Annotated Table of Contents for September 1, 2010 Writeshop by Michael Minges

World Bank Broadband Strategy Toolkit Annotated Table of Contents for September 1, 2010 Writeshop 1.

BUILDING BROADBAND: PIXEL BY PIXEL ........................................................................... 3

1.1.

Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 3

1.2.

Keywords ............................................................................................................................. 3

1.3.

Contents ............................................................................................................................... 3

1.4.

References............................................................................................................................ 5

CASTING A WIDER NET: BROADBAND POLICIES FOR PROMOTION AND INNOVATION..... 8

2.1.

Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 8

2.2.

Keywords ............................................................................................................................. 8

2.3.

Contents ............................................................................................................................... 8

2.4.

References............................................................................................................................ 9

GLOBAL FOOTPRINTS: STORIES FROM AND FOR THE DEVELOPING WORLD ................. 11

3.1.

Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 11

3.2.

Keywords ........................................................................................................................... 11

3.3.

Contents ............................................................................................................................. 11

3.4.

References.......................................................................................................................... 12

LAW AND REGULATION IN A BROADBAND WORLD .......................................................... 14

4.1.

Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 14

4.2.

Keywords ........................................................................................................................... 14

4.3.

Contents ............................................................................................................................. 14

4.4.

References.......................................................................................................................... 17

CONNECTING THE DOTS: TOWARDS ANYWHERE NETWORKS ......................................... 19

5.1.

Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 19

5.2.

Keywords ........................................................................................................................... 19

5.3.

Contents ............................................................................................................................. 19

5.4.

References.......................................................................................................................... 20

GOING UNIVERSAL: FROM ACCESS TO USE ..................................................................... 21

6.1.

Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 21 1

6.2.

Keywords ........................................................................................................................... 21

6.3.

Contents ............................................................................................................................. 21

6.4.

References.......................................................................................................................... 23

DRIVING DEMAND: BROADBAND FOR THE PEOPLE ......................................................... 25

7.1.

Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 25

7.2.

Keywords ........................................................................................................................... 25

7.3.

Contents ............................................................................................................................. 25

7.4.

References.......................................................................................................................... 26

B UILDING B ROADBAND : P IXEL

1.1.

Abstract

P IXEL

Module 1 introduces the concepts of broadband, ranging from the evolving definitions of broadband based on various technologies and throughput speeds to the notion of broadband as a general purpose technology impacting each sector of the economy. With a 10 percent increase in broadband penetration boosting a countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s GDP between 1.21 and 1.38 percent, Module 1 also addresses how the continued deployment of broadband infrastructure and adoption of broadband connectivity are essential to realizing far-reaching social and economic benefits, particularly for developing economies. Affordable broadband connectivity is vital to bridging the digital divide since increased broadband penetration rates improve the GDP growth in emerging economies more than in developed countries. Module 1 presents an understanding of how the confluence of operators, suppliers, service and application providers, and users create a new broadband ecosystem, as well as the roles that the public and private sectors play in reaping the full potential of broadband technologies and services. 1.2.

Keywords

Broadband Ecosystem, General Purpose Technology, GDP, Economic Growth, Broadband Market Trends, Broadband Definition, Broadband Technologies 1.3.

Contents

1. Building Broadband: Pixel by Pixel 1.1. Introducing broadband 1.1.1. Concepts: What is broadband? 1.1.1.1. Broadband in terms of speed 1.1.1.1.1. Traditional definition of 256 Mbps used by OECD and ITU 1.1.1.1.2. Other speed definitions adopted by various countries 1.1.1.1.2.1. United States: 4 Mbps 1.1.1.1.2.2. Korea: 50-100 Mbps 1.1.1.2. Broadband as a type of network 1.1.1.2.1. Traditionally: DSL and cable modem 1.1.1.2.2. Evolving: Fibre to the Home (FTTH), Long Term Evolution (LTE) 1.1.1.3. Broadband in terms of functionality 1.1.1.3.1. Focus on what broadband is being used for or is needed for 1.1.1.4. Relationship between broadband and NGN/NGAN (i.e., fibre in the loop) 1.1.2. Broadband as a General Purpose Technology (GPT) 1.1.2.1. Pervasiveness of broadband (i.e., used as inputs by many downstream sectors) 1.1.2.2. Technological dynamism (i.e., inherent potential for technical improvements) 1.1.2.3. Innovation complementarities (i.e., the productivity of research and development in downstream sectors increases as a consequence of innovation in broadband) 1.2. Why broadband? 1.2.1. Economic impact of broadband 3

1.2.1.1. Impact of broadband on GDP 1.2.1.2. Value of broadband as a public good 1.2.1.3. Productivity gains 1.2.2. Social impact of broadband 1.2.2.1. Broadband innovative products and services across all sectors 1.2.2.2. Affects on employment opportunities 1.2.2.3. Impacts on education, health, social networking and civic participation 1.2.3. Challenges in a broadband world 1.2.3.1. Facilitating supply 1.2.3.1.1. Economically unviable areas 1.2.3.2. Lack of demand 1.2.3.2.1. Cost constraints 1.2.3.2.2. Digital illiteracy 1.2.3.2.3. Lack of interest 1.2.3.3. Lack of electricity 1.2.3.4. Privacy and security concerns 1.2.4. Digital divide 1.2.4.1. Failure to deploy and encourage demand for broadband will negatively impact social and economic development 1.2.5. Importance of creating an enabling environment to facilitate broadband 1.2.6. “Unexpected” broadband stories 1.2.6.1. KDN: Highlight success of new entrant that has become Kenya’s largest private data carrier, which has built the largest fibre optic network in the region and operates on a similar scale as the state-owned incumbent. 1.2.6.2. Umniah: Highlights how the fourth mobile network operator to enter the market in Jordan was able to capture more than 25% market share in its first few years of operation. 1.2.6.3. Wi-Fi mesh/municipal networks: Highlights successful deployments, as well as challenges, of municipal Wi-Fi networks deployed by local governments in various cities around the world 1.2.6.4. Rep. of Korea success: Analyses the key factors, particularly broadband policies and strategies, which have led to Korea’s high broadband penetration rate. 1.2.6.5. Other examples 1.2.7. Lessons and principles from broadband experience 1.2.7.1. Development of general principles that promote the deployment and adoption of broadband based on country examples 1.2.7.2. Identify that a tailored approach addressing each country's needs may be required 1.2.7.2.1. Brazil versus Hong Kong (differences based on geography) 1.2.7.2.2. United States versus Korea (market-based approach versus publicly supported approach) 1.2.7.2.3. France versus United States (ULL access obligations versus little or no access obligations) 1.3. Market trends 1.3.1. Applications and services 1.3.1.1. Role of new applications and services in driving broadband adoption 4

