Volume 1
BOOK OF EXPLORERS
April/May 2014
GRADE 8 AISJ PRETORIA
AISJ Pretoria Grade 8 List of Contributors
Art Department: Director—Arami Chrystal Assistant Director—Gabriella Macomber Liako Anderson Dawson Dickerson Dancho Field Nichelle Pickelsimer Katie Rittershaus
Copy Department: Director—Annie Pan Assistant Director—Noah Wilson Keshav Naick Jonathan Pizzasegola Christopher Peter Kelevedjiev Fausto Grinspun
Advertising Department: Director—Sharlene Broekman Assistant Director—Alana Deacon Amma Iris
Table of Contents North America _______________________ Giovanni da Verrazzano ____________________________________ 1 Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca ________________________________ 3 Henry Hudson ___________________________________________ 5 Francisco Vásquez de Coronado _____________________________ 7
Jacques Cartier ___________________________________________ 9 Samuel de Champlain ____________________________________ 11
South America/Caribbean ______________ Amerigo Vespucci ________________________________________ 13 Ponce de León __________________________________________ 15 Vasco Núñez de Balboa ___________________________________ 17 Francisco Pizarro ________________________________________ 19 Ferdinand Magellan ______________________________________ 21 Hernán Cortés __________________________________________ 23 Blackbeard _____________________________________________ 25
Other ______________________________ Marco Polo _____________________________________________ 27 Bartolomeu Dias_________________________________________ 29 Vasco Da Gama__________________________________________ 31 Francis Drake ___________________________________________ 33 James Cook_____________________________________________ 35
Giovanni da Verrazano 1485-1528
in a storm, only to find a fight with the Spanish. The Delfina was the only ship to prove that it was, “Sea Worthy”, after winning the fight.
Giovanni da Verrazano was born around 1485 near Val di Greve, Italy, was introduced to adventure and exploration at an early age. The first place he adventured to, was Egypt and Syria, which at that time, were thought unreachable. He heard of an offer the king of France was talking about.
After many months at sea, the crew of the Delfina spotted land, which is thought to be what would become Cape Fear, North Carolina. He continued down the coast to the northern tip of Florida, never losing sight of the coast line. He sailed his way into the bay of New York, towards the island of Manhattan. He stayed there for a good time until a storm pushed away towards Martha’s vine yard. A portrait of Giovanni da
He slowly made his way up to France between 1507 and 1508. There he met King Francis I, at that time, people like Columbus were making a name for themselves and their countries. King Francis I was starting to worry that France was falling behind, many countries were coming back telling stories of riches, and this brought Verrazano to his attention. King Francis started to send Verrazano to the Americas to claim land in the name of France.
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Francis created an exploratory voyage for Verrazano, his ship was dubbed Delfina, in honor of the kings first born daughter. He had provisions/food to last him and his crew 8 months. Shortly after setting sail, the Delfina was lost
Verrazzano He soon came to a rest at present day New Port, Rhode Island. They stayed there for almost two weeks. In that time Verrazano’s men interacted with the natives. They then left the island and returned to France on July 1524. They were most likely caring goods native of that area back to France. This sparked something in the king of France.
North America
Giovanni da Verrazano BY: Dawson Dickerson
Giovanni da Verrazano 1485-1528
After Verrazano arrived the king of France set up another exploratory expedition for him, though it took four years, it would be his last. In March, 1528, he and his crew set off on another voyage for France. Yet again sailing for a route to India. In this expedition, there was I slight change, his brother decided to join him this time. This, sadly, would be his last voyage. During his time in the Caribbean, he and his crew spotted a heavily vegetated island and dropped anchor. Verrazano took a hand full of men to explore the island, this would be the final minutes of his life. While on the island, he and his crew were attacked by a group of cannibalistic natives. He was eaten right in front of his brother, to help the great explorer.
Join Verrazano for
the Exploration of the Unknown
DISCLAIMER: Chances are that you will not survive. We do not know where we will Giovani da Verrazano going and you may be eaten by cannibals. You WILL be claiming land for led a full life. He claimed land be France in the name of France, and brought back many different things for the people of Europe. He did not explore as much as some, but he did go to the area of New York/Rhode Island. He went from the south part of North America to the very northern part of it.
PG.2
Alvar Nunez Cabeza De Vaca (1490-1559)
Across
Down
2. One of Cabeza's roles within the Indian tribe. 4. Known as New Spain. 6. Decision made by the leader to split the forces. 11. Number of survivors living on the Isle of Misfortune. 12. A trade product 13. An Indian tribe. 15. Place of De Vaca's death.
1. Published work of Cabeza de Vaca. 2. Land claimed for Spain in 1528. 3. A matter of concern around Cuba. 5. Cabeza was convicted of this. 7. Cabeza had no sympathy for Indians 8. Where food supplies were picked up. 9. Isla de Malhado. 10. Leader of the original expedition. 14. A source of food.
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1490 - De Vaca was born in Andulucia, Spain. 1527, June 17 Joined an expedition lead by Panfilo de Narvaez and left Spain from Cardiz. Fleet arrives at Santo Domingo (Island of Hispanola) where it stays 45 days. Fleet sets out for Trinidad, Cuba to obtain supplies. Ships are caught in a hurricane -sixty men dies. 1527, November 5 Cabeza takes ships to Jagua (known as Cienfuegos today) to spend the winter. 1528, April 12 Arrived in Florida in the vicinity of Tampa Bay. Governor Narvaez claimed possession of the land in the name of the King of Spain 1528, May 1 Governor Narvaez decides to split his expedition and take a party of forty men to land to explore the area. This was a fatal split in the expedition. 1528, June 17 Expedition on its way to the town of Apalache. They are met by a friendly chief but their relationship soon change. 1528, November 7 Picked up many problems with the Apalachee Indians. Very little food, low temperatures. 1528, July 19-20 Chased away by the Indians and with very little food available they travel towards the town of Aute. 1528, September 22 Last of the horses were eaten - expedition departs in five newly built boats. 1528, October 27 Natives (Choctaws) near Pensacola Bay, appear to befriend the expedition. They take the Spaniards to their village and feed them, but in the middle of the night, the men are attacked and many are killed.
Cabeza De Vaca 1490-1551 overturned by a huge wave. Many drowned. Those that survived are naked and left with nothing.
NORTH AMERICA
Timeline: Cabeza de Vaca's life and journey as a Concuisidor
1528-1534: Lived on the island for six years. Due to hardships, disease and execution by the natives, eighty survivors were reduced to fifteen. After spending more than a year as a slave of a group of natives, Cabeza escapes to the mainland and joins another group of natives. Here he was allowed to operate as a trader. He dealt in sea snails, shells, hides, ocher and pigments. 1533 Captured by the Mariames tribe but escaped a few months later.
1534-1535: The four survivors reside with the Avavares tribe for about eight months. 1536, July The four men are welcomed in Mexico City by Hernan Cortes and Antonio de Mendoza, a leader of New Spain. April 1537 Appalled by how Indians were treated, De Vaca leaves for Spain. 1537-1540 Served as Governor in Mexico and Paraguay while working on his account to defend the Indian Culture. 1542 Published a Report- LA RELATION. Made suggestions to better relationships with Indians. 1543-1544 Was convicted of corruption and imprisoned for almost two years. 1546 Exiled to North Africa were he continued building relationships with natives. 1551: Returned to Seville and died in 1559 as a poor man.
