THE CHARM . of the . NEW ENGLISH VILLAGE BETWYNEHAM
BY JESSIE MORLEY MArch 1 : STUDIO M1 BRIGHTON UNIVERSITY 2018
THE CHARM . of the . NEW ENGLISH VILLAGE BETWYNEHAM
BY JESSIE MORLEY MArch 1 : STUDIO M1 BRIGHTON UNIVERSITY 2018
1
Betwyneham: The village in-between 2
BETWYNEHAM The village In-between
3
Betwyneham: A pedestrianised linear village 4
CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION
7
II VILLAGE BEGINNINGS
11
III CONTEXT
17
IV SITE
29
V PROPOSED VILLAGE ROUTE
47
V1 VILLAGE CHARACTER
71
V11 CONCLUSION
109
APPENDIX THE ENGLISH VILLAGE
113
5
“The village. A centre of contemporary life, it is also a record of long history... The work of man, it is also the creation of time.” from ‘The Anatomy of the Village’, Thomas Sharpe (1948)
“An English Village. Something more than a mere collection of dwellings clustered around a Church. It is, first and foremost, a collection of people. People who live and work and play here.” From ‘An English Village: Harting’ (1956)
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THE ENGLISH VILLAGE I INTRODUCTION
7
Illustration by Sydney Jones in ‘The Charm of the English Village’ (1908)
3.
4.
5.
2.
1.
6.
Plan of Castle Acre, Norfolk in ‘The Anatomy of the Village’ (1946)
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Key features 1. Anglo Saxon origins 2. Roman street lines & station 3. Earthworks (Norman) 4. Priory ruins (1090) 5. Castle ruins (Medieval) 6. Church (Medieval)
I INTRODUCTION
T
he English village is changing and transitioning into the twenty-first century: uncomfortable with the process and unsure of its identity. This is nothing new. Throughout human history the village has always been evolving. Many lives, receding generation after generation, have nurtured, defined and often harmed the villages that we inherit today. DEFINITION ‘...a group of houses and associated buildings, larger than a hamlet and smaller than a town, situated in a rural area.’ LIVING TRADITION “The charm of an English village rises from a sense of their stability. Nothing changes in our country life...”
The Charm of the English Village (1908)
“A living tradition is subject to growth and development. It is not a pool that has welled up at some particular moment in time and stayed stagnant ever since” The Anatomy of the Village (1946)
RESEARCH QUESTION This project explores how the village can be seen, not as a museum piece, but as a laboratory for the development of new ideas concerning small-scale living, sustainability and community in the 21st century.
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10
BETWYNEHAM II VILLAGE BEGINNINGS
11
Wineha
Twineham
m Lane
Lane
Village Trust meeting in the Twineham & Wineham cricket club pavilion
Bob La
ne
Riv
er
Ad
ur
WINEHAM
TWINEHAM
Twineham Farm Herr ings Stream Bridal path
Aim to link the two existing hamlets
12
II VILLAGE BEGINNINGS
O
n the flat, wet landscape of the Low Weald lies the new village of Betwyneham. This new form of linear village is situated on the border of Mid-Sussex and Horsham and spans between the hamlets of Wineham and Twineham. It links them with a twomile inhabited pedestrian/ cycle route, tying them together like a piece of string. The idea of a new village was conceived in the face of mounting pressure from external developers wanting to maximise the economic potential of the farmland in-between the hamlets with a large-scale housing development. To take back control of the situation the villagers and local landowners decided to develop a new village themselves that will enhance both Wineham and Twineham whilst also providing much needed new housing and facilities in the area. ‘The Betwyneham Village Trust’ was formed. The land for the village was donated by a local farmer and main landowner. The proposed route occupies a strip of his least valuable/ profitable farmland alongside the river that runs between the two existing villages.
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VILLAGE BEGINNINGS
TWINEHAM (50 people)
VILLAGERS GROUP TOGETHER & FORM CLT GROUP WINEHAM (306 people)
STRIP OF LAND ACQUIRED BY VILLAGE TRUST & DONATED BY LOCAL FARMER/ KEY TRUST MEMBER
PLAN & CONSULT
BUILD PHASE 1
BUILD PHASE 2
BUILD PHASE 3
BUILD PHASE 4
VILLAGE AIMS - Accessibility between villages - Connection to the landscape - Embedded community - Use of local materials - Craft & innovation - Integrated village ‘common space’ - Support for local village ‘cottage industry’/ working from home
LIVE IN BETWYNEHAM (70 new dwellings, approx 200250 additional population)
Diagram of the Village Trust process
14
TOTAL NEW POPULATION 550-600 people
Wineha
Twineham
m Lane
Lane
CLT & LAND OWNERSHIP
Bob La
ne
Riv
er
Ad
ur
WINEHAM
TWINEHAM
Twineham Farm Herr ings Stream Bridal path
KEY Owned by farmer Owned by villagers Owned by Church
Twineham Farm, main landowner & timber yard (17th century)
New linear route through farmer’s land
Diagram of land ownership showing the linear route of the village through the farmers land
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BETWYNEHAM II CONTEXT
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CONTEXT
The Chilterns
London
The Surrey Hills
Horsham
Crawley / Gatwick
The High Weald
Haywards Heath The South Downs
Billingshurst
Burgess Hill The Low Weald
Brighton
Site
Cities/ Towns
Protected landscape/ National Parks / AONB
Gatwick Diamond Area
County boundaries
Built-up areas
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THE GATWICK DIAMOND
T
he Gatwick Diamond is an economic area surrounding Gatwick Airport and connecting London and Brighton. It is home to 45,000 businesses including 500 international businesses The diamond benefits from key rail and road routes between London, Gatwick and Brighton. Additionally there is access to wider transport links by rail, road, air and sea to Europe and the rest of the world. ‘...one of the easiest places to set up and run a business’ World Bank
The site of Betwyneham has a strategic position within the Gatwick Diamond. It lies within the Low Weald and is not situated within the South Downs National Park or local AONB’s which makes it an attractive site for development.
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Section A
CONTEXT
Geological overview of the South
0
Site
London Clay
Tertiary Beds
Hastings Beds
Weald Clay
Chalk
20km
20
Lower Greensand
Upper Greensand & Gault
LANDSCAPE & GEOLOGY
High Weald
South Downs
Low Weald
North Downs
Lower Greensand Ridge Section A through the geology of The Weald
W
eald is the Old English word for ‘forest’. In the twentyfirst century only mere remnants of the heavy woodland cover survives. The area was the centre of the Iron Age wealden iron industry until 1813. the settlements in the Weald are typically small and scattered. The Low Weald is the eroded outer edges of the High Weald. It is a mix of sandstone outcrops with underlying deep, wet clay. these heavy clay soils make it unsuitable for intensive farming meaning that many of the field patterns remain unaltered in recent times. The Low Weald has ideal growing conditions for English Oak, elm, hazel and alder.