1.3.1.2. The increasing demand of new applications on networks: Addresses the challenges to network capacity posed by innovative applications such as cloud computing, VoIP, peer-to-peer file sharing, online video and other “over-the-top” programs. 1.3.2. Networks 1.3.2.1. Mobile broadband 1.3.2.1.1. High penetration of mobile services 1.3.2.1.2. Increased use of data versus voice 1.3.2.1.3. Continued deployment of 3G and technological development of LTE 1.3.2.1.4. Importance of mobile broadband particularly for developing countries 1.3.2.1.5. Use of other mobile broadband networks (e.g., satellite) 1.3.2.2. Fixed broadband 1.3.2.2.1. Fibre optic networks 1.3.2.2.2. Cable modem 1.3.2.2.3. xDSL 1.3.2.2.4. Other fixed broadband networks (e.g., broadband over power lines, fixed wireless/satellite) 1.3.3. Devices 1.3.3.1. Internet of things 1.3.3.2. Deployment of smartphones, iPads, etc. 1.3.3.3. Interactivity of service over one device and interconnectivity between devices (machine-to-machine) 1.4. Investment trends for broadband deployment 1.4.1. The private sector push: Investment trends, technology development 1.4.1.1. Private investment trends 1.4.1.2. Innovation and technological developments 1.4.2. The role of the public sector 1.4.2.1. Implementation of policies and strategies to aid deployment and users’ adoption of broadband 1.4.2.2. Promotion of competition 1.4.2.3. Public funding and financing of broadband deployment 1.4.2.4. Regulatory certainty: Any public sector involvement requires the government to adhere to transparent, consistent policies and procedures grounded in public input to ensure that public expenditures result in greater private investment 1.4.3. Other stakeholders: Local efforts, bottom-up networks 1.5. The Broadband Ecosystem 1.5.1. Mutual interdependence of suppliers, operators, applications developers, and users 1.4.

References

Australia Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy. n.d. National Broadband Network. http://www.dbcde.gov.au/broadband/national_broadband_network. Boston Consulting Group, Towards A Connected World - Socio-Economic Impact of Internet in Emerging Economies, September 16, 20009, available at http://telenor.com/en/resources/images/Towards%20a%20connected%20world_the%20socioeconomic%20impact%20of%20the%20Internet_tcm28-50427.pdf

Bresnahan, Timothy F., and M. Trajtenberg. 1995. General purpose technologies [`]Engines of growth'? Journal of Econometrics 65, no. 1 (January): 83-108. doi:10.1016/0304-4076(94)01598-T. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VC0-4002FN37/2/049385251550d7329b0f1da43e4d3179. Canada, Government of. n.d. Canada's Economic Action Plan. http://www.actionplan.gc.ca/eng/index.asp. College of Europe. 2006. Evaluation Models and Tools for Assessment of Innovation and Sustainable Development at the EU level. College of Europe, October. http://www.coleurop.be/template.asp?pagename=devoresref&sub=modellingICT/index. European Commission. 2009. Community Guidelines for the application of State aid rules in relation to rapid deployment of broadband networks. Official Journal of the European Union. C 235/7 (September 30). http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/09/1332&format=HTML&aged=0&language= EN&guiLanguage=en. ———. 2010. Europe’s Digital Competitiveness Report Vol. I. Fornefeld, Martin. 2008. The Impact of Broadband on Growth and Productivity. http://www.micus.de/59a_bbfinal_en.html. GSMA. 2009. Digital Dividend for Mobile: Bringing Broadband to All. http://www.gsmworld.com/documents/dd_spectrumoverview.pdf. Kim, Dong-Ju, Seon-Kyou Choi, and Sangtaek Kim. 2007. The Broadband Boom in Korea: What Sets Korea Apart? International Journal on Media Management 9, no. 2: 47. doi:10.1080/14241270701263905. http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/14241270701263905. Kim, Yongsoo, Tim Kelly, and Siddhartha Raja. 2010. Building Broadband: Strategies and Policies for the Developing World. Washington D.C.: World Bank. http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.756.html. OECD. 2008. Convergence and Next Generation Networks. June 3. http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,3425,en_2649_34225_40761102_1_1_1_1,00.html. ———. 2009a. OECD Communications Outlook 2009. Paris :: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, www.oecd.org/sti/telecom/outlook. ———. 2009b. Policy Responses to the Economic Crisis: Investing in Innovation for Long-Term Growth. June. http://www.oecd.org/document/28/0,3343,fr_2649_34223_42983708_1_1_1_1,00.html. ———. 2009c. Network Developments in Support of Innovation and User Needs. November 16. http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,3425,en_2649_34225_44245946_119666_1_1_1,00.html. Qiang, Christine Zhen-Wei. 2010. Broadband infrastructure investment in stimulus packages: relevance for developing countries. info 12, no. 2: 41-56. doi:10.1108/14636691011027175. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=14636697&volume=12&issue=2&articleid=1846236&PHPSESSID=gsoullg5bb79o5lmb8k6f7ire1. Qiang, Christine Zhen-Wei, and Carlo Rossotto. 2009. Economic Impacts of Broadband. In Information and communications for development : extending reach and increasing impact. Washington D.C.: World Bank. http://go.worldbank.org/NATLOH7HV0. Siochrú, Seán, and Bruce Girard. 2005. Community-based Networks and Innovative Technologies: New models to serve and empower the poor. UNDP. http://www.propoor-ict.net/content/view/26/48/. UNCTAD. 2009. Addressing the broadband challenge. In Information Economy Report 2009, 153. UNCTAD/IER/2009. October 22. http://www.unctad.org/templates/webflyer.asp?docid=11915&intItemID=2068&lang=1&mode=toc. US Federal Communications Commission. 2010. Connecting America: The National Broadband Plan. http://www.broadband.gov/plan/. US NTIA. n.d. BroadbandUSA. http://www.broadbandusa.gov/.

Williams, Mark. 2009. Broadband for Africa policy for promoting the development of backbone networks. Washington DC: World Bank. http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.526.html.

C ASTING A W IDER N ET : B ROADBAND P OLICIES AND I NNOVATION

2.1.

Abstract

FOR

P ROM OTION

Module 2 will focus on the policy aspects of broadband development, including both the promotion of networks and the adoption of services. Specifically, the module will address the current policy approaches now being pursued to encourage broadband deployment and adoption; the process for developing an appropriate national broadband strategy; the specific policies for promoting investment, innovation and adoption; and the issues associated with measuring the progress and success of the policies adopted. 2.2.

Keywords

National Broadband Plan, Broadband Policy Objectives, Broadband Policy Development, Broadband Investment, Broadband Promotion, Broadband Adoption, Broadband Trends, Universalizing Broadband 2.3.

Contents

2. Casting a Wider Net: Broadband Policies for Promotion and Innovation 2.1. The timing issue: Is it too early? Or will we be too late?: Addresses the increasing focus on broadband policy development and the view that broadband is critical for social and economic growth and competiveness. 2.2. Policy Trends 2.2.1. Trends in information society strategies related to broadband 2.2.1.1. From broadband goals to the implementation of developed, detailed plans 2.2.1.2. Levels of participation by various government agencies, academia and private industry 2.2.1.3. Consideration of other sectors of the economy and society (e.g., health, education, the environment) 2.2.2. Recent and future developments 2.2.2.1. General commonalities of successful implementation of broadband strategies and plans 2.2.2.2. How broadband policies are being developed differently across the world 2.2.2.3. Challenges countries face in implementing broadband plans (e.g., the impact of Australiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s recent elections on the NBN) 2.3. Developing national strategies 2.3.1. Developing the baseline: measuring from where we start 2.3.2. Policy and regulatory objectives. How detailed? General coverage goals or specific technology choices? 2.3.3. Role of government agencies and regulators 2.3.4. Developing a national strategy: Industry and users consultation processes 2.3.5. Coordination: Ensuring broadband policies support other sectoral strategies 2.3.6. Alternatives to national approaches 2.4. Implementation: How-to-do-it 8

