تاریخ اور تحقیق by Muhammad Mohiudin Shah

L6~~lJJl JJ1V3jjJ7-18

+"1

72492.18-7237430 :0j E-mail:FictionHouse2004@:Hotmail.com

.JfiudJ}J;--18 7249218-7237430:(,:)J ut;..?f.J~

sn U'~fJ~fJ;/Ji .JJ1U,;}{~J.lv

J'V

V.JJ/

,,2002

~JflV ''II'

,,2005 L,..J)1801~

~~fyjJ

uj;J/~J{ (~L

Ji4l~

J!:7 S..::..--1"' .r ..::..--1"' .r nlJf

9 22

(J~

(~y;i ",J1VlP j(;:--Jki JIJ;~

-3

-4

jr'L",{~

-5

(!YIv!J~

-6

76 83

(j(;:--JkiCS

..::/;SI:)(;:--Jki",J1 J{

",J1~l,..

JL..--I ",J1.::.-L)Y

100

1I8

-7 -8

-9

J{1~1~1 -10

. 1I0

uf;

b.-'.) "' JII:)(;:--Jki

,..-

-2

57'

-I

..::/;SUJ~ji ",J1U~ : ~If... t.i.J;t:pC ~

",J1

(.;",y J)U,/.

-II -12

-13 -14

126 133 144

-=--.Il{ J~' J~.I!.IJ'.7.L j~J..v.

.7.LJJ):,.;I; L /l)Y J~;.I~.IJ' .I{.I~ ~'f-~0{(i j~J..v.

-17

(LY'

-18

-19

~~J~.IJ'

152 160

-15

.J,.JiPi ~ ~~L.IJ' ~~

,-:,,7 .IJ' OJ-

168

"...~,t'-,

-16

-20

.t'

179 191 197

"":",,,.-Z

t.-~' .IJ' Ut'{ ._d/.

J!:7 SV' .IJ'.V-' ~ uJilf ~.I!

204 214

.. '-1M

VIP ~.I!.IJ'

(J'J-}/ r?....G. Jt

-21 -22 -23 -24

-25

224

"":""'.-Z.IJ'..Â£-

-26

234

~.IL.IJ''''';'

-27

240

1~ I.)}~

-28

250

J}'~

-29

258

-=--.11v! c..1r- J..v. -30

266

-=--.11tJ/'"

-31

273

':;".11 jti P

-32

J/ bJCfr; If L t} -GL iJ~ ~~ '::"-J~ v' -'f- ,f r: A/. ,f ..:-1'JJy-i ,.;J~ n' U.ilf'u~ JVLiJ v: cI~ IC/~ JJL -=- ~ v' ~Jf'{Yl J'~~ L or»: ~ v: J~ LYl aJ _f.J, IvI -£../JJ v:/~ 6' ~, JJI £. J~L'/ ~ Lv' IbJC L ujJ~ L if.f 1J'~J~,f j ,.:;{ }tf L i}. JJ' -UJ i-J..::.YJ I..:-"'~~ LbJC L u.,;' -Y l;- -=- LYl t.{ J'JJ (v' -=- cI'v! V1JYl..:-r;¥ y. v..(~~ JJI J.~i-/ JJ v: d'V Ji/./.' d'L.-- L Jy. JJ' ~~ E.... wf' bJC V:,.;:. L vI -1J jy, $.1 v'

_f J(''f-U'JYl ~~

D.lC _(1J).::,,;1f b.~_f P ~ ((Plumb)~"

v: l5J;J 7-,f

U~lr

s:./''f- J./'J')Ji'(i';; o: U~lr I1'JJ ..::.ou' J;,' JJ' 'f- If i-J ~ d'L.-- ( cJ' r' I~J'J LYl v.. bJC v.. ~V v'

-'f-,ft /

1/~

i.l~ U}~/. L v' -'f-

{Ui.V cI''/ b: ~,;

= -7- UJ j (j r.J.. Uj}; ._;j:# L bJC L U? _('f-7V'~ v:~ ~C(~, ~, -V14 Ylelj u!"l,.IL" 0'L-J~lfjiJ

cC~

~J \:'

f2002UJr.

JYlU

L uP

.IJ'

uj.lY' ~.Ii,j uj.lY' jV-J~ -3/ ,:, t,.IL Sur

i -'f-~.1~ It£J ~ ~ d~...P T'~'I ~ VI (b.lL ,f

if. f 'f- t;~Y' (i' ~ t.f ~ L uj.lY'.,:..r-"(; L cJV-J~ L)!.IJJJ1J~i I

J'~nl 't}i (i'?- ...(1.5; L)! VI _f £V ?-.I) J. J (i~dL UJ.lIJIok-- .IJI'(1Mi '~'..cl;~ ,-/(r uiJJ

J~ .IJId~

-'f- CL~

'f-~.1..J (i'

~ (t,.IL

t,.IL dV-J~

SdV-J~

.:;/~ .IJJ,f ~

V' -L 'f-.1

-i j ~ J.lJJJ Jj L)!1~.I"UJJ~ U'j L)! if. f

~ L ..v?J-,!-3jJPL ..:..Hii

.IJ' £.J.lI..::..c)J.3j

,JiPi1.5;

-li;;- Jl;il

VI; L)! V' -'f- (-=<;'J.3j;". (i' Y JJ L)! t/.J b.lL,f J/ JJ .IJf~ .I(~ ( J)h.l U'j Yo'Sjf ~ -v../.')t:f. (il ~ JJ .3j'.lJ -J-'jIL;'.IJL)!J(f' Lo-='~U'jJ if. f S~J ,_{.IJI~ ;!"/.Lif.f ~Lyi ('}'J.lY' Ijfkfl;ild~~~,JiPi ,.;1.lIJ ~.I)

In' kf

l;il J~ -,~ y~(J'JJ ,f

. _~ LI:l '-:"!" ( J'JJ,f

.IJ' V.I~ I J.lJ'/. d~

L)!

IJ~ J 0:j SV' .IJI ~J

[)!. 'U:i uY:..f Qu;J, L)! t/.J t,:i v! dV-J~ ~ Po L ,1947 L ,-/(r '.I"" 1.5"., L ur L)! v' -VIt£J L)!)~ ~J 1t,.IL ~ 8'l~(..:..';' L d' .IJ'v!-.IL JG"~ ~.I} VI; .IJ' 'AJk up....P

1:)'

.::.-y;i ;:__e: v! '-A L J? v! '";"'.)i I:)'.)JJu-'

-L.ri ,~

":,,,1)

tf ,fj

":"J

d -'.ri

J.,? 'x

D' .:.:;1>"

Jv J? o:

v' -tJJ ...:;.;-_;;tJx L (Oriental Despotism) iJ"Is' ('1 a: ~J tf .:.:;1>" Jv vI -)J~J Or J'v' ~~.J.)J' 'f-....uL &~J~v!

I(.::.-'.)~' /

.)J'

v! J? f~ :t:f Y JJ -~?.) J~1i Jyl; v! D.Jr &J V' ~ ui} L/ J~" t'.)j L ~~.) Lv' -'f- 1.5'.) .)~,~ Jli' LfJ;.J~ L JJ')~v! '";"'.Ji~ if. f~ :t~ ,9 0" -'f- ~ v! JJJ .:;.-' / v! J..lP, L ;1.J1JJJ~"::;u,tf &~J~P. L J~' L ,;1; ~~. n' Li JJ~L if. f~.)~ /y I(,;1; '";"'~v~L &~J~":,,,'J£'J.ri')J"::;u. v! JJ. c;_ ~ u-' -tJJ/F ..::;u.tf 1:)1L/).".lu.,,»L ;1.)u ,

.:;..Y J / ~

tf /t 'J.ri

L/ J~I{ .JJb L.)~ (il ~ c;_' t.f _~~#"~I~I/ '-Jd /I:)~ L~')J'tJJ v! .J L /t J'fY / tf ~~.) j" v! I:)(?J~ ~'

L U)~

v! f'~' L/t f 'i- r.ri (,iP L.ri L/ ~1Jy'

I(flji.J'

L v' .JJ'

4 4 ,J. ~ ~ ~ .)~--:~ &~G"~ J/I( J!9 J' Jv' .JJ' /t -,f J:r j~J~ J'UJ)J' L ~~.)c;_ U 15' L~ L.ri tJJ ....fi J'.J,-L.- v' -'f- ~ .:.A. L U?.)y J ,) .)J'I:)(?J~".d' L tf ~ j"" ":,,,1) tf (Douglus E. Streusand) k' i)'" J1

.::.-if.

Lv'

c;_'

v! 1.1' Formation v!)2!-~ L ui.)2ui

of the Mughal Empire (1999) (('f-

,J!J

tf ,;1; '";"'~~ JJ.J~.JJI 'Lf..fJ')~ '.:.:;1>" Jv -'f- ~ I(,J!J tf~~.)J'" .)JI.d' L /t ~1Jy'

Cl u!;'1L JL ..::.-1~J~ ":,,,'y;1(Jly

vI~~1:)1>" Jv &~J~j" ~

u-V -:J ~~

-:J

if...r

..::.-tI?J~ j't' -jV-JY. .n' 'J? 'j'!'-'f-'f-IGJ); /. J A.:::;:....J}! 0/ JJ.:::;:....') y; J'J ~iJ,

.. :)j J'~I?J~...t

'-/ JJ ...t ~

...t

-,,; ~ y; ,..,v -£' I( "::'/h-- oUr' ...t .J" L.f~

1.. :)~~' ,;-' L)~~'1v' If L uit? s » v' -Ji ...t .,::./~~dUr'~ L ..:.-IPPJ' u}? ~J'~J/ L ~

~ ~'J~ 0/ JJ-I/15J

~"iJ0:. -,,; ~, ~J' ;1;-' .:::;:.... ~J J' ..:.-}JI ~' 'ut? ~J' u~ J?

v' ..:.-'j J'~I?J~...tu.r.lui -";...t ..::.-t~J~-:J jV-JY. .:::;:.... ~I?J~..r1 ~J 0:. -I jy; ~IP ~ll J'..:.-}J, .:::;:....' J'.,{1 j~ I( ..::/f 1~1~ '''; Cy; (}I( el?J~J~ ~J'''; (7. 'x .:::;:.... ~ t) !'-J 'Y 1/1J~eJ..r,,;I~I?J~(J' -: ~ ~J 1/' 't/-' 'j't' ...t v' L v' ~OJ Jf7 1-:J L ..::.-t~J~,y ~ L /t Yo;/.':::;:""

":'-J~

...t ~, L v' o: 1.5' ;-lr- ~

1ui jV-JY. ~J' J? L/ L e~J~sJ ~'J~-:...t ui~.ti ~J'u)? n;,. -if-t.f uh-h.;l uila ...t ~V-Jy' -J j~y;?

'~J LJ, ...t ~i

...t ufJ L v' ~ J' v' ~ L

v' -,,;~J)?...t uilP!1~ Ly;L) J "'~'J~v' t.f L /t -,,; (;u ...t ~'~I;",~} JI?' LI{- L '-£' if' )p'.:::;:.... J'r?r (JJ -~J/._(C.;':::;:""..:.-'j~''''';/ 1if' )p' L/( 1~'J~ v' L ~L if. '~J'-J ~~J I(J? IJj Ly;L/( I~'p' L fl).; L /t ) A.:::;:.... ~.1./Jj Li./' '(Y' -VJ c-'~ .IhP' I(L)Ji! (.).'.1. (V ;£~((;..1( /.'/. uiJJ ~~ J JY. v:.1 J' if. ..rtf~I?J~I( 1~.1(V L ~J

.:::;:....' (M. Weber)~J

-,,; r£ ~~J I(";"~~

L~' e~J~,y -L

.:::;:.... ~ u-' 1~ ~J'~~~~' e~J~...t(Uii v' 'f- t;1'..::.-tI?J~ (Uii .:,'~{ ...t ~ I~~v' L ..::/f) -I ~'~I;";"~..r4 'f- r;£ ...t JV'",;-'

-(l£ V- JJ)Y'11~.J)' '-J (t ~"";""~ J~"L VJ~/t .I)' /.~ -'y. t-* fl'ii-" ~f ~f V- .JJJL JI ~-"J'-: ~~~J~ (Uli

J, J/~-"J'~ ._f .Nt L v";.J1n 1 'L;£ ~/.'/.,;-'~1//.~ fY' JCi? J Sv.'.J .JJ'-"y" ...fi.::.J>

SV'

._f "::;J "I' -~ _;~ .::.-!)

u";.J1n~ u;. -L;£.J

~~J~

-"}/. / uJ,;f .JJ'u)J! J} ~' ~J-'7. '.Jj~ ,;-'

S '-I/...fi~' i'~~.J ~ ~~ S ...:.,1/' ~ d~'.J .JJ'"y. cfJ L)f ~Jf S ..::/'}.I) -=- ._f. uJ; r:' ,;-' L v' ~ L if. Jy. ~.J~ -0 )'.JISJ,...J(... -=-':-J '}/ L V'./ -'-J '-J '}/ 1:;' ~, .JJJL JI V- v' -u/.' ~f ~f u-"J~JS fY' -=-d';:(; u.J,i L d' '~I.;y ':l L 4-J ~ ~~ S~~J~ '~~Y.J J.J~.JJ'~(.,.;i S ~ Jy. J:,,.:v u-"J~JS d' ~ "';;JJif.~J~ w ~~y .JJ'UJ.Nt

-J J~ ~J

d- f ~~Y.J S .J~.JJ -Vrh ~..4:J.JJ'J S~~J~ v.. ui.J~.JJ .JJ'fY' -=-"';;JS d' ',_j' u.J,i ~ JJ' _f£Sd~L fY' JCi? I)!f'k.' S::f v' L ~~J~ L ..::/f v.. d(;:--JR;L u.,;, '-/ JJ 'Lj,;:(; ):h.J L d' ~ d';:(; JI~ ~ V' -L J G' L u.J~ J}-:'-~ ',j SJ.J.S V' V- J,...v v~;~ ~ d' V- ~JJ,lr L (UV, .JJ''l[(.;;t)'J:,?-" I..::;u, u;J/ L 1.5i. (~.JJ' 'j.JI'r}"

'~.J{V-

luiJ~d'LJlc:t -vf vEl~J.t...J~Lv'Lu";'j-S{.;;iy.J J;' ~u.i't' V- J..~ L d' .JJ'Vv: Ly. f;' ~d".u -1J J(

-Vv: 1;P>7. ~J1;~ ..£. fl[ J' ~. ~h . v' ~ ;-lr- L u;J~ ,:-' . L JI L uJ';':: fY' JCi? ~ V' -L~ l[L I~JJ,lr ~.Jj L ~ J d

13 ,,/-'1 G- V~JJ,nl

L(:> ~JJ ..Jlr,,/-'I

J.r ILvI 'v!,J-J~

-L(:> ~tJ~IJv.. ~;L~ L U,}I)f fV.Jq;'

.JJILIJ.J~

Io:!~VI L

t.f v.. ,..U.- L

U~~I.J

Y JJJ ~.JyPVI ~ J..::..-77 -.J!OJ~~y o.J{o.J{ ,,/-'1 ~.JyPJ

~ '0't;:

.JJI....G.v..

v..

::I ~' t.f v..;:-- ~ L vI V f.;J- (Uii Yo r J)J ~ L ;(i J?Iv.. (Uii v' -IJ ~b:.Jq;I~G- Uo.J{ I..:::;u.0;)/ .JJI~~J~ ~"l~ v.. L): Lj'(:> I)J ~ .JJIL(:> ~JJr lo)A f J -Yt G- ~~J~,.b}I.J r d' V- ~.JyPv' JC -L(:> OJ t.f LIJj'(:> ''''''.J)J ~ L UuiJJ V-.d L vI 'JYt,,/-' ~k"r ~J1;G-I

~J~

V- vI ~

f,}

(j":::;J

vI ~It o.J{ IUJ)J

-L LJ

-t.f LIJ

L~ ~It- .JJI

JJ Ii;; J UJ)Y ,.,.j ~'

?IJ LJ J¥'v.. itl if. Ij_/J.JYJ~UJ)J ~ ':'»L? J,=-J i» IUJJ/ iJ> 'JYt ,,/-' L?k"~~J~;G-I

L ;(i

t.f V- vI 'J

J if. 'J'J G- ~(:> J UJ)J ~ r ,;I) 0'~ ;(i I~ JL t.f J V- J' J.JL vI ,J. -~ r: "" J} _,v ~J~;G- v.. vI ,.(,j jYt? IJ fyl f ~ 'IJ if._,v J~~J~.1)1 £:.. /1 ,; v.. ~ Jj_/ J.JYJ/PU, ~ )J ~ ~ -J-hif w r..::/;~ .JJI'Lf vL> ';;)J) 'LfJ; ~I v.. 0' o)J~J

,,/-'J' G- UJ.J{ {VI

G- ~J

-u:

V- do ~. ~yljv J~ J'J.. ~ ~ ~ 'VJ!?I ~..uJ)) ~ ,=-, L ;(i L u.,2~.JJIui.~ -,.....J 2:... J) )JijJG-1 G- ~J tIdl 'L (7' ~~I.J ~k'~ ~ r..::/;~ ,,/-'I_,} ~J1;.;:.01JuJ)) ~ ~ V- J..lP ~' -= _( ,} ()JI;I ,,/-'1 -VV,,/-' ,,/-'1 v.. ~H~ JL): o))ijJ 1

....

-lPG )j /.f U.J~J} ~' L ".J~ .,::..IJI.-1.,::..,;.1.1 4 '~ (1$ .,::..5~ -=- L))!/ L~ L~ v! JLIr J e~.JJId; J l:)~ ~')J ~ J" -i:.. eJ1;

v! ;1.;:1if. L /t ,J L)J?~.JJIL)i~ L vI -1 ~k'"~

..:;./J/.; ,J vI ~ eJ1~7.f .,::..j J ':::;IhtJ.; ~I...

v.! ----.v-:.;L)""~ u

v' ,.A '1./ '1 .:

J ,J L)yJ;l:)l/ t' v! dV JRz-1

.; JJ'! ,J L);'L,.)':::;IhtJ.; ,J

~'~ )~; L~ L~ .s: J;? '-7. J! tJ.; u: !)jl",.-..J .JJIL)~i5 J" -i:.. Lye L .,::..Ij.JJIu.JJ'/. ,J l:)1Y, (:) -: ,J l:)1.e. ;:[.1 () ~ ~fe~J~.JJI ~

tJ.;J.IYL,,;:/.:;.-'

-I) ~L)J)'" ;/' ,.,v (" ~ "':-"'"~ l;),J

,J L)J;/

eJ fl)

/t -V./JA,J v'

v! l:)'VJRzJ~.s: (j .I'",;/'eJ

zs ~l:)r;)WIJl:)It'.JJI'-:--/'~I1vJ-:~v'l vk L L))!/ L

J~.JJI-:--Y- ~

(;V{L)J.JIJ~

ye "::".J~

(il~.,::..jpp tJ.;,J vI

t yeJ-'

J.JJ';

vI 'I) Jyr~L);'-- ~ L)r'.J l:)1'i:..

-i:LJ .v-:';L)~~Llf-Ll:)IeJ~VI'1 JyefJI~,J L)J;/ H'i . a.... jl.--i ~..d' c.... ~J ,J _;IP,-::,i .JJI'L)J;I.;:Ij.* 'L)J)"'";/' :.::-' ., J"

.e: 2!_

_.; '1l:)(>ll~ ~

~ .,::..jpp

fyl

'~~,J,J

~ ~ U.J{i _.; ~

J" i L(:> ("(J ~ vI

,J vI _;IP";,,,i 1JJ.J~(j_.; .JJ1l.JJ

t: ,J /t~ ~(~I

J" L J1-1) JL/. _.;I.J{;]1..< L

.:::;u, r.fJJ.J~ ,J vI

L..::/; J" ~/. L vl-i:.. 11.:.1.JJI'J).--- _.;GP ~ vI

;]1.-- L

t:I~L vl....f ~; ...Â£JI ~ ~J ,J l:)1,J:.;L)i~I d- J~ ,J ..:;./1.1 f /t v! .JJJL [;,i ~ ~J,J ~~ S/I-f-.J LJ ..::/;~ (I.Ji JJ ~[;,i f..::/; J-)/: Lv"f-C~I./ ~ &~J~Jj~ l:)VJy'

(2)'

''f- .::.v"1),f ,,:",CJ(il nl ~"U,);._P

.L (-

vi )JI .::.v"1),f

v. ? )JI ~~'j1V'Ivi (The Mughal State 1526-1750 (1998)

tf 6/.:;;'J';,o J# (i'l;)! ~A vl'-'f- tf .,;..JI) J .: £_ ~1) .r ,.)..

,,"I.' • _;,. t" -v.t~ r( ,,"I.' vI VJL.U,P)y')j"· Yo~ 'f-

,I .:

;j~) _~I

-.;- ~JI

J~J;

J~" (I) ,.).. ~)~

L ..:..-t~J~,f

,f ..:..-t~J~.r,» d' -~ ..::.-iJ';,oL (J. F. Richards) -?J ,f vi -I .. :: ..dJi,fL) r?I~ y..l.)i)~ f 'f- ViiLfi ~ (J) IJ.,;I;,.).. U;?~f~ -:~ rv'f'J';j~.,;..} ~J- <:J/r (' vi,.).. U}I-tl; (;)Y (;)1)/ f'f- In? t)jj -:Uk-£ L)dk: 1..::.-11J)

Po L L/

L e~J~fi<:- -?J vi

-: ( vi L uJirr

".::J )IJ-1(IYo ~ iJ~ ~

(j Ix ..J/ f~ "f.! d)';

,'( ,; ~~

-~fJ1

I?": "

Llf L J,.).. Po'~ I())JIUJ)J-1(I(Ii~/ ,.)..U~

s,v.t ~

vi )J';~;

-~rjZ

J.::J -lJ c:c: J1e~J~~

JJ OJ '~

r~J1j!';

r~1J)» » ul! "f.!1 vI; ''f-) ~fi: ~,.)..~)~L ~~ ~

(i -~ LJJ,fu~"

...£JI <:-)}

P L ,,~

Yo ~

""J~)

c~t,.)..Ut.)~ f j

JJ1 j!,2" vi

I/.~~

~ b:'~~

-f' ,f J- IJ}

d' ~Po L

U}'~(If,r -:.:%!~

(i'

J/JJ

L ~/J L (;,C /.~~~J~JJ JIMI -'f- c:c: do uY L) JI~~J~ ~ JI ,.)..J~f j ( ..:..-t~J~ L Jf -i:... ..::.-~,;~ ~ ~v L fyl ,;-1 L Ut.1n )JI ~I

-lJ)~

(..::}I)J jl-t(; ~

L vi -tftt JI/ --?/

~I}

fJ'JLVf_'f-0'~tf~~(

VfiLi

SuiY J.I.-- .JJf')ji,f

..:-~fJ.J

"~~J~fi f

tiL ~JJ'C '~b:v.! .::/;f.;fJ

lef

-,-) JP tf ~ "..:-~fJ.JJ ..:-y;i ,;-f) ,j3 ~ JYL .JJf )f 'oftL vf 'J~ L J-f -L ..:-L~ tf ~~J~::f L vf!.5k .J{ -L L)~~tf ~ ~._j} J y. 'Lf).2 e"f.. .J~1J.JJfJ~i .JJf,ft

?- L L)t ":-J(.;!tf

.J~1J',ft \JJ ",:",f-f.Jf "f..~

'~C1.JJ7

.:JJfi

~ ..fIy. f~.::/~

y. ~)/

S'~J~

.J{ L vf ~

fV 'J) -'f- fj~f!.5k

L vf i (~~ _J. 'L'f-.J v.! ;fy L vf

.:JJ 8J~;(

vf ~

vf ~ J.7 ..fI~-~ C1.JC~"f.. JrL >.fi .JJf (

!.5.J{,J.'v.! f~ Y

-'f-~.J (/"f.. ~

)lP -; Ui_';'f.J.JJfufo-" L (Normen P. Ziegler).k

d.J.i .