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CONTEXT
Sussex in 1583
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HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
The area around Twineham & Wineham in 1902
B
etwyneham is an Old English word meaning the ‘homestead between the streams’. It was the original name for Twineham. The surrounding land was originally an Anglo Saxon Royal Manor. In the fourteenth century is was used as a hunting ground and deer park for the Bishops of Chichester. Modernisation occurred in the early twentieth century with a piped water supply installed in 1911. The roads were surfaced in 1928 and the area was connected to the National Grid in 1936. The councils propose for the area to be fully 4G connected by late 2018.
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CONTEXT
Tanbridge Mole Valley
Waverley
55 56
33
57
Crawley 32
54 28
Wealden 26
31
53 43
30
27
48
29 49
52
25 22
23
Chichester
44
24
50
21
45 47
51
42 18
20
41
5
4
19
17
46 39
6 2
11
9
40
46
38
36
3
Lewes
10 36
7
8
1
12
37
35 14
34
13 Brighton & Hove
Arun Adur Worthing
Horsham & Mid Sussex
POPULATION (number of people)
POPULATION DENSITY (per people per hectacre)
> 10,001
> 10.1
1.1 - 5
<1
5,001 - 10,000
1,001 - 2,500
5.1 - 10
2,501- 5,000
<1,000
Site
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POPULATION & DENSITY
MID SUSSEX
HORSHAM 1. Amberley 2. Coldwaltham 3. Parham 4. Pulborough 5. West Chiltington 6. Thakeham 7. Storrington & Sullington 8. Washington 9. Ashington 10. Wiston 11. Ashurst 12. Steyning 13. Bramber 14. Upper Beeding 15. Henfield 16. Woodmancote
17. Shermanbury 18. Cowfold 19. West Grinsted 20. Shipley 21. Billingshurst 22. Itchingfield 23. Southwater 24. Nuthurst 25. Lower Beeding 26. Colgate 27. Horsham 28. North Horsham 29. Broadbridge Heath 30. Slinfold 31. Rudgwick 32. Warnham 33. Rusper
34. Fulking 35. Poynings 36. Newtimber 37. Pyecombe 38. Hassocks 39. Hurstpierpoint & Sayers Common 40. Albourne 41. Twineham 42. Bolney 43. Slaugham 44. Ansty & Staplefield 45. Cuckfield 46. Burgess Hill 47. Haywards Heath
48. Balcombe 49. Ardingly 50. Lindfield 51. Lindfield Rural 52. Horsted Keynes 53. West Hoathley 54. Turners Hill 55. Worth 56. East Grinsted 57. Ashurst Wood
T
wineham and Wineham are in one of the Parishes with the lowest existing population and population density within the districts of Horsham and Mid Sussex. Traditionally council policy has focused on developing within areas of existing high density such as Burgess Hill and Horsham. However; increasingly councils are looking to other areas to reduce the pressure on these saturated urban areas. This explains why the area around Twineham has become such a strategic site for development.
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CONTEXT
Crawley/ Gatwick Airport
Horsham
HORSHAM DISTRICT
MID SUSSEX DISTRICT
7.5
Twineham
mil
Haywards Heath
es
5 miles 5 miles
Shermanbury
5.5
mi
Burgess Hill
les
Hassocks
Brighton
District & Parish Map
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Par is
hb
oun
dar
y
INFRASTRUCTURE
2. 1.
3. 4.
5.
Twineham Parish
Shermanbury Parish
PARISH MAP 1. Twineham 2. Twineham Green 3. Wineham 4. Shermanbury 5. Hickstead
Site
District boundaries Parish boundaries Motorways
Protected landscape/ National Parks / AONB
Railways / train stations A-roads
Built-up areas
B-roads
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28
BETWYNEHAM IV SITE
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SITE
Rive
r Ad
e am Lan Wineh
WINEHAM
ur
Herrings Stream
30
EXISTING SITE Bob
Lan
e
Church
TWINEHAM
Twineham Farm
Twineham Lane
Cricket Club
Gratten Lane
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SITE
Farmland between Wineham & Twineham
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PHOTOGRAPHS
River Adur
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SITE
Wineham Lane
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PHOTOGRAPHS
Farmland between Wineham & Twineham
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SITE
River Adur
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PHOTOGRAPHS
Field drainage & water management
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Wineha
m Lane
SITE
WINEHAM
Bob La
306 people
TWINEHAM
ne
50 people
e Riv
rA
du
r
Herr ings Stream
Twineham
Lane
Bridal Path
Whea
tsheaf
Road
He
nfi
eld
Ro
ad
Diagram showing how the few facilities are shared between the existing villages
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EXISTING VILLAGE INFRASTRUCTURE
The Royal Oak (14th century)
Primary School
W & T cricket club
St Peters Church, from 1287 (Current building 1516)
(73 pupils)
post office general shop butchers dairy shoe mender blacksmith wheel wright
Additional facilities recorded in the 1911 census, now absent.
Twineham Farm, main landowner & timber yard (17th century)
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Wineham Lane
Gratten Lane
Twineham Lane
SITE
The existing bridal/ footpath between Wineham & Twineham
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EXISTING INTER-VILLAGE TRAVEL TIMES
Bob La
ne
WINEHAM
R
r ive
Ad
ur TWINEHAM
Bridal Path
Twineham
Lane
Wineha
m Lane
Herr ings Stream
Whea
tsheaf
Road
3 miles via Bob Lane
5 miles via Wheatsheaf Road
7 minutes
11 minutes
15 minutes
25 minutes
1 hour
1.6 hours
2.5 miles via bridal path
1.8 miles via new route
n/a
n/a
12 minutes
9 minutes
50 minutes
36 minutes
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EXISTING WINEHAM
PROPOSED BETWYNEHAM EXISTING TWINEHAM
SITE
Survey of existing rural businesses
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Par is
hb
oun
dar
y
RURAL INDUSTRY
W
B
T
Twineham Parish
EXISTING LOCAL BUSINESSES Farming & equestrian Farming - Dairy/ poultry Equestrian academy/ livery Farm equipment & forklifts Kennels
Industrial Taxi & courier companies Bodywork & alloys Metal recycling Car dealer
Building Twineham timber Electrician Landscape Design Stone mason
Leisure & hospitality Pub & hotel Wedding venue Coffee roasters Camping
Craft & creative Art studios Recording Studios Digital printing Graphic Design Furniture makers Sussex racket stringing
Horticultural Garden Garden centre Other Substation Petrol station Storage Nursery/ daycare School
Business & digital Software company AV trade global HQ Management consultancy Business Parks
NOTE: This survey shows registered businesses in the area and does not include individuals working from home. The 2011 census data shows that 28% of people in the parish work from home for at least part of the week. This is likely to increase as internet connectivity is improved within rural areas.
