THE ART HISTORY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am using this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who supported me throughout. I am thankful for their aspiring guidance, invaluably constructive criticism and friendly advice during the project work. I am sincerely grateful to them for sharing their truthful and illuminating views on a number of issues related to the project. I express my warm thanks to Miss Haroop and Miss Suhasani Taneja for their time, support and guidance at Pearl Academy
TABLE OF CONTENT Sr.no
TOPICS
Page No.
01
MESOPOTAMIA
1-7
02
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
8-13
03
GREEK CIVILIZATION
14-17
04
ROMAN CIVILIZATION
18-21
05
RENAISSANCE
22-24
06
ROMANTICISM
25-32
07
REALISM
32-35
08
BAROQUE
36-39
09
ROCOCO
40-41
Sr. no
TOPIC
Page No.
11
MODERN ART
42
1.1
IMRESSIONISM
42-45
1.2
EXPRESSIONISM
46-49
1.3
FAUVISM
50-53
1.4
SURREALISM
54-57
1.5
MINIMALISM
58-60
1.6
CUBISM
61-64
1.7
FUTURISM
65-67
1.8
POP ART
68-71
1.9
OP ART
72-74
12
ART DECO
75-78
13
ART NOVEAU
79-82
Sr .no
TOPIC
Page No
14
HINDUISM
83
2.1
BUDDHISM
83-84
2.2
JAINISM
84-85
2.3
GUPTA DYNASTY
86-87
2.4
MAURYA DYNASTY
88-89
2.5
TEMPLES OF KHAJURAHO
90-91
2.6
AKABAR MINIATURE
92-93
2.7
SHAH JAHAN MINIATUREA
94-95
2.8
RAJPUT MINIATURE
96-97
2.9
PAHARI MINIATURE
98-99
2.10
COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
100-101
Executive summary The art history is of great importance .The history is full of artistic work, whatever is happening around us today is inspired from history,Literature,architecture,paintings, sculptures, clothing.Therefore it is really important for us to know that (how,when and where) it all started . The various social and political movements of a particular era also influence the art work of that time. Since it is very much essential for us to be wellversed with the history of art.
MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
o1
The main forms of Mesopotamian art which have come down to us are sculptured figures in stone and clay . Mesopotamian sculpture comes in all sizes, and appears in the round and as reliefs. It often depicts animals, Fig : 01 such as goats, rams, bulls and lions, as well as mythical creatures such as lions and bulls with men's heads. Others show gods and goddesses, as well as priests and worship sincreasingly realistic. www.google.co.in (2014)
02
Most human figures from the early period have large, staring eyes, and, on men, long beards.. The palaces of Mesopotamian rulers were large and lavishly decorated. Built around a series of courtyards, these complexes housed craftsmen's , servants quarters, food storehouses shrines, and of course the domestic for the royal family.
Fig :02
www.google.co.in/ 2014
03
Numerous technological advances can be attributed to the Mesopotamians: irrigation, the plough, the sail, clay bricks, the potters wheel, metal-working (including metal and weaponry), writing, accounting, filing, glass and lamp making, weaving and much more. www.google.co.in 2014
05
Fig: 03
Mesopotamian temples were designed to a rectangular plan. Early examples were constructed atop a small earthen platform; as time went by, these platforms became taller and taller, giving rise to the classic Mesopotamian ziggurat.
06
www.google.co.in 2014
Fig: 04
Surrounding the central temple building was a complex of ceremonial courtyards, shrines, burial chambers for the priests and priestesses, ceremonial banqueting halls, along with workshops, granaries, storehouse and administrative buildings, as temples were main centres of economic and activity in ancient Mesopotamia. www.google.co.in 2014 07
Fig:05
EGYPTIAN
CIVILIZATION
08
Apart from the pyramids, Egyptian buildings were decorated with paintings, carved stone images, hieroglyphs and three-dimensional statues. art tells the of the pharaohs, the gods,the people and the www.google.co.in world of plants, birds and animals. The beauty and grandeur of these sites are beyond compare. Fig 06
2014 Fig : 06
09
www.google.co.in 2014 Fig :07
The Ancient Egyptians built some of the most-awe inspiring structures the world has ever seen, such as the Pyramids of Giza. The construction of pyramids was in fact restricted to the earlier days of Egyptian civilization.