1528, November. Survivors fled to the outflow of the Mississippi River. A strong north wind blows the boats back to the ocean where the men are separated again. The Leader, Panfilo de Narvaez dies. Cabeza de Vaca washes out on an island which they named "Isla de Malhado," the Island of Misfortune. It was probably Galveston Island. (Texas) Cabeza de Vaca's group try to leave the island. The boat is launched but a short distance from shore it is
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HENRY HUDSON 15th-1610
Henry Hudson was a great explorer who was looking for new information on the North American water routes. Hudson was born in the late 15th century in England and, since he was a small boy he liked to navigate and explore. His drive and curiosity was possibly due to the fact of watching\learning from many sailors and fisherman. His name may sound familiar because he discovered the Hudson River and he took 4 long voyages to get his name. In Hudson’s early years he was a great navigator and he was always trying to find different routes to Asia. Hudson also opened up further exploration into North America and the settlements that were living there. In his early 20’s Hudson became a commander and he worked on other ships before he ran one of his own. Hudson had been reported to have been married and have three sons named John, Robert and Juet. Hudson had brought his boys with him on most of his journeys and Hudson recorded these in his journal.
1607 the Muscovy Company, and English firm, entrusted Hudson to find a Northern trade route to Asia which allowed him to have his third voyage which would later give him his name. Along this voyage Hudson had found whales which opened up new hunting grounds for hunters. With this new hunting route open it was a good opportunity for trade and produce to begin in this area. On his third journey Hudson took control of The Half Moon with the goal of discovering a northern route to Asia by heading north of Russia. Many people aboard his ships and the local people to where he
travelled, had told Hudson to return to England because the weather conditions were too rough to handle. But, in spite of not listening Hudson headed toward North America. On Hudson’s final journey the Muscovy Company and The British East India Company had supported Hudson along his final journey. In 1610 Hudson had left to go on his final journey with a 55-ton ship. Whilst on his journey he was determined to stay Pacific Bound in order to reach North America. Hudson had stopped in Iceland and then contin-
Hudson’s first 2 voyages were unsuccessful, he was trying to find an icefree passage to Asia still. At the time it ued to the West, once travelling the seemed like a great idea but the weather Coast again he had passed through the conditions proved to be too much. In inlet Weymouth.
NORTH AMERICA
Henry Hudson
HENRY HUDSON 15th-1610
Therefore he travelled back to England with the Hudson Bay named after himself because he was the one who took the time to do all this new exploration around this area.
Fact Bubbles
North America
The inlet Weymouth had potentially opened up a passage to the Northwest Passage. The Northwest Passage is now called the Hudson Strait and it runs through Baffin Island and northern Quebec. Hudson travelled along the coastline which suddenly opened up to the South, Hudson believed he found the Pacific but come to find out he came along a bay which is now the Hudson Bay.
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NORTH AMERICA
FRANCISCO VÁSQUEZ de CORONADO 1510-1554
Want to find the City of Gold? Want infinite riches and prestige? Join Coronado’s expedition! Join Francisco Coronado’s expedition to search for gold in New Spain! Requirements: Age 15-25 Orphan No family
Willing to die Strong and healthy
Have nothing to lose? Join Coronado’s expedition! Come to city centre of Salamanca, Spain to join!
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JACQUES CARTIER 1492-1557
Q: Who is Jacques Cartier and why is he important? A: Jacques Cartier was a mariner, sailor and cartographer who was born and raised in SaintMalo which is a small port in Brittany. This French Canadian explorer had nothing but thirst and excitement for adventure. He was born in the year of 1492, some rumors suggest that he was born close to the time of Christopher Columbus’s voyage to the new world. Jacques Cartier is a very famous figure in
history because he contributed to the search, exploration and discovery of the new world which is now home to one of the strongest nations in the world, America. He also claimed the land of Canada for France.
Q: What was Jacques Cartier’s purpose to travel to the new world. A: Frances king at the time who went by the name of King Francis, had a very strong relationship with Jacques Cartier, so, he funded one of Cartier’s voyages in order for him to get the right experience before he set sail for the actual cause/ France, being a dominant force during that time, were always seeking for more gold and riches, however, this wasn’t the main cause for the expedition, the main cause was to discover a new route to Asia. It was called the North West passage, and of course other motives would be personal thirst and eagerness for exploration and discovery. After Cartier had finished all of his training expeditions, King Francis decided it was time to announce in the year of 1534 “I authorized the navigator Jacques Cartier to lead a voyage to the new world.” After these words were announced, days later Cartier set sail to the new world.
Q: What happened on Cartier’s first voyage to the new world. A: As mentioned before Cartier set sail for the new world in the year of 1534 in order to try and discover a new passage in Asia, as-well as return with gold and riches from the new world. This new passage would be a route which leads to China and the orient. However, Cartier found very little success in this expedition, he only discovered one body of land on his expedition which wasn’t very pleasant, in fact he stated “I am rather inclined to believe that this is the land god gave to Cain.” This land didn’t have a visible cartload and it was a barren, unwelcoming place. This voyage was a complete and utter disaster, as Cartier returned with failure he still has to report to King Francis of his findings, he had very little gold to show him and two Native American slaves.
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NORTH AMERICA
Jacques Cartier
JACQUES CARTIER 1492-1557
A: King Francis was rather teed off with Cartier, on the other hand Cartier accepted that this journey was a failure and he remain optimistic. The good news about his previous trip was that he had two Natives which were planning the roles as guides, this also enforced that he has evidence upon the new world. The stories of these two Natives left King Francis with the conclusion to let Cartier have a second chance opportunity and prove to him that he is worthy and has the capability of benefiting Frances government, so after this conclusion Cartier set sail in the year of 1535. This time Cartier had one more ship along which him and more men with him too. The two Captured Natives told him about this river which leads to their village know as Standalone.
After hearing this story Cartier immediately thought that this route might lead him to where he wants to go, however he didn’t completely trust the two men and instead went along the coast in order to try and find a more reasonable route. Cartier not managing to find much he decided to follow the men’s directions. Their guidance led Cartier to the St. Lawrence River, Cartier’s first discovery. Upon arriving in the two native’s village, they two men later refused to come back aboard Cartier’s ship because he was not to be trusted. Cartier decided to leave this location and head back to France. On the way out of the St. Lawrence River he passed by what is known as Quebec and he decided to name this Kanata which means village, this was later changed to Canada
Q: Why was Cartier’s third Voyage a failure ? A: Cartier returned to France with great news, which only pleased the king. The king being pleased with Cartier, decided to give him royal commission, however, he was still disappointed that Cartier couldn’t find this route. So he yet again sent him out to search again and hopefully return successful. During the voyage and expeditions, Cartier wasn’t able to find this mystical route, however he found a lot of what he thought were diamonds and gold. Unfortunately, when Cartier returned, he was informed these diamonds and gold were fake, and the king had also taken away his royal commission, so Cartier ended up living the rest of his life in his estate in France.
By: Christopher Kelevedjiev
NORTH AMERICA
Q: What happened on Cartier’s second voyage?
SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN 1570-1635
THE CHRONICLES OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN
BY ANNIE PAN
Brouage, a small fishing town on the western coast of France, 1570. Samuel de Champlain was born into the Protestant family of a sea captain. Because of his family background, young Champlain was exposed to an abundance of navigation knowledge despite having had little formal education; this made him a skilled cartographer and navigator. In fact, he was not yet twenty when he made his first voyage, as far as to Spain and the West Indies, with his uncle. Samuel de Champlain’s early years of travel were quite eventful. Between 1599 and 1601, Champlain sailed on several voyages to the Spanish settlements in North America, during which his uncanny predictions about the network of geographic features in the region had built him a good reputation, which in turn provided great future opportunities. He was a geographer for King Henry IV, and then joined François Gravé Du Pont's expedition to Canada in 1603, thereby undertaking a highly-significant exploration of the St. Lawrence River, which was the first detailed account of the St. Lawrence since Cartier's voyages sixty years earlier.
Given his usefulness on Du Pont's voyage, the following year Champlain was to go on an expedition to Acadia led by Lieutenant-General Pierre Du Gua de Monts. After choosing a temporary settlement, the team built a fort and spent a winter
SYNOPSIS Champlain was a French diplomat, cartographer
and explorer, best known for establishing and governing the settlements in New France, particularly of Quebec in 1620.
