Transforming Urban Conflict

Page 1

Michelle Stein M.Arch. Candidate, 2015 Advisor Li Shiqiao

urban conflict transforming

209


3


0

topic introduction Cities globally are breeding grounds for conflict. The pronounced diversity of wealth, opinions, and rituals in the urban context precipitates man-made structures of division that in turn generate innumerable forms and scales of conflict. Religious and ethnic clashes dominate much of the middle east, economic disparity saturates global cities whose power-seeking corporations feed off the poor, and injustice perpetuates areas of rapid urbanization where growing economies prioritize advancement at the expense of the poor. While most of these divisions are embedded in invisible systems, the built environment is often indicative of their existence, providing visible scars or even contributing to its effect. Repeatedly, architects and theoreticians confront the urban condition with designed utopian models of conflict-free cities. Their ideal environment is defined as homogenous, isolated, and controlled, through specific formal elements to construct their ideal.

1


topic introduction

While conflict certainly has destructive outcomes, contention is inevitable in cities where diverse communities reside in close proximity. However, such friction in urban communities is essential to a city’s growth and vitality. If addressed in an appropriate manner, such clashing of opinions has productive potential. This thesis questions the role of the architect and the designed environment in urban conflict. Designers have the responsibility to understand the negative impacts of design in conflict and engage the diversity of the city, recognizing inherent conflict and encouraging positive friction. Rather than eliminating conflict through a highly controlled environment, can we instead inform how conflict might contribute to a city’s vitality in a positive way? Can design reflect the nuances of conflict’s effects to better engage the needs of the city, of the people, and help the vibrancy and vitality of the city?

2


3


topic diagram

emerging economies

mega cities

NEW DELHI LONDON NEW YORK CITY

global cities MINNEAPOLIS

generic

atypical historic cities

NEW ORLEANS

CAIR

generic

BERLIN

HONG KONG

LOS ANGELES

religious

ethnic

BEIRUT WALL

STOCKHOLM

03 URBAN CONFLICT

cultural

ROAD ZONE RIVER

ideological SQUARE

HOUSING

STREET

WATER LAND SANITATION

access to resources

stage

02 STRUCTURES OF DIVISION

economic

income

WALL

transforming

class

ISLAND

CITIES OF CONFLICT

scale

Koolhaas Exodus

SOVEREIGN CIVIL CIVIC

01 DEFINING CONFLICT

type

ecology

U imagin

SYSTEMIC VS. NON-SYSTEMIC ACUTE VS. CHRONIC

CURVILINEARITY Greg Lynn

VIOLENT VS. LATENT

THE FOLD Deleuze

resolution

folding

geometry

06 CONFLICTED ARCHITECTURE

Led

COLLAGE CITY Rowe COMPLEXITY + CONTRADICTION Venturi

4

mutual benefit

hos

layers

collage


research

01 DEFINING CONFLICT type scale

developing cities

I

02 STRUCTURES OF DIVISION ideological economic

JERUSALEM

03 URBAN CONFLICT generic

Postcolonial PROTESTS

RO

DIVERSITY

productive

EDUCATION

control

atypical

BEIRUT CAIRO DELHI JERUSALEM HONG KONG

FRICTION

divider

MINNEAPOLIS NEW ORLEANS

MUTUAL BENEFIT

TOWER

expressions

elements

expressions

isolation destructive INEQUITY RIOTS CRIME VIOLENCE WAR OPPRESSION

Smart Cities

INJUSTICE

ISLAND

05 UTOPIA ned solutions

doux

SQUARE WALL ROAD

04 FORMS OF CONFLICT

ISLAND

Thomas More Utopia

04 FORMS OF CONFLICT formal elements

05 UTOPIA le corbusier TOWER archigram WALKING CITY koolhaas WALL ledoux thomas more ISLAND 06 ARCHITECTURE OF CONFLICT folding CURVILINEARITY

dualities

COLLAGE CITY COMPLEXITY + CONTRADICTION

Le Corbusier

Contemporary city for 3 million inhabitants

design

01 DESIGN SPECULATIONS

Archigram

techno-popular future cities

spital

TOWER

02 TRANSFORM URBAN CONFLICT IN A CITY

TECHNOLOGY

5


conflict defined

6


1

conflict defined 1. A serious disagreement or argument, typically a protracted one 2. A prolonged armed struggle 3. An incompatibility between two or more opinions, principles, or interests1 Expressions of conflict range from a simple argument between individuals to systemic, chronic division rooted in complex structures of a city or nation. Though often manifested in violence, conflict is perhaps just as prevalent in latent forms, described by one as “social tension, antagonisms, and the many forms of lowlevel instability that occur frequently in the urban environment.�2 Eruptions of conflict in traumatic events reveal the latent, often chronic, systemic conflicts embedded within cities.

1. Oxford Dictionary 2. Lombard, 2013.

7


Types of Conflict

x Sovereign

Sovereign

8

Terminology from Beall, Goodfellow and Rodgers, 2013.

C

Ci


Civil

ivil

x

x Civic

Civic

9


Types of Conflict

non-systemic

vs. systemic

10


acute

vs. chronic

11


Types of Conflict

violent

vs. latent

12


Urban conflict – understood as social tensions, antagonisms and the ‘many forms of lowlevel instability’...that occur frequently in

the urban environment – does not necessarily result in violence and so tends to receive less research and policy attention than civil war or violent insurgency. However, ‘

Protracted social conflict’..., marked by successive violent episodes, is arguably more common and more intractable; and although less visible, latent or everyday conflict may be equally damaging for local populations. Conceptions of conflict need to be rethought in urban contexts, to take account of the diversity of urban social and political contexts, plural legal and governance systems, and the tendency for land conflict to overlap with and be exacerbated by ethnic or other identitybased tensions,

blurring the boundary between ‘divided cities’ and ‘peaceful’ ones”

Lombard. “Urban land conflict in the global south.”

13


Types of Conflict

destructive conflict

14


productive conflict

15


Types of Conflict

FOR A NECESSARY DIVISION... “Rapidly

growing, incredibly dense

dramatically heterogeneous and

cities

have become a characteristic of new urban

catalyzing future violence and conflict.”

environments that risk

Patel and Burkle. “Rapid Urbanization and the Growing Threat of Violence and Conlict: A 21st Century Crisis”

16


‘Large streets, boulevards, tall facades for stores and homes, installation of water and electiricty are necessary [for Europeans, all of] which upset the indigenous city completely, making the customary way of life impossible. You know how jealous the Muslim is of the integrity of his private life; you are familiar with the streets, the facades without opening behind which hides the whole of life, the terraces upon which the life of the family spreads out and which must therefore

All the habits and all the tastes [of these two ways of life] oppose one another remain sheltered from indiscreet looks….

.’”

-Spiro Kostof, A City Assembled

17


Types of Conflict

FOR PRODUCTIVE FRICTION...

18


...a state is not made up only of so many men, but of different kinds of men; for similars do not constitute a state .

-Aristotle. Politics. Book 2

19


Types of Conflict

heterogeneous

20

v


vs.

homogeneous

21


structures of division topic

22


2

structures of division In planning for a city’s development it is important to understand where conflict occurs within a city and how a city’s structures - i.e. socio-economic, cultural, religious, etc. - contribute to the tensions within its communities. Since most of these structures are human-made, an understanding of their contribution could help reverse their effects. Spiro Kostof describes these structures within the city as being invisible, yet manifested in the urban form and contributing to division and conflict within the city. In mapping out the framework of these structures and their contributions to various forms of conflict in cities, there are essentially two categories under which all structures of division fall: economic and ideological.

