WAR REVIEW WAR/CONFLICT
CAUSES
KEY COUNTRIES/ PEOPLE INVOLVED
EFFECTS
CRUSADES
*Christians wanted to take back Holy land from Muslims *Nobles wanted land and power *People wanted their sins forgiven *Peasants wanted freedom from feudalism *Some wanted adventure
Richard the Lionhearted of England led the Christians
*Christians do no take back Holy land
*Britain refused to stop trading Opium with Chinese after Chinese forbade the trade
British merchants
OPIUM WAR (1839-1842)
Saladin Muslim leader
Chinese government
*British Imperialism (British had stronger military power)
WWI (1914-1918)
Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism *IMMEDIATE CAUSE:
WWII (1939-1945)
“Powder Keg of Europe” in the Balkans leads to Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Failure of League of Nations Appeasement (Giving in to the demands of Aggressors in Japan Germany, and Italy)
Allied Powers: Russia, France, Great Britain, Eventually the US and Italy Central Powers:Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire later Bulgaria ALLIES (Britain, France, later Soviet Union, United States) AXIS POWERS (Germany, Italy and Japan)
Japan invaded China Italy Attacks Ethiopia Immediate Cause: Hitler invaded Poland in 1939
Adolf Hitler: German leader who used Blitzkrieg or lightning war and led Holocaust Benito Mussolini: Italian Fascist leader
*Increased trade between Europe and the Middle east
New desire to learn about ideas of other cultures Feudalism declined *Treaty of Nanjing opens up “Spheres of influence” in China. *Foreign powers begin to dominate China *British granted extraterritoriality *Hong Kong was given to Britain 8.5 million people die Treaty of Versailles blames Germany for war. Germany must pay war reparations and give up colonies in Asia and Africa
LEAGUE OF NATIONS Formed Many deaths Yalta Conference 1945 (Divided Europe and Germany) Many appalled by Human rights violation like the Holocaust, Rape of Nanjing and Bataan Death March Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. US helps rebuild Japan and create Democracy UNITED NATIONS created
COLD WAR (1945-1991)
Competition between superpowers of USSR and US
NATO ( made up of US and democratic Western nations)
No direct battle between US and USSR
Soviet Union wanted to use aggression to spread Communist ideas
WARSAW PACT (Soviet Union and Satellite nations in Eastern Europe)
Large amounts of money spent on weapons and technology
Western nations like the US wanted to contain spread of Communism and Soviet Aggression
Nonaligned Nations Nations like India who refused to take sides
Breakup of the Soviet Union (1991) Berlin Wall falls
WAR/CONFLICT HINDU/ MUSLIM CONFLICT IN INDIA (1947)
CAUSES
KEY COUNTRIES/ PEOPLE INVOLVED
EFFECTS
Fighting between Muslims and Hindus
Hindus Majority in India Muslims Minority in India
Partition of India into Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India in 1947
Muslims feared that they would not be represented in government when India gained independence
Mohandas Gandhi Encouraged Peace between Hindus and Muslims
Violence as Muslims migrated to Pakistan
Muslim League demanded a Muslim State
Religious tensions still exist today Sikhs demand self-rule in Punjab
ISRAELIPALESTINIAN CONFLICTS (1948-present)
Balfour Declaration had stated that Britain planned on establishing a Jewish state in Palestine Israel declared itself an Independent nation in 1948 Arab Palestinians did not want Israeli Jews to take over the land and claimed that the land belong to Palestinians
IRAN-IRAQ WAR (1980-1988)
Iraqi troops seized control of a disputed area between Iran and Iraq
PERSIAN GULF WAR (1991)
Iraq invaded Kuwait and took over its oil fields.
Yassar Arafat Leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) Golda Meir, Menachem Begin, Yitzhak Rabin, Ariel Sharon (Prime Ministers of Israel) Hamas: Want to eliminate Israel and replace with Islamic State Hezbollah: Want Israelis’ out of Lebanon Saddam Hussein
Terrorism Continued hatred and resentment between the Muslim community and Jewish Israelis Many Muslim nations resent those who recognize Israel as a Jewish nation
Oil tankers attacked Extreme hardships in both Iran and Iraq
Saddam Hussein
Kuwait was liberated
US President George Bush
US continued to view Saddam Hussein as a dangerous force
US saw attack as a danger to oil resources in Saudi Arabia
UN required Iraq to get rid of all weapons and pass inspections. Iraq refused this in the late 1990s.
BOSNIA and KOSOVO (in former Yugoslavia)
Ethnic tensions between the many ethnic groups in the former Yugoslavia.
