Acknowledgments

DK WOULD LIKE TO THANK:

Carron Brown for proofreading and the index; Mansi Agrawal, Sunita Gahir, and Neetika Malik Jhingan for design assistance; Smita Mathur, Suefa Lee, and Bharti Bedi for editorial assistance; and Ashok Kumar for colour assistance.

THE PUBLISHER WOULD LIKE TO THANK THE FOLLOWING FOR THEIR KIND PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THEIR PHOTOGRAPHS:

(Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-centre; f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) 1 123RF.com: Almoond (br); Subbotina (crb). Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-USZ62-60242 (clb). University of Hawaii: (fcrb). 3 Alamy Stock Photo: Danita Delimont (crb). Getty Images: Andrew Cowie / AFP (clb/Body). 8 123RF.com: Konstantin Gushcha (cra); Luchian Oriana Veronica (ca); Macrovector (c). Alamy Stock Photo: North Wind Picture Archives (cl). Dreamstime.com: Andreykuzmin (cra/Honeycomb). Getty Images: Ken Welsh / * / Design Pics / Corbis (bl); Universal History Archive (bc). 8-9 Alamy Stock Photo: Heritage Image Partnership Ltd (c). 9 123RF.com: Macrovector (c). Alamy Stock Photo: Science History Images (bl). Depositphotos Inc: Designpraxis (cl, cb). Fotolia: Derya Celik (crb). Getty Images: Dea Picture Library / De Agostini (cla); DeAgostini (cra, bc). 10 123RF.com: Macrovector (cr, clb); Nerthuz (cla). Alamy Stock Photo: North Wind Picture Archives (cr/Pythagoras). Science Photo Library: Science Source (clb/Empedocles). 10-11 123RF.com: Noppadon Sangpeam (Background). 11 123RF.com: Macrovector (cla/Marble, cr, clb). Alamy Stock Photo: Masterpics (cla/Democritus); The Granger Collection (cr/Euclid). Getty Images: Bettmann (clb/Hypatia). 12 123RF.com: Martm (cr). Alamy Stock Photo: Nikreates (cra); Pictorial Press Ltd (cl). Getty Images: Popperfoto (fcra). 13 123RF.com: Elena Schweitzer (tr). Dreamstime.com: Bodik1992 (bc). Getty Images: De Agostini Picture Library (bl). Science & Society Picture Library: Science Museum (c). 14 123RF.com: Arturaliev (cla). Getty Images: SSPL (cb). Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (clb, cra). 14-15 123RF.com: Yuliya Yurchenko (b). akg-images: Album / sfgp (c). 15 123RF.com: Aleksey Telnov (crb); Bymandesigns (crb/Marble). Bridgeman Images: Biblioteca Medicea-Laurenziana, Florence, Italy / Archives Charmet (ca). Getty Images: Fine Art Images / Heritage Images (cr); SSPL (clb). 16 123RF.com: Boris Stromar / astrobobo (cla). Dorling Kindersley: Science Museum, London (cb). Getty Images: SSPL (cr). 17 Alamy Stock Photo: Lebrecht Music and Arts Photo Library (fcla); Pictorial Press Ltd (br). Science Photo Library: Science Source (c). Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (cla). 18 akg-images: Roland and Sabrina Michaud (cl). Dorling Kindersley: The Trustees of the British Museum (clb). 19 123RF.com: Veronika Surovtseva (clb/Texture); Victoria Arefyeva (clb). Alamy Stock Photo: Christine Osborne Pictures (clb/Al-Kindi); Melvyn Longhurst (cla). Getty Images: DEA / A. Castiglioni / De Agostini (cr). Rex Shutterstock: Granger (cb). 