Monica Fontana PORTFOLIO
3
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN LAB 1 IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF LE CORBUSIER
17
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE STUDIO A PATH THROUGH THE CITY Prof. Alves Henrique Pessoa
Prof. Monica Bosio
5
INTERIOR DESIGN KAFKA’S STUDIO
19
Prof. Franca Pittaluga
9
WORKSHOP ATELIER RWANDA
DESIGN FOR THE SMART CITIES IS PIACENZA SMART ? Proff. Liisa Horelli
21
Prof. Tomà Berlanda
ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN STUDIO TENERIFE | SPAIN Proff. Guya Bertelli Sandro Rolla Andrea Cammarata
11
URBAN DESIGN LAB SCENARIO
23
Prof. Paola Viganò
WORKSHOP WEAK EXPERIMENTS STRATEGY FOR SHRINKING CITIES | TARANTO Prof. Elisa Cristiana Cattaneo
15
BORDER LINE | WORKSHOP INA CASA FORTE QUEZZI_GENOVA
27
Proff. Sara Marini Francesco Gastaldi
COMPETITION FUTURE CITIES | PLANNING FOR THE 90% with Giulia Grotto
29
MASTER THESIS | DEC2015 EPHEMERAL TERRITORIALISM proff. Elisa Cristiana Cattaneo Jeannette Sordi
INDEX
5
187 500
3
125 000
De-industrialization
22 500 15 000 7 500
62 500
1970
2010
1960
Declining of population
187 500
11 inaugurazione |
QUARTIERE TAMBURI
1968 Pollution problems
HISTORICAL15CENTER
Abandoned spaces
BORGO
Lack of services and open spaces
N TARANTO 19
0,05%
« “LA CASA PER TUTTI” : LA STADTKRONE DI GENOVA”» Federico Bucci e Marco Lucchini
“Il passato, non lo dicono solo gli storici, offre lezioni utili al presente.”
1985
9
Total population of Taranto
G PLACES ON FOCUS
21%
ILVA’s employees
125 000
17
62 500
1970
92%
21
DIOXIN OF ITALY
GREEN SPACE 27
CONTAMINATED SOIL
Federico Bucci e Marco Lucchini, Casabella 793, 2010
SCALE _ 1:2000
23 SECTION A-A’
A’ B’
29 SECTION B-B’
ALESSANDRO BETTA _ 804010 | MONICA FONTANA 798680
03
A B
model’s pictures
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN LAB 1 IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF LE CORBUSIER The studio Lab proposed a critical reading of Le Corbusier project’s Petite Maison, in relation to the ‘5 Points of Architecture’: pilotis, free designing of the ground plan, roof garden, horizontal window and free design of the façade; thorough investigation of the residential building proposed, of the site, of the relationship between measure, geometry, nature of the spaces and and their functions, allowed the definition of a small scale detached house in the adjacent lot. Aim: deal with the technical solutions and material nature of the architectural design, especially linking the building designed with the existing.
3
planimetry
ground floor
south elevation
north elevation
4
0
2
4
8
12
m
model’s picture Ex tempore
INTERIOR DESIGN KAFKA’S STUDIO | FROM THE DEN TO LIGHT Experiment: “boîtes à lumière” (5 experimental thematic models) realizing specific interior design “light provocations”, according to the different topics (action to the overlay, to the volume, to the casing, to the facade, to the section). Manipulate / Propose: the project was applied within a space designed to fit Kafka’s studio and perform “a path against time, from the den to light”: sometimes driven, sometimes stored by the words that he left us.
5
“If I listen, I forget If I see, I remember If I do, I understand� ID-LAB
XI mostra internazionale di architettura,Venezia 2008
ground floor plan
first floor plan
sections 5,70 3,10
2,70
0,50 0,00
0
1
2
3
5
m
0
1
2
3
5
m
2,70
“Ti senti a tuo agio, senti di essere a casa tua? Non lo so, sono molto incerto. É la casa di mio padre, ma freddi stanno gli oggetti l’uno accanto all’altro, come se ciascuno badasse ai fatti suoi che in parte ho dimenticato, in parte mai conosciuti.”