J" 4- vf ..:-_,;.f.Jf'f- tf 0'J d~ L~;£ fu.; vf L &~J~J"-~~~~f.JJ' -L u? L ~f/' 'J"f.. $ tf df _f ,I':!.. ~ )JijJ L O~J~

J"" f ~i ,;-f L)Jr;f ;-1.-- L U? L UyJf'~J)f.J{ f ufo-" -1"..:-~fJ.J~f tf df '!.5.Jf~J~ ufo-" tf df -tf JfM tf UJ'? ,;-f .JJf~

UJ~ tf df .JJf!.LJ..:-~y .JJf',-.Nt ''''r''''~ ~f ~JJJ"f.. ..:-~fJ.Jt..f df L ufo-" ~

L vf L

"f.. )~

-1/v.! ~ f C)J.JJ (y'.J J ..:-~fJ.J -:!..~&L~df~i

'f-I;.f( df -'f-)lP

( ,.}f.Ji ,,(Uii L !.5)~; "f..~ L

~ ~ vf 'J~.J~

"f..~L;L uP:"f..dV'JPi v~f

?~d -v!' ..:-(p~f tf)1)

L .;~.JJ L)

?"f..Uj'..JJcJ fUJ.;f):t;

ufo-" f

tf .;fk;

.JJf'~f.J 'vt.J

4- ~df

OJ-L LJJI(# .JJf'<~j~UI~ 'J -

• <.

•

It:

~.'"".!

1~ ~

~ U/'" .JJI-3 '-"p."; dl -2 '-"p."; JJ.Jy" -1 /

JJ.Jy"--"p.";

/ tJ.J~J} S c1' i...J)..fi

z, Jf .s: LJ1 c1~

JG"~ V- UJ.Jlp'";

~I...J) tJ/ JJ'~JJ:;-.Jc1~ V- uj~ 'i-' ~I LJ1 Lf J'" Jy ~-~ b:(;tJ. r ..:..r'~.J/, '-J &J~;~ j~ 'i-' ~I 'f b:-"J ~

fy.£Lfj/./unLj~'i-'v-c)~,~~s.J'J~

L U? tt.Jlp'";-d' /' ~ f ~~..t" r ~~ vI -£ LJ1 .JIJGJ L el' J'" -~,.P V- .:.(..p S J- J'" .J'~ L [;,)~I .JJI-~ J1 -"JGJ vI .s: Lb: c1~ r j~ /.JIJ~I L~/~''V-,.;....I-- L ~"'f '8I?J~ -I) tJ1 JJ/ tJJ?} S8I?J~J" ,J:~ /.::JI.JJV-~"'f~ J..r S VI.JJIj~ t;yl uY L U_':'-~.J .JJI'~I.J'.lIp'"; d'J « _fJ; ~ UJ-"J~ '-/ JJ~" .I;" JL ~ vI \f fi J" .JJI£ ;:{.J J! S c1' f £ Lf -!tY ~ -"J~ '-/ JJ~ vI -£ ,f.. .::)(..d!'

i J.!J ~IJ .:."!t' S c1' ,,-!tY L UJA~~ -r>. -L"'f Vf /.:."!t' .JJItJ.JVS J/

.;A",L~; ~JI IJJ -v..J) t;J} ..iJ~ LU_';I

~ v.L/uiJ~'J-UiJ$I.J

-J.!J18J~;..iJ~ y~L ,jS J~

J.}

-'f- ':'.JJ/ S~ V-;:-t;y,'Lf JyPJ c1~ ~ uii,/ y. £ LJ1 OJ-"p."; dl .JJIj~.JJ

'J~;'If"J:J 'tJ/JJ; ~ -£ ~J 1./(} V- ,;17 J~f £ ,.P J!~ -L LYI JJ""" ~ -£ LJ).I-"J v"'fl.JJI/ c1iG" '(AP ',-~~ '£ ~ f ':'J~ .JJI'£ Lf ~ IJI,.p /..:..r'1.J ~ 'I) LYI.JJ/ J/ " .JJ)'(" -v! j~ j) u~IJ.J.JrJ) ~ L ?/uiJGo!Sc1' / .:/f i ~'UYI Jf/ -"p."; Ul,;: f £?-f ~ cd;:!~0:'-"J ~ J'"~ J:J

A ~'~ U~J

-£Lf -!tY r 8Ii" ~ ~'£~ 1./..JJy r

loS

d!; ~, -L ;£.J J' .;~r 'L LJ1 JJ.JY')~; U/'.; -L ~J if J'J v! ,.;'7 L.l6 d~ ~ '~ J' If r L.I ~Jj s,'f- ~ LJ1 L.I i.5'J cJ~ L cJ'f L u)4 If L.J~ LJ1).Af; v! j~ /i ~ V' -L LJ1 ~ .J~';~J d~':::"'"Jvi cJL.f -~ ~ J...Ifv! JY~J,J d'IJ,..4'-~ c£ .Jfj/.1dL'J c!'''''';/ .: y. ~ J~J u~;.:::..... J?- ~ L L.I(! c u}L.f.;:f..' L v' .JJ')4 fi .::.~'j' L v'.:::..... j..i ,J if.'tl J~ ,Jel?A~~ tt,...Q}(;" ~;; L L.I .JJ'~ L~~ v! J.J{..Jd s:tl JJ1 d!; u ttJ~Lh" -L LJ1 '-.Jt JJ1d!; eJtt~ .JJ;"-v! J~ UJvA .:::..... v! ;, IUJ)J~ ;_ LJ16.:::..... ~ -"t.J ~ d~':::"'"~J,J uiJ~,J UJ)~; .:::..... u~ s:tl JJ1 --r} )J'~ u~ d!; i.J; tt~1P/." -d!; ,J j..i JvJ'ttJvJ'"-~ ,J UJ)J ~ L'J ?-f d!; ~IP .: Li is L ~; '_£J' -tl -L?-f t.l ~IP v.J'~~.Jj L J.J~ .JJ''::'?.J Yo 'tl j IZ>Y. i;;i ~ JIfi -v! (f uf!; cJ'tJ.JJ') ~~.JJ; I UJ.J'J~ L~ J~J.I Jl?v!J~L~d!;,J v';~U~ ~)yL~';-')J

P. L

t ,J ~

-tl L ~; ...{.JJ'-:-->.lP7. ":::;'Jv' d!f· r u)y(f:,

J1 uf!;,J J~L~ .:::..... ~J ,J if.\LJ vA IUJ)J ~ L U~J ,...Q}(; ~ £ LJ ~IP -=-<:L? J FY'L u£~ £ ~;'_£J' -J j J1 tEtEcJ...i ,Jel?J~':::"'" ~J,J if.\LJ.I (.;J/ ~ vA.:::.....v! -~J1)},.PfJ r UJJi .JJ'u}-~ v! P. el?J~f...k uk I.::/f £.1v!J~ L uJ)~; v! ..;L;L u.JJ ,J ~ J'" Ifl uJ)4 L v' -~ Yo ~'; u~JeJ~ U~ y. .JJ''~J.I k. ~ ~t.J v! cJ!f·uJI,.$,J JLI~ J'" L cJ'f v' £ u)y(f:, -~J~ j.vy'

-~JJJ.P.

t}' j11.::)J V' '::-JGol-!A.I j11 J! ,.tJGol/.'/. v!.::/!

v' ~'IiC11~ ? '-(Wi &JYoY"~L7. v'i IiC11.1~I(J~'

~ 'Jj

.IJJ'~

JI v! Vir ~ f >. JI ~~, v! (Wi

'IiC~~ -Ii IGJ.I ~L'" I( '::-JGol&Ji Ii C:l. ~ ~'.1 JI.lJ' ,-' ~ f v! '::-.I~ j11 S(' JJ ,.tJGol-: -t}' j11.P! L)P/ Ijj; .IJ' li' ~ "::-JGol ~ (~v!if. f S J" .IJ' 'SJ'j' L ~'-t~ Oil? .IJ' crY' 'r..)it/ j11 ..J~ L .:;/! J ~'-t~ ~t/.IJ' &I?J~'::-JGolJ~ -~L11 wV .P!L f! J.:0' ~ IjJ,- IjJ.lJ' s. L~ ~ (J. d' -: ~ v' 't}'

v!'

.IJ' jl),t

&J ~

S f'Y' .IJ' \)JJ'I

'Uit/

-:J.I

I( U11I?J~ ~

~ji -t}'

j11

S .::-Y" S uiJGol

~...1L jlr -:ji'li [11 ,;ltzlP ~~ ..J1r i I&J'I ~~,,.4 -~ C~~J J( '- f! I'::-JGol S UH (~f't}' j~ IjJ ~

~~"~

-v!' j~ljJJ!~d'

1u~vLv'f'liC~

~J/

~ C 11 ~L'" I('::-JGolJ!~ f j

J S Uy'!j //

uj(h'.1

.IJ' Ij/(;~ IjJ~j jf

if--:~~ (i' ~ S uiJGol '?' J~.e: L~ 11 JI? v! v' "'J ~l,)J.j i

S ~rvJPi

~} &Jf t}' j11-1:'~'.I

JI? "';..;JJ v! _vlP L

f 'i- C11&;'-t''- v' -J11 ~ vyl 11 wV v! '::-JGol-t}' J'I.I.I~ I(..::-~ JL

v' -L J.I

~,~

I(~, ..::)JJ

-I.f ~J;-t}' j11

J:'j ~fL)"

~jp

':;)JJ

~.Ij

L.lL

S J~&Jfi: v!' j11

i ~ L.I.::/;JJ.

Jj &Jfi -IiCJ': /

..Jl), ~ ~, i ~ L.I '::-JGol

Y L CWoC. Smith) ..-=--1 f 'i- J.!J S v' -vf L UH L 1#- ? Yo f ,.t JGol&J'-

~~'~ , IfJi I(uiJGol v!.:;/f

S uil/

~jp

.IJJ

f! '-~' Yo f j

S J?r_.11/3 ~J (i' S '::-JGol ~, JJ[-~ L11 t.X i-) L (;)' jf i ~ L.I ":'JGolJ! ~ ~Lf -Ii C.I.lk'= ~ L jv ~, C11,~ J t.X v!~,'- S U) -'i- Ifc- "::'-.J~ux Ji I( ;JiJ~~' tJ- J;~L/Ul? uj.J"" '"'~. _~C~!( ;-v L

J~J

j'. ~

j'.

.JJI

20 )Jr.1JJr

it~S .:/$ 'L J)L ~i

cJL.J v!

4· L (.)jiJGo!cJf

(rt~ vf J JGo!S cJf .s: LJ)lJf r~ ~f L J! r (.)JA~..J t;'tJt"'4!-YI ,f.! tf)j v~L cJf v! J.~ L.:/; ,.f£v! jYl ,-~J J(;:_ ftc,f.!f ~ -I),C YI ,f.! tJ (i (lSi vI; Jf ~ r cJf eJ~ -I) tiz),f.! ;,-f) Jf)Jf u~ L J)v. (.)Lj J ,::..fU,fv~L cJfA ji I) C~ jYl,f.! J!? f .:/P J'" ji v! jYl JJGo! ~~) S iff ~ fi J" ~'(.)I; y. iP -v! j./ cJ!? ,f.! f J JGo!S U}L.f "":") 'I

v.. '-A L (.)iJGo! cJf i)"" S (.);.~?)Jf t..:<) J ~ r7- .::,~S J!? -: L ~ l)'f )Jf 'J:Y" ,t}! ')!;.. v.. if- f ,::..fL? :f 7- ~

fi )Jf tJ.)j

~fj

.::,fJ::"-~J

'''x J. JI? ./} ; f '-/ OJ'~

4- L..::./} J cJl? ~f /1 v.."":"j

fJ v.. e.!L JA/.J Jiy f Jj

.)Jf

J YI (.)~fj L JA/.f j'. ,::..fL? ....f1 S (.)V JOy IJj jll~ .)Jf 'L.J J;,of~ S JJ J;: .)Jf (.)~;; -~JJ~/. Jj ~'~JGo! S (.)? 4 tv! (j, L J.) 1.f!J, JJGo! ;; ~fi ..£,f

JIP J J:~v..?" ~ L cJfj"'::'JGo! S~J.) ~ if I(.)iJGo! df ~ .L.:/; J" -1 Jfi ~h JfJ .L/ J~f

S.:/$

)Jf .::,fJ~

-~J(

S d~JP; v.. Jv 4.!J.)l)f L r(vfJ ~ vIP j~JP; ~ ~J S t.:1- f 7- ~O)l?f ~~ S Jfl cJfJ~ (.;~".. .)Jf Jv ....f1: I) ffi ~ v.. (.)rP JJ cJ~JP; J.IY L JJ S cJf _ffi ./~ ~'{.)Jr. rf v.. if- fl);'l r .::,)j ~JP; llfJ (.)j~ Jv -J,J.)..tf Y JJ f (.)j~ Jv t,;f'JP; jJ.)..tf f ~ -v! (;J~.)Jf'~ '.::,fy v.. ffkof l;;ff .::,)j .)Jf ~~

,_.

-~.J?

S':;")f J)

L ':;".Jr -I) U('~JL J).f

~'.?C

1~, u! '-.J~ L el' v! ,.1701 ~i ...J) V'L 4,)J'?'C~.Ji fi s:I,)J 4- /.1 ~ ;~ J)f u! J'~ .I; V' L ,..)J.?CL ':;".Jr fl) (,IL ~

V' I4,)J'?'CL el~J~ -'( '-~ tl), el(;} u! ':;")f

,f-' i JJ ,f

u! J-..I.- L ~~p. L ':;"~JS ~; J.n' ~ f'~ tlJf el(;}".:!JJ .:-.!!S ,}) ".J}o uk-- .JJI:£. Yl J;;f ) ~I.J -JY1 ("'J/ _vfo. ~j L VI Yo f 7- k"u! ~ ':;-,L .?C ~j -&' .JLJI( VI J5 L efl' P.L L/ L~; ..LJI s,7- ~ eJu! VI -I)"u1;;.[/Ij -I,)J d"'" .:;.,ulP u! J~;..i" --?fi 'I,)J:£. Yl };;f) ~'.J ~ JL J)f L el~J~ J~; J'I.,--L.:;.,r/.~ ~J S ellj· uk-u!.:;.,r/.L.J~ L 4,)?-y-~ -~ .JJI r;{~ ~yP ':£. Yl nl

-t

f J..; S 4,)J)J ~ .r ~ ~J S ellj. VI ~ -J~U'y .JJI.JL..:.-,1 J/. ,:;,,).f

~J S

if.'4-J/ (",J/ t~ J- ,,4,)J'?'CL 4,).,)1i JYl

L 4,)J;~ J)i ~ ~yP

.JJI4,)J'?'C~

.:.-1; .:.-1' I,)J'(.JYo S(;Jl,.-o .IJI

'Jt '.:;.,.1r

.JJI'V'.J...'o:.l,)J'(.JYo S J{'~j;I~' ':;")f /

J L J{'.JJ'.?C

~Jk

k"elJ~ ~ J{'L 4,)J'?'Cj~J~ ~J'" Sell .JJI:£.

-t:{. b~

-JYl ./~ ~ ~

-~ /

ey "

.J}oJL

1ellSJL

>. Sell .JJIv!J'., J/.::.. 4,)~ J. J;;f 4- L 4,)J'?'C.;$ Yl

~ ~J S ':;"'J~

a JIP".J}o J(;"I

(;.:;.-'

L VI

u! el~J~".J}o

***

J{'~

J)i -~lf~~u!

~J vI -~.J'l< ( el' )JI

U~.J'I.,-- .J'I.,--L .:;.,).f L vI

el'.JJ' ''f-

JI rY .,::;L)P v! ' .... A L ~L,L'

...;/ ,:, b.l

J v! '-A L u~~ SUJAJ Ii.J L .,::;tJIP-S.J!'7 Sb.JL v! .J

.,;-'L U? f 'f- Jlefi

ji"

,J-.l

.IJ' " j y> _;J J' LL; eJ ~~ ji (]1.Jv! ,-.I'J 0' L ~L"';/ b.JL -1./J7 IVlr i.JY ~ v! ,:,L; .JJ''.JJJ/i _f£ -'f- ,-:,,' f 4 j~,_/- /Y>.J; v' .JJ' "::;~.J~ SJIP ''f- ~ JIP ~, r v' v! v' ji 'f- U.J!'7 S~L ,J-.J.LJIf 'f- L~ -: ~ v' -v! L~ j v! Ii.) b.JL Sv' ~~ " j 2..L--./ do "::;.J~ SJIP ...£~,Po L '::;".Jv! ,-/--t' .JJ' tJe!~ v! Ui.C(Sb.JL ~ V~JJeJ ji 'f- j~~J.J{ "::;.J~ Sv' ~ ''f- j~ ..:J'L--J A~

_~, J-IP l.7 v~ o;!'J . (),.

,J-.JL~ u~ S~L ~ jy;i 0 ~ SJIP v! .JJJ~, '-.J~ 1;J):i ~ Ui.C(Sb.JL ._ijJ L "::;.J~ -v! j JY .; J~ S"::;~'J S.1.1,,..,-~.J LJ'.JIP/ r.,::;Ly-J;j ~,\' ~JA (,), (el' .JJ'~.J Lv L.f.1.1?~I;J ,:,'.J'J~j J~J S1920-'f- S '-:"; ~J' .JJ';!i v!..J uy,y> ~ ~ do f J~ S~ v! UP'l7. JIP S.,::;y;iJ~ JJ ~ uiJJ -: v! ib.JL ~ v' -I./.J~'; r .,::;y;i,;-' ~, L UP'l7. uiJJ el''/ ~ J/ I ~, ~ ~.Jj L v' ji ''f- L~!PIJ' £~A IU,;~L JIP tf ~ -'f- j~ " .,::;y;iJ~ S if. f 'f- j~ S ~ IS L'/'-t'; l.Jr ,J-.JL V? .JJ,)I:- v! el~J~ y, fi.JY eJ v! [/J.J SJ.rL ,:,')J ";j [I>

v::

23 d'

''f-

rrJl C)J~rJ S rJi}

1.)!1.IJj

L;!i ~ 0"

) YI ;1J~~

JJd'

jf ~y L

d' 'IA

'li r''' u~J ~ ",:",,1.JIi,

",:",,1.1 rJ/,J

LYI

J~L~}

I( d'VJRz._f,y

L d'VJRz) Jb1 ~ d\£.:..j

'-/

.r I

6 >. ...f1 ~J ._{)J' //. L v' -1/cJ...:/~...f1 SJ)'h) 1.)!1.)J' '(J' Jk S .:;:,J ~ L rJJ/ JJ i 'f- J;::t ~ L rJ}LY' v! Ji'L ,.;')J jj v! .IJJeJYo'"jf ~ ~J

S ~~

V'~, -S

-..:/~

-IA

0:JRz,.;')J jj i 'IA dLY' /f v! rJ}J~ Ljf._;)

V' i J J)~ .)#.J,,!_;~ L rJJJt

J/ JJ

v! )JJ J~J~i} ~)} t..I~ '.)#.J"!S rJi_,;.') _;~ L rJ~ fl/V'J.; ~ UV' 1"6)C 0: "::;J i)'" .I,?' -J a.r I ..;:.]1,1 v! .)#.J,,!S rJ.i'VJRz))' rJJJt )J' Lj',;-~..;:.]v v! (J' J~' JJt )J' L)'~'" L -,-' IJ.:'Jv! (/J) S)JJ J~J~i) I(JL.J dlr)J L rJ~ )J' ",:"c{ t') ~') -'f- c~YI $-: i L~ Jj L V' ,fl 'JII d v! ._G. L t'.IV -;/f ~J )J' 'Ijy ~ ,.:.-0 ~ J,-P' L JJIJi )JI J)~ ~

t'J

L vII rJj) JIJ a.r S d'VJRz f 'fv! JI,,!IJ~i L vI eJfli} "'v' It]. I~ ~ -~J eJ 'v-"/" v! Jv 1./.:.0 Yo vfi ~J¢, S~ -li~ L )';1' J/- L J. fi) J;::t~'...f1 ~ L d' ~~ ( JJIJi

-S .)#.J,,!_;~ )JI if)'I'~

dlV' ')~ if.." v!if- fi)'" L J').ii mJ if

S,yIS.:;:,~ vI ~)j L .:;:,~ ~'L rJ_,}1 'IA JI? rJ~ ~~ )pl ~I.--IrJ~1 SJIiI

J} S vI)

Jb1 ~

I;J ,.;I)J jj vI I jf

f 'f-

'JPt v! if. f S

.IJ' 'd~ n

J!'7 S ..:Y~.1~,

L 41' -L~ ~tJ

jw, J j't' 'j'.Ii J! v! ui~ ~J'JL o..:AJ IJ} L J.I f,Yi,.:f' ~ 41'-: -L :L

6 d L;f/ ~)

-~,-x

fi~ ~

Yi~

SJ.IL '':-'J u/ ~, -:(~~ rJ.I

:f 7~LYi L) v:- {~~V,

~ ~ L~.I~' IJ} Yo ~)

S ~I?J~}.y~_) .IJ' JJ~ r 41' -Yi h./ r uiJJ ~ _) .IJ' ui~

.:.-:~ ~

f~ -:~

j v! if.f ~)'~ I.:!/~ ~, ~ dk--.IJL ui~ .IJ' L d' .IJ' Yi u-"J'J.I U.I{ U.I{ 41' f I !:..::..~-: -UYi(i ..::..~ {J~ S..::..'Jt,.. .IJ' ~,.1 (JL.J r".;'v! ,.l L ~~ uP.,:;~..::..~y~ Sd' ._f ",:,,'J_,{"Yi~ fY' L U.,;,.IJ' LYi ~ v! ~r J# uiJJ -: -!S .J"lr- L u~

~~,

JI ,:t

.IJ' U~'t' 'ui,;;'.1 'SJ! "::"JGo! v! 4" L 41' -'Yi v! (JL.J 41'~ ~11 J".I; if....r~J~ ,Jff J1Y' ft) -:u ~ J:"' Yo L 41' .I~' ;,-'.1JJ~ -fI))~ ~, '7JJA .IJ' J V'J ~ [~"";_f SJY."'.J ~1,Ij SUn .IJ' ..::..'J(,...o Yo f'( Yi~./ S ui~

J} L o..:A'J j"I L'J ;:;".1v! .:Jt S41' Jt

-vf ~JIPJ} JeI' 8.1

~ ~J S J(,...o .IJ' ,j S "::;J Ui~ .IJ' /.~ 'dY ~ JJ J';;' L'/'.I{ I(r 41'L J.I-L L~)~ r.) U.I{ S ..:Y~.1 U}.Iyt {t;';yt 41'-~'.I{ I J2 S..:Y~.1~ v! di;--JPi'LYi

Jf:i

J!'7 ~

S[;-f ~ S41' ~L~If(' I.f dll..:Y~.1

41' f 7~;;.::.A L

25 j;1.,;

J!?' -1.5' Jj ~L~~

S Jr-' ~"

VjIP' ( ~~

1:)'

.n' 't~41~, Sv' .n' ~L'r L

(Douglas

Streusand)

v.. (The Formation of the Mughal Empire, 1989)