www.google.co.in 2014Fig : 08 10
From simple, barely adorned columns, pillars evolved into stone plants: trunks of palm trees and bundles of lotus plants, reeds or papyrus, often used side by side. Pillars were either free-standing or engaged, sometimes they were purely ornamental, never more so than in the case of pillar reliefs carved into walls. www.google.co.in 2014 Fig: 09
11
The iconic Egyptian two-dimensional style is found in tombs, temples and statues. Egyptian statues carved from stone and , or wood as a cheap , with paint obtained from mineral ores quarried from surrounding areas. The wall paintings in tombs often depict lively scenes of everyday life, bringing this ancient civilization vividly to life. www.google.co.in 2014 Fig : 10
12
The houses of the wealthy also had richly painted walls with scenes of people, birds, water pools, deities
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13
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GREEK CIVILIZATION
14
This was period between 1000 BC – 1 AD. Greek architecture is known for its grace and simplicity. The finest buildings the Greeks erected were their temples; and the most famous of these is the Parthenon, in Athens. http://en.wikipedia.org/ Fig: 13 2014 15
Greek sculpture - usually in stone and bronze; sometimes in gold and ivory - was solid and formal, much like that of the ancient Middle East. In the Classical period, sculptures strove for realism, and their work became more graceful and elegant. They applied mathematical ratios to achieve aesthetic beauty 16
Fig :14
Greek pottery was invariably made on the potter’s wheel and usually made in separate horizontal sections: the foot, the lower and upper body, the neck, and finally the handles, if necessary
17
www.google.co.in Fig: 15 2014
www.google.co.in Fig: 16 2014
ROMAN CIVILIZATION
18
One of the things the Romans are most famous for is their architecture. The Romans brought a lot of new ideas to architecture, of which the three most important are the arch, Around 700 BC the Etruscans brought West Asian ideas about architecture to Italy, and they taught these ideas to the Romans the baked brick, and the use of and concrete. www.google.co.in Fig : 17 2014
19
One. of the most important additions that the Romans brought to architecture is the arch . The arch quickly led to the dome ceilings used in many houses and buildings.
19
www.google.co.in Fig:18 2014
One other notable aspect of Roman architecture is that works of art were often carved into the walls of the city’s stone buildings. Pictures of famous Romans, epic battle scenes, and other impressive artistic feats were preserved in homes, buildings, and public structures throughout Rome. www.google.co.in Fig:19 2014
20
www.google.co.in Fig: 19 2014
www.google.co.in Fig :21 2014 21
www.google.co.in Fig:20 2014
REANAISSANCE
22
Renaissance was a cultural movement from 14 to the 17 century. Renaissance means“to be reborn “ and it was experienced all through Europe. It is said that it began at florance In Italy.During this period there was various techniques to develop reality in paintings linear perspective .It influenced literature ,art ,music,philosphy,science ,politics and relegion. The most well known humanists of this era were Petrarch Coloccio and Poggio . Out of which Petrarch was known as “Father of Humanism”.
Fig :22 The school of Athens (2014) By: Raphel
23
Various new techniques came in like : Perspectives, (Giotto di Bondone) Shortening of lines to create an effect of illusion, softning of sharp outlines to give www.google.co.in Fig:23 a subtule effet (Leonardi da Vinci) Use of dark and light color contrast to show depth. And lastly the most important the Balance and Proportions for proper size. 2014
24
ROMANTICISM
25
The painting named Monalisa was an excellent piece of art by Leonardo da Vinci by using small strokes and fine Lines. The correct proportion of human body . The Virtuvian man is his most known and followed work. It is made By : leonardo da Vinci in the correlation of human body proportions with geometry . And these measurements of balance and proportion can be seen in The architecture of that time.
Fig : 24 Monalisa (2014)
Fig :25 The Vitruvian Man (2014) By: Leonardp da Vinci
26
Fig :27 The creation of Adam (2014) By: Michelanjelo
Fig: 26 David (2014) By: Michelanjelo
Fig:28 Sisten’s Chapel By: Michelanjelo
27
Romanticism started from Europe in the 18 century and was at it’s peak from 1800 -1850. In this era artists started expressing there feelings freely. It was also a revolt against the political and the aristrocat. In this time literature also flourished and poets could express their feelings directly. some of the famous poet of that time was William Words worth and John Keats.
