SDG 02: Zero Hunger Dynamic Briefing Generated 09 October 2020 for Marco Antonio Gonzalez
SDG 02: Zero Hunger Last review on Tue 03 September 2019
About This dynamic briefing draws on the collective intelligence of the Forum network to explore the key trends, interconnections and interdependencies between industry, regional and global issues. In the briefing, you will find a visual representation of this topic (Transformation Map – interactive version available online via intelligence.weforum.org ), an overview and the key trends affecting it, along with summaries and links to the latest research and analysis on each of the trends. Briefings for countries also include the relevant data from the Forum’s benchmarking indices. The content is continuously updated with the latest thinking of leaders and experts from across the Forum network, and with insights from Forum meetings, projects communities and activities.
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Executive summary This Transformation Map provides a contextual briefing for one of the Sustainable Development Goals the United Nations’ framework for making real progress towards a more sustainable future by the year 2030 - by mapping related strategic issues and interdependencies. The content, including attached key issue headings and texts, is drawn from expert- and machine-curated knowledge on the World Economic Forum’s Strategic Intelligence platform; it is not a reproduction of the official text of the SDG. The UN introduces this Goal as follows: 'It is time to rethink how we grow, share and consume our food. If done right, agriculture, forestry and fisheries can provide nutritious food for all and generate decent incomes, while supporting peoplecentered rural development and protecting the environment. Right now, our soils, freshwater, oceans, forests and biodiversity are being rapidly degraded. Climate change is putting even more pressure on the resources we depend on, increasing risks associated with disasters, such as droughts and floods. Many rural women and men can no longer make ends meet on their land, forcing them to migrate to cities in search of opportunities. Poor food security is also causing millions of children to be stunted, or too short for the ages, due to severe malnutrition. A profound change of the global food and agriculture system is needed if we are to nourish the 815 million people who are hungry today and the additional 2 billion people expected to be undernourished by 2050. Investments in agriculture are crucial to increasing the capacity for agricultural productivity and sustainable food production systems are necessary to help alleviate the perils of hunger.'
1. Global Food Systems
7. Health and Wellness
Systems are inefficient at the best of times, even without the impact of a spreading pandemic.
The private sector plays an important role in fighting malnutrition and obesity.
2. Aquaculture
8. Value Chain Efficiency
We are shifting from being ocean hunters to ocean farmers.
Optimizing supply chains could help close the global “food gap” between the rich and poor.
3. Nutrition and Health
9. Environmental Footprint
As global obesity rates increase, many developing countries are simultaneously dealing with undernutrition.
Agriculture and climate change are having severe impacts on water supply and forest cover.
4. Trade and Development Trade can be an engine for inclusive economic growth and poverty reduction.
5. Food Technology and Innovation Technology innovation can help transform global food systems.
6. Agricultural Inclusivity The agriculture sector must create more economic opportunity for smallholder farmers, women and young people.
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Global Food Systems Systems are inefficient at the best of times, even without the impact of a spreading pandemic The world’s population is projected to increase from about 7.7 billion as of 2019 to roughly 9.7 billion by 2050 - and then to 10.9 billion by 2100, according to the United Nations. This increase, coupled with an expanding global middle class that is demanding higher-quality food, will require a near doubling of current food production levels, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). As global food systems become increasingly interconnected, effective coordination among a diverse set of stakeholders will be required. This need for coordination is highlighted during times of crisis; as the COVID-19 pandemic spread to hundreds of countries and territories in early 2020, for example, people in many places began clearing out the shelves at local food stores in order to prepare for the worst. According to a presentation published by the FAO in March 2020, there were no evident supply shocks yet in terms of availability - though the beginnings of supply shock in terms of the logistics of movement of food were becoming evident. That in turn was likely a “big problem” for import-dependent countries, according to the presentation. Even without the effects of a spreading pandemic, food systems have suffered from significant inefficiencies. About one third of all the food produced in the world is lost or wasted post-harvest, according to the FAO, while hundreds of millions of people around the world remain chronically undernourished. A lack of storage and infrastructure, and a dearth of market information for small farmers, are key reasons for food losses that occur before goods can reach consumers. The potential to craft new, systemic approaches to food systems that include a diverse array of stakeholders presents opportunities to help sustainably feed the world well into the future. One related effort, a US government program called Feed the Future, has appealed to businesses and universities to get involved - according to Feed the Future, it has enabled more than 3 million children to live free from stunting, and helped farmers to generate more than $10 billion in new agricultural sales between 2011 and 2017. Related insight areas: International Trade and Investment, Climate Change, Future of Economic Progress, Geoeconomics, Biotechnology, Future of Food, Corporate Governance, Youth Perspectives, Water
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Latest knowledge ETH Zürich
Project Syndicate
The quest for a holistic pesticide policy
Climate Crunch Time
08 October 2020
29 September 2020
Bans and simple measures alone won’t solve the problems in plant protection. Robert Finger presses for a comprehensive pesticide policy.
In the 50 years since the first Earth Day, the environmental movement has matured and developed highly sophisticated methods for driving change. But, given the unprecedented scale of the climate crisis, the question is not whether activism is effective, but whether we still have time to save ourselves.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Climate Smart Agriculture: Loss of Biodiversity and the Uncertainties associated with Climate Change
South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA)
Accelerating green energy transition in Africa through regional integration
07 October 2020
27 September 2020
ReliefWeb
Food Systems and Building Back Better
This brief examines the challenges towards green energy transition in Africa and the prospect of regional integration in fast-tracking this process.
