AVM Ostéon_AADRL Patrik Schumacher Studio 2017 by morgan graboski

Ostéon

TEAM Morgan Graboski Ying Xia Albert Yen

STUDIO MASTER Patrik Schumacher

ASSISTANT TUTOR Pierandrea Angius 2016-2017

Architectural Association School of Architecture Design Research Laboratory

_ Table of Contents

00_ Brief 01_ AVM 02_ Research 02A_ Precedents 02B_ Structural Research 03_ Site 03A_ Site History 03B_ Site Analysis 03C_ Site Fabric 04_ Site Strategy 04A_ Massing 04B_ Zones 05_ Form Finding 05A_ Skeleton Models 06_ Tower Placement 07_ Resonance Strategies 07A_ Canopy 07B_ Skeleton Analysis 07C_ Space Carving 07D_ Facade 08_ OstĂŠon 09_Detailed Zones 09A_ Zone 2 09B_ Zone 1 10_ Urban Vistas 11_ Renderings 12_ Models 13_ Final Presentation Feedback 14_ Appendix 15_ References

06 12 26 60 72 86 96 106 120 124 162 178 182 198 262 270 312 338 352 412 424 442 462 468 508

00_Brief

Our studio seeks to examine multi-authored parametric urbanism within the context of a mixed-use cluster of towers in Shoreditch, East London. This approach will grant us opportunities to create a uniquely diverse but also intricately related series of buildings. Additionally, by designing these towers without a central core, we will explore the communicative possibilities, both physical and visual, granted to us this way. This is an opportunity to explore a different typology of towers, with more flexible options rather than the typical combination of structure, mechanical spaces, and circulation. The thesis is intended to develop a new generative methodology for skyscrapers through an exploration of parametric design focused on a more three-dimensional approach to circulation. We will be exploring this through the layering of systems and subsystems within the tower. These layers will consist of a central void, the floor plates of the building, the exterior skeleton structure, along with a flexible facade, on the outermost layer. These layers and subsystems will exist in a state of symbiosis, operating and reacting to each other in a synchronized manner. In response to the site, the proposed scheme will include a public ground plane as well as a public, raised level park which derives its elevation from an abandoned, historic viaduct on the site. Taking into consideration the concerns of the neighborhood about development on the site, the residences within the towers will be economical and reasonable, so as to counteract the current trend of unaffordable luxury housing in London. In addition to this, a coupling of green spaces with an exo-structural system will create unique and desirable spaces for all of the included programs.

Glossary Ecology: creating something like an ecosystem with buildings. The connections between towers, for example, are linking together elements, such as programs or services, which depend on each other for survival. This can be at a conceptual level or a literal, physical level.

Parametric design, which allows for adaptability and responsiveness to an environment, is well suited for the urban design and planning of cities. If new construction can respond and adapt to existing conditions, and anticipate future growth and changes, our cities will develop a coherent ecology rather than the current state of “architectural chaos.”1 While we believe that some of this “chaos” is desirable, much like Jane Jacobs argues, there are many issues with it that could be avoided with parametric design. Future growth can be anticipated and parameters easily changed to accommodate diversification and transitions.

Multi-species: in algorithmic design, it is possible to generate many iterations with the same script using genetic algorithms. In this process, the software creates and evaluates many “generations” from a specified script and tests their fitness, until the process is stopped manually or the software finds the optimal result. When designing parametrically, it is desirable to create variation across a project rather than sameness. By using common parameters and adjusting inputs, such as elevation and location on site, multiple “species,” can be created. These differing results will all have similar outcomes, creating multiple species.

Through the use of parametric design, the project seeks to develop a multiauthor, multi-species ecology of towers on a site in East London. Parametric urbanism offers a solution to “garbage spill urbanization,” due to its inherent adaptability. Due to this, a single author is not required (nor is it desired) - there

1 Schumacher, Patrik. 2016. Parametricism: 2.0 Rethinking Architecture’s Agenda For The 21St Century / Guest-Edited By Patrik Schumacher.. London, UK: John Wiley & Sons.

will be no sweeping masterplan penned by the quintessential Architect. Through shared tools and rule sets, multiple designers can participate in the creation of high density urban order.

remain.2,3 Besides the recent addition of the new London Overground station, the site also has infrastructural constraints underground. The Central Line runs underneath the central portion of the site, at a depth between 93 and 98m down, as well as a BT tunnel.

The site is located on the former Bishopsgate Goodsyard- currently the site of the recently completed Shoreditch High Street Overground station. The site is bordered on the west by the heavilytrafficked Commercial Street and to the east by the mainly pedestrian Brick Lane. As a result of a below-ground National Rail line bordering the south edge of the site, there is little access to the site from the south. The site is one of few undeveloped areas, especially of its size, in London. In order to achieve the desired density, towers are the only way to efficiently utilize the space. Once the terminus of the Great Eastern railroad line into London, the site was transformed into a Goodsyard before a fire destroyed most of the building in 1964 and it was abandoned. The Braithwaite Viaduct, designed by John Braithwaite and built in 1842 remains largely intact on the eastern portion of the site and is Grade 2 Listed. Additionally, a masonry wall along the north edge of the site along Scalater Street and a portion of the old station facade along Commercial Street still

“BRAITHWAITE VIADUCT”. 2016. Historicengland. Org. https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/ list-entry/1063895. 3 “A Brief History Of Bishopsgate Goodsyard | Spitalfields Life”. 2014. Spitalfieldslife.Com. http:// spitalfieldslife.com/2014/09/14/a-brief-history-ofbishopsgate-goodsyard/. 2

As the global population trend towards living in cities continues, we are faced with an ever increasing problem of space and density within these urban centers. High density urban order has been lost in the chaotic flurry of construction over the last decades, and urban centers are suffering as a result. Parametric design, which allows for adaptability and responsiveness to an environment, is well suited for the urban design and planning of cities. If new construction can respond and adapt to existing conditions, and anticipate future growth and changes, our cities will develop a coherent ecology rather than the current state of architectural chaos. Future growth can be anticipated and parameters easily changed to accommodate diversification and transitions.

high level of sensitivity to the immediate as well as larger surrounding contexts of a project. By responding to differing levels of context, site, city etc., we can avoid creating “collage” conditions within the city.1 And, by anticipating future growth, we can aid in the future success of cities. Through the use of parametric design the project seeks to develop a multiauthor, multi-species ecology of towers on a site in East London. Parametric urbanism offers a solution to “garbage spill urbanization,” due to its inherent adaptability. Due to this, a single author is not required (nor is it desired) there will be no sweeping master plan penned by the quintessential Architect. Through shared tools and rule sets, multiple designers can participate in the creation of high density urban order. By sharing data and generative techniques, each designer will be able to design within the same “language” of the surrounding buildings, and respond to the environment without creating a collage condition.

For our team, parametric urbanism represents a way in which urban sprawl and unhealthy growth from cities can be curbed and controlled. Parametric design is designing in a systematic way, using design softwares that use algorithms, to generate designs based on specified parameters. By simple changing the inputs to these parameters, such as amount of desired elevators or number of footings, the result is regenerated almost instantly. It is anticipatory and flexible and allows for a

1 Schumacher, Patrik. 2016. Parametricism: 2.0 Rethinking Architecture’s Agenda For The 21St Century / Guest-Edited By Patrik Schumacher.. London, UK: John Wiley & Sons.

The site is located on the former Bishopsgate Goodsyard- currently the site of the recently completed Shoreditch High Street Overground station. The site is bordered on the west by the heavilytrafficked Commercial Street and to the east by the mainly pedestrian Brick Lane. As a result of a below-ground National Rail line bordering the south edge of the site, there is little access to the site from the south. Once the terminus of the Great Eastern railroad line into London, the site was transformed into a Goodsyard before a fire destroyed most of the building in 1964 and it was abandoned. The Braithwaite Viaduct, designed by John Braithwaite and built in 1842 remains largely intact on the eastern portion of the site and is Grade 2 Listed. Additionally, a masonry wall along the north edge of the site along Scalater St and a portion of the old station facade along Commercial St still remain.2,3 Besides the addition of the new London Overground station, the site also has infrastructural constraints underground. The Central Line runs underneath the central portion of the site, as well as a BT tunnel.

way to efficiently utilize the space. By increasing the density on our site, the project will provide valuable programs and spaces to the surrounding neighborhood. Additionally, our scheme will incorporate the Overground station into it’s design- creating a new station while maintaining the current elevated track on the site.

The site is one of few undeveloped areas, especially of it’s size, in the London area. In order to achieve the desired density, to meet the requirements set out by the brief, towers are the only

2 “BRAITHWAITE VIADUCT”. 2016. Historicengland. Org. https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/ list-entry/1063895. 3 “A Brief History Of Bishopsgate Goodsyard | Spitalfields Life”. 2014. Spitalfieldslife.Com. http:// spitalfieldslife.com/2014/09/14/a-brief-history-ofbishopsgate-goodsyard/.

01_AVM

The interest in our research lies in investigating how differing “species” of tower can work together on the site, responding to each other and the existing conditions, as well as rules we set in terms of program and spatial requirements, to create a cohesive whole while maintaining individual identities and characteristics. The multi-author approach, which demands individuality, will allow each tower to be identifiable on it’s own. Each species of tower will represent the differing combinations of program within the project; for example a residential tower with a commercial lower level would be considered one species while an office tower with an entertainment venue in it’s center would be considered another. Through a study of phenomenology, these individuals will also be seen as a part of the larger complex of the whole site as an urban district within the global site of London. Through carefully chosen viewpoints and view paths, urban vistas will be created and explored. By responding to the surrounding context as well as each other, the project will maintain visual order rather than contributing to what some may call the existing “chaos” of the city.

London Skyline

Photo Credit: Vulturelabs http://www.vulturelabs.photography/

Homogeneity Bottom-Up Urbanism - Patrik Schumacher

vs.

Collage Dubai renaissance - OMA

Thesis

by differing the methodology slightly for each zone. We began our skeleton form-finding process with topology optimization; we generated a catalog of load scenarios and then selected several iterations to develop further. We chose iterations which could be easily stacked and combined, and then remodeled them into smoother forms which we then stacked and mirrored to create our rough skeleton forms. These forms were then remodeled and refined further to ensure structural differentiation and continuity. We then selected from these forms skeletons which reflected the criteria for each zone, classified by their level of resolution and complexity. Simultaneously, we developed unifying systems to be applied across every zone, such as the programming of spaces based on the skeleton frame typology and a multi-layered façade system.

Our studio explores multiauthored parametric urbanism within the context of London. We believe that current situation of unrelated and unresolved buildings has created visual chaos within the London skyline. This chaos not only effects the present but also the future of the skyline as there is currently no accommodation for growth. Operating within our brief to design a series of towers in Shoreditch, London, our project seeks to create legible unity through multi-authorship and parametric design. The interest in our research lies in investigating how differing “species” of tower can work together on the site, responding to each other and the existing conditions, as well as program and spatial requirements. Additionally, we will be designing without structural central cores to facilitate free movement within and between our towers and throughout the site. Therefore, a skeleton structure is proposed for the towers. We also propose a multi-dimensional public ground plane – defined by a canopy system - across the whole site, and green spaces, as well as the preservation of a historical viaduct existing on the site. In order to achieve this, we have divided the site into different zones, promoting multi-authorship

Site Strategy context Existing london skyline Zonesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; definition

Form Finding Follow the multi-authored principle Topology optimization Stacking Form Differentiation

System Refinement: Application

u=7 v=25 u=12 v=24 u=24 v=50

u=24 v=50

u=24 v=48

u=12 v=48

u=20 v=50

u=15 v=50

Resonance Strategy 1. Canopy System 2. Skeleton Analysis & Programming 3. Interior Space Carving 4. Facades

u=3 v=48

u=25 v=48

Space Carving The following diagrams are a study we conducted exploring the possibilities of designing without a central core, and the interior spaces possible.

