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Have you ever thought what the first camera was like? Or how we achieved to make the new Digital Cameras? Have you ever tried to take a look inside the camera and see how it works? And what are the camera different uses today? This report will take you in tour about cameras. The history of the cameras and what was early cameras look like and from where the idea came out, the advance happened from the first camera to today’s very complex digital and DSLR cameras. Then what’s inside the camera? What gives the camera this power to capture light rays?! We’ll talk about that and the basic parts of cameras, Aperture, Shutter… etc. to give you good vision about cameras and you’ll be able to know what’s happening inside the camera when you take a photo. Finally Cameras are used now in life in too many fields almost every field in life. We’ll talk briefly about three examples of these fields, war, science, and general social life.
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Camera Obscura. The starting idea for taking photos. New digital and DSLR cameras working with the same concept of camera obscura 1|Page
The first idea of cameras or generally storing light rays to make a photo came from how our eyes work and deal with light rays , so we’ll talk first briefly about how we see and how our eyes work . As you see in Fig. 1.1 there are many different parts of the eye that help to create vision. Light passes through the cornea, the clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye. The cornea bends - or refracts - this incoming light. The iris, the colored part of the eye -Fig 1.2- regulates the size of the pupil, the opening that controls the amount of light that enters the eye. Behind the pupil is the lens, a clear part of the eye that further focuses light, or an image, onto the retina. The retina is a thin, delicate, photosensitive tissue that contains the special "photoreceptor" cells that convert light into electrical signals. These electrical signals are processed further, and then travel from the retina of the eye to the brain through the optic nerve, a bundle of about one million nerve fibers. We "see" with our brains; our eyes collect visual information and begin this complex process.
Fig. 1.1. eye anatomy
Fig. 1.2. Eye iris
Fig. 1.3. Obscura , the concept of cameras.
So very briefly light rays travels throw a hole then projected on something the retina, a wall, film, or sensors as you will see in the next papers, see Fig. 1.3. This is how eyes work and this exactly the first idea of cameras, the CAMERA OBSCURA. 2|Page
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1.2.1 CAMERA OBSCURA (1490). Leonardo da Vinci wrote the first detailed description of camera obscura in his Atlantic Codex page collection History of photography History of photography of drawings and writings. The principle of camera obscura -Fig. 1.4- involves punching a hole in a dark box and putting a piece of light-sensitive material on the other side so light can travel throw the hole then impacts the light sensitive material and then providing a photograph. The first picture of a pinhole camera obscura is a drawing by Gemma Frisus' De Radio, an astronomer He used the pinhole in his darkened room to study the solar eclipse of 1544 as shown in Fig. 1.5.
Fig. 1.4. Camera Obscura
Fig. 1.5. study of the solar eclipse with obscura
The first partially successful photograph of a camera image was made in approximately 1816 by Nicéphore Niépce using a very small camera of his own making and a piece of paper coated with silver chloride, which darkened where it was exposed to light. No means of removing the remaining unaffected silver chloride was known to Niépce, so the photograph was not permanent, eventually becoming entirely darkened by the overall exposure to light necessary for viewing it. To solve this problem Louis Daguerre and Joseph Nicéphore Niépce invented the first practical photographic method, which was named the daguerreotype, in 1836. Daguerre coated a copper plate with silver, then treated it with iodine vapor to make it sensitive to 3|Page
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light. The image was developed by mercury vapor and fixed with a strong solution of ordinary salt (sodium chloride ) 1.2.2 Kodak and photographic film As we see materials storing light rays had many developments Throughout history until we had kodak camera shown in Fig. 1.6 with the photographic film . The Kodak came pre-loaded with enough film for 100 exposures and needed to be sent back to the factory for processing and reloading when the roll was finished.
Fig. 1.6. Kodak camera
Photographic film -Fig. 1.7- is a strip or sheet of transparent plastic film base coated on one side with a gelatin emulsion containing microscopically small light-sensitive silver halide crystals. The sizes and other characteristics of the crystals determine the sensitivity, contrast and resolution of the film.
Fig. 1.7. Photographic film
Color film -Fig. 1.8- uses at least three layers. Dyes, which adsorb to the surface of the silver salts, make the crystals sensitive to different colors. Typically the blue-sensitive layer is on top, followed by the green and red layers.
