Pathology Dept, Fac Vet Med, Zagazig University The Answer of Pathology (B) 2010 Section A 12.5 marks I-Choose the correct answer (tabulate your answer): 1a 2d 3a 4d 5b 6c 7d 8b 9a 10c 11d 12b 17a 13c 14a 15c 16b II-State the name usually given to each of the following diseases in domestic animals: a-Urolithiasis d- Metrocele g- Hemangioma j- Lichenification m-Fetalization
b- Chondrosarcoma e- Excoriation h- Epistaxis k- Membranous Glomerular nephritis n- Schirrus cord
III-Please, match the correct answer with (I) from (II): A8 B10 C6 D11 H1 I12 J4 K5 IV-Mark (true or false) and correct the false statements: All are False except No. (7) is true 12.5 marks
E13 L7
c- Bronchostenosis f- Pyelonephritis i-Hydrocele l- Hypoplasia o-Gelatinous degeneration F9 M2
G3
Section B
1-Uremia: It means an increase of non protein nitrogenous substances in the blood as urea, uric acid, creatinine and ammonia. Pathognomonic lesions: 1-Dehydration and skin lesions as crust and eczema are seen. 2-Ulcerative and necrotic stomatitis with foul smelling mucoid material on the ulcerated areas. 3-Ulcerative and hemorrhagic gastritis with secondary mineralization of the arteriolar media and intema. 4-Fibrinous pericarditis with increase pericardial fluid. 5-Uremic aortitis with proliferative roughing of intema, besides microscopic area of calcification (uremic arteriosclerosis). Mucoarteritis may be present. 6-Diffuse pulmonary edema due to vascular damage. Later, the alveoli contain fibrin rich fluid with few macrophages and neutrophils (uremic pneumonia). 2-Methods for penetration and invasion of the secondary tissue with malignant cells. The malignant tumors are spread by the following methods: i. Direct extension Most carcinomas begin as localized growth restricted to the epithelium in which they arise. Such tumors are termed carcinoma in situ as basal cell carcinoma. ii. Invasion The malignant neoplasms are infiltrated or invaded the surrounding tissue. After that the detached cells penetrate the basement membrane. Penetration of the basement membrane and invasion of the surrounding tissue occurs in three steps. A. Binding to the extracellular matrix. The tumor cells firstly bind to the extracellular matrix as laminin, proteoglycans and collagen through surface receptors such as integrin. B. Degradation of the extracellular matrix through secretion of enzymes that degrades the matrix as proteinases, collagenase and cystein proteinases. C. Migration (Movement through interstitial tissue). The malignant cells require locomotion, which enhanced through secretion of autocrine motility factors. iii. Metastasis The metastasis occurs through blood, lymph or both and also implantation. A. Through the blood: It is usually occurs with Sarcomas and the secondaries are seen in the lungs.