04 October 2020 Measures that have been put in place across the world to slow down the spread of coronavirus (Covid-19) have had profound effects on food and nutrition security for those furthest behind. In the short run, many have experienced increased commodity prices, decreased access to food through schools and markets, disrupted agri-food supply chains, and loss of livelihoods. It is feared that these shortterm effects will have a long-term impact on poverty, intergenerational malnutrition among vulnerable people (in particular, pregnant and lactating women), agricultural productivity reduction, and increased conflicts and displacement. How can we build back food systems better after Covid-19 so that they serve the needs of those furthest behind?. World Food Programme
A desert turned oasis 02 October 2020 Water yields income and peace for herders, farmers and refugees in Kenya. A few years ago, this land lay bare. Rainwater harvesting has transformed the land. IndiaSpend
Nearing Desertification, Marathwada Isn’t Giving Up Water-Guzzling Sugarcane. Here’s Why 30 September 2020 Shankar and Chandrakala Tandale vividly remember the summer of 2016. “We have three borewells and two wells on our farmland,” said Shankar, 52. “They had completely dried up. Even the queues for drinking water were longer than what they usually are in summer.” The situation forced them to grow a different crop that year.
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Aquaculture We are shifting from being ocean hunters to ocean farmers In 2014, for the first time in history, the global population ate more farmed fish than wild fish; this was a development as transformative as our forebears’ long ago shift from hunting and gathering on land to becoming able to rely on agriculture. Aquaculture in the ocean is a booming industry. According to a report published in 2018 by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, global aquaculture production excluding plants increased by roughly 30% between 2011 and 2016, to 80 million tonnes. Production of finfish alone during 2016 was valued at $138.5 billion, according to the FAO report. While growth has been geographically diverse, the vast majority is currently centred in Asia. China alone represents more than 60% of global aquaculture production. The industry’s expansion could help meet a growing global demand for food from animal sources that may increase by 80% by 2050 - fuelled by global population growth, and by increasing amounts of wealth in developing countries. Aquaculture could play an important role in promoting global food security. But there are challenges involved in keeping the nutritious products produced in lower-income nations within domestic markets, where they can help fight malnutrition and undernutrition; that’s because farmed seafood like shrimp is now often exported from developing to developed nations. In addition, just like farming on land, farming in the ocean can be environmentally destructive. While proponents of aquaculture note that it can take pressure off of frequently-overfished wild stocks, the negative effects of aquaculture include pollution, the harvesting of atrisk wild fish to feed farmed fish, and the destruction of wild fish nursery grounds (like mangrove forests) in order to build fish farms. Innovation could better enable more responsible fish farming, particularly as an increasingly crowded and protein-hungry world looks to the oceans for nourishment. The challenge will be to make ocean aquaculture something that can successfully meet food shortfalls - without also inflicting damage on ecosystems. Related insight areas: Global Health, Future of Food, Environment and Natural Resource Security, Future of Economic Progress, Sustainable Development, Agriculture, Food and Beverage, China
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Latest knowledge Science Daily
Frontiers
Seagrass restoration speeds recovery of ecosystem services
The Global Fisheries Subsidies Divide Between Small- and Large-Scale Fisheries
07 October 2020
29 September 2020 The reintroduction of seagrass into Virginia's coastal bays is one of the great success stories in marine restoration. Now, a long-term monitoring study shows this success extends far beyond a single plant species, rippling out to engender substantial increases in fish and invertebrate abundance, water clarity, and the trapping of pollutioncausing carbon and nitrogen.
In 2015 the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations stipulated that certain forms of subsidies that the fishing sector receive must be prohibited. However, the global fishing sector is complex and varied, and as such there remains a need for information on the distribution of subsidies between the different regions and their subsectors. This bottom-up study therefore provides up-dated and improved analyses of the financial support fishing subsectors receive from public entities. Estimates show that of the USD 35.4 billion of global fisheries subsidies provided in 2018, 19% went to the small-scale fishing subsector (SSF), including artisanal, and subsistence fisheries. Whilst more than 80% went to the large-scale (industrial) fishing sub-sector (LSF).
World Economic Forum
This fish farm regenerates the environment around it 02 October 2020 United Nations Environment
New virtual journey highlights benefits of peatlands
Frontiers
Impacts of Marine Litter on Mediterranean Reef Systems: From Shallow to Deep Waters
01 October 2020 According to the latest Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services assessment, 75% of land, 66% of oceans and 85% of our planet’s wetlands have been negatively impacted by human activity. The United Nations reports are also raising alarm bells on the climate crisis and tipping points from which we may not be able to rehabilitate our planet’s ability to deliver life supporting….
29 September 2020 Biogenic reefs are known worldwide to play a key role in benthic ecosystems, enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem functioning at every level, from shallow to deeper waters. Unfortunately, several stressors threaten these vulnerable systems. The widespread presence of marine litter represents one of these. The harmful effects of marine litter on several organisms are known so far. However, only in the last decade, there was increasingly scientific and public attention on the impacts on reef organisms and habitats caused by litter accumulating on the seafloor. This review aims to synthesize literature and discuss the state of current knowledge on the interactions between marine litter and reef organisms in a strongly polluted basin, the Mediterranean Sea.
Project Syndicate
The No DICE Carbon Price 30 September 2020 If there is a single issue that matters more than any other in the broader debate about climate change, it is how to price carbon dioxide emissions. The battle against catastrophic global warming will have already been lost if those advocating a low figure come out on top.
Carbon Brief
The oceans are absorbing more carbon than previously thought 28 September 2020 The oceans cover over 70% of the Earth’s surface and play a crucial role in taking up CO2 from the atmosphere. Estimates suggest that around a quarter of CO2 emissions that human activity generates each year is absorbed by the oceans. .