23


structures of division

“...there are arbitrated, legalistic, invisible urban divisions which we are not ordinarily aware of at all. They are designated on city maps, and have quite specific consequences... They are political, or more generally administrative, divisions, and since the beginning of cities they have governed the ways we are managed within the urban order--how we are taxed, serviced, pressed into military service, or kept under control. In other words, the object of these divisions is to design the population

24


within the urban form, an arrangement that is either coerced

because they deal with people, the divisions were often coincident with deep social schisms, and their very existence brought about tensions and open conflict.�

or de facto. And

Spiro Kostof, A City Assembled, 71-72

25


ideological structures of division

Racial or ethnic, cultural, and religious conflicts all stem from ideological differences. Different beliefs and desires lead to various forms of tensions. A personal argument, a long-term relational conflict, injustice, reactionary protests or riots, and war are all expressions of ideologicl conflict. Today, uprisings in the Middle East are a prime example of ideological conflict stemming from religious differences.

26

ideological division


Israeli/Palestinian War segregation

war

persecution

ISIS

terrorism

violence

tension between communities

religious

ethnic

expressions riots

war

displacement

27


economic structures of division

Economic structures contribute to division in cities in the form of income disparity and conflict related to the governance of a city’s economy. Economic status shapes citizens values and goals in economic management. The World Economic Forum and the World Social Forum come out of starkly different economic managerial agendas.

28

ECONOMIC division


waste removal

food health care

water

housing

sanitation

education

access to resources

distribution of wealth

land

infrastructure

29

class


economic structures of division

vs.

protelatrian

30

bourgeois


A lively new polemic about the concepts “one divides into two” and “two fuse into one” is unfolding on the philosophical front in this country. This

debate is a struggle between those who are for and those who are against the materialist dialectic, a struggle between two conception conceptions of the world: the conception. Those who maintain that and the

bourgeois

proletarian

“one divides into two” is the fundamental law of things are on the side of the materialist dialectic; those who maintain that the fundamental law of things is that “two fuse into one” are against the materialist dialectic. The two sides have drawn a clear line of demarcation between them, and their arguments are diametrically opposed. This polemic is a reflection, on the

ideological level, of the acute and complex class struggle taking place in China and in the world.

Red Flag, (Peking), 21 September 1964 (from The Society of the Spectacle)

31


economic structures of division

isolation of technology

32


isolation

“The economic system founded on is a circular production of isolation. The technology is based on isolation, and the technical process isolates in turn. From the automobile to television, all the goods selected by the spectacular system are also its weapons for a constant reinforcement of the conditions of isolation of “lonely

crowds.””

“The spectacle originates in the loss of the unity of the world… The spectacle reunites the separate, but reunites it as separate.” (from The Society of the Spectacle)

33


economic structures of division

World Economic Forum

vs elite advocacy economic elite

34


World Social Forum

s. grassroots activism civil society

35


economic structures of division

vs wall street capitalism corporate america big businesses

36


s. main street market locally owned small businesses

37


conflict in cities topic

38


3

conflict in cities Structures of division in cities manifest themselves formally to reinforce or facilitate conflict. Identifying the formal elements that have come out of these structures reveals parallels between expressions of conflict and architectural forms (i.e. protest and square, respectively). In many conflicts, the dominant party uses architecture to increase control over their opponent. For instance, Haussmann’s wide boulevards in Paris and Israeli bypass roads through Palestine ensure the ease of military circulation. The one in power has ensured military control. Simultaneously, the dominant party limits the opponent’s circulation to diminish their power. In most riots or protests, police set up barricades or fences to limit the movement of the protestors. Used in this way, the wall contains, controls, and limits the movement of the opponent.

39


conflict in cities Whether they are isolating or protecting, walls inherently create a division between two parts: inside and outside, east and west, etc. An enclosed wall has interiority and exteriority. Whether one is inside or outside is desirable according to other factors of the conditions within and without the wall. Walled forts and gated communities implement walls for protection from exterior conditions. However, enclosures such as the Berlin Wall, or the wall around Palestine contain to protect those in its exteriority. While the wall protects the one side, it isolates the other. However, the wall controls conditions on both sides through its division. Control increases with the addition of surveillance through towers and cameras. Isolation is also instigated through zoning plans as well as the homogeneity of neighborhoods. While the isolation of a gated community might be desirable, the isolation of social housing leads to increase crime rates and violence. One person’s utopia is another’s dystopia. The isolated poor living conditions in many social housing communities has proven to be a breeding ground for uprisings in the form of riots, where expressions of frustration take form in the burning of cars and businesses. Protests and marches are typically proximal to the center of the city, often located in public squares and streets near government buildings. Disruptions of latent conflicts, the oppressed act out against the oppressors by vocalizing their concerns and disappointments. In each of these cases, the expression of conflict is closely linked with specific formal elements. Studying their relationship reveals architecture’s role in conflict.

40


41


city types

mega cities NEW YORK CITY LONDON

MINNEAPOLIS

global cities

generic NEW ORLEANS

BERLIN

LOS ANGELES

STOCKHOLM

42

historic cities


emerging economies NEW DELHI

developing cities

JERUSALEM

atypical

Postcolonial CAIRO

HONG KONG

BEIRUT

43


conflict in cities

French

British

Soviet

American

Berlin Wall Crosspoints

control, division wall

control, surveillance watchtower

Berlin Wall 44

Berlin 1961-1989

ideological


“...this violent and bluntly physical barrier” -Spiro Kostof

Tank Traps Lighting

Watchtower

Rear wall Signal Fence Spike Mats

Guard Road Death Strip Vehicle Ditch Outer concrete wall

control, division wall

WALL

+

TOWER

WALL

+

ROAD

+

45


conflict in cities

Israel

Jerusalem

West Bank

separation, isolation

Israel

Coiled

separation, military efficiency israeli by-pass roads

israel+palestine 46

Jerusalem 1965-Present

religious


West Bank

Coiled barbed wire

8 Foot deep anti-vehicle trench Patrol road Fence loaded with electronic detection sensors Sand strip Dirt road

d barbed wire

dividing wall

WALL

+

TOWER

WALL

+

ROAD

ZONE

+

+

CAMERA

diagram adapted from map by Gene Thorp

ROAD

+

SUBURB

47


conflict in cities

wide boulevards, military efficiency

haussman’s re-appropriation of paris

Outer ring suburbs

Rioter Burning car

Expression: Riot

Element: Suburb

Haussman+riots 48

Paris 1860 + 2005

ethnic


WALL

+

TOWER

WALL

+

ROAD

+

CAMERA

ZONE

+

ROAD

+

SUBURB

ZONE

+

SUBURB

Homogeneity and Isolation

49


conflict in cities

Burning car

riot

suburb

Stockholm riots 50

Stockholm Suburbs 2013

ethnic


“It is very similar to what we have seen in London or Paris but not yet on that scale. But it is a sign of a similar problem;

it is a sign of failing integration”