Fig: 29 Wanderer above the Sea Fog By: Casper David Friedrich
28
Casper David Friedrich
29
Was a German Romantic landscape painter .His main area of interests was to potray nature And emotional response of the natural word. Fig :30 Portrait Of Casper David Friedrich (1818) By: Gerhard Von
Fig 31: The Bard By: Thomas Jones
Joseph Mallord William Turner
31
He was also known as “the painter of light�. He was Known for his oil paintings. He was basically a landscape painter But he also a water colorist and a printmaker. Fig :31 Self Portrait (1799)
Fig:32 Dutch Boat in a Gale (1801) By: JMW Turner
Thomas Lawrence
32
Thomas only made paintings . And was well known for his portraits. He exhibited his paintings in 40 Royal Academy and was also a member there. Self Portrait (1788)
By- Thomas Lawrence
He painted a portrait of Sally. The girl he was in love with. Fig :34 Sally’s portrait (18 century
By: Thomas Lawrence
)
Fig:33
REALISM
33
The word “Realism” itself means reality .This art movement depicted truly all the happenings that were happening around not just the things related to art but even politics. It began in France in 1850’s.In this period art was influenced by the people,happenings ,truth and reality
Fig: 35 The Farmer’s Lunch (1620) By: Diego Velazquez
34
Fig :37 Labour of months (1550) By- Simon Bening
Fig : 36 Bonjour ,Monsieur Courbet (1854) By- Gustave Courbet
The situations were depicted as they occurred with fully accuracy and reality no exaggerations. The other name for this period was Naturalism. 35
BAROQUE This was a period of artistic style . It started latter decades of 16th century in Italy ,Rome and spread in most of the Europe. The work that distinguishes Baroque period is stylistically complex , even contradictory. Some of the qualities most By: Nicolas Poussin frequently associated with the Baroque are grandeur , sensous-richness, drama vitality, tension and emotional exuberance. Fig :38 Adoration of the Golden Calf (1634)
36
Fig : 40 The king drinks (1638) By: Jacob Jordeans
Fig : 39 Anne of Austria (1621-25) By; Peter Paul Rubens
37
The famous artists of this era were: Nicolas Poussin, Peter Paul Rubens , Jacob Jordaens, Hyacinthe Rigaud
The architecture during this time included naves, borders and even the oval forms . Complex architecture Plan shapes were often based on oval and the dynamic opposition and interpenetration were favoured to heighten the feeling of motion and sensuality . Architects Applied bright colours and illusory vividly painted ceilings Fig: 41 St.Peter’s, (1624-1633) Vatican City By: Gian Lorenzo Bernini 38
Fig 42: Fountain of four rivers (1648-51) By: Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Some of the well known architects of that era : Gian lorenzo Bernini , Guarino Guarini , Carlo Maderno Francesco Borromini. These are not just well known architects but were known For their sculptures too
Fig :43 Façade of St.Peter’s Basilica (1607) By: Carlo Maderno
39
ROCOCO This era is also referred as late Baroque. It developed in the early 18 century . The word rococo was derived from a French word rocaille which means shell covered rock work that was used for decorations. This style used light colours, Fig :44 Portrit of Francois Boucher (1741) curves and gold. By: Gustaf Lundberg 40
Fig :45 Pilgrimage to Cyhtera ( 1718-21) By:Antoine Watteau Fig :46 St. Andrew’s Church (1744-67) By: Frrancesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli
The interior decoration of Rococo rooms was designed as a total work of art with elegant and ornate furniture, small sculptures, ornamental mirrors, and complementing architecture, reliefs, and wall paintings 41
IMPRESSIONISM
42
It was a major movement that developed in France. In the later 19th and the 20th century .Impressionist
painting comprises the work produced between about 1867 and 1886 by a group of artists who shared a set of Related approaches and techniques. 43
Fig :47 The Starry Night (1889) By: Vincent Van Hough
