سہہ ماہی تاریخ 15 by Muhammad Mohiudin Shah

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9. 10.

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late) Khadija Mastoor in her prize winning Urdu novel 'Aangan ' which has been published in an Englis h translation under the title 'The Courtyard' Lahore, 2001. W. Cantwell Smith, 'Modern Islam in India', London, 1946, pp. 228-9. Partha Chatterjee, Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World, London, 1986, Ch. 3: 'The Moment (If Departure-Culture and Power in the Thought (If Bankim Chandra, pp. 54 ff. A translation of the relevant parts of Anandamath, by T.W. Clark will be found in his: 'The Role of Bankim Chandra in the Development of Nationalism " in C. H. Philips (ed) Historians of India. Pakistan and Ceylon, London, 1961,p.442ff Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, 'Hindu aur Musalmanon mein Irtibat ' (Bonds Between Hindu and Muslims), Maqalat-e-Sir Syed, Vol. 15, Lahore, 1963, p. 41. David Lelyveld, 'Aligarb's First Generation' Delhi, 1996, p. 302. The Indian Annual Register, 1923, Vol. I, p. 25. C. W. Troll, Sayyid Ahmad Khan, OUP Karachi and Delhi, 1979, p. 18, note 75. For the concept of colonial capitalism c.f 1) Hamza Alavi, The Structure of Colonial Social Formations' Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XVI, Nos. 10, 11, & 12, Annual Number, 1981, and 2) Hamza Alavi, India: Transition to Colonial Capitalism, in Hamza Alavi, Doug. McEachern et. al. 'Capitalism and Colonial Production ., Crrom Helm, London 1982, also published in Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 10, No.4, 1980. Bimal Prasad has dealt with the story of the 1906 delegation, objectively and accurately, in Pathways to India's Partition Vol. II, A Nation within a Nation,

Dhaka, 2000, pp. 100 ff; Prof. Bimal Prasad's three

12. 13.

14.

15. 16. 17.

18. 19.

20. 21. 22.

40 volume work- of which the Third Volume is elusiveseems to be one of the best studies so far done on the 'Pakistan Movement' ii}. Earlier, Francis Robinson also dealt with it in the same scholarly was: in Separatism Among Indian Muslims, Delhi, 1993 pp. 142 ff. Francis Robinson, op.cit., p. 147. Cf. John R. MacLane, Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress, Princeton 1977, ch. 7, Congress and Landlord Interest, pp. 211 ff. What follows is based on Eugene F. Irschik 'Politics and Social Conflict in South India' Berkeley, 1969; and M. R. Barnett, 'Politics of Cultural Nationalism in South India " Princeton, 1976. Francis Robinson, op.cit., 177. Matiur Rahman, From Consultation to Confrontation, London, 1970,p. 197. S.S. Pirzada (ed) Foundation of Pakistan: Al India Muslim League Documents, vol. I, 1906-1924, n.d. (1969?) page 258-8. for the text of the 'Reform Scheme' (the Lucknow Pact) cf. S.s. Pirzada (ed) op.cit. pp. 392-397. See Hamza Alavi, I} 'Ironies of History Contradictions of the Khilafat Movement' in Mushirul Hasan (ed) Islam, Communities and Nation, Manohar, New Delhi, 1998 and 2} 'Review Article- on Pan Islam in British Indian Politics, by Naeem Qureshi' in Pakistan Perspecttves, vol. 7, No.1, Jan-June 2002, Pakistan Studies Centre, University of Karachi. . M. K. Gandhi, Collected Works, Vol. XV, Delhi, 1979, pp. 63-64. A. M. Zaidi, Evolution of Muslim Political Thought, Vol. II, n.d. p. 122. For example in 1943 such a move by one A. H. Kazi was scotched and a proposed resolution about Islamic