20 123RF.com: Andres Rodriguez (cb). Alamy Stock Photo: Everett Collection Historical (clb). Rex Shutterstock: Gianni Dagli Orti (cra, crb). Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (b). 21 123RF.com: legacy1995 (cra). Depositphotos Inc: Malekas (clb). Dreamstime.com: R. Gino Santa Maria / Shutterfree,Llc / Ginosphotos (cra/Books). Mary Evans Picture Library: (ca). 22 Alamy Stock Photo: Granger Historical Picture Archive (cra). Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences: (clb). 23 123RF.com: andreahast (clb/Shell); Sabphoto (cla); Oxana Brigadirova / larus (clb); Jason Winter (clb/Binary); Kasper Nymann (cla/Buttercup). Depositphotos Inc: Jaykayl (fcra); Svetas (cra). Dreamstime.com: Italianestro (fcla). Getty Images: Pasieka (cb). 24 123RF.com: Fernando Gregory Milan (cb). Getty Images: Bettmann (clb); Print Collector (cl). iStockphoto.com: duncan1890 (crb); Exxorian (cla). 24-25 iStockphoto.com: Exxorian (b). 25 123RF.com: Nickjoo (ca); Svetlanakazakova (clb). Getty Images: Oxford Science Archive / Print Collector (cra); Stock Montage (cla). Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-ppmsca-02561 (cb). 28 123RF.com: Cuttlefish84 (l); Maria Kalashnik (cla). akg-images: (r). Alamy Stock Photo: Paul Fearn (cra). Depositphotos Inc: Rbiedermann (cb, crb). 29 Alamy Stock Photo: The Natural History Museum (l, crb). 30 Alamy Stock Photo: Science History Images (cl, crb). 31 Alamy Stock Photo: Science History Images (cla). Estate of Patricia Bath, MD: (clb). Wellcome Images http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (cr). 32 123RF.com: Sebastian Kaulitzki (cb/Flea). Alamy Stock Photo: SOTK2011 (ca). Getty Images: SSPL (cl). Science Photo Library: Spencer Sutton (cr). Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (cb, fcrb, crb). 33 123RF.com: Hydognik (bc). Getty Images: DeAgostini (cb). 34 123RF.com: Zhanna Tretiakova (fcrb). Alamy Stock Photo: Carolyn Jenkins (crb); Pictorial Press Ltd (cl); Science History Images (cb); Krystyna Szulecka Photography (ca). Dreamstime.com: Alenapohu (clb/Frame, cb/Frame). FLPA: Tui De Roy / Minden Pictures (cra). iStockphoto.com: Benedek (fcrb/Iguana); Dawnn (cb/Iguana). Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (clb). 35 Alamy Stock Photo: Paul Fearn (c). Dorling Kindersley: Down House / Natural History Museum, London (cl). Dreamstime.com: Alenapohu (clb/Frame, cb/Frame). Getty Images: Colin McPherson / Corbis (cb); GraphicaArtis (cla). Rex Shutterstock: Sipa Press (cra). Wellcome Images http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (clb). 36 Dreamstime.com: Italianestro (cr). Science Photo Library: American Philosophical Society (bc). Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (bl, cra). 36-37 Dreamstime. com: Musat Christian (cb). Eldar Zakirov: (c). 37 Alamy Stock Photo: Science History Images (bl). Dreamstime.com: Jakub Krechowicz / Sqback (ca). Getty Images: Anna Webber (bc). 38 Science Photo Library: (c). 39 Alamy Stock Photo: Science History Images (cl). 40 Getty Images: Galerie Bilderwelt (cl); Ullstein Bild (cra). iStockphoto.com: GeorgiosArt (bl).

Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/:

Wellcome Library, London (bc). 41 123RF.com: Olha Rohulya (cla). Alamy Stock Photo: Granger Historical Picture Archive (bl). Dorling Kindersley: Thackeray Medical Museum (c). Getty Images: Daily Herald Archive / SSPL (tr). Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (bc). 42 Dreamstime.com: Italianestro (cra). Getty Images: Universal History Archive / UIG (cr). Science Photo Library: King’s College London Archives (cra/DNA); Royal Institution of Great Britain (bc). Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (bl). 43 123RF.com: Blueringmedia (crb); Olga Miltsova (clb). Alamy Stock Photo: Trinity Mirror / Mirrorpix (cb). Dreamstime.com: Johan Mollerberg / A40757 (cra). Getty Images: Bettmann (cla). 44 Getty Images: SSPL (bl). The Royal Library, Copenhagen: (cl). Science Photo Library: (br). 45 123RF.com: misstuni (crb). American Geophysical Union: (cr). Getty Images: Budi Selamat / EyeEm (clb). Science Photo Library: (cla). U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory: (cb). 46 123RF.com: Benoit Chartron (cr); lilu330 (cr/Trees); Seamartini (cr/Clouds). Getty Images: Colin McPherson / Corbis (cl). Science & Society Picture Library: Science Museum (tl). 47 123RF.com: Kodda (cb/Chimney). Alamy Stock Photo: National Geographic Creative (cla). Dorling Kindersley: Matthew Ward (cb, clb). Dreamstime.com: Carolecastelli (cb/Power plants). Science Photo Library: Hank Morgan (cr). 48-49 123RF.com: Vit Krajicek. 48 Getty Images: Alfred Eisenstaedt / Pix Inc. / The LIFE Picture Collection (clb). Science Photo Library: Dennis Kunkel Microscopy (cb); Eye of Science (cra). Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (cr). 49 Getty Images: Universal History Archive / UIG (clb). Rex Shutterstock: Lucas Dolega / EPA (cr). Science Photo Library: Alfred Pasieka (clb/Escherichia); James Cavallini (cla/Treponema, c). Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (cla). 52 123RF.com: Witthaya Phonsawat (clb/Frame, cb/Frame). Alamy Stock Photo: Digital Image Library (cra). Getty Images: Christophel Fine Art / UIG (cb); Leemage (clb). 53 123RF.com: Witthaya Phonsawat (clb/Frame, cb/Frame). Alamy Stock Photo: Granger Historical Picture Archive (cl). Getty Images: Stock Montage (clb). Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.: C-DIG-ppmsca-02185 (cb). Science Photo Library: (c). 54 Getty Images: Stock Montage (ca). Oxford University Alembic Club: Alembic Club Reprints, No.1, 1929 (cla). 55 123RF.com: Sakarin Sawasdinaka (cl). Alamy Stock Photo: Everett Collection Historical (c). Dreamstime.com: Richie Lomba / Indy2320 (cla). Getty Images: SSPL (clb). 56 123RF.com: Patrick Guenette (bl); Sabphoto (cl/Paper). Dorling Kindersley: The Science Museum, London (cr). Getty Images: SSPL (cl, bc, fcr). 56-57 123RF.com: Paolo de Santis (cb). 57 David McLellan: (bc). Getty Images: DeAgostini (cra); Universal History Archive (cla); SSPL (bl). 58 Alamy Stock Photo: Art Collection 2 (cl); Glasshouse Images (br). Dorling Kindersley: The Science Museum, London (cra). Getty Images: Stefano Bianchetti / Corbis (bl). 58-59 Getty Images: Rischgitz (c). 59 Getty Images: Stock Montage (cla). Museum of Innovation & Science: (bc). Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (bl). 60 Getty Images: DEA / G. Dagli Orti / De Agostini (cl). Science Photo Library: CCI Archives (cra); Mark Thomas (cb). Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (clb). 