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SITE
AGE DEMOGRAPHICS
HOME OWNERSHIP
>16 years - 23% 17-34 years - 18% 35-54 years - 34% 55-64 years - 16% >65 years - 9%
Owned outright - 41% Mortgage - 35% Private rent - 23% Social housing - 1%
TYPE OF HOUSE
TRANSPORT TO WORK
Detached - 60% Semi-detached - 32% Terraced - 4% Flat - 2% Temporary - 2%
Car - 57% Train - 11% Walk - 2% Work at home - 28% Bus - 2%
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VILLAGE LIVING & WORKING
Precedent: Second Home, Spitalfields
WINEHAM 306 people in 111 dwellings
EMPLOYMENT 90 people are economically active 54% commute to London 30% work within the Parish 28% work from home
TWINEHAM 50 people in 19 households 20 YEAR VISION ‘...the parish will continue to thrive and reflect the views of its community. It will achieve this by maintaining the rural character and natural environment of the parish and promoting the provision of essential rural services, housing and infrastructure to support the community.’
NOTE All data sourced from the 2011 Census for Wineham and Twineham PRECEDENT Second Home, Spitalfields - Encourages collaboration and creativity in an integrated community of businesses in a shared workspace. - A creative ‘village’ of businesses
Neighbourhood Plan 2014
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BETWYNEHAM V PROPOSED VILLAGE ROUTE
47
PROPOSED VILLAGE ROUTE
Betwyneham: The village in-between 48
THE VILLAGE IN-BETWEEN
B
etwyneham is a new village designed within the English Village tradition but adapted and evolved for the villager today. Based in the principles of community interconnectivity,encouraging dependence on each other and increasing interactions in a rural setting â&#x20AC;&#x201C; from the scale of a house to the master-plan of the village as a whole. Designed to address modern issues in village development: - Traffic - Lack of homes - Isolation - Dwindling local facilities - Rural industry
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PROPOSED VILLAGE ROUTE
‘A line made by walking’ (1967) by Richard Long
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ROUTE PRECEDENTS
‘The Naked City’ (1957) Guy Debord & Asger Jorn
‘Paris et l’agglomeration parisienne’ (1952), Paul-Henry Chombart de Lauwe
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PROPOSED VILLAGE ROUTE
THROUGH ROOMS
CORRIDORS
SEPARATION
Palazzo Antonini Andrea Palladio, 1556
Coleshill, Berkshire Sir Roger Pratt, 1650
The Functional House for Frictionless Liviing Alexander Klein, 1928
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ROUTE PRECEDENTS
“The cumulative effect of architecture during the last two centuries has been like that of a general lobotomy performed on society at large, obliterating vast areas of social experience.” “...employed more and more as a preventative measure; an agency for peace, security and segregation which, by its very nature, limits the horizon of experience... abolishing the unnecessary; incidentally reducing daily life to a private shadow play.”
INTERACTION
“...there is surely another kind of architecture ...arising out of the deep fascination that draws people towards others; an architecture that recognizes passion, carnality and sociality.”
Paths crossing and community dependancy formed Key to the village
‘Figure, doors and passages’ Robin Evans
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PROPOSED VILLAGE ROUTE
‘Brighton drift’: A walking study undertaken to explore movement through the city. The route was motivated by spontaneity 54
WALKING STUDY: BRIGHTON
and following the unexpected rather than a set path or preordained destination 55
PROPOSED VILLAGE ROUTE
Village around a Green
Village around a Square
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TRADITIONAL VILLAGE TYPOLOGIES
Linear village
Dwellings Public buildings
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PROPOSED VILLAGE ROUTE
The village of Harting, Sussex in 1956
The village of Harting, Sussex in 2018
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ISSUES WITH THE VILLAGE TODAY
Detached dwellings with private gardens: Private space has been prioritised over shared village ‘common’ space
Terraced dwellings across a road. Lack of usable village ‘common’ space
T
he fate of the linear village today: - Busy road cuts through the village - Parked cars dominate the central public space - Villagers limited to narrow pavements to walk through the village Issues with new large-scale rural development - Housing too dense and regular - Imitation of village aesthetic over village qualities - Poor provision of village ‘common’ land - Road dominance - Lack of community facilities - Poor relationship to the landscape and existing settlements
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PROPOSED VILLAGE ROUTE
Wineham gateway Delivery drop-off & bike hire / repair
Visitor parking
‘Working from home’ coworking village space (new) Farner’s surrounding land retained and worked as before
New linear village typology diagram Ponds, landscaping & water management (new)
Betwyneham Primary School & bridge over River Adur (new) Twineham Farm: Main landowner Playing-field & children’s play-park (new)
Community orchard (new)
St Peter’s Church (existing) Twineham gateway Delivery drop-off & bike hire / repair & Visitor parking Cricket club (existing)
Sketch of Betwyneham (Twineham end)
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NEW BETWYNEHAM VILLAGE TYPOLOGY
Wineham Lane
Bob
eham Twin Public buildings Vehicle access routes Village ‘common’ land
61
Lane
Lan
e
Wineham Lane
PROPOSED VILLAGE ROUTE
2.5 miles via bridal path
ur
River Ad
Betwyneham route (pedestrianised)
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DEFINING THE PEDESTRIAN ROUTE
Bob La
ne
in Tw eh am La ne
St Peterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Church
Cricket Club Twineham Farm
1.8 miles via new route n/a 9 minutes 36 minutes
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PROPOSED VILLAGE ROUTE
W ine ha m La
He
ne
Route beginning in Wineham
9 minute walk
Betwyneham route (pedestrianised)
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rr in
gs S
t re a
m
DEFINING THE PEDESTRIAN ROUTE
Riv
er A
dur
St Peters Church
River
Adur
Half-way: 18 minute walk
Route ending in Twineham: 36 minute walk
65
PROPOSED VILLAGE ROUTE
He
Route beginning in Wineham
rr in
9 minute walk
Main pedestrian route Access car routes New dwellings
New community facility
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gs S
t re a
m
DEFINING THE VEHICLE ACCESS ROUTES
Riv
er A
dur
n Twi eha
St Peters Church
m
Half-way: 18 minute walk Site for the new village primary school
Route ending in Twineham: 36 minute walk
T
he linear route of Betwyneham is inhabited by clusters of homes and dwellings. Each cluster has facilities to share and responsibilities to uphold to ensure the ongoing successful workings of the village. In this way, Betwyneham is designed to encourage interactivity and co-dependency between the villagers in the true manner of the English Village.