Per Adman, associate professor at Uppsala University

+

TOWER WALL inequality, isolation, homogeneity WALL

+

ROAD

+

ZONE

+

ROAD

+

ZONE

+

SUBURB

ZONE

51

ROAD


conflict in cities

urban planning

minneapolis freeways

Freeway Division 52

Minneapolis 1960

ethnic


division of neighborhoods

WALL

+

TOWER

WALL

+

ROAD

+

ZONE

+

ROAD

+

ZONE

+

SUBURB

ZONE

+

ROAD

SQUARE

53

ROAD


conflict in cities

Prop

Protester

New

Protest Street Clinic

Tahrir Square

Egyptian Revolution 54

Cairo 2011

ideological


KFC Clinic

wspaper wall

Main Stage

Pharmacy Bloggers

Campsite

Trash bins

Kindergarten Water Point

Food Stalls

+

ToiletsWALL Flag Sellers TOWER

WALL

+

ROAD

+

ZONE

+

ROAD

+

ZONE

+

SUBURB

+

ROAD

ZONE

SQUARE

SQUARE

Stage

+ +

ROAD diagram data from BBC

ROAD

+ 55


conflict in cities

Prop

Protester

protests

police barricade

causeway bay

connaught road

Hong Kong Protests 56

Hong Kong 2014

economic


WALL

+

TOWER

WALL

+

ROAD

+

CAMERA

ZONE

+

ROAD

+

SUBURB

ZONE

+

SUBURB

ZONE

+

ROAD

SQUARE

+

ROAD

SQUARE

+

ROAD

+

WALL

SQUARE

+

ROAD

+

WALL

ZONE

+

ROAD

stage

57


conflict in cities

Sign

Inf Tent

Tent

Social Area

occupation

Sacred Space

liberty square

Occupy Wall Street 58

New York City 2011

economic


Library Art Kitchen

Media Outreach Info

Sanitation

Assembly

Art/Flex

fo Comfort

Medical

+

TOWER

WALL

+

ROAD

+

CAMERA

ZONE

+

ROAD

+

SUBURB

ZONE

+

SUBURB

ZONE

+

ROAD

WALL

Sleeping

Art

Info

SQUARE

+

ROAD

SQUARE

+

ROAD

+

WALL

SQUARE

+

ROAD

+

WALL

ZONE

+

house, stage

Diagram adapted from diagram by Jonathan Massey

ROAD

59


conflict in cities

American Quarter

Neutral Ground

French Quarter

urban planning

canal street

Canal Street 60

New Orleans 1803

ideological


an

Am

c eri

er

Q

rt ua

nd

,“

l

na

Ca

eet Str

ral

ut Ne

ou Gr

nch Fre

WALL

+

TOWER

WALL

+

ROAD

+

ZONE

+

ROAD

+

ZONE

+

SUBURB

r rte a u QZONE

+

ROAD

SQUARE

+

SQUARE

division, segregation ROAD

+

SQUARE

+

+

ROAD

+

ROAD

ZONE

+

ROAD

WALL

+

ZONE

61


conflict in cities

cordon sanitaire

Old

walled city

Old + New Delhi 62

Delhi

economic

Del

hi


Old Wall

New

Del

hi

Cordon Sanitaire WALL

+

TOWER

WALL

+

ROAD

+

ZONE

+

ROAD

+

ZONE

+

SUBURB

ZONE

+

ROAD

SQUARE

+

ROAD

SQUARE

+

ROAD

+

SQUARE

+

ROAD division

+

ZONE

+

ROAD

WALL

+

ZONE

TOWER

63


conflict in cities

High Rise

Slum

income gap

tower

Income Disparity 64

Mumbai

economic


WALL

+

WALL

+

ZONE

+

ZONE

+

ZONE

+

SQUARE

+

SQUARE

+

SQUARE

+

+

oppression ZONE

WALL

+

TOWER

65


conflict matrices CONFLICT

ELEMENT

BERLIN WALL

HAUSSMANN’S PLAN FOR PARIS

EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION

WALL

ZONE

PARIS RIOTS ROAD FREEWAY PLANNING RIVER ISRAELI/PALESTINIAN WAR

HONG KONG PROTESTS

STOCKHOLM RIOTS

MUMBAI INEQUALITY

CAMERA

TOWER

SQUARE

OCCUPY WALL STREET SUBURB NEW DELHI/OLD DELHI 66


ACTION

isolate

divide

EXPRESSION

riot

inequity

protests

stage

injustice

war

control oppression

surveillance

violence

crime

protect 67


conflict matrices DIVISIONTHROUGH AND CONTAINMENT MILITARY CONTROL CIRCULATION

control

BERLIN WALL

HAUSSMANN’S PLAN FOR PARIS

FREEWAY PLANNING

HAUSSMANN’S PLAN FOR PARIS ISRAELI/PALESTINIAN WAR

inequity

ROAD

divide

WALL

injustice

RIVER

protect protect

ZONE ROAD

NEW DELHI/OLD DELHI ISRAELI/PALESTINIAN WAR

war war inequity

SUBURB

control isolate

oppression oppression

DIVISION STAGE AND CONTAINMENT

control

BERLIN WALL

ROAD

HAUSSMANN’S PLAN FOR PARIS EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION

WALL

FREEWAY PLANNING HONG KONG PROTESTS ISRAELI/PALESTINIAN WAR OCCUPY WALL STREET NEW DELHI/OLD DELHI

inequity

divide injustice riot

SQUARE RIVER

stage protect

ROAD ZONE

SUBURB

war protests

oppression

isolate

68

OMOGENEITY

KEY:

CONFLICT

ELEMENT

action

expression

isolate

MUMBAI INEQUALITY TOWER

inequity


MILI D

oppression NEW DELHI/OLD DELHI

SUBURB

oppression

isolate

DIVISION AND CONTAINMENT STAGE

control

BERLIN WALL

HAUSSMANN’S PLAN FOR PARIS

FREEWAY PLANNING

inequity

ROAD

WALL

divide injustice

RIVER

EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION

ISRAELI/PALESTINIAN WAR

ZONE SQUARE

HONG KONG PROTESTS

NEW DELHI/OLD DELHI OCCUPY WALL STREET

protect

war riot

stage SUBURB ROAD

oppression protests

ENEITY

STAGE ISOLATION AND HOMOGENEITY

isolate

MUMBAI INEQUALITY EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION PARIS RIOTS

HONG KONG PROTESTS STOCKHOLM RIOTS

OCCUPY WALL STREET

isolate

inequity

TOWER

riot injustice

SQUARE SUBURB

ROAD

stage control

protests oppression

69


utopia topic

70


4

utopia Repeatedly, architects and theoreticians confront the urban condition with designed utopian models. For most, the ideal city is a conflict-free city, enforced through homogeneity, isolation, and control. In Thomas More’s Utopia, its island location protects it from outside enemies and its 54 homogeneous cities are free of internal inequality. A dome protected the highly controlled, safe environment of Truman’s Seahaven from the outside world. The wall of Koolhaas’ New Architecture enclosed a hedonistic world, isolating it from the undesirable conditions of London. Today’s Smarter Cities utilize precise technological surveillance of the city ensure greater safety and efficiency of all its systems. Using formal elements to remove unsafe or undesirable conditions, these utopias arise from the desire to eliminate conflict in its entirety.

71


utopia - thomas more

72


houses no locked doors: no privacy or autonomy

garden

3-storey house

street

agriculture surrounding city mandatory 2-year stint to work in fields: removes class structure surplus given to other cities for free: no commodification of goods

54 cities homogeneous equality unity

crescent-shaped island protection isolation 73


the truman show

without: the world

uncontrolled exposed to danger living vicariously through Truman

Hollywood 74

within: Seahaven controlled safe “real�

Seahaven

Hollywood


“It’s all true. It’s all real. Nothing here is fake. Nothing you see on this show is fake. It’s merely controlled.”

-Christof, The Truman Show

“I’ve given Truman the chance to lead a normal life. The world, the place you live in is the sick place. Seahaven is the way the world should be.” -Christof, The Truman Show

75


exodus, or the voluntary prisoners of architecture

“Division, isolation, inequality, aggression, destruction, all the negative aspects of the Wall, could be the ingredients of a new phenomenon: architectural warfare against undesirable conditions, in this case London... “...this new architecture...is the hedonistic science of designing collective facilities that fully accommodate individual desires.” Koolhaas, “Exodus, or the voluntary prinsoners of architecture.” 76


Without: London undesirable conditions Within: A New Architecture collective facilities designed to fully accommodate individual desires

The Wall Division, isolation, inequality, aggression, destruction: creating “warfare against undesirable conditions� 77


corbusier - the contemporary city for three million

Housing for the proletarian workers

78


Housing for the wealthy

79


new babylon - constant nieuwenhuys

Labyrinth Drifting Anti-Capitalist Escapes transcendental control Resistive architecture 80


“New Babylon -- a provocative name, since in the Protestant tradition Babylon is a figure of evil. New Babylon was to be the figure of good that

took the name of the cursed city and transformed itself into the city of the future.�

Henry Lefebvre

81


technological utopia - archigram Crane

Moveable units

plug-in city varietous not static or dreary like other regularized systems

82


City

Feet

Changing landscape

walking city adaptable moves where technology leads

83


today’s technological utopia - smart cities

IBM’s Smarter City

“With a new government in Delhi, India’s urban agenda is now focused on the creation of “Smart Cities” in industrial corridors. Such an initiative is driven by the demand of foreign investors to find sanitized spaces in developing countries in which they can operate easily unhampered by politics.”