Fig. 1.8. Color film
The early History of cameras as we have seen had lots of challenges how to collect light and how to store it and what sensitive material is better ‌ etc. then a big invention in the world of cameras came out , the DIGITAL CAMERAS 4|Page
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1.3.1 The first digital camera Digital camera technology is directly related to and evolved from the same technology that recorded television images. In 1951, the first video tape recorder (VTR) captured live images from television cameras by converting the information into electrical impulses (digital) and saving the information onto magnetic tape. Bing Crosby laboratories (the research team funded by Crosby and headed by engineer John Mullin ) created the first early VTR and by 1956, VTR technology was perfected (the VR1000 invented by Charles P. Ginsburg and the Ampex Corporation) and in common use by the television industry. Both television/video cameras and digital cameras use a CCD (Charged Coupled Device) to sense light color and intensity. Texas Instruments patented , the first to do so. In August, 1981, Sony released the Sony Mavica electronic still camera, the camera which was the first commercial electronic camera. Images were recorded onto a mini disc and then put into a video reader that was connected to a television monitor or color printer. However, the early Mavica cannot be considered a true digital camera even though it started the digital camera revolution. It was a video camera that took video freeze-frames.
Fig. 1.9. 1st digital camera
Since the mid-1970s, Kodak has invented several solid-state image sensors -Fig. 1.10that "converted light to digital pictures" for professional and home consumer use. In Fig. 1.10 Image sensor
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1986, Kodak scientists invented the world's first megapixel sensor, capable of recording 1.4 million pixels that could produce a 5x7-inch digital photo-quality print 1.3.2 Today digital cameras. First type is Point-and-shoot cameras shown in Fig. 1.11 these cameras are small, inexpensive, and easy to use because they contain fixed lenses and a built-in flash. To frame a picture, they typically have a liquid crystal display (LCD)–based viewfinder. If they do have an optical viewfinder, they tend to inaccurately frame the image. The advantage and disadvantage of point-andshoot models is that they are designed to be simple. Thus, they have limited user control over the camera. Some cameras have the focus and exposure set automatically. The second type is DSLR cameras shown in Fig. 1.12 . In contrast to point-and-shoot cameras, DSLR cameras have optical viewfinders, removable lenses, external flashes, and the ability to focus and to adjust exposure manually when needed. It is a direct replacement of the conventional film– based single lens reflex (SLR) models used by physicians for decades. For these reasons, DSLR cameras tend to be more complicated and expensive than point-and-shoot models. The cost has decreased; a complete DSLR system can be purchased for less than $1000. The early generation DSLR units tended to be more expensive, larger, and bulkier than conventional film-based cameras. This is no longer the case, with today's DSLR cameras becoming cheaper, lighter, and more compact with each successive generation. 6|Page
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Fig. 1.11. Point-and-shoot
Fig. 1.12. DSLR cameras
Here is the history of Cameras detailed : Date
Event
1814
A Frenchman called Joseph Nicéphore Niépceobtained the first ever photographic image with his “Camera Obscura”. This image was taken by having the shutter left open for eight hours ad faded shortly after. The French artist Louis Jacques MandéDaguerre took the first fixed image on his Daguerreotype. This image did not fade and took less than thirty minutes of exposure. William Henry Talbot patented the process of Calotype- which involves the first negative-positive printing process making it possible to make multiple copies of a picture. The first advertisement using a photograph is made in Philadelphia The Collodion process is invented by Frederick Scott Archer. This requires only two or three seconds of sunlight exposure for the image to be captured. The panoramic camera is patented In Sutton. A man called Richard Leach Maddox invents a gelatin dry plate silver bromide process-negatives are no longer needed to be developed immediately. Eastman dry plate company is founded. Flexible, paper based photographic film is invented by company “Eastman”. Eastman has another invention, the Kodak roll film camera. The turn of the century brought around the first mass marketed camera “the Browning”. The first 35mm still camera is developed Electricity company General Electric invents the modern flash bulb which enables the photograph to be brighter or taken in dark areas and seen clearly in the finished picture. Eastman Kodak starts selling Kodachromefilm on the market Eastman Kodak introduces Kodacolournegative film Edwin Land markets his invention, the Polaroid camera. EG&G produces a camera that can withstand extreme underwater depths for the U.S.navy. The first ever literally “out of this world” photograph is taken. And we receive an image of our planet taken from the moon. Polaroid develops one step instant colourfilm, shoot and print with one click. Konica invents the point and shoot auto focus camera Sony publicly gives a demonstration of their newest addition to the original camera, the camcorder. Four years later canon demonstrates their next big thing for many years, an electronic still camera. Pixar releases a digital imaging processor. Eastman Kodak develops the photo cd as a digital image storing device.
1837
1841
1843 1851 1859 1871
1880 1884 1888 1900 1913-1914 1927
1935 1941 1948 1960 1968 1973 1978 1980 1984 1985 1990
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The inside complex structure of the new Canon EOS SLR camera
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The three main parts in any camera, obscura, human eye, digital, Kodak, or the most complex new DSLR camera are the same, A hole to collect light, dark room, and something that senses light and stores it as shown in fig. 2.1 . In new cameras the hole that collects light rays is called the Aperture and the dark room is the camera body and the light sensitive thing is a Digital image sensors -fig. 2.2- that stores the image to a memory card.