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there; Samuel recorded poetically, "along the shores, one would think the trees were planted as ornaments". During the summer a year later, Champlain made a voyage to the coast of New England as far south as Cape Cod, and he was the first European to give a precise account of the Plymouth Rock region. It is notable that along the trips, life on board was harsh and many sailors in Champlain's settlement lost their lives to scurvy, a disease caused by the lack of Vitamin C in their diet; Vitamin C can be derived from fresh fruits and vegetables, which the French people obtained with the help of natives at their new settlement. In 1608, Champlain was named lieutenant to de Monts, and they set off on another expedition up the St. Lawrence. Upon arrival, they constructed a fort in what is now Quebec City. This occurred because Champlain told the French king, King Henry IV, about his discoveries, including the plentiful supply of beaver furs, and helped persuade King Henry IV to start a colony in North America.
NORTH AMERICA
FATHER OF NEW FRANCE
SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN 1570-1635
During these later years of his life, Champlain governed and wrote about his travels, until he died due to poor health in Quebec, on Christmas Day, 1635. In one of his records he wrote, “I have acquired interest, from a very young age, in the art of navigation, along with a love of the high seas.”
NORTH AMERICA
(Champlain’s Exploration Routes)
treaty was established, under which Quebec once again belonged to the French. Champlain, now older aged, was appointed as its governor, and returned to the city that he had devoted much of his life to establishing, in 1633.
Indeed, Champlain’s lifelong passion led him to become an indefatigable explorer, who helped In return for the exclusive right to trade with establish the Canadian city of Quebec as a trading the Aboriginal peoples, Champlain and de Monts, post, and colonize French North America, which is why promised to found a colony, explore the land, and he is often referred to as “the Father of New France”. convert the Algonquians to Christianity. This colony, His efforts are considered as important contributions Quebec, would soon become the hub for French fur to the power and wealth of trading. Although Champlain was his nation, since his trading surprised by the native people’s post brought many fur lack of clothing, their painted “The advice I give to all goods to the French people. bodies, and their unfamiliar adventurers is to seek a Furthermore, Champlain dances, he admired their helped to increase strength, cheerfulness, place where they may globalization during the Age intelligence, and health. He spent sleep in safety.” of Exploration, by interacting several years in Quebec to set and establishing mutual things in order, during which he relationships between the also established “the Order of Europeans and the native North American tribes. Good Cheer”, which was the first social club of Europeans in North America in 1606.
By 1615, in the hope of making better relationships between the French and the Huron tribe, Champlain made a brave voyage into the interior of Canada; Champlain’s team aided the Hurons in an attack on the Iroquois, but they lost the battle, and Champlain was hit in the knee with an arrow. His wound made him unable to walk, so he lived with the Hurons that winter, and during his stay, he composed one of the earliest and most detailed accounts of Native American life. It was also around this time that he discovered Lake Champlain. Samuel de Champlain headed the Quebec settlement for years, until the English attacked and took the Fort at Quebec in July, 1629, and Champlain was forced to return to France once again. However, three years later, in 1632, a French-British peace
Explorers’ Mailbox Q: “How did the arrival of horses from Europe to the Americas dramatically change the lives of the aboriginal people?” A: “Traveling for the natives was made easier and faster, and because of this, the nomadic people were able to acquire more goods, etc. food and clothing. This accumulation of more personal property
created
distinct
social
statuses.
Additionally, horses became important signs of wealth. 12
AMERIGO VESPUCCI 1451-1512
Amerigo Vespucci The story of one of his travels from Europe to Brazil On March 19th 1451 in Florence, Italy a new legend was born. This legend was named Amerigo Vespucci. Amerigo was one of the first Europeans to discover things that no other European had discovered before. Just as everyone else had a dream his was to sail and discover/explore more. Sometimes dreams are only just dreams… except for him, Amerigo sailed not so long after Columbus went and found the Americas. When he went out sailing he went to this place that Columbus was talking about during his travels. Amerigo came to the Americas and sailed to a lot of other places too. After sailing to the Americas he sailed more and found some land right under. He noticed that the massive piece of land under the Americas was actually connected to the Americas. He explored right off the coast of today known as Brazil and when finally finding Brazil he knew he was the first European to find it and he was proud about it. The Americas wasn’t called America till after Amerigo died in 1512. Between 1451 and 1512 more happened with him and his friend, Alonso de Ojedo. Before either of them actually went anywhere they went to sail together. They sailed toe the “Garden of Eden” as Columbus called it. They saw new things in the Garden of Eden, new creatures and they took some with them as a souvenir. They wanted to go home with things which they could show off. Where they could get all the credit of finding new land and new goods. After getting to the garden they chose to separate so that there is a bigger chance of finding new goods. Alonso went to the north in search for pearls and other valuables. On the other hand Vespucci likes exploring so he went to the south toward the coast. They travelled with horses and boats the wind was powerful and the water was strong. As much as they go knocked down during their conquest they still had to get back up. Like every other conquistador they had to pass all kinds of crazy obstacles. At the final end they got somewhere and got something. When Vespucci was headed towards his homeland the water was too strong and he had to head elsewhere. While looking for a place to sail he did see the top end of Brazil. He was the first European to have seen any part of Brazil. He ended up heading towards Portugal. The King of Portugal sent one of his men to claim the land of Brazil. When Amerigo got to Portugal the king was about to send some people to Brazil to see how much land he owned
overseas, Amerigo wanted to go too and have more time to investigate Brazil and he was willing to go under the Portuguese flag. Amerigo was a good man. He didn’t travel and search for land elsewhere for the money, no he wasn’t doing it for the fame but for the enjoyment itself. He was a very curios man when it came to the world. There was more to the world than many people thought there was. People from 1,000 years ago and even more missed a lot but today we are in the new world/society. He got to Brazil and he looked around the country with the beautiful birds. He saw a variety of birds with different colours, sizes, they were just a whole different species. He thought that the amount different birds in one place was magnificent. As much as he travelled from the beginning he was looking fro fixed stars but he never got there. He couldn’t figure out how to get there. He explored the world inside and out and no stars were to be found. He kept on trying till the end of his days. As said before, the end of his days was in 1512.
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SOUTH AMERCA
By: Sharlene Broekman
Across 6. What was Amerigo looking for from the beginning
Down
1. under what country flag did Amerigo go with back to Brazil 2. Who is America named after 3. Where was Amerigo Born 4. Who is the best friend that Amerigo travelled with 5. Where is Amerigo from 14
JUAN PONCE DE LEON 1460-1521
JUAN PONCE DE LEON All Things Juan Ponce de Leon
Juan Ponce de Leon was a soldier fighting Muslims in southern Spain in the early 1490’s, before he can an explorer.
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SOUTH AMERCA
By: Noah Wilson
JUAN PONCE DE LEON 1460-1521
Reporter, Noah Wilson, sat down with Juan Ponce de Leon and asked him about his life.
Q: Who are you and what is your profession? A: My name is Juan Ponce de Leon. I was born in 1460, in the Spanish village of Santervas de Campos in the current-day Province of Valladolid. I was a famous explorer who explored and colonized Florida.
Q: How many voyages did you make to Florida and when? A: My very first voyage, was Christopher Columbus’s 2nd voyage back to the Americas. After this, I ventured to Florida, a state in the Americas, to look for gold and wealth, and the mythical fountain of youth.
SOUTH AMERCA
Interview w/ Ponce de Leon farming colony. As my men went inland for fresh water, the Calusa, a native tribe ambushed us. I was shot in the thigh by an arrow and got seriously wounded. We then decided to abandon the settlement and sail back to Cuba.
