. PROPOSED SYOKIMAU TRANSPORT INTERCHANGE RETHINKING PUBLIC TRANSPORT
Thesis Programming Report.
Re-thinking Public Transport Interchanges
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Thesis Programming 2016
DECLARATION I, Moses Mwangi Kiarie solemnly declare that the work embodied in this report is an original work and has not been previously submitted in part or in full to any other institution.
Signed: …… ………………. Date: ………………………..
This Thesis programming project has been submitted for examinations with my approval as the University Supervisor. Signed: Supervisor……………………………………….
Date……………….………………
Architect Fred Ngunjiri: B. Arch (Hons) UoN; M.A. Devt. Studies , Oslo Signed C.O.D ……………………………………………..
Date………………………………..
Dr. Esther Katile. B. Arch (Hons) JKUAT. Masters of urban design (MUD) JKUAT. PhD. Oslo.
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DEDICATION This report is dedicated to my parents, Mr. and Mrs. Kiarie for their commitment and dedication to see me succeed and be able to be who I am, and to my siblings, Alicia, Peter, Felister and Kim for your Unquestioning support in my life.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to the Almighty God for taking me this far and for the gift of life and strength to carry out this report. I give special appreciation to all the people who immensely contributed, in any way, to the successful writing and compilation of this document. First, special thanks to my supervisor Fred Ngunjiri, for his selfless input and commitment to see into the success of this study. I extend my limitless appreciation to the year master, Dr. Makworo and the C.O.D Landscape architecture Dr. Esther Katile for their guidance and immeasurable support while carrying out this study. Am so grateful to all my classmates, for their continuous companion and additional input. Special thanks to the Government of Kenya through the Higher Education Loans Board for enabling and giving me an opportunity to pursue higher education. Am always grateful for this.
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INSPIRATION 'A developed country is not a place where the poor have cars. It's where the rich use public transportation.' Gustavo Petro
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ABSTRACT The need for enhancing utilization of a public transport interchange has come into realization as a means of making public transport interchanges more user oriented than purpose oriented. This realization is geared towards addressing the needs of the end user of public transport interchanges with regard to human scale, landscape elements, landscape quality, mobility or connectivity and the environmental quality of public transport interchanges. The syokimau transport interchange is currently designed to provide basic function of facilitating movement, boarding and alighting in a railway terminal. Therefore providing great potential for landscape oriented interventions. The proposed syokimau transport interchange is deemed a vital solution to the status quo as regards utilization at the interchange. As such, this report seeks to define the problem and further the practicability of the proposed solution in terms of economic viability, constructability and social-cultural viability. The author was inspired by the need to uplift the diminished quality of utilization of public transport interchanges. The study thus investigated the prevailing elements of landscape design and how they relate to utilization of space by the end users of a public transport interchange. In chapter three, this report will seek to address the environmental impacts anticipated during and after the execution of the project. Case study analysis will be dealt with in the fourth chapter and finally the guiding design philosophy which will be highlighted by supporting concepts.
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Table of Contents DECLARATION .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................................................................................................................................................................................iii INSPIRATION ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v CHAPTER ONE .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.0 FEASIBILITY STUDY. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2 1.1.0 Introduction. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 1.2.0 Problem statement. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3.0 Project Aspiration. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5 1.4.0 Project Location ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6 1.5.0 Project Justification. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.6.0 Project Viability. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7 1.6.1 Economic Viability. ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.6.2 Cultural Viability. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.7.0. Project Constructability. ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 1.7.1. Material ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
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1.7.2. Technology ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9 1.7.3 Professional Skill. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.7.4 Labor. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.8.0. Project Sustainability. ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 1.8.1 Environmental Sustainability. ................................................................................................................................................................................ 9 1.8.2 Social cultural sustainability. ............................................................................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER TWO. .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.0 THE BRIEF. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1.0 Introduction. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 12 2.2.0 Client Identification. ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 2.3.0 The Clients Brief. ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 2.4.0 The Objective. .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 2.5.0 Challenges..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 2.6.0 Critical Population. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 2.7.0 Design Brief. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 15 2.7.1 Space and Activity Analysis. ................................................................................................................................................................................. 15 2.7.2 Area Analysis ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25 2.8.0 Project Costing and Financing. ................................................................................................................................................................................ 26
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2.8.1 Project Capital Cost ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 27 2.8.2 Estimated costs break down. ................................................................................................................................................................................ 30 2.8.3 Project Financing. ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 2.8.4 Project Contribution. .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 32 2.8.5 Project Rate of Returns.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 2.8.6 Average Annual Expenditure. ............................................................................................................................................................................... 33 2.8.7 Net Present Value (NPV) ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 2.9.0 Design Work Schedule ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 35 2.9.1 Pre Contract Stage. ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 35 2.9.2 Post Contract Stage ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 37 CHAPTER THREE. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 40 3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT. .................................................................................................................................................................. 41 3.1.0 Introduction. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 42 3.1.1 Definition of terms. ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 42 3.1.2 Importance of EIA ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 43 3.2.0 Steps in the EIA Process. ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 44 3.3.0 Project Background. ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 44 3.3.1 Scope of the Study. ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 44
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3.3.2 Objective of the study. ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 44 3.3.3 Site Analysis. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 45 3.4.0 Legislative Framework. .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 54 3.4.1 The Constitution of Kenya. (2010) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 54 3.4.2 Environmental Management and Coordination Act, EMCA 1999. ............................................................................................................. 54 3.4.3 County Government Act (cap 265) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 54 3.4.4 Public Health Act. ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55 3.4.5 The Physical Planning Act, 1999. ....................................................................................................................................................................... 55 3.4.6 Urban Areas and Cities Act 2012. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 55 3.4.7 Civil Aviation Act (Cap 394, revised 2012) ...................................................................................................................................................... 56 3.5.0 Environmental Concerns ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 57 3.5.1 Human Activities Checklist. ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 57 3.5.2 Physical Environmental Checklist. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 58 3.5.3 Social Cultural Impacts. ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 58 3.6.0 Mitigation Measures. ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 59 3.7.0 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) ........................................................................................................................................ 60 3.8.0 Maintenance. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 62 3.9.0 Conclusions and Recommendations. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 63
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CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65 4.0 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY AND CONCEPTS ........................................................................................................................................................................ 66 4.1.0 The Urban Radial Melt ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 67 4.2.0 Concepts ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 68 4.2.1 Placemaking ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 68 4.2.2 Shared Space. ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 69 4.2.3 Style. ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 70 4.3.0 Other supporting concepts ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 70 4.3.1 Planning concept .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 70 4.3.2 Economic concept ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 71 4.3.3 Form concept ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 71 4.3.4 Environmental concept .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 71 5.0
References. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 72
List of tables ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 72 List of figures.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 73 List of Maps ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 73
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CHAPTER ONE
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1.0 FEASIBILITY STUDY. This chapter will address the usage related problem being experienced at syokimau public transport interchange. Additionally, this chapter will outline why the project proposed here should be undertaken. The project viability will be discussed under economic and cultural viability. Further the project practicability as regards to its constructability will also be discussed. The chapter concludes by outlining the sustainability of the proposed syokimau transport interchange.