J.~cf.fiL eJ -v1 Ly;-f ",=,,' I:)Y.lJ L uj.lj'" "' {;_';j'" v' y. f 7 y.f 7 U~I If ~/Jr-' v.. (/J.I S-=--~ 1:)' L (# ..:.v-~.1 f Vf -=--U'r-: [t.- -v1 v.. '-A L ~ .IJ' (y L ..:.v-&.1

Of -: ~.IJ'~J..:.v-~.1,.;'.I{ ~

-: f~ ftJ~(>1, J'-" So'JJ.lYJ v.. jY;.IJ -::;~ Po L J~' .IJ'J~' SJJ.I~~ S ur~.1 S,-;",.Ii ;J/ v.. ..:.v-~.1 ~'.IJ f 7r;)f eJ Ly; 2;:-J ",=,,'y.( U}'r 1:)' Po L 2..../JI? v.. 1 ujJ}. L ~'Po L .IJ' (i .IJ-::;~ jl.i' S el?J~'/t v.. ..:.v-~.1J'J ~ v' C~ y; .J!;,' 0v..-::;~ S ;J/ 7~~ -:S /r -(i ~J). S.lrJ .IJ'~' -"p' (jl? ~ q 'VJ~ 1 ~ L .:.-tI?J~.::,5 L -=--~IPL I:)I;:--JkLv' f

~ n'

Jr-'

efi

•

v.. if. fV {;J/ 1 od~0:J U:' r UJ-"J~ L v' ~ J) S L.I bJ!-1 J!.;{ tt' -~~J (~ .IJ' ,,'M' L/r ~ -"JljJL v' d L U.I'J~ (Wi y. fV'~ ~ ~ v~ L 1:)' J.['~~'.I~ ~ U;'.t1Pj~ L LL; L U~! /.~ v.. (j ~, -:-(i cC do If.! 1:)(>1, ~ I:)~ d L d- f v! ~~'J.I J~ 'U-,,'~A>. S 1:)' L /t 4- v"~?-.1 (J~ ~ el?J~'- L -=--'.I~' (Ii v.. (Iii L U.I'J~ L /r-~.I'JJjJL ~J~ Yo f~ I,../;~I.I .IJ1 ",.I} L ~ ~ (Ii eJ 'y;~ -=--'j ~ ~J 15"c? ( 1:)' 7~-"J ~ -~ do dIP L v' / J1.? Su;'.t1P J~.IJ'Ui# / r L v' ji 1 (Wi U-"J~ L J.1 U;JJ 1:)' -7 jy; t'J OJ~;n'~' S v' i L~ IJ.:'Jv../~L..:.. ~.IJ uJ1.---1U}'J ~L

L ~'J

(Ii

v!.::/$ j~ it-- -I ~l;) .nf ,-)fJf LJjJ; J~ S .iv-~) v! uY'$ 'L./ J)J{. Sdf v! j ./1J f u~ JI..-:.:;:.... v! / ~f 1'1))rJ-: -':-J '-;, iff v! ~ J (' '-/ JJ)Jf {:;; ~f Po L ~; J ~ )Jf tJP )~.J (1,1 L .::/$ it-- -I oJ.::.->~ S~~)Sdf ~ Vf v! J. l' 1S....::/~tJ~ J'" .:;,)~~ -.:%) J,J ~ s: Lu.i L Vf >. S Vf .J!~ (~f ,-)Jf LJ~ L ji -I) (if VfJf ~ JjJ; J'" v! Vf 1'1 -:~f S (Wi Vf ~Jif V~J) f (Wi L tJ)J ~

-1-" ~ ~ Vf -r~~J~ (JlJ.~ ~~)

~f./

'-J ~

,j!.~ ;;f Lrt;£ ~ ~ ~iff )fpf fJj 7 Jl?f • ..4 ~ tJJ!ff iff rt ...:.J> -: Sdf Po L i:-)J ~"j2

~f S df

'i:...

a) {:;;~ L

-~J./b~

~UJ:!; \if/ifJ{.uJj/u "

'V! ILJ ':;'~YJ f f UJ) fJ~ )Jf

Iff UJJ'?

'-J'?

J'" ._f ~f

)fpf

l' i:...

1'frt -:

(Collective Sovereignty)

l' 1 -:.:;,~ tJ/ JJ -I f ,j!.J{ SeI?J~L vf 'I jrt ~ {:;;Jf f i:.....v.hLvf )fJ ~.::J L difl eI?J~)J~

1jrt tJJ)J..JU;Sv' fi'/nJ7 If d!7

iff

(:;;~.,.,.j

L d' \iif

'::lr

rrt t./fJf ,;L.7. ~ f ;; (i .:;:.... .:.....: L ~~)J'" l' 1eJhJ); v' j..r S df nf

'..:;)P J 1.:)1}:. '.&Ri Yo /)J

,;-f

vf "" f)Jf i:...?-) )JGJL

el?J~u

.:;,~ li..j .:;:.... UJ)J ~

,;-f

Lji -I)

f..,U-:-i:...

f .:;:.... I.:)fv- ...:.J> vf

v! ..J): L vf i:... Lrt L.:;,f)~f

ji -i:... L./

tJJ)J ..Ju; S

.:;,L~' L

...;'~ ~ v! ':;'JGo! ~ L./ ~ JfeJ fi -I) ~ ~( fi ~f 'I) ~ S,f v! ~ L df "" )JtJjl? ~)} L ~ -I) r~hJ./ ..Jlr f df If

:1'7~L)~J::'-1

f Vl.?f ~tJ)fJGJ':;:""df_tIVtJ)~ fFyf v! FfMf

27 OJ

)'J ~

q )"1) .: VI?' J/-:

v.. el' )J' 'I)

iji ~ v.. el' -Vl LJ1 ,-7. v.. (Wi )J' ~'J) -..fI (.::/f,f u/.).,! Lf ':;'J~)"i;.. Lf"'-J ",:,,'} -: ,f ji ~ -L J f r!G' .::.-1~J~ ~, OJ f ..!), ;¥

o!l:P~'I~el' 'L ~r; )J' ~JJ ell)' ,f I.f.' -..fI1 el' L f 6 >. -..fId

L.:;,}

-~J~

v..U}J L fY"~ .:;,IPP )J' UJ::~(

v.....$.

~ v' ji ~ -k"'~ I.:;,~..::.L U)'JGJJ .:;,.J:? ._;j;/ d L (Wi L U)J ~ -I) v.! ? OJ

tf r IU}'J;£),y

~ Uy}

)J' '~'-'"

If Jrr'"' v' s:J1Jfi 4-',f 1# L ~8~J~ )"1) -:~

(

fY' JC' 'I) I;:f

v' -J11f )'JGJ

(Ii .J.'J1_;(';...L1 ( O)'JGJJ ~ll,f

'UYl7.

)J' If_ ~ k"

~JJ1.,::..fLz 4'

,fel' OJ JC' UJ1)JGJ,f v'"')} ul..[ v?'Lz -.f:..f Jf- ,f v~ ,;-' ~ L v' -I) v.! ell>"Jv ~ ~ U)i., ~ j;~ -..fI Jji .:;,:!,f el' OJ ~ --?J,f O)'JGJ,f el'.! -i;.. Lf 1f.::J!~ fI,f V' .I'J ~ LJ1 J~v.. u.v .J.-I..- L v' L UJ)J ~ fI ~ [P -I) Cf -1l1' v.! (~JI _;~L el' L V' i k")~' f I "' t" J~ tf v';; 'f-,y (~~0;-'" tf Jf J u~ ji ~ _I)1;:,~ (~oJl.--- IJ}'J ~L L 8.J:? ~-"'fi OJ dL~ ~JA

tt~

~ (v' -.t.

LJ1?-) v.. 8'/'JL (lY'

v.. ~~,f

~J()

cl.R') f~

OJ.t..:;,')~' j'..t. ,;-', L

J't ,f v' j'.)"1) tf,7 I.:;,')~'

-: 'tp.~~

v.. A( v.. f1579 L V' ~ ~

-::;~,f

v' i;.. LJ1

v! if.f~ J' .;~'J) S oV J ~, J(J~' .:;....'.::J L v' -e: t:{. J#"J L ;1;1 (Ii L All L v' .; v' J1)_;p ( LJ ~ J} OJ Lifo L ~J SJ. 'VJ ~ .:;,)¥' Sv' ",:,,' J'£'~J'_;jy -:7. L v' .::J L ~~,J

if.'?" -~IGJ ~

C)~

-v

",:,,' .:;....

v' -~ VJ b# .:;.... ~~ S~~) IIJi ..,...,..)J' 'I 1Ji) -~ ;;f.f 2~'( ':;'J~ (j ~' f UJ'-J If .:;,;~, -:Iu}'J ~'J I;}!; U)V SJ L v' .t. v' -~ t:z, t.f I UJA~~ ;!i ))'-~,t";; SUJ)J ~ )J' ~ '-J )Ij A Sol?J~(j.. """"'1;" I ~,JI -='J v' J'£'~J> ~ o,t" ;; I UJ)J ~ (Ii ~ -v! '-/ JJ L

-7) (j o':! .:;....uk.~1 UJ)J ~

.I-I/;)Ij

UJ)J ~

L ;')J )JJ f~ ~ ,.:aJ)' ~ (

/.1uiJJ o,t" J'~A)J' 'o,t" L v' 4-v'

-,f-- (POx,:, iy) J J, l;;' JL'~ t:z) CJ1.JJY,:;"" A( v' s;,/. ~); v' SJ!'7 S~~) J'".;UJJ~ do L;!i .:;....('); '.J.'! L J): J.?'" 'LJ1a) )Ij/.1(Iil v' L U;;;~ L OJ

J J)

-S.::/f 'LJ1LJ('3 IJjL if.L ~I?J~ L;!i f 7 CJ1J'y ~ v' ~7 J' Ji v! )JJ L (:lOJ V'SJ!'7 J ~~) ~ UJJ~ ~J do 'fJ' ~~J',J t J'v' v! JrL ,:,')'J";j i (;l 'f)J' r;:v.! r;:~ ~7c:c: ~ (/J~(~~)uj ~.A! I;!i 'fr;:~ ~7 c:c: ~ o)~JJ';

(2)

if. )J' L

J'v

"._;:(-If

'J1 (( ~

"';"'/'J) .;

",:,,1)

)J'

''f-

)JJ UYoY

...f ",:,,'.;

;!i

'f J; v! ulY S~ .:;....' .:;.... ;I.;;' ~.A! .; ;!i" C)? ....f' ,;-'

.:;,~

..JIP -= ~ (;,II'f- ~ ~

(Akbar in Recent Research and Textbooks)

.!. '-.Jr; L (The Indian Historical Review) 1.1..1J...JI,!.-r -'f- IJ1

.::J L if.r.'f- ~ J.; I ~

clj:1 UJ

I)!f1996 UA;>~C f1995 J1Iy. '2-1

J'v ";"/.J.JI)! ..JIP 1)'1 If' fl~1 Jf -'f- ~.J~ V'J.; I)! .::.-~~.A! IJf .JJI .:;/; J'"

~ v!'.J -..PI)! '-.J~ L ~I

1)'1.L.

1)'1 I)! .JJJ ~I

-~C~ Ji ,J;;i .r;-I .L. Ui~

do (;,I~J~

'_P.

1)'1 -'f-

J~ri ~I

~.J~

~;~ -__ -.

I)! .J u~/.A

-v!'

L .L.~ L..fJ L.Jf" U/.~~).1p VI.?'I)! d~J~

Ji ,J;;i If'

r .::.-~ uk-- I)! 1)'1;; 'f- C~~

IJf I)! 1)'1''f- f JJ ~ .::.-11"" .::J L .::.-11"" 8JY.Y tf ~ 1~.Jr

~ .L. (G.S.Hodgson),cr J1~I

-0. LJ1 ;Â£.1 Ji A II)'I

-'f- " .L.~IJ.:'J~

.I JI

-I.).!

:f~ , ... Jj ) J.

..:;,.r'/

(g L

'~_P.

... Jj

..:;,.r'/

'ui~

.JJI uJJ~

VI.?I)! ui~

d~'~.J)

Vcf. J/ r (J~ L .::.-i)i uk-- ~.A!.:;/; II)'I ;; -4./1 Llia /

1)'1-I.).!

-i:.-.'JJ.l'" ~J;I.JJJ d~ J1Jr'1

UJJ~

I;~f

U.JJi

;; -~

uk--,J d~J~

J 'bJ/ I)! d~J~

)1ft I)! .J Uilb/. -4./11L

1)'1 i.JY .JJI

J~ 'JIJ;

.JJJ

ui~

I)!

cf. i.J; ~ L -Lt' L Jf f J' UJJJ ~.L. U?.JY' (;,II~

L J)J'J,J _fJ:: ~ ~b:~ '";"JJ. L ui~ .JJI LJ1 L.f ._jtj, ~ I)".L. "'="'; ..LJ' ~ -J' ('3 "' Jr-f

~'-/JJ~I ~fJ,UiJJL.f.J~fl ~ 0;), .f b: J~ Iuf .L. U?.JY'..:;,.r'", J/ cJt,Y -~J /I.A!

-y ..;J~ I( el';.r.IJ''~ ~_;.:Z I~;J.IJI J~~J J JIJ; J'" u v.! ..;J~ L tY{ Jj Yo ijy" jJI &~

J';{

IbJif y I( if...f /I)y"tjl( LvI jJI I

el~

v! .,:..1)ii JI:.i>I))JJ el' IP -v.!,Lt:= JIP ":"jJ'~ v! 4Â· L.,:..1Jj5 ~-'f ~I -7 Jf Ji J,zl'

jJI ~

cj! v!,.U.-L J'

L I)~I '7C~II)}jy" L J-jy"!

-7 k'"J.; v! ;1;;1 ~

v! t!Jj JbjC

/.;'1 v! J'J jJI IbJif "eY" Lall.-- 450J VI ~ J .:;r_jJ &J~; ._i;# do L .Nt L VI jJI J' " I)Jjl::;cel' -L,z jl::;c JJv! f1992

v! el~J;;z..f 7 J,z j~ .l1b~~ Jell ,tl. e..~LlP" I)~).; if -7 o$J j) c/ ._f ~I v! I)fl jJI I)} rr: v! '-j~ L .Nt J'" J,Jnl( (li -:-L {-J.; LlP 31 v! J'J jJI LlP 34 v! L IbJ j~

el}; ~ J'J ~I ~ J.J,J vI '7 k'"J.;Ji )zPi Yo v! I)_,J~ el' -L,z el}; v! I)J):> -J,z jl.--f v! L.lF I~ ,;I)J;Jj J el~JM ..f 7 f ~ J VlJ'~ J.J,J I)J..I;LU ..f Yo uJJ~ nl.:J''')1;: ellV t!Jj ".,:..IJl(-IJIJ L,z jJI JJ~ JIJJ'L J' L I)~I v! vI '7 J/" J;;; J el(..fjJI 'I)~'(~ ell'_(7 J O'Jelei S.,:..~ vI L,z z._Ij ..f~'~ 4- v' Jj -:elh-"jJL JJ~ jJI ~ Jv_, _I,z J-' ;1 JJJ (Social Scientist) ~L....

JY J.z LIJ

~ v! el~ JM ..f' 7 V-:i I( vI v! I)J!i

L,z

I( ~

1)/JJ~' L ~ ellV

J-' &J~;.::..:;'il JI)~ 4- vI r.t} J~'J~ jl.--f I)jJJ/ ~:)'" u).; (.;y L vI nl~ S J''' .JlP:. ~I L 1)1.7 (~ )_;jl -I)J J.A.v! '::-J JP I~~ IJ!J, SJ'2...,0r.,,.{ 7 ~&Y~ I( JII 'I)~ -:Jj I(J' ..f 7 k"'Jj IJi )zPi vI L I)i.crS ~L) .L I)y)I -:J) I(J' ..f 7 JdJ Sell -~ ,;~~ ~~ S 1)}lJ--'! &.;?'It:'j jJI '1).r.!Y" -O'j

,J '~.J,_i' ~

-..0 ,j.I.)! '-.J~L

L v' .JJ' ~j '.i... ,,:..iJh> Yo...f ",:,,' I.)! '-.J~L;!i ~ cf? v' -~.J0~/.'/. 21".- 21".,,:..y;J L v' .JJ' ').JLv' f 'f- C~.t'l..::.-;~ -: .JJ' 'v.! L.t'l .JJJ U ~'.JI.)! tJ)J uji L J;;; ~';!i s,J~J Ii.. -'f-.J z....~21".- L ':::;'J -I) ~.t'l dIP ( -:J.J d I.)! '-.J~L J~' f 'f-!(e1~( ,,:..'J' L v' .JJ' )J~ d~v' I.)! )~~' L if/' ~'L ~I -I) '.t'lI.)! 4' L ,.,?; L tJp ,J ,,:..? .JJ' U.J~ ~f s' (;,i f 'f-Itzf L.t'l LJ.Jb1' ~ ~, ,J v' I.)! (0" ",:"G( Lv' .JJ' ji'~Yo J.t'l ,:,~J ~ tJ_,l.;u.J~(;)'L tJiG(,J ,,:..? (;)' .JJ'~',J tJ_,l.;(;)'L if/'" .e.{, ~.:;:,I U7. L tJd'v '-/ JJ -..0 f tJ;J~JJ ~ v',_r 'f-,J If'J (;)~ L.t'l ~ e1~( ,,:..';'L -J.t'l(;)~,J I.)! ttl.)! tJiG(,J ",:"L) ,J (;)~;!i" )~ ( if ~~ I.)! J.7. u' ~ tJiG(,J",:"L) f JI~ l/~s:'f- ~I;iL ._;;,u I.)! v' -'f- Ji? -'f- C.t'l,_i' Ji ~,,:..yi uk-- L (;)~ -:,.f i' 'f- ~~J (;,.11; ~ ,J ~'i.' L tJ';' I.)! v' -'f- " ~'i.' )~ ( uyyt r..//: I) ~ .J~' ':::;'J ~ "",t JI L v' Yo f 'f- J'~,JJ.J ~ .J(~/ L ~hlt:1 L v' L ~'i.')I;,J J.J~},J ,,:..AP .JJ' t!.JJ,J ":"~'J • -~ .::/.JJ) j.J~ J:f'9 ,J.::/~.JJY f~~J.J ~ Iu.Jd v' I.)! .J~ L /J>J if 'v.! 4-.fJ.J ~ tJl;(~)J1, f v' -I) JJ (":"~'J.J JO?.JJ'~' JvJ I.)! A' f :;.Jif (;)\(.JJ L fY' JO? L V'.JJ' JI ~.J} VI;,·L tJr. .JJI'.i... __;J~ L;'l b?-- -: f,J.:.J)~ ~ v',J (;)'LJf -'7- ~ f'. f~ ,..,..Jj! -:; iJY..VJRz .JJ' tJ~';('L Jl4.- vI -p J"'} L )J1' ':::;'J

,,:..J.J,lr

v' -~ J~L ~i?J~ d~' IJv )J';J/ b~ J~ ,f ~~'J) J~J~.Ii ~ I ~i?J~ ~

L ~,JvJ L /I ~ -~

.::,.r'~) ~, "

~)~L ~)J' '~f \5"1' " ...t )~ ,;-' L ~ -v:' -L ~ .21..-.21..-L ~j r~J_ L /I f 'f- ~'"L.11 z.),(jJ d~ ...t v-~f OJ -?J~,f ~ ';~JJ.21..--L tJv! ,,'lJt.f,l.; ~ tJt? J~ L V' ~ V' 'lJC1f ~) IJJ'.t' ~lJ,f .::/; J(¥

f"~

-L..) ~~ t.f" )}

1.5.:'

)JI/I" ":,,,0'" ,f JUZi _~I -L ":,,,1 Po L ,J vI )J'/I~ j;~ ~ f Yo 'f- J)~ of);' r (Akbar tt~j

OJjJ&

L ~j

J_,I~ d' and Religion)

2~/bI'L d' -'f- t~v-.::,JJ~,f od~0:j Lvlv-~)~L~j~vl'lJ (r~~',; 'lJ.:;£ v- ~)~ L J.): dij i ,;I /I

)JI'J...i?}'yv.LIJL.I

/II ~lt"

e";"'~ L

,; ~ J"',f vI ''f-~)

":,,,'}I /I-'f-rf~JJv.!

d' )J' ~ '~Ii.I

~II

~tJp

-L Ji?)J~.AIf d,_;r.J:

-1.11 z....y (I}Iur' V- ..J....L. L L.laY I

.11)JI'f- 1.11(r~ Yo" ~

)J' /I

-" J!.;{ V,f vI V- D)e f ~ ,.t. 'f- cC ~ lP( 1~;cIf ..J/ cC ~lP( ~~)' rtf IV'~~'J')J~V- ~ )JI -~ ,

***

J~L V'

(Jl)( ..:.y>i .IJ'

V lr~ JPi

(,_f tJv '-lJ.ll)I ~ tJv iLY)y) -- f~-~J/L

Jit.!- JI .'-~

cf? .n' ~

t.!- '-A L bJL S!:P'JPi

J,," ~

Vir J~JPi (/-,~, v.! bJL JISvi

dL-- JJI.J.

-:--,-:,v.: .u:J' (J.}l J_ vi 'v.! (J~ ( ~!J~ J/'v.! dj ~ JJI g,L/. Lvi &c: i 7 JYI ~1} (j? .c bJL !.:P'JPi s~ ..4 7 tJ J/ ..J/' .: t.!- _:,L; /i JJ' ..J /i Vir ~ JPi f IYI ..::.:11' nb Jij IVir? 4.11 (j) jYl I~ vii oj t.!- ;" L (J~ L ~1J~ .

J~' J

.c.

_~(jJ~Li (,il4-

L d~JPi t.!- ~L

Svi JJI ~L

f 7 tf.. ~ (J; Jd~JPi ')J \LJ Jfi "::"~'JJ a.tL~

Sif. f~ V~ ~Ji L ~~..4f

fV~~ J?IJ~ v' t.!- )JJj~~i;

JjL (

J; ~-~ ~~SLi L.I'( I.::,~IJJ

(vi -i:... u~;IJ L J; .nl ~~..4f t.!- .::,~IJJ v1'J SJ~ JJJ JJ,I~J.lJJI.::,~IJJ (Ii tt' L u~1P

flYi ~;-

lJ -.r";';; ~

Jyy I J' iJi L b)C t.!- ~JPi

.::,~IJJf~~J.I

j~ .::,~y? f 4.11 jYl .::,~IJJaJ i ~ -7 jYl

'-"/Ir ,-"J{

.::,~IJ)~.f'v1

..JU; L dl? f 4.11 LYI

t.!- ~

SuJj .Ill

1 (.I~I

t.!- /

v.! If? ...f u: /'

t.!-

Jfi .:t. L ~.L .::""u...:;-.' 1#.

u: 1#. (J/ d' /"4.11

-viJ#t.!-

Jf v.! tf(; cf d'j L L.I ~'7 cf d' 4.11 L.I'::'J~ u '4.11

~'.f'v! ,..,v ~

(t,)C ~ J'J) )J' ''f- ':;'J~ v.. J. f 'f- (j) ~ rJk ~ f'~ )~JJ~

~ (jJ ~

s» iff' 'X ~

,J ':;'~'J)~')J' L).!'f-) do ,..,v -'f- J"'},J J.}l ''f- c,!f'

;-1.-- ,;-'

)J' Li

( ~V'JPi

L iij~

JG" 4- V' if)J' (J~ ~k")J L JPi ,..0 ''f- C./uLi IrJn 4- L ",:""J J.}l Yo f 'f-

u? ~ (iY' f 'f-)j

J.}l v..",:""J

':;'J~

iff' L ~ ~ ":::;JV' ~lr

"':""'J rJ}JJ-LO~",:""J ~ ~ ",:""J

v...:;,)~ S

-:,.f~''f- C~ (t,)C )~, n' ':;'~'J),J~'4- v' 'if v..;-~ L 'c,!f' J'I 'f-~)~IJ.:'J~ t J! 1t,)C f ~

rJP.rJy.' t,)C...f~' -L).! J~fiU;

4- V' 'e: If.! J'I JIS ",:""J ~j (')~, ,;-'I;;~ JiY' f L~ S~ I-: ~'L~ ~'!"4/J} t,)C,J )JJ v' v:' .:;,w) rJ}JJ-: ~L~l£)!}.I. I..:r! I;~' ~ ~L~ -:

4- L",:""J

JPi

-L).!2...v..