2.4.1. Sequencing policies 2.4.2. Preparing the economy for broadband: building absorptive capacity 2.4.3. Investing in broadband: Who leads, private or public? 2.4.3.1. Private sector/market-led strategies 2.4.3.2. Public sector-led strategies 2.4.3.2.1. Promoting broadband as a general platform for growth 2.4.3.2.2. Public/private co-investments (e.g., IT/ITES-related, e-government, academia) 2.4.3.2.3. National, regional and local government involvement 2.4.3.3. Alternative models? 2.4.4. Policies for broadband promotion: Supply 2.4.4.1. Competition policy regarding network access and its implications for strategies and regulation 2.4.4.2. Avoiding bottlenecks beyond networks: Inclusion of devices, services and applications? 2.4.5. Policies for universalizing broadband: Demand 2.4.5.1. Stimulating demand 2.4.5.2. Improving digital literacy 2.4.5.3. Should broadband be guaranteed/universally available? 2.4.5.4. Public vs. private demand considerations 2.4.6. Promoting digital business 2.4.6.1. Innovation 2.4.6.2. Entrepreneurship: Supporting start-ups and small businesses 2.4.6.3. E-commerce 2.5. Measurement, monitoring and evaluation: Checking progress 2.5.1. Public consultations: Participation by all stakeholders is vital to presenting an integrated view of the state of broadband access and demand 2.5.2. Data collection from stakeholders 2.5.2.1. Reporting requirements for network operators 2.5.2.2. Consumer surveys 2.5.3. Published government reports on a regular basis 2.5.3.1. Market reviews 2.5.3.2. Reports on the status of broadband policy successes and challenges 2.4.

References

Australia Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy. n.d. National Broadband Network. http://www.dbcde.gov.au/broadband/national_broadband_network. Belgium, Ministry of Economy. n.d. La Belgique – Cœur de l’Europe numérique (2010-2015) - Nouveau Quickonomie. http://www.quickonomie.be/fr/communiques_de_presse/29sept2009-digiplan.jsp. Brazil, Ministry of Communications. 2009. Um Plano Nacional para Banda Larga - O Brasil em Alta Velocidade. November. http://www.mc.gov.br/plano-nacional-para-banda-larga. Denmark National IT and Telecom Agency. 2009. IT and Telecommunications Policy Report 2009. July 15. http://en.vtu.dk/files/publications/2009/it-and-telecommunications-policy-report-2009/index.html. European Commission. 2010a. Europe’s Digital Competitiveness Report Vol. I.

———. 2010b. Europe’s Digital Competitiveness Report ICT Country Profiles Vol. II. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission, May 17. http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/digitalagenda/documents/countryprofiles.pdf. France Prime Minister. 2008. France numérique 2012 - Plan de développement de l'économie numérique. October. http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/084000664/index.shtml. German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology. 2009. The Federal Government's Broadband Strategy. Berlin: Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi), February. February 2009. http://www.bmwi.de/English/Navigation/Service/publications,did=294718.html. Ireland Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources. 2009. Next Generation broadband: Gateway to a Knowledge Ireland. http://www.dcenr.gov.ie/Communications/Communications+Development/Next+Generation+Broadband/. ITIF. 2008. 2008 ITIF Broadband Rankings. May 1. http://archive.itif.org/index.php?id=143. ITU. 2010. World Telecommunication/ICT Development Report 2010 - MONITORING THE WSIS TARGETS. Geneva: ITU. http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/wtdr_10/index.html. Kim, Yongsoo, Tim Kelly, and Siddhartha Raja. 2010. Building Broadband: Strategies and Policies for the Developing World. Washington D.C.: World Bank. http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.756.html. Korea Communications Commission. 2009. Outline of BCN (Broadband Convergence Network). March 29. http://eng.kcc.go.kr/user.do;jsessionid=xcK2dXU1rZEKIp4rHQsPIIhxRBrmECEA1kiYRAaEv3eYlUuJZP moH1zlKSUMnsX4.hmpwas01_servlet_engine1?mode=view&page=E02010200&dc=E02010200&boardI d=1048&cp=1&boardSeq=15712. LIRNEasia. n.d. Broadband Benchmarking QoSE 2.0. http://lirneasia.net/projects/2008-2010/indicatorscontinued/broadband-benchmarking-qos-20/. Minges, Michael. 2008. Benchmarking the Asia-Pacific Broadband Divide presented at the Digital Opportunity Forum, June 27, Taipei. http://www.slideshare.net/minges/benchmarking-the-asiapacific-broadband-divide. New Zealand Ministry of Economic Development. n.d. Ultra-Fast Broadband Investment Initiative. http://www.med.govt.nz/templates/ContentTopicSummary____41902.aspx. OECD. n.d. Broadband Portal. http://www.oecd.org/sti/ict/broadband. ———. 2009. Indicators of broadband coverage. December 10. http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,3425,en_2649_34225_44381796_119666_1_1_1,00.html. ———. 2010. Wireless Broadband Indicator Methodology. Paris: OECD, March 18. http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,3425,en_2649_34225_44930927_119666_1_1_1,00.html. Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development. 2010. Core list of indicators 2010. http://www.itu.int/ITUD/ict/coreindicators/index.html. Singapore IDA. n.d. Next Gen NBN. http://www.ida.gov.sg/Infrastructure/20060919190208.aspx. Sweden, Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications. 2009. Broadband Strategy for Sweden. November 2. http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/12103/a/134543. US Federal Communications Commission. 2010. Connecting America: The National Broadband Plan. http://www.broadband.gov/plan/. US Government Accountability Office. 2009. Telecommunications: Current Broadband Measures Have Limitations and New Measures Are Promising but Need Improvement. GAO, October 9. http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-49.

G LOBAL F OOTPRINTS : S TORIES W ORLD

3.1.

Abstract

FROM AND FOR THE

D EVELOPING

Module 3 deals with the distinct challenges developing countries face in deploying broadband networks. Developing nations have a number of demand and supply side barriers such as low incomes, less educated populations, a shortage of fixed infrastructure and constrained inter- and intra-modal broadband competition. The module draws on case studies of broadband deployment in developing nations to be used as examples for countries in similar socio-economic or geographic circumstances. Section 3.2 reviews broadband developments in different developing regions. It explores similarities due to income, cultural, language or investment (e.g., panregional investors) as well as differences. Both good and poor performance is analyzed. Section 3.3 reviews broadband developments in countries that face specific income, geographic or other conditions. Section 3.4 provides case studies of broadband developments in specific countries. Section 3.5 outlines lessons and best practice principles that developing countries can use based on their specific geographic, income or other special condition. 3.2.

Keywords

Broadband Case Studies, Broadband Development, ICT4D 3.3.