F. Kafka, Ritorno, in Tutti i racconti, 1979
8
september 2010 | Rwanda
WORKSHOP | ATELIER RWANDA RWANDAN VILLAGES REDEVELOPMENT What is the configuration of the typical settlement in Rwanda? What about the nowadays definition and demonstration? What are the factors that have contributed to its organization? Four aims: determine a shared investigation method which has to be applied in the different inspections sites; identify the best presentation methods of the information collected through questionnaires and graphic design schemes; have a wider look on increasing densification scheduled for Rwanda over the next 30 years; recognize the peculiarities, the house needs, and the settlements needs in the context of future demographic change related to the project.
9
Territorial site analysis Rwanda | diagrams
Project, Kaciru’s hill | masterplan
10
axonometries: buildings, streets, territory
Venetian lagoon’s hydrography next page: inspection site’s pictures
URBAN DESIGN LAB SCENARIO | ANY DROP COUNTS In the Veneto region sprawl, water is abundantly present. It’s a resource that improves the environment and the quality of space, only if harnessed and used sensibly. The goal is to distinguish the elements that can and will have a strategic importance in the future: floods, fragmentation of open spaces and marginalization. Water becomes the key element to restructure the complexity of the urban space, and encourage measures aimed at maintaining and expanding the areas of flooding: predict the reactivation or rebuilding of wetlands, restoration and expansion of areas with spontaneous vegetation and promote the production of clean energy through biomass. The project hypothesis show the idea of living with the water trying to merge various urban fabrics with it. Experiment and assume new territorial scenarios for an isotropic future, also means acting in order to prevent meteorological and hydraulic risks. The regeneration or reuse of fabrics allow to re-interpret and re-use uncertain areas, living also in risk zones.
11
hydrography as the human body’s arteries, veins and capillaries
plot of rainwater collectors and road sections
Flood risk
Territorial division
Urban areas at risk flooding
Industrial area
Medium risk flood area
Residential area
Brenta river
Agricultural and historical area Brenta river
km
0
0,4
0,8
1,2
12
phytoremediation process: . improve water quality . reduce industries pollution . promote an integrated water management policy
New ecological connections between the banks of the river: . solve spatial segregation problems between the banks of the river . improve the quality of public space along the river, in order to live it . the buffer area does not divide but merge . define the space along Brenta river/recreational play activities
Green buffer areas
Typha
Common reed
Myriophyllum proserpinacoides
Water and asphalt
Lythrum salicaria Salcerella
m 0 strengthening the river banks with a pedestrian-cycle network (low-speed path)
mobility existing infrastructure system
200
400
600
new infrastructure system
section-scenario wadi: summer season
section-scenario wadi: fall season
section-scenario wadi: winter season
13
modeling the soil to keep the water at the surface - wadi -
model and perspective view
BORDER LINE | WORKSHOP INA CASA FORTE QUEZZI_GENOVA Inauguration | 1968 « “La casa per tutti”: la Stadtkrone di Genova » F. Bucci e M. Lucchini, Casabella 793, 2010 Inauguration | 2020 “La casa per tutti” è Multietnica
For the architecture of the differences. The architecture of the future city is like a fabric with different textures. The cultures are intertwined, languages are multiplied, architecture accommodates different colors, the city is invaded by an explosion of smells... The architecture of the multiethnic world does not need to be defined by volumes, rather cozy empty spaces are comfortable enough, biodiversity infrastructure, other small asp (or “biscioni”) settled between the existing ones in order to assert other colors.
15
M U LT I E T N I C A Per un’Architettura delle Differenze
Dispositivi di implementazione dello spazio delle diverse etnie nella città futura
Le culture si intrecciano, si moltiplicano le lingue, l’architettura accoglie colori diversi, la città è invasa da un’esplosione di odori...
L’Architettura del mondo Multietnico non ha bisogno di definirsi in volumi, bastano spazi vuoti dell’accoglienza, infrastrutture della diversità, altri piccoli “biscioni” che si insediano tra quelli esistenti per affermare altri colori.
L’Architettura della città futura è come un tessuto con trame diverse.
Il Biscione architettura futurA
LODI // SLOW PROVIDED BY USB // Urban Slow Behaviour
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE STUDIO A PATH THROUGH THE CITY “Landscape� means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of action and interaction of natural and human. The aim of the course was to find out in the city case study a quality of life, a new concept of quality of urban landscape. A path through the city has the capability to solve the problem of the city and of the citizens. With slow mobility, and organic little intervention, the city can generate different feedback. Lodi in a contemporary passage city, a commuting city. Some urban problems could be solved by landscape interventions and provocations. With a slow connection with lights systems, colours and green/natural elements the quality of life can increase.