Q: What was the effect of these voyages on the world? A: I was able to transport sweet fruits and other material, that were found in Florida, back to Europe. On another one of my voyages, quite by accident, I discovered the Gulf Stream, which flows out of the Golf of Mexico. This stream became extremely important to sailors due to its strong current, allowing sailors to travel faster along the Gulf of Mexico.
Q: Did you ever venture back to Florida a second time? A: In 1521, I ventured back to Florida to build a colony. I landed on the gulf beaches between Charlotte Harbour amd Estero Bay with over 200 settlers, horses, tools, and seeds. The plan was to set up a
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Vasco Nunez de Balboa 1475 - 1519
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
The great and handsome Vasco was an explorer and also a fencing master. His long life of exploring started when he was 25 years old, it was when Columbus came back from his third voyage and reported that he had found pearls and gold on the coast of the Garden of Eden. Well of course every explorer wanted to be the person who brings back the treasure so they all quickly decided to go see. Of course Balboa wasn’t like any other explorer so he packed his bags and left. He left Spain for this expedition in the 1500, it was led by Rodrigo de Bastidas. Rodrigues didn’t make it that far after exploring the coast of Columbia, on his way home his two ships crashed into rocks and sunk but Rodrigues and his men got to shore safely with the pearls and gold, and found new land. On this land made friends and worked very hard, but he kept owing debts which trapped him on the island longer, and stopped him from pursuing his dream of exploring.
Ojeda and Diego came in 1509 looking for recruits for a new colony he was planning to build, looking for a fierce and competitive fighter and soldier. Diego was going to rule the western side, and 17 Ojeda would rule the eastern
By Iris Franneck
they found (gold, pearls or treasure) would belong to him, but Balboa started arguing back at Enciso. So they decided the place belonged to no one because the other two rulers of the country were not there. They then agreed on letting the native people and the crew agree on a leader, and with no doubt they all picked Balboa.
side. They were also looking for a third partner, and if it wasn’t for Balboas debts, he would have signed up to be a recruit.
Vasco decided he had to get of the island, so he paid his friend to smuggle him onto Enciso’s ship as a stowaway. Balboa waited until it was too far to go back, then popped out of the barrel he was hiding in. Enciso was furious that he had been deceived, but still refused to go back. Vasco infuriated Enciso much more, because he even started giving directions to him, however his directions proved to be helpful.
After a long journey they had finally reached an island and called it Santa Maria de l’Antigua del Darien. Enciso kept insisting that whatever
Encisco wasn’t happy and he caused so much trouble on the island that they sent him back to Spain—he was lucky they didn’t kill him.
King Ferdinand of Spain then named Vasco the governor of Santa Maria de l’Antigua del Darien. He was quite a likeable leader, whilst other leaders usually would kill or captivate the natives, Balboa tried to avoid violence and wars. On the island Antigua, Balboa was had a good reputation and married the chief’s daughter. He also insisted that they had to get baptised (as Christians.)
SOUTH AMERICA
The tragic story of Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Vasco Nunez de Balboa 1475 - 1519
Until their lucky day struck on the 25th of September, one of their native guides showed them a mountain and said the sea can be seen when you go up there. They all ran to the mountain and absorbed the view and wondered hat they were going to do with all their gold they are going to find. They ended up finding millions of pearls and six thousand pesos in gold. Everybody celebrated as the treasures were split evenly, and Balboa became even more likeable amongst his people.
A secret spy was sent by the king to check up on Balboa. Although accusations were the reason that Pedro the spy was sent to watch him, Pedro didn’t see any problems with Vasco but
Arbolancha the new king wouldn’t believe that Balboa was such a good governor, so he made the natives and all the settlers to write a petition explaining they wanted Balboa to stay and keep ruling their island/settlement. Pedro was going to hurry the petition back to Spain, but three months had already passed and no one knew were Pedro was so they quickly got the new governor, Pedrarias de Avila, to sail to Antigua. He arrived on the 29th of June 1514 and was ready to re-create Antigua, he brought new people, horses, bells for their church and much more. But first, he went to Balboa and fined him with the charges that Enciso accused him of, and then they took him captive. Vasco hated the new governor but King Ferdinand wrote to Pedraries and said “to favour and deal well with Balboa”, and he even called him a leader. He told Vasco to give Avila advice but they despised of each other. So the new leader took complete advantage of Balboa, forcing him to give advice were all the gold was, but Avila wasn’t really sure if he should trust Balboa the information. Vasco who already left to go find the gold that Pedrarias wanted was sent back and someone else took over. Balboa was furious and didn’t say a word until he was accused of treason, tried, and convicted. In January 1519 Vasco Nunez de Balboa was beheaded, his short life was worth it and he was happy he did so much with it.
Timeline of his life
In 1475 Vasco Nunez de Balboa was born in Spain. In 1500 he went on his first real expedition with Rodrigues Bastidas. In 1509 Ojeda showed up on the island that was discovered and planned to make a new colony. In 1513 Vasco led an expedition from Antigua to find the new sea. (To find gold and treasure) In 1519 Balboas life has ended. He was beheaded.
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SOUTH AMERICA
Vasco de Balboa set out to search for gold and treasures. His journey was ruff and scary, they had passed millions of swamps and unpleasant creatures. This was the hardest thing they had ever faced, in the swamps they had to take of their clothes and rap them up in a bundle and carry them on their heads. And the cannibals were very hard to fight off, the moment they saw them they let out their terror dogs and they attacked and fired their guns and killed most of them so they had nothing to fear anymore. Balboa was getting anxious and worried because they had been on the job for weeks and hadn’t found the other sea that the natives were talking about…
FRANCISCO PIZARRO 1475 - 1541
Francisco Pizarro, was born in 1475. He never learned to read but he had a mind for business and he wanted to be a leader.
SOUTH AMERCA
Francisco Pizarro: Explorer or Looter?
Francisco Pizarro was from Trujillo in Spain. His father was an infantry officer, captain Gonzalo Pizarro. Francisco wanted to become rich and wealthy. He also wanted to become powerful. He was looking for gold, spices, pearls, and slaves. His first recorded expedition was in 1502 he sailed to the West Indies In 1513 Pizarro helped Vasco Núñez de Balboa to discover the Pacific Ocean, he was one of the senior officers. He stayed in Panama when Spain colonised the country. He became rich by buying farms, he had Indian slaves to run them. Francisco Pizarro, the explorer. He was greedy for gold so decided not to return home but to go in search of a land today known as Peru. He began the conquest of Peru in 1532. He captured and executed Atahualpa, the Inca Emperor. After conquering Peru, he founded the capital city, Lima. He quarrelled with his partner Almagro about political control and the division of wealth. Pizarro was killed by Almagro’s friends in 1541. His rule was short, barely ten years of living the rich life before he was brutally murdered.