L rJ~I?J~J'" v...PI )J' J'J ~iY ~.:...? Sdy.'L ~V'JPi

,J (G"..::/f JiY' ~ ~y.'~~

L./jlj; (~.;

~L~S..::/;

rJk

V'fl)

;-1.-- LJ)J'J) tJ!J '{

(i' ~ -: 4-

rJJJ~)f:

-'f-~)(J~ ~k")J L.:;,~ rJ}JJ~' ~C(~, L(Eugenia Vanina) ~I." ~

~ ~L~

v.. rJP.

~ ,.;)".. (,)J) ~

(Ideas and Society in India from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries, 1996).

.:;,~ L V' )J' ~lr JV'JPi...f Jv ILJ)i)'./ L ~ uv lLyJr" 1t,)C S (J~ Ji~L )~, J .:;,~ ~, L'J L~ v.. rJ!.v J v.. (( JJ) d'~)} t.!1; L v' 'I) )~JJ Vlr JV'JPi ~ J. f 'f- ~ ~k: v.. ~ {/ (jl? )JI Nf L jf Yo f 'f- V' -:1. ( .:;,~ kf J; )J' J~

~'A'S~ I 0"L):I d'j jl;:--JPi.IJ' ,-fi' -1/~ lo_J J .IJ".::.:! Po 0:), 'J"~..::..-";L U? .JJ' ,-fi' ~t ( if. ftJ J-.G .IJ' '? '.I?'J 1.;;' ~ ~'i.' I.)! Nt L;!i 0" ~y~ L;!i -tJ ~fJ ~ ~ L.IJ..; I,-/Ir L dl;:--JPi d!i" L ~'i.' -0" .rISLe; ,...~Y' I..:,~ L v' ~ ..::...? IJ.I(,JcY JJ¢, '-Yo V!"; 0"V' f-I/ ~::J y. ~.::.-t!?J~v! tto;!i U v' 'f- J.11 ~J ~ ~~ 0"''» t/J.I 0".::.-t!?J~s:f- r.;1'u 'v.r [.11~ I.)!~!?J~fi .Ii Jh~ J2 -v.r JIt{ t/J.I d..10"{:;.IYf 4 J'I

y.f

f-)j~..:,~

JjJ}.IJ' f-~ ~'i.'-f-~(.;~~!?J~JJ~.IJ' ~~J' ~ « 'fd'J.lI.)!::J v' ifitHti L~ ~J fi -f- [.I(~Jj ~Y.lJ L ~y -f- ~ 1.;;' ..:;;;?.IJ.I'v.r Li _J ..:,~ L .::.-t!?J~JPi .IJ' JIY'

~ J) 0"t- .IJ' JGi ~!?J~ .IJ'~~ J' ~ J.~ L ~'i.' ":'~'J.I~ s:f- .I~'~ ~J~ L J,..R L ~ v' ''))'f- U..::..(f ..:.::'{ J t/J.I ~'.»

~'.1

~'/./~!?J~...f;; -'-J.I

J.;? IUJ)J' .IJ'

-,-.Ie.!? ~ d._ffi .IJ' f~ ~Jf f- ~ O.l-??~ L v' ~ v' 'f-f- cC !i fi ~ Jj SJY."-J l;~ 0"und L ":'.I-??~J

J..;

0"L.IJ...; I":'~'J.I ~ 0"~I;:--JPiL;r ~if.f I J~ ~J0:. 0:1 'OJ!?do 'OJ!? 0"c1: iP 1/J~' I..:,'.I~' ,;-' ~ Jj ~~.1 Uv' -S.:)v 0"~~, L v' '(.I 0"J" .IJ' OJ!?v! l)J)J ~.1

.IJ' ..:,'j 'O.lJ'/.-{)' d'J.I ._f

,-:,,'y. f1J

"J I.)!..:,JJ,1r d' --1/ J; L -~ I.)!JJ.J,P0"d'...:(.;

~'i.'

~JY."-J l;~ J'I fi f f- U5'J .IJ' I ":".I~' L ~!?J~ ;/ ,J: f1579 (~-fcC .I._;tj, if-~ ..:,L~' 0:), ~I?J~i.11 J'y OJ~J v! ..:,'j ~.";i;~ Ui .IJ' r£. .11dL L ~I?J~d._ffi J f~ Po L

-J'J U)JJ ':'-~'J)O:),Jvlj:. (tt,;" 4-'...fI L ~'i.'

r v! ~),;; y. j' r ~J!)~ '~...fI '-Jr.~ L v' v!J1 J'ee,;" v' ~~..;f:I (t L v' -?fi UJ~ .1("- L J}1 J"; fY Jj -:( JI '- ~ J' el?J~'..u 4'J: l)'''; )J' 'J'dLY" ,.;'y; /J' JPz"; v! v' ',-JJr ~uJ"~ r-,._f ",=,,' f~ J:I '- j;~ v' ,:J -:-J' J~ ~J' L'J ~L ~ ~ L ;r~ ~ v' -~ CI:-tL.!PI!r u.t:Z), r ';--1 f e~J~v! ~)t. 1JJ 0:), v! ,-/lr LV' ;;~ y; -f1 L'J ~L L ~,), ~ 'J'~~ J' UJ)p 'J~U~~~~),J....;-:?- '~f-:7. ~ L LJ v' L v' ...,~(;.v: t~ v! )~)JIUJ);: JPi )J' J't;Y' Jv J'L'( IJj )J' ill:L'· O~'- d,j ~)'/ vlj:. UJ~JeJf,y; ..:.-:~-: '- J' OJ

)J'

-~ DL.!PI!( .::.-t)

(V' ~~~( ~~~'LJI '- ~ JI.:.-~

U)(,.-

L ~'i.'

L~' Sd' luP. d- v! ,-/lr L V' f r Cy;'- V' el'.;:' U~ L ~'i.' it-- -J' ~ 1J' .:.-(p~,.d L V' L JI'~ ?~

j;~

.P! L

V"~ Li ~

-:'- r-

-r (UJ.r...k;;f r''- ~

.7.[ )J')( ..:..r'JA

~Iov

V' _)QYD J dl.-" v!71 I • ('

• ""

r ~~ )J')J v 'J ,t1~ r

, ~

.A --?) ""II-' ~ LJJ.7.C )J' 'UJ)~..:..r'J'UJ)~~ v! ,-/lr,Jr ~-=v ~ ,J!;.~(UZiU)'d'1:-f J' ~ ILJI v! [/J) S? v' ~ Vy; (" ~ V')JI ",/Uj.JLifo L UJ)'d'1:-((( LJ J~J 'LI:-

J-

J- -i-).~ Jv'J JIdk-")J L )J' '-.dJ'~) LI(-'L UJ)d'1:- J s J' I:)!l -LI:- ~'J' v!

.:.-)~ ;; LI(-

4.1' -",./)J

( JIr- JI 'J')j- ~ J',)' '{.)j_~(;; 1(l/Ju)J~

..:..r'~)

LS L Ji ~t L V' v! ~

)J"~?v!l.)b~f ...J.'~f'.7.'

v..

(jd'~ ~ f" -: J;I.~~k.J U}y ~~ ~ '- J.' ,,:..Ij'L,;;Ii '- u}Y Jk ',-f J~J,.JL f" (~~ ..::,..-"k.J -".s;Lf~' L ..::,..-"k.J -'-J':' "J J! ,,:..J.l,tr J ,,:..Ly.JJ I.5.JJI./. .JJI~I..tl; ',,:..~

v..

-"A '" .1/

-~.JJ"::;u, fyl .JJI

;f/

v.. .flPj

f "' ~~ S,J't: 8J-" !:if (;J~ 1 JjL vi J.' 'uJ..zc 'uJYo...G.1 'b"'.JJ!:if tf.J/ ..::;u,SuJ.JIA

J f~ LYt Lf

'UJ.J~..::,..-"J -"!:if tJi J ~I

1,.:..>~ 0:), J

J_ vi -~ LYt

Lf ?

U}JJ ~~

v.. UJ.JJJ7.JJIU}lrf'f~

.JJIJk ~k..zC

kYo...G.,..f£

-I .;u~ L ~I ,J.~ .;'":""'l),,.:..>~ :.s;Lf '8~J~~"':"'"~I J.' .JJI-I JI? v.. uP.J:'" 1,-/tr .JJ' 1 Yofl) dIP ( ;f/ .J~'~ .JJI.Jju, >. J;f/ .J/8J -I) ..::,..-"{I" .JJ' -I) IYt('i",,,:..yi L ~'i.' v.. ,:,LJL U~ e~ -~.J('i ...f .Nt L j' U~ {lPj ([k.J -: ~J.' ,,:..Ly.JJ.J~.JJ -JL L. Jl,.-l.5fi >. J JI,.- Jf ~ v!; uP-..; v.. vi Jfj J! J

,,:..~,,:..Ij?

L'":""'ll--, '-/ JJYofVYt .s;Lf~(jd'~f '-Ae~J~.JJ''Vk~ dLlr'I! ~ .-?.JJI.5J(,..-o r/ J '":""'l),J' L vi u./'I) -"J'J.J.)'1,.- L U}'J ~L -g_2!{.J ~I i LYt

t;.v t;Ji .J~; L JfJJ ,f ~v..

1 'bJ/ ~,-/tr./

-V1J.J~

.Nt L -=-,J~J'

II.5Ji J .JJf~

J.' ..::,..-"k.J f t.1 -:.-?J a' J v'

-'f- CYt~

-I 0'.1 ~~~IJ", .JJJL

0:--' L v'.-?J J

'-.-?J

J/ ....f1 J'JJ

t.1 0'.1 ...!.-r '-

~Llr' .JJf

JjL L

J_ V' YoI) Ud'-J'} !J'JJ V' P...::,..-"", •.::...A; ~u}~ !..::,..-"1.1JJ.' f I-:~' J_ v' -I) 1JJ~ 1 (Llr" L. J.' fl) J'-J J;.J 1f L-JIJJ -: i L~ 111v.. ~ JI~ ,-I ~IJ Lf J....;

l:r

v!~ ~ v' lu.,Jh J'1.J SV' /i~ -'f-.J

v.:/. Yt~~ ~

.JJ' ~Iv~'

S~; J.JJ' ~ V' -'f- ~.JJ/ S~

UJJPi dt.J..--".P! L a.r v! d~JPi

L ~'.J .JJ''";"JJ. ()1~.JJ'LYt ./"" ~ ~ Jli-- .P! ~/

v.:,L J~;SU~

-0 L'J

Li ~

~.J) VI; -~) ~j ~ '-/ JJ -01d' /t:; -0 L d~;~~ J;; ~Jiv ~.J~ 0" -I./.Jyf. c ;:;-.J.f J o: :f 'f-I./~U V'v!'-.J~L.J~L (t L CiJJPi", v.f. i' v;t L)(;j l.Jilt:) ,.f ~, (- dt.J..--"uk"

uk -v;t L)It:{ JPi", v.f. i 'v;t a~;li

dt.J..--"uk -v;t L) dl} "'

tt_v;t ?-.J -?'} .J'1r- L d' i 'v;t ?-.J lP:'J' c

v! D.JC-I) v! ._f uH L J!)L ~ u# d" '";"JJ. ~ • LYt--V J,J L ~--'/i v! d- s:'f-JJ~u_,u/ SutI; dl; f )';1 -i:.. Jt:; J,J L ~'--' '-/ JJ.JJ'JL.-: JPi v! urJJ L ~'i.' -i:.. ~lf -'f- ~ L",:-",,''''; ,.(1ln.I,JZJ v' ~~"P L v' ~ v'

~ SuiJJ J 0;--' .JJ' Jt; -'f- J.JJ/

tYt-"1.JJ' ~ ~ Jj

-JYt

-JYt ,~ J.J'h.J 0;--' v! uH fl) 4< ~ JrL L '";"JJ.,y V' ~ up. L UJzC .JJ' 'UJ.J~.:;..r'J'U# ~J ~ vii ¥ .JJ' j~ '(f -LYt./,," ~J..6 (~.JJ' J)J'J.J Sd' J,J (~.JJ' ",/0'

~'i.' .JJ';r .J'1r- .J-Ir- L ,.f t f Yt,:,~;It:'~1 ,f ",/" f 'f- ~ >. -0 ~'i.'

-'f- .JJ; "' JJ .JJ' ',? u~ L

jJ lu~

d' OJ

f 'f- c) v';'", V' ~JttJYt J./bI' L u,;~L":::;J Yo f '-J);'~' v;t v- 4- ~,? f1J)L'r L uHd' 1~--'L uit/ L tfL (g V' v! '-.J~ L;;,~ ;r~ V' -'7- V~.J~ oP ~ (~~ d- .JJ'

vr !~O'.t' n' S~'-' '-/ z.

'(ji -L~ ~ .:.Jl~

J,/S?.::...' s» J Ii J, cl..J ~-' d.'- r !"J L~S

L~~" J""~ (if L i./' -I) ".1~ i./'

JJ : f

~,~,! JP e.t; !"'(L~1VJ_..; ~

'JL~UJ ~L!J, cl..J .t. v' -J

L~S.1~' U.1JJ'::'"..::-Ly.1I.)!-' .1J'''( L~l/).:I".::... ~

z. ji JJ'(

V' Z. U}JJ ~~

.1J' JRt L'J

-~ .1'(~ .1J'

JO t if. L jf

,,; -0'.1 U.1~ ~ PI L V' eJ I) 1tt{ !~~ S .1J' UJJRt J- k/JJ

= -"

-I)

U..::-:/ SU}~ .f I) cfJ

'( U?

= i L~ IJ.:'J -I) C./ (~' '( U)~ .1JGJ')/''V'J J} ,~,~ e/:: U~ L v' -I "::-.1~ S~~JRt .::...uJi JJ ~ L U? s:~ ,~.1?'J 4 .J't ~'" .1J' ")J J~ -S?! SL.I~"uJJ~ JL)'!»»:J1A "J' ~.1j L uJ.1?'J .1J' up. ~!/~~ SJO t ...J} ~ U~ = -I 0'.1 /0' " t 1.5'1 --d :f." t ~u~J 1 0'.1 J1 .::... n' ..::-Ly.1I.)!-' Yo f 1"::-Jl1!~...JilP L U}'J ..::-'j Ji .1J' UJ)~~ .t.L un(~~;;_'.1 L~...f,; L.I(1iU.1'Je.1~'Lt'" Ui.VI.)!-' .t. L ~...f,; f1J (~" J~ V'L --d " -z. LJ1 ~ k. 'I) ~

'(jf

.::...';.z (i'.::... "':-"'"-~ ~.1i' J! S~, ~)1; .1J' ~'JV'~Ly.1 t!~ '(v' 'f-r UJ ~ J1 u!Jjfi ~p:, = L .::.I-'f- ':'~ '(.::.I

~,-'f- CJ1 ~'.1 ..::..r'.1e'..t. u! '-..v. .1J' 'Ai 4- 1.1' -y; .::.....::-'j .0' ~-'

S":,,V1(.1 !'0'''; .1J'~

"::-.1~

S~'.1

1'iJ. 'u.1(f;!'

~~.1J

-'f- "::-.1~

:1JJ1 & u! ujj JJ --d :f. !,,.;!,.::...,.t. 1.1' UJ LJ1...J~J' L ';" f Z. JIi L V' J)

L Lj ~f -~/;

.1J' ~f

4.- L ~i. .,.-/_1& ~, I>.i-:. r! V~ -: 4.- V' ''f- jYl':;'.IJ/ If 15':;'~'1J..;r ti' 4.- L .:;,Ly.I .:;,'JV s: J~' r" L jj v' -1/ J I.)! ":",,,j J~ ~'J.I .J'v L .,ijJ jj -J~!,d.IJ'~ ~JJ'V'J t..!' V'J.lY V' -'f- Y..:;_ ..JL.,J' (Ii '...; s.i;_ J G" L v' Ji L Lj dl _~, C~Yl . v,f;U

tYl (UJ.lP

.IJ'U;:

V..

,.;'...u -~,_r.! .::fd/.IJ',y J/J v' 4.-J~' (i' L jj L~' ' v' -15.:;,Ly.I.: .IJ''f- ':;'.IJ/ 15U!.I't; .: .IJ'

.IP"; (1)1 ~ do·..:,.:

.d'i;_

L Lj v' 'J~JJ'J)J' V'J d{ '.::I! .Ii 'V'J ~j 'V'J z._-,) 'V'J ,_r.!, L U;r4/.,..f£ -V'./~ IUJ.lJ-'YjJ' 'UJ'?'C.IJ~ L.:;,~ eJI.)!": s:'f- t;f.d'-1.J1 L.lj' J'j( t ~C1-:4.- V' ~ 1£ (J/ .:;_ .:;_ J ~'DJ tt_'f-t.,II.)!Ui.C1Yo z£ eJ? 'UYl c[., I.)!Yo J,UYl t;f L Jj eJ~;.:;_ ~C14.- V' -'f- CJ'~ )J/ eJ~jf i;_ z£ If -: -'f- U)J/ .:;,f ~~ 4..:;_.:;,~y.IJ' UPr (Ii Yo J#. LYl ~ jJ' (~ -: L ~;lr

:f'f- t;f V'J,J'- -~ .IJJ-0C ~J~ .d -:4.- L d' i;_ (J/

-1.J1 LJ

J: .; .,ijll YoI.J1

(.I 4- d!7 -'f- ,.;L;( £.IC"

4.- L UJ'?'C',_r.! .:;,!l J/4.- L U~ ',_r.! ~ J/4.- L uil/ ~ Ji (~',_r.! j(;J) J/4.- L U}'J LJ ":"'-";tJ. ',_r.! .I~J.I(JI ~".r./V'~~~ ulff I.J1 ~{ .:;_ ~/ Ji i UYl':' e'.Ij JI L LYl J~J; .IJ'.:;,/~ I.)!~J? ~ ~ (tt~,.1 (V' L V'J? I.)! JrL L JJ/ u' -1.J1 LI}. ~J J~ V'J UJ.I)J' rJJ'{ J~ ~ I.)! ttJv/" L V'J/ -V' ~.I~ J~! I.S~ d' -1.J1,jf 'J~15) J~~ I.)! tt){ rE" L (V'J L')) JJ

.IJ' ''f- dL' ~ d' ',_r.!

Jj (.:;,~ .:;,Ij ''f- .:;,' JI..-- I.)!)

.I UJ'{' J

-7 J"" J}

~ i"L.:;,Lf SJj ~

~ ~ k"f 7 CI' Jly ~"Uk L.:;,Lf vl.JJI7.IJ;".:;,Lf SJj v.. vI ~"- L L}' J...; 1~;~ ~ .s ~J ~ SJIJI L ~II U)t$ 4f' I"'; -7).,il" .:;,IjS'...; "if S ~;~ .IJI~L)I '7 S (;.; L; J1~i 7:r ~~J._f

-~>'SY

-L ~U/-'v.. ",:"Iy.L (Llrl~ " flJ1_'~ ~ Jly .IJI-fi ~I L

f ~

L~tJ.'J fi

-~~)'

J; I'(:;'r-JPi L

(Llrlf 7";L.1'~ _(-'

6"-v' ~ ~ -k"f 1~I

-i tft

J1 ~~

S ~I .IJI~~(~ " uj; v.. Pi ~y. ~ ~ ~ Li L (Llrl~

4f'.I~~ v..dVo .JC'J!~ -~ .IfJJ '(:;'r- jV-JPi ~

rf f

"'v1JJ1d:" u~S ~ /i i i 4f'.1J1 Jt:- ~ uJ..; ~I ~ 'i

~)'A I.::.J.>J.'r- S un.lJ ~ .IJI'pj1 '.I~~J L )~ L u~ }' A~.IJl:;1

~~JS

.::)JJe/.J0

.J)ILIJLb:rl

'.Jl;...'7VY.-~

.w-I uilj L? S ~ -~ ~ J11~.IG'JJ.:;,:Iv.. '(:;'r- ~ ~I'~ 7.1 /-IJ! .Ie~ p .::)JJ;-VL UJ-"A v.. uil,,-_,-~ ~J ~ v.. Uilj 4-J)'~~ ~}'.I~I ~ J"P}' J1 .IJf.~..::-r'; L U;r~ -~ 7.1 L vI L (Llrl-~ ",:"cr'",:"l.? ~ Jj U~L UJ.?L 4'~

J' J,;

u;r~ i JJ1 ~~; S.I~.IJU.l~~ -~ ~J)'~ .IJII J~ flJ1 ~,.;:' ~LJ1 f./I L.:;,Y -J}'.I~I u.l~}'j~.:;,y Lu~lf.lJI

.,..

...

-ILJ1 ~.vtJ1 , -* 0; V-~; If} ~uh ';-, L Â£ .IJI'VIJ UJ.I/:f v.. rf f ~ .:;,1)"" OJ ~ -~,

S ljJf;r L vlJ

(1.1

':::;'JVI ~JJ1 (.;J/ ..ff ..JiJV

L I.)~ v!}I.Jl..'

Lei L tt()'J}I.Jl..'''..ff S e{(j -:-S~ S J. I'; v!.k?J.Af f ~JIP ':;'.JyIJJ1 IiJ: S}I.Jl..' v!Jt'" ~ L vI -JJ1 (" J?' .::J I.)~ eJ",:,,1 .JJIs: tl. J1.JJ':::;'~{.J,P Jtr )J ,jJ .JJIA~ v! if. (1.1 v! J' vI -i:...?-f tilt; )Z;I l:;' v!}I.Jl..' L.I"(' .:/f S -~J.J"Vl(I:)I..JiJV L I.)~ L..ff " .JJIvlJ ~ I:)/; I.)l.?s,V1~ v! ",:"lfy r JIP ':;'.JyIJJ1 JJ1 J.-"l tf.. -k".Jf{ l(,fir

Po ~

r .JJI"';"0. J'~L

...ft LIJ

£.1 c:r ~

JJ ~": L 1:)1 -~J.I J.-"l/.:;,u~ L I.)JJ.6L I:)'-L .:;,ulPuk-- L l(I:)A10%/1.)_",yJ£'tl. k.. LJ1.JJ':::;'~ .JJlp ..::)JJ.J"VL':::;'J \'

t v!