60-61 Getty Images: Universal History Archive (c). 61 Alamy Stock Photo: The Granger Collection (cl). Dreamstime.com: Liufu Yu (cra). Getty Images: BSIP / UIG (bl). Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (cla). 62 Alamy Stock Photo: Paul Fearn (cb); SPUTNIK (cl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler (cr). Getty Images: Stock Montage (clb). Science Photo Library: Sputnik (cra). 63 Dorling Kindersley: The Science Museum, London (tl). Getty Images: Bettmann (clb, cb). 64 Alamy Stock Photo: Enigma (cl). Depositphotos Inc: happyroman (c). Science Photo Library: New York Public Library (crb). 65 Depositphotos Inc: antonbrand (clb). Getty Images: Francis Miller / The LIFE Picture Collection (cra). Science Photo Library: Hagley Museum and Archive (cl). University of Hull: (crb). 66 123RF.com: Mearicon (bc). Alamy Stock Photo: Granger Historical Picture Archive (cra). Dorling Kindersley: The Science Museum, London (bl). Getty Images: Print Collector (c). 66-67 123RF.com: Roman Sotola (c). 67 123RF.com: Nataliia Natykach (c). Alamy Stock Photo: Sciencephotos (bl); The Print Collector (tr). Dreamstime.com: Kristin Smith (bc). Science Photo Library: Emilio Segre Visual Archives / American Institute of Physics (cla). 68 123RF.com: Almoond (cb, cr). Science Photo Library: Steve Gschmeissner (bc). Wellcome Images http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (bl). 68-69 123RF.com: Subbotina (ca). University of Hawaii: (c). 69 123RF. com: Almoond (cb). Getty Images: Joel Nito / AFP (bc). Queens College: Queens College Silhouette Yearbook 1942, Department of Special Collections and Archives, Queens College, City University of New York (bl). University of Hawaii: (cla, cra). 70 Alamy Stock Photo: Pictorial Press Ltd (crb/X-ray); PjrStudio (cl). Getty Images: DeAgostini (clb); Science Museum / SSPL (crb). 70-71 Getty Images: SSPL (c). 71 Alamy Stock Photo: WENN UK (cra). Getty Images: Keystone (cla). Science Photo Library: (clb). Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/: Science Museum, London, Wellcome Images (cb). 72 Alamy Stock Photo: Pictorial Press Ltd (bl). Dreamstime.com: Italianestro (crb). Getty Images: Stefano Bianchetti / Corbis (bc); Universal History Archive / UIG (cr). 72-73 123RF.com: Abdul Rohim (c). 73 123RF.com: Vasilevki (crb). Bridgeman Images: (cra). Dreamstime.com: Bondarenko Olesya / Mamapoli (bl). Science Photo Library: James King-Holmes (bc). 76 Alamy Stock Photo: Science History Images (cl). Depositphotos Inc: Janaka (cb). Getty Images: Universal History Archive / UIG (cr). Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (clb). 77 123RF.com: 5second (cb); Vadym Malyshevskyi (crb). Alamy Stock Photo: Science History Images (tl). Dreamstime.com: Italianestro (crb/Hand). Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (cr). 78 Bridgeman Images: French School / Bibliotheque de la Faculte de Medecine, Paris, France / Archives Charmet (bc). Getty Images: Popperfoto (bl). Science Photo Library: (cl). Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (cr). 78-79 Dorling Kindersley: Science Museum, London (ca). 79 Alamy Stock Photo: NG Images (bc). Getty Images: Bettmann (clb); ullstein bild (bl). 80 Alamy Stock Photo: GL Archive (cl); Science History Images (cra); North Wind Picture Archives (cb). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler (clb). 81 Getty Images: DeAgostini (cb); The Print Collector (cl). Wellcome Images http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (c). 