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FERDINAND MAGELLAN 1480-1521
By Nichelle Pickelsimer
Ferdinand Magellan was born in 1480 in Sabrosa ,Portugal , and was the first European to sail the Pacific Ocean and circumnavigate the globe. He was born to a family of minor Portuguese nobility. At age 12 Magellan travelled with his brother to Lisbon to serve as pages at Queen Lenora's Court. Here, he was exposed to many stories of the PortuA portrait of Ferdinand Magellan guese and Spanish rivalry for exploration and dominance in He had no connections with the spice trade. This inanyone there and couldn’t Did you know that it was In Morocco spired Magellan, for he in 1513, where Magellan got an injury speak much Spanish, but too wanted the fame which resulted in him having a limp met another person from and glory that came with for the rest of his life? Portugal named Diogo Barexploration. bosa. He married his daughter, Beatriz and through the In Magellan’s mid-twenties he was recruitBarbosa family, he found a way to meet ed in a Portuguese fleet which took him to the King of Spain. King Charles I took to East Africa, where he fought in the Battle of Magellan's proposal and gave him the fiDiu, the fleet destroying Egyptian ships in nancial support he needed . the Arabian Sea. He also went to Malaysia, and finally Morocco where he suffered from an injury, Magellan and his men were given On August 10, 1519 Magellan and his ships left for his permission to become governors causing him to limp for the voyage to the Spice Islands. of any land they found on their rest of his life. After his injutrip around the world. He would travel from ry he was accused of trading Sanlúcar de Barrameda, illegally with the Moors, the Spain, and across the Atlantic Ocean. people of Malaysia and was not permitted There were 5 ships named the “Trinidad”, anymore jobs in Portugal. “San Antonio”, “Conception”, “Victoria”, and the “Santiago” Magellan leading the In 1517, Magellan went to King Manuel of Trinidad. They were to sail all the way from Portugal and proposed to him the idea of Spain across the Atlantic Ocean to South going westward to the Spice Islands. He America. Only 3 years later did the Victoria proposed several times, but the King reReturn with only 18 out of the original 270 fused. This frustrated Magellan, therefore, crew, without Magellan himself. he went to Spain to find financial support. 21
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Ferdinand Magellan
FERDINAND MAGELLAN 1480-1521
he sailed to the Philippine Archipelago and landed on the island of Cebu. Here Magellan
A map of the Strait of Magellan
befriended the locals, who he tried to convert to Christianity. At this point, Magellan was extremely close to reaching his goal of reaching the Spice Islands, Did you know that Magellan named the Pacific In October of 1520 until the locals asked for Ocean, calling it Mar Pacifico which translated to peaceful, that being how he found it? Magellan found a his aid in fighting Cebu's strait that was then neighbours, the Mactan named after himself, a sea route south of people. He led an attack on the island of mainland South America and north of Tierra Mactan, and there he died in combat, killed del Fuego. It was extremely dangerous to by a poison arrow on April 27, 1521. navigate and Magellan's crew continued to mistrust him even more. The crew of the Although Magellan wasn't able to reach is San Antonia goal, Europeforced their ans' geographDid you know the Strait of Magellan wasn’t the only thing named after the explorer? A type of South American penguin captain to deical knowledge was named the Magellanic penguin. There’s also been the Masert, turned increased a gellan spacecraft, the first to observe the surface of Venus. The their ship lot, and had Magellanic Clouds, which are two dwarf galaxies visible in the around and discovered an Southern hemisphere. All of these things were observed by left. At this entire ocean Magellan on his voyage. point, only 3 that was unof the 5 of known to EuroMagellan's ships remained with him. pean's, as well as the fact that the world was much larger than they originally In November of 1520 Magellan and his crew thought. Also, Magellan proved the earth came into the Pacific Ocean, named for be- was not flat through circumnavigating the ing so peaceful. It took 3 months for them globe. to cross and in March, 1521 Magellan came to the pacific island of Guam. From there, 22
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On the Easter of 1520, Magellan's crew made it to South America and stopped at port San Julian to restock their supplies, and where the crew mutinied. Magellan quickly took care of this situation though, and had one captain executed while leaving another behind. During this time, Magellan sent forth the Santiago to explore ahead where it was shipwrecked. Magellan and his crew left San Julian within 5 months of arriving there, after harsh weather and storms had stopped.
HERNÁN CORTÉS 1485-1524
Tales of a Spanish Conquistador By Arami Chrystal
Its 1519, 27 years have passed since Christopher Columbus discovered the New World. Dozens of explorer’s from Europe set off in a race to claim as much of the Americas as they can. Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés sets off the coast of Santiago, Cuba to find the land known as Mexico. Only he escaped without order of Diego Velazquez, the Spanish ruler of Cuba. Mexico had been rumoured to be filled with a large quantity of gold and wealth, but that the people there were a fearsome civilization known as the Aztecs. The Aztecs had been around since around the 13th century, and were seen as the most powerful civilization of all Mesoamerica. Thought Cortés knew it was a daring act, he went ahead and sailed the high seas in hope of power and wealth, for himself and his country. Upon arrival, Cortés first met a Mayan tribe, a completely different civilization that was in power much more before the Aztecs. When Cortes hit the shores, he was seen as an instant death threat. He came with eleven ships, over fivehundred men, hundreds of muskets, cannons, and more than a dozen horses.
SHORT BIO Hernánado Cortés was born into a lesser noble family in Medellin Spain in 1485. His dad was a Spanish Calvary who taught Cortes how to ride horses and work with a sword. When he was younger he studied at the University of Salamanca. In 1504, he gave up his job as a lawyer to travel to the new world with explorer Diego Velazquez to Cuba. Together they conquered Cuba. Whilst there, he worked as a notary and a person in the Civil government. He died in 1524 in Spain where he was retiring at the time.
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With this, the Mayans didn’t put up with much of a fight, for they had never seen things like that before. Instead they talked peacefully with the Spanish. When Cortés and his men arrived, the Mayans were able to recognize the language and direct him to a man named Jerónimo de Aguilar
Turns out that a few years prior to Cortés ’s arrival, another Spanish ship wrecked near the shores of where Cortés had landed, but only Aguilar survived. Since Aguilar had been there for a while, he became fluent in Mayan and was able to translate things for Cortés. The only problem was that Mayan was not the language the Aztecs knew. Soon, along with Aguilar, Cortés found another helpful translator by the name of Malintzin. Malintzin was a very educated Mayan women who spoke both Mayan and Nahuatl, the native language to the Aztecs. With her, Cortés could speak to Aguilar in Spanish, then translate it to Mayan through Malintzin, and then Malintzin could speak with the Aztecs and vice versa. This proves to be an extremely powerful weapon as the story continues. Through his translators, Cortés soon became aware that this land was truly filled with much gold. He also learnt about the challenges he will have to face in order to conquer the land. At the time the ruler of the Aztecs was Montezuma II. Montezuma was a fierce ruler, whose respect was built entirely out of fear. Some say the common citizens weren’t even allowed to look straight into his eyes. Montezuma was also infamous for his practice of human sacrifices. Aztec legend states that the world was created by three gods, all of whom For human sacrifices, a person sacrificed there lives would cut out another person’s still beating heart with their own bare to create different hands and raise it up to the sun so aspects of the unithe gods could see. verse. In order to pay tribute to the gods, at least 16 times year. These stories terrified most of the Spaniards, so much they begged Cortés to return home, but Cortés wouldn’t listen. As a result Cortes did one of the most daring things any Conquistador could do; he burnt all 11 of his ships so no man could go back. Their next act was to conquer the Aztecs, and in order to do that, they had to get to Montezuma first.
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HERNÁN CORTES
Montezuma lived in the Aztecs biggest and most astonishing city- Tenochtitlan. The journey there would take months, and Cortés knew he would encounter many enemies, but he was a determined man who wouldn’t stop at anything. Montezuma, who had messengers and spies to tract Cortés ’s every move, had even offered gold and gifts to get him to stop, but bribing was not something Cortés would conform to. Along his way, Cortés gained many people as allies. His most powerful allies were the people of Tlaxcala. The people of Tlaxcala were not at peace with the Aztecs, instead they were a rebellion against them, particularly for their human sacrifices. At first they fought fiercely with the Spanish, but soon after finding out they had a common enemy, came together to form the Spanish’s greatest allies. By the time they got to close to Tenochtitlan, they had hundreds of allies picked up along their way, but that’s not the only thing that helped Cortés in his conquest. A new weapon even so amazing Cortés couldn’t have wished for arose, something intangible and
side. When Cortes came back he ordered Montezu- AZTEC LEGEND SPOTLIGHT- WHO WAS ma to calm down his people, QUETZALCOATL? but instead something very Quetzalcoatl in Nahuatl means shocking happened. Monte- “feathered serpent.” This deity was zuma got struck by stone seen as the creator of the sky, agriand died- its arguable culture, the calendar and was the exactly which side was the symbol of death. Legend states cause of the crime. One other deity, Tezcatlipoca , drove could said it was the Span- him out of his own home and that iards who saw him as no use one day he will come back to take revenge and claim his land back. anymore, or perhaps his own people who were so angered by his actions and betrayal. Either way, it caused even more rebellion, causing the Spanish to get driven outside of the city. Many Spaniards died that day, was called it “La Noche Triste,” (The sad night.)
