Early Medieval Agriculture, Livestock and Cereal Production in Ireland, AD 400–1100 Finbar McCormick Thomas R. Kerr Meriel McClatchie Aidan O’Sullivan
BAR International Series 2647 2014
Published by Archaeopress Publishers of British Archaeological Reports Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED England bar@archaeopress.com www.archaeopress.com
BAR S2647 Early Medieval Agriculture, Livestock and Cereal Production in Ireland, AD 400–1100 Š Archaeopress and the authors 2014 ISBN 978 1 4073 1286 6
Cover image: Photo reconstruction of the early medieval cashel at Cahercommaun, Co. Clare, with garden plots, cattle paddocks and a small field of wheat immediately adjacent to it; cattle herds graze the grasslands in open countryside around it. By Conor McDermott, UCD School of Archaeology, based on an aerial photograph by the National Monuments Service Photographic Unit, Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht: reproduced by permission. The Early Medieval Archaeology Project (EMAP) gratefully acknowledges the support of the Heritage Council through their Irish National Strategic Archaeological Research (INSTAR) programme, which is funded by the National Monuments Service of the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.
Printed in England by Information Press, Oxford All BAR titles are available from: Hadrian Books Ltd 122 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7BP England
www.hadrianbooks.co.uk
The current BAR catalogue with details of all titles in print, prices and means of payment is available free from Hadrian Books or may be downloaded from www.archaeopress.com
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables and Figures ................................................................................................................................................. v Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................................ x CHAPTER 1: THE FARMING LANDSCAPE OF EARLY MEDIEVAL IRELAND ............................................ 1 By Finbar McCormick, Aidan O’Sullivan and Thomas R. Kerr Introduction . ................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Fields and the Organisation of the Farming Landscape .............................................................................................. 2 Fencing ............................................................................................................................................................................. 2 Enclosure as an Indicator of Arable Land ........................................................................................................................ 3 Archaeological Evidence for Field Boundaries and Enclosures ................................................................................. 4 Fields at Raths/Ringforts/Cashels .................................................................................................................................... 4 Fields at Settlements with Attached Enclosures ............................................................................................................. 12 Fields and Enclosures: Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 20 Tools and Tillage ........................................................................................................................................................... 21 Plough and Harrow ........................................................................................................................................................ 21 Hand Tools ...................................................................................................................................................................... .22 Cereal Production and Processing .............................................................................................................................. 24 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... . 24 Grain Processing ............................................................................................................................................................ 26 Cereal-drying Kilns ........................................................................................................................................................ 27 The Location of Kilns ...................................................................................................................................................... 30 Kilns and Associated Features ....................................................................................................................................... . 30 Mills and Milling ........................................................................................................................................................... 34 Early Medieval Horizontal and Vertical Mills ................................................................................................................ 34 Livestock Farming ........................................................................................................................................................ 37 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 2: THE PLANT REMAINS FROM EARLY MEDIEVAL IRELAND ............................................... 39 by Meriel McClatchie Introduction . ................................................................................................................................................................. 