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1.1.0 Introduction. Normally, public transport interchanges in Kenya have been designed concentrating on the basic concepts of civil design that are aimed at delivering the basic functions of transport interchanges, which is facilitating movement. This downplays other vital roles that a public transport interchange ought to perform in order to yield satisfactory utilization trends and requirements to its end user, for instance the environmental quality and aesthetics. Often time, landscape design comes as an afterthought since focus is majorly geared towards design of indoor interchange building, vehicular circulation and consequently this result in disregarding pedestrian connectivity and pedestrian experience within the interchange. Also social activities at the interchange are also neglected. It is therefore imperative to enhance utilization of public transport interchanges, here envisaged to be achieved through landscape design. This indeed will serve to be a welcoming gesture to every end user of the interchange. Introducing landscape elements will provide necessary convenience and enhance user experience at the interchange, while at the same time having other social joints for instance eateries and trade areas will ensure multiplicity in utilization of public transport interchanges.
1.2.0 Problem statement. Problems faced in most urban areas around the world are not unique to any. They are mostly as a result of the city’s morphology. Efficient operation of any urban transport interchange is central to development of any city. There is a widespread reliance on vehicles for public transport, but even more need for rail transport to providing mobility within an urban area. However, most transport interchanges have been constrained to the basic use of movement from point A to point B, thus being underutilized. The Syokimau Transport interchange is one of the stations developed under the Nairobi Commuter rail project. Located in a growing middle income residential area, the station serves over 2500 users each day (nation.co.ke); however the station 3
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currently is underutilized due to non-provision of complementally activities. The station is only used by commuters to catch the train to and from their work and does not serve the surrounding neighborhood. A transport interchange is a complex system of interrelated functions requiring constant movement of people, goods and vehicles (GRAVA, S. 2003.The Syokimau transport interchange is located in the outskirts of Nairobi, adjacent to the Jomo Kenyatta international airport (JKIA). Failure to address utilization of the transport interchanges will result to detrimental effects on city’s environment: increased air and noise pollution due to the increased delays at the station, severe traffic congestion, which not only causes delays, but also increased fumes and noise. Traffic congestion also increases health risks of road users and residents. Currently one of the efforts that have been made in related studies looks at an integrated terminal design approach to the specific means of transport and conveyance of users from one point to another with no interrelation of the spaces. Therefore, this study will look at how to effectively and efficiently address an integrated transport hub to the problem through landscape design by creating connectivity and interrelation of various spaces at the Syokimau transport interchange. A transport interchange is an urban open space. It is important to take cognizance of this, and consequently address it as such, and therefore this project seeks to increase the level of use. This will be envisaged to be expressed through landscape design. The careful arrangement and provisions of landscape elements will enhance its correct use, consequently creating the facilities dignity. The landscape elements will not only resolve spatial and civil design conflicts but also will enhance aesthetics and aid in mitigation of environmental problems.
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1.3.0 Project Aspiration. 1. To provide a modern public transport interchange facility at syokimau that is well appreciated and utilized by end users. 2. To provide an efficient and legible circulation system at syokimau transport interchange. 3. To provide a customer focused, efficient and sustainable transport system 4. To mitigate against societal and environmental problems akin to public transportation.
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1.4.0 Project Location
Map1. Global context (source; maphill.com)
Map2. Neighborhood context of the project area.(source: google maps)
Map 1. regional context (source; Google maps.)
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1.5.0 Project Justification. A public transport interchange is an urban open space and therefore it would be very important to take cognizance of this and consequently address it as such. This is currently envisaged to be expressed through landscape design. The careful provision of landscape elements will enhance its utilization. Use of landscape elements will result into enhanced user experience. Planting as an element of the landscape will aid in mitigation of environmental problems such as pollution, excessive winds, and high temperatures in addition to enhancing aesthetics. Pedestrian access and circulation is not adequate at the syokimau transport interchange and this discourages users to even momentarily stop at the interchange for other purposes such as recreation and business activities and in this result to underutilization. The proposed syokimau transport interchange will deliver a fully integrated circulation system with a special consideration to the pedestrian as a user and also as a commuter. The result will be reflected with an increase in utilization. The aspect of landscape design to solve underutilization at syokimau transport interchange comes at a time when Kenya is envisioning 2030 development goals and therefore this means that this project proposal will be a part and parcel of the expected deliverables come 2030. Once implemented, the proposed interchange will also generate revenue from activities at the interchange.
1.6.0 Project Viability. 1.6.1 Economic Viability. The development is projected to be sourced mainly from The Kenya Railways Corporation and the Government of Kenya through the ministry of transport and infrastructure and investment partners to the project.
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Revenue is envisaged to be sourced from charges to parking facilities, social activities such as sports and recreation, advertisements and renting of trading facilities thereby reducing the cost of external funding. 1.6.2 Cultural Viability. The project seeks to run parallel with the faced paced livelihoods of the urbanities. This will be achieved through applying the principle of multi-use such that the interchange becomes sustainable one stop shop. The project also seeks to address social spaces provision. Currently, there are temporary social activities that include sports and recreation at syokimau transport interchange that are utilized by mostly the locals around the interchange. This project will result to expansion of these social spaces into elaborate and functional spaces that can be appreciated by the end users. The proposed syokimau transport interchange is a development that will attract higher population and therefore comes in handy with urban culture. This will be envisaged through promoting spaces that promotes such culture, for instance space for graffiti and sculptures and sports such as skating.
1.7.0. Project Constructability. 1.7.1. Material The choice of material will be informed by the effect the designer seeks to achieve. This project will seek to address contemporary trends in the urban setting and therefore adopting materials that express the notion of the future as well as addressing environmental sustainability through use of recycling, re-using, and reducing negative environmental impacts. The choice of material will also be affected by the availability of the materials. Some proposed materials will include but not limited to; brick, slate, steel, concrete, wood, glass and PVC, scrap metal and other recycled materials.
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Planting material will also be selected to suit function for instance aiding in mitigation of environmental problems such as heat through shading, wind and noise control, storm water, given that syokimau transport interchange lies in a hot and dry climate. Some of the plant plants to be used for this project include Mellaleuca linarifolia, andAcacia xanthophloea. 1.7.2. Technology .Existing workforce will be sourced from the relevant authorities that include the ministry of transport and infrastructure and the Nairobi city county. Sustainable locally sourced materials are going to be adopted for this project.The craftsmanship adopted for the project is envisaged to be easily sourced from within the local Kenyan context. 1.7.3 Professional Skill. The project will be overseen by a committee of professionals comprised of Project managers, Landscape Architects, Architects, Engineers, Quantity surveyors, Construction managers among others who will be deemed necessary. 1.7.4 Labor. The project will source its labor from the surrounding syokimau community. This will be in line with empowering communities through employment especially the youth. This will also see that the project is in line with vision 2030 which aims to improve the quality of life to the Kenyan citizen.