Essay: Methodology

and commercial spaces, as well as residential and recreational spaces. By coupling green spaces with the skeleton/ structure of the building throughout the different zones, high quality spaces will be created for every program. The presence of fauna within buildings has proven beneficial effects, both psychological and physical, on the inhabitants1, and with the impossibility of a traditional garden for the residential tower(s), green walls and small gardens are proposed.

The skyscraper, as an architectural typology, has, by its very nature, always had a self-declared obsession with height. While height increases were made possible by technological and material advances, the basic structure of the skyscraper never really changed. We believe that the central core blocks communication, both visually and physically, across floors and between neighboring towers. By designing without this, the project will inevitably foster new relationships within the tower.

While London as a whole has many green spaces within the city, it suffers from many of these squares and gardens being privately owned. Shoreditch in particular, due to its industrial past, lacks dedicated public spaces in general, but also public green spaces. Through the design of a raised “canopy” structure covering portions of the site, our scheme proposes that the top of the canopy be a park, accessible to the surrounding neighborhood and general public. The existing railway viaduct will be maintained, and used as the datum for creating this raised park. By incorporating the existing structures into the canopy, the historic aspects of the site will be preserved. Through increased connectivity at the ground level, across the whole of the site, a new public realm beneath this canopy will also be created. Inspired by MVRDV’s Markthal in Rotterdam, the ground level will be programmed for flexible and popup venues and spaces, taking a cue from Boxpark, a temporary boutique retail hub on the site made from stacked shipping

By rethinking the connection between the circulation and structure within the building through our layering strategy, and the elimination of the central core, our circulation becomes free to move through the project in provocative ways. Rather than just designing vertical streets or raised level shared spaces, the circulation will move three dimensionally between the programs within each tower and between towers to create new connectivity. As a result, and parallel to this, the differing programs within the towers will not simply be stacked on top of each other as we have seen in other projects from our research. Programs such as housing and office space will have the ability to move in three dimensions, corresponding to the circulation through the project. Without the structural core, typically surrounded by building services, occupying the center of the building, these services can be placed more strategically throughout to avoid interrupting otherwise continuous spaces.

1 Maas, J. 2006. “Green Space, Urbanity, And Health: How Strong Is The Relation?”. Journal Of Epidemiology & Community Health 60 (7): 587-592. doi:10.1136/jech.2005.043125.

Our project aims to consider the needs of the surrounding neighborhood as a priority in addition to the brief. A cluster of towers divided in three “zones” is proposed, and will provide office, retail,

containers.

via a new take on the “street in the sky” put forward by the Smithsons3; our free circulation. Rather than simply providing communal access across buildings, these connections will offer shared facilities for residents, such as lounges, recreational spaces and other facilities to promote a sense of community within the project.

As a result of the opportunities granted to us by the elimination of a central core, and the unique businesses thriving in Shoreditch, the office program within our towers will offer a new type of office space. The small tech companies that Shoreditch is known for do not operate in the same fashion as traditional offices and therefore the typical “corporate” office design will not suit. Inspired by companies like Google and Facebook, and office designs by WeWork that offer many communal spaces and more than just a traditional desk, we want our towers to facilitate this in every way.2 We aim to provide flexible and open workspaces, adjustable not just in configuration but also in size and connectivity with neighbors to facilitate the open-source, collaborative networks that these new offices develop(ed) from and within.

By manipulating the public/private areas, our project aspires to new program relationships beyond simple adjacencies. The entirely public ground level will seep up and into the lower levels of the towers across the site, utilizing the exoskeleton and related circulation, much like capillary action, allowing the public to closely intermingle with the office and lower residential areas. The creation of these vertical streets will allow for transparency between programs and new ways of connecting people and spaces within the towers.

Correspondingly, our project will also propose new models of housing, rather than the traditional tower apartment. With the increased demand for housing, especially from the younger generation, and the increased shortage of affordable (read: not low-income, but reasonably priced) housing, alternative models must be proposed. With cohabitation and communal living becoming increasingly more common, shared spaces and smaller apartments lend themselves to accommodating these trends. As a cluster of towers, the residential buildings within the project will be connected to each other

The project’s place within the London skyline will be carefully considered through a study of phenomenology. Utilizing our facade system, we would like to create a moiré effect (right) through patterning as well as shading devices, as well as differentiating programs and responding to the environment.

2 Redefining (And Redesigning) The Way Wework - Metropolis Magazine - June 2016”. 2016. Metropolismag.Com. http://www.metropolismag.com/June2016/Redefining-and-Redesigning-The-Way-WeWorK/.

3 Powers, Alan, Sandra Lousada, Ioana Marinescu, Peter Smithson, and Alison Margaret Smithson. 2010. Robin Hood Gardens Re-Visions. London: Twentieth Century Society.

Image: “Nojisu. 노지수.”. 2016. Nojisu.Com. http:// www.nojisu.com/?p=486.

References

Powers, Alan, Sandra Lousada, Ioana Marinescu, Peter Smithson, and Alison Margaret Smithson. 2010. Robin Hood Gardens Re-Visions. London: Twentieth Century Society.

“A Brief History Of Bishopsgate Goodsyard | Spitalfields Life”. 2014. Spitalfieldslife.Com. http://spitalfieldslife. com/2014/09/14/a-brief-history-ofbishopsgate-goodsyard/.

“Redefining (And Redesigning) The Way Wework - Metropolis Magazine - June 2016”. 2016. Metropolismag. Com. http://www.metropolismag.com/ June-2016/Redefining-and-Redesigning-The-Way-WeWorK/.

“BRAITHWAITE VIADUCT”. 2016. Historicengland.Org. https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1063895. Garrett, Bradley. 2015. “The Privatisation Of Cities’ Public Spaces Is Escalating. It Is Time To Take A Stand”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian. com/cities/2015/aug/04/pops-privatelyowned-public-space-cities-direct-action.

Schumacher, Patrik. 2016. Parametricism: 2.0 Rethinking Architecture’s Agenda For The 21St Century / Guest-Edited By Patrik Schumacher.. London, UK: John Wiley & Sons. “Why A Greenwall Is The New MustHave Office Feature - Theurbandeveloper.Com”. 2016. Theurbandeveloper. Com. https://www.theurbandeveloper. com/global-brands-adopt-greenwalls/.

Maas, J. 2006. “Green Space, Urbanity, And Health: How Strong Is The Relation?”. Journal Of Epidemiology & Community Health 60 (7): 587-592. doi:10.1136/jech.2005.043125.

Wood, Antony, Payam Bahrami, and Daniel Safarik. 2014. Green Walls In High-Rise Buildings: An Output Of The CTBUH Sustainability Working Group. Chicago: Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.

“Old And New London | British History Online”. 2016. British-History.Ac.Uk. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/oldnew-london/vol2. Pomeroy, Jason. 2014. The Skycourt And Skygarden. Abingdon: Routledge.

02A_Precedents

In conducting our initial research, we looked at a broad range of projects which each included some aspect we were interested in for our own work. Our research falls into two main categories: towers and other projects. For our tower research, we looked at towers and skyscrapers that brought or did something new for their respective cities. We analyzed them by looking at their structure, program and special features, such as sky gardens and public spaces. The “other” projects we looked at contained ideas and concepts which relate to our own concepts in the thesis. In order to research existing exoskeleton structures, we looked at Calatrava’s Turning Torso tower in Malmö and the Hearst Tower by Foster & Partners in New York City. Additionally, Hearst tower also demonstrated how a tower can be sensitive to a historic structure at its base. A good example of multiple towers connected, de Rotterdam also contained a mixed-use program. Because our site contains a disused railway structure and our desire to create a raised level park, we looked at the High Line by Diller Scofidio + Renfro. We also looked at UN Studio’s Arnhem Central Station because of the similar infrastructure found on our site.

The Shard, London UK. Renzo Piano Building Workshop. 2009-13.

upper level floors, which contain the hotel and residences, are taken up by the core and services. Within the residential floors, the greatest floor plate depth between the core and the façade is about 7.3m, while the smallest is only around 3m. While the residences within the Shard take up an entire floor plate (or more) per apartment, the loss of usable floor area is significant when considered on the scale of the whole building. v

While the Shard utilizes a typical central core to achieve its towering height, it possesses qualities such as a mixeduse program and garden spaces which we find interesting. The central core maintains the same size throughout the building, but the exterior structure within the facade changes as the elevation changes. Structural differentiation appears outside of the core, which is poured concrete – at the midsection of the tower the construction changes from steel frame to post tensioned concrete, and then farther up back to steel. From the base upwards the tower has twenty six floors of offices, three floors of restaurants, an 182 room hotel, twelve floors of luxury residences, topped off with an observatory.1 The Shard contains little garden spaces tucked in to the corners where the glass planes of the facade jut out- creating sheltered coves for greenery. These gardens are located primarily on the residential floors, but could have also be implemented on the office floors. Because of the structural requirements of the core a large percentage of the

1 “A Vertical City”. 2016. The Shard. http://www. the-shard.com/shard/a-vertical-city/.

Photo by Jeremy Salwyn.

Steel

Post-tensioned concrete

Core

Skin Steel frame

Section showing the central core and skin as well as the structural differentiation throughout the tower.

Floor 1

Enclos Core A Usable Core =

Floor 16 - Office Level Enclosed Area: 4792 m2; Core Area(s): 729 m2 Usable Floor Area 4036 m2 Core = 15% total floor area

SHARD ANALYSIS

Floor 23 - Office Level Enclosed Area: 3178 m2; Core Area(s): 679 m2 Usable Floor Area 2400 m2 Floor 23: Office Floor Core = 21% total floor area Enclosed Area: 3178 m2 Core Area(s): 679 m2 Usable Floor Area: 2400 m2 Core = 21% total floor area

Floor 39: Hotel Floor

Enclosed Area: 1753 Core Area(s): 334 m2 Usable Floor Area: 1 Core = 19% total floo

20 Fenchurch Street, London UK. Rafael Viñoly Architects. 2009-14.

of London, which were another selling point to the City, are hardly accessible from the restaurants.1

We chose this precedent because of its novel design features, the larger floor plates on top and a publicly accessible garden area, but also for its failures to the city of London. The Skygarden is now widely known and commended but also highly criticized for being quite sparsely planted and also not technically publicly accessible. Much like the Shard, the central core of the building is crucial to the structure, and respectively takes up a large portion of the floor plate- especially on the smaller, lower floors. With valuable real estate at a higher elevation, the Walkie Talkie is a developer’s dream.

The Skygarden failed to deliver what it promised in terms of a garden as well as a “public” space. Reservations must be made in advance in order to ascend to the top of the building. And, as Wainwright notes in their article, the more you spend on your meal the worse your view.

While there is a garden on the largest floor plate, at the top of the building, the garden is not exactly what you would call lush. The renderings which sold the project to the City of London showed mid-size trees and grassy paths, but the reality which was constructed is far from that. Most of the planting beds contain gravel and there are no full size trees. Most of the plants are low shrubs and ferns, and the paths within the garden are all hardscape with pavers and brick. Additionally, the restaurants which share the upper floors with this garden are not at all integrated and the views

1 “London’s New ‘Sky Garden’ Is A Joke | VICE | United Kingdom”. 2015. VICE. http://www.vice. com/en_uk/read/londons-sky-garden-publicspace-192.

Photo by st-hart, Flickr.