Pathology Dept, Fac Vet Med, Zagazig University The Answer of Pathology (B) 2010 B. Through the lymph: It is usually occurs with Carcinomas and the secondaries are seen in the regional lymph nodes. C. Both: with Melanomas D-Implantation : It means separation of malignant cells from its primary site and implant in the adjacent tissue without migration through blood or lymph. It is usually occurred in serous cavities 3-The stages of the fibrinous Pneumonia: They include: 1-Stage of Congestion 2-Stage of Red Hepatization (hepar = liver) 3-Stage of Gray Hepatization 4-Stage of Resolution Stage of Congestion: Microscopic Picture: 1-The perialveolar and peribronchial capillaries are congested. 2-The alveoli are filled with eosinophilic granular material (serous) 3-Very few or no leukocytes infiltrations. Macroscopic Picture: 1-The affected lungs are swollen and congested. 2-Blood-stained fluid is oozed from cut surface. 3-The lung is floated (does not sink) on the water surface. Stage of Red Hepatization: Microscopic Picture: 1-The alveoli are filled with erythrocytes, fibrinous or serous exudate 2-The perialveolar and peribronchial capillaries are congested. 3-Few leukocytes are seen. Macroscopic Picture: The affected lungs are similar to the liver (hepatized). It includes: 1-Dark red in color. 2-Firm in consistency 3-Heavy and enlarged. 4-Sink under the water 5-The plural surface is dull due to pleuritis. Stage of Gray Hepatization: Microscopic Picture: 1-The alveoli are filled with inflammatory cells (to phagocytize the remnant of hemolysed erythrocytes and fibrin). 2-Few or no intact erythrocytes. 3-The congestion of the pulmonary capillaries is decrease due to pressure of exudate inside the alveoli and they appeared empty. Macroscopic Picture: 1-The affected lungs are enlarged. 2-Gray in color 3-Firm in consistency 4-Sink under the water 5-Purulent fluid runs from cut surface. Stage of Resolution: Microscopic Picture: 1-The pulmonary capillaries and blood vessels appear normal. 2-Complete lysis of the fibrin and cellular debris. 3-Regeneration of the alveolar epithelium. 4-The exudate is completely absorbed (normal picture). Macroscopic Picture: -The pulmonary tissue appeared normal (Soft, pink and translucent). 4-Chronic Catarrhal Endometritis. Micro: 1-3 forms of chronic catarrhal endometritis are seen as sequelae for fibrous connective tissue proliferation and obstruction of the ducts of endometrial glands:
Pathology Dept, Fac Vet Med, Zagazig University The Answer of Pathology (B) 2010 1-Chronic Polypoid Catarrhal Endometritis (polypoid glands with rough surface of endometrium) 2-Chronic Cystic Catarrhal Endometritis (cystic dilation of the gland) 3-Chronic Atrophic Catarrhal Endometritis (the gland atrophied with thin endometrium). 2-Chronic inflammatory cells infiltration (plasma cells, macrophages and lymphocytes 5-Dermatophytosis: It is a superficial infection of the keratinized layers of the skin and its appendages by a group of dermatophytes. Causes: Dermatophytes are 3 genera: 1-Microsporum 2-Trichophyton 3-Epidermophyton Macro: 1-Circular areas of alopecia. 2-Scales, crusts and pustules or ulceration. Micro: 1-Branched, septated hyphae on the surface or in the hair follicles. 2-Round or oval arthospores either within the hair (endothrix) or on the external surface (ectothrix). Microsporum is ectothrix Tichophyton is endo and ectothrix 3-Ortho- and parakeratotic hyperkeratosis II-List 2 main differences between the following: 1-Atrophy and hypoplasia. Hypoplasia Atrophy Intense capsule Wrinkled capsule The seminiferous tubules lined with single layer of Single or rarely several layers of degenerated cells embryonic cells 2-chronic lymphadenitis in TB and pseudotuberculosis. Criterion Superficial pyoderma Deep pyoderma Involved Tissue Epidermis and without systemic Dermis and subcutis and with systemic illness illness (short duration) (long duration) Healing By regeneration without scarring By scar formation L.ns Not involved involved 3-Interstitial and pyelonephritis Interstitial nephritis Descending (Mostly hematogenic) caused by leptospira The inflammatory cells are lymphocyte 4-Closed and open pyometra Closed Pyometra Closed cervix with retention pus in the uterus Thin wall 5-Acute and chronic alveolar emphysema Criteria Interalveolar septa Bronchostenosis or lungworm Hyperplasia of bronchial smooth muscle and lymphoid tissue
Pyelonephritis Ascending (urogenic) caused by Coryne renale Neutrophils and pus
Open Pyometra Opened cervix with discharging pus Thick wall
Acute emphysema Thick - ve normal
Chronic emphysema thin + ve present
With Best Wishes
Prof. Dr. Mohamed Hamed Mohamed Professor of Pathology, Fac Vet Med, Zagazig University