1.8.0. Project Sustainability. 1.8.1 Environmental Sustainability. It is likely that the proposed syokimau transport interchange will majorly be composed by hard landscape, therefore creating the opportunity for rain water harvesting which will be used for maintenance of the landscape, water features, and other activities that require water. Rain water will also be harvested from roofs and canopies. 9
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The proposed syokimau transport interchange will adopt renewable sources of energy so as reduce expenditure thus ensuring sustainable development. The renewable source of energy will include tapping of solar energy since the area experiences long hours of the day with high temperatures. The project will also exploit wind energy to supplement other sources of energy. Garbage collection and recycling regime is also advised in order to achieve environmental sustainability. Recycled materials will be used for purposes such as construction or public art. 1.8.2 Social cultural sustainability. The inclusion of social spaces within the interchange will ensure utilization through human interaction and therefore opportunity for revenue generation. Sporting activities such as skating, market places and eateries will generate revenue thus ensuring economic sustainability. The interchange as a public open space will serve to provide a platform for healthy urban culture through art and conveniences provided within it.
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CHAPTER TWO.
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2.0 THE BRIEF. 2.1.0 Introduction. This chapter seeks to address the client’s brief, the design brief and the schedule of accommodation. This is so as to satisfy the client’s desires and requirements. This will be achieved by developing the brief through various development stages.
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2.2.0 Client Identification. The client for the project is the Kenya Railways Corporation. This will be in conjunction with the ministry of Transport and Infrastructure, herein collectively referred to as, ‘The Client’.
2.3.0 The Clients Brief. The client of the proposed syokimau public transport interchange is faced with the challenge of underutilization and therefore seeks to create an integrated transport interchange that will result to multiple use and activities with provisions for recreational and commercial needs. The client further seeks to enhance security and safety in the interchange to encourage 24hr access for the proposed interchange. This is in line with the vision 2030 development goals that aim at achieving a 24hr economy. Additionally the proposed project should also address circulation and environmental problems. The client therefore needs the expertise of a Landscape Architect.
2.4.0 The Objective. The ultimate objective of the proposed Syokimau public transport interchange is to come up with a landscape design scenario, vision and strategies that will see transformation from underutilization to multiplicity in use.
2.5.0 Challenges. The following challenges would be expected in the development of any successful public transport interchange, and therefore calls for sustainable interventions as is provided by the proposed project. •
Inadequate parking for public users at the interchange.
•
Inefficient access and circulation.
•
Diminished environmental comfort.
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•
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Inadequate social amenities.
2.6.0 Critical Population. The critical population here is the commuters who use the interchange regularly, the traders and the drivers within the interchange. The proposed syokimau transport interchange will seek to create activities and events arising from integration of rail and road transport available in the terminal and further integrate these activities with the neighborhood.
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2.7.0 Design Brief. 2.7.1 Space and Activity Analysis. Facility Access
Description •
Main - 7m access road
service road - 5.5m • • •
Function
Design Consideration
This will ensure •
Landscaping along Mombasa Roads will include features of
an orderly and
planting to provide strong emphasis and overall legibility.
3m - wide sidewalk in
smooth flow of
Mombasa road
vehicles, cycles
3m - wide pedestrian
and pedestrians
walkway
in and out of
1.8mwide cyclic track
the interchange.
Figure 1. planting along circulation routes
•
Planting will be integrated within the locations of the advertising signage and street lighting.
Figure 2. incorporating signage into the landscape
•
The selection of species for trees should minimize the attraction of birds along the vehicular access.
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Major artwork locations are also proposed along the extent of Mombasa road..
•
Clear separation of road users.
Figure 3. separation of users
•
Provision for pedestrian and cyclist paths.
•
Landscape to be designed for medium speed with large landscape areas of texture and color as well as smaller detail feature planting pockets.
Parking
•
700 cars
This will
•
20 buses
provide parking
•
100 bicycles
space for
•
20 lorries
commuters,
•
Trees will be used to provide shade to the car parks
visitors, staff, boda boda and taxi cabs.
Figure 4. shade planting and dense groundcover at car parks
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•
Car parks to have dense ground cover and shade planting.
•
Car parks to be softened by landscaping
•
Car park arrangement should allow adequate parking
•
Car park arrangement should allow safe and efficient pedestrian movement
Pedestrian shelters
400m free standing shelter
These are
•
All covered paths must also have adequate lighting
shelters to be
•
Heights of shelter must provide suitable protection from sun
attached to building
and rain, while still ensuring a human scale •
Shelters must have 0.5m clearance to any tree trunk.
facades and cantilevered over pedestrian zone or to be as a free standing element which do not impede pedestrian
Figure 5. pedestrian shelters providing protection from sun and rain
movement but protects footpaths from
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rain and sun Public and
•
15 group seating areas
Public spaces
social
•
60m2 public plaza
will be spaces
Spaces
•
Skate park
ranging from
•
Swimming pool
small intimate
•
Games(volleyball)
seating,
•
telephones will be included in the public spaces •
Finishes, materials and acceptable gradients will be addressed in the design of the spaces
•
recreational spaces to large
Furniture such as seating, tables, bollards, signs, bins and
Plaza spaces between buildings to incorporate large areas broken by patterns and soft landscaping
•
plazas catering
Plaza space between buildings to incorporate artwork for interest and to provide a cultural context to the site.
for a variety of experiences Bus stops
•
and Dropoffs.
•
•
3.5m wide stop at
These will be
Mombasa road.
designated
A drop off area within the
areas where
interchange with an entry
passengers will •
Landscaping through cladding of shelter structures should be
and an exit
board and
addressed
alight from
Adequate seating places should be provided for passengers to sit.
•
•
Overhead covers should be provided
Important views should be enhanced from these points
public service vehicles
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Signage
Syokimau Public Transport Interchange
•
Max of 5 billboards
They will work •
•
Direction plates
as
•
Labels
communication agents
•
Thesis Programming 2016
All signage is to be integrated into the landscape All signage shall confirm to the size and location requirements of public transport interchanges.
within •
All signs shall be designed to maximize visibility to the
the interchange
traveling public while remaining generally compatible with the
precincts
goals of the landscape design •
All signs shall be lighted to enhance their visibility at night.
•
Creative and innovative signage will be encouraged and will strengthen overall character of public transport interchange design theme.
•
Directional signage within the interchange will be used to guide
passengers to gates, other terminal
areas and
connecting transition zones will be considered vital to the function of the interchange. •
Signs should be dual-sided and multi-sided in order to capture travelers approaching from several directions
Water features
4 fountains
They
will •
provide passive
Landscape elements must not provide nesting or roosting habitat for wildlife
form
of •
They should be well lit to be visible at night
recreation
to •
Water features must be engineering certified for all pipe sizes,
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the users at the
structures, footings and fixings •
interchange.
Thesis Programming 2016
Ornamental water features are to be provided (e.g., fountains, ponds, pools, etc.)