Structural Frame

Core

Skin

Section showing the building envelope, or skin, as well as the central core and structural frame.

m2 a

Floor 3 - Office Level Enclosed Area: 2135 m2; Core Area: 641 m2 Usable Floor Area 1494 m2 Core = 30% total floor Floor 3 area - Office Level

Enclosed Area: 2135 m2 Core Area: 641 m2 Usable Floor Area: 1494 m2 Core = 30% total floor area

Floor 31 - Office Level - Office Level EnclosedFloor Area:31 3570 m2; Core Area: 641 m2 2 Usable Floor Area 2929 m3570 Enclosed Area: m2 Core = 18% total floor area Core Area: 641 m2

Usable Floor Area: 2929 m2 Core = 18% total floor area 35

de Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands. OMA. 2013. de Rotterdam is an example of multiple towers sharing a common, public base as well as a mixed-use cluster of towers. While the structure and layout of the towers is quite simple, the mixeduse program is well integrated with the project’s surroundings. The project was designed as a vertical city with offices, apartments, a hotel, conference facilities and commercial programs.1 While the project is largely successful, it relies on large central cores within each individual tower, and the connections between towers are limited mainly to the lower levels.

1 “De Rotterdam”. 2016. OMA. http://oma.eu/projects/de-rotterdam.

Photo courtesy of OMA.eu.

Office

Residential

Hotel Public Parking

Program distribution

15.4m

15.5m 8.3m

15.4m 12m

8.6m

7.3m

15.5m 8.6m

8.7m

8.3m

11m

8.6m

12m

7.3m

11m

Floor 10 Residential Tower Typical Floor Enclosed Area: 933 m2 Core Area: 99 m2 Usable Floor Area: 834 m2 Core = 10.6% Floortotal 10 floor area Residential Tower Typical Floor Enclosed Area: 933 m2 Core Area: 99 m2 Usable Floor Area: 834 m2 Core = 10.6% total floor area

7.3m

8.7m

7.3m

Office Tower Typical Office Floor Enclosed Area: 1246 m2 Core Area: 217 m2 Usable Floor Area: 1029 m2 Core = 17% total floor area Office Tower Typical Office Floor Enclosed Area: 1246 m2 Core Area: 217 m2 Usable Floor Area: 1029 m2 Core = 17% total floor area

Hotel/Office Tower Typical Hotel Floor Enclosed Area: 1190 m2 Core Area: 196 m2 Usable Floor Area: 994 m2 Core = 16% total floor area Hotel/Office Tower Typical Hotel Floor Enclosed Area: 1190 m2 Core Area: 196 m2 Usable Floor Area: 994 m2 Core = 16% total floor area

8.6m

Galaxy SoHo Complex, Beijing, China. Zaha Hadid Architects. 2012.

the exteriors of the buildings do not differentiate between one another.

Projects such as the Galaxy SoHo complex by Zaha Hadid Architects give us a glimpse of what is possible when a central core is removed and replaced with a void- in this instance, atria. “Five continuous, flowing volumes coalesce to create an internal world of continuous open spaces...” The complex, which includes office, retail and entertainment spaces, consists of four main buildings connected with bridges at different levels visible from the exterior. Within each building, the central atrium is topped by a glass dome, allowing natural light deep into the interior. However, we find that the project is too homogeneous. Galaxy SoHo represents an attempt at core-less buildings- and the potential for connectivity within, but it fails to exploit this potential fully. The experience of atria is the same across all of the buildings, and the bridging that takes place on the exterior does not continue on the interior. While not entirely superficial, it is clear that the connections made with the bridges are rather simplistic and the circulation within the atria does not take full advantage of the space. In addition to the homogeneity of the interior,

1 “Galaxy Soho - Architecture - Zaha Hadid Architects”. 2016. Zaha-Hadid.Com. http://www. zaha-hadid.com/architecture/galaxy-soho/.

Photo by Iwan Baan.

Section through the project showing one vertical core, two atria and a bridge connection.

Bridge Level - Retail and Commercial Level Due to the public access at these levels, the bridging connections facilitate free movement throughout the larger floor plate.

Upper Level - Office Floor At the upper levels, the buildings are separate to accommodate the more private programs.

The following graphs illustrate the amount of green spaces (sky courts and sky gardens) in towers completed over the last few decades. They have been remade from the graphs1 in Pomeroyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s book, The Skycourt and Skygarden, which analyzes green spaces in high-rise buildings and their role in the buildings. 1

Pomeroy, Jason. The Skycourt And Skygarden. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014. Print. Pg. 248-255.

20 Fenchurch St Skygarden.

The graph below shows the percentage of total floor area given over to green spaces within each tower.

700

650

600

550

15 %

1983

1991

1997

2004

2005

Year of Completion

2010

The Interlace

2012

2013

25 %

2013

5.1 % SBF Tower

2% The Shard

Linked Hybrid 2009

4.5 %

Bosco Verticale

19.5 %

20 % Gramercy Residences

100

5.6 %

11.3 %

2.4 %

7.7 % Marina Bay Sands

200

National Commercial Bank

2.4 %

Singapore National Library

250

Genzyme Center

300

17 %

Commerzbank

350

ACROS Fukuoka Prefectural International Hall

13.3 %

400

150

Galaxy SOHO

450

Kanchanjunga

Gross Floor Area (1.000 square metres)

500

2014

6.5 %

2015

3% 20 % 7.5 %

3.7 %

2015

2016

One Central Park

Lotte Tower

2016

11.2 % 2.9 %

-7%

Dancing Dragons

Velo Towers

One Madison Avenue

2.7 %

Columbia University Medical Center

8.4 %

Sky Village Living Cloud

Angkasa Raya

2.4 %

Cross Towers

2.6 %

Beirut Terraces

The Vell

Scotts Tower

20 Fenchurch Street

Abeno HARUKAS

Fake Hills

Shanghai Tower

Gross Floor Area

% of Skycourt / Skygarden Area To Gross Floor Area

1.5 %

7.6 %

This graph shows the actual floor area of sky garden or sky court spaces within each tower, however it is organized by region. As evidenced by the majority here, the trend of green spaces has been going on much longer and more prolifically in Asia than in other regions. Europeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lack of green spaces in high-rise buildings is part of the motivation for the thesis.

Shanghai Tower

700

650

Fake Hills

600

550

1983

1991

2009

2010

2012

2013

2014

Asia

Lotte Tower

Abeno HARUKAS

Galaxy SOHO 2005

Scotts Tower

100

SBF Tower

150

The Interlace

200

Gramercy Residences

250

Marina Bay Sands

300

Linked Hybrid

350

Singapore National Library

400

ACROS Fukuoka Prefectural International Hall

450

Kanchanjunga

Gross Floor Area (1.000 square metres)

500

2014

2015

Cross Towers

2016

1983

2015

2004

Middle East

2016

Americas

1997

2012

2013

Europe

20 Fenchurch Street

Bosco Verticale

The Shard

Commerzbank

One Madison Avenue

Columbia University Medical Center

Genzyme Center

Beirut Terraces

National Commercial Bank

Dancing Dragons

Velo Towers

Sky Village Living Cloud

2016 Angkasa Raya

The Vell

Gross Floor Area

Skycourt / Skygarden Area

2014

This graph breaks down the floor areas of each tower into multiple categories: public, private, and semi-public, as well as income generating areas and sky court and sky garden areas. It is clear to see that most of the spaces within these towers are privately owned, thus making the green spaces within them less accessible to the general public.

Shanghai Tower

Fake Hills

1983

1991

2009

2010

2012

2013

2014

Asia

Lotte Tower

Abeno HARUKAS

Galaxy SOHO 2005

Scotts Tower

SBF Tower

The Interlace

Gramercy Residences

Marina Bay Sands

Linked Hybrid

Singapore National Library

ACROS Fukuoka Prefectural International Hall

Kanchanjunga

Skycourt / Skygarden area (1.000 square metres)

2014

2015

Cross Towers

2016

1983

2015

2004

Middle East

2016

Americas

1997

2012

2013

Europe

20 Fenchurch Street

Bosco Verticale

The Shard

Commerzbank

One Madison Avenue

Columbia University Medical Center

Genzyme Center

Beirut Terraces

National Commercial Bank

Dancing Dragons

Velo Towers

Sky Village Living Cloud

The Vell

Angkasa Raya

2016 Skycourt Public Semi - Public

Skygarden Private Income Generation

2014

Turning Torso Malmo, Sweden Santiago Calatrava

Calatrava’s Turning Torso, in Malmö, Sweden conveys a sense of movement as it towers over it’s surroundings. We looked at this tower as a simple precedent for an exoskeleton, in this case, a spine, on the building. Calatrava’s background as an engineer is of interest, as the structural implications of this spine are pivotal in the design of the tower.

Hearst Tower New York, United States Foster + Partners

The Hearst Tower in New York City incorporates the historic Art Deco façade originally built on the site in the 1920s. Designed by Foster and Partners, the tower stands on triangular columns and its core, hidden within the 6-storey existing façade, creating a light and airy lobby space while preserving the façade. This lightness “on it’s feet,” is something which we want to achieve with our own scheme.

High Line New York, United States James Corner Field Operations Diller Scofidio + Renfro

The High Line by Diller, Scofidio + Renfro with James Corner’s Field Operations is a well known, elevated linear park. Much like the High Line, the Bishopsgate site has unused elevated rail lines which have the potential to becoming a public space. Additionally, the Standard Hotel, which straddles the High Line, is another example of a building which is “light on its feet.”

Arnhem Central Arnhem, Netherland UN Studio

UNStudio’s Arnhem Central project in the Netherlands is a master plan almost twenty years in the making. The station transfer hall, which features another of UNStudio’s signature concrete twists, links all of the different levels of the project. The building is a successful negotiation of different site conditions and disparate parts – something which we may encounter in our own design.

Markthal Rotterdam, Netherlands MVRDV

The Markthal in Rotterdam combines living spaces with a large public market. The large market, which is â&#x20AC;&#x153;wrappedâ&#x20AC;? and covered by the other programs in the project, acts as a hub of activity for the surrounding area. The Markthal is the first covered market in the Netherlands and also the first project to combine an apartment building with restaurants, food shops, a supermarket and an underground parking garage.

Sky Habitat Singapore, Singapore Safdie Architects

A new take on green living, Sky Habitat incorporates community gardens and terraced units into its design. The two main towers are connected by three bridges, which serve as communal areas for the residents. The similarities between these bridges and the Smithson’s “street in the sky” ideas motivate our desire for “vertical streets” within our own project. Coupling programs such as circulation and community spaces can be enhanced through our proposed layering of the towers.

02B_ Structural Research

As part of our initial research, we studied structural optimization techniques including slab and beam stress analysis and shell structures. This preliminary research served as a basis for our further research into our slabs and skeleton systems.

03A_ Site History

Bishopsgate was a railway station located on the eastern side of Shoreditch High Street in the parish of Bethnal Green (now within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets) on the western edge of the East End of London and just outside the City of London. It was in use from 1840 to 1875 as a passenger station and then as a freight terminal until it was destroyed by fire in 1964. Substantial remains laid derelict until they were demolished in the early 2000s to make way for Shoreditch High Street railway station which now stands on the site.

The site which we are working with is currently occupied by what remains of the Braithwaite Viaduct and Shoreditch Railway Station as well as the new Shoreditch High Street Overground Station. Shoreditch Railway Station, later called Bishopsgate Station, is Londonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s second oldest surviving railway structure, being constructed between 1839 and 1842. It was originally built for and served by The Great Eastern Railway and designed by their company architect John Braithwaite. After itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s closure due to the opening of Liverpool Street Station, it was reopened and rebuilt in 1881 as a goods yard. Rail lines came into the station at the first floor level to allow for easy unloading. There were cranes installed throughout for the easy movement of goods between this and the ground level. Roadways also ran through the side, on what is now the Commercial Street side of the station and all along the length of the depot.