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Nutrition and Health As global obesity rates increase, many developing countries are simultaneously dealing with undernutrition There has been a growing focus among businesses and governments on quality rather than quantity when it comes to agriculture and food systems. This is at least in part a response to rising rates of obesity (even as hunger persists in many parts of the world). More than 672 million adults in the world, or one in eight, are now obese, according to the 2018 edition of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization’s report the State of Food Insecurity and Nutrition in the World. While the problem is most significant in North America, according to the report, it is worrying that Africa and Asia are also experiencing an upward trend. Meanwhile the number of undernourished people in the world is also increasing, to 821 million by 2017, according the report; undernourishment, coupled with severe food insecurity, appears to be increasing in nearly all subregions of Africa as well as in South America. Poverty remains the main underlying cause of malnutrition. In many countries, nutrient-rich foods are significantly more expensive than unhealthy foods, and there is a lack of understanding about the components of a healthy diet. In developing countries, this can trigger “nutrition transition,� where populations simultaneously face rising obesity levels and undernutrition. A broad shift towards western-style diets high in calories, protein, fats, sugars and ultra-processed foods has resulted in unbalanced, unhealthy diets and an increased incidence of micronutrient deficiencies; a report published by the Global Panel on Agriculture and Food Systems for Nutrition in 2015 noted that this affected more than 2 billion people worldwide. The report warned that if current trends continued, the number of overweight and obese people would reach 3.28 billion by 2030, or about one third of the projected total world population for that year. Extensive research on the potential health effects associated with being overweight or obese point to higher risks of cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, and diabetes. A related study published in Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice in 2011 found that the number of adults with diabetes in Nigeria would likely double between the years 2011 and 2030, to 6.1 million. There is also a financial cost to consider - a 2014 report published by the McKinsey Global Institute estimated the global economic costs of overweight and obesity to be roughly $2 trillion per year, or equivalent to about 2.8% of annual global GDP. Related insight areas: Cities and Urbanization, Nigeria, Healthcare Delivery, Biotechnology, Agriculture, Food and Beverage, Global Health, Retail, Consumer Goods and Lifestyle
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Latest knowledge Carbon Brief
United Nations Environment
Nitrogen fertiliser use could ‘threaten global climate goals’
Youth band together to demand leaders take action #ForNature
07 October 2020
29 September 2020
The world’s use of nitrogen fertilisers for food production could threaten efforts to keep global warming below 2C above pre-industrial levels. .
Today, a group of youth leaders presented a Manifesto and Open Letter during the Nature for Life Hub at the United Nations General Assembly in New York. The initiative draws from a wide body of work by youth groups across the world and outlines 12 priorities of young people to be addressed to achieve the 2050 vision of “living in harmony with nature.” The effort is positioned as: By Youth. To World Leaders. #ForNature….
Frontiers
Soil Salinity and Food Security in India 06 October 2020 India would require around 311 million tons of food grains (cereals and pulses) during 2030 to feed around 1.43 billion people, and the requirement expectedly would further increase to 350 million tons by 2050 when India's population would be around 1.8 billion. To achieve food security in the country, the attempts need to focus on both area expansion under agriculture as well as rise in crop productivity. Massive urbanization is putting pressure on agricultural lands, resulting in shrinking of land holdings. The possibility of area expansion under agriculture, therefore, exists in restoring the degraded lands.
The New Humanitarian
Nicaraguan asylum seekers face hunger in Costa Rica or dangerous returns 28 September 2020 After fleeing repression, thousands of Nicaraguans find themselves in a lose-lose situation of poverty, pandemic politics, and growing xenophobia. World Economic Forum
Geopolitics and investment in emerging markets after COVID-19
Business and Human Rights Resource Centre
So. Africa: Report calls for end to export credits to coal operations
25 September 2020
01 October 2020
The pandemic has opened up an opportunity for international investors and companies to invest in infrastructure in emerging markets.
‘Up in Smoke: Human rights and environmental impacts of export credits to coal. The case of South Africa, 23 September 2020 The coal industry is well-known for its serious climate implications and effects on local communities. Still, European export credits have contributed to expand the coal industry in countries already dependent on coal, including South Africa, a new Swedwatch report finds. Coal is the most polluting source of energy and emissions from coal-fired power plants the single largest contributor to climate change. World Economic Forum
How investing in nature can help tackle the biodiversity and climate crises 30 September 2020 The health crisis is a stark reminder of the devastating consequences of overlooking biophysical risks on human wellbeing, businesses and economies.
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Trade and Development Trade can be an engine for inclusive economic growth and poverty reduction Roughly 8% of the global population, with the majority in sub-Saharan Africa, is suffering from extreme poverty, according to the Overseas Development Institute. The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (adopted in 2015) recognize the importance of trade as an engine for more inclusive global economic growth. However, annual global trade volume growth is expected to slow to 2.6% in 2019 from 3% in the prior year, according to the World Trade Organization. And the figures for least-developed countries look particularly bleak - their share of global merchandise exports fell to 0.9% in 2016, from 1.1% in 2013, after having risen from 0.6% between 2000 and 2013, according to the 2018 Sustainable Development Goals Report. One encouraging sign has been the creation of the African Continental Free Trade Area in April, 2019, with the goal of fostering intra-African trade by reducing the many impediments in place (the biggest holdout has been Nigeria, however, which boasts Africa’s biggest economy and is home to more than 90 million people living in extreme poverty). The challenges that have mounted for the WTO are therefore worrying for developing countries that could potentially benefit from healthy, open global trade flows guided by the steadying hand of a respected international organization. The US has pursued openly protectionist trade policies, for example by slapping tariffs on billions of dollarsworth of goods not only from China but also from traditional allies such as Canada - potentially encouraging other world powers to follow suit (in addition, the US has blocked the appointment of WTO Appellate Body members, rendering this dispute settlement mechanism dysfunctional). In this context, a joint statement published by a diverse group of developing countries (from China to Uganda) declared the “pre-eminence of the WTO as the global forum for trade rules setting and governance” in 2019. This group’s view that Special and Differential Treatment provisions for developing-country WTO members must be preserved and strengthened is another area where its positions stand in stark contrast to those of the US and many other Western nations - though there may be room for related compromise, at least regarding the biggest economies that are still within the developing-country designation. Related insight areas: Agile Governance, Workforce and Employment, United States, Sustainable Development, Africa, Values, Human Rights, Global Governance, Emerging Multinationals, Social Innovation
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Latest knowledge Center for Global Development
Project Syndicate
USDFC Monitor: A Q&A with Senator Chris Coons
Greening the Transatlantic Relationship 07 October 2020
08 October 2020 Far from derailing Europe's plans to achieve net-zero emissions, the COVID-19 pandemic has put climate action at the very center of EU policymaking. The only question now is whether Europe's oldest friend and ally will stop dragging its feet and come back to the table to help lead on this globally defining issue.
