Underground living by Kateřina Dohnalová

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underground living

obsah

underground living

historie průzkumy - mapy typy staveb v grafech obecné informace o typech staveb výhody zakopaných staveb jednotlivé stavby - výběr 8mi

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underground living history 6

Where do we with a history of architecture? When did architecture begin? human beings, in their own distinctive form, have been the earth for more than one millions years. For most of that time they were unaware of architecture, if by that term we want to understand the ambitious creation of a environment separate from the natural order. But if we suggested, architecture describes simply the act o making places for ritual use, it was one of the earliest human needs. Indeed, architecture may be said to have been there from the beginning, in raw form as it were, in the very arrangement of nature. For only if we conceive of the earth as a vast and featureless plain stretching unendingly in all directions would we have the total absence of architecture. Once there are ridges and rivers to divide this expanse, hills to punctuate it, and caves to gouge it, the business of architecture has already begun. That is what all architecture provides, regardless of its complexity. It marks off one area to distinguish it from others. It raises solid masses that blot out as much space as their bulk. And it rears about our heads barriers, to contain sheltered space. The last of these is the easiest to see. We are accustomed to thinking of architecture as shelter: a home to live in , offices and shops to work in, cool places of worship to step into from the crowded streets of a hot day. The sense of refuge is instinctive. It seems natural to build to attain it. But architecture is more than protective shells In seeking to bring about places for ritual action, it must set out to define the boundless,

that is, to limit space without necessarily enclosing it in all three dimen¬sions. It does this in two specific ways: through circumscription and accent. In the first, it arrests and patterns the flow of ground. This we might call architecture as boundary; examples are a "plot" of land or a walled town. The second way involves the setting up of free structures that, by their very mass and height, might focus an oth¬erwise undifferentiated stretch of open space architecture as monument. Boundary and monument both imply a determined marking of nature. Humans impose through them their own order on nature, and in doing so introduce that tug of balance between the way things are and the way we want them to be. Now the first human generations lacked such confi¬dence in their own standing within nature. As they moved about in search of tolerable climate and food, the special environments they gave shape to were tentative and un¬obtrusive, an architecture of shelter con¬tained in the pleats of the earth. The shelter, for the most part, was there ready to be used, in the caves that had to be wrested from savage predators. We have proof, however, of huts in the open, like the ones at the encampment of Terra Amata, near Nice in southern France, dating back to about 400,000 years ago. (Figs. 2.1, 2.2) But whether shelter was natural or manu¬factured, the inhabitants transformed it into architecture through purposeful use. They made of it the stage of their progressively organized life. They turned a spot of earth into a

special place. And here a chief invention, fire, proved to be a great place-maker. It drove the wild beasts from the caves and kept them at bay; it made the home of the moment safe. But beyond this, the burning fire molded an ambience of companionship, a station for the hunter to pause, cook his game, harden his tools, and communicate with his band of fellows. The earliest hearth known to us, at the great cave of Escale in southern France, goes back more than 500,000 years. That may well be our first documented piece of architecture a bit of nature informed with the daily ritual of Homo erectus.

underground living

On September 12, 1940, the entrance to Lascaux Cave was discovered by 18-year-old Marcel Ravidat. Ravidat returned to the scene with three friends, Jacques Marsal, Georges Agnel, and Simon Coencas, and entered the cave via a long shaft. The teenagers discovered that the cave walls were covered with depictions of animals. The cave complex was opened to the public in 1948. By 1955, the carbon dioxide, heat, humidity, and other contaminants produced by 1,200 visitors per day had visibly damaged the paintings and introduced lichen on the walls. The cave was closed to the public in 1963 to preserve the art. After the cave was closed, the paintings were restored to their original state and were monitored daily. Rooms in the cave include the Hall of the Bulls, the Passageway, the Shaft, the Nave, the Apse, and the Chamber of Felines.Lascaux II, a replica of the Great Hall of the Bulls and the Painted Gallery located 200 meters away from the original, was opened in 1983, so that visitors may view the painted scenes without harming the originals. Reproductions of other Lascaux artwork can be seen at the Centre of Prehistoric Art at Le Thot, France. Since 1998, the cave has been beset with a fungus, variously blamed on a new air conditioning system that was installed in the caves, the use of high-powered lights and the presence of too many visitors. As of 2008, the cave contained black mold which scientists were and still are trying to keep away from the paintings.

