2025 MODS AT-A-GLANCE
WELCOME TO MODS
The mission of the Museum of Discovery and Science is connecting people to inspiring science.
MUSEUM HOURS - COME FOR A VISIT & A FILM!
The Museum hours are Monday through Saturday from 10 a.m. – 5 p.m. and Sunday from 12 p.m. – 5 p.m.
The Museum is open every day of the year, except for two days: one day in the fall for our Annual Wine, Spirits and Culinary Celebration (October 17) and Thanksgiving.
IMAX® THEATER HOURS
Monday–Saturday, first show at 10 a.m. • Sunday, first show at 12 p.m. The AutoNation® IMAX® 3D Theater is open every day of the year, except for our Annual Wine, Spirits and Culinary Celebration (October 17) and Thanksgiving. For showtimes and tickets, please visit mods.org/showtimes
MODS WELCOMES INDIVIDUALS FROM ALL WALKS OF LIFE
to visit, experience, connect and discover inspiring science. We support all family structures, creating a culture of hospitality where diversity is celebrated. Our doors are open to everyone: individuals and families with physical, sensory and emotional disabilities and disparities in education, social and economic status. We embrace our diverse community of various ethnicities, religions, gender identification and sexual orientations. All are welcome here.
THE UNPARALLELED EXPERIENCE Bigger, Bolder and Beyond Comparison!
See films like never before at the AutoNation ® IMAX® Theater! Our six-story-high screen is large enough to show a whale life-size – and that’s just the beginning.
No other IMAX® in South Florida rivals our sound and resolution, delivering a viewing experience. We’re the only theater in Florida equipped to screen 2D, 3D digital and 15/70mm film – with a full-frame 1.43:1 aspect ratio that fills our entire screen, making every scene feel larger than life. Experience films like they’re meant to be – only at AutoNation® IMAX® Theater.
Upcoming Hollywood IMAX® Films*
Upcoming IMAX® Documentaries*
MAX PACK
Purchase a MAX Pack of six Hollywood IMAX® film passes for $116 to give as a gift or keep for yourself! This is perfect for the movie buffs in your family or friend’s circle. Enjoy popcorn on us with the purchase of a MAX Pack. (Expires one year from purchase.)
For the latest updates on film releases, dates and times, please visit mods.org/showtimes. *Dates subject to release by film producers.
Reimagine the World, Brick by Brick. Saturdays: 10 a.m. - 5 p.m. • Sundays: 12 p.m. - 5 p.m.
Unleash your imagination with LEGO ® bricks! Build the Change by experimenting with creative solutions, coding dance moves in a LEGO ® Coding Dance Party and designing imaginative animal habitats. Celebrate the power of play and innovation on International LEGO ® Day (January 28)!
Included with Museum admission.
Get your tickets today by visiting mods.org/tickets
Get to Know Heroes of the Past and Be a Hero Yourself with Xavier Riddle!
Saturdays: 10 a.m. - 5 p.m. • Sundays: 12 p.m. - 5 p.m.
Get your tickets today by visiting mods.org/tickets
Discover how ordinary people changed the world with Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum: The Exhibit! Travel through history to meet inspiring inventors, groundbreaking astronauts, sustainability visionaries and more. Explore their stories and lessons through handson fun for the whole family!
Included with Museum admission.
FREE Indoor & Outdoor Science Expo –Where Curiosity Runs Wild and Innovation Takes Flight! March 8 • 10 a.m. - 5 p.m.
Dive into a full day of hands-on STEM adventures at MODS! From thrilling science shows to makerspace workshops, there’s something for everyone.
Festival Highlights:
• Live Science Shows – Be amazed by nationally renowned presenters.
• Makerspace Workshops – Build, create and experiment with cool tech and materials.
• Innovation Showcase – Explore cutting-edge scientific breakthroughs from local industries and universities.
• Science Cafés – Connect with STEM pros over thought-provoking talks.
Science That Tastes Good!
April 5, 6, 26 and 27
Saturdays: 11 a.m. • 1 p.m.
30-minute tour; 15-minute Q&A after tour
Sundays: 1 p.m. • 3 p.m.
30-minute tour, 15-minute Q&A after tour
Explore the MODS Food Forest and dive into the world of sustainable gardening and permaculture! Learn how to grow your own food forest, identify tropical plants and take home cuttings to kick-start your garden adventure. It’s a botanical journey you won’t forget!