While reflecting on DFC’s progress in implementing its core development mandate, and confronting the challenges posed the COVID-19 pandemic, we reached out to Senator Chris Coons (D-DE), a lead sponsor of the BUILD Act and a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. We asked Senator Coons for his take on how the newest US development agency is faring and what he hopes to see in DFC’s future.
South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA)
African agency and Chinese power: The case of Djibouti
Bruegel
What should Europe expect from American trade policy after the election?
07 October 2020 It seems unlikely that Djibouti – smaller than Belgium and with fewer than 1 million inhabitants – can expect to enjoy any agency vis-à-vis the Chinese behemoth.
08 October 2020 A Joe Biden Administration would have to decide to what extent to unpick the major United States trade policy shifts of the last four years. A quick return to comprehensive trade talks with the European Union is unlikely and the US will remain focused on its rivalry with China. Nevertheless, there would be areas for EU/US cooperation, not least World Trade Organisation reform.
Sustainable Development Policy Institute
Governance and development model of China 07 October 2020 Introduction The sudden emergence of China as a global power has amazed many across the globe. Once an isolated and economically deprived country, China has defied Fukuyama’s prediction of continued American dominance through its stunning social and economic development (Fukuyama, 1989). In the light of ever increasing Chinese influence in global economic and power structure, […].
London School of Economics and Political Science
Observing COVID-19 in Africa through a ‘public authorities’ lens 08 October 2020 Most discussion of Africa’s response to COVID-19 takes place at the national level, focussing on the role of formal state authorities. However, less is known about the role of ‘public authorities’: traditional chiefs, self-help groups, kinship networks, professional associations, faith-based groups, civil society organisations, multinational companies, humanitarian agencies, organised criminal gangs, militias and rebels. Pew Research Center
Voters anxiously approach an unusual election – and its potentially uncertain aftermath 07 October 2020 Many Americans are heading into the 2020 election with a sense of uncertainty that goes beyond their traditional concerns over who will win.
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Food Technology and Innovation Technology innovation can help transform global food systems Billions of people around the world are poorly nourished, millions of farmers must live at a subsistence level, enormous amounts of food go to waste, and poor farming practices are taking a toll on the environment. Achieving United Nations Sustainable Development Goals will require the transformation of food systems, so that they become more inclusive, sustainable, efficient, and nourishing. This calls for improved policy, increased investment, and expanded infrastructure, in addition to building more capacity for farmers, changing consumer behaviour, and improving resource management. Until recently, the food and agriculture sectors were slow to adopt technologies driving the Fourth Industrial Revolution like the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and blockchain; there have been low levels of related investment, inspiring relatively few related startups. A total of just $14 billion was invested in about 1,000 food systems-focused startups between 2010 and 2018, according to the World Economic Forum report Innovation With a Purpose: the Role of Technology Innovation in Accelerating Food System Transformation. By way of comparison, $145 billion was invested in approximately 18,000 healthcare-related startups over the same period. Fragmented rural markets, poor infrastructure, and heavy regulatory burdens raise costs for food systems firms, while revenue is often constrained by customers’ limited ability or willingness to pay. In addition, much of the food systems startup activity to date has been concentrated on improving production in developed countries - which can result in less access to new solutions in developing countries. The Forum, in collaboration with McKinsey & Company, has highlighted technology applications that present emerging opportunities to improve consumer nutrition, increase supply-chain efficiency and transparency, and boost farmer productivity and profitability. While many are in early stages, they could deliver significant positive impacts for food systems by 2030. For example, if consumers were able to replace between 10% and 15% of the meat they consume with alternative proteins by 2030, total greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture could drop by between 5% and 8%, freshwater withdrawals for agriculture could be reduced by between 7% and 12%, and between 5% and 10% of the total land used for agriculture could be freed up for other uses. Related insight areas: Agile Governance, Public Finance and Social Protection, Social Innovation, Artificial Intelligence, Biotechnology, Innovation, Chemical and Materials Industry, Digital Economy and New Value Creation, Internet of Things
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Latest knowledge Center for International Forestry Research
Asian Development Bank
From planting to natural regeneration: best approaches to tree growing
Assessing the Impact of the United States–People’s Republic of China Trade Dispute Using a Multiregional Computable General Equilibrium Model
05 October 2020 Tree planting techniques and technology, from species selection to considering natural regeneration, can help reduce costs, improve survival rates while connecting communities. During the second session we will consider what trees make the most sense under different climate scenarios, the role of biodiversity, where do we plant which tree species – or let nature do the work through natural regeneration. New technologies, their applications to the future of tree planting and restoration will also be discussed.
30 September 2020 ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF THE UNITED STATES– PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA TRADE DISPUTE USING A MULTIREGIONAL COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL Elisabetta Gentile, Gen Li, and Mahinthan Joseph Mariasingham 620 September 2020 ADB ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER SERIES ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK ADB Economics Working Paper Series Assessing the Impact of the United States– People’s Republic of China Trade Dispute Using a Multiregional Computable General Equilibrium Model Elisabetta Gentile, Gen Li, and Mahinthan Joseph Mariasingham No. 620 | September 2020 Elisabetta Gentile (egentile@adb.org) is an economist in the Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department (ERCD), Asian Development Bank (ADB). Gen Li (li.gen@nies.go.jp) is a research assistant at the National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan.
RAND Corporation
Developing Recovery Options for Puerto Rico's Economic and Disaster Recovery Plan 30 September 2020 This report summarizes the strategic planning process in support of the government of Puerto Rico in its development of a congressionally mandated recovery plan.
SpringerOpen
Increased microbial sequestration of soil organic carbon under nitrogen deposition over China’s terrestrial ecosystems
Asian Development Bank
Flood risk and public health: An unlikely partnership in the fight against COVID-19
29 September 2020
30 September 2020
China’s terrestrial ecosystems have been receiving increasing amounts of reactive nitrogen (N) over recent decades. External N inputs profoundly change microbially mediated soil carbon (C) dynamics, but how el...