Idiculla, “Crafting ‘smart cities’”

“Our cities should no longer remain a reflection of poverty and bottlenecks. Rather they should become symbols of efficiency, speed and scale.”

Idiculla, “Crafting ‘smart cities’”

84


“The very idea of Smart Cities seems to be based on the assumption that there are technocratic solutions for the routine problems that citizens face. Technology is heralded as the “apolitical” means by which governance can be fixed and saved from the operation of “politics”. Problems of inefficiency that are seen to dominate the old bureaucratic-political order are hence given a “smart” solution by employing “Big Data”. However such a vision does not take into consideration the fallibility of technology or the fact that the

technology-centric governance that Smart Cities promote can further exclude the people at the margins of power.” Idiculla, “Crafting ‘smart cities’”

“The proliferation of ‘smart’ solutions to a deluge of political and economic problems in today’s cities may

well serve to reinforce urban inequality at a time when new radical alternatives are in desperate need.” Vanilla, “Whose smart city?”

85


architecture topic of conflict

86


5

architecture of conflict A number of theorists have suggested methodologies to confront, rather than eliminate conflict. Whether through layering, folding, or seeking mutual benefit, each methodology addresses the various perspectives of the conflict. Could these methodologies provide a solution for transforming architectural elements of conflict to mitigate destructive outcomes and channel the friction to generate positive results?

87


architecture of conflict

88


1

Layers.

Methodology: Collage. Superimposition.

Layered outcome

Goal: . No resolution but collaged, layered oucome. Thinkers: Robert Venturi, Colin Rowe

89


architecture of conflict

90


2

Methodology: Folding.

Geometry.

Resolution.

Goal: Solution to resolve based on science and technology. Thinkers: Gilles DeLeuze, Greg Lynn

91


architecture of conflict

92


3

Ecology. Goal: Mutual dependency. Methodology:

Systemic production of dependencies contributing to viability of whole and enforcing relational thinking.

Thinkers: Jane Bennett, Bruno Latour, Timothy Morton

93


designing for conflict topic

94


6

designing for conflict Beginning with a site-less condition, the complex variables of a city’s structure are removed in order to isolate the formal elements of conflict as pure space and test various spatial transformations. With the addition of site, these tests will inform an appropriate methodology for confronting urban conflict through design. The sites chosen represent two distinct scenarios of economic conflict: the first in New York City, a leading global city experiencing a widening income gap; the second in New Delhi, an emerging economy facing the challenges of rapid urbanization. The site in New York City engages a square and a tower. The site in New Delhi engages a square and a wall.

95


design speculations

96


transformations The methodologies from the previous section suggest possible operations to confront expressions of conflict through design. Isolated as pure space, these formal studies shed light on architecture’s role in shaping spaces of conflict in cities. The following are the first of many studies that will be conducted in the spring. These studies will inform the architectural proposal and gain more specificity when interacting with specific site conditions.

97


transformations

TOWER

Existing conditions: Limited access

98

Transformation #1: Move public space into tower

Transformation #2: Tilt to allow increased access


Suburb

Existing conditions: Homogeneous and isolated from outside conditions

Transformation #1: Re-arrange to create formal heterogeneity

Transformation #2: Add other programs and public space

99


new york city

100


site option #1: NYC New York City is an economic hub, a leading global economy in the world, second to London. However, as its economy grows, so too does its income gap. Can architecture play a part in reducing destructive conflict and contributing to productive friction in the city? Here the economic structure of division is capitalism. Expressions of this chronic economic disparity include the large income disparity and gap in wealth distribution, corruption in investement bankers, insurance companies, and the government. These chronic forms of economic disparity erupted in the Occupy Wall Street movement which shed light on deeper issues in its economic systems. Spatially, the economic disparity is manifest in neighborhood divides, division of resources which lend to the quality of living. Occupy Wall Street allowed “the other 99%” to express their frustrations with the current economic structures through their use of “public” space in both plazas and streets.

101


new york city Targeting formal manifestations of economic disparity in the city, this scenario focuses on two of the most extreme divides in city: 96th Street, the neighborhood divide between East Harlem and Upper East Side, as well as the Harlem River, between Manhattan Island and South Bronx. Park Avenue, and the metro that runs along it, connects the three neighborhoods and provides an opportunity to work with this public program. The design proposal will work at the fringe of two colliding systems, between or across the divides, to integrate the two with a program and space that engages both parties to engender more integration and allow for mutual benefit.

102


NYC: a leading global city

103


new york city

occupy Wall Street

104


“We are the 99%” 105


new york city

Zuccotti Park

Wall Street

106


107


new york city

Sanitat Art/Flex Info Comfort Social Area Sacred Space Art

zuccotti park

108

Medical


Library Art Kitchen

tion

Media Outreach Info

Assembly

Info

Sleeping

109


new york city

Manhatta economic disparity

110


an’s

111


112

Date from “Watch The Rich Take Over New York City In 2 Charts.� Upper 10% Upper 5% 2010

$452,415

$400,628

$378,113

400

2000

$264,756

$262,010

500

5% 1%

Bottom 20% $230,744

$205,193

300

1990

$14,168

$12,769

$631,441

700

10%

Bottom 10% $13,140

$9,455

100

20%

$7,959

$8,468

0

10%

0%

Annual median income (in thousands of dollars)

$716,625

new york city

600

200

Upper 1%


55 54

Percent (%) of Income in NYC

53

53.7%

Top 20%

of New Yorker’s Share of Income

52.5% 52.2%

52 51

income gap

50 49 47.8%

48 47.5% 47

46.3% 46

1990

1995

2000

2005

Remaining 80% of New Yorker’s Share of Income

2010

Year

113


new york city

“Land is back up to stupid levels again”

Scott Alper, Principal of Witkoff Group

114


Cost of land in Manhattan

$511 per sq. ft.

35.5% increase from 5 years ago

Data from New York Times

115


Harlem River

new york city

Pa rk Av en

ue

Harlem

96t

hS

116

t.

Upper East Side


South Bronx

Two divides

HARLEM RIVER

96TH STREET 117


new york city

occupation

118


median household income

119


Harlem River

new york city

Pa rk Av en

ue

Harlem

96t

hS

t.

$1,500,000 120

Data from Zillow.com

Upper East Side

$699,000 (East Harlem)


Average listing price of housing

South Bronx

$339,900

UES

H

SB

121


new york city

Harlem River

Pa rk Av en

ue

Harlem

96t

hS

t.

$125,363

122

Upper Data from Business Insider, New York Public Radio, and Realtor.com East Side

$30,000

(East Harlem)


South Bronx

Median household income

$8,694

UES

H

SB

123


design proposition

Harlem River

Pa rk Av en

ue

Harlem

96t

hS

124

t.

Upper East Side


South Bronx

Design proposal

1 BRIDGE

Engage the metro, and provide a better, more intimate connection between both sides of the river.