Contents

3. Global Footprints: Stories from and for the Developing World 3.1. Overview 3.2. Regional developments 3.2.1. East Asia and Pacific 3.2.2. Europe and Central Asia 3.2.3. Latin America & the Caribbean 3.2.4. Middle East and North Africa 3.2.5. South Asia 3.2.6. Sub-Saharan Africa 3.3. Countries in special circumstances 3.3.1. Least Developed Countries (LDCs) 3.3.2. Land-locked countries 3.3.3. Post-conflict countries 3.3.4. Small Island Developing States (SIDs) 3.4. Case studies 3.4.1. East Asia and Pacific (e.g., Malaysia) 3.4.2. Europe and Central Asia (e.g., Russia, Croatia, Armenia, Moldova) 3.4.3. Latin America & the Caribbean (e.g., Argentina, Brazil) 3.4.4. Middle East and North Africa (e.g., Morocco) 3.4.5. South Asia (suggestions welcome including strong reasons why a specific country should be studied) 3.4.6. Sub-Saharan Africa (e.g., Kenya) 11

3.4.7.

Least Developed Countries (suggestions welcome including strong reasons why a specific country should be studied) 3.4.8. Land-locked countries (suggestions welcome including strong reasons why a specific country should be studied) 3.4.9. Post-conflict countries (e.g., Afghanistan) 3.4.10. Small Island Developing States (e.g., St. Kitts & Nevis) 3.5. Crafting a broadband development strategy for a particular country environment 3.4.

References

Argentina INDEC. 2010. Accessos a Internet: Cuarto trimestre 2009. Press Release, March 16. http://www.indec.gov.ar/default.htm. Benkler, Yochai. 2009. Next Generation Connectivity: A review of broadband Internet transitions and policy from around the world. October. http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/spotlight/public-service/16_benkler.html. Bowen, Hannah. 2010. Information at the Grassroots: Analyzing the Media Use and Communication Habits of Kenyans to Support Effective Development. InterMedia, March. http://www.audiencescapes.org/africaresearch-survey-quantitative-analysis-ghana-kenya Eastern Caribbean Telecommunications Authority. 2010. Emergence of Broadband: Annual Telecommunications Review Period ended March 2009. January. http://www.ectel.int/. European Commission. 2010a. Europe’s Digital Competitiveness Report Vol. I. ———. 2010b. Europe’s Digital Competitiveness Report ICT Country Profiles Vol. II. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission, May 17. http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/digitalagenda/documents/countryprofiles.pdf. Farrell, Glen, and Shafika Isaacs. 2007. Survey of ICT and Education in Africa (Volume I). Washington D.C.: infoDev, October. http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.353.html. ITU. n.d. Country Case Studies. http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/casestudies/. ———. n.d. 4. Internet: users, total subscriptions, broadband subscriptions. ICT Eye. http://www.itu.int/ITUD/ICTEYE/Indicators/Indicators.aspx#. ———. 2008. Asia-Pacific Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2008: Broadband in Asia-Pacific: too much, too little? http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/asia/2008/index.html. ———. 2010. World Telecommunication/ICT Development Report 2010 - MONITORING THE WSIS TARGETS. Geneva: ITU. http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/wtdr_10/index.html. Kim, Yongsoo, Tim Kelly, and Siddhartha Raja. 2010. Building Broadband: Strategies and Policies for the Developing World. Washington D.C.: World Bank. http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.756.html. LIRNEasia. n.d. Indicators, continued. http://lirneasia.net/projects/2008-2010/indicators-continued/. ———. n.d. Teleuse at the Bottom of the Pyramid 3 (Teleuse@BOP3) » - a regional ICT policy and regulation think tank active across the Asia Pacific. http://lirneasia.net/projects/2008-2010/bop-teleuse-3/. Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission. n.d. National Broadband Initiative. http://www.skmm.gov.my/index.php?c=public&v=art_view&art_id=36. ———. 2006. The National Broadband Plan: Enabling High Speed Broadband Under MyICMS 886. August. ———. 2010. Communications and Multimedia: Selected Facts and Figures. http://www.skmm.gov.my/index.php?c=public&v=art_view&art_id=186. Morocco - ANRT. 2010. Observatoire des Technologies de l’Information: Synthèse de l'étude 2009. June 25. http://www.anrt.net.ma/fr/.

Paolini, Monica. 2010. More than one Yota of difference. Senza Fili Consulting. http://www.senzafiliconsulting.com/Resources/WhitePapers.aspx. Research ICT Africa. n.d. Papers and publications. http://www.researchictafrica.net/index.php/ria-publications. San Roman, Edwin. 2009. Bringing broadband to rural areas: a step-by-step approach, the experience of the Dominican Republic. In Background papers for information. Beirut, Lebanon: ITU, November 10. http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/treg/Events/Seminars/GSR/GSR09/papers.html. Souter, David. 2010. Towards inclusive knowledge societies: a review of UNESCO's action in implementing the WSIS outcomes. UNESCO. http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.phpURL_ID=30452&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html. Williams, Mark. 2009. Broadband for Africa policy for promoting the development of backbone networks. Washington DC: World Bank. http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.526.html.

L AW

4.1.

Abstract

AND

R EGULATION

IN A

B ROADBAND W ORLD

The legal and regulatory framework often times struggles to keep pace with the evolution of ICTs. Overly rigid frameworks may stifle the development of new services and applications, while lax or undefined rules may have detrimental effects on consumer interest and their confidence in engaging in the digital economy. Module 4 identifies and addresses the principal legal and regulatory issues regulators and policymakers are facing as the broadband ecosystem and digital economy develop. It addresses issues ranging from facilitating market entry and expansion; to regulations to promote competitive markets and to protect broadband consumers. Module 4 identifies policies and trends relating to flexible and technology neutral service licensing/authorization policies and spectrum management to facilitate market entry and expansion into broadband markets. It also focuses on the challenges and paradigm shifts involved with the transition from circuit-switched to IP-based networks, particularly as it relates to network interconnection regulation. This module also covers the various regulatory measures being adopted to promote deployment of and/or access to the various links in the broadband ecosystem value chain, including international connectivity, backhaul, middle and last mile. A major concern of regulators and policy makers is adopting rules and regulations to guarantee data protection and privacy and intellectual property protection. In the digital economy, such rules are increasingly recognized as vital to create consumer confidence in the use and take up of broadband services and applications. Similarly, Module 4 highlights relevant consumer protection related policies, such as quality of service and net neutrality. 4.2.

Keywords

Legal and Regulatory Reform, Licensing Framework, Technology-Neutral, Service-Neutral, Unlicensed Spectrum, Spectrum Trading, Refarming, Digital Dividend, Digital Television Switch-over, Digital Television Transition, IP Interconnection, Access Regulation, Unbundling, Infrastructure Sharing, Cybersecurity, Cybercrime, Data Privacy, Network Security, Intellectual Property Rights, Consumer Protection, Quality of Service, Network Neutrality 4.3.