In January 2008, authorities closed the cave for three months even to scientists and preservationists. A single individual was allowed to enter the cave for 20 minutes once a week to monitor climatic conditions. Now only a few scientific experts are allowed to work inside the cave and just for a few days a month but the efforts to remove the mold have taken a toll, leaving dark patches and damaging the pigments on the walls.

history

The cave at lascaux

Cave of Altamira Santillana del Mar in Cantabria, Spain The Cave of Altamira is a cave in Spain famous for its Upper Paleolithic cave paintings featuring drawings and polychrome rock paintings of wild mammals and human hands. It was the first cave, (but second rock painting twelve years after Archibold Carlleyle discovered in India in 1867-68) in which prehistoric cave paintings were discovered. When the discovery was first made public in 1880, it led to a bitter public controversy between experts which continued into the early 20th century, since many did not believe prehistoric man had the intellectual capacity to produce any kind of artistic expression. The acknowledgment of the authenticity of the paintings, which finally came in 1902, changed the perception of prehistoric human beings.

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underground living

Cro -Magnon site

The original Cro-Magnon find was discovered in a rock shelter at Les Eyzies, Dordogne, France. The type specimen from the site is Cro-Magnon 1, carbon dated to about 28,000 14C years old. (27,680 ± 270 BP). Compared to Neanderthals, the skeletons showed the same high forehead, upright posture and slender (gracile) skeleton as modern humans. The other specimens from the site are a female, Cro-Magnon 2, and male remains, Cro-Magnon 3. The condition and placement of the remains of Cro-Magnon 1, along with pieces of shell and animal teeth in what appear to have been pendants or necklaces, raises the question of whether they were buried intentionally. If Cro-Magnons buried their dead intentionally, it suggests they had a knowledge of ritual, by burying their dead with necklaces and tools, or an idea of disease and that the bodies needed to be contained. Analysis of the pathology of the skeletons shows that the humans of this period led a physically difficult life. In addition to infection, several of the individuals found at the shelter had fused vertebrae in their necks, indicating traumatic injury; the adult female found at the shelter had survived for some time with a skull fracture. As these injuries would be life-threatening even today, this suggests that Cro-Magnons relied on community support and took care of each other’s injuries.

Derinkuyu underground city 8th –7th centuries B.C Caves may have first been built in the soft volcanic rock of the Cappadocia region by the Phrygians, an Indo-European people, in the 8th–7th centuries B.C., according to the Turkish Department of Culture. When the Phrygian language died out in Roman times, replaced with its close relative, the Greek language, the inhabitants, now Christian, expanded their underground caverns adding the chapels and Greek inscriptions. During the time of the Greek geographer Strabo (64/63 BC – c. AD 24) the region (Cappadocia) was known to have a large congregation of Zoroastrian Magi, perhaps leaving a lasting influence on the region after many centuries of Persian domination. Strabo writes (in his work Geography, XV.3.15), “In Cappadocia (for there the sect of the Magi, who are also called Pyraethi, is large, and in that country are also many temples of the Persian gods). The city at Derinkuyu was fully formed in the Byzantine era, when it was heavily used as protection from Muslim Arabs during the Arab–Byzantine wars (780-1180).[7][8] The city was connected with other underground cities through miles of tunnels. Some artifacts discovered in these underground settlements belong to the Middle Byzantine Period, between the 5th and the 10th centuries A.D. These cities continued to be used by the Christian natives as protection from the Mongolian incursions of Timur in the 14th century. After the region fell to the Ottomans, the cities were used as refuges (Cappadocian Greek: καταφύγια) from the Turkish Muslim rulers. As late as the 20th century the locals, called Cappadocian Greeks, were still using the underground cities to escape periodic waves of Ottoman persecution. R. M. Dawkins, a Cambridge linguist who conducted research on the Cappodocian Greek natives in the area from 1909-1911, recorded that in 1909, “when the news came of the recent massacres at Adana, a great part of the population at Axo took refuge in these underground chambers, and for some nights did not venture to sleep above ground.” When the Christian inhabitants of the region were expelled in 1923 in the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey the tunnels were abandoned. The tunnels were rediscovered in 1963, after a resident of the area found a mysterious room behind a wall in his home. Further digging revealed access to the tunnel network.