39 Research Background .................................................................................................................................................. . 39 Methodology .................................................................................................................................................................. 40 Selection of Sites ............................................................................................................................................................. 40 Recording of Data .......................................................................................................................................................... 40 Sites Analysed ................................................................................................................................................................. 41 Analyses .......................................................................................................................................................................... 41 Relative Occurrence of Different Cereal Types ............................................................................................................... 41 Relative Dominance of Cereal Types .............................................................................................................................. 44 Relative Occurrence of Non-Cereal Crops and Wild Plants .......................................................................................... 46 Discussion ...................................................................................................................................................................... 47 Overview . ........................................................................................................................................................................ 47 Cereals ............................................................................................................................................................................ 47 Non-Cereal Crops: Flax and Legumes ............................................................................................................................ 48 Potentially Managed and Wild Plants ............................................................................................................................ 49 Future Potential and Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER 3: THE ANIMAL REMAINS FROM EARLY MEDIEVAL IRELAND ........................................... 61 by Thomas R. Kerr Literature Background ................................................................................................................................................ 61 Zooarchaeological Background .................................................................................................................................... 62 Archaeological Record ................................................................................................................................................. 63 iii
(1) Do the faunal remains indicate a change in the composition of the farming economy in Ireland during the early medieval period? . .................................................................................................................................... 66 (2) Do the faunal remains indicate a regional pattern in the farming economy in Ireland during the early medieval period? .............................................................................................................................................................. 85 (3) Do the faunal remains indicate a change in the size of domesticates in Ireland during the early medieval period? . ............................................................................................................................................................ 90 (4) Can the age/death pattern of the cattle bones be related to changes in farming practice? ............................... 92 (5) Can the age/death pattern of the sheep bones be related to changes in farming practice? .............................. 97 Discussion ...................................................................................................................................................................... 99 APPENDIX 1: PLANT REMAINS GAZETTEER ................................................................................................. 101 by Meriel McClatchie APPENDIX 2: ANIMAL REMAINS GAZETTEER .............................................................................................. 305 by Thomas R. Kerr BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................................................... 666
iv
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Tables Table 1 Charred plant remains recorded ....................................................................................................................... 51 Table 2Waterlogged plant remains recorded .................................................................................................................. 56 Figures Fig. 1: Fig. 2: Fig. 3: Fig. 4: Fig. 5: Fig. 6: Fig. 7: Fig. 8: Fig. 9: Fig. 10: Fig. 11: Fig. 12: Fig. 13: Fig. 14: Fig. 15: Fig. 16: Fig. 17: Fig. 18: Fig. 19: Fig. 20: Fig. 21: Fig. 22: Fig. 23: Fig. 24:
Fig. 25: Fig. 26: Fig. 27: Fig. 28: Fig. 29: Fig. 30: Fig. 31: Fig. 32: Fig. 33: Fig. 34: Fig. 35: Fig. 36: Fig. 37: Fig. 38: Fig. 39: Fig. 40: Fig. 41: Fig. 42: Fig. 43: Fig. 44: Fig. 45:
Cahercommaun, Co. Clare (after Hencken 1938, 4) . ........................................................................................ 5 Balriggan, Co. Louth (after Delaney 2010a, 92) ............................................................................................. . 6 Carrigatogher, Co. Tipperary (after Taylor 2010, 281) ..................................................................................... 6 Newtownbalregan, Co. Louth (after Roycroft 2011, 7) ....................................................................................... 7 Twomileborris, Co. Tipperary (after Ó Droma 2008, 52) .................................................................................. 8 Rochfort Demesne, Co. Westmeath (after Channing 2007, 112) ........................................................................ 8 Raheens I, Co. Cork (after Lennon 1993, 76) .................................................................................................... 9 Loughbown (2), Co. Galway (after Bower 2009b, 29) ........................................................................................ 9 Magheraboy, Co. Sligo (after Danaher 2007, 137) .......................................................................................... 10 Mackney, Co. Galway (after Delaney 2009, 69) ............................................................................................... 10 Lisanisk, Co. Monaghan (National Roads Authority) ....................................................................................... 11 Cloonaghboy, Co. Mayo (after Gillespie and Kerrigan 2010, 322) ................................................................. 11 Cush, Co. Limerick (after Edwards 1990, 55) .................................................................................................. 13 Newtown, Co. Limerick (after Coyne 2006, 69) ................................................................................................ 14 Johnstown, Co. Meath (after Carlin et al 2008, Fig. 4:2) ............................................................................... 15 Lowpark, Co. Mayo (after Gillespie and Kerrigan 2010) ................................................................................. 16 Dowdstown 2, Co. Meath (Cagney and O’Hara 2009, Fig. 7.2) ...................................................................... 17 Dowdstown 2, Co. Meath (Cagney and O’Hara 2009, Fig. 7:1) ...................................................................... 18 Baronstown, Co. Meath (Linnane and Kinsella 2009b, Fig. 6:5) ..................................................................... 19 Castlefarm, Co. Meath (O’Connell 2009a, Fig. 3.1) ........................................................................................ 20 Spade shoes from Ballinderry II (top left), Dublin (lower left) and Waterford, and socketed spade from Dublin (after Hencken 1942, 47; Scully 1997, 471; Wallace 1998, 206-7) – not to scale ........................................... 23 Oak spade from Kilbegley, Co. Roscommon (Valerie J Keeley Ltd – after Jackman 2009, 16) ....................... 24 Early medieval composite spade (after Morris 1981, 52) ................................................................................. 24 Sickle or sickle-like tools from Leacanabuaile (left), Lagore and Dublin (after Hencken 1950, 105; Ó Ríordáin and Foy 1941, 91; Wallace 1998, 206). The Strokestown sickles are after Duignan (1944, 144) as is the Lagore example in the lower middle which is not included in the excavation report. The undated Lisnacrogher example is from Wood-Martin 1886, 176) ........................................................................................................ 25 Drumadoon, Co. Antrim. Cereal store (Hut 1) (after McSparron and Williams 2009, 121) ............................ 28 Radiocarbon dates from sample of early medieval kilns with kiln types indicated (2 sigma) ........................... 29 Radiocarbon dates for corn drying kilns at 1 and 2 sigma .............................................................................. 29 Dowdstown 1, Co. Meath. Enclosures 8 and 9 (after O’Hara et al 2009, Fig. 13) .......................................... 31 D-shaped enclosure at Baronstown with kiln F4199 (after Linnane and Kinsella 2009a, Fig. 20) ................. 31 Baronstown – circular enclosure with kiln (after Linnane and Kinsella 2009a, Fig. 23) ................................ 32 Sallymount, Co. Tipperary – kilns and associated screens (after Clark and Long 2009a, Fig. 20) ................. 33 Sallymount, Co. Tipperary – site plan (after Clark and Long 2009a, Fig. 3) ................................................... 33 Dendrochronological dates from mills (after McErlean and Crothers 2007, 11) ............................................ 35 Mill complex at Ballyviggis, Co. Down (OS 1st edition, revision) .................................................................... 36 Nendrum – corn drying mill (McErlean and Crothers 2007 Fig. 12:21a: copyright NIEA) ........................... 37 Distribution map of examined early medieval sites (total sites n = 60) ............................................................ 42 Relative occurrence of cereal types (total phases of activity n=165) (dark bar = cereal genus; lighter bar = cereal species/variety) . .............................................................................................................. 