6. Monoclonal Antibodies

A monoclonal antibody is a synthetic protein developed to target only one type of substance in the body. Many kinds of monoclonal antibodies can be used to treat multiple diseases, but for Lupus, the below monoclonal antibodies are approved:

Belimumab (Benlysta®)

Rituxan (Rituximab®)

Anifrolumab-fnia (Saphnelo®)

Belimumab (Benlysta®), which is administered intravenously or subcutaneously, is restricted to the treatment of Lupus. It may help reduce the patient's need for corticosteroid treatment, but it has not been tested thoroughly for more severe forms of Lupus. Rituxan (Rituximab®) is another monoclonal antibody that has been used to treat Lupus when other treatments have not worked. Anifrolumabfnia (Saphnelo®) is used to treat adults with moderate to severe SLE who are receiving other Lupus medicines.

Side effects of monoclonal antibodies:

The antibodies themselves are proteins, so their administration may cause allergic-like reactions. This is more common while the drug is first being given.

Other side effects include fever, chills, weakness, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, low blood pressure and rashes.

7. Repository Corticotropin Injection

Acthar Gel (repository corticotropin injection) is a prescription medication used for the treatment of flares as well as maintenance therapy in patients with Lupus. It works by stimulating the outer layer of cells of the adrenal gland, which promotes the production of natural cortisol that reduces inflammation.

Side effects of repository corticotropin injection include: Injection site reactions, fatigue, physical weakness, and lack of energy, fluid retention, insomnia, headache and high blood sugar.