2 TOWER

Incorporate free housing, as a critique of the ridiculously high land prices in Manhattan. Include a metro station as well as the provide public programming and public space for all income levels to utilize. 125


new delhi

126


site option #2: New

Delhi

A BRICS nations, India is one of five emerging economies. While its economy is quickly growing, it is also experiencing the growing pains of rapid urbanization. Rapid urbanization, brings about risks of inequality and vulnerability to harmful divisions. New Delhi, the nation’s capital, is at the center of this economic development and is experiencing growth and stress on its economy. Conflict expresses itself in the power structure of its post-colonial society, in the gap between rich and poor, in the corruption of the leaders, in caste conflict and violence, in protests and political rallies. These divisions influence the built environment constructing physical walls, unequal divisions of resources and access to food, water, sanitation, and housing, and the tragedy (or conflict) of the commons which has contributed to a tainted understanding of public space and therefore a lack of ownership and maintenance.

127


new delhi

The maidan, historically, is India’s commons. It was a place where the wealthy and the poor met, an unprogrammed public space that took on the life of the users. This scenario focuses on the Ramlila Maidan as a potential site for intervention, a site which has a history of conflict. From the wall around the old city to the British’s cordon sanitaire this divide is manifest today in its separation between the poorest and richest areas in Delhi: the old informal walled city and the city center of the nation’s capital. As a no-man’s-land near the governmnet’s headquarters, it also happens to be a site of protest for social justice and against corruption in the government. A design intervention could engage this fringe through a plan for the city’s growth. Both at the center of the city, and at the fringe of two systems, it would provide a model for internal densification of the city and the integration of housing typologies and programs engaging the pluralisms of the city. It would maintain a maidan but expand to engage larger issues of the city’s rapid development.

128


BRICS india

one of five emerging national economies

410,404,773 india’s urban population 32% of india’s population

1,267,401,849 india’s population

17.5% of the world’s population

7,243,784,121

world’s population

129


delhi

Delhi’s Current Population:

22,830,000

Data from Kotkin and Cox. “The World’s Fastest-Growing Megacities.” 130


18,000,000

Total Population

18,000,000 16,000,000

Urban Population Total Population

16,000,000 14,000,000

Urban Population

14,000,000 12,000,000 12,000,000 10,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000

2011 2011

2001 2001

1991 1991

1981 1981

1971 1971

1961 1961

1951 1951

1941 1941

1931 1931

1921 1921

1911 1911

0

1901 1901

2,000,000 0

100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20

97% Urban 2011 2011

2001 2001

1991 1991

1981 1981

1971 1971

1961 1961

1951 1951

1941 1941

1931 1931

1921 1921

1911 1911

0

1901 1901

20 0

97% Urban

Data from Govt. of NCT of Delhi 131


fastest growing megacities

11. Istanbul, Turkey

Population (Est.): 12.92 million Population growth (2000-10): 25.3%

3. Lagos, Nigeria

Population (Est.): 12.09 million Population growth (2000-10): 48.2%

132

Data from Kotkin and Cox. “The World’s Fastest-Growing Megacities.”


1. Karachi, Pakistan

Population (Est.): 20.88 million Population growth (2000-10): 80.5%

9. Delhi, India

Population (Est.): 22.83 million Population growth (2000-10): 39.2%

4. Beijing, China

Population (Est.): 18.24 million Population growth (2000-10): 47.6%

6. Dhaka, Bangladesh

Population (Est.): 14.34 milion Population growth (2000-10): 45.2%

8. Shanghai, China

Population (Est.): 21.77 million Population growth (2000-10): 40.1%

7. Guangzhou-Foshan, China Population (Est.): 17.69 million Population growth (2000-10): 43.0%

2. Shenzhen, China

Population (Est.): 12.51 million Population growth (2000-10): 56.1%

5. Bangkok, Thailand

Population (Est.): 14.54 million Population growth (2000-10): 45.2%

10. Jakarta, Indonesia

Population (Est.): 26.75 million Population growth (2000-10):34.6%

133


rapid urbanization

“Furthermore, virtually all of this urbanization will happen in the world’s least developed areas, by definition the poorest equipped to handle it: a

recipe for conflict, and crises

in health, education, governance, food, energy, and water scarcity.” Kilcullen, David J. “The City as a System: Future Conflict and Urban Resilience.”

134


“Rapid urbanization creates economic,

social and governance challenges while simultaneously straining city infrastructure, making the most vulnerable cities less able to meet these challenges. The implications for future conflict are profound, with more

people fighting over scarcer

resources in crowded, under-serviced, and under-governed urban areas.” Kilcullen, David J. “The City as a System: Future Conflict and Urban Resilience.”

135


Rapid Urbanization

In areas of rapid urbanization...

RISK 1. high levels of material deprivation 2. deep vertical and horizontal inequalities 3. fragile political institutions

136

Data from Beall and Fox. “PD4: mitigating conflict and violence in in Africa’s rapidly growing cities.”


result 1. uncertainty 2. injustice 3. insecurity (real and perceived)

137


india

s on

ay

Data from The World Bank 138


32.68% of the population lives on

< $1.25

per day

139


india

%

%

India

20%

%

lowest10%

India

3.7% of income in India Data from The World Bank 140


28.8% of income in India highest 10%

Top 20%

42.8%

of income in India

income gap

Lowest 20%

8.5%

of income in India

141


delhi’s rich

“...Delhi’s rich... eschew the urbane. They do not, as the rich do in Mumbai or New York, dream of apartments with sparkling views of the city from which their fortune derives. They are not drawn to that energy of streets, sidewalks and bustle which was so heroic a part of great nineteenth- and twentieth-century cities. No:

the Delhi rich like to wake up looking at empty, manicured lawns stretching away to walls topped with barbed wire.”

Rana Dasgupta, Capital: The Eruption of Delhi

142


“Modern Delhi was born out of the catastrophe of India’s partition, whose ravages turned

its culture towards security

and self-reliance. The compounds in which its richest citizens take refuge from society are only the most extravagant manifestations of a more widespread isolationist ethos. Delhi is the pioneer, after all, of India’s private townships, where life is administered by corporations and surrounded by fences, and where one is cut away, therefore, from the broad currents of the country.” Rana Dasgupta, Capital: The Eruption of Delhi

143


delhi’s rich: gurgaon

“An expanse of fields until thirty years ago, Gurgaon’s

looming apartment blocks and steely towers now look as if they have emerged from a computer game set in some supersaturated future. Gurgaon makes no pretence of being a ‘public’ space: the great numbers of the poor who clean and guard its houses and offices, for instance, cannot live there. To live in Gurgaon is to live in a housing complex protected from the outside by security cameras and armed guards, where residents pay corporations to service all their fundamental needs: garbage collection, water supply and even, in the frequent event that state-owned electricity fails, electricity generation. It therefore appeals to a group of people for whom the corporation has come to seem a far more fertile form of social organisation than the state, and who seek out enclaves of efficient, post-public living” Rana Dasgupta, Capital: The Eruption of Delhi

144


Homogeneity Isolation

Towers

Wall + Gate Security Exclusivity

145


delhi’s poor

PLANNED COLONY

76%

76%

JJ CLUSTER SLUM DESIGNATION UNAUTHORIZED COLONY RESETTLEMENT COLONY RURAL VILLAGE REGULARIZED COLONY URBAN VILLAGE

OF POPULATION LIVES IN SUBSTANDARD HOUSING

of the population lives in substandard housing

Data from King. “Inclusive City Building and the Promise of Freedom.” 146


800,000

>15K

5-15K

JJ CLUSTER

RESETTLEMENT COLONY

UNAUTHORIZED AND REGULARIZED COLONIES

URBAN VILLAGES

200,000

WALLED CITY

400,000

PLANNED COLONIES

# OF UNITS

600,000

0-5K

Housing is typically reflective of income

Data from Narayanan, Nipesh P. “Housing In Delhi,” 147


delhi’s poor

“A majority of the city’s 18 million residents have to queue up for water supplied by the government or private tankers, as piped supplies are either defunct or unavailable. The water supplied by the Delhi authorities is discolored or odorous, and thus considered unsafe for drinking.

Everyday conflicts around water are common.”