Included with Museum admission.
Get your tickets today by visiting mods.org/tickets
Learn About the Role Ladybugs and Insects Play in the Environment!
April 26 • 12 p.m. and 2 p.m.
Flutter into the MODS Food Forest for an enchanting ladybug release! Explore the fascinating world of insects and learn how ladybugs play a vital role in keeping our environment healthy. Don’t miss this magical encounter with nature’s tiny heroes!
Included with Museum admission.
Get your tickets today by visiting mods.org/tickets
May the Science Be With You: Storms, Sabers & Cultural Celebrations!
Saturdays: 10 a.m. - 5 p.m.
Sundays: 12 p.m. - 5 p.m.
Get ready for a whirlwind of adventure and discovery! Ignite your creativity by making a lightsaber on May the 4th, journey into the heart of hurricane science with FREE admission to Eye of the Storm and celebrate the inspiring achievements of Asian-Pacific American innovators. From science enthusiasts to thrill-seekers, this month is your ultimate destination for fun, learning and excitement!
Included with Museum admission.
Get your tickets today by visiting mods.org/tickets
Join the Galactic Celebration!
Sunday, May 4 • 12 p.m. - 5 p.m.
Get ready for an interstellar adventure at MODS! Build a bot, train as a Padawan in our interactive Jedi workshop and engineer a Starship to navigate challenges from a galaxy far, far away. Young Jedi (ages 0-6) can create Galactic Stars, launch ships into orbit and explore the magnetic mysteries of the universe. Discover the pull of gravity, the might of magnetism and the secrets of the cosmos in a day filled with starry adventures. The force is strong with this one—may it guide you through an unforgettable day of discovery!
Included with Museum admission.
Get your tickets today by visiting mods.org/tickets
Enjoy a Day of Cultural Festivities!
Saturday, May 10 • 10 a.m. – 5 p.m.
Experience Asian-Pacific American cultures through dazzling performances by Kehlani from Polynesian Proud Productions, rhythmic drumming with Ronin Taiko and martial arts demonstrations by Joe Keit. Create origami butterflies, try Japanese calligraphy with artist Kisen and explore vibrant art forms from Asia and the Pacific Islands. Little ones (ages 0-6) can enjoy dance, storytime and crafts like Tibetan flags and Damaru drums.
Included with Museum admission.
Get your tickets today by visiting mods.org/tickets
Free Admission Day!
Saturday, May 31 • 10 a.m. - 5 p.m.
Hurricane season is here and MODS is teaming up with FIU’s International Hurricane Research Center and the Florida Division of Emergency Management! Future storm chasers, meteorologists and engineers will dive into hurricane science
Hurricane Science, Mitigation, and Preparedness and disaster preparedness. Then, explore sustainability and climate adaptation in Florida’s Climate Future City, sponsored by the Environmental Defense Fund. Families can design and test resilient cities incorporating innovative features to withstand extreme weather. Young meteorologists (ages 0-6) can discover how hurricanes form and create “My Hero Helper” portraits. Join us for a hands-on journey into the science of storms, resilience and building a sustainable future!
JUNE - AUGUST
A Roaring Adventure Awaits!
Saturdays: 10 a.m. - 5 p.m. • Sundays: 12 p.m. - 5 p.m.
Embark on a roaring adventure through Expedition: Dinosaur Rise of the Mammals where science and fun collide! Dig for fossils like a paleontologist, uncover the secrets of how dinosaurs evolved into the animals we know today and explore the incredible story of the extinction event that reshaped life on Earth. Get hands-on with real fossils, make your own shark tooth necklace and investigate prehistoric ecosystems. Meet living dinosaur descendants in thrilling animal encounters, discover the tools and techniques scientists use to uncover ancient secrets and even step into the shoes of a paleontologist in the Dino Dig Pit. Little ones can hatch dinosaur eggs, create fossils and bring dino puppets to life in fun activities just for them. It’s a dino-mite journey full of discovery, science and excitement for all ages!
Included with Museum admission.
Get your tickets today by visiting mods.org/tickets
A Day of Family Fun!
Saturday, June 28 • 10 a.m. - 5 p.m.