Site

This area is no stranger to redevelopment, having gone from fully residential to cut up with railway lines and new streets in just over seventy years at the end of the nineteenth century. Shoreditch and Spitalfields developed as small streets and courtyards, mostly housing with some small scale industry. The station itself underwent many changes over the years as it changed roles. By 1914, the rail depot had a frontage of 300 ft (91.4m) and was approximately 600 ft (182.8m) long. In December 1964 the goods depot caught fire and much of the building was destroyed. After this incident the site was left unused for many years and has since become derelict. Presently, there are two quasi-temporary businesses on the site â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Boxpark, a shipping container boutique shopping center, and Power League, which occupies most of the site with football pitches.

The train station was designed with two levels â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a lower level with a ticket hall, which later beca converted for use as a goodsyard additional vaulting was constructed surrounding and enlarging on the northern edge except for the perimeter masonry wall(s). What remains of the structure ar the viaduct; these structures have been Grade II listed since 2002.

ame the goods depot, and the upper level where the train tracks were located. When the sit was g the original structure. Much of the eastern portion of the site has been demolished or destroyed re the forecourt walls and front gates of the Goodsyard as well as the original vaulted sections of

Site Photos

03B_ Site Analysis

Borough GARDENS

LAMPERN SQUARE

ELW IN

T STREE

PLACE

FT SCRO

BARONESS ROAD

EET

S PLACE

STR

STROUT'