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Jc,G>I.a?vL..::.-~ok--.IJI.lkv~LYIaXf'f-Jp..Jf..::.-~= ~ ~.IJlv!";"J.lL/,-x...(i'f-~j L(I(...(i~V!d-"'YU:' L ...JL)I J;lr/..::.-vl?IJ..::.-Pn:)I~vl-J Ji~v.a?vL.;;..Cil L..:,.r'k--JIJLf~/~...J;I~~Jj~I~~.IJI~J-A!Ux~JJ~ vl_ftJlv_'f-I;1.1.1~ (iJ<tf. ji(~{.I_,1.J((~( Lf.J; i(lJJ,I./.a?v .IJI"::'-~~JjJ~5yliL"::'-.IlP!{.I}J',I..J.u;~L..::.-A#!...J/";{/I _~.Il.il(~JU;!t , Reference 1. Abid Raza Bedar, 'Post-Independence Indian Islam', in S.T.Lokhandwala (ed), India and Contemporary Islam, Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Simla, 1971, p.44. 2. Interview with V.T. Rajshekar, Bangalore, 1 February. 2001. 3. A detailed treatment of the question of caste among the Muslims of India is to be found in Imtiaz Ahmed (ed:), Caste and Social Stratification Among Muslims in India, Manohar, Delhi, 1978. 4. For a detailed treatment of Muslim society in post-1947 India, see Mushir-ul Hasan, Legacy of a Divided Nation, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1997. 5. Rahmatullah, 'Curse of Allah on Muslim Religious . Leaders For Flouting Koran', in V.T.Rajshekar (ed.) Curse of Allah, Dalit Sahitya Akademy, Bangalore, 1997, p.13. 6. Qurban 'Ali Zameenzad, 'Beware of Three Internal Enemies Who Killed Muslim Militancy: Medireview Mullahs, Marxists and Secularists', Dalit Voice, 16-31 July, 1993,p.l7. 7. Muhammad Kamran, 'Dalit-Muslim Unity Will Revolutionise Islam', Dalit Voice, 1-15 June, 1997, p.19.

113

8. A Correspondent, 'Jama'at Blow to Dalit-Muslim Unity Movement',Dalit Voice, 16-31 August, 1991, pp.9-10. 9. S.A.Majeed, 'Islam Prohibits Priesthood: Maulanas Are . A Pest on Muslims', Dalit Voice, 16-30 April, 1997, pp.6-1O. 10. Shamsul 'Arifin, 'Pro-Hindu Maulanas Suppressing Spirit ofIslam', Dalit Voice, 16-31 August, 2000, p.6. 11. ShamsuliArifin, 'Rich Muslims Rushing To Join BJP', Dalit Voice, 16-31 January, 2001, p.23. 12. For an Indian Muslim modernist's critique of the 'ulama and the madrasa system, see S. Maqbul Ahmad, 'Madrasa System of Education and Indian Muslim Society', in S.T.Lokhandwala (ed), India and Contemporary Islam, Indian Institute of Advanced Study.Simla, 1971, p.32-36. . 13. A detailed study of the Jama'at and Maududi is Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr's The Vanguard of the Islamic Revolution: The Jama 'at-i-Islami of Pakistan (I.B.Tauris, London and New York, 1994). See also, by the same author, Maududi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York,1996. 14. N. Sirajuddin, 'DV Debate Reveals Dilemma Facing Jama'at-e-Islami', Dalit Voice, 16-30 Nov., 1992, pp.19-21. 15. Letter from 'Abdul Ghaffar Shah, Dalil Voice, 16-31 October, 1991, p.10. 16. Iqbal Ahmed Sheriff, 'When Will the Jama'at-e-Islami Learn?', Dalit Voice, 16-31 August, 1991, p.4. 17. Suleiman Farooqui, 'Middle Class Muslims Using Islam As A Ladder Duping the Oppressed', Dalit Voice, 16-31 March, 1992, pp.l9-20. 18. Iqbal Ahmed Sheriff, 'When Will the Jama'at-e-Islami Learn?', Dalit Voice, 16-31 August, 1991, p.4. 19. Letter from Tariq 'Ali, Dalil Voice, 16-31 March, 1992, p.13. 20. Qurban 'Ali Zameenzad, 'Hindu-Muslim Unity: Is It Possible?', Dalit Voice, 16-28 Febrauary, 1993, p.19.

114

21. Qurban 'Ali Zameenzad, 'Beware of Three Internal Enemies Who Killed Muslim Militancy: Medireview Mullahs, Marxists and Secularists', Dalit Voice, 16-31 July, 1993, p.17. 22. The most comprehensive study of the TJ is Khalid Masud (ed.), Travellers in Faith: Studies of the Tablighi Jama 'at as a Trans-National Movement for Faith Renewal, EJ.Brill, Leiden, 2000. 23. Qurban 'Ali Zameenzad, 'Beware of Three Internal Enemies Who Killed Muslim Militancy: Medireview Mullahs, Marxists and Secularists', Dalit Voice, 16-31 July, 1993, p.17. 24. Nafisul Hasan, 'Koranic Directions Suppressed: Maulanas Misleading Muslims By Ignoring Duties in This World', Dalit Voice, 1-15 April, 1996, p.11. 25. Letter from P.A. Salam, Dalit Voice, 16-31 October, 1995, p.23. 26. Letter from Mushtak Ahamed, Dalit Voice, 1-15 Febrary, 2000, p.16. 27. Letter from S.M.Ebrahim Madani, Dalit Voice, 16..30 June, 1989, p.10. 28. S.M.Mir, 'Tablighi Jama'at Ignoring Spirit of Islam', Dalit Voice, 16-31 January, 1999, p.15. 29. Qurban 'Ali Zameenzad, 'Beware of Three Internal Enemies Who Killed Muslim Militancy: Medireview Mullahs, Marxists and Secularists', Dalit Voice, 16-31 July, 1993, p.16. 30. Shamsul 'Arifin, 'Pro-Hindu Maulanas Suppressing Spirit ofls1am', Dalit Voice, 16-31 August, WOO, p.6. 31. Letter from M.N.Mustafa, Dalit Voice, 1-15 March, 1992, p.10. 32. Letter from Naveed Hussain, Dalit Voice, 1-15 February, 2000, p.13. 33. Mahboob Subhan, 'Islam Alone Can Defeat Brahminism' , Dalit Voice, 1-15 November, 1992, p.19. 34. Letter froin Iqbal Ahmed Sheriff, Dalit Voice, 1-15 April, 1996, p.18.