Kaymakl Underground City 8th –7th centuries B.C The ancient name was Enegup. Caves may have first been built in the soft volcanic rock by the Phrygians, an Indo-European people, in the 8th–7th centuries B.C., according to the Turkish Department of Culture. When the Phrygian language died out in Roman times, replaced with Greek, to which it was related, the inhabitants, now Christians, expanded their underground caverns adding the chapels and inscriptions. The city was used in the Byzantine era, for protection from Muslim Arabs during the Arab–Byzantine wars (780-1180). The city was connected with Derinkuyu underground city through miles of tunnels. Some artifacts discovered in these underground settlements belong to the Middle Byzantine Period, between the 5th and the 10th centuries A.D. These cities continued to be used by the Christian inhabitants as protection from the Mongolian incursions of Timur in the 14th century. After the region fell to the Ottomans the cities were used as refuges (καταφύγια) from the Turkish muslim rulers, and as late as the 20th century the inhabitants, called Cappadocian Greeks, were still using the underground cities to escape periodic waves of Ottoman persecution. Dawkins, a Cambridge linguist who conducted research on the Cappodocian Greeks in the area from 1909-1911, recorded that in 1909,

Catacombs The first place to be referred to as catacombs was the system of underground tombs between the 2nd and 3rd milestones of the Appian Way in Rome, where the bodies of the apostles Peter and Paul, among others, were said to have been buried. The name of that place in late Latin was catacumbae, a word of obscure origin, possibly deriving from a proper name, or else a corruption of the Latin phrase cata tumbas, "among the tombs". The word referred originally only to the Roman catacombs, but was extended by 1836 to refer to any subterranean receptacle of the dead, as in the 18th-century Paris catacombs. All Roman catacombs were located outside city walls since it was illegal to bury a dead body within the city, providing "a place…where martyrs tombs could be openly marked" and commemorative services and feasts held safely on sacred days. The first large-scale catacombs were excavated from the 2nd century onwards. They were carved through tufo, a soft volcanic rock, outside the walls of the city, because Roman law forbade burial places within city limits. Previously, the pagan custom had been to incinerate corpses, while early Christians and Jews buried the dead. Since most Christians and Jews at that time belonged to the lower classes or were slaves, they usually lacked the resources to buy land for burial purposes. Instead networks of tunnels were dug in the deep layers of tufo which occurred naturally on the outskirts of Rome. At first, these tunnels were probably not used for regular worship, but simply for burial and, extending pre-existing Roman customs, for memorial services and celebrations of the anniversaries of Christian martyrs. There are sixty known subterranean burial chambers in Rome. They were built outside the walls along main Roman roads, like the Via Appia, the Via Ostiense, the Via Labicana, the Via Tiburtina, and the Via Nomentana. Names of the catacombs – like St Calixtus and St Sebastian, which is alongside Via Appia – refer to martyrs that may have been buried there. About 80% of the excavations used for Christian burials date to after the time of the persecutions. http://www.catacombes.paris.fr/en/catacombs/more-2000-years-history

world map

underground living

world map

Egypt 1

Turkey 1

Finland 1

Singapore 1

Czech 2

Norway 1

Tunisia 1

Romania 1

Slovenia1

Mexico 1

Denmark 1

Spain 1

Canada 1

Turkey 1

Greece 1

Poland 2

Switzerland 3

Germany 1

Italy 2

France 2

Iran 3

UK 10

China 3

USA 8

Australia 2

underground living

countries with subway

underground living

countries with subway

underground living

map of Europe

utopia project to real ones

underground living

map of Europe

underground living

build project

utopia project

% of possible insulation value 100

year round stability 90%

advantages

underground living

graph - showing relationship of earth depth to insulation value

10,6

metres below surface

n’zk‡ hladina hluku œspora energi’

underground living

atraktivita

bez parcely

advantages

st‡rne pomaleji

summary

underground living

summary

underground living

underground research

underground living

přehled 8mi staveb

underground research

underground living

moderní město opouštěné město moderní dům utopistický projekt hotel vědecké centrum historická stavba - katakomba rekreační/kulturní centrum

underground living