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented disruptions to the world. The disease itself and the containing measures brought societies and many public services to an abrupt halt. Flood risk management is, without exception, affected by such disruptions. Infrastructure development, planning and coordination, monitoring, and capacity building activities are all suspended. The public sector, on which flood risk management heavily relies, has been forced to redirect attention and resources to manage the pandemic, where they are needed most immediately.
Observer Research Foundation
Africa and COVID19: Impact, Response, and Challenges to Recovery 28 September 2020 Abstract The COVID-19 outbreak poses immense challenges to Africa’s resilience. The pandemic’s economic fallout, caused by disruptions in global and regional value chains and a slump in commodity prices, can derail the progress which the continent has recorded in recent years.
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Agricultural Inclusivity The agriculture sector must create more economic opportunity for smallholder farmers, women and young people Agriculture plays a key role in poverty reduction, job creation, and food security; there are an estimated 2.5 billion people directly involved in agricultural production, and smallholder farms produce up to 80% of the food consumed in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Food access, however, remains unevenly distributed - as nearly 800 million people still suffer from hunger, according to the Global Panel on Agriculture and Food Systems. Agricultural productivity levels vary significantly across regions, with much of the developing world experiencing a so-called yield gap. Limited access to things like fertilizers or improved seeds, information (such as market prices for produce), and poor rural infrastructure have the effect of constraining yields in developing economies. Other hindrances include a lack of knowledge about pesticides, enhanced seeds, machinery, and crop management techniques. Increasing agricultural productivity is crucial for improving the livelihoods of the poor. A study published in 2011 showed that agriculture has a stronger poverty reduction effect than non-agriculture activities - it showed that a 1% increase in agricultural per capita GDP was five times more effective in reducing the poverty gap than the same increase in other sectors.
Related insight areas: Youth Perspectives, Digital Economy and New Value Creation, Future of Economic Progress, Workforce and Employment, Education and Skills, Ageing, Gender Parity
Women play a crucial role in agriculture. According to a report published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Bank in 2016, women account for half of the agricultural labour force in subSaharan Africa (and more than 60% in countries such as Lesotho and Sierra Leone). Research has shown that a persistent gender gap in terms of agricultural yields, however, is the result of women’s inadequate access to productive resources and technical knowledge. Young people, meanwhile, tend to not see the agriculture as an attractive professional option. They also often lack sufficient access to the knowledge necessary to gain related entrepreneurial skills. This is unfortunate, as the global interconnectedness and importance of agricultural systems means that related shocks can severely affect the most vulnerable populations. Research has shown that the urban poor spend as much as 80% of their income on food, for example, meaning that there are serious economic and social consequences for price swings. Efforts to build more stable and equitable markets have included providing farmers with access to index-based insurance structures; implementing multilateral agreements to limit distortionary trade policies; developing adequate emergency food stocks; and using mobile apps to better connect smallholder farmers with market information.
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Latest knowledge Land Portal
International Crisis Group
COVID-19, reverse migration, and the impact on land systems
Watch List 2020 – Autumn Update 30 September 2020
07 October 2020 Every year Crisis Group publishes two additional Watch List updates that complement its annual Watch List for the EU, most recently published in January and May 2020. These publications identify major crises and conflict situations where the European Union and its member states can generate stronger prospects for peace. The Autumn Update of the Watch List 2020 includes entries on Afghanistan, Colombia, Kosovo-Serbia, Lebanon and Somalia.
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the world abruptly, affecting nearly all of humanity with breath-taking speed. At the time of writing in mid-September 2020, almost 20 million people have contracted the disease and more than 900,000 have died. [1] Besides its tragic direct toll on human lives, the pandemic is triggering a cascade of unexpected and dramatic effects that will deeply impact the global economy, social inequalities, and human– nature relationships in the coming years. Here, we wish to draw attention to an ongoing process that could have important consequences for land systems: that of reverse migration , or the return of migrant workers from cities to their rural areas of origin, especially in low- and middleincome countries.
Frontiers
More Than Food: The Social Benefits of Localized Urban Food Systems 29 September 2020 Localized urban food systems are gaining attention from policy makers, planners, and advocates for benefits that go well beyond food production and consumption. Recognizing that agriculture, and food systems more broadly, provide multiple, integrated services, this study measures the social, educational, civic, and nutritional impacts of four common types of local food system activity in an urban setting. Specifically, we examine the outcomes of two common types of urban agricultural production (home gardens and community gardens) and two common types of direct markets (farmers' markets and Community Supported Agriculture programs or CSAs) through a survey of 424 gardeners and 450 direct market shoppers in California's San Francisco Bay Area.
United Nations Environment
Halving food waste and raising climate ambition: SDG 12.3 and the Paris Agreement 30 September 2020 Food loss and waste generate an estimated 8 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions while using land and water resources needlessly and increasing pressure on biodiversity. Sustainable Development Goal 12.3 calls for a halving of food waste at retail and household level, and a reduction of food loss across the supply chain. Champions 12.3, a high-level coalition formed to deliver this strategic target, counts….
United Nations Environment
Green recovery post-COVID-19: Promoting healthy and restored forests
United Nations Environment
No time to waste: using data to drive down food waste
28 September 2020
30 September 2020
Prepared for delivery at the webinar organized by the UN Forum on Forests Secretariat, UN DESA on the margins of the 75th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, titled “Forests at the heart of a green recovery from COVID-19.” Liu Zhemin, Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs, UNDESA Munir Akram, President of the UN Economic and Social Council and Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the….
Approximately one-third of all food produced for human consumption gets lost or wasted – around 1.3 billion tonnes every year. This amounts to roughly US$680 billion in developed countries and US$310 billion in developing countries, with a carbon footprint of about 3.3 billion tonnes of CO2, which is equivalent to 8 per cent of global greenhouse emissions. Cutting food waste is one of the most effective ways to reduce….