Fig. 2.1 The main parts of any camera As you see light travels throw the aperture in the dark room and then impact the something or a light sensitive material
The amount of image sensors sets how much megapixels are there in a photo . Fig. 2.2 Image sensor
Camera aperture -fig. 2.3- is one from the most important parts of the camera, you may say “it’s just a hole� but it controls two very important things . The first thing is light exposure or the amount of light that impact your sensors so in day light or usually outdoors in day if we want to take a 9|Page
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Fig. 2.3 aperture
photo we should adjust the aperture tobe small not to enter too much light and having overexposed photo as we see in fig. 2.4 ,but indoors or in dark situations we usually set the aperture to be big to let light enter as much as it can and not to have underexposed photo as shown in fig. 3.5. the other thing controlled by aperture is Depth of field it’s simply the amount of “stuff” in focus when you take a picture. Large depth of field means the entire picture appears to be in focus. Small depth of field means only a small portion is in focus. When a camera focuses, the focus is on one point. The light comes from the subject (represented by the X & Y) fig. 3.6 goes through the lens and the light is then put against film or a digital sensor. When the image is in focus, the light is converging just right. When the light doesn’t come back together just right, the result is a blur fig. 2.8 . When the opening or aperture is smaller fig. 3.7 the light does not diverge as much because it is now narrower by nature. So when the rays finally arrive at the “Focal Plane” of the film or sensor, they’re not able to diverge as far to be as noticeably out of focus. So your
Fig. 2.4 overexposed photo
Fig. 2.5 underxposed photo
Fig. 2.6 Wide aperture
Fig. 2.7 narrow aperture
Fig. 2.8 short depth of field
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perception is, with the smaller aperture opening, that most of the image is in focus–even though there is still just one subject or point in focus just like with the more open aperture fig 2.9. The difference is the effects of being out of focus are much more exaggerated when the aperture is wide open. Fig. 2.9 Long depth of field
In photography, a shutter is a device that allows light to pass for a determined period of time, for the purpose of exposing photographic film or a lightsensitive electronic sensor to light to capture a permanent image of a scene. Shutter also has two major jobs, the first is that it controls the amount of light the impacts the sensors if the speed of the shutter is low then it allows big amount of light to enter and if the speed of the shutter is very fast then no much light will enter . Another main job of the shutter is that it should be adjusted depending on the scene, if you are taking a photograph of fast moving thing like player or a car if you spent 2 seconds accepting light then the light that will come in the 1st second is different from the light that will come in the 2nd second because the car is 11 | P a g e
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Fig. 2.10 Slow shutter speed
Fig. 2.11 Fast shutter speed
moving then you will have blury image fig. 2.10- so moving thing should be shot in high shutter speed if you want sharp details of it as shown in fig 2.11 . Sometimes slow shutter speed in moving objects is useful and make a motion blur in photos and succeed in making dramatic scenes as shown in fig 2.12 . Fig. 2.12 The effect of motion blur
Changing the ISO setting on your camera changes the sensitivity to light of the image sensor inside of it.The lower number that you select the less sensitive the sensor is to light (and conversely the higher the number the more sensitive it becomes).This is useful when you’re shooting in different lighting situations – particularly when there’s low light and you might not be able to use a flash (you’d bump up your ISO setting in this case) check Fig. 2.13 .
Fig. 2.13 High and low ISO
The only cost of increasing ISO is that as you do it you’ll notice that the ‘noise’ or ‘grain’ in your shots also begins to increase as in fig 2.14 .
Fig. 2.14 High ISO & the appearance of noise
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Fig. 2.15 Camera Parts
1. LCD Display Like most digital point-and-shoot cameras, digital SLRs have LCD displays. Older-model DSLRs didn't let you preview your shot using the LCD. Newer cameras with "live view" functionality leave the shutter open and allow light to bypass the reflex mirror 2. Sensor DSLRs have image sensors that are 10 to 20 times the size of sensors on point-and-shoot cameras. This gives DSLRs far superior light sensitivity, which is arguably more important to overall image quality than megapixels 3. Memory CompactFlash memory cards used to be the data storage capacity kings, but the far more popular Secure Digital High-Capacity (SDHC) format now has cards with up to 32 GB, and newer DSLRs are trending toward it. 4. Battery Long battery life is critical for DSLRs, which have lots of motors and powerful flashes. Most DSLR batteries are good for a full day's shooting.