They took refuge in Tlaxcala, their strongest allies’ city. Though all of Cortés ’s men had lost hope, Cortés didn’t. Instead he took this time to further motivate his team and train. They also received new ships of supplies and men from Spain. Every day, the Spaniards and their allies would train so in a year’s time, they could come back stronger than ever. Ironically, one last final surprise arose. This one being the most deadly and powerful out of all: small poxes. Small poxes is a disease that the Spaniards unknowingly brought to Mexico. By the time they came back to Tenochtitlan, the small poxes spread like wildfire resulting in thousands of death. With that, Cortés was able to very The city of Tenochtitlan was built in the middle of extravagant easily conquer and claim the Aztec civilization for his own. lake, and use pathways on either side to get to land. He officially conquered the Aztecs in 1521 and in 1523 godly. Montezuma and most of the Aztecs thought Cortés became governor of what he now called it, New Spain. In was the god Quetzalcoatl, a light-skinned, bearded god, the end he killed thousands and completely destroyed the who in legend was destined to come back one day to claim beautiful civilization known as the Aztecs. his land back. Upon arrival to Tenochiltlan, Cortés was welcomed and lathered in gifts from Montezuma and his Jump to 2014, 45 years ago mankind had their first man on people. It wasn’t soon though until rumour arose that the moon. Humans are able to take planes across the world Montezuma was to ambush Cortés and the rest of the in under a day and talk to people miles away in seconds. Spaniards. Cortés didn’t want to take any risks, so as a Large plains of land that use to make up the Americas, are result, he took Montezuma as hostage. Now Cortés had a now all taken up by large, busy cities. After Cortés defeated complete grasp over the Aztec civilization, that’s until the mighty Aztecs, his actions allowed many other explorers to conquer the land. Soon, many other explorers Karma decided to change his faith. came to South America in hopes of colonizing the land. In 1520 just as Cortés had almost conquered what he had These actions lead to globalization, the interconnectedness sailed and hoped for, a new threat came about. One of our of the world by culture, ideas, technology and people. earlier characters, Diego Velazquez, had sent out a Today, 9/10 Mexicans are mestizo-a mixture of European powerful army to capture Cortés and the rest of his men. and Native American Decent. In South America and the Cortés had to leave Tenochtitlan to go fight the battle, and Caribbean, 18 countries have their official language as left half of his men to control the land. When in battle, Spanish. Relgion has also had a great impact on South Cortés was able to easily persuade and capture some of America. Today South America and the Caribbean make up the men with money and gifts to join his side. 42% of the Roman Catholic population. Without Cortés the Unfortunately in the time he was gone, revolts struck out new world wouldn’t be anything it is today. resulting in huge numbers of deaths, more so on the Aztec
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BLACKBEARD 1451-1345
EDWARD TEACH The Story of Blackbeard Blackbeard was one of the men who stuck out during the early 1700s for impacting the world, both positively and negatively. He was a well-known pirate with 12 wives and 13 kids and here, we will answer some questions in regards to this important figure.
Q. Who was Blackbeard? Q. When and where did Blackbeard sail around? Edward Teach, also known as Blackbeard, was A. Blackbeard called the Caribbean his home. a sailor, soldier, thief and pirate during the He sailed around small islands and even Golden Age of Piracy and Exploration. He was discovered some. It is said that Blackbeard believed to be born before 1690, in the city of was against colonies and never returned to Bristol in England. When he was young he Europe. The furthest north he was seen was went on a trading ship to the Caribbean near present day Miami, with a close friend; captained by Benjamin Hornigold and stole his Stede Bonnet. Blackbeard had a house in Plum own ship with plans to establish himself in the Point also known as Teach’s Point, close to Caribbean. He was a successful pirate, as he Bath, a small city in the Caribbean. His golden was one of the most feared pirates of all time, years were in 1716 to 1718 and he died, at the hijacking over 45 ships for their gold and end of 1718. riches.
Q. What did he do? A. Blackbeard hijacked over 45 ships in the Caribbean. His main objective were Spanish and French ships bringing riches from the New World back to Europe. Blackbeard, stole there riches and usually killed those on board. He also attacked slave ships as he was against slavery, and often invited people to his crew, or let them go free. As most pirates, Blackbeard was in love with gold, women and rum. He often hijacked ships and asked for a ransom, usually gold.
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Blackbeard’s Ship: Queen Anne’s Revenge
SOUTH AMERCA
By Fausto Grinspun
BLACKBEARD 1451-1345
A. Blackbeard had a very large and deadly ship named “Queen Anne’s Revenge”. This was his home for most of the time as he spent most time there. The ship was a 300-ton frigate which once had 66 guns. Blackbeard obviously sailed because he loved the ocean, he loved adventures and he loved stealing gold from others. But also, he was against the law because he wanted to prove that those times were really bad. People were not equal and he showed the poor workers that they worked extremely hard for people who lived in massive castles in Europe.
Q. What impact has Blackbeard had on the world? A. Blackbeard was not the greatest pirate of all, but he was surely the one with the greatest impact on the world. Firstly, he proved to the world that he was a product of what England wanted. The Queen of England allowed him to destroy Spanish and French
The Caribbean Sea
ships and he stretched this a little far. He showed us that the English created piracy and they were the true pirates. Secondly, empires wasted lots of money to catch pirates like Blackbeard and money that could have been used to build other stuff, went into creating new ships to end piracy. Thirdly, people like Blackbeard helped villagers and slaves from the New World dream further, inspire themselves with tales from other places and make them feel free. This could have only been done by a person who knows places well and believes in equality, like Blackbeard. Finally, piracy had a massive impact on the Caribbean cultures. People who were entirely dominated by the English crown suddenly had more access to new places. This led to a large mixture of cultures, traditions and groups of people. Slaves from Africa with Americans, with Europeans, and this resulted in many new cultures, religions and languages being formed and used.
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Q. Why and how did Blackbeard sail around the Caribbean?
MARCO POLO 1254-1324
The Travels to Mongol Empire In 1260, the brothers and Venetian merchants Niccolo and Matteo Polo travelled east from Europe. In 1265, they arrived at Kaifeng, the capital of Kublai Khan's (also known as the Great Khan) Mongol Empire. In 1269, the brothers returned to Europe with a request from Khan for the Pope to send one hundred missionaries to the Mongol Empire, to help convert the Mongols to Christianity. The Great Khan's message was given to the Pope but he did not send the 100 missionaries. Upon arriving in Venice, Nicolo discovered that his wife had died, leaving the care of a son, Marco (born in 1254 and thus fifteen years old), in his hands. In 1271, the two brothers and Marco began to trek eastward and in 1275 met the Great Khan. Khan liked the youthful Marco and conscripted him into service for the Empire. Marco served in Marco Polo from 1254-1324 was a Venetian merchant several high-level government positions, including as believed to have journeyed across Asia at the height of ambassador and as the governor of the city of the Mongol Empire. He first set out at age 17 with his Yangzhou. While the Great Khan enjoyed having the father and uncle, traveling overland along what later Polos as his subjects and diplomats, Khan eventually became known as the Silk Road. Upon reaching China, consented to allow them to leave the Empire, as long Marco Polo entered the court of powerful Mongol ruler as they would escort a princess who was scheduled to Kublai Khan, who dispatched him on trips to help adwed a Persian king. minister the kingdom. Marco Polo remained abroad for 24 years. Though not the first Map of Marco Polo’s travels European to explore China—his father and uncle, among others, had already been there—he became famous for his travels thanks to a popular book he co-authored while in a Genoese prison.