Contents

4. Law and Regulation in a Broadband World 4.1. Regulatory definition of broadband 4.1.1. Regulatorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; approaches to defining or classifying broadband: one size does not fit all 4.1.2. Regulatory relevance and market impact of broadband definitions 4.1.2.1. As broadband take-up and use evolves, so too does the definition of what should be understood as broadband (e.g., the characteristics/functionalities of the connection, the minimum throughput). 4.1.2.2. Depending on the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s regulatory framework, such determination may have significant implications for service providers and consumers. 4.2. Authorizations 4.2.1. Impact of licensing frameworks on market entry and the provision of broadband 14

4.2.1.1. Technology and service neutrality 4.2.1.1.1. Means to achieve a more balanced approach towards licensing of services in a convergent marketplace, where various networks and technologies can increasingly support competing broadband services and applications 4.2.2. The range of licensing options and their implications for broadband 4.2.2.1. Review of existing licensing trends in various countries and regions and their potential impact on broadband deployment. 4.3. Spectrum 4.3.1. Efficient spectrum management and allocation is and will continue to a key enabler for broadband deployment. 4.3.1.1. In developing countries lacking widespread wireline infrastructure, wireless networks are in many cases already driving broadband access and take-up and are expected to continue to do so in the future 4.3.1.2. Accordingly, developing a coherent broadband spectrum policy is a critical responsibility of regulatory authorities. 4.3.2. Efficient spectrum management: identifying broadband spectrum and assigning it to promote highest value for consumers 4.3.2.1. Examples of policies being proposed/implemented in countries to achieve these objectives 4.3.3. Flexible spectrum use 4.3.3.1. Examples of policies implemented in other countries to eliminate servicespecific, technology-specific allocations 4.3.4. Secondary markets (spectrum trading and leasing) 4.3.4.1. Examples of policies implemented in other countries to allow for spectrum trading and leasing 4.3.5. Unlicensed/opportunistic spectrum use 4.3.5.1. Examples of policies to facilitate unlicensed/opportunistic spectrum use enabling entrepreneurs and other actors to implement innovative broadband services/applications. 4.3.6. Spectrum refarming 4.3.6.1. Refarming of bands identified for broadband (e.g., digital dividend, 2G mobile spectrum, 2.3/2.5 GHz band, etc.), highlighting regulatory initiatives to facilitate the flow of spectrum from legacy uses to broadband use. 4.4. Interconnection 4.4.1. IP-network interconnection and the impact on cost models 4.4.1.1. As broadband networks are deployed and services/applications migrate towards IP, interconnection regulation will also have to transition from a circuitswitched centric to an IP-based model. 4.4.1.2. Review of alternatives available to implement such migration and their impact on regulatorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s approaches towards interconnection cost-modeling. 4.5. Access to infrastructure 4.5.1. Regulatory policies being implemented on a national and/or regional basis to identify bottlenecks in the broadband value chain and implement targeted regulation to address them. 4.5.2. Investment v. access debate

4.5.2.1. Regulatory approaches adopted by regulatory authorities on both side of the issue 4.5.3. Competitive problems identified and successful policies adopted by regulators in developing and developed economies will be presented specifically relating to 4.5.3.1. International gateways 4.5.3.2. Backhaul and backbone networks 4.5.3.3. The access network 4.5.4. Infrastructure sharing 4.5.4.1. Regulatory framework for infrastructure sharing in various countries 4.5.4.2. Competitive implications of infrastructure sharing, recognizing this issue as an avenue to reduce costs associated with deployment of broadband infrastructure (wireline and wireless) 4.6. Security and privacy 4.6.1. The expansion of ICTs into every aspect of our lives, including banking, commerce, social networking, critical services/infrastructure such as water and electricity supplies, and traffic management potentially leaves consumers vulnerable to cybercrime. For broadband to be successful, consumers must have the confidence to conduct an ever increasing part of their activities on-line. 4.6.2. Different regulatory approaches being implemented to achieve this goal 4.6.2.1. Privacy 4.6.2.1.1. Examples of regulatory approaches implemented to guarantee privacy of personal information and data and protection of minors 4.6.2.2. Network security 4.6.2.2.1. Mechanisms being implement by governments/regulators to ensure network 4.6.2.3. Cybercrime 4.6.2.3.1. Policies being implemented by governments and regulators to prevent theft and fraud 4.6.2.4. Physical security of broadband infrastructure 4.6.3. Initiatives being undertaken to reconcile, as much as possible, inconsistencies between national frameworks on these issues 4.7. Content 4.7.1. Intellectual property rights and advertising 4.7.1.1. This section will address content-specific issues relating to the deployment and use of broadband. 4.7.1.2. It will present the most salient issues associated with intellectual property rights and advertising. 4.1.1. Content in an era of convergence (e.g. IPTV) 4.1.1.1. Various approaches/strategies being implemented towards content regulation in convergent ICT markets 4.1.1.1.1.1. Access to valuable content 4.1.1.1.1.2. Must-carry rules 4.1.1.1.1.3. Content of national/cultural interest 4.1.1.2. Difficulties encountered with content 4.1.1.3. Solutions proposed/implemented to promote broadband 4.8. Consumer protection 16

4.8.1. Overview 4.8.1.1. Broadband also raises some distinct consumer protection issues, while requires regulatory authority to modify/adapt the scope existing ones. 4.8.1.2. This section will cover the approaches being taken to protect consumers in a broadband environment. 4.8.2. The “net neutrality” debate 4.8.2.1. Description of net neutrality debate 4.8.2.2. Various approaches adopted by governments/regulators around the world 4.8.3. Quality of Service 4.8.3.1. Survey examples of policies/initiatives related to updating/refining quality of service standards to better tailor them for a broadband environment (wireline and wireless). 4.8.4. False and deceptive advertising practices 4.8.4.1. Overview of measures to protect consumer from false and deceptive advertising practices related to broadband 4.4.

References

Biggs, Phillipa. 2009. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP): Enemy or Ally. In GSR'09 discussion papers. Beirut, Lebanon: ITU, November 10. http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/treg/Events/Seminars/GSR/GSR09/papers.html. Buttkereit, Sören, Luis Enriquez, Ferry Grijpink, Suraj Moraje, Wim Torfs, and Tanja Vaheri-Delmulle. 2009. Mobile broadband for the masses: Regulatory levers to make it happen. McKinsey & Company, February. http://www.mckinsey.com/clientservice/telecommunications/mobile_broadband.asp. Cerf, Vint. 2009. The open Internet: What it is, and why it matters. Telecommunications Journal of Australia 59, no. 2 (7): 18.1-18.10. doi:10.2104/tja09018. http://publications.epress.monash.edu/doi/full/10.2104/tja09018. Cohen, Tracy, and Russell Southwood. 2008. Extending Open Access to National Fibre Backbones in Developing Countries. In . Pattaya, Thailand: ITU, March 11. http://www.itu.int/ITUD/treg/Events/Seminars/GSR/GSR08/discussion_papers/Cohen_Southwood_session5.pdf. Foster, Adrian. 2008. Spectrum Sharing. In Discussion Paper. Pattaya, Thailand: ITU, March 11. http://www.itu.int/ITUD/treg/Events/Seminars/GSR/GSR08/discussion_papers/Spectrum_Sharing_web.pdf. Gercke, Marco. 2009. Understanding Cybercrime: A Guide for Developing Countries. Geneva: ITU. http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/cyb/cybersecurity/projects/crimeguide.html. ITU. 2010. ITU Toolkit for Cybercrime Legislation. February. http://www.itu.int/ITUD/cyb/cybersecurity/projects/cyberlaw.html. Lichtman, Douglas, and Randal C. Picker. 2003. Entry Policy in Local Telecommunications: Iowa Utilities and Verizon. SSRN eLibrary (January). http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=368040. Lie, Eric, Rory Macmillan, and Richard Keck. 2009. Cybersecurity: The Role and Responsibilities of an Effective Regulator (Draft). In Background papers for information. Beirut, Lebanon: ITU, November 10. http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/treg/Events/Seminars/GSR/GSR09/papers.html. Marcus, J. Scott, and Dieter Elixmann. 2008. The Future of IP Interconnection: Technical, Economic, and Public Policy Aspects. Bad Honnef, Germany: WIK-Consult, January 29. http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/ecomm/library/ext_studies/index_en.htm. OECD. 2009. ENUM: Converging telephone numbers and addresses in next generation networks. June 2. http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,3425,en_2649_34225_43230853_1_1_1_1,00.html.