HUTUS and TUTSIs in RWANDA (1994)
Ethnic tension and hatred between Hutus and Tutsis after the assassination of a Hutu leader
Slobodan Milosevic United Nations/ NATO
“Ethnic cleansing” was developed as a policy by Slobodan Milosevic Hutus led a mass murder campaign against the Tutsi Tribe
Over 200,000 people were killed in Bosnia under Milosevic’s oppressive government and policy of ETHNIC CLEANSING. NATO forces used economic sanctions and bombings to weaken his power **Many criticized the UN for not doing enough Extreme Human rights violation as over 800,000 were killed in a Genocide against Tutsis.
Name:________________________________ WAR REVIEW PACKET
Questions 1. What are some common causes of War or conflict? 2. What are some common effects of War or conflict? 3. Why did people fight in the Crusades? 4. Even though Christians failed to take back the Holy land in Palestine, how did the crusades impact Europe in a positive way? 5. Which war led to “Spheres of influence” being opened up in China? 6. Why were the British able to defeat the Chinese in the Opium War? 7. What was considered the “Powder Keg of Europe” before WWI? 8. What was the immediate cause of WWI? 9. Which country was blamed for WWI and forced to pay war reparations? 10. What were two important causes of WWII? 11. What was the immediate cause of WWII? 12. What was similar about the results of WWI and WWII? 13. Which organization was created after WWII to keep peace? 14. What are some examples of Human Rights violations that occurred during WWII? 15. How was the Cold War different than other conflicts? 16. What was the Warsaw Pact? 17. What were nonaligned nations? 18. What was the main reason for conflict India? 19. How are Hamas and Hezbollah similar in the Israeli/ Palestinian conflict? 20. In which way are the Iran-Iraq War and Persian Gulf War similar? ___1.What was one direct result of the Crusades? (1) Trade increased between Europe and the
Middle East. (2) Islamic kingdoms expanded into Europe. (3) Arabs and Christians divided the city of Jerusalem between them. (4) Alexander the Great became a powerful leader in Eurasia. ____2.What was one result of large armies traveling great distances during the Crusades? (1) Europe’s population severely declined. (2) Democracy in the Middle East grew. (3) Cultural diffusion increased. (4) Slavery was eliminated. ____3.One result of the Crusades was an increase in trade between the Middle East and (1) East Asia (3) North America (2) Africa (4) Europe ____4.Revival of trade in Western Europe, decline of feudalism, revival of interest in learning, and cultural interaction with the Middle East are associated with the (1) impact of the Crusades (2) effects of the barter system (3) growth of the Maya Empire (4) rise of Charlemagne “. . . Christian warriors, He who gave His life for you, today demands yours in return. These are combats worthy of you, combats in which it is glorious to conquer and advantageous to die. Illustrious knights, generous defenders of the Cross, remember the examples of your fathers who conquered Jerusalem, and whose names are inscribed in Heaven; abandon then the things that perish, to gather unfading palms, and conquer a Kingdom which has no end.” — St. Bernard of Clairvaux _____5. This statement was most likely used to encourage people to (1) repel a Viking invasion (2) stop advancement of the Huns in Europe (3) join the Crusades (4) force Russians to convert to Catholicism _____6. Which heading would be best for the partial outline below? I. _____________________________ A. Desire to be released from feudal obligations B. Defense of the Holy Land C. Forgiveness of sins D. Desire for wealth from the Middle East (1) Reasons for the Reformation (2) European Motives for Fighting the Crusades (3) Causes of the Fall of the Roman Empire (4) Reasons for the Split Between the Eastern and Western Churches _____7.The Opium Wars of the mid-19th century marked the beginning of the (1) rivalry between China and Taiwan (2) domination of China by foreign powers
(3) decline of European influence in East Asia (4) global effort to combat drug use _____8.Which leader is most closely associated with the rise of fascism in Italy prior to World War II? (1) Ho Chi Minh (3) Mao Zedong (2) Winston Churchill (4) Benito Mussolini _____9. The destruction of the Berlin Wall and the breakup of the Soviet Union signify the (1) end of the Cold War (2) collapse of the Taliban (3) strength of the Warsaw Pact (4) power of the European Union _____10.Between 1945 and 1947, the differences between the Hindus and the Muslims in India led to the (1) Sepoy Mutiny (2) Salt March (3) policy of nonalignment (4) partitioning of the subcontinent of India _____11.What was a major reason for the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949? (1) to control European trade (2) to resist Soviet aggression (3) to support the blockade of Berlin (4) to strengthen communist governments _____12. Which region was described as “the powder keg of Europe” prior to World War I? (1) Iberian Peninsula (3) Balkan Peninsula (2) British Isles (4) Scandinavia _____13.At the end of World War II, the British decided to partition the Indian subcontinent into the nations of India and Pakistan. What was a primary reason for this division? (1) India had adopted a policy of nonalignment. (2) Religious differences had led to conflicts between Hindus and Muslims. (3) Most of India’s valuable resources were located in the south. (4) British India’s Muslim minority controlled most of India’s banking industry _____14.What was a major cause of World War I? (1) rebellions in colonial lands in Africa and Asia (2) expansion of communism into western Europe (3) militarism in the nations of Europe (4) inability of the League of Nations to keep the peace