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PROPOSED VILLAGE ROUTE
Wineham
Twineham
NEW RURAL COMMUNITY. 300 total dwellings, approx 600-700 residents between the villages
306 people 111 dwellings
Betwyneham
50 people 19 dwellings
Shared gardens Public walkways/ footpaths Each dwellings has public element e.g clock, news, shopfront, display
Pub
Church
approx 200-250 people 70 new dwellings with community-run facilities
Work space
Primary School
Existing public building Proposed public building
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Community Hall
VILLAGE BREAKDOWN & PHASING
T
here are four phases to the Betwyneham construction:
1 - Establish pedestrain/ cycle route between the existing hamlets. - Install bike hire/ repair station either end of route - Construct vehicle access routes - New landscaping, water management systems and planting 2 - Construct new primary school and bridge - Build three housing clusters and integrated community-run facilities. 3 - Construct village co-working space - Build four housing clusters and integrated community-run facilities. 4 - Construct village hall - Build three housing clusters and integrated community-run facilities.
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BETWYNEHAM V1 VILLAGE CHARACTER
71
PROPOSED VILLAGE ROUTE
Betwyneham
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IDEAL VILLAGE
PLAY Wendy House in the wall, Parham
CONNECTION TO NATURE 21 Wilkes Street, Spitalfields
INTERACTION
SECLUSION Eastcott Farmhouse, Cornwall
SELF EXPRESSION John Soanes Museum
The components of an ideal home/ ideal village
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PRECEDENT STUDY
74
PETER ALDINGTON
75
PRECEDENT STUDY
76
ARNE JACOBSEN
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PRECEDENT STUDY
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MACKAY-LYONS SWEETAPPLE ARCHITECTS
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PROPOSED VILLAGE ROUTE
Designing housing clusters around and over the linear route
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INHABITING THE LINEAR ROUTE
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PROPOSED VILLAGE ROUTE
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INHABITING THE LINEAR ROUTE
Designing housing clusters around and over the linear route
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PROPOSED VILLAGE ROUTE
Designing housing clusters around and over the linear route
84
INHABITING THE LINEAR ROUTE
Designing housing clusters around and over the linear route
85
PROPOSED VILLAGE ROUTE
86
INHABITING THE LINEAR ROUTE
87
VILLAGE CHARACTER
Farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fields
Vehicle access lane
Village ponds
Farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fields New footpaths Community pizza oven
Village car share & visitor parking
Village gateway Delivery drop-off/ collection point Village bike hire & repair centre
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EXPLORING A TYPICAL HOUSING CLUSTER
Laundrette Clock house & coffee bar
Possible community-run facilities within housing clusters: - To-go coffee - Laundrette - Tool/ equipment hire - Car share - Shop - Beautician - Hairdresser - Local Archive - Book swap - Second-hand items - Bike repair & store 89
- Pop-up shops - Display for local artists/ school - Meeting spaces for clubs - Supper clubs - Workshops - Village pets - Holiday let - Brewery - Taxi - Darkroom/ pottery - Bakery
VILLAGE CHARACTER
Brick sets & stone paving for route
90
WALKING THE VILLAGE ROUTE
Bricks, exposed timber, zinc and black painted timber used for buildings
91
VILLAGE CHARACTER
Village gateway, delivery drop-off and bike hire/ repair. with dwelling above
92
VILLAGE HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
Walking throught the village with dwellings over the path
93
VILLAGE CHARACTER
One-bedroomed flat with village coffee-bar at street level
94
VILLAGE HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
95
VILLAGE CHARACTER
96
VILLAGE HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
97
VILLAGE CHARACTER
Clock house & coffeebar along the route
98
VILLAGE HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
Detached house with community pizza oven & log store
99
VILLAGE CHARACTER
100
ROUTE THROUGH BETWYNEHAM
Wineham Lane
Start of the village (Wineham end) New village co-working space
101
VILLAGE CHARACTER
102
ROUTE THROUGH BETWYNEHAM
New village co-working space
103
VILLAGE CHARACTER
104
ROUTE THROUGH BETWYNEHAM
Centre of the village New primary school, bridge and playing fields
105
VILLAGE CHARACTER
106
ROUTE THROUGH BETWYNEHAM
Start of the village (Twineham end) Existing Church and new village hall
107
108
BETWYNEHAM V11 CONCLUSION
109
BETWYNEHAM
Betwyneham: The village in-between 110
CONCLUSION
O
n the flat, wet landscape of the Low Weald lies the new village of Betwyneham. This new village is situated on a linear strip of land between the existing hamlets of Wineham and Twineham. Its path adheres to the existing field boundaries and follows the meander of the River Adur.The village route has been tied into the landscape through extensive new planting and the surrounding land continues to be farmed around it. Betwyneham is a new form of linear village. Completely pedestrianised, the absence of cars on the central route prevents it from becoming a short- cut for drivers to speed through or a car-park, both of which can seriously degrade the quality of shared village outdoor space. Instead cars reach individual housing clusters by discretely winding along the new small lanes that follow the existing field patterns. Deliveries and visitors can use designated parking at either end of the village, whilst the villagers use a shared car scheme per cluster. The village of Betwyneham is designed to encourage interaction and foster a co-dependency between its inhabitants. A place that is relevant for the day-to-day ‘real substance’ of modern life and for all of society to live, work and play. Through perceiving the village, not as a museum but as a laboratory for community and the social relationships between people today, we can evolve a new incarnation of village life. One that is suited for twenty-first century life and born of the ‘real substance of human interactions’, yet recognisable in the true essence of the English Village tradition.
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APPENDIX V11
THE ENGLISH VILLAGE: Finding a New Identity in the Twenty-first Centur y
Jessie Morley AIM704 Tutor : Tilo Amhoff
113
INTRODUCTION
“The village. A centre of contemporary life, it is also a record of long history... The work of man, it is also the creation of time” 1
The English village is changing and transitioning into the twentyfirst century: uncomfortable with the process and unsure of its identity. This is nothing new.Throughout human history the village has always been evolving. Many lives, receding generation after generation, have nurtured, defined and often harmed the villages that we inherit today. The village has been vital to the landscape and socio-economic composition of Britain and is fundamental to the ongoing evolution of life on our island. Potentially a “land of villages”2 from the fifth century, the rapid industrialisation, major technological advancements and decline of agricultural employment in the eighteenth century, all contributed to the depopulation of many villages and corresponding urbanisation of towns and cities. The speed and intensity of this process meant that by the beginning of the nineteenth century Britain was, in most senses, “economically, occupationally, socially and culturally…urbanised”3 with more than half the population living in urban areas. More recently, in the twenty-first century, digital technology, improved transport infrastructure and increasing prevalence of high speed broadband have started to mitigate some of the disadvantages associated with village life.