Jj S L.I

d'~

L 1:)1 v! L 1:)1 ~

f'"/ U.JIJGJS I.)_",y.-~, CJ1b:.J /JJ

I.)_",yi IJ1(J~ v! I.)~ .JJII.)JJJ of Jr Jtl~ .JJI':::;'JvI v!..ff

vI JJ1 I~..ff

-~k"

,.,v

(t; ~

~J/.; ..JiJV

J-- kJ JJ v! .:;,ulP1:)1 -LJ1 Y I.);~ L .:/f j" JJ y, ...G. ,:;~ .::.::.; ';-- -..fi / .,:..fLz (;r\ SI.)_",yL (1660_1708) '~I{ of .::J L .:;,~ J .:;,I.J~ L ...ft ",:,,1 -~J.I J.-"l '.)! .,:..fLz -tl. J1LIJ Lj .JJI'y,...G. 'J~,J. 'r.J ,f-' )J/.I.)Lj .JJI')J.,:..f~I JI? J.,J L .:;,Ij.JJI~ fi v! vI f ~-:~"';...fI S.::JLz vI

vI -i:....J~ l(

I.);~

L .::/f

v! ~

t!,;t!y, f J.,J (Ii eJ'i:...

-~k" f / '-r"" {J~ S .:;,IJ~ v! .,:..fLz vI ~

( ..JiJV L I.)J)A .JJII.)J-"-'/of ~tt_v" ~ -..fi L

(f./ of .:;,I.J~I(Ii L.I"('

u/ l(ttJ}'A

J-- kJJJ -Li':::;'~ S 1:)1 J.t J.tJ;>

L L.I(t;':">1;!~I /I.)_",y -4:-J.I LI? L'tt,..,JI;" cr.. (t/ of ;; -i:... JI? r.,ri"ui'I:)V'eJ'i-('i.;If v! d- \;!.J/" .:;,LJJw L vI ~

'I 1 d~~'j ~y

-:..f ~I _IYlJl? t~ uJ" ..:{I.-- L _~ r.f_;iU: 1.=)2jjl J'jJI.-!S t,jlf Yo ~ Ir. _..,v ( (t ~I ~I L

t,)~

~I jjl ~

t,)~

J~IJ? dL

>. t,))jJL t,)ilj ~L

--fi J'f v! ~IfTjjl}ljl"l

..:..ulv L

vi '.f ..;.,-;~..:..~ S --fi J'i L vi v!}ljl"l-S

~IfTi 'S jgvl ~

jjl

t,)i~1 JIMI

.$.j~

.....;~

t,))~ jjl t,)JjPZ'L.f f 1 t,)~ "' t,)jJ~cJ!J. v! .f (i .;.v'1j~I v! ~IfT LYl Ji viof v! .,:,ulv Llj a.r

-1J.fe~ ~

-vf

J'f

~ lP(" ~,..4J.) v! Jlj; L.;;.:JJ.- J'" 1J.}l vi S --fi t,j\;--jpz ~jj L ~ S,y 1 J'j!, S ..:..~vl~)i L Jf -'f- cC -JYl ((t,y1-: S vIJ\~_J.f f /;,I;Y LYl jjl...;f:J L ? LYl j,~ j,A v! pz Jvj jjl _:,r~lj '~If't_1ljl.-r"v! t,j\;--jpz

.{;L Jk./jJ

J'" J.;jj jjl

t: s:

~If't jjl

i-/

v! Jl,hlj

'..:..~Ij'..!.-~ .....;)

((t v! t,.~J~I

SJ. I~ v!}ljl.-r" P. -:L

J7 .....;~ L t,)~

J'/ jJ _IYl

./1

J- J'" v! ..:..ulv t,jl-i:.. 'f-j ~ I.I.;? J'j( "' .::/f

-j'ej J Yl .:.r..;J/S vi jjl (jj

vi fl/ji

"' vi L t,)jjf:}IJL I.:)\;--jpz v! d- f i:.. ..:..ulv ej-: t,jl-L~ 1U~Ij c[ 1);)1 j.,:.jlbS t,)~ ~L~ 1/Jlr. c[ 1.:.r..;J/ S t,)r.:1}S ..::/f J'" L t,)? f ~)j Ji (1762 ":'~j)~I Jj el?v! t,),)1~~ S t,)~lj ;; v!

J! ~

d- -1.}'f:(.1 ..:..1v~1

L~L vi.! ~ ~ ~It"~ (Vi

J!I'! ~ LJ((

_:,Ij

1.:)1LYl

(jJ t,j~

:v! -:u~ejl?1L.

J.j j//l?

2r jjl 'jjJ7

'F~'Fyi

't,jl/-~ LJ J! ((

~ t,)t.j/S .;.v'1j-~ L Yl""';~L .;.v'1j:i#- -: ~ Vi -'f- Cl .... I I' r:, ,/ ,"-uP .. dle)l'" ,/,: _~ 'f-j Yljj.::,.JIII":'~ j jj or )-'-/ '-Yl

:V1-: :r.JI(JLJ.lJJ 1 U.I'J'} e;' -L~ J%( _;tJ; L U)~

v!fi

,..,JI;

-1

f 'f- U.lJ/' "- L .JL.;' v! ;,'7 L -::.v-1.1 -2 -L~V'JI,;.'

vA.:::....

-v:~U~ V1,l·;iJ ~'J L ~'J fY' -L~ 1JJ~ .:::....U?;tJ.U.I~~, V1 ;!_.IJ'J't~ Yo -L~ UJ~,j".:::.... Uk.~~, LJ~ rU.,gj.IJI-!

J~r

I.lJ'

tf"'V' ;, .IJ'L~

~ "'

t~i ;,1 fi ,..,J(;

-3 -4

-5 -6

-L~UJ.,::..;~, " .to -V1.1.1JJ':::"" ",V fY , .IJ'~VJ~ -7 • '.1 .Iy,..~ }'J Dvi'" -::.v-1.1 Uilf-.I.1J " ur~~ "U."...c;, Ui~~ '-..41' ~HV -::.v-1.1V' U ""''f- J.,::..~ J(I{;-' L -::.v-1.1IJ!j, ~ LYl ~J if i u.I'h.l;-'" L U~ ) v! if.f if ~.:::.... JI Yo f ~?-~ I-

f~'(

-if ~"::"'J~f -v: Yl '-t; J-1.1 Jr J v!;. LJ'J; L J- J'" v! .P! .IJ'))i-/ U/ 'J_,.IJ'JJm' 'J~4,_j' ":".I'JJu~ f

Yo U ~

(rf

-V'.I~' 1.::,,-t..I!L if.f -::.v-1.1 ,f.l~ '-~ L 1:)' ,..4 J,./-~J.Jf':::"" uJ:r../i L u;'-1.J ":")J':::"" v! 1:)' J} .IJ'4-J '-J "::"'.J~'(LI I..:; ~~.1uilb/. L u_';' -~ J rf'1.1':';;;' .,::..~~, J.j L uJ-~ ,,?fi -L Yl _;~ v! Jv J Yl J';; .:::.... j /i L uJ:r../i ,./-, v! 1780 .IJ' 1776f'J ?1 JLYl .IJ ':::;Ib ~.Ij L '-.I~ L

r v! uiy

J.j _;.I'" "-

-"'-~

tv{

rJ.! U_;~

uiJJ L J.of if -::.v-1.10:' ~.I~

L L~ J,K-1-::.v-1.1 L U_';'"- V' -~

djJ ~

t" IVir '- -=--IP~'Jlr L,tlr' .1~L v' .J.v!v.: Ii-=--IP~' 'J!'J' ,J.,./ {..i)J vJ¥' I tJ}J') ~.I!~~ v! -=--IP~'L,tj -I/..Ji'

.I~ _~ ~ L tJyJj~ '~, ~ L tJ_,f;'(.I~! ~ L tJyJj -L..I~;~ t:72 L.t'ZL(Je;';;' ( .:..Ci' ,J-:/. L ~~.1 ,J

k/ ~{~'f\5J ,-J ItJil/

,;/.; Lf{

lS)/.~L ~~~ . -L ~ ~ fj -""I,;/.; &J s,,J..(~

'L.(~ U.l( ~ L J;. s: v.: f~ b: Ji V' I.lyt "' .Ii. L>~.JJlr o~.IJ'!LJ v?r" I tJJ?C _£ IP.L....(J.l;o '- tJJ'l}i .. .I~ .1~L V' l.1('.IJ-'7 (~v! .N?J~ V' .1~L ',.)J:c.Ji ~ .t'Z...;J~ L v' Po L L;rJ/ '- -=--~Y~' fY' P .IJ')/.~ v.:, L tJJJt ~ -v! ~ v!';~v! ~,-JiJV L V' ~ v' s: ( ~ .IJ'J .IJ:?,.f.;; -~ J .1~ L ~, u·j if~~J( Lf J'J ",,4 ~ J~r.IJ:?.lJ'~;£ f'- ,;-' v.:, fY' ~ v' ~ .:;...1#.. ? :r J

v.:,

-i:... ~.::;... -=--.IlP i L'J

~J/.; -JiJV L

J L tJJJt.::;...-?J,J..:::;u, v',J

.lyI: tJJJ.kl .IJ'~ )J'J.I 'x { .Ii 0:J, &J,.f!)1P ifjp. tJ!J, .::;...'.IJ' 1/,If.:J{ ,-' J.f.~ L tJYJj (v ~, .f -~ cf JC/.lS;l.--- .1~ L tJiL..-: .IJ' d tJ;~.L tJ.f.j ,JJ~r.IJ:?.IJ''tJf"y 'tJJJ!

-J~~

~~.I

~, ? L dV"JPi. J' ji ,-J ~ ItJ_,A!j'(v,;-' Jt ~ ,.f £-J f ".? I iX;' L ~, f ~,,:, &.If JI.lJ' L V' L'y &J

,J.lyI: .lJ"~.t'Z v! -=--.l~V'

rt J{,f'I ,Jf~' L J- J'" v!lSv

'...I

~.I

,":' '-

!LJ.ll)' ,-' J -=--jp~'L,tlr' J o~J L,tj

4(.t'Z

***

lSj!) ti

v!);1' rtJJJ!

D';y (i'...fi J'JJ (u.v~

v..

'uj'.t!; l)il? t,.JC J'JJ J {:;J/ -: jf s,v! 'f-.J Lf S£ /J' v' :J.Ji" -'f- ~.J .JJ' Uyj e J',v! JJ1 (j.Jf(( ,Jj If 1:)/8J ~'f-CJ1cz: ":"'Y'" cf fi J.'f- CJ1'-t; If J',,- -: .JJ' ~v!Jf.J~JJ .:;_ J'JJ J {:;J/ / u_,;~ ~ (J.J/ J' L J'JJA ~i L~ J1 (;v '-.J~ L ":"'Y'" .JJ' di,j 1:)' .:;__J ...fi IJ' L J':JJ J {:;J/ .f 'f- oJ, IfJ',,- -:~ uk ~'f-cC [I? -v! ~ / J' v' Yo v! LJ1 _J dWW ,f ,J. C~ IJ.:J t.i' ~( v' ''f- CJ1 )1;-0 .:;_ ~ J.:;_ J' L J'JJ UY J ..::.-~y J'JJ Yo J} OJ ~v!~.:;_ ~ JIJ' v' J} (~.JJ' 'f- CJ1J'J.J v..1:)k: L 1:)' J_ v' 'f- CJ1J~ J~..ir.:;_J' v' ( 1:)' v! LJ1 )1;-0 .:;_ "::;J Yo .f J;J 8J J.(P L v' -'f- CJ1( .JJ' '8J.t' J &.1 \!?, ...fi J1 J.J~':;_ ..::.-~..ir 8Jv! LJ J'JJ .:;_ )'i' L ~L P. L L.J;! -v!~ / J' v' c:!J.JJ,,::,-,";;'J! if:..JC( J'JJ L'J LJ1 ~L fi s:'f- CJ1'-t; If J',,- -:A c)k .:;_..:,....: L (' v' .JJ' -: ~'f-~ JA £ IJIP -: Vi L~ f .Jr J'JJ ~ cIv' -I.)}-.LJ1 ,-7. .:;_J,f L J'JJ Yo.fI.)J ..::.-V',,.JJJ~ .f 'f- -: ~J Sv' -'f- ~~y (il -fI ( u}.JY L .JJJ 8JYoY v/J Su}.JY J'Y ..:,....:( V' -'f- t.i' t,{. .JJ' ~ 8J1J..:,....:.::/~ L u}.JY If 8J'f-...f ",:",J .IL Yo {:;J/ ( .d' 1.1' -'f.JJ' '1:)"; J~";';

.r/

v..

-:1(

v..

~J.'

.:;_;.r

t- JI;J~ L

Vf f.t1JY

I(I.)j)". Oilh/.

"L~V

cJf

L JfJ;

iLJ)i)fA

-V,!

''T- ~lr-

)Jf

I.)~I)~ ~

O){

J..fÂ£ 'T-;-~ f){ f){ _( 'T-) Cl ;fp. JiJVf1.::/,)JJ Oilh/. );, Uf

~It I.::,.f..if )Jf ",:",Y'fL JfJ;);'

~~L L~

'T- ~) ~ ~ v! b)C )~ I( JfJ; J (:;J/ ~fi " (:;J/ 'T- j/fi~ 1 ~ Vf ttLfJ ;f) LVfi" L I!fJ) -'T- C.t1J;1) t.t11( JfJ; ~ L LJ VIP Jlf

1JfJ;,,)}

J ~f -: s,V,! -: eJV,! L~4-J J 1)JP. ~ L LJ .t11P. v! J'.t! JJ ff.t1 ~ Vf JfJ; ~ -'T- fy J 1.).t111

L I.)H ~ '~ ;[.

A ,.i.fi -VI_,k'l'.t1~.ir' _,JP(' V~ ")}

Jf}

v! Vf ~

v! L)lP.f 1JI;J~

'"~ "':"'/ -: )Jf

~It

v! ,.i' L cJf f}.)J-~

L ttJ;"

L.t1

LfJ

_~ 'T-) .t1 ":;'~)J~f)

J..~ I(

S~f

_f.t1(}p

VV~

iLJ)l!f

'T-).t1

t/lr- )Jf'~

,.1lJfJ ~f ~

IJ' L JfJ; v! ",:",7 f'J.d eJ -: -~~Cv!?'" ~ L ~ J~0-'J ~),-J ;-lr- I( I.)ij (j J j i ;:;)

J.. OV

v~~

~ I.)? Jr.l!fJ)

Id'j.::,.~f

U.t1l)1"~ f"v! -e:0\ fi l.)~fY J: ;[. .t11P. v! .If; OJ~J .t1 )JJ ~ ,:iIPJ) . -J!.t1 ey v!j )Jf ~r ~,f

JiJVf-l.I-

!{J;

L~f

v! J.# -if 45') g,y. .::,.)(

,;-f L I.)~f ~

Jj I(t\J.t~

~)Jf

J;" t/-f

JfJ; ~

L (:;J/ '-;~

I.)~~

Sl)~ P

u.vlr cJf L )JJ eJp.". J..~ r cJf)Jf 'J.t1 ~~)J -V,!;[..t1!{

'T-) J (;'J

~ vf' ~

-: ff.t1

vl?f

J)c" oJ) p. v! '-A L.,;.,~.,;.,) ')~f 'Jr vf f 'T- -: u 'T- ,f S v! (The Dictionary of Concepts in History)

ttopjS.::,.y;i

I( ":::;Ih

ok-- 'O'f):

')~f

v!,.i' L J- f 'T- t~/ I('-;~

-'T- C.t1fi~ It) I(-f",j J:~)Jf {JIP):~

JY- ~

't~.t1)~

48 J'Jj

V' '.::J L ~, V].! d~

U)~

.r JYy -I

it'J.J fi

15.1JJ'-

I.)! ~.J~L J'Jj ~

S fY' .IJ'U)~ ~

"::"~fiJ S

V' 'Ii ~.I r} IU'}.JI S ~JJ ~ /t I.)! (.1' ,;-' L fyf .JJ' fi '-"::J S ~ ~ S ~, J uk,f if., J; 15.JJ]f' / .I} ~ I.)! ~, " -fi ~,..JI; L.:!/; S -:<j Yi OJ J.;'IJ,I.JJ'uk=j '- ~ er,:;.IJ'i!U~ ';Ii fi ~ I:l- LYi er,:;J~J~J j tJ~ -fi Po L '-"::J

~J' -J

~J'

"::J

-fi S J'Jj J" ~-L UYi..::.-:~ (j.:,.....:L~ V'.J..lP OJ ')

e.J~~

-~JIo='~O:JSV'.IJ'~j <:V]~.~ ~J'j JIv' <:V]z£V'i.JY' I.)! ~-AL J'Jj ~r. ~.I.t; ~ t,;_';Y V' <:V] Lb ":"'Y" V' V' L

J'"

J'J;

I.)! The MughaI Empire and Its Deeline (1997) L (Andrea Hintze)

-'1-lIzI L uj.l

Y -A.:..l£' fi

'1- V'~U( (~.;J(Ii V'

.J~ _;-~JJ~ .IJ' (fI921-22) ~J) (-; i.lY JJ L .IJJ J'k.' [J> 15.J~.IJ 'J~SUYir,:;J~,-' 'LYi L.I ohM ~or» S J'Jj (fI932) , V' J'Jj J" ~j L ~,_-V] ':-J .Itj jfy k j. ClJJ~ S fY' '~;(;, .•.. -JYi .I~Jj /" Yi ,~ '- J/ J~.1 S J~.1)11J,7JJ''J'{:r. ,.f~tYi 4f1700 -ff. Yi .I~Jj V '-"::J S L~Yi .1/ L J/ ~ ).1/ ~~yP •

..f.:,.....: '}If ~ fi ~'~J.Ik. ~ Jl!.t..1 IJ/

L U';' ')~'- Po L J~JS

L ;Jy.y'.IJ' U~ 'U)~ '- "::JS 15.JJ/'S J/ eJu.L

Un L

15)JGJ ~'

J~.1 ~.It.1.)!

..::..Ij

.IJI u)Lf .:.cL?

If L u';' v! ~

v' -S J!'J'

S~'-V'(G" (U1il;;'/")'}

S~;:J":,,,' vf~.J _fi

1(U1i ~ ..::..~I.I

a~I

~W' S J;I J:J.J .IJ'J~;ij Po L J~j-J'fl720-~J

-v! ,;)JGJ eJ~j .:,.....:S ufo" f fi,.,fr I.)! JfiJ -v! V].IlP>xIf ).z1' Lfh--l;;'.J-lr- .J-lr- L ..::..)i (1;1

15v 4.!.J.llJ,

JII ~~"}.)J

-J'

Lu~.1 J L

-~ ..pv!J'J;

( VI.JJIV~).J I .d~ ~IJ.J l:)1L JIJ; v! J~)Sf1950 ~ VI ~.J} JI; o: VI <:I~ ((t U£..:/; (Iii ~ jifVl/-:I L~ '-!'; v! UA~ .JJI(' U)) ~ .-?J,J l:)tf- V' fV~) .JJ; " UJ)) ~ e:~ P! L .,:..V,J~ L~; ...{.JJI-v! uk:'j JIJ 0-: ~ VI '1fh; Su~ _(~-ILJ ~ ~I ~~ ~ ( ~ _I~ )1" (Iii L 121..1 ~ .-?J SJUJ ~ ~ ,J)I; .....;) u/ J) '1./JL.J-"I( u;(/~.....;)~ L UJ)) ~ ~ I~ .J/81?)~ ~ L u";1~ ~J SJL,.J--IL u;(/ -1J ~ F r vI I ..:,/1.1 I ~u. J.j Sfyl L J Sl:)..r -L ~.Ij~ c.f!; .JJI'vi,.JJCP. L if )'I.JJI.J~ if:' -1) /'.;.In I~u. J.j L J-I./.J/ -'f-1ti.-?J SJIJ; Il:)tj. vI L u)A .JJIu))~

vA 'f

f V/. Lti

~,.f~

V',J

-:.-?J

SOvl .JJIJ; S.;.of '.1; v!fi

l:)tf- L u.JIA ~ v.!' ~ vI 'Ii l:i.J

l:)'V

c~)A;: ( UJ))

Sl:)1-" -1v.!

8)1;~ 8)1;~

SUJ)~;

u;(/v! 4.-- L vI -1j~ J~J SuA .JJIJ?1..J

u1; .::.A. ~ )i~

.JJI

-~.I.J/ l(liiu.;lA L U? V/..Jj~ ,.JJCP. t.f S.,:..lPf .JPU.l:)1 .a(v .a(v L l:)tf- L u)) ~ L uj.J"" °

-~ ..P

u.J,! (j

(il v!

uJ.; S ;lr

...:.--J U)

L U?

'f-

S l)'J

')t;:. ';-' L (Leonard Karen) l:);( j.JtJd

Up.ltt .JJI 'ujy 'UJ.J(~v

';.f v! (The

Great Firm Theory)

_,-/.' v! ":".J~S;;f (i' v! UV ILJ.Jlil Yo f 'f- Jlj t!J.J" )J Iyt ~ V!. d- fv!~(~v!j j).j UY. UY. Su~ v! _,J vI ~.J}

JI; (((

U"..j dl...f f1750~ f1650

~V~) ((( L.f (}121..1

50 U~J)'

J..::....I,)Pu. J(;~

~J~ ;

J,J~v.:Y'~t,J! UJ.7.Lnl .::./f

-: ..::....U(.,;::-~~.'l. 8J~; .:;:..-I. (.)! U;--~.J J(;~

.r -i:.. 'f-.J )' tj/{ -:V L~; ...LJI_f -i:.. L)' ..:;,)j )' J ;-1.-- L .JJI81?J~.r -:-~.J fyl

I_; L

J...; ..::....

L J. I';t,J! f1664 ~ -J~t._,J ti .Nf' ~ t{)';~ ":;'.11" -: ; tJ. If.! bRi JI ..::....~~ S.::./f IUJ.7.L.IJI _~J)'.Jb71 L 1,)";1.; tL,.;j ..::.... ~I L~; ...LJI ~ t,J! f1702-L ..::....vI 8;1.;:1I(..:;,~ 8~ L UJ.7.L.JJI.::./f t,J! tjv v.:J.JlJI IJJ ~_,J

":;'.11"

L ~ v: U.,J L ~I .JJIU;--~.J J(;~)';~ I U_,),j" ..::....UJ.7.L L ~I .JJI(1;1 ~.Jt L U";I ~I.JJJ U' -tJ.

t.((;;~J j)j

'i:.. ~.Jt U(.,;::...r

..:.--VIJ[ J'J jy.

L U";I t,J! U.,J ~I .JJIL.(p,.'l.":;'~ .IJI t{ ',;$ 4

J/ SUJ"j ~I -v!' J.!.J)' ~

-(~-JV.J~"::"" u~JA.JJI',;$ u~J 'J~i ~/ I(

bRi 1f.!1 U(.,;::...r

(i' 8 J f1677 ..::....f1664 -~

...r'f- L~ ..::....vI 8;1;:1I( U~

Lvi

A • II ~I'" J~I'" .)?/ ..::.... ":;'.11" ~

L vI

LV';

-: ,J. ',j

..::.... J[ L ~I ~

Ji t,J! .JIJjl uk--

u#u.

J(;~

J[ ~

.JJI..:;,)j

t,J! Po --;fi -L L/6 Jf Y-t.l uJ"j j)j

L ;;J> L uJ.J1(~I.--.JJIUJ.7.L ...r'f- ji 2..1.--VIJI

e «,~.I?

J!. .J(p,JI..::....~I .....;/ ~ J[ t,J! f1750

..:;,~-:..::.... -:1 i..-.J{ vI J? -~)'r ..:;,~';;-I..::....

L~ J,.r?v I

SU~..::.... -?J S

-~J;-I.-- I( ~I t,J!..£.

t,J! I,);~

~J.J {

..::....":;'.11" (j jy.