Explore the science of rainbows with colorful activities and a lively parade through our exhibits! Enjoy hands-on experiments, create instantly drying tie-dyed T-shirts (bring your own or buy one for $5) and experience the dazzling Pride KaBoom! show. Little ones (ages 0-6) can dance, create vibrant masks and make rainbow prints in a day filled with fun and discovery.
Get your tickets today by visiting mods.org/2025pride
Sponsored by
In-Kind Sponsor
MESSY SCIENCE
Saturdays: 10 a.m. - 5 p.m.
Sundays: 12 p.m. - 5 p.m.
Get ready to dive into a slimy, muddy, ooey-gooey adventure at MODS! Unleash your inner scientist with messy hands-on experiments, meet animal ambassadors who dig, crawl and slime their way through life and discover how our Life Sciences team cares for the amazing creatures that call MODS home. Create your own muddy masterpieces, stretch and splatter sticky slimes and uncover their gooey secrets under a microscope. It’s a month of slime-filled fun, wild animal encounters and messy discoveries for all ages! Included with Museum admission.
Get your tickets today by visiting mods.org/tickets
Dine, Drink, Dance and Discover!
Friday, October 17 • 5:30 p.m. – 6:30 p.m. VIP | 6:30 p.m. – 10 p.m. Grand Tasting
Cheers to 29 years! Dine, drink, dance and discover at an event like no other at the 29th Annual Bank of America Wine, Spirits and Culinary Celebration. The event’s legendary Grand Tasting will take place from 6:30 p.m. – 10 p.m. VIP access starts at 5:30 p.m. This ticketed event includes a grand tasting of cuisine from South Florida’s premier restaurants, an array of wine and spirits from around the world, a beer garden, music & dancing and a silent auction. Adults 21+ only event.
HOST PACKAGES:
• $2,850 Group VIP Platinum Package (12 people)
• $1,100 Group Grand Tasting Package (10 people)
• $300 Individual VIP Platinum Ticket* – Includes early admission at 5:30 p.m. and access to the Platinum Lounge
• $150 Individual Grand Tasting Ticket*
*Save 10% on “Early Bird” Individual VIP Platinum and Individual Grand Tasting Tickets through September 5!
For sponsorship opportunities contact Hillary Wallace at 954.713.0918 or hillary.wallace@mods.org .
A Wicked Good Time!
Saturdays: 10 a.m. - 5 p.m. • Sundays: 12 p.m. - 5 p.m.
Calling all ghouls and goblins – get ready for spooktacular weekends of costumes, misty bubbles and selfies with Spooky Spot! Show off your best moves at the Monster Mash Music Party, test your courage in the spooky science lab haunted house and meet some creepy crawly creatures that call MODS home. Create monster finger puppets, electric creatures and spooky spiders to take home for a frightfully fun experience for all ages and the young at heart! On October 25, decorate a pumpkin, sponsored by Truly Nolen – spaces are limited and available on a first-come, first-served basis.
Included with Museum admission.
Sponsored by
Get your tickets today by visiting mods.org/tickets
IN NOVEMBER
No Job Too Big! Explore STEAM Careers with Paw Patrol and Friends!
Saturdays: 10 a.m. - 5 p.m. • Sundays: 12 p.m. - 5 p.m.
Join the fun every weekend at MODS with our exciting Paw Patrol
Adventure Play exhibit and special community partners! Families can dive into action-packed activities inspired by STEAM careers, from designing rescue vehicles and building homes to discovering the tools and talents that real-life heroes use every day. Meet local firefighters, police officers and first responders while exploring how they make a difference in our communities. Each weekend offers new opportunities to create, explore and be inspired by the heroes around us. Don’t miss this pawsome adventure that’s perfect for the whole family!
Included with Museum admission.
Get your tickets today by visiting mods.org/tickets
Snow Much Fun – Dive into Winter Magic with Science!
Saturdays: 10 a.m. - 5 p.m. • Sundays: 12 p.m. - 5 p.m.
Uncover the wonders of winter and the science behind Florida’s unique climate through dazzling winter lights, sensory experiences and our “un-brr-lievable” Winter Nitro Show! Meet fascinating resident animals and discover how they adapt during a Florida “winter.” From exploring water’s magical transformations to handson winter science fun, there’s something for all ages to enjoy!
Included with Museum admission.