Other
•
Syokimau monument
facilities
•
Artistic
works
on
• the
artwork
monument and the water features. •
•
Sculptures, and
•
20 Recycle bins
with cultural aspects, expressed through artwork reflections •
monuments Sitting areas to be
used
for •
resting and will • be
The character, identity or sense of place will be strengthened
provided •
Artwork should provide interest and cultural context to the interchange. All furniture should ensure safety is maintained Furniture should be vandal resistant Furniture should be suitable to environmental conditions
where necessary
at
interval. •
Garbage collection points to avoid littering of open spaces
within
the interchange. •
Toilet
facilities
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strategic in
the
outdoor that is easily recognizable. Eatery points
•
Maximum of 3 outdoor eatery •
They
points
shade
will
be •
Landscape structures are to be used in areas of public access where shade is required for seating/viewing and eating
structures with seating areas •
They will have selling
places
for food stuffs
Figure 6. seating/viewing and eating
•
Landscape structures must be engineering certified for all sizes, class, footings and fixings.
•
All material sections are to be in accordance with the landscape master plan
•
Their design will be prominent and unique to its location without dominating the features of other interchange features. 21
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The structures will be situated in a location that does not exist visually or physically obstruct circulation and existing facilities.
Lighting
•
Post lighting
• •
•
Lighting lamps •
No up lighting or light past the horizontal will be allowed so as
Bollard lighting
to
not to provide conflicting light sources for planes in their
Graze lighting
lighting
accentuate
features •
landing approach at •
Use of low level lighting to reduce the need for pole lighting
night
will be encouraged
Lighting in the •
In all instances, lighting shall reflect the architectural intent of
landscape
is
the project design specifically and the overall interchange
important
for
theme generally.
both safety and •
Appropriate fixture will be incorporated into the design to
character.
provide adequate lighting for functional and aesthetic purposes. •
Lighting will be used to highlight displays, signs and architectural elements, as well as add character and appeal to the overall appearance of the design.
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Figure 7. lighting should neither overpower the space nor cause distraction
However, the lighting should neither overpower the space nor cause distraction White light, although good for visibility down at ground level, has the potential to attract insects and consequently foraging birds Design of lighting will ensure adequate surveillance and avoid shadows and glare which might put people at risk. Services
• •
Automated electronic
•
provide useful
•
These machines will be integrated with the landscape design.
machines.
information and •
Careful planning will ensure that the machines are correctly
Self-service food dispensing
services to the
placed in areas which have exhibited need. 23
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kiosk
travelers •
These machines
•
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The machines will be placed in clusters or groups with a consistent separation between units.
are vital to the operation at the interchange. They include such services as baggage transportation, carts, stamp sales, phone card sales, banking, and travel insurance sales and customs information.
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2.7.2 Area Analysis Capacity
Area per unit(m2)
10
25
2
50
50
5000
1
5000
Volleyball pitch
12
200
1
200
Vending stalls
2
24
10
240
Walkways
4 people
n/a
n/a
3188
Drive ways
3 cars
n/a
n/a
6368
parking
1000
12.5
1000
12500
Loading Bays
1
400
2
800
Cycling tracks
2
n/a
n/a
1920
Facility
Quantity
Total Area(m2)
Structures Sanitary Blocks Swimming
pool
and
Changing rooms
Circulation
Other landscape Features and Elements Water features
10
1600
3
5000
Planters
9 shrubs
9.6
20
192
Gardens
10
50
3
150
Lawns
70 people
133
3
400
Public art
n/a
25
1
25
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Facility
Capacity
Area per unit(m2)
Quantity
Total Area(m2)
Street furniture
4
6
15
90
Outdoor eateries
10
20
3
60
Public Plaza
80
60
1
60
signage
n/a
n/a
7
n/a
TOTAL
36,108
Approximate Area of use = 36101m2 Approximate Site Area = 76661.85m2
2.8.0 Project Costing and Financing. The costing and financing of the project entails the total sum which includes the professional consultant’s fee and any contingencies that take care of envisaged costs. It consists of capital costs, the source of finance, running costs and rate of financial project returns.
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2.8.1 Project Capital Cost
Item
Facility
Description
Preliminaries
Quantity
Unit
Rate (Ksh.)
5% of the total cost estimate
Amount (Ksh.) 3,842,170.00
Prime cost Sums 1 2
Mechanical
Excavations and
works
installation
Electrical works
Excavations and
710
M2
600
426,000.00
1400
M2
550
770,000.00
1400
M2
700
980,000.00
1100
M2
400
440,000.00
installation
3 4
Plumbing and
Excavations and
drainage works
installation
Irrigation works
Excavations and installation
Sub total
2,616,000.00 Civil and External Works
5
6
walkways
Driveways
•
Excavations
3188
•
Subgrade preparation
3188
•
Compaction
•
Surface finish
•
Excavations
6368
M2 M2
200
637,600.00
500
1,594,000.00
100
318,800.00
800
2,550,400.00
200
1,273,600.00
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7
8
9
Parking
Loading bays
Cycling tracks
Syokimau Public Transport Interchange
•
Subgrade preparation
•
Thesis Programming 2016
6368
500
3,184,000.00
Compaction
100
636,800.00
•
Surface finish
3000
19,104,000.00
•
Excavations
12500
200
2,500,000.00
•
Subgrade preparation
12500
500
6,250,000.00
•
Compaction
100
1,250,000.00
•
Surface finish.
2100
26,250,000.00
•
Excavations
800
200
160,000.00
•
Subgrade preparation
800
500
400,000.00
•
Compaction
100
80,000.00
•
Surface finish
2100
1,680,000.00
•
Excavations
1920
200
384,000.00
•
Subgrade preparation
1920
500
960,000.00
•
Compaction
100
192,000.00
•
Surface finish
1200
2,304,000.00
M2
M2
M2
Sub total
71,709,200.00 Landscape works
10
Water features
•
Excavations and
5000
M2
compaction, foundation,
100
500,000.00
200
38,400.00
construction 11
Planters
•
Manufacture and delivery
•
installation
192
M2
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12 13
Gardens Lawns
Syokimau Public Transport Interchange
•
DE compaction
•
Backfilling and leveling
•
DE compaction
•
Backfilling and leveling
100 100
Thesis Programming 2016
M2 800
80,000.00
800
80,000.00
M2
14
Public Art
•
Procure and installation
20
M2
2000
40,000.00
15
Street furniture
•
Procure and delivery
20
No.
2000
60,000.00
•
installation 2
No.
30000
60,000.00
200
20,000.00
500
50,000.00
100
10,000.00
800
80,000.00
16 17
18 19
Outdoor Eateries • Public Plaza
Signage Planting
Subgrade preparation
•
Installation
•
Excavations
100
•
Subgrade preparation
100
•
Compaction
•
Surface finish
•
Procure and delivery
•
installation
•
Procurement and delivery
M2
10
No.
3000
30,000.00
200
No.
500
100,000.00
of plants •
Soil mix and planting.