114
Despite this, preconceptions of village life have remained potent in the popular imagination. A conventional misconception is that rural life is “harmonious and static”4 and is a traditional way of life that remains reassuringly constant. As Ditchfield writes in 1908, “one of the causes of charm in an English village rises from a sense of their stability. Nothing changes in our country life”5. The human desire to enjoy and preserve this idea of a ‘rural idyll’ is often at odds with proposed new village developments. This can be a highly controversial and divisive subject within exiting settlements with many lamenting the ‘death’ of the English Village and fear that its essential character and identity is being destroyed in modern times. This essay studies the significance of the English Village today and explores some of the main challenges it faces as part of its continuing evolution. I will discuss how, with a change in common perception, the village can be seen as, not only a historic museum piece, but as a laboratory to develop new societal and architectural strategies and potentially act as a catalyst for positive change and development.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Sharpe, Thomas., (1946). The Anatomy of the Village, 5. Hoskins, W., (2013). The Making of the English Landscape, 51. Newby, H., (1986). Locality and rurality: The restructuring of rural social relations, 210. Idib, 212. Ditchfield, P., (1908). The Charm of the English Village, 2.
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KEY TO THE ENGLISH VILLAGE “An English Village. Something more than a mere collection of dwellings clustered around a Church. It is, first and foremost, a collection of people. People who live and work and play here.” 6
According to Ditchfield, writing in 1908, the key to an English village is exemplified by the villagers themselves as “they are the real charm of our picture”7. Although somewhat idealistic in his expression, Ditchfield’s notion that the success of a village is directly related to and dependant on its internal social relationships, is a common theme through the history of the English Village. For instance, in 1975 Raymond Williams writes that the village still represents the “real substance of human interactions”8 with a lifestyle that is the “epitome of face to face relationships”9. Much earlier in history this level of human sociability and integration was born out of the necessity and the “real substance”10 of having to collaborate to sustain life. In this way the first villages in Britain, thought to be from the Iron Age, were made up of small communities of people living closely together and relying on each other and working the surrounding land for survival. This idea of the village as an integrated “social organism”10 is demonstrated as still being prevalent, albeit to a less extreme extent, in the mid-twentieth century in the 1957 film ‘An English Village: Harting’. This short piece charts the community life and characters within a typical village in West Sussex (fig. 1). The narrator’s opening description of the village as “more than a collection of buildings…[but] first and foremost, a collection
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Figure 1. Still from ‘An English Village: Harting’ (1956)
of people…who live and work and play here”11, reiterates the view of Ditchfield and Williams that the essence of the village depends on the interactivity of its inhabitants. To Thomas Sharpe, writing in 1946, the key quality of an English Village is ‘simplicity’. Rather than belittling the inhabitants, the use of this term refers to the unpretentious nature of the village that is “clear, direct and unelaborate”12, with a coherent social structure born of shared localised work, common interests and community dependency. Throughout the film, ‘An English Village: Harting’, the viewer is introduced to a range of real village characters whom the voiceover narrator identifies to the viewer through the ‘roles’ that each person serves within the community, rather than their individual personality traits (fig.2). This demonstrates that within the village itself there are multiple in-built and integrated opportunities for the local people to work together, communicate and interact daily for necessity and leisure. As the narrator describes “these people have learnt the art of living together”
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Parish Council members
Parish Council members
Village school
New-mothers club with the nurse
President of the WI
Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Institute meeting
Young Farmers Club
Games for the elderly
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Working on the farms
Working in the nearby brick quarry
Village Policeman
Grocer
Pub landlord
Butcher
Housewife & student farmer lodger
Blacksmith & apprentice
Figure 2. Collection of stills from â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;An English Village: Hartingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (1956) showing roles within the community and opportunities for community interaction
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where “village life is not just the living you earn, it’s the living with your neighbours and being a useful part of the community”13. We see that all ages of society have a role and everyone has something to contribute village life whether that be in at Church or school, working the land, helping with tea at a local meeting, attending a local society, serving on the Parish Council or just by buying supplies in a local shop (fig.2). The success of a village depends on its simple, yet integrated social structure and the in-built reliance and co-dependency of its inhabitants on each other to sustain and function within a small community. The film ‘An English Village: Harting’ documents this way of life as it existed in the mid twentieth century. Significantly, this not a film about an elite group of people at leisure in the countryside; but instead the daily life of ordinary people working hard together within a small village. Through Harting we see a society that is recognisably a traditional English village; however, it is one that has evolved and adapted slowly over a long history and through the “real substance of human interactions”14 to remain relevant into the twentieth century. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
Anvil Films, Beaconsfield., (1956). An English Village: Harting. Ditchfield, P., (1908). The Charm of the English Village, 158. Williams, R., (1975). The Country and the City, 208. Idib. Sharpe, Thomas., (1946). The Anatomy of the Village, 30 Anvil Films, Beaconsfield., (1956). An English Village: Harting. Sharpe, Thomas., (1946). The Anatomy of the Village, 29. Anvil Films, Beaconsfield., (1956). An English Village: Harting. Williams, R., (1975). The Country and the City, 208.
Fig 1. Harting. Fig 2.
Anvil Films, Beaconsfield., (1956). An English Village: Idib.