42 Relative occurrence of cereal types during different time periods (total phases of activity n=70) .................. 43 Relative occurrence of cereal types by region (total phases of activity n=165) ............................................... 44 Relative occurrence of cereal types by site type (total phases of activity n=149) ........................................... . 44 Relative dominance of cereal types (total phases of activity n=79) .................................................................. 45 Relative dominance of cereal types by period (total phases of activity n=36) .................................................. 45 Relative dominance of cereal types by region (total phases of activity n=79) .................................................. 45 Relative dominance of cereal types by site type (total phases of activity n=72) ............................................... 46 Relative occurrence of non-cereal crops and wild plants (total phases of activity n=165) .............................. 46 v
Fig. 46: Fig. 47: Fig. 48: Fig. 49:
Distribution map of early medieval sites with faunal reports in Ireland (see figs 47 and 48 for insets) .......... 64 Distribution of early medieval sites with faunal reports in Meath/Dublin region ........................................... 65 Distribution of early medieval sites with faunal reports in Galway/Clare region . .......................................... 65 MNI for three main domesticates (Black = Cattle; Striped = Sheep/Goat; Grey = Pig) for 5th/6th Century (see Fig. 50 for inset) ................................................................................................................................................ 67 Fig. 50: MNI for three main domesticates (Black = Cattle; Striped = Sheep/Goat; Grey = Pig) for 5th/6th Century . 68 Fig. 51: MNI for three main domesticates (Black = Cattle; Striped = Sheep/Goat; Grey = Pig) for 6th/7th Century (see Fig. 52 for inset) ................................................................................................................................................ 69 Fig. 52: MNI for three main domesticates (Black = Cattle; Striped = Sheep/Goat; Grey = Pig) for 6th/7th Century .. 70 Fig. 53: MNI for three main domesticates (Black = Cattle; Striped = Sheep/Goat; Grey = Pig) for 7th/8th Century (see Fig. 54 for inset) ................................................................................................................................................ 71 Fig. 54: MNI for three main domesticates (Black = Cattle; Striped = Sheep/Goat; Grey = Pig) for 7th/8th Century . 72 Fig. 55: MNI for three main domesticates (Black = Cattle; Striped = Sheep/Goat; Grey = Pig) for 8th/9th Century (see Fig. 56 for inset) ................................................................................................................................................ 73 Fig. 56: MNI for three main domesticates (Black = Cattle; Striped = Sheep/Goat; Grey = Pig) for 8th/9th Century . 74 Fig. 57: MNI for three main domesticates (Black = Cattle; Striped = Sheep/Goat; Grey = Pig) for 9th/10th Century (see Fig. 58 for inset) ........................................................................................................................................ 75 Fig. 58: MNI for three main domesticates (Black = Cattle; Striped = Sheep/Goat; Grey = Pig) for 9th/10th Century 76 Fig. 59: MNI for three main domesticates (Black = Cattle; Striped = Sheep/Goat; Grey = Pig) for 10th/11th Century (see Fig. 60 for inset) ........................................................................................................................................ 77 Fig. 60: MNI for three main domesticates (Black=Cattle; Striped=Sheep/Goat; Grey=Pig) for 10th/11th Century ... 78 Fig. 61: MNI for three main domesticates (Black = Cattle; Striped = Sheep/Goat; Grey = Pig) for 11th/12th Century (see Fig. 62 for inset) ........................................................................................................................................ 79 Fig. 62: MNI for three main domesticates (Black=Cattle; Striped=Sheep/Goat; Grey=Pig) for 11th/12th Century ... 80 Fig. 63: MNI by site . ...................................................................................................................................................... 81 Fig. 64: NISP by site ...................................................................................................................................................... 82 Fig. 65: MNI averaged by chronological band ............................................................................................................. 83 Fig. 66: NISP of Sheep, Pigs and Cattle from early medieval samples in Le Languedoc-Rousillon (SW France) (after Rodet-Belarbi 2011) and comparative NISP from Ireland ............................................................................... . 83 Fig. 67: MNI by percentage from Anglo-Saxon sites (after O’Connor 2011) ................................................................ 84 Fig. 68: Average MNI by species ................................................................................................................................... 85 Fig. 69: The three regional study areas – Ulster (grey); Meath/Dublin (broad horizontal stripes); the West (narrow diagonal stripes) ................................................................................................................................................ 