Singapore IDA. 2008. International Sharing: International Gateway Liberalization Singapore’s Experience. In Discussion Paper. Pattaya, Thailand: ITU, March 11. http://www.itu.int/ITUD/treg/Events/Seminars/GSR/GSR08/discussion_papers/Spectrum_Sharing_web.pdf. Singh, Rajendra, and Siddhartha Raja. 2010. Convergence in Information and Communication Technology: Strategic and Regulatory Considerations. World Bank. Spectrum Value Partners. 2008. Getting the Most Out of the Digital Dividend: Allocating UHF spectrum to maximize the benefits for European society. March. http://gsmworld.com/documents/Spectrum-Getting-themost-out-of-the-digita-dividend-2008.pdf?PUPOL=SPECVP. UK Ofcom. 2010. Traffic Management and 'net neutrality'. London: Ofcom, June 24. http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/consultations/net-neutrality/. US FCC. 2005. Appropriate Framework for Broadband Access to the Internet over Wireline Facilities. September 23. http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-05-151A1.pdf. ———. 2010. In the Matter of Framework for Broadband Internet Service. June 17. http://www.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2010/db0617/FCC-10-114A1.pdf. Van der Berg, Rudolf. 2009. The Future of VoIP Interconnection. In GSR'09 discussion papers. Beirut, Lebanon: ITU, November 10. http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/treg/Events/Seminars/GSR/GSR09/papers.html. Wu, Tim. 2003. Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination. SSRN eLibrary. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=388863. Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha, and Graham Vickery. 2010. The Evolution of News and the Internet. Paris: OECD, June 11. http://www.oecd.org/document/48/0,3343,en_2649_33703_45449136_1_1_1_1,00.html. Yoo, Christopher S. 2004. Would Mandating Broadband Network Neutrality Help or Hurt Competition? A Comment on the End-to-End Debate. SSRN eLibrary. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=495502.

C ONNECTING

5.1.

Abstract

THE

D OTS : T OW ARDS

ANYW HERE NETW ORKS

This module examines the building blocks for construction of broadband networks. It looks at high-speed connectivity from a topological perspective moving from international, to regional, then national and finally local access deployment solutions. The module describes the various fixed and wireless technologies for deploying broadband infrastructure. It includes descriptions of different business model options as well as the lessons to be learned from various deployment examples throughout the world. Section 5.2 examines international broadband connectivity technologies as well as models for financing and promoting open access. Section 5.3 examines national broadband transmission technologies and models for financing, operating and administering such networks. Section 5.4 examines local access technologies, trade-offs and complementarities and publicly supported projects (e.g., municipal networks). 5.2.

Keywords

Infrastructure, Networks, WiMAX, Wi-Fi, Cable Modem, ADSL, Mobile Broadband, Power Line, 3G, Satellite, LTE, FTTx 5.3.

Contents

5. Connecting the Dots: Towards Anywhere Networks 5.1. Overview of broadband networks 5.2. International connectivity 5.2.1. Trends and experiences 5.2.1.1. New developments (e.g. the second fiber wave) 5.1.1.1. Terrestrial wireless connectivity 5.1.1.2. Satellite connectivity 5.1.1.3. Cable connectivity 5.1.2. International models 5.1.3. Regional models 5.1.4. Challenges of land-locked countries 5.1.5. Implementation experiences and instruments 5.2. Domestic backbones 5.2.1. Trends and experiences 5.2.2. New developments (e.g. mobile broadband backbones, the WiMAX possibility for backhaul, using railways/power networks and other infrastructures) 5.2.3. Domestic connectivity models 5.2.3.1. Building new networks 5.2.3.2. Extending existing networks 5.2.3.3. The mobile broadband opportunity 5.2.3.4. Role of Internet exchanges 5.2.4. Implementation experiences and instruments 5.2.5. Financing models 5.3. Last mile connectivity 19

5.3.1. 5.3.2. 5.4.

Fixed networks (e.g., DSL, cable modem, FTTH) Mobile networks (e.g., 3G, LTE, WiMAX)

References

Broadband Forum. http://www.broadband-forum.org/. CDMA Development Group. http://www.cdg.org/. Fiber to the Home Council. http://www.ftthcouncil.org/. WiMAX Forum. http://www.wimaxforum.org/. Global View Partners. 2009a. Mobile Broadband in the Americas: Momentum Building in the AWS Band. GSMA, May. http://www.gsmworld.com/documents/momentum_building_in_the_aws_band_report.pdf. ———. 2009b. The 2.6 GHz Spectrum Band: Unique Opportunity to Realize Global Mobile Broadband. GSMA, December. http://www.gsmworld.com/documents/GVP_-_GSMA_2_6_GHz_Report_-_Final_9Dec09.pdf. GSMA. n.d. Mobile broadband. http://www.gsmamobilebroadband.com/resources/default.asp. Mayer, Rebecca, Ken Figueredo, Mike Jensen, Tim Kelly, Richard Green, and Alvaro Federico Barra. 2009. Connecting the Continent: Costing the Needs for Spending on ICT Infrastructure in Africa. World Bank, November. http://www.infrastructureafrica.org/aicd/library/doc/623/connecting-continent-costing-needsinvestment-ict-infrastructure-africa-main-text-pd. OECD. 2008. Convergence and Next Generation Networks. June 3. http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,3425,en_2649_34225_40761102_1_1_1_1,00.html. ———. 2009a. Broadband over power lines (BPL): Developments and policy issues. June 4. http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,3425,en_2649_34225_43230876_1_1_1_1,00.html. ———. 2009b. Network Developments in Support of Innovation and User Needs. November 16. http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,3425,en_2649_34225_44245946_119666_1_1_1,00.html. ———. 2010. Developments in Cable Broadband Networks. March 24. http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,3425,en_2649_34225_44858162_119666_1_1_1,00.html. Paolini, Monica. 2010. More than one Yota of difference. Senza Fili Consulting. http://www.senzafiliconsulting.com/Resources/WhitePapers.aspx. Singapore IDA. 2010. Consultation on Spectrum Framework for Fourth Generation (4G) Mobile Communication Systems in Singapore. June 7. http://www.ida.gov.sg/Policies%20and%20Regulation/20100329151251.aspx.

G OING U NIVERSAL : F ROM A CCESS

6.1.

Abstract

U SE

Module 6 focuses on extending access and use of broadband services throughout the population. It examines the different levels of service that a broadband strategy may aim to make broadband widely available at affordable prices, the role of private-led competitive markets in achieving these targets, any remaining gaps between markets and the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s development needs, the role of the government in narrowing these gaps, and how this can be financed. Throughout this module, examples from a wide range of countries illustrate different approaches to extending broadband. Letting the market work can go a long way towards meeting development needs. Some degree of government intervention may, however, be required to enable and complement the market. This may include government measures to improve the regulatory and business environment, leading demand development as a major user, and providing public sector support to accelerate supply. The module discusses options for financing broadband development ahead or beyond the market, including economic justification for the use of public resources, sources and management of funds, and allocation of resources among communities, projects, or service providers. 6.2.

