=%B2%D9%B9%CC%B1%E2_%B B%E7%C1%F8008.jpg&srchid=IIMtq9sg00 Imsil h p://blog.daum.net/woo2552/1594935 ?srchid=IIM94QtU100#A135C59314CEDF CA80FA16F&srchid=IIM94QtU100 DaeJeon h p://cafe.daum.net/bshyncc/EL9d/1134 ?docid=12TcB|EL9d|1134|201006201257 14&srchid=IIM8yc4M300#A18699B1C4C1 D9162D5DA07&srchid=IIM8yc4M300 h p://cafe.daum.net/tnanr/B11A/36?do cid=1HWew|B11A|36|20100604231047 &srchid=IIM0QFxI400#A174E8C1C4C090 9274FE5CF

pg 58 Catholic religious service h p://cathms.kr/xe/gallery_1/15718 Religious Service http://www.yeongnam.com/photo/ newsview.do?mode=newsView&newsk ey=20030908.00000004.000320 Religious service 1 http://blog.daum.net/newmasan1/6972318

pg 29 Image 1 h p://blog.daum.net/nsm3401/1823096 8?srchid=IIMRSgPP000#A174398264AC5 DC6E78ACD6&srchid=IIMRSgPP000 Image 2 http://www.dm4444.com/bbs/board. php?bo_table=stone1&wr_id=24 pg 43 CheongGaeCheon http://marantz.tistory. com/232#recentEntries Seoul Forest http://archinect.com/haeahn/project/ seoul-forest-galleria-foret