WALK

WARNER

UNION

RAVEN

CUSTANCE STREET

ALLERTON STREET

WALK

CAROLINE

BASING PLACE

NELSON

HABERDASHER STREET

GARDENS

Kite Place

STREET

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HACK NEY

ROAD

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LONG

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EET

STREET

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OLD

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COL

STREET

QUILTER

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STR

QUILTER

BLYTHE STREET

HER STREET

HABERDAS NILE STREET

HOXTON STREET

ASHFORD STREET

STREET

BUTTESLAND STREET

WATERSON

N ROW WELLINGTO WATERSON

STREET TILLET WAY

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COLUMBIA

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SILBURY

CHART STREET

STREET

MUNDY STREET

STREET

RENTS

STREET

ROW

STREE

STREET

SYMISTER

SQUIRRIES

ROBERTA

GROVE

GASCOIGNE PLACE

BACHE'S

Yard

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CHART STREET

GOSSET

BORD

STREET

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CHAM

FLORIDA

STREET

STREET D

CORONET

STREET

ROA

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HAC

HOXTON SQUARE

CHARLES SQUARE

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Place

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STREET

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R STREE HOCKE

STREE

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DERBYSHIRE

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CHARLES SQUARE

STREET

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BOOT STREET

S STREET

STREET

FLORIDA

STREET

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Cayton

KIRTON GARDENS AUSTIN

K PLACE BRUNSWIC

PEERLES

RUSHMEAD

Leverington Place

CAYTON STREET

STREET

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STRE

ARNOLD

CIRCUS

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CAMLET

NEW INN STREET

NEW INN BROADWAY

STREET

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STREET

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Court Willow

STREET

MAPE

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PHIPP

STREET

STREET CHESHIRE

CYGNET STREET

STRE

STREET

LANE

RNAC

MENOTTI

DUNBRIDGE STREET

DUNBRIDGE

STREET

EBOR

TABE

STREET

KERBELA

KING JOHN COURT

HOLYWELL

CHESTER

DUNBRIDGE BACON

STREET

CHRISTINA STREET

LANE

SCLATER STREET

CHESHIRE

STREET GRIMSBY STREET

NEW NORTH PLACE

STREET

ROA

GRE

BETH

WHITBY

CLERE STREET

KELSEY

RAMSEY

WOOD

STREET

Mark Square

RAVEY STREET

CHANCE

BACON

NAL

PLATINA

ROAD

WOOD

LANE

NEW INN YARD

GATESBOROUGH STREET

HOLYWELL

VALLANCE

STREET

TER

YARD

STREET

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REDCHURCH

RAMSEY

CHILTON

STREET

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CLUB

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ST MATTHEW'S

STREET

RAVEY

STREET

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STREET

KELSEY

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MARK STREET

LUKE STREET

KELSEY

STREET

RE STREET

CAMLET STREET

LIGONIER STREET

BOUNDARY

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PAUL STREET

ROAD

STREET

MONTCLA

PLACE

SALE

STREET

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STREET

VALLANCE

BUCKFAST

STREET

GRANBY

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NEW INN YARD

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STR

STREET

RHODA

BOUNDARY

STREET

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STREET

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LEONARD STREET

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HACKNEY BATEMAN'S ROW

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STR

STREET

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STREET DERBYSHIRE

STREET

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GRE

ROAD

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BOUNDARY STREET

RIVINGTON

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VOSS

AVENUE

CURTAIN PLACE

LEONARD

BETHNAL

CLOSE INSON

TOML

PALIS

CALVERT

ROAD

STREET

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COWPER STREET

OLD STREET

BRICK

LANE

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CURTAIN ROAD

CHARLOTTE

STREET

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GREAT EASTERN

STREET

SWANFIE

PLACE

STREET

SHOREDITCH HIGH STREET

RIVINGTON

VINCE

BATH

GREAT EASTERN

STREET

HAGUE

CRANWOOD

FEATHERSTONE

CANROBERT

VIRGINIA

BAKERS

House

STREET

IVIMEY

DRYSDALE STREET

POLLARD

PITFIELD STREET

HOXTON SQUARE BOWLING GREEN WALK

CHART STREET

Printing

CORSHAM

STREET GOSSET

DRYSDALE PLACE

PLACE

STREET

DELTA

WESTLAND EBENEZER

HIGH

STREET

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STREET

GRIMSBY

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STREET

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EPWORTH STREET

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R STREET CHEQUE

HEWETT STREET

St James's Approac

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STREET

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PAUL STREET

FAKRUDDIN STREET

WEAVER STREET

BUNHILL ROW

FAIRCHIL

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PLOUGH

YARD

CODE STREET

QUAKER STREET

SELBY STREET

SHUTTLE STREET

PLOUG

CLIFTON STREET

WEAVER STREET

TOWER HAMLETS

BRICK LANE

WHELER STREET

COURT

SURMA CLOSE

STREET

INGS

BUXTON STREET

STREET

WORSHIP STREET

EAGLE

WORSHIP STREET

SELBY STREET

GREY

BUXTON STREET

DEAL STREET

ST EAGLE GREY

ELDER

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SPITAL

SPITAL STREET

DAPLYN STREET

WHEELER LANE

STR EET OLD

SPITAL YARD

CROWN

APP

PLACE

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PLACE

SQUARE

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FINSBURY

DEAL STREET

NORTON

SQUARE

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LAMB STREET

COVERLEY

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WAR DUR

STREET

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STREET

Market Street

URNE FULBO

FOURNIER STREET

REGA

SPELMAN

N STREET

Spring Walk

DOMINIO

Highwalk

Whitecro Place

LACKINGT ON STREET

PAVEMENT

ROPEM

PRINCELET STREET

Crispin Place

WILSON

STREET

MILTON

SILK

STREET

LOMAS WOODSEER

HANBURY STREET

SPITAL SQUARE

CASTLEMAINE

LANE

JEROME STREET

STREET

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STREET

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STREET

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EARL STREET

SQUARE

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HOR

STREET

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FOLGATE

STREET

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UNDERWOOD ROAD

Snowden Street

South Yard

STREET

SPITAL STREET

JEROME STREET

MARKET

STREET

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HUNTON STREET

ELDER STREET BLOSSOM

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STREET

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STREET CALVIN

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STREET

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CHART STREET

STREET

MUNDY STREET

STREET

RENTS

STREET

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DUNBRIDGE STREET

DUNBRIDGE

STREET

EBOR

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CYGNET STREET

KERBELA

KING JOHN COURT

STRE

STREET

MENOTTI

CHANCE

Mark Square

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LANE

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STREET

CHRISTINA STREET

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STREET

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BUILDING

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STREET

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ROAD

BRITANNIA

STREET

ROAD

VIRGIN

WALK

SILBURY

CHART STREET

STREET

MUNDY STREET

STREET

RENTS

STREET

ROW

STREE

STREET

SYMISTER

SQUIRRIES

ROBERTA

GROVE

GASCOIGNE PLACE

BACHE'S

Yard

POLLARD

BARNET

ROAD

CHART STREET

GOSSET

BORD

STREET

MEWS

CHAM

FLORIDA

STREET

STREET D

CORONET

STREET

ROA

KNE

HAC

HOXTON SQUARE

CHARLES SQUARE

FLORIDA TURIN

RO AD

Place

RUFUS STREET

NIA

STREET BOUNDARY

STREET

DUCAL STREET

R STREE

HOCKE

STREE

BALDWIN STREE

DERBYSHIRE

T OLD

CHARLES SQUARE

STREET

ROAD

VIRGI

BOOT STREET

S STREET

STREET

FLORIDA

STREET

CIT

Cayton

KIRTON GARDENS AUSTIN

K PLACE BRUNSWIC

PEERLES

RUSHMEAD

Leverington Place

CAYTON STREET

STREET

VOSS

AVENUE

ARNOLD

GARDEN WALK

GARDEN WALK Court Willow

NEW INN STREET

NEW INN BROADWAY

STREET

WOOD

LANE

KIFFEN STREET

PLACE CLERE

EET STR

STREET

PHIPP

DUNBRIDGE STREET

DUNBRIDGE

STREET

EBOR

STREET CHESHIRE

HARE MARSH

CYGNET STREET

KERBELA

KING JOHN COURT

STRE

STREET

MENOTTI

CHANCE

Mark Square

RAVEY STREET

LANE

RNAC

STREET

CHRISTINA STREET

TABE

STREET

RAMSEY CHESTER

DUNBRIDGE BACON

HOLYWELL

KELSEY

ROAD

STREET

ROA

GRE

BETH

WHITBY

CLERE STREET

LANE

SCLATER STREET

CHESHIRE

STREET GRIMSBY STREET

NEW NORTH PLACE

STREET

VALLANCE

HEREFORD

STREET

WOOD

BACON

NAL

PLATINA

STREET

BRICK

STREET

NEW INN YARD

EET

GATESBOROUGH STREET

HOLYWELL

RAMSEY

CHILTON

STREET

ROW

CLUB

TURVILLE

RAVEY

STREET

ST MATTHEW'S

STREET

REDCHURCH

EAS TER

YARD

STREET

KELSEY

GOLDMAN

MARK STREET

LUKE STREET

KELSEY

STREET

NEW INN YARD

EAT

STR

GRANBY

OLD NICHOL

PASS

BOUNDARY

SALE

STREET

CAMLET STREET

LIGONIER STREET

BOUNDARY

ANNING STREET

LEONARD STREET

STREET

RE STREET MONTCLA

PLACE

STREET

BUILDING

PAUL STREET

BUCKFAST

RHODA

MAPE

T STREE PAUL

CAMLET

STREET

STREE ACLE

ROAD

STREET

GRANBY

FRENCH

STREET

OLIVER'S

VALLANCE

GRANBY

GREEN

BETHN

NAVA

NEW INN SQ

MALLOW

MARTHA'S

LEONARD STREET STREET

RD AL

RE STREET

ROW

CLUB

STREET

WILLOW

STREET

STREET LEWELL SHACK

ET STRE RRE

DEREHAM PLACE

BATEMAN'S ROW

BLACKALL STREET

BUCKFAST

ET STRE RRE NAVA

ROW

EET

STREET

ST MATTHEW'S

STR

ROAD

SINGER

ROCHELLE

DERBYSHIRE ELL

STREET

MONTCLA

TER

SATCHW

EAS

STREET DERBYSHIRE

STREET

Walk

ROAD

COURT

Gibraltar

RIVINGTON

GRE

GREEN

VOSS

CURTAIN PLACE

LEONARD

BETHNAL

CLOSE INSON

TOML

PADBU

COWPER STREET

OLD STREET

BRICK

AVENUE

BOUNDARY STREET

STRE

TABERN

STRE CIRCUS

PALIS

CALVERT

ROAD

STREET

CALVERT

LANE

CURTAIN ROAD

CHARLOTTE

OLD

GREAT EASTERN

STREET

LD STREET

SWANFIE

PLACE

STREET

SHOREDITCH HIGH STREET

RIVINGTON

VINCE

BATH

GREAT EASTERN ET

STREET

HAGUE

CRANWOOD

FEATHERSTONE

CANROBERT

VIRGINIA

BAKERS

House

STREET

IVIMEY

DRYSDALE STREET

POLLARD

PITFIELD STREET

HOXTON SQUARE BOWLING GREEN WALK

CHART STREET

Printing

CORSHAM

STREET GOSSET

DRYSDALE PLACE

PLACE

STREET

ROW DELTA

WESTLAND EBENEZER

WELLINGTON

HIGH

STREET

CITY ROAD

CURTAIN

GRIMSBY

TENT STREET

STREET

SCOTT STREET

HEMMING

STREE

SCRUTTO

SHORED

FAIRCHILD

ROAD

T N

EPWORTH STREET

ITCH

R STREET CHEQUE

HEWETT STREET

St James's

FAKRUDDIN STREET

ROW WELL HOLY

PLOUGH

SURMA CLOSE

PAUL STREET

STREET

WEAVER STREET

PLACE

FAIRCHIL

BUNHILL ROW

DUFFE

PEDLEY

BRATLEY ST

STREE

VALLANCE ROAD

T RIN

Approac

IN AVENUE DUFFER

YARD

CODE STREET

H YARD

SELBY STREET

QUAKER STREET

SHUTTLE STREET

COURT

WEAVER STREET

BRICK LANE

WHELER STREET

PLOUG

CLIFTON STREET

STREET

INGS

SURMA CLOSE

HEARN

BUILD

ROAD

BOWL

LAMB

GRANARY

BONHILL STREET

SELBY STREET

BUXTON STREET

STREET

WORSHIP STREET

EAGLE

WORSHIP STREET

GREY

BUXTON STREET

DEAL STREET

JEROME STREET

BLOSSOM

ST EAGLE GREY

JEROME STREET

STREET ELDER

FOLGATE

SPITAL SPITAL YARD

CROWN

FINSBURY

SPITAL STREET

LAMB STREET CLOSE

HAM

WILKES STREET

ROAD

SUN

COURT

STREE

STREE T

GARD

WODE

EET

D HANBURY

STR

WAR DUR

STREET

PUMA COURT

LINKS YARD

FINSBURY

STREET

COURT ST

URNE FULBO

Market Street

L CLOS

STREE

STREET

REGA

SPELMAN

N STREET

Spring Walk

FOURNIER STREET

DOMINIO

Highwalk

Whitecro Place

PRINCELET STREET

Crispin Place

STREET WILSON

AKER

LACKINGT ON STREET

PAVEMENT

ROPEM SILK

ENS

MILTON

COVERLEY

VALLAN

MILTON

Speed

STREET

DAPLYN STREET

WHEELER LANE

STR EET OLD

WOODSEER

HANBURY STREET

SPITAL SQUARE

APP

PLACE

LOMAS

CORBET

FINSBUR Y

PLACE

SQUARE

MARKET

FINSBURY

DEAL STREET

NORTON

SQUARE

FINSBURY STREET

STREET

MOOR

SPITAL STREET

STREET

STREET APPOLD

STREET CLIFTON

SQUARE

E STREET

DEAL STREET

STREET

CASTLEMAINE

LANE

WOODSEER STREET

STRE

PINDAR

CORBET PLACE

PRIMROS

PIND

EARL STREET

SQUARE

CLO

STREET

HUNTON STREET

N HOR

STREET

TRA

FOLGATE

South Yard

FINSBURY

UNDERWOOD ROAD

Snowden Street

STREET

CHISWELL

STREET CALVIN

HUNTON STREET

ELDER STREET

STREET WILSON

STREET

MARKET

TRAHORN CLOSE

FINSBURY

CHRISTOPHER

EET STR

DYSART STREET

SQUARE

CIAL

FINSBURY

STREET

MER

COM

LAMB'S PASSAGE

FLEUR DE LIS

WORSHIP

SEVEN

BRUSHFIELDSTREET

STARS

YARD

BRICK

BRUSHFIELD

H PLAC

STREET

AVENUE

STREET CRISPIN

MEWS PLACE

GUN STREET

LANE y Highwalk

SOUTH

PSGAT

FINSBURY

MOORFI

BISHO PASSAGE

RY LANE

MOUNT

STREET ET

Y'S

STREET

BRUNE

Frying

Pan

OLD LOLESWORTH

R GROU

TENTE

ROW

STREET

STRE

ET STRE

SUN

CIAL

STREET

THRAWL

MER

ILLE

WIDEGATE

Swedeland

MIDD X

T COUR VINE

OWN

STRE

HOPET

Wheel

Alley

VICTORI

FIEL BLOM

ROA CATHERINE WHEEL

A AVENUE

Flower and

ALLEY

Hill Cock

UE OLD

MONTAG STREET

Alley

NATHANIEL

BELL

Rose

FIEL

Alley

E STREE

STRYP

AVENUE

NEW

FIELDGATE STREET

STRE

CIRCUS

BLOM

BROAD STREET

OSBO

PLACE

STRE

URY CIRCUS

LANE

Albion Place

APEL

ECH

WHIT

STREET

Rose

OL STREET

FINSB

WENTWORTH

PARFETT

STREE

ROMFORD

ORPE

STREET

T STREE COBB

ROW

GUNTH

HIRE ALDERMAN'S

DEVONS

STREET

N STREE

STREE

BROAD

LEYDE

ESEX

MIDDL

NEW

STREET

STREE

WALL

Dean Walk

TOYNBEE

Hope Square

LONDON

NEW ROAD

MOORG

ATE

Catherine

LIVERPO

Highwalk

AGUE MONT

STREET

Alley

LESE

Bassishaw

TERRA

ART

ROAD

MONTHO

COM

ELDO

SAND

CIRCU

STRE

ELDS

FINSBURY

STREET

NAN

DAVE

STREET

ROW

STREET

CHICKSA

WHITE'S

CLOS

MOOR

MOSS

STREET

CHICKS

EX STREET

STREE

STREET

s Highwalk

STREET

LANE

CASSON

ELDON

Moorfield

COMMERCIA

FASHION

ARTILLERY

SPELMAN

STREET

GREATOR

AND

FORT STREET

NEW UNION

FORE

STREET

STEWARD STREET

Willoughb

HENEAGE

LANE

SOUT

STREET

WALK

BASINGHALL AVENUE

Cent

ral

Bishopsgate Churchyard

Cour

tyard

ITEC

HAR

PLACE

on Barb

FORDHAM STREET

FORDHAM RS ROW

STREET

ERRY

MULB

PLUMBE

CASTLE

GOUL

T STREE STON

NEW

Alley

Angel

E SQUA

E STREE

Alley

NSHIR

D STREET

HORP

DEVO

WORMWOO

WALDEN

STREE GUNT

MOORGATE

TWO

The

Aven

WALL

COURT

OLD

ALLEY

ROA

HAP

STREET

Court

GREAT SWAN

STRE

WEN

ROW

ish

LANGTHORN

YARD

E PLAC

Cavend

LONDON WHITE HORSE

RTH

ROMFORD

NUN COURT

STREET

Old Street Station

Moorgate Liverpool Street Underground

Shoreditch High Street

While examining the site, it was important for us to identify the major actors on the site – these are transit links near the site (both underground, buses and rail), cycle stations nearby, and the program of the surrounding buildings. As illustrated separately in the previous diagrams, these factors play a major role in the surrounding context. Layered together (right) they illustrate the rich context within which our project must inhabit.

LONDON OVERGROUND

PEDESTRIAN ROUTES

ARTERIAL ROADS

STREET LEVEL

BUS STOPS CYCLE STATIONS SURROUNDING PROGRAM COMMERCIAL RESIDENTIAL GOV’T/MUNICIPAL OFFICE HOTEL INDUSTRIAL PARK EDUCATION TRANSPORTATION RELIGIOUS

NATIONAL RAIL

A M

LONDON UNDERGROUND

D O

A C

BOROUGH

GARDEN WALK

SCRU

TTO

RAVEY

STREE

GARDEN WALK

es'

s Ap

pro

ach

REET

R ST

PINDA

Jam

EE T

PRIMR OSE

STREET

STRE

HEARN

LANE

HEWETT STREET

HOLYWELL

NEW INN STREET

WORSH IP

STREET

NEW INN BROADWA Y

NEW INN YARD

BATEMAN'S ROW

BOWL

STR

GATESBOROUGH STREET

DEREHAM PLACE

COURT

PLACE

PLOUGH

YARD

NEW INN YARD

FOLGAT E

LANE

STREET

SPITAL SQUAR

D STR EET

FAIR CHIL

HOLYWELL

BOUNDARY

PASS

FLEUR DE LIS

STREET

AR NAV

STR

T EE

FOLGATE

STREET

EET

CURTAIN PLACE

AR NAV

PIN DA

LD STR

IN RO

STRE

Snowden Street

PHIPP

GTON

CHRISTINA STREET

APPO

NEW NORTH PLACE

CURTA

RIVIN

NUE

STR

CAMLET STREET

WHELER STREET

STR

CAM

LET

LAMB STREET

WHITBY

STREET

H STRE

REDCHURC

CALVIN

OL STRE

OLD NICH

ROCHELLE

QUAKER STREET

CORBET PLACE

STREET

CALVER T AVE

CIA

FAI

ROAD

RAVEY STREET STREET

E RE

SCLATER STREET

EET

A STR

RHOD

HANBURY STREET

PRINCELET STREET

BACON

T UR

STREET

Y CO UR DB PA

BUXTON STREET

RE L ST EL EW KL

CODE STREET

EET BY STR

STREET

GRIMS

CHESHIRE

STREET

WOODSEER STREET

GRANBY

L GR

GRANBY

STREET

BACON

HUNTON STREET

STREET

E N CLOS GOLDMA

OVERGROUND

CENTRAL LINE TUNNEL

BT TUNNEL

SITE BOUNDARY

FOUNDABLE LAND

BUS STOPS

OLD SHOREDITCH TUBE STATION

OLD SHOREDITCH STATION, EAST LONDON LINE

N RD

WEAVER STREET

STR SHIRE CHE

WOODSEER STREE

ST MATT

LIGONIER STREET

FOLGATE

RCHIL

SPITAL YARD

CURTAIN ROAD

H ST

REET H HIG

H PLACE

EDITC

ANNING STREET

SHOR

TCH HIGH STREET EET

BOUNDARY STREET

M STR

EBOR

SSO

CHANCE

ARE

SPITAL SQU

FRENC

BOUNDARY

ELDER STREE

CLUB W RO

STREET

NORTON

RE STR

BLO

CLA

ELDER

STREET

WHEELER LANE

EET

JEROME STREET

VILLE TUR ST

LARE LANE

JEROME STREET

Walk

CORB

Gib

EAGLE

GRIMSBY STREET

GREY

MONTC

STREET

ET PLAC

BRICK

STREET

EAGLE

GREY

SPITAL STREET

CHARLOTTE

MONT CHILTON STREET

SPITAL STREET

raltar KERBELA

ILKES STREET

GRANBY

BRICK LANE

ELL

DAPLYN STREET

HW SATC

ROW

SHUTTLE STREET

HEW'S

HUNTON STREET

ST MATT

ROW HEW'S

BRATLEY ST

CYGNET STREET

STR EET

STRE ET

NEW INN SQ

KING JOHN COURT

EET

STREET

BUXTON STREET

PEDLEY

EET

03C_ Site Fabric

Site Fabric Generation In order to create a base grid we identified areas of high traffic density surrounding the site. We then set those points as â&#x20AC;&#x153;supportâ&#x20AC;? points for a stress line analysis.