____15. What was one reason that totalitarian dictatorships gained power in Europe between World War I and World War II? (1) Famine and AIDS spread throughout Europe. (2) Trade was banned between western and
eastern Europe. (3) Governments failed to meet the needs of the people. (4) Monarchies were reinstated in many nations. _____16. The policy of appeasement helped cause World War II because this policy (1) reduced the armaments of major European powers (2) gave too much power to the United Nations (3) increased sea trade between England and the United States (4) allowed the aggressive actions of Germany to go unchecked _____17.One reason for the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 was to (1) promote reunification of East Germany and West Germany (2) keep East Germans from fleeing to the Western sector of Berlin (3) complete the post–World War II rebuilding of Berlin (4) meet the requirements of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ____18. What was a direct result of World War I? (1) Nicholas II was named czar of Russia. (2) Germany lost its colonies in Africa and Asia. (3) Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a terrorist. (4) The Ottoman Empire expanded. ____19. The term appeasement is best defined as (1) an attempt to avoid conflict by meeting the demands of an aggressor (2) a period of peace and prosperity, resulting in cultural achievement (3) a declaration of war between two or more nations (4) an agreement removing economic barriers between nations “Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia” (1935) “Germany Takes the Rhineland Back” (1936) “Germany and Russia Divide Poland” (1939) ____20. These headlines might be used to illustrate the weakness of the (1) United Nations (3) Warsaw Pact (2) Congress of Vienna (4) League of Nations ______21. Which United States foreign policy was used to maintain the independence of Greece and Turkey after World War II? (1) containment (3) nonalignment (2) neutrality (4) militarism “Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy Form Triple Alliance” “Serbian Nationalism Grows in Balkans” “Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assassinated in Bosnia” _____22. The events in these headlines contributed most directly to the (1) beginning of World War I
(2) outbreak of the Cold War (3) development of communist rule in Europe (4) strengthening of European monarchies _____23. One reason for the outbreak of World War II was the (1) ineffectiveness of the League of Nations (2) growing tension between the United States and the Soviet Union (3) conflict between the Hapsburg and the Romanov families (4) refusal of the German government to sign the Treaty of Versailles • Creation of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and the Warsaw Pact • Construction of the Berlin Wall • Cuban missile crisis ______24. These events are most closely associated with (1) World War I (2) World War II (3) the Cold War (4) the Persian Gulf War _____25. The Treaty of Versailles angered many Germans after World War I because the treaty (1) divided Germany into Communist and nonCommunist zones (2) made Germany restore its emperor (3) required all German-speaking Europeans to return to Germany (4) forced Germany to pay large war reparations _____26. Which event is most closely associated with the start of World War II in Europe? (1) invasion of Poland by Nazi forces (2) signing of the Munich Agreement (3) building of the Berlin Wall (4) assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ____27. The political climate of the Cold War caused the world’s two superpowers to (1) cooperate in halting the spread of communism (2) colonize Africa and Asia (3) compete economically and militarily (4) protect human rights
____28. Saddam Hussein, Adolf Hitler and Slobodan Milosevic were similar in that each leader 1.)Modernized their country 2.) introduced democratic ideas 3.) supported minority rights 4.) violated human rights
late 20th century conflicts in Rwanda, Yugoslavia and India were similar in that each was caused by the 1.) deforestation conducted by multinational companies 2.) collapse of Communism 3.) intervention of United nations peacekeeping _____29. The
4.) rivalries between ethnic groups
opening the gates to all Jews and lifting the Jewish people to equality in the family of nations. . . .” _____30. This statement is referring to the establishment of which nation? (1) Jordan (3) Israel (2) Poland (4) Ethiopia
“. . . The Nazi holocaust, which engulfed millions of Jews in Europe, proved anew the urgency of the re-establishment of the Jewish state, which would solve the problem of Jewish homelessness by
______31. A major source of the dispute between the Israelis and the Palestinians is that each side (1) wants to control oil resources in the area (2) Has historic ties to the same land (3) believes in different interpretations of the same religion (4) has close military alliances with neighboring countries
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In the space below, write one paragraph that addresses the following task for any 1 major war or conflict *Explain two causes of the conflict *Describe two effects of the conflict on the world from that point forward Use specific details and explanations ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________