17
DESIGN FOR THE SMART CITIES IS PIACENZA SMART ? To build a smart city citizens should know about the conditions of the environment tey’re in, take a step to develop their own environment. Citizens should participate. The aim is to improve consciousness and knowledge so that people will take care of their own environment. The challenge starts from new generations who can generate social integration.
“Build the capability for people to experience it, love it and tend it” Bill Reed
19
ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN STUDIO TENERIFE | SPAIN TRACES _ WALLS SYSTEM CONNECTIONS _ PATHS SYSTEM NATURAL FRAGMENTS _ OPEN SPACE SYSTEM
ARTIFICIAL FRAGMENTS _ BUILT SPACE SYSTEM
URBAN - SCAPE
LAND - SCAPE
WEAK EXPERIMENTS | WORKSHOP STRATEGY FOR SHRINKING CITIES | TARANTO The case of Taranto is very special, since this city has an enormous industrial area (ILVA) but also suffers from de-industrialization. The tremendous pollution and the de-industrialization are the reason why Taranto nowadays is shrinking. The Strategy is to Rethink the borders. This vision considers that a sprawling vegetation could replace the already existing borders between the different areas of the city. It would make a strong contrast with the pollution image associated to ILVA. The idea is to reinforce the border but changing its meaning; it’s not a wall anymore, it’s a porous and a green filter. It does not separate things but reconnect them in a different way. The idea is to create a kind of green corridor, connected as a cellular system all around the city.
23
C I T Y A N A L Y S I S
187 500
125 000
ILVA’s employees
De-industrialization
22 500 15 000 7 500
62 500
1970
2010
1960
1985
2010
Total population of Taranto
Declining of population
SHRINKING PLACES ON FOCUS
187 500
125 000
62 500
QUARTIERE TAMBURI
Pollution problems
HISTORICAL CENTER
Abandoned spaces
BORGO
Lack of services and open spaces
IN TARANTO
21%
0,05%
CONTAMINATED SOIL
1970
92%
DIOXIN OF ITALY
GREEN SPACE
2010
VISION I VISION II STRATEGICAL MAP VISION I VISION II 11 X237,5 cm 11 X 7,5 cm X 15 cm 11 X 7,5 cm 11 X 7,5 cm porose explosion | net
porose cells
SHRINKING CITIES / workshop projects /
STRATEGICAL MAP VISIONSTRATEGICAL I VISION II MAP 23 X 15 cm 11 X 7,523 cmX 15 cm 11 X 7,5 cm porose explosion | net porose explosion | net
LOVE THE BORDER STRATEGY: RETHINK AND RENFORCE THE BORDERS
VISION I 11 X 7,5 cm
porose cells
00
1. This vision considers that a sprawling vegetation could replace the cells already existing borders porose JM\_MMV \PM LQٺMZMV\ IZMI[ WN \PM KQ\a 1\ _W]TL make a strong contrast with the pollution image I[[WKQI\ML \W 14>) <PM QLMI Q[ \W ZMQVNWZKM \PM border but to change its meaning, its not a wall IVaUWZM Q\¼[ I XWZW][ IVL I OZMMV ÅT\MZ 1\ LWM[ VW\ [MXIZI\M \PQVO[ J]\ ZMKWVVMK\ \PMU QV I LQNNMZMV\ _Ia
SHRINKING CITIES / worksho
SHRINKING CITIES / worksho
STRATEGICAL MAP 23 X 15 cm
<PM QLMI Q[ \W KZMI\M QV \PM ÅZ[\ [\MX LQٺMZent center; each on one special border situa\QWV MIKP QV I LQٺMZMV\ KWVÅO]ZI\QWV WN TIVL-
25
LOVE THE BORDER
SHRINKING CITIES / workshop projects /
AIR Fraxinus Ornus seed
SOIL
Olea europea cuspidata
Phragmintes australis
SHRINKING CITIES / workshop projects /
VISION II 11 X 7,5 cm
WATER
COMPETIOTION FUTURE CITIES | PLANNING FOR THE 90% MAY 2012
“STEAL PUBLIC SPACE” WITH
GIULIA GROTTO
PERFORMANCE | URBAN LANDSCAPE | ARCHITECTURE HTTP://WWW.PREMIOCELESTE.IT/OPERA/IDO:133229/
Concorso internazionale aperto ad artisti ed architetti invitati ad immaginare il mondo fra quarant’anni, quando sette dei nove milioni di abitanti vivranno in città. Il concorso vuole far riflettere sulla necessità e l’urgenza di migliorare i meccanismi vitali della metropoli attraverso la ri-progettazione di situazioni e ambienti solitamente considerati “d’emergenza” e che, attraverso un pensiro innovativo potrebbero rivelare risorse inattese nelle dinamiche di comunità. L’obiettivo è affrontare il tema delle criticità dello spazio pubblico e delle infrastrutture in contesti urbani specifici.