J~ -i:.. LIJ,{;fi L J[ -:~ VI e...:;,~j),f

~. ..:;,~- ';;-, ..::.... 0"

-:...r 'f- L~

'~Ill(-"JI~

u~J/ JIr (Ii _f~ I~

.r-J~I ~ ~ vI ',j j/r

.1/

-"J(i' t,J! ~JJ.),I

JIr

.IJI .:...fl.J; t,J! ..:;,~y.J

(uzj tjJ(;)I..::.... -?J

U!.pt .JJI

tf JIJ;

Su.J/ J ":;;'7

IvI ~JJ.I~.IJI~ {..:.v-~.1 .IVI

J'" fr _J-L,; L ';:;'J Ji; -1/..:,}0: (lSi JIr 45' _J-L,; L v' i e) '.I{~ ~i .IJ' t.!1 Jj v' ~ v' -£ J1JX ~ ~i ~j L ..::/f !-'J';;~' 'ti O.l'J'~) f;: ;;f r ,-)J)~; .IJ'JiI'Ji;-~ ~~ .:

':;".I~()!. -rl. YE"";iJP L .::/f JYE/(;~ -: ~ ~J Sif.'J" YE.: eJ;l>J d...r Sd' -!1iY' r..:.v"k.l ~ do f ,J SJJ.7.L .IJ' JJ.lr ~ JJrf J.; >. -f' .IJ'! J1Jy. ~ Li J; JIr ~ V' 'ti ~Jk;~

-t

f~'

Ltp,x I)J'~ ~ L JiP .IJ' ~x Ji. S 'JYE~ J; JI ,J.. ~ jYE ~ /{.Ii JL ..:.v"k.l f,J ~J ()!. 'I/~~ .I~' 1J}J') L -rl.~ LYE e'.Ij L j..i SV' .IJ'

d~',r SJ}- ~J SJ'J; j" L J}.IY ~ f,J -: S j~' ,r S v' -ti ...uL r ':;"'.I~'(Ii ~I?J~ ,J.. if. f S LYE .: L f!/' .IJ' JJi4 .IJ.;:;,u. '.1) 'ti,;V'J' rit~J JI Jk 7 kt:/.::/f ~J

.IJ,.:;.,-.J/ S ..:.v"k.l -ti ~

;;f J/iJ'J

,r SJ}- L (W. Fogel) ,fj

LJ~ I.;:;,u.S~I?~~ ~J

if -?-I (', L JL.?' .I#u..::/f 0;1/ f 7 -:~J 7 kJ ::fl ;: ,J.. '-.I~ L JY"f d~' ',J ~ .I~ /.1 JJ,) Z;-, {J;l/L J {j~~ J... StiJJ.ly': '-J .;:;,u.~~ -?- ~, L if.'ti r v' { )J'~ e'.Ij 11'.1; ~ V' 1f,J.. ",:,';: L V'-7 ~~ l::fl v' L ci! (j {C)'VJRI -,J OJ Jl? //. L V' ',J t YE 6 ,J.. ;1/ .;:;,u. (Ii fti ~ L.:' f~ f:..;:;,u. -: ~ V' 'i;... 2£.1 ':;"'.I~',J..Jj~ Z;-, Z;-' v!:J).IJ'?lz ftp,; r .;:;,u.~ v' -,J j~J J~,J..;1/ .IJ',J j~~~S{J' ~ ":'J -ti kJb:

Jvr

cJ~',r '.;:;,u.'S tiJJ)Y.: J.1iY' L ~ cJ~/ -ti~

le,)jJIr )J' LJ6 ~ '.1)

-S

':;"JGo!

L J';' 1'}1JL.?' rJ;l/~ ~ v' ',J ,J.. LJ l¢fr

~~I

~ e1~

L.I

J!~ b.JC~

r u,; J/ J't

.JJI 'J;:; J'

uJ'('~

'Jfi J' ..:.v-'~.J~

J'vl

f I.::;~u '~ ,/- .J~ .JJIif 4- ~L.f

UJ.JP vI

If ~

f£V'J.J

'vii ,.;1)J,3j

-,f J'~t

-Li ~l,.- ~.. /,. .I} £ ,.;: . ..JJI'lItJ .......e1~ ~

~~.JJ

J..j; L -..Cf r J.1) .JJI''::;~

..:.v-'~.J f

-I

c U):..JCjG"~

£ ":'-V..J .JJI ..:.v-'~.J~ tJ.J

,,£ vI

-£

..:.-L.F- £ V;J.J £ ..:.-kJ

J.J"

Jv ~J.Jl)1 Yo f ~ ":'-.J~ J':ti

s: uP.,y

~ ":'-~_,..PY ~I

jJ1 jll! " UJ).; (Ii s: ,-}lr tj .: .JJI'I ,/-~~I

tv! JJ!I ~

_::J vI

ci( j J' ,,~I

t.. r. .r. .. ..:.-~~ .JJIo;:J JkJ ,.J_fJ1":":~:t~ vIi k' ~ e1~ r ..:.-L;bJ ~~if.f 1tj.J r f.: ~.i.::;~" uk .s: dL s: UJ.JIJId(;,. I.J{

If ~ ':;'.J~ vI

r ~(>ll

IJ) -~

.:;,I.J~I

If"

'I "J.JfJ~J J'jJ~ J'.::/; J'" f j J'If':;'~:t~ -'f- C;I,/C~II( ~~ . jL I~y~if.f' J ,.;1.1~..J.,/- ~(>l, :;v.~~ vI _..

eJ~;.JJI~

-i'J vI

~!f.r J).A .JJIJ.JIJ ~

~J.Jl)1

).11j~~~~.~/.1/ f .:;,J.Jg;I.J .:;;,j (.t' eI?J~.J': .J'{ £J1,/.'

tv! vA v~£ UJ.JIJ~ -v! tj.J J1JJ.JY :tf~ ~ u

cl- -~ L J1.J~ Jj.JJI.JJ'::;~ r if. ~ 'f-.J J-,,: v! Ji' ,/-1 t~

rfi vI i'~ CJ1)J~ r)A ~ fi ~ fr; CJ1,.i!'::;J 0" "fi,f JJ ~ ~~ J'eI?J~ ~ v"~ IGJ.I .1&71 ~ ':-J (;...Jf~I)J

,.; £ uA 'I

J- elt" ;; v.? )J ~

-J1 (;..j v~L)J

-L J1.J'(;~ ~ ~IUi/

.;'l,::;~ uk-- p.£ LJ1

.Jg;I~

LYi

£ UV.JI j~~

.JJ/ L ;'l-I J1 el?J~.JJ'JJ1k.~JJ1f~ ~I:.l. ~ -fJ Sur.:fj SitJ:' e'.Jj 'v! v'?o J..} e'J Uil? -~.J,f j~~ ~ u.J{ ~ U~ ij SFY' J~,; ~ A L U?f J~r' ",:",'-~ ;£.J j~~ .::..1J~ J~r' lel?J~ ~ ~ (j .::..L,iP ?ol.)! '-.J~ L Uir lel?J~ ~ LJ1

.s: ;£,f .::..1J~(Ii L u.;lJ e.J~'L U.J.,j'S

.JJ'1;)1j.L UJAv.1~ -L ~ L", J? ~e.J~'c.f!; ~ 1;)'.;fJ J? .JJ'.J1(J11..-",:",'-tf,~I f 'f- ~t= L U}.JY f~ ~ -~J Ji I Up.J .JJ'''::''>I..-~'J.J Lv' ~J S.zL .JJ'.JI(J11..-,..f£'JJ1 J; I.)! .;fJ'~ {f'.J; ~ -fJ Su.;fJ e.J~' L v' ~ Jj v' -Lx j...r Sv' .JJ' J1 u~;.;IJ'~ -f I.)! v', ~J ~ v' I UJ.;IA ~'J.J f ~ -S I.)! )J'~ ~)' {f'.J; ,-.;IJ'

UJ.;IJ~

J..;

I.)! j...r

'V! (j 4- L JI..-- /'f ~ J tJA,f' ,..f£rJ ,f -rJ ,f ~J u~;J/,f' J! LlP'x .;IJ'~ '~~' ~J eJ~;

eJ ''))

JL .JJ' I.)! .::..tJ,~ JIJV, ~

-fJ

S(~f~ .JJIv!!j':;"-' vC'~.JJ~r'

~ Jj SLlP'Y.1j...r L U';' -~) ",:",~I(eJ~; ~ .::/f JY ",.J} I;)~/.'J't;.. J .;>/ v!1;)' -J ~J I.)! .::..)1 )J' .:;).7 J ~ J .:;..p'.J; ~

-fJ

u?f

S((5-, UJ~'':;''-' -LJ1)? I.)! Jj~' (!Iii .JJ' 81JJ'~' Jtr~ 1;)"')) ',../ ) (f.f/ Su~ij d~fLJ1Jtr v'-:

JI; ~ un

I;)';'l

f ~'~

J1i3.J1( .:;..;"JJ ~

'tf~ I"::;Ib Sd' L

eJ) -:

SJj,j

-i/ J; I.)! b.JL SIj'VJPi

~ ~ v'

_;.JJ LJ1

J.J

J/I?

.JJ'

u.J.,j'

S.:;..;"~.JJ'"

.JJ' 'ui.s;:'.J'u}~ 'u#'

-1/

I.)!

-lI~LJ1 '- .,

f 'f- -:J1 ;;;i ~ I.)! '-.J~ L J'J; .JJ'

.JJ' ~J'

Lr IA~'

.'U;Y~

ok--':;:-' {.J}

~.d L ~~L U.JJ'/. ~{j}

JLr~ ~

~~SJJ:V ~j

J.Pz~,

~ 'X ~ ..,..." 'I.)! ..,..."~, .s: z:« 6- Jy

!,)!

JLh'.J

.s: ,-/0''/d- ~Ib ...f' !,)! J0r SJ. ,~ Yo '~

L...ff S1.9;r Jj I.)!P'.JW .JJ' fk>' L 4A ~J.JY ~'j S~,.JJ'l.5.Jyf S(Uii Jr,p .JJ'uk-- J'" ~, ~ ~IV .J.;cI.)!...ff V' -S~J~ ";iJP L U~ L Uf-V./r ...J ~ do f S~'j .JJ'~j Yo 'g. J~ ~LfI.)! C) S~,f ~ g. )~; j Jj -,f.::J L~~.JJ'~Jj ,.f'g.Lrrr "UJJ~ "'-J.JI),~ ",-rr.J~ J.,[Jrr v' ...ff I.)! (j ;--/ JG' L l.5.Jr~r ~; (j 'Jrr f5i Suil,..-..J!,)!P'.JW !,)! Ui-~ it~ V~L do1r Jj I.)! J;:; Suil,..-..J~. _::J SJ= -J!rr SU)';:I;,f' I.)! f1670 ~ v' rr if'1"::)JJ V~L U)';:I;~, ,f U?" S~~~'j I.)!(;,Ir-. L ~,J ~ -Jrr SuiJ~ ~ ~~ ~ -'f- C~·~ ~".J}

~.v~

f'~'

L~' ~ v' 't.? O'~ L (;,j SV' -~ J~I.)! (;,j ~, ,f' .JJ'"n I~Ib SUJAV JL ~ Jj~ '-/ JJ i J!rr uk:~r J.j IJ. ,~ ~ ~'i;_ ~Lfo-r.:) -~ J./r )"vL V' c/.fiL I.5Jl,:), J ~'.JJJ L (F' L ..::/$ ,f Yo f I S U~ JIP ~.J~ I:tf.. R.v.:-, 'L L rr A.JL ~ _::J S? ,.P !,)! ~.J'i .JJ'J; S..:,.ff.J; -I,f k. J ~ S~~~'jtj! U~L ~,J"[ J ~L? Su)L;f ;--/ '-/

JJ JJ'

)1~"

L J.'~

-O;,f

":"'Jr.J -:

I.)!JIl'

-t

f5 J L U? ,,?fi f 'f- ~ ,.;:.-:~ uf..i u)JJ (.:,If vf L (.:,If.I'~~J~' tj! It,'.Jj~' ~ L J; SV' .JJf '~ ~,~ ~' ~, of .JJ1;--/ ~ v' '~ rr ,f J~ I.)! J'~.J.JJf f5 J jJ IUi.Jil. ~f L uf..i U)JJ~' -,-/0''/ d- JIP L uJ' J~ -~~ I~IJ, Su~ .JJ'~~" UJJ~ UJJ~

f1 1

J'" f T J! ~JI ..Jzji -0 ,; ~IY ~ uJ...; ~, OJ/ Jv' ~ v' -i' '-J ~ 21,.- r uJ...; ...f ':::;'JV' J'" T ~ ~~ I;i'J'J) ~, ~ V' -T ~ JC '~ I.)! JJjf f UI,J'/jJ' U?LzJ~ L v' ...f ~ f W~~ J'J) ~ -?J V' -'Yi t,;~ tYiJ'J) ~g~ JJjf Lv' "fiJ./ ~ ~ J'~j '"'"'i:... .: ~~IY LYi ax ~ ~~j ~J~' r uiL.f -?J J -I) tYi j/r JJjf J'£-J e)J' J~' I.)! ..::./; jJJ J'" f T JJZ If I;i'~ u' 'i:... JIP J} "'j} JI. L~ J.Yi ~J~";iJP L~' I.)! u;~do JI:)'. r" ~.7.[ ~ -?JJif.JJ'1' ~y JuJ.7.[ L u~ ~ l/ ~ ~, 'j~jJJ'" jJ' :?' oJ ')~.d' If!!"~'.7.[ I.)! OV '-lJj()' -!/.' Jlr jJ' VYi ~ J! ~L.f(~1.)! jIt{ v",Yi jIt{ r~V~ ";,,JJ. ~ "'j} o}~, jJ' '/1'j) 'j)i vlr J'" ~ -?J V' -VI:)'.,..,v ~ (Uii J'J LYi I.)! OV '-lJjl),

~~j

Oj~Jj~'-/JJ jJ' 'O);.z

'r~

I.)!

if. fl)

J7 -0

V' -i:... Tj Yi J~' ~ l/ Ojl, ~) ) J L uJ.7.[ J~ jJ' ~ji J'£',/ J 21,.- L V' ~.7.[ ~ ~ Ji 21,.- ~ J{ L u,..:' f i:... ~'J~ ,;-' L uJ.7.[ ~ -~IP>Y. Li f ~jl,(

"'uk J{~;c'~' ~

uk-- L~' jJ' 1/J! ~J~ t:- ur~jJG"~v.. jJJ J'N.',;-' L J{ -~J "' j} jjl,( L V' f .I'} uk-- -~ ~IP .I'} uk--) J., I.)! u~ -~ b~

/.;:)IP JL

u'" jJ"~ J~'

J~ ~JI ,.k-;i £.. -f' f)~' L J{ ~ -?J v' uY'; J~,...jJ' 'tYi j/", j} JL ~ ;J/ J'" 'r:;J/ I(UPIb JG"~I.)! V' lid u;~ L J{ ,_t-; J~,...~ --1/ -f'~ -I) Ji? tJj~'", JftJ'J LI(- f J'"A ~J -T ~jJ/

-~j

~~j

''f-.1 i..~k k el?J~f'J1 ~ _'::J J'J)

'S.::./f LeI?

J ~/ vt} L UJ1I?J~u~)L ~

J.f .IJ'47 L

(JJ (~el?

J_,['J1

'29

L el?.I 'Jv

rf f 'f- rJ1e)';:' ~

JJ -:

4- v'

ujr J"['f- ~-:

L~)

J.lJ' [J>

vt} V' -Jv

-t] d'f (fh-- .IJ'JL~V"U.lyf S.:,.r'~.1.IJ,.::./f

~. { 0i1?.::J d';:!; Yo

rf f

V~ _'::JV' v!,-}~

~'.IJJ

L dV-J~ Vl?' ~J'JJ

L .IJJ,;-' L U.,;' ',i.. ._.cC.; ~ .I~.IJt.,..IY.IJ' fl? J ~J' 0:.' SV~ v! ttUiyr /" L UJ,f1?-'f- ~ J.; ~ ..:41.) Jt J.lJ'-Yo S.I'fh.l ''f- t 7.' ~ U}';:!; ''f- UJ~./.J Oi~.....;)'fi v! ~ f 'f- ;(~ LJ1 L~ ''f-'';''~'';'')S":-~'J.I-'f- tA '-.IL '-.IL/'J'/'J' v! JlJ'/..:-J)IP

~ -:''f- U.l.tf..IJ' Ii4-~"~ ..:-~'j

S(}4'JS~L' 'f- ~/ ~.d ,-:,,;r{V' v! cfj IfDr f'f- VIJf~ U;'VSJJ .IJ' J~~.I;V' 'eI?J~J" v! f1857 A .IJ'-'f- Jr )/0' ..J'v L ul.I '-:.J{;(~ S.IJJ If Dr / un vCv-'J SV' 'u~t:: j!.; u}';:!;.I; J~.IJ' fY' 'uJJI) ,.}, Is'J'J) rf .IJ' 'f- r~L .IJJ~ JlP/ cfj J;~ -:-~ LtJ J).1 -~, rIP..,lP? /... uitj

***

f~""

ok-- .IJ' t.f.'1. 'd'" J J.r- L ~ ,J o: '-/lr OW' v! ':"JV OJ f ~/C ~ v! '-.I~ L ~.I" (~ _~ tI'J' .;I.Jr" ,-Jv! ~.)JV,;-' '.IJJ.~ I)~.IJ' I)~ lSJ~J 'L'J?-.1 J? V' 'ti ~ (" d' 'ti(~ ~(/r J d' (~~d' .s: 27-.1Ly. v! d'V JR; ~ ~ .I" r.J'~ _~ ,..P v! LIt{ I(W' L I)")' ~ -i'J L d' Cy.? ~.:..~ .I; v' v! v' i ~ J~~ b.lC ,J ~v u:-'-' 1 '~L~ ~~~ d~J.lC eJ v! I)je~ .IJ' ..::.1b;J. ",.I"

f~""

cr~

s:~

f~""

_~Lr

f~""f ~J! ~_;~ r" Y JJ -..fI 0' lS/ JJ -..fI v! '-.I~ L f~""d~J.IC ~ -if'~_l JJq; -..fI L R. v! d' _~ t:z.l0~.;I.J~d'.::J L JyL .:..V~_~ LJ JJ,~ J.Af' J...G. ~ I)Jj~ L I)i!/ s,~ z.r_! J! f~""lSJ~ .IJ' I)J~J,Jd' i e:_ L;J,,;.:;)_/ v! I)p. d' Jj )1'e:_ 27-.1,_;~ v! 1)y.I?J~f e:_ J! J,.., _e:_ L; t"' I)y?J I)Y d~ u: 4' L I)")' .IJ' '~.1 .IJJ~

~k--

_';-v

v! ~k-- .IJ'~ ;Â£.1 .:..~ j.{.1 v!~ ~ v' _e:_ 27-.1,_;~ v! tf.J ':"JV .IJJ~ Yo f ~

(1300-1700)

J.r- L

.IJ" ~ ~

J,.., L.I{

,..P

It.: L

~} .J-I,...- L .:..1J.lrlSJ~J

(Richard Maxwell Eaton) ~I

f~""v! d'VJR; L J"J dJj L v' v! v'

(1978) ~

_~,J~~~/-

J~ ":,,,CJ ~JJ.I

.0' ,,'M' ,.f...J,-iJv! ,-}Ir OtJ.--'u~ ~ ~.l ,.f ,,~,...,L.J{ ~ '.:;.)p J ~~ ,.f .,:;,~ ev ':-~'J.J j,..., j'M' -r oJJ ~ .::0' ,.f V' .JJ' J.): '~v L U';' ~ V' v!'",~v! J'J.J L )p' .n' "::;Ib v~ ,.f V' .:-~ ,.f (iJ' cf. (-1'/.' .JJ' I)...Av"

4 ~J V.JJ ~ .::!1:-z.J

-v.r

(tJ.--'" ",:",Cr'~' L (1. Spencer Trimingham) I)) ~, -;IL)i-r ~ v! )JJ' ....P I~.JC j,..., v! (1971) ttJd-- j,..., v!

L ,,~,..., v! I)V ILi -'", t,;V ,..U.- ~ J.):~ .:-JJ.1r I)A~Jv! I)V

v.! ...Jj ~ V' '}.)J'r f.J .JJ' ~l?.J'.»- v! V' ~J.J,-iJ Yo ~ ''»(;,u.. .Jr .JJ' O!J,. ~~~ '~?'Jj v! ,,~,..., L J ..:;{ v' -4t-r J/.;:;f J(

-v.rJJJG' OtJ.--'I).J{Yo '~iv! JYoJe)J' ~ e~ v! I)V IL",A~ I)V ILi ILY'~ ':-~'J.J ,.f .J:/ .JJ' ~/ ._f "::;J v' -l/J1 v! ~J

-v! ~

udj",J!:i j~ v!I)V (l,J, ,f I LJJ.J:/ -j",,,'M' ,.f .:-Ly'.J.JJ' 2:-) L .:-'JV 'j",? ,.f

.J:/ .JJ'~/",:",'-rCJ(y'y'~~.)

j,..., v! )p/ V' -,.f t,;V ~/~ ,.f .J:.lP ,;-' L ~/ -l/~ ? v! v!)P/ if. ,,~,..., v! I)V v.:"'.J~ -l/cf. e)J' ...f'.JJ' ..::.c'J.J...f' ,..u..JJ' ''»- eJ.JJ' -I'"j~J.J.:.J:>,.f/.5 ",:",'-7(;1' ...1u. DJ~' L", J'J

fr/

~ v' I).JJ/ ~ L UJ.J:/'}.)J -l/cf. Ju.'J ~~.JJ L.J:/ ,.f V' v! U~~ L v' -1/", ttl.JJ" .J7 ~v' ,. L L/ -v.:J ~~

,.fr:: -,f ",.JJ.Jy'"::,,,?,.f UJJ'Jr:: ~ v' tv! j~'"jP ~ j~J.J ,,~,..., ,,)p/ V' _,fi v! U~~ L v,,J. ',f'"v! l.JJ...J/ ,:,~ (Devotional) ,:,'p.:-.J:? LI{- L ,:,~,..., u ",:",'',f J..J: ",,.f ~ ,.f

~v' ~ ~J,.f if. '~JJ._if,.; ~..f! vii (', J~L

V' -,f '"

" ~./IJ -~, f"41Z /1

-I L)'I.I{ 1.:;,~Ij 15J~JeI.lJ

J,6 ",:",1 fl.t1

V')~I IJc-J L,6 'Ll[- L LJI.I{

= JI r

J..; VI

f .:;,~Ij .::::... I.».::,/1.1 ~I/.",:",1

d- f'I.t1l:)J.Ir uJ~.IJ' ~_; '/ 'JJ~ '(i v! .IJJ0' ';A -~ L~ -~L~VI.l{/~IjLJ~IP~J,6'::::"'~.IjL

,j .::::... Lf L u~~v! .I{ It.: f 'f- J (jJ d6 Jv' L ~I -L .:;,~~ L 15)J IJ.II.)!J. v! J.rL )JI L:J.::::... -i'J J~

" .;uk

15_J .,:..P'J v! .:;,lJ,lr I.)!J. y. fl) JI r .Jj (Vithoba)

v!?I.l1"I

~;J

~.I{ JAI I.)!J. ~ rf" L cJI -I) ~4r .Jj .::.r.(:) v! JtJ'L

;£.1

b?.t1 e"V ,.U.- r~ J)

v! U}IJ ~L L.Jj -/. J.t1 J$ v! L.1)& nl J.t1 (W ..::./f JcJ';;(; cJLY"v! ){ It.: v! if. fl) J.rL = I;A-I) -~ _..,v (il v! .:;,lJ,lr J:~J oh-- L uk "':"'/ JIMI -'f- C)'?v! u,/ IAf JuiLY" v! ~ ~I v! cJI'LIJ a.r .::::... Pi J~_Lf .::::... J} J.:;,)( uk y. f.lr J~f f J} o~'4;. LJJ (~ .I,P!uk f y. '~ 'j' J u/; .::.r.jf f~~

_r; ~)' Lv'

It.:

(1296) {-

J....; ~J.