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Health and Wellness The private sector plays an important role in fighting malnutrition and obesity The world is generally becoming more health-conscious. However, people continue to struggle with hunger, “hidden hunger” (a lack of vitamins and minerals one may not be aware of), and “overnutrition” (obesity). The problem of chronic hunger is growing worse; the estimated number of undernourished people in the world rose to 815 million as of 2016, from 777 million in the prior year, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization’s 2017 report The State of Food Insecurity and Nutrition in the World. The recent increase actually followed a steady decline, according to the report, and reflected worsened situations in sub-Saharan Africa, South-Eastern Asia and Western Asia - particularly in conflict zones affected by drought or floods. Stunting, or impaired growth as a result of poor nutrition, affected 155 million children under the age of five, according to the report, and wasting, or the lack of appropriate weight, affected one out of every 12 children as of 2016. Excessive weight is also a global problem. Childhood obesity is increasing in most regions of the world (41 million children under the age of five were overweight as of 2016), according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization’s report, and adult obesity is increasing everywhere. Non-communicable diseases, driven by risk factors including a poor diet, will lead to a cumulative loss of global economic output equal to $7 trillion between 2011 and 2030, according to a report released by the Harvard School of Public Health and the World Economic Forum. The roles that agriculture and the food and beverage industry can play in addressing health and undernourishment are significant. Through increased coordination and collaboration, there are opportunities to reduce malnutrition and create a positive impact. A number of companies are finding that delivering healthier products makes good business sense. Nestle, for example, created a Health Science unit to develop nutritional products, while sales in general of sugar- and salt-heavy packaged foods have declined. In the US, large sellers of consumer packaged goods (including packaged foods) saw their collective market share decline between 2011 and 2015, while small and mid-sized firms, including healthy food producers like protein bar maker Quest Nutrition, saw their collective market share increase during the same period, according to a report published by the consultancy BCG. Related insight areas: Healthcare Delivery, Sustainable Development, Behavioural Sciences, Future of Food, Fourth Industrial Revolution, Ageing, Global Health
16 SDG 02: Zero Hunger Briefing, October 2020
Latest knowledge London School of Economics and Political Science
World Economic Forum
How $1 scratch cards are helping farmers invest for the future
Outside the EU, farming faces a choice between diversity or decay
29 September 2020
06 October 2020 A new scheme allows farmers to put aside small amounts of cash during the dry season to pay for seed and fertilizer to increase harvests when the rains come.
UK farmers have been promised that £3bn of EU direct payments, which come to end because of Brexit, will be matched until the 2024 General Election. The economic and social repercussions of the coronavirus pandemic mean this will be widely questioned. If those receiving these handouts remain aloof from those who fund them then the support will not be sustained. Farming needs to urgently regain the trust of a diverse population, argues Tony Hockley (LSE ).
Observer Research Foundation
Finding Solutions to Air Pollution in India: The Role of Policy, Finance, and Communities 29 September 2020 Ambient air pollution poses grave, multi-faceted risks to India’s prospects for achieving its development goals: it leads to a rapid increase in public health expenditure, diminished labour productivity, and reduced agricultural yields. Estimates peg the economic cost of air pollution to the Indian economy at more than US$150 billion a year.
Frontiers
Plant-Based Meats, Human Health, and Climate Change 06 October 2020 There is wide scale concern about the effects of red meat on human health and climate change. Plant-based meat alternatives, designed to mimic the sensory experience and nutritional value of red meat, have recently been introduced into consumer markets. Plant-based meats are marketed under the premise of environmental and human health benefits and are aimed appeal to a broad consumer base. Meat production is critiqued for its overuse of water supplies, landscape degradation, and greenhouse gas emission, and depending on production practices, environmental footprints may be lower with plant-based meat alternatives. Life-cycle analyses suggest that the novel plant-based meat alternatives have an environmental footprint that may be lower than beef finished in feedlots, but higher than beef raised on wellmanaged pastures.
Frontiers
Managing Grazing to Restore Soil Health, Ecosystem Function, and Ecosystem Services 29 September 2020 Ruminants including domestic livestock, have been accused of causing damaging impacts on the global environment and human well-being. However, with appropriate management, ruminant livestock can play a significant role in efforts to reverse environmental damages caused by human mismanagement and neglect. Worldwide, at least one billion people living in grazing ecosystems depend on them for their livelihoods, usually through livestock production, and for other ecosystem services that affect human well-being. For long-term rangeland sustainability and ecological resilience, agricultural production policies are urgently needed globally to transform current damaging industrial inorganic input agricultural practices to resource conservation practices that enhance ecosystem function.
Center for International Forestry Research
Putting tools and technology into farmers’ hands: stories from the field 05 October 2020 Landscape restoration is often a long-term and costly exercise. CIFOR-ICRAF have developed two important mobile tools for farmers and restoration practitioners plant the right tree in the right place for the right purpose, and collect information on how farmers are managing and protecting trees on their farms. CIFOR-ICRAF experts Roeland Kindt and Tor-Gunnar Vågen will explain how the vegetationmap4africa and the Regreening Africa App can help those involved in landscape restoration make better decisions.
Afrobarometer
Voices of ordinary Africans should inform U.S. policy toward Africa 25 September 2020 By Naunihal Singh, E. Gyimah-Boadi, and Carolyn Logan.
17 SDG 02: Zero Hunger Briefing, October 2020
Value Chain Efficiency Optimizing supply chains could help close the global “food gap” between the rich and poor Food pricing and supply are increasingly volatile as a result of more frequent extreme weather events, trade restrictions, and commodity market fluctuation. Meanwhile rural, smallholder farmers in developing countries often lack timely information on market prices, agricultural techniques, and weather, and have limited access to traditional financial services - making it relatively difficult for them to adjust production, or expand operations by investing in infrastructure. Smallholder financing opportunities are currently limited; social impact investors have so far met only a small portion of related demand. However, a market estimated to be as large as $450 billion could be tapped if financial services were sufficiently extended to smallholders. New financing structures, like so-called blended finance (where public and private investors carry a tailored amount of risk) could help create a more abundant supply of credit. Investing greater amounts in smallholder agriculture could not only boost productivity and income, it could also help develop local markets and encourage the sustainable management of resources. However, capitalizing on these opportunities requires a supportive regulatory environment.