82 Alamy Stock Photo: Pictorial Press Ltd (cr). Science Photo Library: Harvard College Observatory (ca); Royal Astronomical Society (crb). 83 Science Photo Library: Royal Astronomical Society (cla). 84 Alamy Stock Photo: Interfoto (bc). Getty Images: Universal History Archive (cl, bl). 85 123RF.com: France68 (clb). Alamy Stock Photo: ART Collection (clb/Dress); Pictorial Press Ltd (bl). Getty Images: Ann Ronan Pictures / Print Collector (cra); Bettmann (bc, cl). Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (tc). 86 123RF.com: abscent (cla); Galina Peshkova (cra). Alamy Stock Photo: Granger Historical Picture Archive (bl). Getty Images: SSPL (bc). NASA: The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI / AURA)Acknowledgment: R.G. French (Wellesley College), J. Cuzzi (NASA / Ames), L. Dones (SwRI), and J. Lissauer (NASA / Ames) (cl). 87 123RF.com: Algirdas Urbonavicius (crb); Galina Peshkova (ca). Dreamstime.com: Yinan Zhang (cb). Getty Images: Bettmann (cla); SSPL (cra, clb). 88 Alamy Stock Photo: Colport (clb). Getty Images: Hulton-Deutsch Collection / CORBIS (cl); SSPL (cb). 89 123RF.com: Scanrail (cb/Atom). © CERN: (cb). Getty Images: SSPL (clb). Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-DIG-ggbain-36570 (ca). 90 Alamy Stock Photo: Granger Historical Picture Archive (bc). Getty Images: Keystone-France / Gamma-Keystone (bl); Photo12 / UIG (cl). Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.: LC-USZ62-60242 (cra). 90-91 123RF.com: Boris Rabtsevich (c). 91 123RF.com: Alexandr Rozhkov (cb). Getty Images: Apic (bl); Bettmann (cr). iStockphoto.com: genkur (bc). Sophia Rare Books: (cra). 92-93 123RF.com: Denis Barbulat (b). Getty Images: Galerie Bilderwelt (c). 92 123RF.com: Lyudmyla Kharlamova (cra); Subbotina (cr). Alamy Stock Photo: Everett Collection Historical (bl). Getty Images: MyLoupe / UIG (cl); Ralph Morse / The LIFE Picture Collection (bc). 93 Alamy Stock Photo: Pictorial Press Ltd (cra). Getty Images: Alfred Eisenstaedt / The LIFE Picture Collection (cla); Bettmann (cl, bc); Corbis (bl). 94 Alamy Stock Photo: Granger Historical Picture Archive (br). NASA: ESA / STScI / IAC (cla). Rex Shutterstock: AP (bl). 94-95 123RF.com: Benoit Chartron (cb/Forest trees); lilu330 (cb). Getty Images: Bettmann (c). 95 123RF.com: Viorel Sima (fcl). Dorling Kindersley: Stephen Oliver (crb). Getty Images: (cl); Bettmann (c). NASA: (cra, clb, cb). Science Photo Library: Mehau Kulyk (tl). 96 Getty Images: Bettmann (crb); Keystone-France / Gamma-Keystone (c). 96-97 123RF.com: ikonstudio (c); Sakkmesterke (Background). 97 Getty Images: Bettmann (c); Colin McPherson / Corbis (clb). Science Photo Library: American Institute of Physics (cla). 98 123RF.com: Chon Kit Leong (cl). Science Photo Library: Emilio Segre Visual Archives / American Institute of Physics (br). SuperStock: Huntington Library (ca). Wellcome Images http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (bl). 98-99 Alamy Stock Photo: ClassicStock (c). 99 NASA: (cb); ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI / AURA) (cra); ESA; G. Illingworth, D. Magee, and P. Oesch, University of California, Santa Cruz; R. Bouwens, Leiden University; and the HUDF09 Team (clb). 100 Rubin family: (cl). Science Photo Library: (bc); Emilio Segre Visual Archives / American Institute of Physics (bl). 100-101 Depositphotos Inc: Nikol_82 (c). 101 Carnegie Institution for Science: (bl, c). Princeton University: Professor Neta A. Bahcall, Professor of Astrophysics, Princeton University, photo by Robert Mathews, Princeton University (bc). 