If you require more, we suggest you buy an extra. 5. Flash Consumer digital SLRs come with a pop-up flash. Advanced users will want to take advantage of the hot shoe, which allows the use of more sophisticated, synchronized--flash accessories. 6. Shutter DSLRs are known as fast-shooting machines, with shutter lag measured in tenths or hundredths of a second and burst modes from 2.5 to 10 frames per second. 7. Lens When you buy a DSLR, you're buying part of a larger system. Most DSLRs can be purchased as a kit that includes an all-purpose zoom lens. But manufacturers also sell dozens of specialized lenses that can transform the performance of your camera. These days, lenses pack almost as much technology as the camera itself.
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Cameras now is used in every field of life . Special field is underwater photography that is used in science and recording the amazing underwater life
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Photography, presented to the public in 1839, was believed to create images that were accurate representations of the world. Photography was used to record historical information, but not always in the optimistic way that was conceived at the advent of the medium. It was anticipated that photographers, supposedly not acting as active participants of war but as neutral partisan, would be able to bring their cumbersome photographic equipment into the battlefield and record the rapid action of combat -fig. 3.1- . This was not the case, as the technical insufficiency of the photograph in recording movement was not considered. The daguerreotype, an early form of photography that generated a single image using a silver-coated copper plate, took a very long time to produce. This prevented action photography, as images took minutes to develop and could not be processed immediately.
Fig. 3.1 War photography
Fig. 3.1 Carol Popp de Szathmàri
The first war photographer was an anonymous American who took a number of daguerrotypes during the Mexican–American War, in 1847, of the occupation of Saltillo. The first known war photographer is the Hungarian-Romanian Carol Popp de Szathmàri -fig. 3.2- who took photos of various officers in 1853 and of war scenes Fig. 3.3
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near OlteniĹŁa and Silistra in 1854, during the Crimean War. He created some 200 pictures albums, which he personally offered in 1855 to Napoleon III of France and Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. About nine of his pictures survive today one of them shown in fig 3.3 . Since early photographers were not able to create images of moving targets, they would record more sedentary aspects of war, such as fortifications, soldiers, and land before and after battle along with the re-creation of action scenes. Similar to battle photography, portrait images of soldiers were also often staged see fig. 3.4. In order to produce a photograph, the subject had to be perfectly still for a matter of minutes, so they were posed to be comfortable and minimize movement. With the advance in cameras another important field came out which is Spy Photography By managing to make very tiny cameras. Then put these cameras in small in non-observable things like pens or watches as shown in fig. 3.5. These small Spy cameras were able to record to one hour continuous low resolution recording.
Fig. 3.4 Early war photography
Fig. 3.5 watch spy camera
Now cameras are in every war and every single equipment with very high technology and live image processing so this not just for taking photos but also for analysis and locking different targets -fig 3.6. Fig. 3.6 plane radar
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Scientific photography has been one of the driving forces behind the development of photo imaging since Victorian times. If you have a keen interest in the world around you, and the hidden truths of existence, then scientific photography is an exciting and vibrant field of practice. Scientific Photographers record experiments illustrate scientific information and analyze the hidden world around us see fig. 3.7, using a variety of specialist photo imaging techniques, such as, infrared, ultraviolet, timelapse, thermal imaging and micrography (a camera attached to a microscope). Here the emphasis is not on the beauty of the picture but the subject and purpose for which the image was produced. The resulting images may be used for measurement or analysis, or to accompany scientific reports, articles or research papers. Scientific teams may commission Scientific Photographers to help record a specific experiment, but they may also be considered specialist scientific researchers in their own right, as in the case of Remote Sensing. One from the most important fields of scientific photography is Medical photography this field is very important because a photo can help to detect disease or to invent medicine for incurable disease. See fig. 3.9.
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Fig. 3.7 Scientific photography. Taking a photo to a drop of fluid to observe the effect of surface tension
Fig. 3.8 Astronomy photographer
Fig. 3.9 medical photographer
Another filed is the material photography and this is very important specially in engineering. Being aware about the composition of every material and its molecular behavior allows you to compose new materials with new characteristics or even super properties as shown in fig. 3.10.
Fig. 3.10 material photography
You can imagine now the very big amount of fields of Scientific photography. Every science needs special photographers with special cameras equipped with very high tech to save every microsecond or every single detail or further more every single molecule.
Now cameras are almost an important main thing with each one of us Digital, DSLR, or built in mobiles. In social life cameras are very important. It makes life so much easier. Now you can easily take photos of anything and share it easily with your friend . Cameras are so powerful in capturing memories and feelings, also capturing amazing shots like landscapes –fig. 3.11and so on. You can now check your files and remember this photo with that friend, the amazing football game you won with your team, your graduation moments and the happiness, or that from 20 years with your family, thanks to the cameras you can now memorize every moment, detail, smile, and feeling in your life.
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Fig. 3.11 Landscape photography
Fig. 3.11 Memorizing special moments in your life