27
Il video riprende la parte conclusiva di una performance tenutasi la notte tra il 30 aprile e l’1 maggio 2012, in uno spazio verde ‘interno’ alla città di Schio, Vicenza. Il territorio dell’Alto Vicentino, ricco di svariate risorse, ha avuto negli anni grandi sviluppi fino ad oggi. Uno sfruttamento esponenziale del territorio e una cementificazione progressiva fa pensare ad uno scenario futuro asettico, nel quale gli spazi condivisibili si limitano a spartitraffico e ‘aiuole’ urbane. Se il tema su cui riflettere è la necessità di riorganizzare e studiare le trasformazioni dei nostri centri urbani, e con esse il mutare della società, allora bisogna prendere in considerazione le più estreme sfacettature della città e delle sue componenti. Per questo abbiamo deciso di ribaltare il nostro punto di vista appropiandoci illecitamente di uno spazio sospeso tra pubblico e privato, tra luoghi e non|luoghi. La rotonda, nella sua perfezione artificiale, diventa oggetto della performance in quanto spazio invisibile ed inaccessibile, quando invece in altri contesti sociali (Africa e Medio-Oriente) è luogo di aggregazione. E così l’idea nasce dalla condivisione della città-multietnica. La popolazione di Schio, infatti, è sempre più arricchita dalla presenza di differenti culture, tradizioni e semplici ma singolari abitudini. Provocare è l’unico mezzo che ora ci compete. Abbiamo trascorso una notte nel mezzo dell’’isola verde’, nella totale indifferenza del traffico, con il fine di stimolare le menti di chi vive e pianifica la città. Lo stile di vita odierno ci costringe sempre più a vivere dentro casa quando invece gli spazi esterni dovrebbero essere valorizzati. Noi vogliamo portare all’eccesso questa espressione. Non è forse giunta l’ora di tornare a vivere le strade e quindi prendere spunto dal vivere dell’”altro”? La nostra soluzione è ‘uscire’.
28
0
50
m
m
0
50
0
50
m
0m
50
0m
50
0m
50
0m
50
0m
50
0m
50
0m
50
“Dead” chilean cities of extraction | Taxonomy
MASTER THESIS | OCT2015 EPHEMERAL TERRITORIALISM Floated communities in territory of extraction in Chile: case of Calama Do we really feel to belong to a place, to a specific land, to a geographical location in the world? What are the limits, the boundaries of territorial identity that belongs to us? Do we recognize them? Are we able to adapt ourself to all territorial and atmospheric conditions? There are powerful places full of energy and resources, where the sun beats, and the dry earth, rocky, pink and pale yellow, is at the same time fragile, and hard to live; there abandoned squeaky cities are recognized. To know the territories of extraction of northern Chile is necessary to investigate on their original settlements, analyze their location and read the reasons of migration. To know about these is necessary to breathe mine’s dusty air. To know about territories of extraction it is necessary to involve different actors who walk in those places, and let them communicate. Indigenous communities, miners and citizens.