86 Fig. 70: Average MNI by species in Meath/Dublin and Ulster ..................................................................................... 87 Fig. 71: Average NISP by species in Meath/Dublin, Ulster and the West ..................................................................... 88 Fig. 72: Percentages of cattle, sheep and pig by bóaire (farmer) grade according to Críth Gablach .......................... 87 Fig. 73: Average MNI in Meath/Dublin and Ulster regions arranged chronologically with Críth Gablach inset for comparison ....................................................................................................................................................... 89 Fig. 74: Estimated withers heights of bulls ................................................................................................................... 90 Fig. 75: Estimated withers heights for cows .................................................................................................................. 91 Fig. 76: Estimated withers height for sheep ................................................................................................................... 91 Fig. 77: Average toothwear in cattle arranged by chronological bands ....................................................................... 93 Fig. 78: Average toothwear in cattle arranged by tooth age ......................................................................................... 94 Fig. 79: Average epiphyseal fusion in cattle arranged by chronological bands ........................................................... 94 Fig. 80: Average epiphyseal fusion in cattle arranged by fusion age ............................................................................ 94 Fig. 81: Sites with high percentages of ‘old’ (i.e. 4 years+) cattle by toothwear and fusion ........................................ 95 Fig. 82: Average epiphyseal fusion in cattle arranged by region and chronological bands ......................................... 96 Fig. 83: Average epiphyseal fusion in cattle arranged by region and by fusion age ..................................................... 97 Fig. 84: Average toothwear in sheep arranged by chronological bands ....................................................................... 98 Fig. 85: Average toothwear in sheep arranged by tooth age ......................................................................................... 98 Fig. 86: Plan of excavations at Aghaloo Church (after Carver 2007, 84) ................................................................... 103 Fig. 87: Plan of excavations at Ballybrowney Lower, Site 1 (after Cotter 2005, 40) ................................................... 106 Fig. 88: Plan of site at Ballyegan showing areas excavated (after Byrne 1991, 7) ...................................................... 109 Fig. 89: Excavations at Ballynacarriga 2, Co. Cork (after Kiely and Lehane 2011) ................................................... 110 Fig. 90: Plan of areas of excavation and magnetometry survey at Ballynagallagh (after Cleary 2006, 4) ................. 114 Fig. 91: Plan of enclosures at Ballyutoag, Co. Antrim (after Williams 1984, 39) ....................................................... 116 Fig. 92: Plan of enclosure, house and field boundaries at Cahircalla More, Co. Clare (after Taylor 2006) .............. 128 Fig. 93: Plan of excavations at Caraun More, Co. Galway (after Seaver and Conran 2009) ..................................... 130 Fig. 94: Plan of excavations at Carnmore West, Co. Galway (after Sutton 2008) ....................................................... 133 Fig. 95: Plan of Carraig Aille II, Co. Limerick (after Ó Ríordáin 1949, plate II) ....................................................... 137 Fig. 96: Plan of Enclosure at Carrowkeel, Co. Mayo (after Wilkins and Lalonde 2008, 58) ...................................... 138 Fig. 97: Enclosures at Castlefarm, Co. Meath (after O’Connell 2006, 19) ................................................................. 144 vi
Fig. 98: Plan of Church Island, Co. Kerry (after O’Kelly 1958, Plate XVII) ............................................................... 153 Fig. 99: Plan of excavations at Clonfad, Site 3 (after Stevens 2009, Figure 6) ........................................................... 155 Fig. 100: Phases at Collierstown, Co. Meath (after O’Hara 2009a) ............................................................................ 159 Fig. 101: Early medieval burials at Cross ring-ditch, Co. Galway (after Mullins 2009b) ........................................... 163 Fig. 102: Plan of kilns at Curtaun 1, Co. Galway (after Delaney, S. 2010b) ................................................................ 165 Fig. 103: Plan of excavations at Derrinsallagh, Site 3 (after Lennon 2009, Figure 6) ................................................. 167 Fig. 104: Plan of excavations at Derrydonnell More (after McMorran and Delaney 2010, 10) .................................. 172 Fig. 105: Phases 1–2 at Dowdstown, Co. Meath (after Cagney et al 2009) ................................................................ 174 Fig. 106: Plan of Phase 1 house at Dromthacker, Co. Kerry (after Cleary 2008, 24) .................................................. 182 Fig. 107: Phase 2 structures at Dromthacker, Co. Kerry (after Cleary 2008, 32) ........................................................ 