Heavy

Medium

Traffic Density

Light

Heavy

Medium

Selected Site Force Flow

Light

After selecting the force flow lines which best represented the flows across the site, the lines were reduced for clarity. Then, the infrastructural and historical constraints were added to the generative process.

Refine Site Force Flow

100

Shoreditch High Street Station 10m Above Ground lvl

Central Line 18m Below Ground

Braithwaite Viaduct

BT Tunnel Areas for Foundations

Existing Transport Infrastructure

Site Constraints

101

Points were placed at the centroids of the grid created by the force flow and also on areas which were effected by the site constraints in order to generate a grid pattern based on the force flow lines. We then ran an algorithm to generate the grid based on these parameters.

Areas for Foundations

Centroid Points for Regeneration

Site Fabric Generation Setup

102

Generate Fabric

103

The resulting grid was then overlaid onto the site plan, with the areas where foundations can be placed highlighted.

Original Flow Lines w/ Regenerated Grid

104

Tower Location

105

Canopy Structure

04A_ Site Strategy: Massing

106

107

Discontinuous Skyline

108

109

Continuity Trend

Potential

110

Potential

111

Central high

Central - side high

112

Central low

Side high

113

114

Massing For our initial massing studies, we studied the nearby high rise clusters and the relation of our site. From the diagram on the left, it shows that the shard (304m, the tallest skyscraper in London) and bank high rise cluster are along a road. So does our site. We explored how our towers could continue the slope, or â&#x20AC;&#x153;trend,â&#x20AC;? of the existing London skyline. Starting from the Shard, as the tallest point, sloping down to the Bank Cluster of towers, towards our site. After that, We did several versions of massing study based on the fabric generation with different height location and orientation.

Non Directional Central-side High Gradient Height (m) : 20 - 200

115

With Direction Center Enclosed Gradient Height (m) : 20 - 200

With Direction Side Enclosed Gradient Height (m) : 20 - 200

116

With Direction Central Pointing / Side High Gradient Height (m) : 20 - 200

With Direction Central Point High Gradient Height (m) : 20 - 200

117

Massing with Context X, Y Axis: 1. Follow the contextâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s direction 2. Create new figures on X Axis Z Axis: 1. Respond the existing High-rise 2. Shrink down in the middle to the neighbor height.

118

Respond to Existing High Rise

Potential Developing

Continue the Neighbour Context

119

04B_ Site Strategy: Zones

120

In order to promote our multi authorship we divided the site into three distinct zones. The first zone is the western high density cluster zone, which includes the richest and most diverse forms on the site. The second zone is the middle/transport zone. This zone transitions from the high density cluster to the third zone and will contain simple, low-rise forms linked with the new overground and underground stations. The third zone is the east developing and potential zone.

121

Site Strategy

Zone 1 High Dense Cluster High Rise Respond the Shard and the Bank high rise cluster Multi-Species, Rich Forms

Zone 2 Transition & Transportation Medium Rise to Low Rise New overground & underground station Simpler Forms

122

Zone 3 Developing & Potential Medium Rise Create new figure for east-west skyline Provide potential for further high&medium rise possibilities Mixed Form

123

05_Form Finding

124

We began our tower and skeleton form-finding process with topology optimization, as it is one way to differentiate in a rule-based, continuous, navigable way. By experimenting with different set up conditions, loads and supports, we generated a catalog of results. We then remodeled the rough forms from that process into smoother components for us to build with. After remodeling the basic elements, we built upon them through various methods- such as stacking and mirroring- to create a catalog of skeleton forms. As elements were stacked and repeated, it was critical that the connection points corresponded to the original loading and support points to ensure the transfer of loads through the final form. Once these forms were refined further, we had a catalog of skeleton forms with varying degrees of complexity and resolution.

125

XResolution : 25 Optimization Iteration : 8 Smooth : 0.2 Target Density : 0.20 Penalization : 8 Loads : 1 Horizontal Load : 1 Anchor Point : 2 ISO Contour Value : 0.449

126

XResolution : 25 Optimization Iteration : 20 Smooth : 0.13 Target Density : 0.20 Loads : 15 Anchor Point : 1 ISO Contour Value : 0.478

127

XResolution : 25

Optimization Iteration : 4

Smooth : 0.13

Target Density : 0.2

Loads : 1

Loads : 2

Anchor Point : 1

ISO Contour Value : 0.4

XResolution : 25

Optimization Iteration : 4

Smooth : 0.13

Target Density : 0.2

Loads : 4

Anchor Point : 1

ISO Contour Value : 0.388

ISO Contour Value : 0.427

128

XResolution : 25

Optimization Iteration : 4

Optimization Iteration : 7

Smooth : 0.13

Target Density : 0.2

Target Density : 0.5

Loads : 2

Loads : 1

Anchor Point : 1

ISO Contour Value : 0.414

ISO Contour Value : 0.676

XResolution : 25

Optimization Iteration : 4

Optimization Iteration : 20

Smooth : 0.13

Target Density : 0.25

Target Density : 0.2

Loads : 1

Anchor Point : 4

Anchor Point : 1

ISO Contour Value : 0.588

ISO Contour Value : 0.244

129

XResolution : 25

Optimization Iteration : 4

Smooth : 0.13

Target Density : 0.2

Loads : 4

Loads : 2

Anchor Point : 4

Anchor Point : 1

ISO Contour Value : 0.334

ISO Contour Value : 0.424

XResolution : 25

Optimization Iteration : 20

Smooth : 0.13

Target Density : 0.20

Loads : 5

Loads : 10

Anchor Point : 1

ISO Contour Value : 0.488

ISO Contour Value : 0.520

130

XResolution : 25

Optimization Iteration : 20

Smooth : 0.13

Target Density : 0.20

Loads : 31

Loads : 121

Anchor Point : 5

Anchor Point : 1

ISO Contour Value : 0.480

ISO Contour Value : 0.429

XResolution : 25

Optimization Iteration : 8

Optimization Iteration : 4

Smooth : 0.2

Target Density : 0.20

Penalization : 8

Loads : 1

Loads : 2

Horizontal Load : 1

Horizontal Load : 2

Anchor Point : 1

Anchor Point : 2

ISO Contour Value : 0.762

ISO Contour Value : 0.465

131

XResolution : 25

Optimization Iteration : 4

Smooth : 0.2

Target Density : 0.20

Penalization : 8

Loads : 2

Loads : 1

Horizontal Load : 1

Anchor Point : 4

Anchor Point : 1

ISO Contour Value : 0.220

ISO Contour Value : 0.213

XResolution : 25 Optimization Iteration : 8 Smooth : 0.2 Target Density : 0.20 Penalization : 8 Loads : 1 Horizontal Load : 1 Anchor Point : 2 ISO Contour Value : 0.550

XResolution : 25 Optimization Iteration : 4 Smooth : 0.2 Target Density : 0.20 Penalization : 8 Loads : 1 Horizontal Load : 1 Anchor Point : 2 ISO Contour Value : 0.211

132

XResolution : 25

Optimization Iteration : 4

Smooth : 0.2

Target Density : 0.20

Penalization : 8

Loads : 1

Loads : 2

Horizontal Load : 1

Horizontal Load : 2

Anchor Point : 1

Anchor Point : 2

ISO Contour Value : 0.223

ISO Contour Value : 0.357

XResolution : 25 Optimization Iteration : 4 Smooth : 0.2 Target Density : 0.20 Penalization : 8 Loads : 2 Horizontal Load : 4 Anchor Point : 2

XResolution : 25 Optimization Iteration : 20 Smooth : 0.13 Target Density : 0.20 Loads : 25 Anchor Point : 4 ISO Contour Value : 0.476

ISO Contour Value : 0.319

133

As the initial results gained from the topology optimization software were quite rough, we remodeled them in order to build our tower skeletons. In the images presented, the red squares represent the load points and the green squares represent the supports.

134

Remodeling process: rough forms to smooth components.

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

‘Species’ Classification To avoid collage, we kept the site strategy in mind and classified the skeleton forms into different “species,” by their own features. The first type is the tallest and richest forms which could allow multi-activities happening around the tower. The second type is purely skeleton which moves from exterior to interior from time to time. The third type contains solid forms in different locations. And the 4th type is like a combination of type 2 and 3 as a distinct being. The 5th type is the simplest and lowest.

1st Type

2nd Type

>200m The tallest and richest form Hybrid of skeleton, surface and solid form

150<<200m Purely Skeleton Skeleton travels from exterior to interior Various dense and radius of skeleton

150

3rd Type 100<<150m Part - fully covered space Combined with skeleton

4th Type

5th Type

100<<200m Half - half Type2 & 3 Skeleton transform to surface or inverse.

<150m Single simple Form Transformative repetition

151

Tower 1 Skeleton Cross-section Radius 203 m 0.2 m

43 m

46 m 0.8m

1.6 m

152

We refined the skeleton forms by differentiating their cross-section radius from bottom to top.

153

Tower 2

165 m

Skeleton Cross-section Radius 0.2 m

0.6 m

1.0 m

1.5 m

154

36 m

52 m

155

Tower 5 Skeleton Cross-section Radius

143 m

0.2 m

0.7m

Solid Form/Interior

1.1 m

Solid Form/Interior 1.5 m

156

Big Continuous Void

40 m

48 m

157

Tower 7

Skeleton Cross-section Radius 93 m

0.2 m 78 m Flat Form

62 m

0.8m 50 m

1.6 m

158

60 m

95 m

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Remodeled Skeletons on Site

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05A_ Skeleton Models

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Throughout the design and research process, we produced models of many versions of our skeletons. We printed both the rough, unrefined forms as well as the remodeled results.

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06_Tower Placement

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Following the parameters set our by our site zones, we placed the refined skeleton forms onto the site accordingly. Each zone was assigned species of towers, and the overall massing strategy was maintained.

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Zone 1 High Density Cluster Type1, 2, 3

Zone 2 Transition & Transportation Type 5 + New Train Station & Canopy

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Zone 3 Developing & Potential Type 4

Overall Towers + New Train Station + Canopy

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07A_Resonances: Canopy

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In order to unify the multi-species towers on site, we came up with several strategies to apply across the whole site. Across all the zones, at the publicly accessible ground level, we employed a canopy system.

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Site Fabric - Canopy Analysis

The initial forms for the canopy structures were derived from our Site Fabric studies, to ensure correspondence with the desired flow on the site. These shapes were then used to generate the canopy itself. We experimented with different column locations for the canopy as well as with differing numbers of columns.

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Column Location Analysis

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For each column scenario, we ran a stress analysis software and used the resulting lines for the folding of the canopy shell structure, to add rigidity.

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Canopy Models

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We generated a catalog of variations on this canopy, to be placed on the site. We then placed the canopies onto the site based on the desired pedestrian flow, again relating to our site fabric. Each canopy form was subsequently manipulated to fit within these areas, guiding pedestrians through the ground level of the site.