Sub total
1,148,400.00 Builders work
20
Sanitary Blocks
•
Excavations
50
•
Subgrade preparation
50
M2
200
10,000.00
500
25,000.00 29
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21
Swimming and
22
23
Compaction
100
5,000.00
•
Construction
700
35.000.00.00
200
85,000.00
500
212,500.00
100
42,500.00
1000
425,000.00
200
32,400.00
500
81,000.00
100
16,200.00
100
16,200.00
200
48,000.00
500
120,000.00
100
24,000.00
800
192,000.00
Changing •
Volleyball pitch
Vending stalls
Thesis Programming 2016
• pool •
rooms
Syokimau Public Transport Interchange
Excavations
425
Subgrade preparation
425
•
Compaction
•
Construction
•
Excavations
162
•
Subgrade preparation
162
•
Compaction
•
Surface finish
•
Excavations
240
•
Subgrade preparation
240
•
Compaction
•
Construction
M2
M2
M2
Sub total
13,698,00.00
COST ESTIMATE= Ksh. 76,843,400.00 OVERALL COST ESTIMATE=76843400+3842170(PRELIMINARIES)= Ksh. 80,685,570.00 2.8.2 Estimated costs break down. Total construction cost = KShs. 80,685,570.00 Professional fees@ 15% of the construction cost= 12,102,835.50
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Thesis Programming 2016
Table 1. Consultants. Consultancy Landscape Architectural Services Civil and Structural services Quantity Surveying Mechanical and Electrical Services Environmental Expert Others Contingencies @10% of total construction sum = ksh. 8,068,557 Cumulative project cost = total construction cost + total consultancy fees+ Contingencies Ksh. 80,685,570+ ksh. 12,102,835.50+ ksh. 8,068,557= ksh.100, 856,962.50 Cumulative project cost +16% VAT = ksh. 116,994,076.50 2.8.3 Project Financing. The Kenya Railways Corporation will fund 51% of the total cost of the project. For 49% of the total cost of the project, The Kenya Railways Corporation will float a 5 year Memorandum Of Agreement (MOA) Infrastructure bond to three financiers for a period of 5years with an annual coupon of 14% paid annually.
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2.8.4 Project Contribution. Table 2 Project Contribution.
Contributor
Cumulative %cost
Amount (ksh.)
Kenya Railways Corporation
51
59,666,979.00
Infrastructure Bond
49
57,327,097.50
The Bond minimum value will be Ten million (10,000,000.00) Total Annual coupon for the bond= 0.14 x ksh. 57,327,097.50=ksh.8,025,793.60 2.8.5 Project Rate of Returns. Table 3. Project Rate of Returns.
Item
Revenue per month (ksh.)
Revenue p.a (ksh)
Business center
500,000.00
6,000,000.00
Advertisements
10,000.00
12,0000.00
17,500.00
210,000.00
Ceremonial gardens
50,000.00
600,000.00
Parking
3,000,000.00
36,000,000.00
Total
3,577,000.00
42,924,000.00
High impact (Bill boards), Medium impact (lighting poles),Low impact (trash receptacle)
Sports and recreation Volleyball, Skating, Playgrounds
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2.8.6 Average Annual Expenditure. Table 4. Average Annual Expenditure.
Expenditure
(monthly)
Annual coupon
(p.a) 8,025,793.60
Maintenance
50,000.00
60000.00
Wages and salaries
250,000.00
3,000,000.00
Power and utilities
30,000.00
360,000.00
Corporate social responsibility
50,000.00
600,000.00
Total
380,000.00.00
12,045,793.60
Average annual net income =returns-expenditure Ksh.42,924,000 – ksh.12,045,793.6= ksh.30,878,206.40 Project rates of return = (average annual net income / total project cost x100) Ksh.38,364,000/ksh.96,054,250x100=39.94% Net project return is 39.94% above the minimum requirement of 8% for any viable project 2.8.7 Net Present Value (NPV) Net Present Value (NPV) is the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows. NPV is used in capital budgeting to analyze the profitability of a projected investment or project. The following is the formula for calculating NPV: = NPV=-Co+C1/1+r+ c2/(1+r)2+…………ct(/1+r)t
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Where Ct = net cash inflow during the period t Co = total initial investment costs r = discount rate, and t = number of time periods A positive net present value indicates that the projected earnings generated by a project or investment (present) exceeds the anticipated costs (present). Generally, an investment with a positive NPV will be a profitable one and one with a negative NPV will result in a net loss. This concept is the basis for the Net Present Value Rule, which dictates that the only investments that should be made are those with positive NPV values. Year
Cash flow (KSH.)
Expenditure (KSH.)
Net cash flow (KSH.)
Ct/(1+r)t (KSH.)
0
-116,994,076.50
-
-
-116,994,076.50
1
42,924,000.00
12,045,793.60
30,878,206.40
30,878,206.4
2
47,216,400.00
12,045,793.60
35,170,607.40
27,062,640.35
3
51,938,040.00
12,045,793.60
39,892,246.40
26,926,130.04
4
57,131,844.00
12,045,793.60
45,086050.40
26,694,561.23
5
62,845,028.00
13,250,373.00
49,594,655.00
25,757,909.73
Net Present Value
20,325,371.25
The net present value for this project is as follows; Net Present Value: =ksh. 20,325,371.25 PV of Expected Cash flows: =ksh. 137,319,447.75
Where PV is the Present Value
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Thesis Programming 2016
With a discount rate of 14% and a span of 5 years, the projected cash flows are worth ksh.137, 319,447.75 today, which is greater than the initial ksh..116,994,076.00 paid. The resulting positive NPV of the above project is ksh. 20,325,371.25, which indicates that pursuing this project may be optimal.
2.9.0 Design Work Schedule 2.9.1 Pre Contract Stage. (a) Program of activities Stage 1. Brief Analysis
Activity This stage involves understanding and developing the client’s brief, interpreting it into design solution. This stage will also entail intensive research on client’s brief and consequently studying case studies of similar projects undertaken before; both successful and those that have failed.
2. Site survey and analysis
This will entail two processes. i). Data Collection This will involve studying maps and site plans of the proposed site, in order to familiarize with the area. It will also involve collection of primary data such as photographs, recording site conditions and other aspects that will be instrumental in the design of the project. ii) Site survey.
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Thesis Programming 2016
This will also involve studying of maps of the site and consequently determining the measurements and orientation of the site. The site survey will also involve studying of the neighborhood, physical and visual character of the site, soil survey, prevalent weather conditions and micro-climate patterns. 3. Presentation of
A presentation will be prepared to address the information collected I stage 2 above. This will be
information
achieved through preparation of local maps; maps of prevalent conditions and photographical presentation as well. Graphical presentations will also be provided where necessary.
4. Site analysis.
This will involve addressing the problems and the various aspects of the site. These aspects include physical attributes and social economic attributes. Site analysis will also seek to address the sustainability of the project as regards its particular location and consequently the environmental impact the project will pose. The site analysis will also have subtle proposals that will serve as foresights to the main project as regard to attribute such as planting design, anthropometric and ergonomics, form and theme of the design.
5. Landscape
drawings,
This will involve preparation of drawings that will include sketch and conceptualization drawing and
specifications and bill
working drawings. It will also involve the general conditions as regards the contract, the material
of quantities.
specification and the craftsmanship. A view of the quantities and costing will also be addressed.
6. Tendering.
This will involve preparation the tender documents and consequently execution of the tender action and evaluation. This will involve pre-qualification of contractors, issuance of tender documents, receiving of the tender document, tender evaluation and tender report. Open tendering is preferred in this scenario in order to ensure accountability and sourcing of the best contractor.