29
For Refuge
For Religious Rituals
For Extraction
For Defense
For Celebration
For Emergencies/Disaster
Ephemeral urbanism | Temporal cities Bauxite
Manganese
Lead
Diamond
Cromium
Titanium
Nickel
Platinum
Tin
Zinc
Gold
Silver
Iron
Copper
Geographical distribution of ephemeral cities and their taxonomies Bauxite
Manganese
Lead
Diamond
Cromium
Titanium
Nickel
Platinum
Tin
Zinc
Gold
Silver
Iron
Copper
World minerals | Urban density and Extractions
4,4% Russia
3,6% Kazakhstan
3,4% Poland
4,4% Canada 8,5% Estados Unidos
4,1% China
2,5% Mexico
8,8 % Indonesia
1,6 % Papua Nueva Guinea
6,2% Perù
Mean estimated undiscovered copper (milion metric tons)
2,3% Zambia 1,5% Argentina
> 50
World copper production
12%
13%
8,2% Otros
10-30
Infrastructure
30%
Transportation
30%
30-50
33,9 % Chile Industrial uses
Electronic equipment
Global copper usage
Construction
6,5% Australia
< 10
15%
Deposit Type
5%
9%
11%
11%
3%
4%
4%
7%
Red Bed Cu Fe oxide-Cu-Au
5%
Skarn
3%
7%
Porphyry Cu-(Mo,Au)
Italy
19%
U.S.A.
Other
Japan
South Corea
Taiwan
China
14%
16%
3%
United Kingdom
8%
Brasil
6%
Germany
29% 4%
Mexico
18% World copper consumption
France
Enargite-bearing replacement Porphyry-related skarn Cu-(Mo, Au, Zn) Enargite vein
Volcanogenic massive sulfide
10%
4%
Copper importers from Chile
Chilean copper exportation
ANDEAN COPPER DEPOSIT
Aymaras 8% Others
3% Cerro Colorado Colchane
1872
Tarapaca
1929
Humberstone e Santa Laura
9% Doña Inés de Collahuasi
5% El Abra
12
1915
Iquique Pica
Tocopilla
2007
Chuquicamata
1924
6,8% Radomiro Tomic
Atacameños
Region de Tarapacà
Pukarà de Lasana Calama San Pedro de Atacama Toconao
1940
Chacabuco
38
Region de Antofagasta
Antofagasta
Changos
Peine
13% Chuquicamata
2% El Tesoro
1919
Potrerillos
1848 3% Zaldivar
Tres Puntas Lomas Bayas
1832
1860
Chañarcillo
1890
1959
El Salvador
1999
1955
2008
43
Indigenous com
Diaguitas
Region de Atacama
1930
Puquios
Copiapò
1908 1895
1875
Cerro Blanco
1866
17% Minera Escondida
Picunches 3% Mantos Blancos
La Serena Coquimbo
47 Region de Coquimbo
1,8%Division Salvador
Daily Fligh
Base
Region de Valparaiso
23 22 21
Santiago Rancagua
Region de O’Higgins
20
9
Sewell
7% Minera Los Pelambres
Valparaiso
Mapuche
27 Region Metropolitana
1977
1909
24H DAY FLIGHT
23 4% Candelaria
Talca
A
19
4,8% Division Andina
CALAM
18
Chonos
Region del Bio Bio
17
7
5% Minera La Disputada
Concepcion
16 7,6% Division El Teniente
15
Temuco
14
SANTIA
Puerto Montt
Territorial continuity of the group
Tehuelche
Penetration from the pampa Coyhaique
Commercial contracts intra groups War incursion
10
Colonias incaicas Changos
Region de Aisén
Yaganes Total faenas per region
Population percentage of indigenous n. 50,5-78,1 %
Town in proximity
Usage of hazardous substances Mining conflicts
Sulfuric Acid
Water conflicts
Cyanide
1881 Boundary Treaty with Argentina
1883
1929
1969
2008
Coal
Silver
State Abandoned
Actors involved
Farmers
Temporal territorial taxonomy
Mining and water conflicts
30
Dangerous abandoned mine faenas
5,1-13,9 % 0,2-5 %
Gold
Non-indigenous population 91,90 % Indigenous population in Chile 8,10 %
Closed Paralyzed
Community
Distribution of chilean copper production
Punta Arenas
Copper
Indigenous community
War of the Pacific
14-29,1 %
Selknam
Problems Hydroelectric
Contamination
1810-1866
29,2-50,4 %
Production
Agriculture, oasis and environment
Contamination (high, medium and low risk)
Indigenous communities Air
Water
12
13
Kawesqar
Floating population
Migration of indigenous community and migration per activity
CALAMA
The territory of extraction of northern Chile, especially the city of Calama, in Antofagasta region, is facing a peculiar urgency. The opening of a new underground mine near the town is the cause of a future arrival of a considerable number of inhabitants. At the same time the present oasis undergoes a drastic shrinkage year by year, in terms of surface, because of the territorial exploitation and water shortages. Copper production in Chile brings a large financial revenue, but at the same time can be a negative factor influencing socio-environmental aspects and the ecosystem. Moreover it is possible to link this urgency to a temporal aspect: if copper, as finite resource, will be used till the exhaustion, the response to this emergency, to this temporal requirement, will be a temporal solution.