L Ur.

E..;Pi ~p. .L. if.fl) ~I?J~~ ~J'J d...J11'1)&

v..l3l8 -(j.l .::::... ~

(:/')

v..

v.. Pi ~p. ~J S~1Y

L JJ.::::... P.

_LPi ~ .IJIJ'J f ~ .IJJVI do --:~ (il ..fIr J'J ~ .I{ r U~~':)J VI 'cJI.lJJ L 1347 .::::...1296 o!- ,_j' JA· cJk--.IJ ~ -4;. (1281 ':;'~J).:;;'"/

-~.11..-- r VI L

.::.r.lj;/

-1/

J~~J~~

v!>:

11; I) r ujy. ...G. )J

Ur.",6')Vj.? .;Pi ~p. L

.Ijr Jv! 1'1311

iP- -'f- C.t1 ~;I;;Ir)J' L cJ'.::::...cJI ,tl. 4-J .:;,~1b7 Y.lf~~R: cJI ~ fLf

v.. ~.:)JV'f~~

=-y!Jf~JJJI..vl .IJ",.;;;/. g'~

'1_;~v.. L.lt luju. d' ~. JIJ ju.~ 2;, :.Ii":£.;-; ~~ J~fi ~i f~J-;Y.

v.. (1347-1489) ~ ~)'.I'J

'Jfi

-ti Vfi J.,;? v.. (JJ)'-"J':;;";'

JJ.I L d' .IJ'-f! ,f v.. .I{lt::L ~I 8J -~.1 AZ;'/ /.._f 1686 ~ 1490 d'.;:!;~ -7 ,f;J/ ~i~' d'.I,j L L .,:..AI.) ':::;'JV'-7 r.l{.;;-~ Uv 14.;,i ,f v.. .I{lt:: -1J. fi (?..::..c'J.I,f¥ .IJ'~/ v.. d' .IJ'i:...~ fi J'J v.. ~/ '))/'ti~.1I:)'. J/ I( (lV,) ~~J V' f 1 ~ ~J ,f.;,i v.. .I{lt::,f o: 1347 ~ -i:... J~ L u~ ~.I1t .IJ' '~.IJ~ ';:?; v.. U}'J Li fi f~c:f Vd~.IJ L U,).1'" .IJ'..::/; i ~iv.. Jf (g I(~ ~ • .IJ''i:... OIPL~"; ~-,fJ';',f ~~. L ;'.IJ ,.1'J~.I? 'V Uf OJ.ItVy .IJ' .I1kfd.,),_J v.. c?- f 7~-uj',.f d' { U,).~ J'k.' ..::/; .I.;J00"; jJi;{

f~~

-IAJ";

{if. fti j~ J.Pi~ -i:... L'J ~L

-f1 ;:?; v.. U~

L'J Li v...Pi ~p. L Jy.}'':;'~J ~ 'i:... .:;,'..i' L u_,d:' d.,)' d!'" .:;,7 j;~

J/ I(d" Li v..uv v.:fi)~ y. J~L ,..U.- ~.IJ~//. L v' ~tJ:.{I(,..U.- v' .Iiti JIP I(.:;,'..i' tY ~ 'i:... j~ L v' jlt! .IJIPJ'JI'ti J/ I( C!' v.. ~ 'i:... ..i' t; L j;~ -f1~ -ti v.. !(JJlY' U.I{ v.:fi.l~Uf L;~L "'u'-u)Jt -i:... L.I~i~/ u~ fV 1:)'.) I(.I~ i»!

..;;.,i -'fi J~ 'x v.. .:;,r/.~ v.. d~J.Pi -Li ,..U.- v' -""'{'(I. L ur. f V1 L;~ j~J.Pi ~

d't' v.. uv (1563 ':;'~J)u.l~'/ Jz'j.i I(J~' ~,.1.IJ'c:f ~ .I~.IJ-i:... Jr'J.I'-/ ~ U? L L v..d' .IJ'v.. U,).~ ~.IJ~ v.. d' ~ ~J,f do 'v!'.:;,~~(i' JJ '_f -tiJrf'if~ ~

f~~

? v! uiY (f A .::/$ ""I? v! .J{~ ..J~ L v.. vI ~ i:... A L ,_f -I .J,...r Su}~ v! .J{~ ~ vI '~ ,;I;;1r -:J.J ~$ 15x~ Sf~r' v.. vI ~ Li L (f ~ v! S -~..JiJP L v.. ~It' 15}t' J£'Ji ~ ~'t' L J..-l.-(5)Jt v.. J. f ~W ..J~ L v!.J{~ ~ SAi 'f-

~.J

.JJI

u)~

.JJJ

JJ~

1490,

1583~

uk JI~

.JJJ

e~I

~I;;(; uY

-?J

_~IJI

v..-"" L

-".Jr" L U)~

J. f f-l( (1580-1627) (JJ JJ~ [JI/.I -"" .JI;;I?l( .J{~

v.. .JJJ L VI _IYiiJj l(_! f~ .J~.JJ_IYij!;.1 lil 4- v.. ",:"JIfo 'Ijl;( ~ -?J J J. 'I J J'-v- ""I? ~ L .i.t_.J,J} L P')... ' v! ~I ,rt. 4-J '--"" ~I IUn i.5J;- v.. 15/1? ",:"JI'2ci '15.J"v -i:... ;£.1 ~I v!,) LIJ Li. Ijl;{.JJIU!.' J ..::.-~IJ.J JIi-o -r..ft'4 ~IJ", ",:"j v! J'-v- ""I? '..::.-~IJ.JJ ~",. Sui~;

JIi-o .JJI lYi JI l(U~ j

)jl

_V~.Jl,$I l(..::.-.J:? ~

'LJJ' "'o='~J

JRt.JJI

J t v.. ~\;--JRt J~;.r~

V~~

f f-

l(UJ.JIJI

.JJJ eJ-:

-~ ~.J,-J iJj I..::.-~~L J!fl

LYi

8 v.. ~I _IYi'bJ/ l(f~r' ~ ~~f v..-"" L (JJ e~ JJ~ (-1'/.f L J. f -~ J! ",:"JI4- L (I' .JJIun L J..-l.- L f~r' L J..-l.L ~f -i:... ?-r ~~r IJ;;; jIP.v

J ~I

)~.JJ-" '~ ~

f~ ",:"JI

j'.Lu~·L

_~ ;:A-S? IJ~~I

JIL U"!r'

.JJf

JiJPf

L un

eJ ~)j

-:.Jlb!.JJf-:.JJ'i ~/.

J,-/lrJ £ cr ~ .JJI-:.JJ'i L U",.=I-',,,z j!;PI v.. ",:"JIJJ)I v..~ ~ -?J SvI ~I~ ",:"JI ~

-?J J_!.JJI ui~;

un~Lu"!r'

JiP -J/ J'{/

~L.J{~-VI{v..~

J (!YI (~J,,?

t//. L

J:_! Jj

-:.Jlb!

.JJI~~;

U.J~

J,J J!~ LV' 'I.[J;1 ~J' j!.i- L vji'j ~J' vi! ~ J!I.:Jp S ..::A

J! vji~l ~~}!.If; j! J! v;!

r' L I.:J' 'JJ~~' J? S ~J'

~?..::A .....t dv JJ' .....t 19';'..... t u.J} '.....t ';4 '..... t J -L J?

S tf. S ..:.-lJk>,;~,..,

L V"':' ~.Jj L V;! el' -LJ1 L J'J; Lv' -ti~.JJ1t{J'J; ",.J.,Puk-- .J{1t.:~ f if- .JJJ8Jr 1686 .J~'Iv' L V? f v! ..:.-IPP .JJ')~ r ~ J! ~p. -V,t ~y-' I V}~._;f;f .JJ'(tV, .21--- L..:,.;Y'J..f Â£'~JJ t,;.,) tJ.J/ ~ .J~'I)' vY .1/ -?JU/ JJ-I J1V Jt'ji U.JI--S..::/;.i- L Lv J!J.1..) Lv}? Lv?-ti~.J ~lJ~ ~ (uV,r ~ r5J~d-f L ~ j! L ~u. j,;.' S J. ,~ -~J.f t,;.,) tJ V "'t,;~JIe'~j L v' tJ1.J/ ~ ~ vi/. ~ -ti ~ v~ L v' ~'j! J". r v' 'I.[ ~ v~ ~i ~i 8Jji 1)'.1,;~, S v' IFY' ~J''JJ1 t,;V ;/ 1)'''; JJI&L if. ,tl. L t.f J.j ,;-' .21--- ,;-' ~J' tl. J1t,;.,) ~ !.If; '1.['~/..:.-~tC>'v!FY' L U.J/-~JJ (li' +-li;; S vJ)Y -~~ el~ d IJlP L ~ L (JLJ J!FY' Jf .JJ'elW' ~ ~.,P Lgj ~ "' VJJP;.i- L L..,lP>Y.!e'.Jj .JJ'W L ~ v! .JJJJji L j~ L~"; .JJ!F.?! Jlk' -~JJ.JJJ ~ bf:~'.iv,-tl. '-:l. 4>y. ..:.-~~, UZj J!~}lr ~ -?JSif. '0.ff / t1-~S" JJ.J'" "' l~J JJ' 8~f;_Ji v! j,.., J! .A.i' uji V' J!':J ~, liJO J;' L elf L..::/; -t./'J1~'; ~ rv;t 8JI{' r "::/;/F~""~ V' v' -(.))J t,;V ~ vA~'.i- L L.f UV 17) vY ,,:-,'Vi/. ~ -.L LJJi',) J'J ZL I&J.JJI'~ ~,..,v-..f1 el' "' v.,;;". L v/ -L ':-J U/IP "' VJ1'(.JJ JJI L~ v! VJ1~f;(~ -~J lP>Y. .JJII.::.J_,? S el' v!(" L.::/) S 'Iif., ji ~fi_v!..:.-~ L v)~ .JJIVJJP;v! .JJJV' L J'J; ~

1646

,;-'

",j ~

J.~ ur

63 )JI'~)'I,..- ~ uJ~

L U}._,.P u! ..:-IJI) el'

'LLy;

,J. '1/,f-' Il1i (j" uj~ j~j-J/ L U~I -lfJ~

..:-IJI) ,;I)J

-Ju; L uJj~ .r::.-I

-t:. t.f '-.JL Ly; Lj u! ..:-IJI) y, L ~ u~ L .sv _;'j )JI 'vA '..:-L!"il'if{/ tf .::/; j 'f-I/ ~ c )i~ L ~j ...LJI ~ -UJ J....u! L~ eI';Y-":I'-)JI J.~)JI u~ ~I JL I/A;' ~U)J~J .r::.-vi L uR;e~)JI UJJlj.6

-..f £)j/.luy.)

J'J) ..Ju;L J,t

u!){~ f~

J )JI 'U_;;.; lil 'fltf f~

L f~r'

JIMI

',:fi J 41'"

'U)JIJ.J

Ly; L/

-:--' -~ ~J(~

~ .,:..f )JI

L el' j 'l/.:.,).r::.. uH ;;) ~el' )JI t:. y;,...P -fi ~.::./; t.f jr' 'e'()J'e~1V~ do 'Ly; '-!'; t.) L UbJ( )JI UJ.Jfi 'U?.J)J u! J'J) ))1 L U~I » ,f-' ~ JI .r::.-)~)J )JI uA '(VI J (!"il )JI J"/u! ('I )JI 'L )JJ.r::.- J~I ~I) -: tf ":-JGo!..JU; L uJ.!Jf~r' y,.r::.- u! el' 'L L/)LJI ~J'J) ';-I..JU; L ..:-~IJ) 12J, ~ / f~

u! '-)~ L J~)nlUJ;('?-) u! Jy;....(~'L/ J~I ~ (-I J-:--Y ~JJ( J el' -~ ;£) ~ .r::.-('1)JI fyl -L/ ,f-' elJ" JI .:;4- J-I u! '-)~ L..:-y;i L el' -L J/:')JIl.J' ..:-L~ tf ~)J ))1

i.l..fi ;:..Ju; L ell-lPI ,f-' £J} L U~I f~ ,f-' ) JI f~ 'uJ~ u! (II f 'f- ry;ejl_;:1.r::.-.;;)/. Jell J f~ r' 'f-) /)fi -:--Jjf )JI J!.J)J -= u~Sdo L ..:-~~ -Ju; L f~r' ":"L ))1 f~

eJ-~

J2 -~

u.vlr JIYI '-/ JJ.r::.-' ,..4

'I ,f-' u! )i~..J/

JIP ..:-)r'

~'f- c:C ~ ~J

***

IvI t.f u!

~~ ;;;; L J/ ~'y. r J'Y' V' fi ~Mc[ (W'.~ '! eI~Jk V' ''!- C". ~ "::;Ib.IJ' ..:.v-'k-rJ/ ..fi''( "..IJ' ,,(, iLl:> I.£J. IJ'Y' V' ~ //. L V' -'(L~1.£) I?v' v.. ~1!:{L (WI ~ J rJ~J J.~uk i 'L.IJJ ~ J/ y. f L~ I.£J v..)~ J(;~ ~J~~ 'J1JY r ~ML (W' fi ~ -?J v' -J'-~J'j _j .; u~~JIr ~IY v' -JU:i_j ?- ...P SV' i L~ I./::j v.. J~ .IJ' '~lf~ u.f-.ICtl'J.I ...f~' y. f L U:~4-J./J.I ..:-L.P~ ~ ~ U ~.Ij L

-~Jy.""v..

v.. J~ SJ~

f ~'y. r J'y.- V'L .JJ'

{;;J/

(Richard M. Eaton)

-r!' t;.J

r (W'" ~cr~, 'M v.. ..:-tJlv d.lJ' JyL if (W' ,

v.. Rise of Islam and The Bengal Frontier (1993) (1204-1760) .IJ' 'J". u.[# S(W' v.. J~ J? ~.I) V~-'!- ~ ~ J? tt.Jl7/

-s..:..7'7 S~~ L

(tYI

u£L J~~

v.. J~J> .IJ' J? . y. f ~ '. C.f .::..>L.PJSJj V' 8J i ~. ~ ~ 1000 -'". ./v- ~..:Y v.. Pl.IJ' '(J',,/' /. ~~ Jk J~~ J1J~

-t.1

uk _;~ L ..:-LY'.1S(.).iV ~Ju?"1/.eI'.IJJ L (-J 300 c.... (-J SeI'J L ..:Y J1J~ Lifo L jv -1./ L ..:Y J1J~ .ILJ,r if.-'".JY;

,f~-~L~~JllA'.10:J, L ..:Y J1J~ ~ e~1V J1J~ eI'J :: -1./(.;J/ 1(.1 . Lv' i -L L~ 4-J J'.f :# 'eI'J ~ _;) SFY' .IJ' u}t/ ~

-tl. ~ jlJ? .n'.IW1.?' L.:.---" ..,,~v!,.;:. .f ~ Ji?-

0:::;.... .:.---"

..,,~

IJ? J! L U;rv: v! JIP "::'-.I.r1(j V'

do tl..[.J.f ~J/ Jf'J' ..:;,l,Y.IVL.f J~ IAJ i:;-' ~ '-/lr

~'J

I.::)IP JL J~J./S~,L V' tJ_ a....;ft,.; .n' J!,f.!, JI L V'=' (r (i' Y JJ L u~, 0:::;.... Jj SLtJ .....;)~, ..:>i S('1-~J tJv. tt~'J l;.1" I.JJ.'( "::'-.I~; =' I..[.J.f~J/Jf21.JJ.'( "::'-.I~;4- L U:;eiJ f _:.,J} L FY' ..p. .IJ' ol?». 4- L L.f.llJ, r ..::.-.J:? 0:::;.... ~, JJ.( -L ~J J! .IJ'....;ft,.;J? ,f.!,,J. L LI 4- L "::'-.I~;""';/

-v.:

v! u~'("::'-.I~;~, 1UY- L UJLiJ .::.v'.(/' i:;-' L uiY v! L.f

SV' i t,~ ";,,,t.l. =' r"":",,j .IJ'.::.v'h--~ (5J/..::.-'-"';;' i:;-' .IJ'LlPox/JJ.» S~~,

r uij

J)'

~J~

0:::;.... J...

-~.f

P. L V'

~J/~

L Uiy L ol?». tl..cf. .I'(J... J dIP L oI?J~teiJ .IJ't.lP tel' /. {~ -~ ~ ( J/ 0:::;....' "'

.Ii L ..::.-.J:?

0:::;....

uJLb

....;ft,.;_.;'j .IJ'

-lILJ lr..o.N-"v

L V' tlPo~~'J", v! J~~ Yo fi) UZj OJ;=, fi) v! J:.;{ v' =' to:::;....":>J SV' Llr. '--"J' .IJ'"::'-~'J.IYo v! ,-/lr r J~ J?,//. L v,,..p. t~.f,J.(;. r/~ UZj.lJ' J~ L

J~~

J'...' JL 1

vlr

(.I ,;-'

.IJJ

o:::;......:::;u,

S.::.v'~JYo f i;.. J~uk i),f.!).~~.IJ' ~

""ti' n'..::.-j

uk J!1(;' eI'/. -i;...k.~L l:)J.I 0:::;.... /!;Y J~4- L ~ J> O:::;"" • ..:>J V' -I) ~/ L V' v! ~ i ~I(JY'uk.lJ,t~tLui~ L~=,~-'~~~J>t.f,J.lP ~

Yo fi)

-v!" .1/ "::'-~'J.I~'--"J' L'J

.I~'

vIP L.f

..:..?!7 L

(~-flL v' v!.J L u.li cl)' ":"~ t SJ~~ J~ r uit)..--" v!,.;:.L ..::.-IPP~ -,J Sv! 1204 L,J .I1?-.cl...J'

f 1~ u [;;j .e: '-.J'J' (i' JW"~'~

o: U?~S~,~"y.

SU}LY"-13 r~~ (i 1.;1;;;' J .,ij1J, ~ J~ Sif. -v? J)fiU; 1j.Jti, SuV Yo f v? S .;;:.... p.L v' ~'~) (?"1.;1;;;' ,;-' Lui; o: ~VJR;J~~ ,;-'1J"'- J'J -0'.1 Y'if~L ~k--.JJL ~vJR; J~ J' J"',Y .JJ'..p ..:-L~ :

»»

.I ,;;;,

v.:Y.Ji; .;;:.... --?J V' -13 JIv r o.J~ J) ~' J"'- f ~ '13 I;zf

~ v! i.i

Llf L ;£.1 ;!.J l:;' .;;:....R; J~ uV L uk v! ulN" v.:y..J~ .JJ' ~ .Jfj/.I OJ';'I ~') £..:-~.;;:.... ~'!'~; .JJ''~..A ',.{ ".Jj? Jl' dr L '-r/ .JJ' 1J} L .Jfr ~uJ.. uV L J"'- .s: ?-f Lv' -V',f-' JI? 1~VJR; J~v! V' .JJ' 'if -0.;;:.... v! uy.I?J~ ..:-W.J~' -OJ ..:-/JS z.r J"'-I o;'}~Iv L el? (' 1i..J''':''~ Lj .JJ'ok--)£ .JJJ';;:""~VJR;IJ} uV dLY" L J"'- f 'f- ~ -=;.;;:....

~'!'

-i:?-f ~

=---!'J';;:"" ~'t'J '-r/ ".Jj?

.;;:.... UJJR;eJfti J;u : ~ L u}V ~LY"L J"'- v!.JJJJ'k.' u;~ L ;'.JJ.JJJ.JJ'tv! ..:-JJ.lPL ~i.J ';;:"".J}v~ '",_) ~Iv ~J~ f"" .JJ' f~r' uk ~ t)2 J;u ~L? ,f fY' JR;~ L jJ) ,;-' v! -~ [;;f'~ ~J~ V' L uJY~ J~ .JJ' u}V L U';' i 'Jy..),i S ~uJ.. L (1400 ":-~J) L el? tU". J'.;x Jr' ~ L ...J.,-I-- -::JJ) :fif .;;:.... el? (' 1i..J' ..:..!t

-I

r--

.JJ' ":-'.J~' 'LV.1UJ/ ,;-' 'J,J )r G?" 0:. -V,! Ly. LV. (UC-'r u~; ,;-' .J"lr- L j.Jti,

If "J' L u}LY" v! d!;/ S(IY' (

" ~, eJ .;;:....--?J

-~f ty.,f-'

V' t.i-" ,J. t.i-'

Sif.V,! 4-J '-J ":-'.J~' JUC-' uk 1..:-JJ.lP L (' v' -u.r Llf

dL ~fJlP "nf ~~.J~ u-h-- 'JrL ~ J~ >. J'cJf.JJf'~JJ ~~ tJ J; f ~Ly.J J ~L~ '-:'/ .JJfJftf L J~

JfMf L U)!/ ~L~

;£ ~JI,..-i

r.~

~(~~

~L~eJ~,.f£

_t./'.J~f ,-:,UP (--?f.J.JJf'tJ cJ~f ~J~L

tJ.J~f

(..(.JJ~~

(/':::;'J

L J,;-C jp.-Z-

L cJf .JJf..,l J' UJ~Y" v! J~ ~I P. L Vf J~ eJLi uk jY" Yo v! .JJJJfk.f J'f- C./' O'J cJ~...J) J'vf 'LYi il'..J:.JJf..::..-'" JP; ~ 'Z- J~i J~U~ f r£. v! U}~ L ;f.JJ .JJJ cJf L t./'((; fiy.J J./f ,;-f v! u}.f cJfff'~Y" J- Vf 'Z- ";;;fJt ~..::..-'" ~ e1l:>( ~f./f

o: U}~ L ;f.JJ .JJJ~ ~J J'~f./f JlvJ.J L cJf -VYicJl,..-i J';~ ~ 0' _;.JJf V'J~ i .:L f'~Y"cJf -LYi ~~ tYi cJ~ J ~

LfJ.:r.J

~l:> Lotff UH Je.J

~,.:zJ/ df", L Uylf

tf/. L

Vf -Lfj./

-V'~f.J LAi J'U)LY" v! J~~I J(; f d!; LJ...J~ f ~~ v! .JJJ L cJf i

--f' f'f- tJLYi ~

e1l:>(~f./f

L JJ~ uk ".JJf~b:~(

L if.'~J l;h.Jf

'-.I? ",.I} J)(

\1Ji u~.f/

.::.!

JJ 'r£. J:f ...J) /i

j J '-/

4- L uf L J'_t~'~J tJ, v! ~i f J~

L/. J'_t~

~ ~.JJf

J'j' v! ~ J''-;( '-~ -V cf. J/ (if ( ':;'.11{J~ ~ --?J J'

[/f.J; .JJf J)i _~(p.7.f.JfJf~

v! cJf LI..:/

.1(;,'UJ{..::,.r" eJ~

L U)LY"

L cJf 'LYi.J?(1432)

.1/(1342)fJ1~(1204) J~

-LYi .I?