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7. Acceptance and signing of contract.
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Thesis Programming 2016
The winning contractor will be invited by the client and their consequent acceptance will warrant the signing of the contract and reaching to an agreement. This will be the precursor to the handing over of the site to the contractor.
The estimated time for the pre-contract period is 30 weeks. 2.9.2 Post Contract Stage This will be the process of actualizing the project on site. The contractor will commence construction after occupying the site. He will complete the works as stipulated in the contract documents to the satisfaction of the Landscape Architect who will be the lead consultant. It is expected the contractor will carry the work regularly and diligently. The post contract management will be consultants, team duty. The estimated time period for the post contract per is 46 weeks, with an additional 13 weeks for the Defects Liability Period.
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Table 5 Pre-contract program of implementation
Table Re-thinking 6. Progress chart for the post contract period. Public Transport Interchanges
Syokimau Public Transport Interchange
Thesis Programming 2016
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Thesis Programming 2016
CHAPTER THREE.
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3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT. This section deals with impact assessment (EIA), the definition of terms, importance of EIA ,key features of EIA, EIA as a planning tool ,EIA process, EIA Methods ,environmental guidelines and standards ,assessment of impact of the proposed project and checklist.
41
3.1.0 Introduction. The goal of EIA is consistent with the overall goal of the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure and Kenya’s Vision 2030. Environmental Impact Assessment is a tool for environmental conservation and has been identified as a key component in new project implementation. According to section 58 of the Environ mental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) No.8 of 1999 second schedule 9 (1), and Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) regulation, 2003, new projects must undergo Environmental Impact Assessment. The Report of the same must be submitted to National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) for approval and issuance of relevant certificates. This was necessary as many forms of developmental activities cause damage to the environment. The EIA for the Syokimau Transport Interchange will be conducted in accordance with the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) of 1999. The methodology adopted for this includes checklists, interviews with users of site and critical observations as well. For the purposes of this project, the EIA process will seek to; •
Predict environmental consequences of the Proposed Syokimau Transport Interchange
•
Identify negative and positive impacts of the project.
•
Plan for measures to mitigate adverse effects and maximize on the benefits of the project.
•
Inform planners, decision makers and stakeholders on the effects of the development.
3.1.1 Definition of terms. Environment: Refers to the physical factors of the surroundings of human beings including land, water, atmosphere, climate, sound, odor, taste, the biological factors of animals and plants and the social factor of aesthetics and includes both the natural and the built environment EMCA, (1999).
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•
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Thesis Programming 2016
Impact: Refers to any change in the physical-chemical, biological cultural and socio-economic environmental systems that can be attributed to human activities to human activities relative to alternatives under study for meeting a project need Canter, (1977).
•
Assessment: It involves the use of systematic and interdisciplinary approaches, methods and procedures to ensure presently quantified environmental amenities and values are given appropriate considerations in decision making along with economic and technical considerations Canter, (1977).
•
Environmental impact assessment: means a systematic examination conducted to determine whether or not a program, activity or project will have any adverse impacts on the environment EMCA, (1999).
•
Methodology: This involves the careful study of the proposed project site, and the possible impact s of the project as observe from previous similar projects. Impact methodologies provide an organized approach for predicting and assessing the impacts of a certain project. The methodology should be relevant to ensure the environment is protected and little or no negative impact on the environment is experienced now or in the future.
3.1.2 Importance of EIA 1. Carry out an investigation on environmental baseline status of the site. 2. Present information on impact alternatives 3. Present the results of EIA in any way that it can guide in informed decision making during the design process. 4. Present mitigation measures for the environmental baseline status of the site area. 5. Provide a description of the activities to take place at the proposed site.
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3.2.0 Steps in the EIA Process. There a six basic steps in the process of conducting an Environmental Impact Assessment. This process will also guide the EIA for the proposed Syokimau transport interchange.. 1. Environmental screening 2. Scoping and preparation of the terms of reference (TOR) for conducting EIA and other related studies. 3. Preparation of an EIA report and project appraisal. 4. Implementation of the project 5. Monitoring and evaluation.
3.3.0 Project Background. 3.3.1 Scope of the Study. The scope of the assessment covered in this study involved impacts that directly or indirectly associate with construction and operations of the proposed Syokimau transport interchange. This include circulation systems, drainage systems, social activities such as sports and recreational activities, enhancement of parking facilities, shade structures, signage and other associated structures, planting zones with planting buffers and open grounds for trade activities and exhibitions. The assessments of the aforementioned works will result to a comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment Study report. 3.3.2 Objective of the study. The objective of this study is to establish the environmental impacts of the proposed syokimau transport interchange.
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3.3.3 Site Analysis. (a) Location and neighborhood The proposed syokimau transport interchange is located in Nairobi County, just 16km from the Nairobi CBD. The site is found at latitude 10 21’S and longitude 360 54’E. The site is 25.5 acres in size.
Map 2. Location and context
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Plate 1. Access and Circulation
Syokimau Public Transport Interchange
Thesis Programming 2016
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Plate 2. Access and Circulation
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Thesis Programming 2016
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Thesis Programming 2016
N
Plate 3. Vegetation
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Plate 4. Vegetataion
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Plate 5 Drainage and Topography
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Plate 6 Land use
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Plate 7 Climate
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Plate 8. Case study
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Thesis Programming 2016
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3.4.0 Legislative Framework. 3.4.1 The Constitution of Kenya. (2010) Section 69 of the Constitution part (a) ensure sustainable exploitation, utilization, management and conservation of the environment and natural resources, and ensure the equitable sharing of the accruing benefits; (f) establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and monitoring of the environment; (g) eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment. 3.4.2 Environmental Management and Coordination Act, EMCA 1999. This is an Act of Parliament that provides for the establishment of an appropriate legal and institutional framework for the management of the environment. Section 3 of the Act provides for the General Principles that guides the implementation of the Act. Every person in Kenya is entitled to a clean and healthy environment and the duty to safeguard and enhance the environment. Additionally, section V provides for the protection and conservation of the environment. 3.4.3 County Government Act (cap 265) This section, in parts states that county authorities have powers to establish and maintain sanitary services for the removal and destruction of, otherwise deal with kind of refuse and effluent and where such service is established, compel its use by persons to whom the service is available. Section 163 of the act states that the authorities shall, subject to written law have powers to control trade and regulations. Subsection (e)2 provides for the control or prohibition of business , factories and workshops which by smoke, fumes, chemical gases, dust, smell, noise, vibrations or other cause may be or become a source of danger, discomfort or annoyance to the neighborhood and to prescribe the conditions subject to which such business, factories and workshops shall be carried out.