Get your tickets today by visiting mods.org/tickets
Ring in 2026 with a Midday Bash! December 31 • 10 a.m. - 5 p.m. Ball Drop at 12 p.m.
Join us for a fun-filled celebration with music, dance-offs and exciting science experiments! Create your own party gear, dance on a bubble wrap floor and count down to the epic ball drop at noon. Add your New Year’s resolution to our gallery wall and kick off 2026 with a bang – perfect fun for all ages!
Included with Museum admission.
Get your tickets today by visiting mods.org/tickets
In-Kind Sponsor
Travel Through Time – Become a Hero!
January 17 – May 11
Join Xavier, Yadina and Brad on time-traveling adventures inspired by the PBS KIDS® series! Sneak through hidden passages, meet historical heroes like Marie Curie and George Washington Carver, dig for fossils and solve challenges in the Secret Museum. Explore the Hall of Heroes, don a red cape and discover how ordinary people change the world. It’s a playful, hands-on experience where kids learn they can be heroes too!
Included with Museum admission.
Get your tickets today by visiting mods.org/tickets
Explore More with the Xavier Riddle Broward Passport Adventure!
Visit amazing museums and organizations throughout Broward County, including the African American Research Library and Cultural Center, Art and Culture Center Hollywood, Bonnet House, Broward County Libraries, Coral Springs Museum of Art, Flamingo Gardens, History Fort Lauderdale, Old Davie School Museum, Stranahan House, Wiener Museum of Decorative Arts and Young at Art Museum. Snap a photo at four locations to win a prize! For details, visit mods.org/xavierpassport.
Travel 66 Million Years Back –Where Dinosaurs Roamed and Mammals Rose!
May 23 – September 1
Uncover the mysteries of Earth’s greatest transformation with Expedition Dinosaur: Rise of the Mammals! Embark on an epic journey through the final days of the dinosaurs, the catastrophic extinction and the rise of mammals. Marvel at life-size animatronic dinosaurs and mammals from the mighty T-Rex to the armored Ankylosaurus and the curious Anzu brought to life with jaw-dropping movements and sounds.
Dig into interactive fossil hunts, create your own dinosaurs at the art spinner and test your skills in the Dino Operation Game. Dive into a 3D topography sandbox, scan fossils and explore a paleontologist’s field tent to uncover prehistoric secrets. This adventure is waiting for you!
Included with Museum admission.
Get your tickets today by visiting mods.org/tickets
The Museum hosts nationally recognized temporary exhibits annually with sponsorship support provided by
Presented Locally by
Save the Day Through Hands-on Play!
September 12 – January 10, 2026
Step into Adventure Bay and team up with Marshall, Chase, Skye and the whole PAW Patrol squad for exciting rescue missions! Families work together to overcome challenges and explore how community heroes like firefighters, police officers and construction workers keep us safe. It’s a hands-on adventure packed with teamwork, problem-solving and fun!
Included with Museum admission.
Get your tickets today by visiting mods.org/tickets
The Museum hosts nationally recognized temporary exhibits annually with sponsorship support provided by
All are Welcome at MODS!
January 26 • February 23 • March 23 April 6 • April 27 • May 25 • June 22 July 27 • August 24 • September 28 October 26 • November 23 • December 28 11 a.m. - 1 p.m.
Kick off your day with early access to the Museum, filled with sensory-friendly activities and hands-on fun! Then, enjoy an IMAX® film* with brighter lights and softer sound – feel free to move, dance, sing or bring your favorite snacks and blankets to get cozy. It’s a judgment-free zone where everyone can enjoy the magic of MODS their way!
Free admission.
Get your tickets today by visiting mods.org/sensorysunday
Play, Learn and Grow Together!
Bloom with us in Sprouting STEM! Your Little Seedlings and Little Sprouts will enjoy hands-on activities, animal encounters, music, pop-up science and wiggle time. This “caregiver and me” program offers drop-in playdates and structured classes tailored for young learners.
DROP-IN AND EXPLORE (0-6 years)
PLAYDATES (0-6 years)
Music Time • Pop-Up Science • Wiggle Time
LITTLE SEEDLINGS CLASS (6-18 months)*
LITTLE SPROUTS CLASS (18-36 months)*
Included with Museum admission. Space is limited. First-come, first-served.