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Canopy Structure Direction

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07B_Resonances: Skeleton Analysis

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To further understand our skeleton forms, we analyzed each by breaking them down into their structural component parts. Each skeleton has been analyzed through multiple cross section analyses as well as curvature analysis. Through this research we have gained an understanding of each skeleton which we can now use to assign program and to further develop our urban scheme.

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Main Structural Types

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Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal VoidVoid Void

Vertical void void Vertical Vertical void

Horizontal Horizo Horizontal Solid voidSolid Solid void

Hybrid Structure Hybrid Structure Hybrid Structure T1

T1 T1

Horizontal Vertical Vertical Horizontal Horizontal Vertical Void Void Void

Ver

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Solid Form cal void Solid Form

Subdivided Vertical Solid Form Subdivided Vertical Subdivided Vertical

T5 Horizontal Solid void

Solid Subdivided Vertical Solid Subdivided Vertical Solid Subdivided Vertical Void Void Void

Vertical rtical Solid Solid Void Void

Vertical Solid Void

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Program Distribution Horizontal Void

Horizontal Vertical Void

Public Outdoor Space Public Event Shopping District Theatre Restaurant Exhibition Entertainment

Semi-Public Private Atrium Sky Lobby Multi- Function Transition Space

Private Apartment Private Office Conference

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Vertical void

Horizontal Solid void

Vertic V

Horizontal Solid void

Vertical Solid Void

Solid Form

Solid Subdivided Vertical Void

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Subdivided Vertical

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In order to relate our towers, we began by classifying the skeletons and their parts. Each skeleton was broken down into sections defined by differences in skeletal frame.

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Curve

Straight Straight

Structure Curvature AnalysisStructure Structure Density Gradient Structure Curvature Analysis Density Gradient

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Maxim Maximum C Cross Cr S

Maximum Maximum Continous ContinousElevator Core Elevator Core Cross Section Cross Section ure y Gradient Density Gradient

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205m

35m

60m

35m

27m

27m 35m

35m

27m

35m

27m

35m

33m

216

33m

27m

40m 27m

27m

35m

40m

22m

30m

217

44m

205m

205m 205m

35m

35m35m

35m

35m35m

60m

60m60m

35m

35m35m

27m

27m27m 60m

35m

60m

35m

27m 35m

35m35m

28m

218

28m

33m

48m

27m

35m

23m

28m

219

22m

220

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Curve

Straight

StructureStructure Curvature Curvature Analysis Analysis StructureStructure Density Gradient Density Gradient

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Maximu Cro

Maximum Continous Maximum Continous Elevator Core Cross Section Cross Section ensity Gradient

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Elevator Core

165m

50m

35m

50m 50m

44m

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50m

44m

35m

27m

41m

225

35m

41m

20m

165m

50m

35m

35m 50m

23m

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50m

35m

23m

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50m

24m

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24m

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Curve

Straight

Structure Curvature Analysis Analysis Structure Density Gradient Structure Curvature Structure Density Gradient

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Maxim Cro

Maximum Continous Maximum Continous Cross Section Cross Section cture radient Density Gradient Elevator Core Elevator Core

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150m

28m

45m

25m

12m

45m 45m

45m

45m 12m

33m

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35m

12m

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12m 33m 35m

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42m

150m

28m

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45m

32m

234

45m

28m

32m

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28m

20m

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20m

23m

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Curve

Straight

Maximum Con Ma Cross Sect Structure Curvature StructureAnalysis Curvature Analysis Structure Density Structure Gradient Density Gradient

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Maximum Continous Maximum Continous Cross Section Cross SectionCore ent ructure Density Gradient Elevator

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Elevator Core

120m

20m

30m

70m

10m

240

30m

15m

16m

30m

15m

16m

20m

23m 18m

241

17m

242

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Curve Curve

Straight Straight

Max M Structure Structure Curvature Curvature Analysis Analysis

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Structure Structure Density Density Gradient Gradient

Maximum Continous Maximum Continous Cross Section Cross Section Density Gradient Elevator Core

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Elevator Core

120m120m

45m

35m

40m 40m

40m

35m

40m

20m

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20m

10m

22m

45m 35m

22m

20m

31m

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23m

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Curve

Straight

Structure Structure CurvatureCurvature Analysis Analysis Structure Structure Density Gradient Density Gradient

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MaximumMa Co Cross Se

Maximum Continous Maximum Continous Cross Section Cross Section Elevator Core Elevator Core Gradient ucture Density Gradient

251

100m 12m

20m

30m

38m 38m

28m

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30m30m

38m38m

28m28m

17m17m

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15m15m

100m 12m

20m

30m

38m 38m

28m

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38m

30m

15m 28m

28m

17m

28m

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17m

15m

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Curve

Straight

Structure Curvature Analysis

Structure Density Gradient

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Maximum Continous Maximum Continous Cross Section e Density Gradient Cross Section Elevator Core

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Elevator Core

90m

25m

73m

25m

63m 43m

40m

85m

47m

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63m

85m

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07C_Resonances: Space Carving

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The spaces within each tower have been carved according to their skeletal frame conditions and respectively, their programming. Because we are not limited by the presence of a central core, we were able to carve the slabs of our towers freely and related directly to their program.

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High Density Cluster Connected Bridge Levels

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East Cluster Connected Bridge Level

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Central Atrium Interlaced Multi-high Space Offset Central Atrium Quadruple High Space Outdoor Terrace Double Atrium Theatre

Interlaced Floors

Single Atrium Interlaced Space

Linked Floors

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Central Outdoor Garden

Solid High Dense Space Spinning Side Atrium

Offset Long Atrium

Triple High Space

Clusterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Space & Floors

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Stepped Outdoor Floor

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Within our western high-density cluster, a number of bridging levels have been created to create new public levels within the cluster. This plan shows the bridge level which connects all of the towers within the cluster. The program within each tower at this level is public or semi-public, to facilitate the free movement of people throughout our project.

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07D_Resonances: Facade

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Our final resonance strategy is through a diagrid facade system applied to all of the towers in the same way. Our facade system is composed of three basic elements: the glass enclosure or envelope, the diagrid system, and the folded shading panels. We began our facade research with a solar analysis study- using simple extruded forms from the site fabric - to determine which facades had the most solar exposure throughout the year. We determined that the south and western facades get the most sun. We experimented with differing diagrid densities in relation to the programs within the towers, and similarly related to the skeleton structures in each area. The diagrid itself is differentiated into two systems: a macro-diagrid, for additional structural support within the skeletons, and the micro-diagrid, which supports itself and the glass envelope. Additionally, we developed a variation of the diagrid in order to â&#x20AC;&#x153;rebuildâ&#x20AC;? some of our more solid skeleton forms. This variation uses thickened panels with varying aperture size supported by the diagrid members. These apertures vary based on solar exposure as well as interior program.

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Initial Facade Strategy

nitial Strategy

u=3 v=10 start radius= 0.15m end radius= 0.01m

u=3 v=17 start radius= 0.2m end radius= 0.07m

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Diagrid Density Increases

273

Initial Facade Strategy Our initial facade strategy involved dividing the tower envelopes into zones defined by the changes in the tower skeleton as well as the tower program. From the bottom to the top, the density and radius of the diagrid decreased - similar to the skeleton cross-section refinement. We further refined this system to correspond directly with the skeleton frame conditions, and also generated a shading system for the south and west facades.

Offices

Lower Skylobby

Offices & Residences

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Composite Tower_

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Facade System: Basic Parts

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Glass Envelope

Diagrid

Shading Panels

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Tower 1 Diagrids

System Refinement: Application

u=7 v=25

u=24 v=50

u=20 v=50

u=15 v=50

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Tower 3 Diagrids

u=12 v=24

u=24 v=48

u=12 v=48

u=3 v=48

u=25 v=48

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Facade System: Macro Diagrid In order to reinforce and support our curing skeletons, a macro diagrid was developed to provide stiffening and support. The radius of the macro diagrid is at least two times greater than that of the micro diagrid, which only supports the glass enclosure and itself.

System: Macro Grid

Macro Diagrid & Skeleton

Macro Diagrid diameter = 0.3m

u=10 v=50

u=20 v=100

u=80 v=100

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Macro & Micro Diagrid

Complete Diagrid & Skeleton

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West Cluster Facade Components

Cluster Facade Components

Top

Midsection

Base

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Shading Strategy

Facade Cluster Elevations

West

284

Folded panels change direction depending on orientation of facade

Shading System

285

Cluster Facades: Detail East Facades

Folded Shading Panels

Diagrid Members & Glass

Facade opening at Bridge Level

Theater Seating

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West Cluster Facades

Facade Cluster Elevations

North

288

East

289

West Cluster Animation Stills

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Tower 3: Facade Model

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293

294

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Tower 6: Facade Model

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Facade Changes Across Site

300

As the complexity of our skeletons changes, so to does the â&#x20AC;&#x153;resolutionâ&#x20AC;? of the facade. In the western cluster, with the tallest and most intricate skeletons, the diagrid facade is applied with the shading system. Towards the east, however, the skeleton forms become simpler and so too does the facade. As the towers become less compels, the diagrid system in the west transitions to a simple rectangular grid system in the east. Additionally, the east towers do not have the folded shading panels.

Complexity

301

Towers Facade Components East East Tower Facade Components Facade Panels Assembly

Diagrid as Panel Grid as Panel

302

Grid as Wrapping Facade

303

East Towers South Facade

wer Cluster

South

304

305

South Facades

South Facade

306

307

West Facades

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East Facades

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North Facades

North Facade

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08_ Ostéon

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Site Layering

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Site Layering

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Site Layering

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Site Layering

320

321

Site Layering

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323

Circulation

Access to the Site

Open, Public Ground

324

Vertical Circulation

Vertical Circulation Linked Floors

325

Ground Level

Public Ground Level of Tower Cluster New Overground Station

Ramping Pedestrian Path

Walkable Canopy over National Rail lines Accessible Canopy Ramp

326

Ground Level

Raised Level Park

Ramping Pedestrian Path

New Underground Station Entrance

327

Ground Level Plan

328

329

Park Level Plan

330

331

West-East Section, looking North

332

333

East-West Section, looking South

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335

North-South Section, looking West

336

337

09A_ Zone 2

338

We choose to detail one of each species of this cluster. This tower is the second species type where the skeleton moves from inside to the outside of the tower.

339

Basic Optical Effect Idea This is our initial strategy. We use reference boxes to control the optical effect study. From the view point, we'll have a view plane which is vertical with the view direction. Make sure the angle or distance of the initial box and the 'symmetrical effect geometry' are same on the view plane, then we can have a symmetrical look from that point of view.

View Direction

View Plane

Because of there is only one view point to limit the 'symmetrical effect geometry', then it can have various options as long as the three vertex are along the extension line of view. Through the changing view, we can have the look of 'same height' and 'one organic form'. But actually the two towers have big difference of size and arrangement.

View Direction

b b a

View Plane

View Direction

View Plane

340

Look of 'Same Height'

Look of 'One Organic Form'

341

Basic Optical Effect Idea

This is a symmetrical optical effect look of the reference boxes from the key view point.

This is one of normal looks of the reference boxes from other view point to see the difference of these two geometry.

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Contrast

343

Second Setup of Symmetrical Phenomenon Due to the setup of symmetrical phenomenon in Whole is stretch the geometry too much which may loose the reason of a tower, then we change to use the strategy into part of towers. Also, it makes the tower have freedable bottom and top setting.

When the key view point setup. we can adjust the tower geometry by changing a flexible vertex's coordinate and the shape and size of bottom and top part and also the height of the tower.

344

Below is through the key view point changing, how the geometris look from a normal view point and the key view point.

345

View point from the urban perspective is very important as our grouping tool, to organize our tower direction.

This is the series, that was generated by the view, in between 3-4 tower is the best solution to achieve this phenomenological effect.