Keywords

Universal Access, Universal Service, Universal Service Fund, Universal Service Obligation, Universal Access and Service Targets, Market Gap, Access Deficit, Affordability, Accessibility, Availability, Broadband Coverage, Broadband Access, Public-Private Partnership, Underserved Areas, Competitive Subsidies, Smart Subsidies, Alternative Infrastructure Providers, Passive Infrastructure, Backbone Infrastructure, Backbone Networks 6.3.

Contents

Going Universal: From Access to Use

6.1. Extending Service Beyond the Market 6.1.1. Levels of access to service: from communal (e.g. kiosks, post offices) and institutional (e.g. schools, government offices) to individual users (e.g. businesses, households, persons). 6.1.2. Identifying development gaps: how much can markets do this on their own? Is more needed? What, when, why? 6.1.3. Strategic fit: setting broadband targets in the context of the country's development strategy. Target population: who should benefit? Linkages to growth, employment, inclusion. Affordability: how much are users expected to pay? Meeting the needs of other sectors (e.g. education, health, government administration). 6.2. Mechanisms to Drive Access 6.2.1. Letting the market work: examples of how universal broadband access is being pursued through private intiatuveand through competition in market environments. Projects in achieving universality. The role of corporate responsibility.(e.g. Pakistan?) 6.2.2. The case for government intervention: what can governments do when market mechanisms do not meet aspirations for broadband access and use? 21

6.2.2.1. Improve the legal, regulatory, and business environments. Remove regulatory impediments to effective working of the broadband market â&#x20AC;&#x201C; telecommunications, media, alternative network operators (e.g. electricity, water utilities). Facilitate access to shared facilities (e.g. spectrum, rights of way). Improve tax and foreign investment regimes. 6.2.2.2. Lead demand development. Governments (national, regional, local) become major users of broadband (e.g. school connectivity projects, government intranet projects, e-procurement, online taxes and public records). Articulating government demand can drive broadband uptake and reduce commercial risk of investments. 6.2.2.3. Support private sector supply. Public-private partnerships to roll out broadband backbones. Long-term local currency financing of investments. Subsidies along the supply chain to render investments and operations of development interest commercially viable. Help develop private sector capacity to enter the market. 6.3. Financing of Universal Broadband Access and Service 6.3.1. Economic justification of public sector support 6.3.1.1. Estimating the cost of public sector support 6.3.1.2. Assessing financing viability of this support 6.3.1.3. Comparison with expected development benefits 6.3.1.3.1. Analytical techniques and their limitations 6.3.1.4. Revising broadband development targets 6.3.2. Use of subsidies 6.3.2.1. The rationale for subsidies 6.3.2.2. Good subsidy practices in infrastructure services (telecommunications, electricity, water supply, transportation) 6.3.2.3. Using subsidies to address specific constraints on broadband development 6.3.2.4. Initial experiences with broadband subsidies 6.3.3. Sources of universal broadband access and service financing 6.3.3.1. National, regional, and local government budgets 6.3.3.1.1. Annual allocations from general revenues 6.3.3.1.2. Regional development funds 6.3.3.1.3. Long term debt (e.g. development loans and credits) 6.3.3.1.4. International development aid 6.3.3.2. Operator financing of investment and operation 6.3.3.3. User contributions for initial connection and use 6.3.3.3.1. The case for taxing current users 6.3.4. Management of universal access and service financing 6.3.4.1. How funds can flow 6.3.4.1.1. Universal Service Funds - lessons from the use of USFs for voice communication (fixed, mobile) and early applications to broadband 6.3.4.1.2. Other mechanisms - virtual funds, more 6.3.4.2. Allocating resources for universal broadband access and service 6.3.4.2.1. Top-down â&#x20AC;&#x201C; competition among firms for projects defined by government agencies 6.3.4.2.2. Bottom-up â&#x20AC;&#x201C; competition among projects or communities 22

6.3.4.2.3. Hybrid models 6.3.5. Tools for effective management 6.3.5.1. Transparency, accountability, efficiency 6.3.5.2. Rights and obligations of stakeholders 6.3.5.2.1. Licensing and contracts 6.3.5.2.2. Regulation of service quality, prices, consumer protection 6.4.

References

APEC. 2009. Report on APEC Workshop on Universal Access to Broadband Services. In ICT Development Steering Group Meeting. Cancun, Mexico, September 28. http://aimp.apec.org/Documents/20b09/TEL/TEL40LSG/09_tel40_lsg_012.pdf. Australia Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy. n.d. National Broadband Network Implementation Study. http://www.dbcde.gov.au/broadband/national_broadband_network/national_broadband_network_implemen tation_study. Falconer, David. 2009. Rural and Remote Broadband Access: Public Policy Issues. Canada. The Journal of Policy Engagement, Vol 1 No 3, pp 15-20 http://members.peo.on.ca/index.cfm/ci_id/33377.htm Finnish Communications Regulatory Authority. 2010. Reasonable pricing of 1 Mbps universal service broadband, May 7. http://www.ficora.fi/en/index/viestintavirasto/uutiset/2010/P_26.html. FITEL. 2009. Nuevos Proyectos - Programa Implementación de Banda Ancha Rural a Nivel Nacional – BAR. Fondo de Inversión en Telecomunicaciones. Lima, Peru. http://www.FITEL.gob.pe/contenido.php?ID=30 FITEL. 2009. Nuevos Proyectos - Proyecto Banda Ancha para Localidades Aisladas. Fondo de Inversión en Telecomunicaciones. Lima, Peru. http://www.FITEL.gob.pe/contenido.php?ID=50&tipo=H&pagina=contenidos/ProyN/ BAS/Resumen.htm Forge, Simon, Colin Blackman, and Erik Bohlin. 2007. The Mobile Provide: Economic Impacts of Alternative Uses of the Digital Dividend. September. gsmworld.com/documents/SCF_Associates_report.pdf?PUPOL=SCFAR. Genachowski, Julius. 2010. The Third Way: A Narrowly Tailored Broadband Framework. FCC, May 6. http://www.broadband.gov/the-third-way-narrowly-tailored-broadband-framework-chairman-juliusgenachowski.html. Gospić, Nataša. 2009. Universal Service Wireless Broadband Policy. In Regional Development Forum for the EUR and CIS Region. Chisinau (Moldova): ITU, August 24. http://www.itu.int/ITUD/tech/DevelopmentForums/2009/EUR/RDF09_EUR_Program.html. Harvard University. 2010. Berkman Center report. February. http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/sites/cyber.law.harvard.edu/files/Berkman_Center_Broadband_Final_ReportC2_15Feb2010.pdf. Hita, Carlos Gutiérrez, and Juana Aznar Márquez. 2009. Broadband Internet access in developing countries: Universal service provision and pricing schemes. In Communication Technologies in Latin America and Africa: A multidisciplinary perspective. IN3, December. http://in3.uoc.edu/web/IN3/communicationtechnologies-in-latin-america-and-africa/. Hudson, Heather. 2010. Defining Universal Service Funds. Intermedia 38, no. 1 (March). http://www.iicom.org/intermedia/Intermedia%20contents%20Vol%2038%20No%201.html. Hulicki, Zbigniew. 2008. Drives and Barriers for Development of Broadband Access - CE Perspective. Journal of Universal Computer Science 14, no. 5. doi:10.3217/jucs-014-05-0717. http://www.jucs.org/jucs_14_5/drives_and_barriers_for. Industry Canada. 2009. Application Guide, Broadband Canada Connecting Rural Canadians. Ottawa.