Manchanda, “Water Movements in Delhi”

148


.38 slum households .38 million MILLION SLUM HOUSEHOLDS

97% access TO toELECTRICITY electricity 97% have HAVE ACCESS

51% have HAVE ACCESS WITHIN PREMISES 51% access TO toWATER waterFACILITY facility within premises

50% have HAVE ACCESS 50% access TO toLATRINE latrineFACILITIES facilities

44% HAVE ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, WATER AND 44% have access toWITHIN electricity, water, and latrine LATRINE FACILITY THE PREMISES facilities within the premises

Data from “Human Development Report 2013: Shelter and Basic Service,” Govt. of NCT of Delhi 149


the site

ramlila maidan

150


151


delhi’s the sitepoor

New Delhi 152


Old Delhi

Cordon sanitaire

153


the site

Old Delhi

Wall of walled city for protection

154


Cordon sanitaire for separation

New Delhi

155


the site

“Neither Wilderness Nor Home: The Indian Maidan� Anuradha Mathur

156


“...that part of the environment that lay beyond a person’s own threshold and outside his own possession, but to which, however, that person had a recognized claim of usage--not to produce commodities but to provide for the subsistence of kin. Neither wilderness nor home is commons, but that part of the environment for which customary law exacts specific forms of community respect.

These places that are neither wilderness nor home are being threatened today by the demands of modern urbanization, and yet they offer the only real

hope of individual freedom and collective engagement in the enclosure of the city.” (206)

“In spite of this royal patronage, the maidan was a place open to all for gathering and thoroughfare, where the royalty and commoners met.” (208) “The maidan is not a distinct enclosure... the peripheral boundaries of the maidan are more decorative frames than spatial features. In other words, although it is a bounded space within the city, the maidan does not exist as a perceptible room. This lack of definition is, perhaps, appropriate, for in a landscape where horizons are broad, the maidan is a place born of a desire to establsh human domain by marking boundaries while maintaining a sense of immensity--a phenomenal landscape quality retained from nomadic ways of life.” (209) “Maidans have emerged as a result of human intervention directed not toward the addition of identity, events, or character to a level ground but rather toward keeping land free and indeterminate.” (215) “City landscapes are being increasingly commodified, monitored, and constructed in ways that discourage spontaneous appropriation and unplanned transformation.” (216)

157


the site

history of political rallies

anti-corruption social justice

158


159


appendix

160


8

appendix

161


elements of conflict

162


elements of conflict

163


elements of conflict

wall

division separation segregation security peace

security civitas veri

164


control hong kong riots

control hong kong riots

oppression berlin wall

separation exodus

protection walled city, delhi

protection red fort, delhi

165


elements of conflict

road

166

division separation ignorance protesting marching military efficiency


division canal street, new orleans

military efficiency haussmann’s plan for paris

protection, control israeli by-pass roads

protection, control israeli by-pass roads

protest hong kong, street

division minneapolis freeways

167


elements of conflict

zones

168

segregation division inequality


division haussman’s re-appropriation of paris

division cordon sanitaire, delhi

division no-man’s-land, canal street, new orleans

169


elements of conflict

square

170

gathering protesting


gathering, protesting tahrir square

gathering, protesting hong kong

occupation occupy wall st., zuccotti park

171


elements of conflict

tower

172

oppression division protection inequality


oppression tower of london

oppression, division, inequality mumbai

control berlin, watchtower

control panopticon

173


elements of conflict

suburb

174

isolation homogeneity


isolation, homogeneity paris suburb

isolation, homogeneity stockholm suburb

175


elements of conflict

176


proposed calendar

177


WK 10

WK 09

WK 08

WK 07

WK 06

WK 05

WK 04

WK 03

WK 02

WK 01

begin design speculations to narrow research

compile book

utopia; formal analysis of cities

develop research framework

RESEARCH/ DESIGN FOCUS

site analysis

complete primary research

WK 16

WK 15

WK 14

WK 13

WK 12

WK 11

WK 10

WK 09

WK 08

WK 07

WK 06

WK 05

WK 04

While continuing supplementary research, be test design propositions.

WK 03

Develop a framework for research. Conduct foundational research for design proposition.

WK 02

WEEK #

SPRING 2015 | conflictual forms and

WK 01

GOALS

FALL 2014 | cities of conflict

EVENTS

advisor meetings

lunch submission

grants, fellowships, and papers

buckminster fuller challenge

thesis reviews

dean’s grant, pellecia, nix

book and poster due

design research

india

studio

PHASING

CONTINUED RESE

RESEARCH

SPECULATION AND DESIGN TESTING

KEY

178

assignment deadline

review

project deadline

email correspondence

submission deadline


meeting

tentative time frame

compile materials

secondary design proposal

initial design proposal

compile reflections

potential international travel for nix, pellecia, or site visit

final design proposal

FALL 2015 | design city for conflict + transformation

Supplement research and design with in-depth research and analysis of site. Develop design proposition to completion. Conduct supplementary research as necessary.

WK 01

WK 16

WK 15

WK 14

WK 13

WK 12

WK 11

WK 10

WK 09

WK 08

WK 07

WK 06

WK 05

WK 04

WK 03

WK 02

WK 12

WK 11

WK 10

WK 09

WK 08

WK 07

WK 06

WK 05

WK 04

WK 03

WK 02

SUMMER 2015 | site study

WK 01

WK 16

WK 15

WK 14

WK 13

WK 12

WK 11

egin speculation and

local site visit

test design speculations on chosen site

d spaces

EARCH

TRAVEL

DESIGN

time frame

179


bibliography topic

180


9

bibliography

181


bibliography Aristotle. Politics: Book 2. “A tale of many cities” February 10, 2011 (from the print edition) http://www.economist.com/node/18111592. Review of: Triumph of the city by Edward Glaeser. Bender, Barbara and Margot Winer, ed. Contested Landscapes: Movement, Exile and Place. Berg, New York: 2001. Bishop, Ryan, Gregory K. Clancey, and John Phillips. The City as Target. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2012. Beall, Jo and Sean Fox. “PD4: Mitigating Conflict in Africa’s Cities.” Government Office for Science, London, UK. 2011. Beall, J., T. Goodfellow, and D. Rodgers. “Cities and Conflict in Fragile States in the Developing World.” Urban Studies, 2013, 3065-083. Benjamin, Andrew. “Trauma within the walls: Notes towards a philosophy of the city,” Post-Traumatic Urbanism. Architectural Design. Burke, Anthony. “The Urban Complex: Scalar Probabilities” Post-Traumatic Urbanism. Architectural Design. “Rapid Urbanization and the Growing Threat of Violence and Conflict: A 21st Century Crisis” Calame, Jon, and Esther Ruth Charlesworth. Divided Cities: Belfast, Beirut, Jerusalem, Mostar, and Nicosia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009. Debord, Guy. The Society of the Spectacle. New York: Zone Books, 1994. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/debord/society.htm Deleuze, Gilles. The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993. De Zegher, Catherine and Mark Wigley, Eds. The activist drawing: retracing situationist architectures from Constant’s New Babylon to beyond. New York: Drawing Center, 2001. Kenzari, Bechir. Architecture and Violence. Barcelona: Actar, 2011. Kilcullen, David J. “The City as a System: Future Conflict and Urban Resilience.” Koolhaas, Rem. “Exodus, or the voluntary prisoners of architecture.” (article written by Fosco Lucarelli, March 19, 2011). http://socks-studio. com/2011/03/19/exodus-or-the-voluntary-prisoners-of-architecture/. Kostof, Spiro. The City Assembled: The Elements of Urban Form through History. Boston: Little, Brown, 1992. Lahoud, Adrian. “Post-Traumatic Urbanism.” Architectural Design: 14-23. Lambert, Le. Weaponized Architecture: The Impossibility of Innocence. New York: Dpr-barcelona, 2012. Lombard, Melanie. “Urban land and conflict in the global South.” cities@manchester, University of Manchester. April 29, 2013. Accessed October 15, 2014. http://citiesmcr.wordpress.com/2013/04/29/urban-land-and-conflict-in-the-global-south/ More, Thomas. Utopia. Raleigh, N.C.: Alex Catalogue, 1990. N.L. “The city triumphs, again,” Babbage. The Economist. June 6, 2013 Accessed September 25, 2014. http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2013/06/ urbanisation Patel, Ronak B., and Frederick M. Burkle. “Rapid Urbanization and the Growing Threat of Violence and Conflict: A 21st Century Crisis.” Prehospital and Disaster Medicine: 194-97. Post-Traumatic Urbanism. Architectural Design. September/October 2010. Profile No. 207. Guest-edited by Adrian Lahoud, Charles Rice, and Anthony Burke. http://issuu.com/alejandrosax/docs/120823201906-992c8c7334094c6eb9538cbcf3b426eb. Rowe, Colin, and Fred Koetter. Collage City. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1978. Rykwert, Joseph. The Idea of a Town: The Anthropology of Urban Form in Rome, Italy and the Ancient World. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976. “Sweden: Riots Continue in Immigrant Neighborhoods.” The New York Times. May 22, 2013. Accessed November 30, 2014. http://www.nytimes. com/2013/05/23/world/europe/sweden-riots-continue-in-immigrant-neighborhoods.html?_r=0. “The Architecture of Violence.” Rebel Architecture. http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/rebelarchitecture/ “The urbanisation trap,” The Economist online. October 2nd, 2012. Accessed September 25, 2014. http://www.economist.com/blogs/ graphicdetail/2012/10/daily-chart.