182 Fig. 108: Phase II occupation at Drumadoon, Co. Antrim (after McSparron and Williams 2009, 125) ...................... 186 Fig. 109: Plan of sub-rectangular structure and kiln at Giltspur, Co. Wicklow (after Cryerhall and Moriarty 2006) ............................................................................................................................................................... 190 Fig. 110: Areas 2 and 3, Gortnahoon, Co. Galway (after O’Carroll and Péterváry 2009) .......................................... 195 Fig. 111: Plan of excavations at Gortybrigane, Site 2, Area E (after Clark and Long 2010, Figure 7) ....................... 199 Fig. 112: Plan of the Period 1 settlement at Illaunloughan, Co. Kerry (after Marshall and Walsh 2005, 12) ............. 202 Fig. 113: Plan of phases at Johnstown, Co. Meath (after Clarke and Carlin 2008) ..................................................... 206 Fig. 114: Plan of excavations at Kerlogue (after McClatchie 2007)............................................................................ . 210 Fig. 115: Plan of excavations of horizontal mill at Kilbegly, Co. Roscommon (after Jackman 2010) .......................... 213 Fig. 116: Plan of excavations at Killalane, Site 2, Area C (after Clark and Long 2009a, Figure 8) ............................ 221 Fig. 117: Plan of excavated areas at Killederdadrum, Co. Tipperary (after Manning 1984, 241) ............................... 226 Fig. 118: Excavated Areas at Knowth ‘M’, Co. Meath (after Stout and Stout 2008, 8) ............................................... 233 Fig. 119: Plan of excavations at Lisleagh 1 (after Monk 1988, 58) .............................................................................. 241 Fig. 120: Plan of interior of Lisnagun, Co. Cork (after O’Sullivan et al 1998, 38) ...................................................... 244 Fig. 121: Plan of Lough Faughan crannog, Co. Down (after Collins 1955) ................................................................ 247 Fig. 122: Plan of Excavation at Loughbown (1), Co. Galway, showing relevant features (after Bower 2009a, 42) .... 250 Fig. 123: Plan of Excavation at Mackney, Co. Galway, showing relevant features (after Delaney 2009, 56) ............. 254 Fig. 124: Plan of excavations at Manusmore, Site 102, northern area (after Hull 2006, Figure 4) ............................. 258 Fig. 125: Plan of Millockstown, Co. Louth (after Manning 1986, 139) ........................................................................ 260 Fig. 126: Plan of excavations at Monanny, Site 1 (after Walsh 2009, Figure 21) ........................................................ 263 Fig. 127: Plan of univallate rath at Rahally, Co. Galway (after Mullins 2009a) .......................................................... 267 Fig. 128: Plan of excavations at Raheenagurren West, Site 26, kilns (after Breen 2011, Figure 6) ............................. 270 Fig. 129: Plan of Raystown, Co. Meath (after Seaver 2006, 77) . ................................................................................. 278 Fig. 130: Phase I at Rosepark, Co. Dublin (after Carroll 2008, 24) ............................................................................. 285 Fig. 131: Phase II at Rosepark, Co. Dublin (after Carroll 2008, 30) ........................................................................... 285 Fig. 132: Plan of excavations at Scart, Site 20 (after Monteith 2010, Figure 8) .......................................................... 292 Fig. 133: Plan of Skahanagh North, Co. Cork (after Murphy 2006) ............................................................................. 295 Fig. 134: Plan of excavations at Toberbrackan (after Delaney 2010, 11) .................................................................... 302 Fig. 135: Excavated areas at Aghadegnan, Co. Longford (after Carroll 1991 and 1993) ............................................ 309 Fig. 136: Plan of Antiville, Co. Antrim (after Waterman 1971, 67) .............................................................................. 311 Fig. 137: Plan of Excavated Area at Ardcloon, Co. Mayo (after Rynne 1956, 203) ..................................................... 312 Fig. 138: Early Medieval excavations in the centre of Armagh City (after Matthews 2000, 220) ................................ 314 Fig. 139: Plan of Ballinderry I, Co. Westmeath – Phase 1 (after Hencken 1936, Plate XIII) ....................................... 317 Fig. 140: Plan of Ballinderry crannog No. 2, Co. Offaly (after Hencken 1942, plate IX) ............................................. 319 Fig. 141: Ballycaseymore, Co. Clare (after O’Neill 2003) ........................................................................................... 320 Fig. 142: Plan of Ballycatteen, Co. Cork (after Ó Ríordáin and Hartnett 1943, plate 1) ............................................. 325 Fig. 143: Excavation of Ballyfounder, Co. Down (after Waterman 1958, 40) .............................................................. 327 Fig. 144: Plan of Baronstown, Co. Meath (after Linnane and Kinsella 2007) .............................................................. 332 Fig. 145: Plan of House 1 at Beginish, Co. Kerry (after O’Kelly 1956, 164) ............................................................... 342 Fig. 146: Plan of excavated features at Bettystown, Co. Meath (after Murphy 2008) .................................................. 344 Fig. 147: Enclosure at Boho, Co. Fermanagh (after Proudfoot 1953, facing 44) ......................................................... 