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Marco Polo and His Travels
The three Polo’s left the Empire in 1292 with the princess, a fleet of fourteen large boats, and 600 other passengers from a port in southern China. The armada sailed through Indonesia to Sri Lanka and India and onto its final destination at the Strait of Hormuz in the Persian Gulf. Supposedly, only eighteen people survived from the original 600, including the Princess who could not wed her intended fiancée because he had died, so she married his son instead.
geography of Asian provinces. It is divided into chapters covering specific regions and Polo delves into the politics, agriculture, military power, economy, burial system, and religions of each area. Polo brought the ideas of paper currency and coal to Europe. He also included second-hand reports of areas that he had not visited, such as Japan and Madagascar.
“I have not told half of what I saw”
-Marco Polo
The Questionable book The three Polos returned to Venice and Marco joined the army to fight against the city-state of Genoa. He was captured in 1298 and imprisoned in Genoa. While in prison for two years, he dictated an account of his travels to a fellow prisoner named Rustichello. Shortly after, The Travels of Marco Polo was published in French.
In conclusion Marco polo has changed the world around him by inspiring conquistadors to find and explore the places he reached. For example, Christopher Columbus took a copy of Marco Polo’s notebook with him on his adventure, hoping to see many of the riches and places Marco describes in his book. Marco Polo had admirable characteristics that are viewed today and his stories are still recognised and stir a strong reaction if it is real or not.
Though Polo's book exaggerates places and cultures (and some scholars believe he never went as far east as China but only described places other travellers had been to), his book was widely published, translated into many languages, and thousands of copies were printed.
Polo's book includes accounts of men with tails and cannibals seem to be around every corner (Presented below). The book is somewhat a Excerpt of Marco Polo’s writing 28
Bartholomew Dias First to reach the southern tip of Africa
By: Gabriella Macomber
In August 1487, Dias’ trio of ships left from the port of Lisbon, Portugal, after 10 months of preparation for the journey. Bartholomew Dias (c. 1451- May 29, 1500) was a Portugese explorer that became the first European mariner to round the southern tip of Africa, opening the way for a sea route from Europe to Asia. He also discovered for Europe the south-east trade winds which allowed Europe to discover the west and south of South Africa, establishing the wind system for those who sailed after him. Before he became a mariner, he was at the court of João II, king of Portugal (1455-1495), and was a superintendent of the royal warehouses.
Empire’s conquest of the remnants of the Byzantine Empire. Dias followed the route of the 15th-century Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão (c. 1450-c. 1486), who had followed the coast of Africa as far as present-day Cape Cross, Namibia. And how did he get all the supplies for the journey? Well, King JoÃo II of Portugal financed Dias’ expedition.
Now about his journey. His expedition party included six Africans who had been brought to Portugal by earlier explorers. Dias dropped off the Africans at different ports along the coastline of Africa with supplies of gold and silver and messages of goodwill from the Portuguese to the indigenous people. The last two Africans were left at a place the Portuguese sailors called Angra do Salto, in modern Angola, and the expedition’s supply ship was left there under guard of nine men. At one point during the journey, Dias and his men were lost, loosing hope fast. Finally, when hope was almost lost, the crew spotted landfall on February 3, 1488, about 300 miles east of present-day Cape of Good Hope. They found the Cape of Good Hope, located in Cape Town, South Africa. But why is it called the Cape of Good Hope? Is it because they almost lost hope, then found the Cape? Dias originally named the Cape the Cape of Storms because of all the violent storms in the area. King John II later renamed the area so it would not sound so horrific; he wanted to encourage others to travel in that direction. The strongest reason for Dias to go on this adventure would be that he wanted to find a faster route to Asia, since Portugal and other European nations has already created ties to this continent. Also, the overland route had been closed in the 1450s due to the Ottoman
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BARTHOLOMEW DIAS 1450-1500
A portrait of Bartholomew Dias
BARTHOLOMEW DIAS 1450-1500 opened up the sea route to the Indies; it paved a way for contact between Europe, Africa, and the East, greatly extending the Portuguese sphere of influence.
A map of Dias’ route
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Bartholomew Dias discovered the Cape of Good Hope, which was a huge advantage for other ships, because now they could use his route to get to Asia and to Europe. How does it affect today? It is said that the discovery also prompted Genoan explorer Christopher Columbus (1451-1506), then living in Portugal, to seek a new royal patron for a mission to establish his own sea route to the Far East. Thanks to Dias, Christopher Columbus discovered the lands of America (whether he discovered America is still under discussion). This voyage of Dias not only
VASCO DA GAMA 1460s- 1524)
By: Alana Deacon
Which nation contributed the most to sea exploration in the fifteenth century? There was a nation that in only 100 years managed to sail in every ocean and every major sea. Portugal was the country that led the greatest expansion of the known world in the history of the world. In only one hundred years they managed to be the first Europeans in nearly one half of the globe, as well as one of the first countries first to push south. One of their most popular voyages, was the voyage that Vasco da Gama's sailed on.
the Mediterranean ports used by European merchants.
Although these trade routes seemed easy, they had their problems. The land route was not only long, but sea routes were very expensive. Europeans had to pay high prices to Arabs who had bought silks and spices from parts of India, China and the islands of the East Indies. If Europeans were able to discover a sea route around Africa, they could overcome these problems and control their own trade with the East. Since Portugal was Five centuries ago, no one neighbouring Africa’s Atlantic coast, knew if it was possible to sail around it gave an opportunity to explore to Africa. In the 1400s. People weren’t the Southern tip of Africa. sure that they could sail from the Vasco Da Gama was born on Atlantic into the Indian Ocean 1460 or 1469 in Sines, Portugal, to a without carrying their ships through family of nobles. His father, was also land. The theories was that Africa an explorer. As a member of the connected to another continent, or nobility, he led a Portuguese attack maybe the Indian Ocean was a sea on French ships in 1492, and later surrounded by land. served as a gentleman at the court of Like many European explorers, King Manuel I. There Da Gama the Portuguese mariner Vasco da learned to navigate in the navy. In Gama set to sail to gain wealth and 1497, da Gama was appointed to power for himself and his country. command a ship with the goal of For Europeans, especially the discovering a sailing route to India. Portuguese, finding out if a voyage The Portuguese continued the around Africa could really be made tradition, begun by Prince Henry the was important because East Asia Navigator (1394-1460) and continued produced spices, silks and other fine exploring the African coast. This had goods. The only way to get these been done by bits and pieces, with goods from Asia to Europe was by each subsequent probe venturing carrying them over land, in caravans just a bit further south, until that travelled thousands of miles. Or Bartolomeu Dias (c. 1450-1500) had by sea – Arab traders sailed from rounded the Cape of Good Hope at Asia to Europe (vice-versa) across the the continent's southern tip in 1487Indian Ocean. From the Middle East, 1488. Now Manuel was prepared to caravans would take them by land to 31
Vasco Da Gama (1460s – 23 December 1524)
take the bold step of passing the Cape by and sailing across thousands of miles of open sea to India. Therefore on July 7, 1498, da Gama and his crew set sail from Lisbon aboard four ships. Da Gama went on his expedition on July 8th 1497, his goal was to each the city of Calicut on the Malabar, (the south-western, coast of India) by going on an all sea route. Portugal was hoping to establish direct trade with India to avoid the high tariffs charged by Arabs, who controlled trade throughout the Mediterranean at the time. The spice trade would increase Portugal's wealth greatly. There was an advantage because of the direction of the winds traveling south; sailing down to the south coast of Africa would be quicker and easier. The expedition then rounded the Cape of Good, after sailing up the coast of east Africa. By the time they reached Indian Ocean waters, most of his crew was infected with scurvy. Da Gama made landfall in Mozambique to rest and resupply.