182


“To Hell and Back.” The Economist. April 5, 2014. Accessed November 30, 2014. http://www.economist.com/news/international/21600156-how-nationstorn-apart-atrocity-or-civil-war-can-stitch-themselves-together-again. “Urban characteristics attributable to density-driven tie formation,” Nature Communications. Accessed September 26, 2014. http://www.nature.com.proxy.its. virginia.edu/ncomms/2013/130604/ncomms2961/full/ncomms2961.html “Urban Land and Conflict in the Global South.” Citiesmanchester. Accessed November 30, 2014. http://citiesmcr.wordpress.com/2013/04/29/urban-landand-conflict-in-the-global-south/. Vanstiphout, Wouter. “The Banality of Good.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opCNdQ9UKSY. Vanstiphout, Wouter. “Blame the Architect” Lecture Series. Design as Politics. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orMbCMcyO-0. Vanstiphout, Wouter. “Blame the Architect: On the relationship between urban planning, architecture, culture, and urban violence.” http://www.aaschool. ac.uk/VIDEO/lecture.php?ID=1357 Venturi, Robert. Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture. 2d ed. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2011. Weizman, Eyal. Hollow Land: Israel’s Architecture of Occupation. London: Verso, 2007. Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_conflict http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_inequality http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_conflict http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_city http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Babylon_%28Constant_Nieuwenhuys%29#cite_note-Lefebvre-Ross-1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_war http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_utopianism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia

183


bibliography case studies Clarke, Katherine. “Manhattan land prices get “stupid.” The Real Deal. November 15, 2013. Accessed November 20, 2014. http://therealdeal.com/ blog/2013/11/15/land-prices-get-stupid/. Dasgupta, Rana. Capital: The Eruption of Delhi. 2014. “Economic Survey of Delhi 2012-13: Housing & Urban Development,” Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, accessed September 11, 2014, http://www. delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/Economic+Survey+of+Dehli/Economic+Survey+of+Delhi+2012+-+2013. “Educators can’t stay silent about Israeli apartheid.” USACBI. US Campaign for the Academic & Cultural Boycott of Israel. http://www.usacbi.org/2012/02/ educators-cant-stay-silent-about-israeli-apartheid/ Goodman, Daniel. “New York’s East Harlem: Neighborhood Fighting to Keep Its Culture in the Face of Gentrification.” Business Insider. September 9, 2013. Accessed November 20, 2014. http://www.businessinsider.com/new-yorks-east-harlem-gentrification-photos-2013-9 “Human Development Report 2013: Shelter and Basic Service,” Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, Accessed September 11, 2014, http://delhi.gov.in/ wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/Misc./Index+Human+Development+Report+2013. “India Population (Live).” Worldometers. Accessed November 16, 2014. http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/india-population/ “India’s urban future,” The Economist online. September 30, 2012. Accessed September 25, 2014. http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2012/09/ india%E2%80%99s-urban-future Idiculla, Mathew. “Crafting ‘smart cities’: India’s new urban vision.” August 22, 2014. Accessed Nov 6, 2014. https://www.opendemocracy.net/openindia/ mathew-idiculla/crafting-%E2%80%9Csmart-cities%E2%80%9D-india%E2%80%99s-new-urban-vision King, Julia. “Inclusive City Building and the Promise of Freedom.” Incremental Cities. February 18, 2014, Accessed September 10, 2014, http:// incrementalcity.wordpress.com/2014/02/18/inclusive-city-building-and-the-promise-of-freedom/ Manchanda, Tarini. “Water Movements in Delhi.” June 12, 2013. Accessed November 20, 2014. http://www.ritimo.org/article4858.html Map by Gene Thorp, reporting by Dita Smith and graphic by Todd Lindeman/The Washington Post. Printed: May 30, 2006. Accessed October 20, 2014. http://www.mapmanusa.com/cci-twp-17.html Mathur, Anuradha. “Neither Wilderness Nor Home: The Indian Maidan.” Narayanan, Nipesh P. “Housing In Delhi,” Slideshare. March 5, 2012. http://www.slideshare.net/Nipesh/housing-in-delhi. “Poverty & Equity.” The World Bank. 2014. Accessed November 16, 2014. http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/country/IND Roberts, Sam. “Population Growth in New York City Is Reversing Decades-Old Trend, Estimates Show.” The New York Times. March 26, 2014. Accessed November 23, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/27/nyregion/population-growth-in-new-york-city-is-reversing-decades-old-trend-estimates-show.html. Ross, Kristin. “Henri Lefebvre on the Situationist International: Interview conducted and translated 1983 by Kristin Ross.” October 1979. http://www. notbored.org/lefebvre-interview.html Satow, Julie. “Despite Record Prices, RFR Goes on a Manhattan Buying Spree.” September 16, 2014. Accessed November 20, 2014. http://www.nytimes. com/2014/09/17/realestate/commercial/despite-record-prices-rfr-goes-on-a-manhattan-buying-spree.html?_r=0 Singer, Natasha. “Mission Control, Built for Cities: I.B.M. Takes ‘Smarter Cities’ Concept to Rio de Janeiro.” The New York Times. March 3, 2012. Accessed November 26, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/04/business/ibm-takes-smarter-cities-concept-to-rio-de-janeiro.html?pagewanted=all&_r=2& “Smarter Cities.” IBM. Accessed November 26, 2014. http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/smarter_cities/overview/ “South Bronx Home Prices & Values.” Zillow. 2014. Accessed November 20, 2014. http://www.zillow.com/south-bronx-new-york-ny/home-values/ “Upper East Side Home Prices & Values.” Zillow. 2014. Accessed November 20, 2014. http://www.zillow.com/upper-east-side-new-york-ny/home-values/. “Upper East Side, New York, NY: Lifestyle & Demographics.” Realtor.com 2014. Accessed November 20, 2014. http://www.realtor.com/local/Upper-EastSide_New-York_NY/lifestyle.“East Harlem Home Prices & Values.” Zillow. 2014. Accessed November 20, 2014. http://www.zillow.com/east-harlem-newyork-ny/home-values/ Vanilla, Alberto. “Whose smart city?” April 8, 2014. Accessed November 6, 2014. https://www.opendemocracy.net/opensecurity/alberto-vanolo/whose-smartcity Venugopal, Arun. “Census Pinpoints City’s Wealthiest, Poorest Neighborhoods.” WNYC. New York Public Radio. December 8, 2011. Accessed November 20, 2014. http://www.wnyc.org/story/174508-blog-census-locates-citys-wealthiest-and-poorest-neighborhoods/