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Thesis Programming 2016
3.4.4 Public Health Act. Under section 118(n) any factory or trade premises not kept in clean state or free from offensive smell arising from any drain, privy, water closet or urinary or not ventilated as far as practicable, any gases or overcrowded or so badly lighted or injuries or dangerous to health of those employed therein. Section 118(q) defines any chimney sending forth smoke in such quantity or as to be offensive or injurious or dangerous to health; would all be deemed to be a nuisance, liable to be dealt with as provided for by the act. 3.4.5 The Physical Planning Act, 1999. Physical Planning Act Cap 286, 1996 (revised in 2010) provides for preparation and implementation of physical development plans and for connected purposes. In regard to urban development management this Act is a base for physical planning and development control (building construction permit and land development permit). It outlines the procedures to be followed in application for and implementation of development projects. It stipulates that any physical development plan prepared with reference to any public land or private land should serve the purpose of improving the land and providing for the proper physical development of such land, and securing suitable provision for transportation. 3.4.6 Urban Areas and Cities Act 2012. This is an Act of Parliament giving effect to Article 184 of the Constitution; to provide for the, classification, governance and management of urban areas and cities; to provide for the criteria of establishing urban areas, to provide for the principle of governance and participation of residents and for connected purposes (Republic of Kenya, 2011). The Act aims at achieving the following objects and purposes: a) Classification of areas as urban areas or cities; b) Governance and management of urban areas and cities; c) Participation by the residents in the governance of urban areas and cities; 55
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Syokimau falls under the jurisdiction of Nairobi City County Government which is classified as a city. Therefore, this Act is relevant to the management of developments in the Syokimau railway station. 3.4.7 Civil Aviation Act (Cap 394, revised 2012) This act stipulates the guidelines for the control, regulation and orderly developments around the public airport facilities. The Act establishes declared areas that are areas around the airports and gives the guidelines on the type and extent of developments that are to take place in these areas for the safety of the flights. The Syokimau railway station falls within the flight funnel of the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA). The Syokimau railway station area falls in a declared area that the Act guides that the buildings erected in this area should not exceed 30M in height unless otherwise authorized by the Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA).
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3.5.0 Environmental Concerns The information on environmental issues will be collected by the use of the following impact assessment forms.
3.5.1 Human Activities Checklist. Observation Construction project
Land
Activity/structure of•
impact
Excavation and clearing works
•
Loss of existing stream ecology on terraces
•
Transport of equipment and materials to the site
•
Soil erosion and air pollution(dust)
•
Diversion of traffic at Mombasa road temporarily to allow for•
Machinery used will damage the cover
installation of works
vegetation
•
Hard landscaping
infiltration
•
Erecting facilities
flooding
•
Resource and recreational center
•
Reduction of erosion
•
Loss of vegetation ,soil
•
Erosion,
pollution,
capacity
hence
temporal
•
Noise and smoke from clearing machine
• •
Increased surface runoff, destabilization Loss of vegetation and soil erosion as a result of initial site clearing
• changes
in
soil
profile,
soil
Dumping of wastes onsite will result into pollution.
compaction, reduction of soil fertility and permeability during•
Reduction of fertility due to clearing of
construction, increase in noise frequency ,pollution intensity
nitrogen fixing Plants.
•
and storm water Facilities/structures •
Display/exhibition/ market
and
recreational
open areas
and compact soil reducing
grounds,,
areas,
outdoor
service
eatery,
parking, open
garden,
lighting,
Soil compaction will create less impervious
Du m p in g of Solid waste will pollu te
environment
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Soft landscaping
Syokimau Public Transport Interchange
Thesis Programming 2016
Land preparation, Irrigation, Drainage

Application of fertilizer and other plant chemicals
vegetation for landscaping
Erosion resu ltin g from clearin g of
Subsurface
and
surface
water
3.5.2 Physical Environmental Checklist. Land
Air
Water
Operation
Description
Compaction of soil
This will be from heavy traffic flow on site.
Loss of vegetation
This is due to clearing to accommodate activities
Soil erosion
This is as a result of loosened soil due to excavations
Ground vibrations
This is due to heavy machinery for construction
Increased dust levels.
This is as a result of excavations and backfilling.
Smoke emissions
This is from motor vehicle pollution
Odors
This is due to solid wastes and effluents on site.
Dumping of solid waste
This is due to erosion of solid wastes from construction areas
Drainage and surface run-off
This is mainly from hard landscaped areas.
3.5.3 Social Cultural Impacts.
ASPECT
POSSIBLE IMPACT
Community and institutional structures
The project will facilitate improved social ties due to resource sharing and the creation of a public realm 58
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Thesis Programming 2016
The project will also enhance social interaction by providing social spaces such as the public plaza and the recreational center This project will also serve the adjacent Syokimau estate. Cultural trends and lifestyle
The site is within the Nairobi city. The proposed project will accommodate various cultural backgrounds and aim to promote the urban culture of multitasking by providing a one stop lifestyle center.
Population characteristics
The proposed project will attract diverse population for transport services and also social activities such as recreation.
3.6.0 Mitigation Measures. Variable
Mitigation measure
Health and safety
Provide workers with protective clothing Inflammable materials should be kept safe and away from direct fire. A first aid station will be provided to take care of emergency situations during construction period.
Solid waste management.
Institute solid waste segregation arrangements and explore solid waste recycling and re-use options. Solid waste will be disposed in approved ground Installation of solid waste bins on site.
Microclimate and the natural environment
The natural conditions such as the native vegetation will be retained on site
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Bio-diversity
No alteration of existing habitats on site.
Soils and drainage
Minimizing exposed areas Minimizing steep gradients that encourage soil erosion
Air pollution(noise, dust, odor and smoke)
Observe lowest noise levels on site Use of plant barriers to c=screen noise, absorb and reduce dust Minimize exposure of open areas Odors from waste disposal can be reduced by immediate disposal at the approved place.
Soil fertility
Addition of organic and non-organic manures to improve soil fertility Use of dry leaves as mulch and also to improve fertility through decomposition
Vegetation
No indigenous trees will be removed on site Limit amount of construction on fragile ecosystem
Public inconveniences
Prior to construction, the public shall be informed of the forthcoming inconveniences and be provided with alternative routes to use.
3.7.0 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) Activity
Description
Implementation phase
Responsibility
Excavations
Cut and fills
Construction
Main contractor
Storm water management
Collection of surface and
Design and construction phase Lead consultant and the main
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contractor
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Solid waste management
Syokimau Public Transport Interchange
Removal of unwanted wastes
Construction phase
and unused material on site to
Thesis Programming 2016
The main contractor and all the subcontractors
facilitate the recovery of the affected area to its original form, provide garbage collection bins in spaces prone to disposal of solid waste Air pollution
Control of dust levels by construction
Main contractor
sprinkling water Noise pollution
Use of lee noisy machinery construction
Main contractor
shall be encouraged and at favorable hours of the day Safety
Provision of safety gear and
Construction and post
The main contractor and the
equipment on site for
construction
client
Provision and installation
Construction and post
Main contractor and the Nairobi
sewer lines, water and power
construction
county government
everyone. Provision of safety directions Provision of a first aid center on site Adequate lighting Utilities
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Microclimate modification
Syokimau Public Transport Interchange
Planting more trees to restore Construction and post ambient temperature.