Fig: 48 Wheatfield with Crows (1890) By:Vincent Van Hogh
The most conspicuous characteristic of Impressionism in painting was an attempt to accurately and objectively record visual reality in terms of transient effects of light and colour. In music, it was to convey an idea or affect through a wash of sound rather than a strict formal structure. 44
Impressionist painting characteristics include relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities The principal Impressionist painters were Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro,Alfred Sisley, Berthe Morisot, Armand Guillaumin, and FrĂŠdĂŠric Bazill Fig: 49 Dancers at the bar (1888) By: Edgar Degas
45
EXPRESSIONISM
46
Expressionism is one of the main currents of art in the later 19th and the 20th centuries, and its qualities of highly subjective, personal, spontaneous selfexpression are typical of a wide range of modern artists and art movements 47
Fig:50 On White II (1923) By:Wassily Kandinsky
Some of the well known painters of Expressonism are Edward Munch, James Ensor, Wassily kandinsky and Franz Marc
Fig: 52 Deer in Woods (1914) By: Franz Marc 48
Fig:51 The Scream (1893) By:Edward Munch
Artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse within a person. The artist accomplishes this aim through distortion, exaggeration and fantasy and through the vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements.. 49
FAUVISM
50
This style of painting that flourished in France around the turn of the 20th century. Fauve artists used pure, brilliant colour aggressively applied straight from the paint tubes to create a sense of an explosion on the canvas. The term fauve means (wild beast). Fig:53 The Green Stripe (1906) By: Henri Matisse
51
Although fauvism was a short lived period of early modern art which emphasized the use of deep colors and light. In this painting (the women with hat) There is brisk strokes of colour- greens, blues and reds. The fauvists used very vibrant colour to depict Their emotions in the painting. 53
Fig :54 Women with a hat (1905) By:Henri Matisse
SURREALISM
54
The Surrealism movement began in 1924 with Andre Breton’s Surrealist Manifesto.
Fig: 54 The Persistence of memory By: Salvador Dali
The word surrealism comesfrom the French word super realism. The Surrealists wanted to create art that included their unconscious thoughts and dreams. 55
Instead of thinking too much about what they are painting, they preferred to set their imaginations free.
Fig :55 Swans reflecting elephants By: Salvador dali
56
Fig: 56 This is not a pipe By: Rene Magritte’s
57
Fig:57 The elephant celebs By: Max Ernst
MINIMALISM
58
The use of minimum to say what you want to express. The minimalists, who believed that Action painting was too personal and insubstantial, adopted the point of view that a work of art should not refer to anything other than itself. For that reason they attempted to rid their works of any extra-visual association.
Fig: 58 www.google.org. 2014
59
Two-dimensionality and to allow the viewer an immediate, purely visual response. Fig :59 Black and white (2014) By: Grant Wiggins
Use of the hard edge, the simple form, and the linear rather than painterly approach was intended to emphasize 60
Fig: 60 Monocrome painting (1962) By: yves klein
CUBISM
61
Cubism was highly influential visual arts style of the 20th century that was created principally by the artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in Paris between 1907and 1914. The Cubist style emphasized the flat, two-dimensional surface Fig: 61 Les Demoisells ‘d Avignon (1907) of the picture plane, rejecting the traditional techniques of perspective, foreshortening and modeling. depicted radically fragmented objects. By: Pablo Picasso
62
In Cubist artwork, objects are analyzed, broken up and reassembled in an abstracted
Fig: 62 Girl with a mandolin (1910) By: Pablo Picasso
63
Cubist painters were not bound to copying form, texture, colour, and space; instead, they presented a new reality in paintings .