184


“Walking City.” The Archigram Archival Project. Archigram. Accessed http://archigram.westminster.ac.uk/project.php?id=60 “Watch The Rich Take Over New York City In 2 Charts.” The Huffington Post. January 23, 2014. Accessed November 15, 2014. www.huffingtonpost. com/2014/01/09/income-inequality-nyc_n_4563073.html “World DataBank.” The World Bank. 2014. Accessed November 15, 2014. http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx “World’s most expensive cities.” Global Property Guide. 2014. Accessed November 23, 2014. http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/most-expensive-cities

185


bibliography Images and graphics (by Page #): Pg. 8-9: Names from Beall, Jo, Tom Goodfellow and Dennis Rodgers. “Cities and Conflict in Fragile States in the Developing World.� Urban Studies 2013. May 30, 2013. Pg 14-15 (Left) http://mainstream.com.mx/2014/01/24/el-contraataque-del-vih-antes-de-terminar-el-2013/ (Right) http://imgarcade.com/1/nonviolent-protest-mlk/ 18-19 http://ciberneticon.com/tecprehistorica/ 20-21 Kostof, A City Assembled 34-35 (Left) http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/photo/photoDetails.cfm?sitelang=en&ref=024750#0 (right) http://electronicintifada.net/content/2006-world-social-forum-european-social-forum-and-beyond-new-energy-quest-justice-and 36-37 http://catwalkartresidency.com/news The following images have been altered from these originals: 44-45 (left) http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/11/the_berlin_wall_20_years_gone.html (left bottom) https://mrkscoldwarc.wikispaces.com/Berlin+Wall 46-47 (left top) http://www.usacbi.org/2012/02/educators-cant-stay-silent-about-israeli-apartheid/ (left bottom) http://www.panoramio.com/photo/1353321 48-49 (left top) Kostof, A City Assembled (left bottom) https://architokyo.wordpress.com/exposition/ (Right top) http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/21/toulouse-shootings-french-islamist-threat (right middle) http://www.dw.de/french-riots-anniversary-passes-with-minor-skirmishes/a-2217658 (Right bottom left) http://www.lebanonwire.com/0711MLN/07112711STR.asp 50-51 http://www.theneworder.org/news/2014/04/sweden-model-national-sliding-toward-third-world-status/ 52-53 http://tropmag.com/2012/highways-and-rivers/ 54-55 (left top) http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/02/egypt-a-new-turning-point-for-the-revolution/100007/ (left bottom) http://israelmatzav.blogspot.com/2012/11/looks-like-mohammed-morsy-has-few.html 56-57 (left top) http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/social-media-hong-kong-protests (left middle) http://www.straitstimes.com/news/asia/east-asia/story/hong-kong-protests-democracy-street-battles-rage-despite-imminent-talks-20 (left bottom left) http://mashable.com/2014/07/01/hong-kong-democracy-rally/) (left bottom right) http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-29427735 58-59 (left top) http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/nov/15/occupy-wall-street-you-cant-evict (Left bottom) http://www.citylab.com/design/2014/06/who-really-owns-public-spaces/373612/ 60-61 (left top) http://stldotage.blogspot.com/2008/03/st-louis-needs-more-neutral-grounds.html (Left bottom) Kostof, A City Assembled 62-63 (Left top) Kostof, A City Assembled (Left bottom) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Delhi 64-65 (left top) Photo by Stein, Michelle (left bottom) http://firstbiz.firstpost.com/real-estate/the-big-shift-in-mumbai-realty-when-cuffe-parade-fell-off-the-rich-list-91438.html 72-73 (Left) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_%28book%29 74-75 (right - top three images) http://www.archdaily.com/295301/films-architecture-the-truman-show/, (right bottom) http://www.tboake.com/443_truman_f07.html 76-77(left and right) http://socks-studio.com/2011/03/19/exodus-or-the-voluntary-prisoners-of-architecture/ 78-79 http://artofmapping.blogspot.com/2010/09/le-corbusier-contemporary-city-1922.html 80-81 http://www.ryanraffa.com/parsons/blog/urban-drifts/ 82-83 (left) http://archigram.westminster.ac.uk/project.php?id=56 (right) http://archigram.westminster.ac.uk/project.php?id=60 84-85 http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/thesmartercity/

186


88-89 http://www.amazon.com/Collage-City-Colin-Rowe/dp/0262680424 90-91 http://hilariousbookbinder.blogspot.com/2014/01/on-fold-deleuze-nietzsche-and-seduction.html 92-93 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_interaction 104-105 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street 106-107 maps.bing.com 108-109 Diagram adapted from Jonathan Massey’s maps of Liberty Park: https://placesjournal.org/article/mapping-liberty-plaza/ 110-111 http://gothamist.com/2013/08/18/see_manhattans_wealth_inequality_vi.php 116-117 Google Earth Map 118-119 (left) http://www.gc.cuny.edu/Page-Elements/Academics-Research-Centers-Initiatives/Centers-and-Institutes/Center-for-Urban-Research/CURresearch-initiatives/Communities-of-Interest-in-New-York-City (right) http://www.prattcenter.net/research/toward-informed-rebuilding-documenting-sandys-impacts 120-121 Google Earth Map 122-123 Google Earth Map 124-125 Google Earth Map 144-145 http://www.genxisocialbuzz.com/index.php/ansal-api-green-escape-sonepat-is-spread-over-30-acres-with-only-37-high-rise-apartments/ 146-147 Photo by Stein, Michelle 148-149 Photo by Stein, Michelle 150-151 Google Earth Map 152-153 Google Earth Map 154-155 Kostof, A City Assembled 158-159 (from left) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramlila_Maidan 164-165 (left) http://www.spamula.net/blog/2006/06/civitas_veri_1.html, (right - clockwise from top left) http://www.torontosun.com/2014/10/19/hong-kong-street-clashes-erupt-despite-imminent-talks, http://www.straitstimes. com/news/asia/east-asia/story/hong-kong-protests-democracy-street-battles-rage-despite-imminent-talks-20, http://socks-studio.com/2011/03/19/exodusor-the-voluntary-prisoners-of-architecture/, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2013-05/25/c_132407685.htm, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Old_Delhi, http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/11/the_berlin_wall_20_years_gone.html 166-167 (right - clockwise from top left) Kostof, A City Assembled, https://architokyo.wordpress.com/exposition/, http://www.panoramio.com/ photo/1353321, http://tropmag.com/2012/highways-and-rivers/, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-29427735, http://www.usacbi.org/2012/02/ educators-cant-stay-silent-about-israeli-apartheid/ 168-169 (right - all three) Kostof, A City Assembled 170-171 (right - top to bottom) http://israelmatzav.blogspot.com/2012/11/looks-like-mohammed-morsy-has-few.html, http://mashable.com/2014/07/01/ hong-kong-democracy-rally/, http://www.citylab.com/design/2014/06/who-really-owns-public-spaces/373612/ 172-173 (right - clockwise from top right) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tower_of_London,_Traitors_Gate.jpg, https://mrkscoldwarc.wikispaces. com/Berlin+Wall, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon, http://firstbiz.firstpost.com/real-estate/the-big-shift-in-mumbai-realty-when-cuffe-parade-felloff-the-rich-list-91438.html 174-175 (right - from left) http://www.theneworder.org/news/2014/04/sweden-model-national-sliding-toward-third-world-status/, http://www.dw.de/frenchriots-anniversary-passes-with-minor-skirmishes/a-2217658

187


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.