348 Fig. 148: Boyerstown 3, Co. Meath (after Clarke 2009) ............................................................................................... 350 Fig. 149: Plan of Caherconnell, Co. Clare (after Comber and Hull 2010, 140, fig. 2) ................................................. 358 Fig. 150: Excavations at Carn, Co. Fermanagh (after Brannon 1981–82b, 61) ........................................................... 361 Fig. 151: Plan of Carraig Aille I, Co. Limerick (after Ó Ríordáin 1949, plate III) ....................................................... 365 Fig. 152: Plan of ‘The Spectacles’, Co. Limerick (after Ó Ríordáin 1949, plate XII) ................................................... 365 Fig. 153: Plan of excavations at Carrowdotia, Co. Clare (after Taylor 2006b) ........................................................... 366 Fig. 154: Plan of enclosure at Castlegar, Co. Mayo (after Zajac and Scully 2004, 25) ............................................... 379 Fig. 155: Excavation plan of Clogher, Co. Tyrone (after Bonner 2001, 19) ................................................................. 384 Fig. 156: Excavation at Cloncowan, Co. Meath (after Baker 2007b, 321) ................................................................... 390 Fig. 157: Plan of Clonmacnoise, Co. Offaly, showing location of the ‘New Graveyard’ (after Manning 1998, with additions) ......................................................................................................................................................... 393 vii
Fig. 158: Medieval wall at Clonmoney West, Co. Clare (after Murphy and O’Neill 2001) .......................................... 397 Fig. 159: Location of possible early medieval structures at Cloongownagh, Co. Roscommon (after Lennon and Henry 2001) ............................................................................................................................................................... 399 Fig. 160: Enclosures at Colp West (after Clarke and Murphy 2001) ............................................................................ 408 Fig. 161: Plan of Coolagh, Co. Galway (after Hardy 2008) ......................................................................................... 412 Fig. 162: Plan of structure at Croom East, Co. Limerick (after Shee-Twohig 1977, 31) .............................................. 413 Fig. 163: Plans of phases from Deer Park Farms, Co. Antrim. 1-3 from univallate phase; 4-7 from raised phase; 8 is associated with the souterrain construction (after McDowell 2004, [1] 38; [2] 41; [3] 43; [4] 50; [5] 50; [6] 53; [7] 57; [8] 60) ........................................................................................................................................... 420 Fig. 164: Plan of excavated features at Donacarney Great, Co. Meath (after Rathbone and O’Reilly 2008) .............. 425 Fig. 165: Plan of house at Doonloughan 11, Co. Galway (after Murray and McCormick 2012) ................................. 429 Fig. 166: Phases 3a–3e-f at Dowdstown, Co. Meath (after Cagney et al 2009) ........................................................... 432 Fig. 167: Unenclosed House at Drumadonnell, Co. Down (after McSparron 2001, 49) .............................................. 447 Fig. 168: Post-excavation plan of Drumharsna South, Co. Galway (after Hegarty and Delaney 2010) ...................... 450 Fig. 169: Plan of Hiberno-Scandinavian Dublin (after Walsh 2001, 90) ...................................................................... 455 Fig. 170: Reconstruction of houses and property boundaries at Fishamble Street, Dublin (after Simpson 1999, 24) 455 Fig. 171: Plan of main enclosure at Dun Emer, Lusk, Co. Dublin (after Giacometti 2007a) ....................................... 468 Fig. 172: Dún Eoghanachta, Co. Galway (after Westropp 1910, 19) ........................................................................... 470 Fig. 173: Plan of Dunbeg promontory fort, Co. Kerry (after Barry 1981, 301) ............................................................ 472 Fig. 174: Plan of rampart and fort interior at Dunbeg, Co. Kerry (after Barry 1981, 302) ......................................... 472 Fig. 175: Plan of Dunnyneill Island, Co. Down (after McCormick and Macdonald 2003, 15) .................................... 475 Fig. 176: Excavations on Dunnyneill Island, Co. Down (McCormick and Macdonald 2003, 30) ................................ 475 Fig. 177: Probable cashel at Farranablake East, Co. Galway (after Janes and Lalonde 2008) . ............................... . 479 Fig. 178: Plan of Garranes, Co. Cork (after Ó Ríordáin 1941–42) .............................................................................. 481 Fig. 179: Glebe, Co. Dublin (after Seaver 2007) ......................................................................................................... 483 Fig. 180: Plan of the Period 2 settlement at Illaunloughan, Co. Kerry (after Marshall and Walsh 2005, 38) ............. 488 Fig. 181: Plan of Inishcealtra, Co. Clare (after de Paor 1997) .................................................................................... 490 Fig. 182: Plan of Site 2 at Inishkea North, Co. Mayo (after Henry 1945, 133) ............................................................ 494 Fig. 183: Plan of phases at Kilgobbin, Co. Dublin (after Bolger 2008) ....................................................................... 