102 123RF.com: tomertu (crb/ Frame, clb/Frame). Alamy Stock Photo: Danita Delimont (cra); Krzysztof Jakubczyk (cl). Getty Images: Andrew Cowie / AFP (cr); Bettmann (crb). Rex Shutterstock: Granger (clb). 102-103 123RF.com: Mohamad Razi Bin Husin (c); Terriana (cb). 103 123RF.com: tomertu (clb/Frame, cb/Frame). Alamy Stock Photo: Art Directors & TRIP (tc); Science History Images (clb). ESA: Illustration by Martin Kornmesser, ESA / ECF (cla). Getty Images: David Levenson (cb); Michael Campanella (cra). 106 Alamy Stock Photo: Granger Historical Picture Archive (br). Dorling Kindersley: Steve Noon (bc). Getty Images: National Galleries Of Scotland (cl); SSPL (cra). 107 123RF.com: Stockshoppe (crb). Alamy Stock Photo: INTERFOTO (cr). MAN: (cla). 108 Alamy Stock Photo: Pictorial Press Ltd (c); Science History Images (crb). 108-109 123RF.com: Oleg Osharov (Background). 109 Getty Images: PhotoQuest (cra); Rick Friedman / Corbis (crb). NASA: (cl). 110 Alamy Stock Photo: Lebrecht Music and Arts Photo Library (cr); Science History Images (cb). Dreamstime.com: Italianestro (c). Getty Images: Hulton Archive (cla). 111 123RF.com: Elenarolau (tl). Alamy Stock Photo: Dinodia Photos (cla). Getty Images: Bettmann (ca). 112 123RF. com: Konturvid (crb). Alamy Stock Photo: Chronicle (bl). Dorling Kindersley: The Science Museum, London (cr). Science Photo Library: Kenneth M. Swezey Papers, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution (cl); Library of Congress (cra). Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (bc). 113 Alamy Stock Photo: Heritage Image Partnership Ltd (bc). Rex Shutterstock: Granger (bl). Science Photo Library: Nikola Tesla Museum (clb). 114 Bridgeman Images: Look and Learn (clb). Getty Images: Apic (c). Science Photo Library: (bc). Wellcome Images http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/: Science Museum, London, Wellcome Images (crb); Wellcome Library, London (bl). 115 123RF.com: Kostyantine Pankin (crb). Alamy Stock Photo: Vince Bevan (cra). Getty Images: Bettmann (cl). Science Photo Library: (bl). Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/: Wellcome Library, London (cla, bc). 116 123RF.com: Steve Mann (ca). Dorling Kindersley: Imperial War Museum, London (c). Getty Images: Hulton Archive (cb); SSPL (clb). King’s College, Cambridge: (cl). 116-117 Rex Shutterstock: Andy Lauwers (c). 117 Alamy Stock Photo: Science History Images (cla). Dreamstime.com: Starfotograf (cb). Getty Images: Andrew Burton (clb). SuperStock: SSPL Images (cra). Ed Uthman: (cb/APPLE I). 118 akg-images: Bilwissedition (cl). Getty Images: Bettmann (cra). 118-119 123RF.com: Natalia Perevozchikova (c). 119 123RF.com: Blueringmedia (cb/Mine); Tatjana Rittner (cl); Sofia Vlasiuk (cl/Bomb explosion). Dreamstime.com: Anton Foltin (clb); Johan Mollerberg / A40757 (ca). Fotolia: TimurD (clb/Dynamite). Getty Images: Luis Robayo / AFP (cb). 120 123RF.com: duplass (cr/Stool). American Institute of Physics, Emilio Segre Visual Archives: (cra). Getty Images: (fcr). National Museum of American History / Smithsonian Institution: (cr). The Optical Society: (clb). 121 Alamy Stock Photo: sjbooks (clb). Dorling Kindersley: Wardrobe Museum, Salisbury (c). Getty Images: Stock Montage (cra). 122 Alamy Stock Photo: Jack Sullivan (cr); NASA (clb). 123 Avalon: John Barrett / Globe Photos via ZUMA Wire (cr). Getty Images: Fairfax Media (cla); Michael Campanella / WireImage (cb)