Related insight areas: Supply Chain and Transport, Canada, Sustainable Development, United States, Global Risks, Banking and Capital Markets, Agriculture, Food and Beverage, Geopolitics, Development Finance, Circular Economy, Financial and Monetary Systems
Multinational companies are increasingly relying on smallholder “value chains” (the entire process of adding value to a product) in order to satisfy growing global food demand. Many are supplying technical assistance to support productivity, and creating more awareness of the environmental and social dimensions of food loss and waste. Experts have distinguished between food loss, which results from inadequate technology and poor infrastructure along a value chain, and food waste - which is linked to consumer awareness and behaviour. A Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations report published in 2013 found that roughly one third of food produced for consumption is lost or wasted along the value chain - or 1.3 billion tons of food. The report found significant variations of food loss and waste across regions; more than half in Europe, North America and Oceania occurs at the consumption stage, while in developing countries it takes place during production, handling, and storage (in North America and Oceania, for example, 42% of total food available is lost or wasted, and 61% of this occurs at the consumption stage). It has been estimated that halving the current rate of food loss and waste could close the global “food gap” separating the dietary access of the rich and poor by about 20%, by the year 2050.
18 SDG 02: Zero Hunger Briefing, October 2020
Latest knowledge Inside Climate News
SpringerOpen
Droughts That Start Over the Ocean? They’re Often Worse Than Those That Form Over Land
Assessing farmers' contribution to greenhouse gas emission and the impact of adopting climate-smart agriculture on mitigation
07 October 2020
28 September 2020 Droughts usually evoke visions of cracked earth, withered crops, dried-up rivers and dust storms. Droughts can also form over oceans, and when they then move ashore they are often more intense and longer-lasting than purely land-born dry spells. A Sept.
The adoption of climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices is expected to improve farmers’ adaptation to climate change and also increase yields while simultaneously curbing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Thi...
Chatham House
Asian Development Bank
Imagine a world where we pay the true cost of food
The health of Asia’s rivers lies both in the cities and on the farms
05 October 2020
25 September 2020 Several of the Sustainable Development Goals are closely linked to or dependent on river health rather than simply on water. River health relates to the condition and viability of ecosystems in river corridors, generally defined as the land adjacent to rivers. Maintenance of river health depends on river flows, water quality, and the general environment of these corridors. Of the 10 worst polluted large rivers in the world, nine are in the Asia Pacific region. Most of the region’s rivers where ecosystems have collapsed are those passing though highly urbanized areas.
World Economic Forum
How Germany and Costa Rica are putting nature at the heart of their recoveries 30 September 2020 Here's how governments around the world can maximise the economic opportunities that lie in nature – as examples from Costa Rica and Germany demonstrate. United Nations Environment
Food loss and waste must be reduced for greater food security and environmental sustainability 29 September 2020 Rome/Nairobi/New York , 29 September 2020 – At the global event marking today the first International Day of Awareness of Food Loss and Waste, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and their partners urged everyone to do more to reduce food loss and waste or risk an even greater drop in food security and natural resources. Some 690 million people today are hungry and three…. United Nations Environment
Every last bit: how Unilever is helping consumers say no to food waste 29 September 2020 An estimated one-third of food produced globally is lost or wasted from farm to table. This is about 1.3 billion tonnes of food – an amount that would occupy more land surface area than China and India combined. Instead of feeding people, it affects ecosystems and biodiversity, generating eight per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable Development Goal 12.3 calls for a halving of food waste at the….
19 SDG 02: Zero Hunger Briefing, October 2020
Environmental Footprint Agriculture and climate change are having severe impacts on water supply and forest cover Increased demand for food, due to a rapidly growing global population, will only worsen the negative environmental impact of food systems. Water availability, climate volatility, and deforestation are among the most pressing related issues. While the global population increased by 340% between the years 1900 and 2010, global water withdrawal grew by 630% over the same period, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. In 2018, the Water Resources Group estimated that, under a business-as-usual scenario, global water requirements would increase by 2030 to a level that is 40% above current accessible, reliable supply. Optimizing the efficiency of water use in production and distribution is critical. Climate change will increasingly affect food systems; rising temperatures and shifting rainfall patterns will put crop production at risk, leading to yield losses and higher food prices. A 2013 World Bank report, Turn Down the Heat, argued that 2°C of global warming above preindustrial levels could reduce total crop production by 10% (current temperatures are about 1°C above preindustrial levels), though some crops will be more affected than others - just 1.5°C of warming by the 2030s could result in a 40% loss of areas for growing maize in subSaharan Africa, for example.
Related insight areas: Climate Change, Values, Environment and Natural Resource Security, Global Risks, Agriculture, Food and Beverage, Forests, Water
Climate change-related extreme weather events like drought, flooding, and heat waves increase agricultural price volatility, trigger food crises, and disrupt global supply chains. The implications of this are more severe for lessresilient countries; drought in the Horn of Africa in 2011 exposed 13.3 million people in the region to extreme food insecurity, for example, resulting in high levels of malnutrition and a high risk of infectious disease. Agriculture can also be a major driver of land degradation, deforestation, and greenhouse gas emissions. According to a 2016 World Resources Institute working paper, the production of animalbased foods (such as dairy products and meat) was responsible for about two-thirds of production-related greenhouse gas emissions in 2009 (a 2014 study found that halving meat and dairy consumption in Europe could reduce emissions from agriculture by as much as 40%). Meanwhile an estimated one third of all arable land is degraded, due to the overuse of agrochemicals, soil mismanagement, and poor farming techniques, while deforestation has emerged as an issue of growing importance. Industrial agriculture accounted for 80% of the deforestation in tropical and subtropical countries between 2000 and 2010, according to Yale University’s Global Forest Atlas.
20 SDG 02: Zero Hunger Briefing, October 2020
Latest knowledge United Nations Environment
United Nations Environment
Climate change: Proof in numbers
Scaling up circularity is vital to sustainability
08 October 2020
29 September 2020 UNEP’s novel ‘World Environment Situation Room’ provides real-time data on PM2.5 levels across the planet, informing scientists, policy-makers and citizens alike. Last month, as wildfires continued to rage across the American West, Pascal Peduzzi, a climate scientist with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in Geneva, followed the situation with air quality in Mammoth Lakes, a town high in California’s….