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THE IDYLLIC ENGLISH VILLAGE
“one of the causes of charm in an English village rises from a sense of their stability. Nothing changes in our country life.”15 The industrialism of the late eighteenth century heralded a major shift in rural and urban population distribution. Whilst the countryside significantly depopulated, the concept of the village as a way of life remained potent with Williams noting an ‘inverse proportion’ between the “relative importance of the working rural economy and the cultural importance of rural ideas”16. In contrast to a new industrial urban life, the village gathered almost semi-utopian associations representing a nostalgic and “idealised view of what rural life should be.”17 This continues today with a fixation on the rural, not for production or innovation; but, as Parvin notes “more of a tourist attraction than a bread basket”18 and a place of recreation, escapism and wellbeing. In reality, rural life is as complicated, brutal and difficult as in the city. Rural areas face serious contemporary issues including: inadequate public facilities, traffic, social inequalities and a lack of housing supply and affordability. Yet, current perceptions of the rural can be counterproductive for us to effectively find innovative solutions to these problems. This section looks at how common perceptions of the rural may limit the future evolution of the English Village. A common reaction to modernity within a village seems to be to restrain, preserve and limit modification rather than find new and
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Figure 3. Illustration of ‘King’s Norton from the green, Worcestershire’ from ‘The Charm of the English Village’ (1908)
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innovative ways to adapt and evolve for the village for the future. It’s as if we believe Ditchfield’s statement that “nothing changes in our country life”19 and our role as stewards of the village is to keep this true, as Darley concludes “we are attempting to preserve the picture, not create it”20. The notion of ‘rural escapism’ has been fuelled by a plethora of art, literature and films that idealise life in the countryside as a counterpoint to the urban. These attitudes towards the village swing from romanticising it as a charming preindustrial idyll, or belittling it as an old-fashioned backwater. Either way there appears to be a general assumption that the city is the place for innovation, technology and advancements; whilst the rural village is its antidote – a place of simplicity and on-going tradition. For Williams, the desire to preserve and celebrate the village as a golden age that has been lost is “myth functioning as memory”21 and a desire to return to a time that never actually existed. In his book ‘The Country and the City’ he follows the common trend in English Literature through history that looks back to apparently better, but lost ages, that have gone before. He finds that following this trend is like stepping on a “moving escalator”22 that does not stop looking back to the halcyon days of a past time. Newby, a social scientist, feels that a large part of the problems with the perception of the rural and the village has been exasperated by the lack of useful social studies into rural life. As he explains a key failing of existing studies in this field is their fixation on the village as a “static and harmonious object”23 and a desire to try and catalogue the ‘folk ways’ of a particular location rather than attempting to probe, evaluate and interpret the root causes of
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some of the differences and patterns in rural communities. This attitude is fundamentally flawed as it motivates people to try and preserve an idealised way of life that is predominantly fictional. For Darley, it is frustrating that despite a general positive attitude to the countryside today, “bringing with it a genuine interest in the advantages and values of rural life and its traditions”, that “so little is being done in practical terms to assist its furtherance.”24 Instead a dichotomy seems to exist between rural areas to be preserved and protected; and other ‘second-grade’ locations identified for major development – alongside railways, next to motorways or on outskirts of villages. According to Sutherland a continuation along this path creates an unsustainable two-tiered countryside that is a “kind of country park, where the more visually dramatic areas are better used for selfies and self-development, the less attractive for housing and services.”25 This two-tiered rural is harmful for the ongoing evolution of the village as it risks prioritising and preserving a “form of exaggerated culture catering only to tourists”26 rather than a tangible reality through which to sustain a current and relevant working village community. For Sharpe, this human sense of stewardship is misguided and a complete misunderstanding of the notion of ‘tradition’. He argues that the desire to ‘save’ or fix the village in a particular point in time rather than looking to the future is “doomed to failure”27. Instead there should be a change of attitude where the village is celebrated for its ‘living tradition’ rather than preserved as an artefact from the past. Sharpe likens his idea of a successful village to a stream that is slowly and constantly “refreshed and perhaps redirected by new tributaries”28.
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By looking at the attitudes in the texts we can begin to understand how an appreciation of certain qualities of the village can actually be a “misunderstanding of tradition”29 and have a negative effect of how villages have and will continue to evolve. The desire to ‘save the village’ against any form of ‘newness’ is not helpful as every building was once new. Rather, to truly create better villages or additions to village the focus of the communities needs to be on interrogating proposals and what they will add to the village community. The village should be preserved; but, as a working village rather than a form of open air museum or rural leisure retreat.
15. Ditchfield, P., (1908). The Charm of the English Village, 2. 16. Williams, R., (1975). The Country and the City, 297. 17. Roberts, B., (1987). The making of the English village. 2. 18. Parvin, A., (2013). Open Fields: The next rural design revolution. 120. 19. Ditchfield, P., (1908). The Charm of the English Village, 158. 20. Darley, G., (2007). Villages of Vison. 240. 21. Williams, R., (1975). The Country and the City, 221. 22. Idib. 18 23. Newby, H., (1986). Locality and rurality: The restructuring of rural social relations. 211. 24. Darley, G., (2007). Villages of Vision. 274. 25. Sutherland, A., (2018). Reinventing the Rural. In: The Architectural Review. 10. 26. Bolchover, J., Lin, J., Lange, C., (2016). Where is the Rural in an Urban World?. In: AD Designing the Rural. 8. 27. Sharpe, Thomas., (1946). The anatomy of the village. 5. 28. Idib. 36 29. Idib. 28 Fig 3.
Ditchfield, P., (1908). The Charm of the English Village, 25.