64
Fig: 63 Violin and Candlestick (1910) By: Georges Braque
FUTURISM
66
Futurism was an international art movement founded in Italy in 1909. It was a refreshing contrast to the weepy sentimentalism of Romanticism. The Futurists loved speed, noise, machines, pollution , and cities; they embraced the exciting new world .Fearing and Attacking technology has become second nature to many people today; https://www.google.co.in 2014 fig: 64
66
Fig: 66 Dynamism of Dog (1912) Giacomo Balla Fig :65 The New City (1912) By: Antonio Sant’Elia
Fig: 67 The City Rises (1910) By:Umberto Boccioni
67
POP-ART
68
The term Pop-art can be described as "Popular" art - a movement characterized by the Imagery of consumerism and popular culture. Pop- Art emerged in both New York and London during the mid-1950s and became the dominant avant-garde style until the late 1960s. Characterized by bold, simple,everyday imagery, and vibrant block colours , it was interesting to look at and had a modern "hip" feel. http://www.google.co.in/ 2014 Fig: 68
69
The bright colour schemes also enabled this form to emphasise certain elements in contemporary culture, and helped to narrow the divide between the commercial arts and the fine arts. Common sources of Pop iconography were advertisements, consumer product packaging, photos of film-stars, pop-stars and other celebrities, and comic strips. Fig: 69 Drowning Girl (1963) By:Roy Lichtenstein’s
70
Fig: 71 I was a rich man’s plaything (1947) By: Eduardo Paolozzi Just what is it that makes today’s home so different,so appealing (1956) By:Richard Hamilton’s Fig :70
71
Fig :72 Campbell’s Soup Box (1964) By: Andy Warhol
OP ART
72
It started of in the mid of 20thcentury also known as optical art this era dealt with geometric, abstract art and optical illusion. And this can be achieved through the systematic and precise manipulation of shapes and colours, the effects of op art can be based either on perspective illusion or on chromatic tension.
Fig: 73 Movement in squares (1961) By: Bridget Riley
73
The principal artists of the Op movement as it emerged in the late 1950s and ’ 60s were Victor Vasarely , Bridget Riley, Richard Anuszkiewicz www.google.co.in 2014 Fig: 76
Fig: 74 Intrinsic Harmony (1965) By: Richard Anuszkiewicz
74
www.google.co.in 2014 Fig: 75
ART DECO
75
Art deco is an eclectic artistic and design style that Began in Paris in the 1920’s and flourished Internationally through out the 1930’s, into the World War II era. The style influenced all area of design, Including architecture and design, industrial design , Jewelry and fashion as well as the visual arts such as Paintings and graphic arts .It emphasis on richly-coloured and geometric pattern, new materials and styles and a decorative approach to modernism. 76
www.google.co.in 2014 Fig : 77
The style during this period were geometric and angular shapes chrome, glass, shiny fabrics, mirrors and mirror tiles stylised images of aeroplanes, cars,cruise liners, skyscrapers nature motifs - shells, sunrises, flowers theatrical contrasts – highly polished wood and glossy black lacquer mixed with satin and furs www.google.co.in/ 2014 Fig: 78
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ART NOUVEAU
The end of the 19th century saw the development Of a fundamentally Approach to architecture and Interior Design. All over Europe there was a need of Liberating change of direction, a desire to break away set away set formulas based on historic style And a search of original ideas , all of which resulted at the beginning of the 1890’s.Art Nouveau represents the beginning if modernism in design. It Occurred when mass produced consumer goods Began to fill the market place.
/www.google.co.in (2014) Fig:82
While reclaiming this craft tradition ,art nouveau Designers simultaneously rejected tradition Styles , organic forms that emphasized humanity’s Connection to nature. This era also presented Women very beautifully. The style of this period Includes curves,waves ,flowersand even the stems Of flowers was also a medium of inspiration Some of the well Known artists of this period wereAubrey Beardsley ,Alphonse Mucha , Edward BurneJones,Gustav Klim
www.google.co.in (2014) Fig:83
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HIDUISM
BUDDHISM It arose in northeastern India sometime between the late 6th century and the early 4th cent BCE, a period of great social change and intense religious activity. Palm leaves are used for writing and painting because of their thin and flexible qualities. From the first millenium up to the 16th centuries manuscripts were written on palm leaves called TÄ dapatra. Rolled palmleaf manuscripts are called tÄ msuks and have been used mainly for legal deeds. www.google.co.in (2014) Fig: 87
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JAINISM It began in the 7th–5th century BCE, Jainism evolved into a cultural system that has made significant contributions to Indian philosophy and logic, art and architecture mathematics, astronomy and astrology and Literature. Along with Hinduism and Buddhism, it is one of the three most ancient Indian religious traditions still in existence. www.google.co.in (2014) Fig: 93
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GUPTA DYNASTY The Gupta period witnessed a tremendous progress in the field of art, science and literature and on account of this it has been called “a golden age . The Gupta period occupies an important place in the history of Indian art and architecture .The mural paintings of Ajanta depicting the life of of lord buddha is an example of Gupta Art. www.google.co.in (2014) Fig: 97
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www.google.co.in (2014) Fig: 99
MAURYA DYNASTY The monuments before the period of Asoka were mostly made of wood and therefore perished. The use of stone started from the time of Asoka. Asokan pillars with inscriptions were found in places like Delhi, Allahabad, Rummindai, Sanchi and Saranath. Their tops were crowned with figures of animals like lion, elephant and bull. The Saranath pillar with four lions standing back to back is the . most magnificent. The Indian government adopted this capital with some modifications as its state emblem
The best example is the famous Sanchi stupa with massive dimensions. It was originally built with bricks but later enlarged after the time of Asoka.