115

35. Ejaz 'Ali, 'Anti-Islamic Elite Muslims Opposed to Reservations for the Oppressed', Dalit Voice, 16-31 January, 1996; pp.8-9. 36. Letter from Ejaz 'Ali, Dalit Voice, 16-30 April, 1996, p.22. 37. Letter from S. Shafiq Ahmad, Dalit Voice, 16-30 November, 1999, p. 17. 38. Intezar Ansari, 'Elite Muslims Warned: Will Meet Fate of Nazi Vaidiks in Bloody Revolution', Dalit Voice, 1630 November, 2000, p.6. 39. Nizamuddin Ansari, 'Dalit-Muslim Unity Failed As Elite Muslims Hate Dalits', DaZit Voice, 16-31 January, 2000, p.l5. 40. Rahmatullah, op.cit.., p.ll. 41. Rahmatullah, op.cit., p.15. 42. Mohammad Kamran, 'Dalit-Muslim Unity Will Revolutionize Islam', in V.T.Rajshekar (ed.) Curse of Allah, Dalit Sahitya Akademy, Bangalore, 1997, p.33. 43. S.N.Mandal, 'Elite Muslims Closer to Upper Castes Than Oppressed Muslims', Dalit Voice, 16-31 August, 1992, pp.17-18. 44. Masood Azhar, 'Elite Muslims Have Become IdolWorshippers' , Dalit Voice, 1-15 August, 1994, p.19. 45. Qurban 'Ali Zameenzad, 'Beware of Three Internal Enemies Who Killed Muslim Militancy: Medireview , Maulvis, Marxists and Secularists', Dalit Voice, 16-31 July, 1993, p.16. , 46. Qurban 'Ali Zameenzad, 'Wanted Dalit-Muslim United Front', Dalit Voice, 1-15 Febrary, 1993, p.2l. 47. Qurban .'Ali Zameenzad, 'Elite Muslims Blamed For Babri Masjid Destruction', Dalit Voice, 16-31 January, 1993. . 48. Qurban 'Ali Zameenzad, 'Dalits, Islam and Ivory Tower Maulvis', Dalit Voice, 1-15 December, 1992, p.20. 49. Vinod Ahmed, 'Muslim Masses Deceived [sic.] From Fighting Dalit Oppression', Dalit Voice, 1..15 December, 1999, p.1l.

116

50. Letter from Darvesh, Dalit Voice, 1-15 January, 2000, p.17. 51. Intezar Ansari, 'Maulana Maududi's Revolutionary Message Not Allowed to Reach Masses by Jama'at-eIslami', Dalit Voice, 16-30 September, 1999, p.8. 52. A Correspondent, 'Mischief Lies in Suppressing Spirit of Islam and Preaching Religion of Islam', Dalit Voice, 1-15 April, 1997,p.22. 53. Qurban 'Ali Zameenzad, 'Dalits, Islam and Ivory Tower Maulvis', Dalit Voice, 1-15 December, 1992, p.20. 54. Nairn Suhrawardi, 'Muslims Cannot Fight Brahminism Without Joining Non-Muslim Groups', Dalit Voice, 115 March, 1992, p.14. 55. Isa Haque, 'Dalits Are Blood-Brothers of Muslims: Together They Must Fight Aryans', Dalit Voice, 1-15 August, 1992, p.17.