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MODERN THREATS TO THE ENGLISH VILLAGE “if the physical framework of the village disintegrates, so too does the social framework and that must be nothing short of disastrous”30
If the success of the English Village over time has been due to its integrated social structure and the in-built reliance of the villagers on each other, then its failure will occur when this breaks down. Whilst the concept of village life remains attractive, it can be argued that many of the improvements of the modern age and its “confused state of contemporary ideals”31 have led society further from the kind of local community dependency that older village incarnations fostered and thrived on. Williams’ notion of the village as the site of the “real substance of human interaction”32 may be more of an utopian aspiration than a reality and it is interesting to consider how current approaches to rural development can be seen as both a symptom and contributing cause of this shift. This section explores the perceived disintegration of the village community and ongoing weakening of its integral social ties and asks how our current lifestyle patterns may affect the English Village today and in the future? According to R. Page the “misplaced progress”33 of the twentieth century has contributed to the premature deaths of many village
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communities across Britain in an “unremitting march”34. His semi-autobiographical book ‘The Decline of an English Village’ (1974), records the gradual death of his own childhood village community. In the text Page presents the national decline in the significance of agriculture as a major catalyst for this change. With monetary worth no longer tied to agricultural merit, the farmland that surrounds villages becomes an “economic commodity to be bought and sold”35 and is under intense pressure to be used for other more profitable uses. The BBC documentary ‘The New Builds are coming’ (2018) explores this topical predicament through the small village of Culham. Here the existing 453-strong population finds, practically overnight, that the Green Belt surrounding their village is suddenly the “largest strategic site in South Oxfordshire”36 with a proposed 3,500 new homes. The development will ‘supersize’ the existing population to around 10,000 people37 (fig. 3) and is proposed by the local council to help meet their new-build housing targets. In this situation, the farmland becomes practically “filled with gold” as its value escalates from approximately £10,000 to £1,000,000 per acre38. In many ways, an increase of new development within existing villages is a positive step. Government action and investment in affordable village housing has stagnated in the last thirty years39, limiting options for local people and forcing many to move away due to high prices and the lack of suitable homes. Even Page admits that a lack of any new development is fatal for the village as it can result in an aging population, closure of facilities and a
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Figure 4. Still from ‘The New Builds are coming: Battle in the Countryside’ (2018) showing 3,500 new homes proposed on the land at Culham
“strange feeling of decay in the air”40. On the other hand, the scale of the proposed development at Culham is incomparable with typical village evolution based on local need and gradually absorbed by the existing fabric over time. Instead, new largescale developments, such as this “complete juggernaut”41, are more likely to be planned by speculative and powerful individuals who are not part of the existing village community. The villagers of Culham, not being the landowners, have little power to influence how their community is transformed around them and are at the mercy of house builders whose, according to Darley, “bucolic vision goes no further than the choice of place and road names”42. Darley may be overly cynical here; however, the reality is that with such high financial rewards at stake there are few incentives for private developers to limit the density of new settlements, or
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effective design guides in place to safeguard the ongoing successful evolution of the community. The very nature of the English Village makes it exceptionally hard to plan and develop. The characteristic qualities of interactivity and interdependence are largely unquantifiable and usually depend on a large passing of time to generate. This task seems particularly challenging today due to present social conditions and expectations. The village life of 1950’s Harting, that is “not just the living you earn, it’s the living with your neighbours and being a useful part of the community”43, seem to have diminished. This is partly due to the improvement of general living standards which inadvertently has contributed to some communities becoming “victims of their own prosperity”44 with an expansion of the private realm and a reduced reliance on communal village facilities. Why use a village laundrette when you own a washing machine? Why share lifts with a neighbour when you all have a car? Why use the local shop when you can order online? Whilst many of the inhabitants of Harting lived and worked within the local area, the pattern of work and ease of transport today makes commuting more common. This, combined with the rise of online shopping and out-of-town retail parks creates a situation where the economic lives of individual people are no longer connected to the village in which they live. As a result, the local facilities struggle and close exasperating the problem until the village’s only function is to be residential and act as a ‘dormitory’ for commuters. In ‘AD: The New Pastoralism’ (2013), Pozo Gil explores this issue and describes how, whilst the population and
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Figure 5 Still from â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The New Builds are coming: Battle in the Countrysideâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (2018) Showing a completed new development at Great Western Park
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size of settlements is increasing, the public space is diminishing rapidly with the built fabric “placing emphasis on the private realm where citizens can develop a sophisticated and comfortable life”45 without having to interact in a community.This is shown in reality in the BBC documentary ‘The new-builds are coming’ (2018) when the film-makers visit the newly built Kingsmere Estate in Bicester to see understand what life is like for the people living there. Mr Christmas, a resident, describes the estate as having no focal point, cohesiveness or community “it’s just beds and people who don’t come out of their houses… because why would you?”46. The English Village today still represents an ideal of rural living; however, in reality the ‘simplicity’ of a life based on shared work and common interests and the “real substance of human interaction”47 has lessened. Nevertheless, it is an exciting time to reassess how we live and develop in the rural. The widespread availability of digital technology and high-speed internet have mitigated some of the disadvantages of living in the countryside. In addition, the rise of working from home is establishing new opportunities for the village beyond just as a ‘dormitory’ for commuters. Villages have always evolved and their ongoing success depends on this continuation. There is so much potential and relevance to village living in the twenty-first century but there needs to be a revaluation of individual expectations and priorities. Firstly, it is vital that councils and developers look beyond just maximising density to meet housing targets or increase financial returns to consider how new building can be positive additions to enhance the existing community. Secondly, whilst individual quality of life may have improved since the film ‘An English Village: Harting’ (1956) this must not come at the expense of the village as a ‘social
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organismâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. We must not forget how what is built can inadvertently affect communities now and in the future. Ultimately any change in this field will depend on the willingness of inhabitants to step out of the private realm and embrace shared facilities and interdependency and all the situations and potential irritations that go with true village living.
30. Darley, G., (2007). Villages of Vision, 274. 31. Sharpe, Thomas., (1946). The Anatomy of the Village, 34. 32. Williams, R., (1975). The Country and the City, 208. 33. Page, R., (1974). The Decline of the English Village, 178. 34. Idib, 180. 35. Blast Films!, BBC. (2018). The New Builds are coming: Battle in the Countryside. 36. Idib. 37. Idib. 38. Idib. 39. Darley, G., (2018). Outrage. In: The Architectural Review, 82. 40. Page, R., (1974). The Decline of the English Village, 179. 41. Blast Films!, BBC. (2018). The New Builds are coming: Battle in the Countryside. 42. Darley, G., (2007). Villages of Vision, 7. 43. Blast Films!, BBC. (2018). The New Builds are coming: Battle in the Countryside. 44. Abraham, A., Capetillo, C., (2016). The Hunstad Code. In: AD Designing the Rural. 85. 45. Pozo Gil, Marta., (2013). Wild City. In: AD he New Pastoralism. 50. 46. Blast Films!, BBC. (2018). The New Builds are coming: Battle in the Countryside. 47. Williams, R., (1975). The Country and the City, 208. Fig 4. Fig 5.
Blast Films!, BBC. (2018). The New Builds are coming: Battle in the Countryside. Idib.
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CONCLUSION
The English Village is suffering an identity crisis in the twenty-first century. Whilst still an attractive concept of living; in reality, the term ‘village’ has come to represent a form of rural idealism that is used to sell a product rather than sustain a working community. As shown through the village of Harting (1956), the success of a village depends on its simple, yet integrated social structure and the in-built reliance and co-dependency of its inhabitants on each other to sustain and function within a small community. Through Harting we see a society that is recognisably a traditional English village; however, it is one that has evolved and adapted slowly over a long history and through the “real substance of human interactions”48 to remain relevant into the twentieth century. More recently, modern lifestyle combined with models of rural development are increasing population sizes of settlements whilst community integration and sociability decreases. As shown in BBC documentary ‘The New Builds are coming’ (2018), many villages and surrounding new estates have become commuter ‘dormitories’ with few people able to live, work and contribute to society daily in the true nature of the English Village. Life in the village has undoubtedly changed since the 1956 film on Harting and in many ways life has vastly improved with better standards of living, education, travel, diversity and increased rural opportunities. The twenty-first century could be a new dawn for the village as the widespread availability of digital technology and high-speed internet have mitigated some of the disadvantages of living in the countryside. In addition, the rise of working from home is establishing new opportunities for the village beyond just as a ‘dormitory’ for commuters.