Get your tickets today by visiting mods.org/tickets
*Guests must arrive 10 minutes before the class starts.
CLASSES
Mondays • Wednesdays • Fridays
1:30 p.m. - 2:15 p.m.
Step into the Discovery Spot Classes* where little ones (ages 2-6) and their caregivers can soar, splash and explore South Florida’s wonders! With playful STEM fun and hands-on adventures, you’ll make BIG discoveries together. Join us for music, stories and unforgettable learning through play!
Little Aviators • Little Fins • Little Rangers
Included with Museum admission. Space is limited. First-come, first-served.
Get your tickets today by visiting mods.org/tickets
*Guests must arrive 10 minutes before the class starts.
Celebrate Baby’s Firsts with Science, Stories and Fun!
February 14 (Valentine’s Day)
October 25 (Halloween)
November 20 (Thanksgiving)
December 9 (Winter)
December 31 (New Year’s) 10 a.m. - 5 p.m.
Babies are naturally born scientists, constantly discovering the world around them! Dive into playful adventures with themed stories, hands-on STEM fun and a festive photo booth to capture precious memories. Enjoy sensory-rich experiences and parent tips from our partner – perfect for unforgettable first discoveries!
Included with Museum admission.
Get your tickets today by visiting mods.org/tickets
May - July 2025 • Check Dates Online
8 p.m. – 1 a.m.
Start your journey at MODS with a fascinating presentation about sea turtles, followed by a guided trip to the nesting grounds. While sightings aren’t guaranteed, witnessing a nesting Loggerhead sea turtle is a breathtaking experience you won’t forget!
Members: $35 per person (adult or child, age 9+)
Non-members: $40 per person (adult or child, age 9+)
Participants must be at least 9 years old.
To register, please visit mods.org/turtlewalks
In Partnership with
BEACH CLEANUPS
Keep Our Beaches Clean!
February 1 • April 19 • June 7
August 16 • October 4 • December 6
8 a.m. - 11 a.m.
Join MODS for a fun-filled morning of beach cleanup, with entrance fees waived for all volunteers! Perfect for all ages, especially kids 8+, with adult chaperones required for those 16 and under.
Pack a reusable water bottle, sunscreen, bug spray and wear comfy, closed-toe shoes. We’ll provide water, Gatorade and cleanup supplies, but feel free to bring your own gear. Let’s work together to protect our beautiful beaches!
For more information and to register, please visit mods.org/beachcleanup
In Partnership with
Enjoy MODS for just $3 per person for up to four guests with an EBT or WIC card – year-round! This program encourages families of all backgrounds to explore museums and build lifelong learning habits. Simply present a valid photo ID and EBT or WIC card at the box office to receive this discount. Adults and children are eligible and kids under 1 get in free.
MUSEUMS ON US®
FREE Admission for Cardholders!
January 4-5 • February 1-2 • March 1-2 • April 5-6
May 3-4 • June 7-8 • July 5-6 • August 2-3
September 6-7 • October 4-5 • November 1-2
December 6-7 • 10 a.m. - 5 p.m.
Saturdays: 10 a.m. - 5 p.m.
Sundays: 12 p.m. - 5 p.m.
MODS is proud to participate in the Museums on Us® program, offering Bank of America, Merrill or Private Bank (U.S. Trust) cardholders one free general admission on the first full weekend of every month.
Simply present your active credit or debit card and photo ID at the Museum box office to enjoy free admission. Offer excludes ticketed exhibits, special events and fundraisers.
Sponsored by
Camp Aviation Academy
Honoring Our Heroes: FREE Summer Admission
May 17 - September 1
MODS proudly participates in the Blue Star Museums program, honoring active military personnel and veterans. From Armed Forces Day (May 17) through Labor Day (September 1), enjoy FREE Museum admission for active military, veterans and up to five family members. This program is our way of saying thank you for your service. Please note, IMAX® Theater admission is not included and proper identification is required at the box office.
Where Learning Meets Fun!
When school’s out, the fun begins at Camp STEAMology! Designed for kindergarten through 4th grade, this camp offers hands-on STEM activities, interactive exploration and age-appropriate adventures. Each week wraps up with an exciting IMAX® experience to spark even more curiosity. It’s not just camp – it’s a journey into the world of STEAM your child will never forget!