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Vasco Da Gama
VASCO DA GAMA 1460s- 1524) securing Portugal’s position as a dominant spice trader. Da Gama left Cochin in February 1503. During his return journey, he established Portuguese trading posts in what is now Mozambique. Portugal would later become the major colonial power in Mozambique.
The Europeans assumed the locals were Christians, though they were actually Hindus. Despite this misunderstanding, the ruler of Calicut agreed to trade with da Gama and he requested a large supply of valuable spices.
Da Gama lived in Portugal with his wife, six sons and one daughter for 20 years. King John III asked da Gama to return to India once again. He was requested to help deal with the increasing corruption of the Portuguese officials there. In 1524, da Gama yet again set sail — this In August, after three months time with the title of Viceroy. in India, da Gama’s fleet left Calicut — despite advice that monsoon Da Gama died in Cochin from season was approaching. The ships an unnamed illness on Dec 24th, encountered terrible storms during 1524. He was initially buried in a their journey. The passage across the Catholic church in Kochi, but his Indian Ocean — which had previously remains were brought back to taken little more than three weeks — Portugal in 1538. took more than three months. So He was the first European many men died of scurvy during the explorer who sailed around the Cape crossing that da Gama ordered the of Good Hope, to India to set up the St. Rafael burned for lack of crew. spice trade route by sea for the The ships split up off the Portuguese. It allowed Portuguese to western coast of Africa, returning to build their empire by controlling Lisbon at different times. It took da ports in Africa and control the spice Gama’s fleet more than a year to trade (until the Brits and Dutch later). return to their homeland after Vasco da Gama's presence also leaving India. Though only 54 of the stopped the Muslim invasion and original 170-member crew returned enslavement of Africa. Vasco Da to Portugal in 1499, Da Gama Gama has left a huge footprint on the received a hero’s welcome. The spice history of several continents. trade became hugely important for Portugal. His brutal practices continued once he reached Calicut. There, da Gama destroyed the trading post and killed 38 hostages. Once he had the Calicut ruler’s surrender, da Gama went south to Cochin (known as Kochi today). There, he made an alliance with the local ruler, further
Facts
Historians cannot agree whether he was born in 1460 or 1469, but they do know he died on December 23rd, 1524.
Because there was a monsoon wind, he and his men arrived in India in less than one month.
On the return voyage, half of Vasco da Gama`s crew died from scurvy.
Vasco da Gama was the commander of two more trips to India.
While in Calicut he demanded that all Muslims be banned from India. The king refused.
Vasco da Gama was given Vidigueira, a newly created county in 1519.
Vasco da Gama's first voyage to India is considered to be the beginning of global multiculturalism.
Vasco Da Gama had one daughter and six sons. His second born son later became the governor of Portuguese India.
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They then landed in Mombasa and Malindi, where an Arab navigator assisted them inreaching the Indian coast, Calicut (now known as Kozhikode) in May 1498. They had sailed for 23 days before arriving in Calicut. This voyage launched the all-water route from Europe to Asia.
The ship believed Vasco Da Gama sailed on.
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Sir Francis Drake 1540– 1592 By: Amma Tettey
Sir Francis Drake Exclusive Interview
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Here is an exclusive interview with the great sailor Sir Francis Drake, we’re going to get all the details of his voyage and his life, so read more to know all about the wonderful Sir Francis Drake. (Francis Drake: 1542– 1596) Interviewer: Hello Sir Francis Drake, it is a pleasure to meet you! Francis: The pleasure is all mine, and your name is? Interviewer: My name is Emily, and I’ll be asking a few questions. Francis: Alright, let’s start. Interviewer: Ok first, could you give us a brief summary of your
A Map
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Francis: Well… in May 1585, The King in Spain named King Philip stopped all trade with England. So the queen sent me to stop this, I then captured the Spanish Treasure ship. Spain then gathered a large navy of ships to attack England. In 1588, the English and Spanish navies met. With my help, many Spanish ships were destroyed. It was a great victory
adventurous life, before we get into the details? Francis: Of course! Well, as you obviously know I am a sailor, who’s sailed around the world at a young age. I was born around 1540, so I’m real old. I explored the world between 1577 and 1578. The queen loves me… well used to because I made England a stronger
for us. All that made the Queen like me even more, I eventually became knight because of how much wealth I brought to England, and the queen. Interviewer: Oh wow… I’m speechless, so talk to me more, about your voyage around the world. Francis: Sure, my first voyage was set across the Atlantic Ocean. It was in De-
and wealthier country. I am a handsome, charming, and famous red haired Englishman. Everyone loves me, well, obviously except for the Spanish Armada. Oh how the Spanish Armada hate me with passion--Interviewer: Why does the Spanish Armada hate you with passion?! Tell us everything!
cember, 13th, 1577. I went with five ships, my partners and I had a very difficult voyage, and it was really frustrating. I also sailed along the pacific coast of North America. When I sailed back home, I came with loads of gold, which made me filthy rich, so I was living the life, and loving it. I also went to San Julian, Sao Tiago, and explored many other places.
A portrait of Sir Francis Drake
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Sir Francis Drake Exclusive Interview
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JAMES COOK 1728 - 1779 OTHER
Captain James Cook 1728-1779 Liako Anderson: Good afternoon Captain Cook. How are you today? Captain Cook: I’m fine thanks and how are you? Liako Anderson: I’m great thanks. Let’s get down to business, when and where were you born? Captain Cook: Well I was born on October 27, 1728, in England. I was born in a small village called Marton, this was located inside of Yorkshire. Liako Anderson: Oh yes? Tell me about your first encounter with the sea. Captain Cook: Well, you see, my first encounter was when I was 18 years old. I had taken a job of being part of a crew on the “Whitby Collier” its job was to ship coal to London and back. Liako Anderson: And how long did you work on that ship? Captain Cook: I worked there for about 10 years.
Liako Anderson: What happened after your coal trading? Did you do anything in your spare time? Coal trading sounds really time consuming? Captain Cook: Why yes, it was. I became a talented mathematician. After my trading I was offered command of a ship but refused and joined the Royal Navy. It was called the Endeavour Liako Anderson: Oh wow! What did you do in the Navy? Where did you go? Captain Cook: Well many different things and many different places. The first place that we went was in Tahiti, my crew and I went in 1767. Then we went to New Zealand in 1768, and finally sailed to Australia. And all of this was one trip! Liako Anderson: Oh wow! Did you happen to claim any of the lands? Captain Cook: Now that you mention it we did, we claimed both New Zealand and Australia for Great Britain. Liako Anderson: That’s so interesting! What did you do after that? Captain Cook: I was given two new ships and set sail to Africa in 1772 and reached Cape Town and In South Africa. We then found out about another voyage from South Africa to the far south. We continued south and came across a huge iceberg. We stopped there and found it was a huge land mass of ice. It was quite fascinating. Liako Anderson: Wow that sounds amazing. How did you feel whenever you found land? Captain Cook: It was really …Amazing as you said, the world is so big. Whenever we found something I had this wave of happiness. Especially when we had claimed New Zealand and Australia. Liako Anderson: Well it was absolutely amazing talking to you! I hope you have a great day. Captain Cook: It was great sharing my experiences! I hope you got what you wanted. Thank you.
By: Liako Anderson
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JAMES COOK 1728 - 1779 OTHER
Captain Cook Facts
Captain James Cook could have been the inventor of the powdered soup, it was made do that crew members could have hot soup in seconds. Just add water to your powder and voila! The crew on Cook’s ship started the tradition of sailors getting tattoos, this started when the ship sailed to New Zealand and found that the Maori people tattooed their faces for traditional purposes. The crew then tattooed their arms and sailed back starting a new trend. Captain James Cook died on Valentine’s Day in Hawaii. Captain Cook joined the British royal navy when he was only a teenager.
By: Liako Anderson
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