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The rural has always played an important role in the development evolution of Britain; however, we need to find new ways to define the village beyond merely a “static and harmonious”49 object to preserved. Instead, it is time to “re-engage with the rural as an experimental field of exploration”50 and understand that, instead of being a museum-piece, it “requires as much innovation, strategic thinking and design experimentation as the city”51. The modern village is not just a place for picturesque cottages, themed tea rooms, flower shows and lawn bowls. To survive and continue to evolve it must embody a “living tradition”52, where the skills are acquired, innovation flourishes and history respected. A place that is relevant for the day-to-day ‘real substance’ of modern life and for all of society to live, work and play. Through perceiving the village, not as a museum but as a laboratory for community and the social relationships between people today, we can evolve a new incarnation of village life. One that is suited for twenty-first century life and born of the “real substance of human interactions”53, yet recognisable in the true essence of the English Village tradition.
48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53.
Williams, R., (1975). The Country and the City, 208. Newby, H., (1986). Locality and rurality: The restructuring of rural social relations. 211. Bolchover, J., Lin, J., Lange, C., (2016). Where is the Rural in an Urban World?. 8. Idib, 180. Sharpe, Thomas., (1946). The Anatomy of the Village, 28. Williams, R., (1975). The Country and the City, 208.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books CULLEN, G., (1961). The Concise Townscape. London: Architectural Press DARLEY, G., (2007). Villages of Vision. St Albans: Granada Publishing Limited. DAVIS, K., (1965). The Urbanization of the Human Population. In: The City Reader. London: Routledge, pg 25-34. DAVIS, Mike., (2006). The Planet of Slums. DITCHFIELD, P.,(1908). The Charm of the English Village. London: B.T.Batsford ESSEX, County council., (1973). A design guide for residential areas. Chelsmford, Essex: County Council of Essex. HARVEY, David., (1985). The Urbanisation of Capital. HOSKINS, W., (2013). The Making of the English Landscape. Toller Fratrum: Little Toller Books. MUMFORD, Lewis., (1961). The City in History. PAGE, R., (1974). The decline of an English village. London: DavisPoynter. ROBERTS, B., (1987). The making of the English village. Harlow: Longman Scientific & Technical. SHARPE, Thomas., (1946). The anatomy of the village. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd. WILLIAMS, R., (1975). The country and the city. St Albans: Granada Publishing Limited.
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Journals & articles ABRAHAM, A., Capetillo, C., (2016). The Hunstad Code. AD Designing the Rural: A Global Countryside in Flux, 04 vol 242, pg 78-85. BRENNER, Neil., (2016). The Hinterland, Urbanised?. AD Designing the Rural: A Global Countryside in Flux, 04 vol 242, pg 118-127. BOLCHOVER, J., Lin, J., Lange, C., (2016). Where is the Rural in an Urban World?. AD Designing the Rural: A Global Countryside in Flux, 04 vol 242, pg 6-13. CASTLE, Helen., (2013). Editorial. ADThe New Pastoralism: Landscape into Architecture, vol 223, pg 5. DARLEY, G., (2018). Rural housebuilding utterly fails to serve the needs of its locality. In: Building Design DARLEY, G., (2018). Outrage. In: The Architectural Review. Vol 1450, pg 83. NEWBY, H., (1986). Locality and rurality: The restructuring of rural social relations, Regional Studies, 20:3, 209-215, DOI: 10.1080/09595238600185191 PARVIN, A., (2013). Open Fields: The next rural design revolution. ADThe New Pastoralism: Landscape into Architecture, vol 223, pg 118-125. POZO GIL, Marta., (2013). Wild City: MVRDV- Weaving nature and the urban. ADThe New Pastoralism: Landscape into Architecture, vol 223, pg 48-53. RHOWBOTHAM, K., (2013). Open Fields: Et in arcadia ego et in arcadia est. ADThe New Pastoralism: Landscape into Architecture, vol 223, pg 138-141.
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ROSKAM, C., (2016). Inventing the rural: A brief history of Modern Architecture in the Countryside. AD Designing the Rural: A Global Countryside in Flux, 04 vol 242, pg 14-19. SCHUMACHER, P., (2016). Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t waste your time in the countryside. AD Designing the Rural: A Global Countryside in Flux, 04 vol 242, pg 128-133. SHEPERD, Dominic., (2013). The Golden Age: Between Wilderness and Utopia. ADThe New Pastoralism: Landscape into Architecture, vol 223, pg 27-31 SUTHERLAND, A., (2018). Reinventing the rural. In: The Architectural Review. Vol 1450, pg 8-14. Internet ACTION IN RURAL SUSSEX. 2018. Action in rural Sussex: Supporting rural communities. [ONLINE] Available at https:// ruralsussex.org.uk. CREATE YOUR OWN HOME, Graven Hill Bicester. 2018. Create your own home at Graven Hill, Bicester. [ONLINE] Available at: https://gravenhill.co.uk. NATIONAL CLT NETWORK. 2018. National CLT Network. [ONLINE] Available at: https://communitylandtrusts.org.uk. NATIONWIDE CLT START UP FUND. 2018. National Community Land Trust Network (start-up fund) - Nationwide. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.nationwidefoundation.org. uk/projects-we-fund/funding-2013-16/national-community-landtrust-network-start-up-fund/ WADDESDON MANOR. 2018. Golden Mede - Waddesdon Manor. [ONLINE] Available at: https://waddesdon.org.uk/blog/ golden-mede/.
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Film ANVIL FILMS, Beaconsfield., (1956). An English Village: Harting. [Online Video]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=RwC-HEhftMw BLAST! FILMS, BBC. (2018). The New Builds are coming: Battle in the countryside, Episode 1, series 1. [Online Video]. 31 January 2018. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/ b09qmrsj. BLAST! FILMS, BBC. (2018). The New Builds are coming: Battle in the countryside. Episode 2, series 1. [Online Video]. 31 January 2018. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/ b09rf94t. Images ANVIL FILMS, Beaconsfield., (1956). An English Village: Harting. [Online Video]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=RwC-HEhftMw BLAST! FILMS, BBC. (2018). The New Builds are coming: Battle in the countryside, Episode 1, series 1. [Online Video]. 31 January 2018. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/ b09qmrsj. BLAST! FILMS, BBC. (2018). The New Builds are coming: Battle in the countryside. Episode 2, series 1. [Online Video]. 31 January 2018. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/ b09rf94t. DITCHFIELD, P.,(1908). The Charm of the English Village. London: B.T.Batsford
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