Grades: Kindergarten through Grade 4
Time: 9 a.m. – 3:30 p.m. Drop off: 8:30 a.m.
Aftercare available.
Padawan Academy
March 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 and 31
Space Exploration with NASA
June 9-13
Expedition: Dinosaur!
June 16-20
MODS Magical Camp for Witches and Wizards
June 23-27
STEM: Water Play
June 30-July 3
July 7-11
Animal Adventures
July 14-18
LEGO® Creations Explosion
July 28-August 1
Enchanted Forests: Myths and Legends*
August 4-8
For more information and to register, please visit mods.org/camp *Dates are subject to change based on Broward County Schools schedule.
A Magnetic Night of Fun!
Saturday, April 5 • 6 p.m. - 9 p.m.
Prepare for an electrifying MAGNA-TILES® experience where physics, geometry and magnetic science combine to ignite creativity and curiosity. Build vibrant 3D towers, engineer custom structures and test the limits of stability and design through thrilling MAGNA-TILES® challenges. Marvel at the principles of magnetism in action and watch science come alive with mind-blowing live demonstrations that explore the forces holding your creations together. Dive into hands-on STEM activities and enjoy exclusive after-hours access to Museum exhibits. Perfect for aspiring architects, curious scientists and families ready to explore the wonders of magnetism, this dynamic event promises an unforgettable night of learning and fun!
Level Up Your Fun with a Night Full of Pokémon Magic and Science!
Saturday, September 13 • 6 p.m. - 9 p.m.
Embark on the ultimate Pokémon adventure at Family Science Night, where the world of Pokémon meets the wonders of science. Engage in thrilling card trading and strategic battles while exploring the mathematics of probability and decision-making. Watch live science demonstrations inspired by the Pokémon universe, delving into the elemental forces of nature such as fire, water and electricity. Design and build your own custom Pokémon creations using engineering principles and explore the biology of real-world creatures that inspire Pokémon designs. Snap a picture with Pikachu and experience a night filled with creativity, discovery and Pokémon magic! Perfect for fans of all ages, this legendary event combines the science of the natural world with the excitement of Pokémon in an unforgettable way!
Members: $45 Non-members: $55 The price includes pizza dinner, all activities and Museum exploration. Get your tickets today by visiting mods.org/familyscience
2025 GO RIVERWALK EVENT SCHEDULE
March 22 - 4th Annual Riverwalk International Food Festival
January 4 - 15th Annual Riverwalk Stone Crab & Seafood Festival
February 8 - 9th Annual Riverwalk Chili Cook-O
February 14-23- Ignite Broward – Esplanade Park/Riverwalk, Museum of Discovery & Science and MAD Arts – Partnership with Broward Cultural Division, MAD Arts and Museum of Discovery & Science
Spring 2025* - 25th Annual Riverwalk Tribute Spring 2025* - Riverwalk Burger Battle
*Dates are subject to change. Riverwalk Fort Lauderdale - 2025 Events Schedule
April 12 - Riverwalk Smoke on the Water BBQ Feast
May 17* - 3rd Annual Riverwalk Tacos & Tequila Feast
October 18* - 9th Annual Riverwalk Fall Festival
November 1* - Florida Day of the Dead Celebration
November 7* - Light Up Lauderdale
November 15* - 19th Annual Riverwalk Mutts & Martinis For more information on upcoming Riverwalk events visit www.GoRiverwalk.com
Planning a birthday party at MODS is a piece of cake.
Just say the word and we’ll put the wheels in motion for a birthday party that your special child will always remember. Our Museum birthday parties are offered for children ages 3-12. Choose from exciting themed programs that include age-appropriate science activities, Museum exhibits exploration, birthday cake, pizza and beverages and much, much more.
Choose from one of our exciting themes: Animal Mania, Dinosaur Adventure or Slime Time Celebration!
Ask our guest experience representative how you can give your child an unforgettable Museum birthday party by contacting 954.713.0930 or email booking@mods.org.
A VENUE LIKE NO OTHER!
Scientifically proven to be the best place to hold your event! From weddings and banquets to corporate meetings, we’ve mastered the art of making any gathering unforgettable. Let us know what you’re celebrating and we’ll make it a party!
• Centrally located in downtown Fort Lauderdale
• Accommodates up to 2,000 guests
• Event planning expert to advise on logistics and customization of space