508 Fig. 184: Plan of Killanully, Co. Cork (after Mount 1995, 124) ................................................................................... 511 Fig. 185: Plan of Killickaweeny, Co. Kildare (after Walsh 2008, 28) ........................................................................... 513 Fig. 186: Plan showing enclosure and metal-working area at Killulla, Co. Clare (after Murphy and Danaher 2001) 518 Fig. 187: Excavated area at Killyliss, Co. Tyrone (after Ivens 1984a, 12) ................................................................... 522 Fig. 188: Plan of Phase 1 at Site II, Knockea, Co. Limerick showing sequences of huts (A-K) (after O’Kelly 1967, 85) ................................................................................................................................................................... 527 Fig. 189: Plan of Early Medieval Phases at Knowth, Co. Meath (after McCormick and Murray 2007, 5) .................. 529 Fig. 190: Ground Plan of Lagore crannog, Co. Meath (after Hencken 1950) .............................................................. 540 Fig. 191: Plan of Excavations at Larrybane, Knocksoghey, Co. Antrim (after Proudfoot and Wilson 1961–62, 92) 545 Fig. 192: Plan of Leacanabuaile Stone Fort, Co. Kerry (after O’Sullivan and Sheehan 1996) .................................... 546 Fig. 193: Plan of Leggetsrath, Blanchfieldsland, Co. Kilkenny (after Lennon 2005) ................................................... 548 Fig. 194: Plan of Lisdoo, Co. Fermanagh (after Brannon 1981–82a, 54) .................................................................... 551 Fig. 195: Plan of Lisduggan 1 and 2, Co. Cork (after Twohig 1990, plan 1) ................................................................ 552 Fig. 196: Plan of Enclosure KK019-040 at Loughboy, Co. Kilkenny (after Cotter 1999) ............................................ 558 Fig. 197: Outline plan of site at Magheraboy (after O’Neill 2005) .............................................................................. 562 Fig. 198: Plan of features at Marlhill, Co. Tipperary (after Molloy 2009) ................................................................... 566 Fig. 199: Plan of gullies and kilns at Marlhill, Co. Tipperary (after Moriarty 2009) ................................................... 569 Fig. 200: Plan of Marshes Upper 3 & 4, Co. Louth (after Gowen 1992, 57) ................................................................ 573 Fig. 201: Plan of excavated areas at Moathill, Co. Meath (after Giacometti 2007b) . ................................................. 578 Fig. 202: Plan of excavations at Movilla Abbey, Co, Down (after Ivens 1984b, fig 18) ............................................... 586 Fig. 203: Plan of Moynagh Lough crannog (after Bradley 1991) ................................................................................. 590 Fig. 204: Plan of excavated area at Moyne, Co. Mayo (after Manning 1987, 46) ........................................................ 597 Fig. 205: Section of midden at Oughtymore, Co. Londonderry (after Mallory and Woodman 1984, 52) ..................... 600 Fig. 206: Cashel and cemetery at Owenbristy, Co. Galway (after Lehane and Delaney 2010) ................................... . 602 Fig. 207: Plan of annex to bivallate rath at Rahally, Co. Galway (after Mullins 2009a) ............................................. 606 Fig. 208: Plan of some of houses and souterrains at Raheens II, Co. Cork (after Lennon 1994, 52) ........................... 610 Fig. 209: Excavated area at Rathgurreen, Co. Galway (after Comber 2002, 141, 158–9) ........................................... 612 Fig. 210: Section of Rathmullan, Co. Down (after Lynn 1981–82, facing 70) .............................................................. 615 Fig. 211: Plan of enclosures at Ratoath, Co. Meath (after Wallace 2010) ................................................................... 618 Fig. 212: Rinnaraw Cashel, Co. Donegal (after Comber 2006, 86) .............................................................................. 629 Fig. 213: House at Rinnaraw, Co. Donegal (after Comber 2006, 81) .......................................................................... 630 Fig. 214: Phases from Area A, Roestown, Co. Meath (after O’Hara 2007, 145) .......................................................... 632 Fig. 215: Plan of Area B, Roestown, Co. Meath (after O’Hara 2009b) ........................................................................ 633 viii
Fig. 216: Phase III at Rosepark, Balrothery, Co. Dublin (after Carroll 2008, 52) ...................................................... . 643 Fig. 217: Plan of Seacash, Co. Antrim (after Lynn 1978, 57) ....................................................................................... 646 Fig. 218: Plan of site at Sluggary showing areas excavated (after Shee-Twohig 2000, 4) .......................................... 649 Fig. 219: Plan of enclosure at Treanbaun, Co. Galway (after PĂŠrez 2009) .................................................................. 657 Fig. 220: Development of Scandinavian Waterford (after Hurley et al 1997, 7) ......................................................... 662 Fig. 221: Plan of excavated defences at Bakehouse Lane (after Hurley et al 1997, 23) ............................................... 662 Fig. 222: Level 1 (mid-eleventh century) house plots on Peter Street (after Hurley et al 1997, 55) ............................. 663
ix