Thesis Programming 2016
Main contractor and the client
construction
Erecting pedestrian sheds
3.8.0 Maintenance. The project is expected to meet certain expectations as well as development programs after construction. They range from maintenance of the facilities to provision of alternative sources of energy and power. Upon completion of the project, regular inspections and maintenance of the following among others shall be necessary; (a) vegetation The following will be carried out; •
watering plants
•
removal of weak and dry branches from trees and shrubs
•
prune, clear and trim overgrown plants appropriately
•
replace dead and trampled groundcovers
•
promptly attend to diseased plants
(b) Built structures •
Cleaning
•
Repair or replace damaged parts
•
Paint appropriate parts regularly
(c) Hardscapes •
Cleaning the slabs regularly 62
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Syokimau Public Transport Interchange
•
Replace worn-out and damaged parts
•
Trim encroaching vegetation
Thesis Programming 2016
(d) Lighting •
Clean the light fixtures regularly
•
Replace broken, old, worn-out lighting fixtures
•
Regular inspections to ensure they are in working condition
•
Ensure appropriate lighting for the various places at all times
(e) landscape elements •
renew landscape elements when and where necessary
•
replace dilapidated and worn out landscape elements
•
trim the groundcovers to appropriate heights where necessary
•
enhance aesthetics with different new finishes that are environmentally friendly
(f) Open spaces •
Collect garbage regularly
•
Ensure use of the spaces for their appropriate activities
3.9.0 Conclusions and Recommendations. This project has both potential impacts (both negative and positive) to the environment. The negative impacts will mainly occur during the construction stages of the project and therefore short term in nature. The positive impacts on the other hand outweigh the negative impacts and are projected as long-term gains. The assessment finds the project viable for both the client and the end users. 63
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Syokimau Public Transport Interchange
Thesis Programming 2016
It is expected that there will be enhanced utilization and user satisfaction among the users of the Syokimau transport interchange. The measures proposed for the project’s environmental impacts shall be employed in order to ensure the sustainability of the intended gains of the project. A maintenance plan for the facilities, infrastructure, plants and spaces shall be prepared by the contractor and the consultants.
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CHAPTER FOUR
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4.0 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY AND CONCEPTS
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Thesis Programming 2016
4.1.0 The Urban Radial Melt The Syokimau transport interchange is envisioned to be a transport hub that attracts users for more than just transportation. It shall also be a hub that serves the neighborhood, therefore making it a converging point of users and a diverging point for services to the neighborhood. Legend Users Activities
Figure 8 urban radial melt
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4.2.0 Concepts The urban radial melt is supported by the following concepts. 4.2.1 Placemaking Placemaking is a design and planning concept that capitalizes on the local community’s assets, inspiration, and potential, ultimately creating good public spaces that promote people’s health, happiness, and wellbeing. Placemaking stresses the value of what already exists in the neighborhood, ranging from shops and services to community expertise. This strategy for designing urban spaces is strongly influenced by residents.
Figure 9. Placemaking
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Results of such planning are usually more functional, contextual and inclusive. Some physical attributes of spaces that characterize successful places include human scaled amenities and clever uses of vegetation. These spaces tend to generate a greater sense of ownership among the community rather than top-down designs implemented without consultation. 4.2.2 Shared Space. Shared space is a design concept for public spaces that promotes removing the separation between modes of transport in order to create more pedestrian friendly environments. The idea of removing ground markings for traffic, which are painted in the name of safety, seem counter intuitive at first, but the result is more eye contact, slower speeds and heightened awareness.
Figure 10. Concept of the shared space
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It will be therefore imperative to create awareness and educate all drivers using the interchange and also to control speed on within the interchange through an integrative design so as to achieve this concept.. The study also shows that the more familiar people are with shared spaces, the more likely they will be in favor of such features in their city. Therefore, the first shared spaces will require considerable work from all parties involved. With an initial success, subsequent shared spaces may come much easier.
4.2.3 Style. Because public spaces such as bus stops affect the daily lives of many, the styles of these elements are important. From survey results, it is shown that most people prefer public spaces that are backdrop-like, that blend in with the surroundings and do not seek attention. The general public likes patterns of conformity and order more than design professionals. These preferences speak to the desire of people for a more integrated travel experience that benefits from the latest advances in design but also has a relatively conservative look that maintains its attractiveness over time. In addition, it is important to not be carried away by over urbanizing spaces, for there are many factors of lower density developments, such as long views, that are conducive towards active transportation. Other principles such as Crime Prevention Trough Environmental Design are also popular in the field of public space design (Alliance Against Crime, 2011; Saraiva & Pinho, 2011).
4.3.0 Other supporting concepts 4.3.1 Planning concept This relate to the hierarchy of organization of activities with the main activity as a transportation interchange where activities such as recreation will serve to enhance the utilization. The design will seek to ensure mobility especially by addressing pedestrian needs. Multiplicity in utilization will also be adopted.
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4.3.2 Economic concept The project incorporates income generating activities such as trading sheds, eateries, sports and advertisement boards. 4.3.3 Form concept This will be with regard to creation of legibility and iconic precinct at the interchange. The forms will be in line with a resolved theme to create unity. 4.3.4 Environmental concept The design, through use of more green areas shall strive to mitigate environmental problems. Also sustainable materials shall be used, collection, treatment and re-use of storm water shall be done so as to ensure environmental sustainability.
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5.0 References. 1. Hamilton-Baillie, B., & Jones, P. (2005). Improving traffic behavior and safety through urban design. Proceedings of the ICE -
Civil Engineering 2. Gjerde, M. (2011). Visual evaluation of urban streetscapes: How do public preferences reconcile with those held by experts?
URBAN DESIGN International, 3. Kaparias, I., Bell, M. G. H., Miri, A., Chan, C., & Mount, B. (2012). Analysing the perceptions of pedestrians and drivers to
shared space. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 4. Fung, W. M. (2012). Infill as catalyst for vivid urban fabric formation – A study on increasing walk-ability in Hong Kong.
URBAN DESIGN International 5. Alliance Against Crime. (2011). Designing Out Crime: A Designers’ Guide. London.
List of tables Table 1. Consultancy fee breakdown........................................................................................................................................................................................ 31 Table 2 Project Contribution. .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 Table 3. Project Rate of Returns................................................................................................................................................................................................ 32 Table 4. Average Annual Expenditure. ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 Table 5. Pre-contract program of implementation .....................................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 6.
Progress chart for the post contract period. ............................................................................................................................................................. 39
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List of figures Figure 1. planting along circulation routes ............................................................................................................................................................................. 15 Figure 2. incorporating signage into the landscape ............................................................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 3. separation of users ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 4. shade planting and dense groundcover at car parks ............................................................................................................................................ 16 Figure 5. pedestrian shelters providing protection from sun and rain ............................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 6. seating/viewing and eating ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 7. lighting should neither overpower the space nor cause distraction ................................................................................................................... 23 Figure 8 urban radial melt ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 67 Figure 9. Placemaking ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 68 Figure 10. Concept of the shared space .................................................................................................................................................................................. 69
List of Maps Map 1. Global context (source; maphill.com) ............................................................................................................................................................................ 6 Map 2. regional context (source; Google maps.) ....................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Map 3. Neighborhood context of the project area.(source: google maps) ............................................................................................................................ 6 Map 4. Location and context ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 45
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