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-If Jr",j.;:.,/.IJI~u.":;'~OJ....fL)lf.f....f~"'n..J/ .fs.;:.,~SLJ (.,~~JLr,;If-S.t;~Rt~/.,:;,~J~vlu(L.I~L'~''LL)r/. -If-J?J.:"Lfi~~JLvl Notes and References 1. Amir Hasan Sijizi, Fawaid-ul-Faud (Nawal Kishore), pp. 13-14, 68 and 147, Amir Kwurd, Siyar-ul-Auliva, Delhi 1302 AH\1884-5, pp. 38-9 and 46. 2. The statement is attributed to Shaikh Sharf-ud-Din Yahya Maneri, an eminent fourteenth century sufi of Bihar. Compare, Maulana Nimatullah, Ganj-i Layakhfa, Patna MS., 34-5. 3. Fawaid-ul-fuad, 137, 158-9, Khair-ul-Majalis, ed. K.A. Nizami, Aligarh, 1959, 65, 66 and 150; see also K.A. Nizami, Some Aspects of Religion and Politics in India during the Thirteenth Century, (Reprint, Delhi, 1974, pp.178-9) in particular for the significance and meanings of circulation of Zambil and chilla-i makus (inverted chilla). 4. S.A.A. Rizvi, History of Sufism in India, I, Delhi, 1978, p. 335. 5. Alakhbani or Rushd-Nama edited by S.A.A. Rizvi and Sailesh Zaidi, Aligarh, 1971.. 6. Surur-us-Sudur (Habibganj Collection, Aligarh) 69, 74, 302, Baba Farid's compositions are also believed to have been incorporated by the fifth Sikh Guru, Arjan in 1604, in the Guru Granth Saheb. For some other dohas see Maktubat-I Muzaffar Shams Balkhi, (Patna MS), ff. 141b and 193a; see also Patna University Journal, XII, 1958 for their English translation. 7. Abd-ul-Qadir Badaoni, Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh, I, p. 230 for an analysis of Chandayan, see S. Chandra,

149

72. Ibid., pp. 31-14. 73. Compare Beni Prasad, History of Jahangir, Reprint, Allahabad, 1962, pp. 202-31. 74. Compare J.N. Sarkar, Fall of the Mughul Empire, II, Reprint Delhi, 1971, pp. 395-96; III, Reprint, Delhi, 1975, pp. 20-2, 196-222. 75. Francois Bernier, Travels, p. 336. 76. Ibid., p. 334. 77. Ibid., p. 331. 78. Even though Tahirid established the first Persian dynasty in Khorasan, the Saffarids (867-892), the Samanids (874-999) and the Buyids (934-1055) were the first consciously Persian principalities. / The Samanids claimed to be the descendants of the preIslamic Sasanid nobleman, Saman, while the Buyids mentioned Yezdger, a Sasanid king, as their ancestor. Rudaki and Daqiqi, the first Persian poets were patronized by the Samanids. Later, the Turks, the Ghaznavids, the Seljuqs and the Khwarizmshahis became enthusiastic patrons of Persian language and culture. Compare EJ. Brown, A Literary History of Persia, II, Cambridge, 1964. 79. Compare Shahnama in English translation as The Epic of the Kings by Reaben Levy, revised by Amin Banani, (London, 1967) particularly the last sections. The poet's support to the Ajam is illustrated in the letter he mentions to have been written by Rustam to Sa'd bin Wiqas. 80. Compare D.C. Sircar, Selected Inscriptions, II, Delhi, 1983, pp. 650-64; P.L. Gupta, Coins, Delhi, 1969, pp. 204-5, nos. 215-8.

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_.::....' ,"''' ,,~JI).~ ..,. References Qureshi, LH.; Tipu Sultan's Embassy to Constantinople, 1787. In: Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan Ed. by Irfan Habib, Tulika Delhi, 1999, pp. 69-78. 2. Haim, S. G: The Abolition of the Caliphate and its aftermath, In: The caliphate by T.W. Arnold, OU? Karachi, 1966, pp. 137-8. 3. Sir Sayyid: Maqalat, vol. I, Majlis Tarraqi Adao Lahore, 1966, p. 157. 4. Bamford, P.C: Histories of Khilafat and Noncooperation Movements. K.K.Books Delhi, Reprinted 1985, p. 110 5. Nanda, B.R: Candhi: Pan-Islamism, Imperialism, and Nationalism in India. OUP Delhi, 1989, p. 108 6. Ibid., p. 207. 7. Ibid., p. 207 8. Bamford, pp. 133-4. 9. Ibid., p. 140. 1.

166

10. Minault, G: The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization I in India, OUP Delhi, 1982, p. 56. 11. Bamford, p. 252. 12. Haq, M.U.: Muslim Politics in Modern India. Book Traders Lahore 9n.d.) p. 100. 13. Minault, pp. 210-11. 14. Zuberi, M. H: Voyage through History, vol.i Hamdard Foundation Karachi, 1987, p. 60. 15. Smith, w.e: Modern Islam in India. Reprinted, Lahore, 1947, p. 348.

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