Speech prepared for delivery at the opening of the World Circular Economy Forum: Rebooting the economy with circular solutions. Firstly, let me thank the Finnish Innovation Fund, Sitra, in collaboration with the Canadian government and other partners, for keeping the conversation alive in these difficult times. The circular economy will be crucial to recovering better from the COVID-19 pandemic. The impact of the….
McGill Reporter
Disastrous duo: heatwaves and droughts
VoxEU
Climate change complacency in Europe
07 October 2020
28 September 2020 Climate change at the heart of more frequent and intense dry and hot extremes in recent decades The post Disastrous duo: heatwaves and droughts appeared first on McGill Reporter .
Do our citizens care much about climate change? This column provides evidence that the answer is no. Using data on 70,000 randomly sampled people from the European Social Survey and the Eurobarometer, it shows that people exhibit low levels of worry about climate change, especially in cooler countries, and do not even believe that collective action would work. Climate change is viewed as less important than parochial issues such as inflation, health and social security, unemployment, and the economic situation. It appears our unborn great grandchildren may simply be left to their fate unless we can urgently find innovative ways to change people’s feelings about climate change.
Center for International Forestry Research
Busting the myths and tackling the realities of tree planting 05 October 2020 Planting a trillion trees: a feel-good exercise or an important mission to save the planet? What does it take to make tree planting successful? The discussion will investigate some of the misconceptions about treeplanting and look at the pathways to restoring landscapes and growing trees that provide the greatest chance of success – for people and the planet. We will hear from researchers, community representatives and tree planting leaders who seek to build sustainable communities and business models.
Overseas Development Institute
The negotiators' perspectives: charting new paths for climate and trade 24 September 2020 The negotiations for COP26 were always going to be tough, but the need to secure more ambitious nationally determined commitments now comes at a time of profound economic turmoil within the global economy due to Covid-19. On the one hand, there are concerns that efforts to address climate change will receive less priority as efforts to reboot economies dominate. On the other hand, efforts to build back better can address both climate and trade-related vulnerabilities. International trade has a powerful role to play. But divergences between the climate, trade and development communities must be bridged. During Climate Week NYC 2020, we bring together climate and trade negotiators to discuss what’s on the negotiating table at COP26, the trade related implications and how development friendly outcomes can be secured.
EOS
Critical Agents of Change at Earth’s Surface 29 September 2020 By way of agriculture and industry, humans have major influences on the critical zone. Our past and present effects on the landscape, soil, and water will echo for a long time to come.
21 SDG 02: Zero Hunger Briefing, October 2020
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4. Trade and Development
The quest for a holistic pesticide policy, ETH Zürich, ethz.ch
USDFC Monitor: A Q&A with Senator Chris Coons, Center for Global Development, www.cgdev.org What should Europe expect from American trade policy after the election?, Bruegel, www.bruegel.org Observing COVID-19 in Africa through a ‘public authorities’ lens, London School of Economics and Political Science, blogs.lse.ac.uk Voters anxiously approach an unusual election – and its potentially uncertain aftermath, Pew Research Center, www.pewresearch.org Greening the Transatlantic Relationship, Project Syndicate, www.projectsyndicate.org African agency and Chinese power: The case of Djibouti, South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), saiia.org.za Governance and development model of China, Sustainable Development Policy Institute, sdpi.org
Climate Smart Agriculture: Loss of Biodiversity and the Uncertainties associated with Climate Change, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, www.youtube.com Food Systems and Building Back Better, ReliefWeb, reliefweb.int A desert turned oasis, World Food Programme, insight.wfp.org Nearing Desertification, Marathwada Isn’t Giving Up Water-Guzzling Sugarcane. Here’s Why, IndiaSpend, www.indiaspend.com Climate Crunch Time, Project Syndicate, www.project-syndicate.org Accelerating green energy transition in Africa through regional integration, South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), saiia.org.za
2. Aquaculture
5. Food Technology and Innovation
Seagrass restoration speeds recovery of ecosystem services, Science Daily, www.sciencedaily.com This fish farm regenerates the environment around it, World Economic Forum, www.youtube.com New virtual journey highlights benefits of peatlands, United Nations Environment, www.unenvironment.org The No DICE Carbon Price, Project Syndicate, www.project-syndicate.org
From planting to natural regeneration: best approaches to tree growing, Center for International Forestry Research, www.youtube.com Developing Recovery Options for Puerto Rico's Economic and Disaster Recovery Plan, RAND Corporation, www.rand.org Flood risk and public health: An unlikely partnership in the fight against COVID-19, Asian Development Bank, blogs.adb.org Assessing the Impact of the United States–People’s Republic of China Trade Dispute Using a Multiregional Computable General Equilibrium Model, Asian Development Bank, www.adb.org Increased microbial sequestration of soil organic carbon under nitrogen deposition over China’s terrestrial ecosystems, SpringerOpen, ecologicalprocesses.springeropen.com Africa and COVID19: Impact, Response, and Challenges to Recovery, Observer Research Foundation, www.orfonline.org
The Global Fisheries Subsidies Divide Between Small- and Large-Scale Fisheries, Frontiers, www.frontiersin.org Impacts of Marine Litter on Mediterranean Reef Systems: From Shallow to Deep Waters, Frontiers, www.frontiersin.org The oceans are absorbing more carbon than previously thought, Carbon Brief, www.carbonbrief.org
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Acknowledgements Cover and selected images throughout supplied by Reuters.
So. Africa: Report calls for end to export credits to coal operations, Business and Human Rights Resource Centre, www.business-humanrights.org How investing in nature can help tackle the biodiversity and climate crises, World Economic Forum, www.weforum.org Youth band together to demand leaders take action #ForNature, United Nations Environment, www.unenvironment.org Nicaraguan asylum seekers face hunger in Costa Rica or dangerous returns, The New Humanitarian, www.thenewhumanitarian.org Geopolitics and investment in emerging markets after COVID-19, World Economic Forum, www.weforum.org
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23 SDG 02: Zero Hunger Briefing, October 2020
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