346

This are the different towers that was generated from the tool, they applied with 3 different operation, with different value,.

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View Studies

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View Studies

349

Overground Train Line View

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351

09B_ Zone 1

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353

2nd Type 150<<200m Purely Skeleton Skeleton travels from exterior to interior Various densities and radius of skeleton

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Tower 3 We choose to detail one of each species of this cluster. This tower is the second species type where the skeleton moves from inside to the outside of the tower.

355

Double High (Whole) Triple High (Half) Triple High (Mixed)

Semi

Triple High (Mixed) Double High (Mixed)

Double High (Whole)

Private To Tower1

Double Atriums

Private

Private Central Atriums To Tower6 To Tower1

Private

To Tower6

Double High(Half) Double High (Whole)

356

Public

Floor Area (ã&#x17D;¡)

87 131 116

u=12 v=24

92 136 157 277 537 604 697

u=24 v=48

789 747 736 733 724 681 633

u=12 v=48

609 556 514

u=3 v=48

693 570 571 574 788 585

u=25 v=48

602 620 638 350 547

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Tower 3 Typical Plan

358

This is a hotel floor plan. This tower is mainly private programs, with a semi-public sky lobby at the top. Here is a typical floor.

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Tower 3 Atrium Fly-thru

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_Tower II Lvl 11 _Loads / Anchor Points Loads

_Generating Stressline

Anchor

In addition to analyzing the skeletons, we also began to analyze the slabs themselves and how they would connect to the skeleton. We identified the areas where the main loads from the skeleton would be located on the plate and then ran a stress-line analysis. We will use this information moving forward to differentiate the thickness of the slab as well as for an aesthetic patterning.

362

_Refine Stressline

363

This is the set up of the generation of our column, based on a slab deflection analysis, to understand where we need column support. To connect both floors with stressline generated beams we use the generated beam as folds along the columns, which then connect to the beams in the next slab.

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365

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367

We used a similar strategy for the atrium columns, located on the edge of the interior floor slab. Blue is showing the compression, red is showing the tension from the beam.

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3rd Type 100<<150m Part - fully covered space combined with skeleton

374

Tower 4 Due to this tower skeleton being a solid form, we â&#x20AC;&#x153;rebuiltâ&#x20AC;? the skeleton for the lower portion as a panel and diagrid system. The apertures in each panel change based on the direction they face and the program within the tower. For example, the panels around the bridge level floor place are all large openings.

375

Double High (Part)

Private

Semi

To Tower2

Double High (Whole) Spining Side Atrium To Tower2

Private To Tower5

Public

376

Floor Area (ă&#x17D;Ą) 112 57 114 47

glass & diagrid

116 120 122 125 129 133 138 144

transition panels to diagrid

201 231 230 245 264 283 294 302

Aperture: 80%

312

access to bridge

275

490 268 258 234 206 181

Aperture: 70%

166 160 146 127

377

Tower 4: Atrium Carving Floor Slab Carving

Bridge Level

Solid Skeleton

Slabs

378

East Atrium

Areas for Atriums

Carved Slabs

379

Tower 4 Atrium Fly-thru: Daytime

380

381

Tower 4 Atrium Fly-thru: Nighttime

382

383

Tower 4 Office Plan

384

Tower 4 Apartment Plan

385

Tower 4 Facade We developed a variation of the diagrid in order to â&#x20AC;&#x153;rebuildâ&#x20AC;? some of our more solid skeleton forms. This variation uses thickened panels with varying aperture size supported by the diagrid members. These apertures vary based on solar exposure as well as interior program. For example, the panels around the bridge level and atria are all large openings.

Aperture: 50%

e: 30%

e: 80%

Aperture: 80%

e: 30% Aperture: 70% SouthSouth FacadeElevation

East Ele

386

Changes

evation

Aperture: 50%

Aperture: 70%

Ape

Aperture: 80%

Ape

Aperture: 30%

Aperture: 80% Aperture: 80%

Aperture: 30% Aperture: 70%

West Facade

Ape East Elevation South Elevation

387

East Facade

Changes

South West Elevation

388

South East Elevation

389

Tower 4 Exterior Views

390

391

1st Type >200m The tallest and richest form Hybrid of skeleton, surface and solid form

392

Tower 1 This is the tallest tower on our site which demonstrates multiple rich form changing and contains programmatic relationships that would be impossible in a typical tower.

393

Double High(Whole)

Public

Central Atrium

Penta High (Whole)

Private

Double High (Whole) To Tower2

To Tower3

Semi

Triple High (Half)

To Tower5 Triple High (Part) Double High (Part)

Double High (Part)

Private

To Tower5

Double High (Part)

To Tower2 To Tower3

To Tower5

Double High(Whole)

Double High (Whole)

394

Private

Public

Floor Area (ă&#x17D;Ą) 197 238 293 315

u=7 v=25

340 378 419 464 542 658 794 938

u=24 v=50

953 750 866 925 936 962 872 785 695

u=24 v=50

482 548 614 561 558 454 673 725

facade removed for theater

754 754 557 528 589 561 772

u=20 v=50

791 366 469 665 989 1026 1118

u=15 v=50

1137 931 802 663 316 304

395

Tower 1 & Tower 5 Bridging Plan

396

According to the relation between tower 1 and 5, thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a bridge level that is linked for office use.

397

Special Program Based on the Skeleton Form

In terms of the specific skeleton condition (sloping structure on tower 1 and very light simple structure on tower 5â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s top) and also the relation and distance between the Tower 1 and 5. We specialized them into a theatre program. So the audience will be placed in Tower 1 and the stage is placed on Tower 5. People will get a visual connection between the two towers but no physical connection.

Relation between Tower 1 & Tower 5

398

Slant Structure/Form Condition

Light Structure/Form Condition

Program: Audience

Program: Stage

399

Tower 1: Auditorium Fly-thru

400

401

Tower 1: Auditorium Fly-thru

402

403

Tower 1: Stage Fly-thru

404

405

406

407

408

409

410

411

10_ Urban Vistas

412

413

Back to the urban vista Our tallest high density cluster is along the road that continues the current skyline on north-south axis.

414

415

New London Skyline with Our Scheme Recall the perspective view of London skyline... And with our towers as part of the skyline. Our tallest tower is 205 meters which is not isolated from the city but all the clusters integrate with bank cluster and start new potential for the west-east axis

The Shard 304m

The Leadenhall 225m

20 Fenchurch 160m

416

30 St Mary Axe 180m

Tower1 205m Tower3 160m Tower4 125m

417

Tower7 130m

South East Elevation

418

This diagram shows that the existing high rise has a similar rough contour shape with our towers; creating a legible language that theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re communicating but still distinct. the current high rise generation relates to the next advanced high rise generation which provides more space experience and program possibilities.

419

420

421

422

423

11_ Renderings

424

425

426

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

434

435

436

437

438

439

440

441

12_ Models

442

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446

447

448

449

450

451

452

453

454

455

456

457

458

459

460

461

14_ Appendix

468

469

Previous Research

470

Slab Principal Stress Test

In this principle stress test, we are investigating the principal stress on a slab by examining different setup boundaries, loads and anchor points. To understand which material behaves the strongest we tested with concrete and steel.

471

472

473

474

475

476

477

478

479

Canopy Studies

480

481

482

483

Previous Scheme Site Model

484

485

Previous Research

486

Phenomenology Study

This is our initial strategy. We use reference boxes to control the optical effect study. From the view point, we’ll have a view plane which is vertical with the view direction. Make sure the angle or distance of the initial box and the ‘symmetrical effect geometry’ are same on the view plane, then we can have a symmetrical look from that point of view.

487

View Direction

View Plane

View Direction

b b a

View Plane

View Direction

View Plane

490

Look of 'Same Height'

Look of 'One Organic Form'

491

Basic Optical Effect Idea

This is a symmetrical optical effect look of the reference boxes from the key view point.

This is one of normal looks of the reference boxes from other view point to see the difference of these two geometry.

492

Contrast

493

Two Key View Paths Through the site analysis, we set these two main traffic flows as our key view paths setting. Above is the overground railway flow and bottom is the train railway flow. Weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll work on these two paths to control the phenomenon changing.

494

495

Early Topology Optimization Studies I

502

III

VII

VIII

XII

XIII

503

504

505

506

507

15_ References

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509

References

Image References

“Arnhem Central - Transfer Hall By Unstudio”. 2016. Unstudio.Com. http://www. unstudio.com/projects/arnhem-centraltransfer-hall. “Bishopsgate Goods Depot « UK Fire Service Resources”. 2016. Fireservice.Co.Uk. http:// www.fireservice.co.uk/history/bishopsgate.

“New Guidance Published Amid Soaring Skyscraper Applications - Devassist”. 2015. Devassist. http://www.devassist.co.uk/ new-guidance-published-amid-soaringskyscraper-applications/. two historic images “Bishopsgate Goodsyard (1880S1964)”. 2016. Archive & Replicate. https://archiveandreplicate.wordpress. com/2016/01/23/bishopsgate-goodsyard1880s-1964/.

“Bishopsgate Goods Yard Planning Guidance”. 2016. Modgov.Towerhamlets. Gov.Uk. http://modgov.towerhamlets.gov. uk/mgConvert2PDF.aspx?ID=13934.

“New Guidance Published Amid Soaring Skyscraper Applications - Devassist”. 2015. Devassist. http://www.devassist.co.uk/ new-guidance-published-amid-soaringskyscraper-applications/.

“BRAITHWAITE VIADUCT”. 2016. Historic England. Accessed April 23. https:// historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/listentry/1063895. “Evolution Of Our Plans | The Goodsyard”. 2016. Thegoodsyardlondon.Co.Uk. http://thegoodsyardlondon.co.uk/ articles/2015-05-19/evolution-of-ourplans.

Bishopsgate historic image + map “Wards Of The City Of London”. 2016. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Wards_of_the_City_of_London#/media/ File:Bishopsgate-Street_ward_1720.jpg.

“Hearst Tower, New York City | Foster + Partners”. 2000. Fosterandpartners. Com. http://www.fosterandpartners.com/ projects/hearst-tower/.

“History | The Goodsyard”. 2016. Thegoodsyardlondon.Co.Uk. http:// thegoodsyardlondon.co.uk/category/ history.

“London Transport”. 2016. Derelict London. http://www.derelictlondon.com/londontransport.html.

viaduct plans “Subterranea Britannica: Sites: Bishopsgate Goods Station (Goodsyard)”. 2016. Subbrit. Org.Uk. http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/ sites/b/bishopsgate_goods_station/index. shtml.

“LOSS OF LIGHT”. 2016. MORE LIGHT MORE POWER. http://www.morelightmorepower. co.uk/light-issue/.

Turning torso- plan and image 2016. http://pdfsr.com/pdf/plan-10-turningtorso-relation-193-m2.pdf.

“Subterranea Britannica: Sites: Bishopsgate Goods Station (Goodsyard)”. 2016. Subbrit. Org.Uk. http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/ sites/b/bishopsgate_goods_station/index. shtml.

“File:Malmö Turning Torso 17.JPG Wikimedia Commons”. 2012. Commons. Wikimedia.Org. https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malm%C3%B6_ Turning_Torso_17.JPG.

“Turning Torso Residential Tower, Malmö”. 2016. Design Build Network. http://www. designbuild-network.com/projects/turningtorso/.

Hearst- interior and exterior photos “Hearst Tower, New York City | Foster

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TEAM

Morgan Graboski Ying Xia Albert Yen

STUDIO MASTER

Patrik Schumacher

ASSISTANT TUTOR Pierandrea Angius

2016-2017 Architectural Association School of Architecture Design Research Laboratory