www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/719.nsf/eng/h_00015.html Industry Canada. 2009. Other Federal and Provincial Programs, Broadband Canada Connecting Rural Canadians. Ottawa. http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/719.nsf/eng/h_00032.html ITU. n.d. Connect a School, Connect a Community. http://www.itu.int/ITUD/connect/flagship_initiatives/connecting_children/index.html. ———. n.d. Connecting Villages. http://www.itu.int/ITUD/connect/flagship_initiatives/connecting_villages/index.html. Kawasumi, Yasuhiko, Kiyoko Koizumi, and Yukio Miyoshi. 2008. ICTization of rural and remote areas of developing countries. In PTC’08 Proceedings. Honolulu, January 15. http://www.ptc.org/ptc08/index.cfm?page=program. Maddens, Sofie. 2009. Trends in Universal Access and Service Policies. In Background papers for information. Beirut, Lebanon: ITU, November 10. http://www.itu.int/ITUD/treg/Events/Seminars/GSR/GSR09/papers.html. Miyoshi, Yukio. 2007. How to Provide Broadband Access for Rural and Remote Areas of Developing Countries. January. http://www.ptc.org/past_events/ptc07/program/papers/M25_Kawasumi.pdf. OECD. 2006. Rethinking universal service for a next generation network environment. OECD, April. http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,3425,en_2649_34225_36503874_1_1_1_1,00.html. ———. 2009a. Universal Access Funds with Minimum-Subsidy Auctions. May 6. http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,3425,en_2649_34225_42702539_1_1_1_1,00.html. ———. 2009b. The role of communication infrastructure investment in economic recovery. May 19. http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,3425,en_2649_34225_42799710_1_1_1_37441,00.html. ———. 2009c. Network Developments in Support of Innovation and User Needs. November 16. http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,3425,en_2649_34225_44245946_119666_1_1_1,00.html. ———. 2009d. Indicators of broadband coverage. December 10. http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,3425,en_2649_34225_44381796_119666_1_1_1,00.html. Oh, K. Joon. 2006. Completing the Connection: Achieving Universal Service through Municipal Wi-Fi. Duke Law & Technology Review (January 10). http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/dltr/articles/2006dltr0001.html. Proenza, Francisco J. 2006. The Road to Broadband Development in Developing Countries Is through Competition Driven by Wireless and Internet Telephony. Inf. Technol. Int. Dev. 3, no. 2: 21-39. http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1245713. San Roman, Edwin. 2009. Bringing broadband to rural areas: a step-by-step approach, the experience of the Dominican Republic. In Background papers for information. Beirut, Lebanon: ITU, November 10. http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/treg/Events/Seminars/GSR/GSR09/papers.html. Stern, Peter and David Townsend. 2006. New Models for Universal Access to Telecommunications Services in Latin America. REGULATEL, Bogotá and World Bank, Washington, DC. UK Department for Business Innovation & Skills. n.d. Digital Britain. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100511084737/interactive.bis.gov.uk/digitalbritain/. US NTIA. n.d. BroadbandUSA. http://www.broadbandusa.gov/. Wellenius, Björn, Vivien Foster, and Christina Malmberg Calvo. 2004. Private Provision of Rural Infrastructure Services: Competing for Subsidies, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3365, Washington, DC, 2004. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=625242 Xavier, Patrick. 2006. What Rules for Universal Service in an IP-Enabled NGN Environment? | ICT Regulation Toolkit. ITU, April. http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/Publication.3505.html.

D RIVING D EM AND : B ROADBAND

7.1.

Abstract

FOR THE

P EOPLE

This module addresses how to overcome broadband demand-side constraints stemming from a lack of awareness, education, affordability and interest. It recognizes the role of the private sector in bringing the benefits of broadband to a wider audience, and looks at ways to facilitate demand such as fostering ICT skills and enabling greater digital literacy in societies. The module also examines methods used to enhance affordability through programs such as subsidized computers bundled with broadband access. Services, applications and content are also critical for attracting users to broadband. In that respect, the module describes how mobile broadband has made a difference and also how traditional services such as voice and video delivered over highspeed infrastructure can drive broadband demand. The role of compelling private and public sector commerce, education, finance and health applications in increasing interest for broadband is explored. The importance of content is reviewed including issues such as locally relevant information and availability in national languages. The emergence of social networking and usergenerated content is analyzed in terms of its impact on broadband take-up including the relation of broadband to other media such as broadcasting. 7.2.

Keywords

Demand, Facilitation, Digital Literacy, ICT Skills, E-Government, E-Commerce, Health, Education, Finance, Triple Play, VoB, IPTV, Web 2.0, Social Networking, User-Generated Content, Content, Affordability, Applications 7.3.

Contents

7. Building Broadband: Pixel by Pixel 7.1. Driving Demand: Broadband for the People (including an analysis of different socioeconomic aspects impacting demand such as gender, wealth, age, education, location, disadvantaged and a definition of â&#x20AC;&#x153;e-citizenâ&#x20AC;?) 7.2. Overview: Description of demand facilitation 7.3. People 7.3.1. ICT Skills Development 7.3.2. Digital literacy 7.4. Affordability programs (e.g. demand-side subsidies through vouchers/Conditional Cash Transfers) 7.4.1. Devices (e.g., subsidizing notebooks for students and others, operator programs to bundle 3G Internet access with a netbook, software, course delivery, etc.) 7.4.2. Shared or community access (e.g. schools, post offices, rental devices; Telenor community services in Bangladesh and India) 7.4.3. Services 7.4.3.1. Voice over Broadband 7.4.3.2. Video: Convergence as a demand-driver 7.4.3.3. Data / content 7.5. Applications 25

7.5.1. E- and m-applications 7.5.1.1. Government 7.5.1.2. Health 7.5.1.3. Education 7.5.1.4. Finance 7.5.1.5. Off shoring (e.g., BPO/ITES) 7.5.1.6. Agriculture 7.5.2. Web 2.0 7.5.2.1. Collaborative working tools 7.5.2.2. Social networking 7.5.2.3. Wikis, flickr, youtube, dig 7.5.3. Relationship to other media (e.g., BigBrother2 in Africa) 7.6. Content 7.6.1. Promoting digital content 7.6.1.1. E-courses 7.6.1.2. Digital textbooks (e.g., FlatWorld, open sourcing) 7.6.2. Promoting local applications 7.7. Measuring and monitoring demand 7.8. Case studies 7.8.1. Examples of demand facilitation strategies from the developed world (e.g., Korea, Sweden) 7.8.2. Example of demand facilitation strategies from the developing world (e.g., Chile, Egypt), 7.8.3. Impact of demand facilitation actions on broadband development: successes and failures 7.8.4. Examples of demand facilitation through course delivery (e.g., Colombia's SENA Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje) 7.4.

References

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