www.google.co.in (2014) Fig: 101
www.google.co.in (2014) Fig: 102
TEMPLES OF KHAJURAHO Most of the khajuraho temples were built in 950 and 1050 AD .The temples are most famous for the erotic temple carvings, although these carvings represent only about 10% of the total ornamentations. Actually many Hindu temples have similar representations, but not many concentrate so strongly on the human sexual experience. There are themes drawn from tantrism and from the from the "Kama Sutra" that perhaps served as a visual manual for happiness and pleasure. The eroticism also perhaps could ward off the threats of the amorous rain god Indra..
The temples additionally commemorate the marriage of Shiva and Parvati, whose union formed the basis of cosmic energy and are replicated in the human sexual act.. They commemorate also the joy of life, as there are also numerous scenes of everyday life
www.google.co.in (2014) Fig: 104 www.google.co.in (2014) Fig: 103
AKBAR MINIATURES Mughal painting experienced large-scale growth under the reign of Emperor Akbar. During that time, hundreds of artists used to paint under the direction of the two Persian artists . Since the Emperor was fond of tales, one can see the paintings mainly being based on the Mahabharata, Ramayana and Persian epics. Mughal paintings also started illustrating an enhanced naturalism, with animal tales, landscape, portraits, etc.
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JAHANGIR MINIATURES Emperor Jahangir reigned from 1605 to 1627 and extended great support to various art forms, especially paintings. This period saw more and more refinement in brushwork, along with the use of much lighter and subdued colors. The main themes of the Mughal paintings revolved around the events from Jahangir's own life, along with portraits, birds, flowers, animals, etc.
www.google.co.in ( 2014) Fig: 109
One of the most popular examples of Mughal paintings of this time include the pictorial illustrations of the Jehangir-nama, the biography of Emperor Jahangir.
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SHAH JAHAN MINIATURE (1628-1658) However, the sensitivity of the paintings was replaced by coldness and rigidity. The themes of that time revolved around musical parties, lovers on terraces and gardens, ascetics gathered around a fire, etc. Shah jahan had great passion for architecture. During his rule architecture flourished . And the master pieces are admired till date. Eg : Taj Mahal
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RAJPUT MINAITURE These painting originated in the royal states of Rajasthan, somewhere around the late 16th and early 17th century. The Mughals ruled almost all the princely states of Rajasthan at that time and because of this, most of the schools of Rajput Painting in India reflect strong Mughal influence. Each of the Rajput kingdoms evolved a distinctive style. www.google.co.in 2014Fig: 117
Rajput paintings depict a number of themes, events of epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, lord Krishna' life etc. Rajput paintings were traditional and romantic in style
www.google.co.in (.2014) Fig: 119 www.google.co.in (2014) Fig: 118
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PAHARI MINIATURE This style developed in the independent states of the Himalayan foothills in India . Pahari painting— sometimes referred to as Hill painting is closely related in conception and feeling to Rājasthanī painting and shares with the Rājput art of the North Indian plains a preference for depicting legends of the cowherd god Krishna. www.google.co.in (2014) Fig: 121
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COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE Under British rule India was becoming rapidly urbanized, it did lead to new alignments and priorities, A number of new towns and new suburbs were built, the pattern planning changed. India was still divided into administrative districts as under the Mughals and the towns which functioned as district headquarters were the ones where most of the new architecture was built . www.google.co.in (2014) Fig: 125
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