Quiborax El Abra
Mantos de la Luna
Chiuquicamata
Radomiro Tomic
Maria Elena Soquimich Pedro de Valdivia
Cerro Dominador
Antucoya
Spence
Calama
Ministro Hales Quimal
Canteras
Atacama
Santa Catalina El Tesoro
Sierra Miranda
Eliana 21
Esperanza
TelĂŠgrafo Polo Sur
Sociedad Chilena de Litio Gaby Minsal
Waste Relaves _ Tailings
The attempt is to intervene in the territory and in the city silently with long-term planning scenarios and resilient communities perspectives which can mitigate the environmental impact caused by mines; the proposal outcome is a cellular model of ephemeral camps, as small satellites cities, or villages, which are integrated and adapted to the territory and the city of Calama. The aim is a positive externality such as the return to everyday life experience, to a belonging sense of community.
MINE WASTE PRODUCTION
Environmental impacts of copper production
33
1991 1910 30,5 Ha 904 inhab 29,6 inhab/Ha
Calama before mines development
1992
1949 157,3 Ha 12.209 inhab 71,8 inhab/Ha
1993
1985 vegetation 27,51 Km2
1994
1954 200,0 Ha 15.559 inhab 77,8 inhab/Ha
1995 1959 1990
310,0 Ha 24.377 inhab 78,6 inhab/Ha
vegetation 22,72 Km2
1996
1964 623,7 Ha 32.909 inhab 52,8 inhab/Ha
1997 1995 vegetation 19,34 Km2
1998
1974 992,0 Ha 55.746 inhab 56,2 inhab/Ha
2000 vegetation 21,15 Km2
1999 1986 1.034,0 Ha 90.940 inhab 87,9 inhab/Ha
2000 2005 vegetation 18,73 Km2
1996 1.359,4 Ha 117,068 inhab 86,1 inhab/Ha
2001
2010
2002
2006
vegetation 15,17 Km2
1.923,9 Ha 141.581 inhab 73,6 inhab/Ha
Intermediaries
2003
Mining Community 2015
Services
1.923,9 Ha 147.886 inhab 91,6 inhab/Ha
2015 vegetation 17,88 Km2
CALAMA’S OASIS SHRINKAGE Reduction and desertification over time Expansion of urban fabric
Oasis
2004 Years
Agricultural
WATER RIGHTS VARIATION
Expansion of urban fabric
Oasis
CALAMA’S URBAN GROWTH CALAMA’S URBAN GROWTH
Characteristic and quality: being a weak urbanization, a sweet and reversible layer; flexible, that can be assembled and disassembled; being able to leave a trace of itself to the landscape, visible as a seed in the earth, as alive regeneration in the ecosystem.
LEARNING FROM THE PAST | TULOR Indigenous settlement, 2800 B.C.
ORGANIC COMMIXTURE | project
Urban quality beyond efficiency | Socio-ecological system
5 m 10 m
5
10 m
Socio-ecological system
Tulor | Indigenous settlement, Atacama region 2800 B.C.
40 %
Living quarters | units cell
PULSES STRATEGY
20 %
Satellite transition growing
10 % 30 %
WC
Living quarters | units cell
OMMIXTURE
ORGANIC COMMIXTURE
2030
Aft
After life
NATIVE VEGETATION | Abacus PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE Cultivated area Local crops
Mais
Chañar
Heliotropium curassavicum L
Atriplex semibaccata
Tamarugo
Chara
Baccharis petiolata
ECOLOGICAL COMPENSATION Alfa Alfa
Amarabthus
Water purification Wetland species
Weak layer Light native species
Azollaliculoides
Brea Tassaria
Atriplex atacamensis
Senecio sp
Caesalpinia spinosa
Lythrum sp
Erigeron senecio ides
Baccharis juncea
Cachiyuyo
Solanum
RECOVERING Buffer area Robust species
Junco
Algarrobo
Prosopis chilensis
Distichlis spicata
Pimiento
Cola de zorro
Schinus molle L
Cortaderia atacamensis
37
39
‘A.J. on Ladder’ Rodney Smith 1994