J!JL4 .JJ'l.)j'{

''-:'/J Yo -Z- cJ~

.JJ' ',f'~

U!/ ~

(cJ,,.f~

Z- LYi J~i Ji uk ~ U}~ JW' .JJ'~' JvJ

((;f);;'

.JjJ J, ,;-f "'

./'u£f uif

v! Ui'j

(i'

uH ~?' ~.Jj L ~j

v! ,-/lr cJLY" ~

4- vf '~ ~

up.

.JJ' t.)Jj( JZ- LJ.JI,$, ( 1.1,)' ~ 1.1' .JJ' 'Z-?-~ ~

"'v' ~ .JJ' L ~~ JF '-.1)1 VI; -V1;[ '-..J tJ, u s.~ LffJJ~i"'v' lu}y ~ L U~J'LJ"l Lf).);' I(~C 4-J

f~~

-v{~/Y'-~JL/ j.? ",J~ ~ "'uk ~ -I) ~ J"l~~ Vl~JP; '~/. L '-/lr ~ ._'- J) Se~ !)! uj~ ~ ,£' /.I,j d'v L v' i JJ"ld I~'.;;I; SU}y ~~ .IJ'a.r ~'J J,J :: d'v d'v L .::JJ ~ -;[ ~ ~ '/':;:".IJ/

S{f {/

L fli.'~' lu?"l/.-LJ"l J'J!)!

v' 'SUY!JJ.I JIIV' S~I.I.::./; f

,,/-, 2.... ..:;)JlPL U}JJ~' "-

-lfeJ~i"' ~J~

L~fi .J. 'I) V~t,/.! ICt.J ~Ut.J~ -I) /'t.fI(.I~'J.:;:.,1I~f!

UP1U.

Vlr JP; eJ~

'-/

JJ~

v' L

Uk'-'::JS~-~Cbe~

J !)! JY~ v' f 7- UJJJ,- -:-,'Yo I( J'y v' ~I ~ >/ v' .f.:;:.,/.' uk Yo f '-'::J J..Un~,V-it{ (LIr""' uk '- '::J S':;:"~YoJ {f {/ S u}'.;;1;1,j1?

'-'::J S 2....f ~IP-

[':.t.ljLJ~ J_?-'O;:-.IJ1 '-.I'; ~'~Li L ~ .IG"J~.IJ' uJ""""J,JL .:;:.,'J&' ~ ''-'::J S

,J;;i I(~1-LJ"l ~~ L (1' JP;)J' (1',£'/. Yo s» '-U):/~,:y I(~, 'LJ"l ~~ J,J Yo!)!

.IJ'

. ~j,

~I;:>~

.IJ'

/lJY

'~'fr'J(}.-·j'T::Ji

J'J;.~'1~'t.f- c,(" I.)! ~:.''';''~'

I.)! -:-'f"

J..; u~JI) jJ) I((1' ,£' /. ~ "f !)! UJ'JS~(/~/. L v' u~JI(LIr" "-v"1) .I~(1' ,£'/.!)! ufo JG"~_(~ -'J"lf

.:;;I.

-,~tf \'

..::.r..Y' SU}~ S

4 -~,,/I.)! 1J)

U~J'-

J.! S .:;:.,~

J,J::..{I)::Ji

.:;:.,'j

V' i 'JJ"l U.lt;(J/!)!

J~ ~!)!

J,J :: f S J'.Ii V~ 2.... U~,

,J;;i I( ....;y, ~

L ~...f?

,,/-!;.-v I(";"JI(.1 I.)! 1872

Jt "'V' 'JJ"l":':~ 'LJ"l ~~

'-'::J

rv1

J,J L ..:.-Ij Ji Lr L/ ..:.-fi L~.1 ~ .Ir.tj l)! 1895 --V,t ~'J~ v1 if/- ~ L ~ fV J~ "' uk f~ V- VI tt,*.IJI J U)t.Y' L ~" ~ ~ ...f' /- Yo f v1 J1JJIJUn (;,II~ ~ -" 'VV~ (;,It.Y' J'uj / un ~J .lJj u~j",

-~ /.I~I

VI -v1 L.J1

/1 d~ L.J1

?.1 uk L un (;,II-Lr "' uk ~ u;. (I)(j.lJ/' J_ L J(fl ("" Jk ~ ~ Po L 1947)

"' ukf'Lr l)! .IJJ uV ~ Jj 7~--?JJ vI _I.J1 v!~ J/" f~

uk -e» L

l)! ~ ,"?fi

J ..:.-).r ~

~r~ ~ ;,-1.1L )~ (LVI (;,IIfi'l) til?...£.-. r (;,II'.i.. L/ ..:.-)i uk Yo?C f

L k J~Yo 7 tY .::.<.yif'c.J1til? O:...£.-. run i rr (LVI -'-, ...£.-. ru)t.Y'

J' ~.IJI 'L.J1 (;,It.Y';.-jr

J,J Yo L ~ Jlr J uk-- u~J '~ (LLr-Iu~ f J~ J;- f! ~--?JJ vI _I.J1I.I{ .I~"' L.J1JI? l)! ;J/ Yo f ! ~"' J~(jJ~r uk -I) ~ ((?-I JJC1! ~ ~..::./f .JJI '.i.. L/.I(il ~ ':-J J_ vI '.i.. ~ U"':Iuk 'L.J1J~r /r J,... )JI.6 (;,It.Y' v! ~fJ;- -.i.. ?.1 L/ /~ l)! ~

;.-jr

J-

'Jv~( J

--?J,f ~YoY" J (;,II {;;

t.J1 (;,I~ 8J'i;.. ~

u}J~ .IJI

V_;~ /I;)!j

do (;,ILf~ --?JJ (j.lr~r Yo f

,f J,!. JIPJ.I .IJI ..:.-LVJUJ.6

/ ~(~

eJ ~

ulv IL~ ~ ILyJy -L.J1 't/#' / uJ.I)~'(:,;.1 V- ufo. r~,V- I:l- v! J? V- uH '-/.:J1 ..::./f ~ V- J~~ fl) ,;Lj 8J~ '-" JI? ytJ t.J1 r UPIh JIPJ.I / ui~ J)i uk ~ --?J,f L.J1~ ~ ;J/ f -~ ~J'I ~.Ir )JI ~'f't'J!,.f'Utj J rS~.;-; ~ --?JJ ..:.-)i (j/·'I) 1.J1iJj jr JIP Jj V- un ~ --?J,f J!IJI J (j.t, -.i.. 7.1 r uk?C (;,II...f

fir

:,j 1.5'.1JJ, v! ~j IUno;;.... ~ JJ ..:.v"~.J,f "::".J~' Iu}t/ .I)' uJ~'.J v! J. s:d L (Uii ok--IIf' ~ -1 -li ~J)Yoo;;.... (Uii L U-"J~~,

.JJ'~

tl. 4-J

"d".f~~r Jt; IUK; tf ~'~.JjLJ!;.' v! (j!; [1'.1; -2 " L~ ~r Jt; I(j!; tf ..:.v"~.J-t.fJ~jI J~JJ): ,;(; L UJ.J'~; .JJ'~ L~ 4-J J ~ L ~r {J> 'J- j~UJ t£-~.J 'I.[..A( L U.JJ'/.~ v! U}~ L ;'.JJ .JJJd' li C~~ d r J}? L UJJ~.I)' u}'J LYt dLY" E- Yo f ,.fif2 1.11'( "::'.J~;.JJ' '-? 0;;.... ~~

-J!do .::.-0. y~~

~/JL v,.J. 'JYt~

....tr' Jft~S

f 7- ~~.:r.1

~j I..::,Ly.J (.)!j~' dLY" .JJ'J~".J./

v' 'f' r LYt J'J

-1

.s: 4:-J JJ, v!

dLY" v! J. f(lntensification) 'JVtfe? -2 -li C~~ .f.J~' ~ U.J{ "..::,'JII tf v' .JJ'~..z L uf..i J'jJ.I, U.JlP!'..::.3~ o~ tf u}LY" J! v' 'J~ -3 (t LV tf u,..t J~J U~ ",:,,'-~J .fe~ uJJ;:.zIU.JJ'/.dLY"

E- Po L LYt

tf~

0;;....

-LL~.£.J

(!Y' J! J~

J? s.7- C.f..::.r.~~

(j!; u~J.JJ'LYt J~j.f~ (!Y' ~j

~IY '-.J{

v' .:r.1

tf uJJ.::.JJ'f~r' ~J Jft J! u}'vi' IJ~'.f~ ~r Jt; I

v!ufo.

,f-' 'L.f

0;;....

Yo f'Yt

0;;....

r (!Y' J! J~ -~'.f ....J.J~ Yo f ~jr' L J...I..- ~ ';-1..-- L d' '(!Y' r up. J; ut/ J! uv

I.[.Y'~(J> '~.J0): ';-1..-- ';-1..-- L ':;;'J.J~

0;;....

-~J~j J!u~

.zC../J' J.} ~I,.-- L if. 'Li)~.d' L ~Uill,j" v.. ~/ '-/ JJ uk--r ~'./'V'~:#r ";yl.1J1'Li/ L_1JI;(I ~I,.-- ';-, -::-L -I))/:- (1JiJ

&: L (WI v.. UV 4./.:J.JIJI.JJI4./.:Y'V- o: ~/ ,-_,d (Wi v.. J~? Vi -V ~~ / uiL,f L Ur. .r L Jr' ,j 'L ~/. ( v.. ';-, .I; 1.1' / ..::.,~IJ.JJIP L 1.1' VJ ~ ..::.,p ~ (11.1; -Vdo~..z JIP ,j !_d (WI? L UH (~f ~

";yl

'~.J ~

***

.nf

,,:",fT L U?

fl) (u/;

~f uk.J.'l

L Jij JJf ~

UJ..i;~L

J.l Y JJ '.J.'l L

S,.;/ J} -..fI Jjf ~

/JJY

SUi/

E.. "

eI~JPi

Jt;

ufo elf ~

v.t

r~ -S(';.::./;

0'J~ "f- ' ...A L .,:,IPPelf f L.uI lSj~d~fJA''f- V!lJ~ -JVi L uJj(! ~1Jy' (

-SV-J.J!~ J.l JJf d~ elf"f- UJ..i;LL.,:,Y'

L.Nt

LJ Vf

S(Ut-fL U?

t.?/. L

L eI~JPi~.J! t:::- ~J Vf -'f-/~ lS/JJ ~ "f- '-A L UJJl .,:,~vf Jiv L ~_?f IJ ~ v.t ~ 'ef~( ~ vf L Jr'J elJj ~ iJ'" L bJL jv-JPi L (g L·J- St.)/; JJf .,:,!,p elf s,v.t ~J JJj " J! SVf ftJ1 ~ "-V~ ~JM »rif- '~Jr;!J-D JJv J JJ~ -?~ Vf ,;-f L f _(-' -L .llJf ( .,:,tJ~ elf -J!eJ JJ1.J. ~ Jj.# {:;j J~f -Jj (if iJ/' L U";f Yo f 'f- ~ "f-'f-!,I ~ eI~JPi ~

L (The Age of Imperial

f'f- LJ1t:::-';:::'Jvf j~j ( .Nt vf

J2 -V~LJ1 If.! J'J!ui/ " ,;/-j/ JfJJ t:::- ,.,.v ';:::'Jvf ,;/-j/ ~

vf -V J1";1; (eI~JPi

~'L.j ,;/-Jfpf"f-j-jJ,I

0eI~JPi "f- f997

-V J1~ ( u/; "eI(;)~f ~

J;f/

f JJ1

P '"f-.Nt vf

JJf~~"f-jj

Kanuj)

v.. u.i'~JJ'J Li .JIJ,r if. f~1J J'tJ~ r;'~J'eJ' J'eJVJ~ L V' ~".11 U~;eJ' _v(r ~L-- J/" J;(j v!;" L uP L eJ' ...f£'1J "" J~IUJJ~

f._f

tJv

'-/.:J.JI),'~J

._f ':::;J V'

eJJj L

v?1b J~ ~ ..::.1J~J''7 J~'-fI eJVJ~

'v(.11.JJ ':::;Ib .JJ' ",'/-' -~.Jc;ft:::.-

L ..::. Y

L J"J

eJVJ~

v.. Representing

r UJ.Jl ..v J; el' ~ U)~

the Other (1998) 'L~J~ ~

U~L el' f 7

J'1~J.J

JJ~/.

~ V'

t:::.-

UJ.A;L

r;:liG'~ J ,/cteJ~" ~, UJ.A;LeJ' L..::.Y ~JJ' f7 ~&.JI?' ~~ J.11 ~, J~ tJv '-/.:Y'~~~, J' C)LY" -7 V~~ ..:->1;: ft.- '7 VVJ~ t:::.- ":->1;: J;,J'el' IUJJ.J'J) el' ~ t:::.- V' ":'.1 J -7 J'v'",.J"p vI; L

v..

u"':' r;:L 7.1 ~

t:::.-~

v..

du~'

{~r:

v.. UJ.A;Lel' -yfJ

(tJ)}) cl-/( ({j;) JJ; 'tJ.Ji(J;)..»; ',... -~ LJ1 J~' slPJ' L~ ~ L/-, .JJ' '(J.,/ 4- L eJuJ... 41'~Jy.J~' IL; r v' f 7 ~ ~J~ Y? A L ~L

v.. ' ....

L~If -7 D.JJ l,.JLJ'f736 eJy. 22 "' if. 7 Cl"' ~ -fI v.. ..::.!f J' »-r/ y. -7 ~ t:::.- ~;L liAl L~; tJA ~L liAl-: f 7

..»;

-7 'J1J~' 4- L U/; t:::.- ~ V' -7 V~ t:::.v' -li LJ1 J~' 4- L U)~ J; ~ t:::.- Li L U/; eJ~ L ~,JvJ ~~, JJ; f 7j,{ L (A. Wink) ._£ '-.J~r J...l.- . elVJ~

v..

JJ -7 JJ1 t,;~ tJ1 J~' L tJr! tJv 6 4- L U;J~,.;I; (t L (Tourkoi) L'£~~, Jti -L z{ (Tu-Kueh) ,.f~~, t:::.- ~

t:::.-

v.. \).J~~~ f ~'~JJ ~, h./ r

if. fli

(t r

t,;~ rvfctJ;,,,~, L Ui,t .JJ' -L L.J~

»L~ -fI J;

~.JJ

-:£. cf. cCeJr;" -:

L I)r ',J J'.Ji/. 0(Ashina)

-'f- ot.Jjlb"-: ~);~

);~v' 'J!Yi,yP: ~.J d}

.JJ' ..:,..r'J./.;v! l)i.,;.'.J .JJ' 1)1; _f i;

L)J'~.J I)} 'Yo...G. u ~ C;, Yo v! ' .... A L d' v! Vir jVJRI ~ ~i ) L .J~' .JJ''",,~ '15'..1: v! d\;:-'JRIJ"Yo -'f-}..I:.JJ' '~U; 'I} 'V'J -:4' ( v' ,-7.' .J~/ L 1)j"'4/..JJ' ',Yi (~J(I)n '",,~ 0I)J.Jp e.J) YiJ~/.J ~~~ .JL...:.-}.JJ' J'~.J I)} 0d' vir '.J{( dVJRI J"~

-l/ .JJ'(Yavanas) dJ~?-

~ J)..JJ'~,

J"II)J.Ji

J).v! ~J' jVJRI~)

-: J"V11)~ / ;:..,' -: v! '-A

--(.JL.JJ' ,-/-;:',f- otJ~" d\;:-'JRIv!

L d' -'f-l/lf ;j

4' L v' i L I)Yi.Ji

(~J(I)~ .JJ' l)i.Jl Yo J"L I)Yi~ ~J-: _f Â£-(L.~ if v! LL; i' L J. 'LtJ...JL/ '-/ JJ ...fi L) ...G. if- v! Jl -:-LtJ..} d JI( ';:;'J v! I)i / ;:..,d' _f i; -JJ!~YiJ~/.J ~~I)~J~i .J.. Yo J"v! '-.J~

I)/; .JJ' I)fC J"'Yi

L I)}J~ L .JJJ~ fi

J' -:)~Li')}J ''f- ~

-J!Yi":':~ ..:,..r'.JJI)~/;:..,-:'i:...;j .JJ'dJ~

""~if- V!~,,tL);; Ii.. if- ~J~ L i ~~~ / J'J~i .JJ'~ ~

/ (I'J

.,::..~yP (Ii 0 J'J~/. J _~;.(I~ 1(1JiJJ.~Lv',J. ',J ~ 1 L (Sheldon Pollock) JtJi, ~ v! t:f v' L k'Jk.~ .JJ' jlf v' .JJ' ''f- ~ --?fi jlf 0 dL'.J J"'f-l;i( J. ''f- V' d~ .:A .,::..'J' uk-- L v' v! ~ ~ ,fl''f-:f !/~,;L; ~ ( ..:,..r'k-.JJ' 'I( j,_. ~...fi ".I} uk-' L jlf v' v! J'v tJ..Yi.J~,fl'L.Yi J~ 201)J.JP v! J~ 0J. J"J'/" 0.JLJ'.JJ' (i' ...fi ~ 0('.1 ('.1,...'Yiv! i' L (q L.::/f 0; v! ~\;:-'JRI;; ~ -: 'j Yi v! ""~J

" .I} uk-- ...;/ ""~ -: -/-

t;.v

J) -:~ V' .IJ' '~r~v I.)! ,.r tf J/-' J} ~ v' rLf.J'?' '" tf 1:)Uz; J; i ~J/-' ('.1 ~ v' -~ t.:"'r. jy ~~ Lv' .JJ'":"~'J.JS v' '~L I.)! J!f'7 .JJ'2 Jli.JC f 'i- C.,zfiU: ~ I:GJ JIh.::J L ":".J~ ~, JIP f ~L -~ ~ ,..,v ~ ~ J I-.J'J' -I).! (j1.JJV J!f'7 .JJ' (j):.::J L v~ L JIP ":"~'J.J-'i.(' .-?-'.J('.1' -~'J' .J,.J r" L ('.1 I.)! ..:..r'h-- S I:)'v JRl f ~Lr tS.,:..~S Lv u!:'J/.JJJ I-/" L ~L I.)! if. f~ ~~, ~ ~ ('.1 .JJ'.J(" J/.~Po L ",J'jr 'J~.:;,-_jJ f if" Jh-iJRl L ~.v'-I f ~.::/~ ~f ('.1 I.)! v' -'i- J.D ~ ( v' J! ..:..r'h-- tf J"'- r f /.;J.JJ'I:)J~f u;lJ.-'" .JJ' I).! ?-f tf t/f ..:.->~~, ..:..r'" Jh-iJRl ~.JU; L.::/f

-I).!

.JJ'JRlI.)!

t',.JCfr/

?-f ~

f 1:)'

-:f 'i- Cv f JJ V' Po L V' 'k'J~.Y?

J! .,:..,j' Jl.JJ' rjt/J I.)! 1:)' -'i-,f- 8-:'i-.J e~ J1~1:)lJ.-'" 'J) -S'~..:.->~ e~ ~~, L u;~ j~JRlI.)!;'Â· L if. 'I).! r. 'e:J! Jtf, .JJ'";,,iJ. I.)! V' -'i-,f- 0' (t ( YJI.JJ' (J~ t',.JC L.,z

~~, Cv/.'/. ")" .P. L.,z Z:.-.JJ!f uy"} ,

***

Ill)j Ill)J

v:. JI;i uZ,d~

.f YI.JJJ.:::.... JJ uJ~

v:. ~i

LYI;£.J

.JJJ

(t;1(~J~-£;£.J

"f.,::..~ L dl.:::....uyj Lj ~

v!.::/;

L U}I;;IV~ -~;Cj)YI~(.....f ~.J1i~ ~.. L .:::.... . ( d' -~.J , l.~~I

.Jy/.1~~IJ.J~'

Li U

t.f

U/JJ! ~JP;':::"" ~J VI '£ L.fek:

v:. U;iI))I '~ ~~ ( (lPI v! d'.:::....!(!Iii J~-t!!..z ~J

s:tf- Clf II-'.£.J/ 1JI.;{! d' L VI -£?-.J ~ L U}t;;1d JUJ.f .:::....!j!.J; ~ (1YIt" ! (- }IJ( Lj L ~ (_M

-tf- ,..v t.f ( ~~ VI v! JL

VI -1/"f

J' L '~J~ v! VI nls: ~ ~ JJ.Jy 1uA ~I AJ~~I c:C .f j! )Jy ( d' e~J~.:::.... ~J ! ~IJ.J VI __ s. z.),"f ~ 1JJ VI v! dlj·/i Yo ~ LYI ~i .J-L-- L J.?';-, v:.fi ~' .;fA/i I))I_~ L uJ.;fA ~WIiuh:~!e;JI"~v! d';;1VuJ) ~ £ ~J .J-L,.- (

J~tS~tJ'~I ,Jit-t~ Sdl.:::....'~'VJP; -S.::,;J~ SvI

.JJI

_IYI':::"" ~J! U{Ij .JJIL.J"::"~ ";'VJJ':::"" U}t;;1L VI i IYI,fit; "' d'VJP;/.~~

J! .:::.... d' v:. AM' L

r/ 0'IUJ.;fA dt;;1v! .Jl.i d'VJP;.:::....I.f '-J d v:. (jl././ ! U.Jr e~1L U~I.J'g_ .,::..~ .JJJ':::"" U}WIi eJI/b~-/~ f LJ.'~ 4- vI -~J J~.:::.... ~

Yo UJ) UIV ':)JJ

Uiln -~J ~.J

v! .J~.JJ L vI

-4-J"f

'-.Nt

if' "fl

.JJI~.J (j

lIb vI J;/- {;/"flf L

Jf j Y

IJ ~

~)J ~

(

JJ.iy )1}.

Jr ~':;'J J:. " d~1;(I..M if j) ~ fG" JJ.d &' r" If.!I ..:Az A,L;J~ S J;~I J:. ,J.~ L ~ '- U)IJiJ ":,,Iy. r vI L L)';I -~ uJ} ~ ~ JI} ~ S if.-V' JlK. G- ~ ~ -V)J ~ J t" IJj L~ L()I o..(G'- t",- vI )JI ~ ~~I ( ~ C)~If S ~I -: )JI S '::"'P! L uJ} J~ C)I; J:. )JJ L -~ / (~l;yl -:A)~-0 J:. J'" j' Llf Jj,;.l)LvI j

tt_~

)JI ~

)~)J

L JIJj L J~ L J;~I vt;~'JkA )JI ~~);IJ!J) ,-I j JJI J~J/ l;ylI (~ L?f S~ J;I J:. ~1944j ,,:,,0"~,,(';';"'- vI -Jf ('i )~vI VLtft I ~

The Ruhela

Ruhela

~IA)~ ~ ~

Chieftancies

Power

India

The the

Rise

Eighteenth

~ J:.» L vI ,:I-~ UJD)e O~ S JJ)IJ/ _~ S(Jos J. L. Gommans)

and

Fall

Century.

..i,J) J:.

if.-~

J I-J:.I -~ -vi ,,:,,0"u/JJ

The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire. C.1710-178O.

-~ ~ ~ C)~VJ:. ~1995-:

J:. if. f ~V~ I .v. vI L~ LJ ~'k.'S ,,:,,0" J I '~I JvJPo

L ..:.)~)J SJrl)

'J~L C)~

un;/'

f ~-:Ji ;;; ~

( ~)",-

L .::,..).(. -£.~~ Jr. ;::_I) J)j L C)t;)~1jJI C)I,(I

f ~-:Ji ;;; YJJ,//. L vI -V'i1 JIJj I J#' J'" )JI U~ -rJ V If.! J1~I.::,..).j ;::_I) L L ..:.)~)JS Jrl) un;/'

j I~ JIJj ( J#'

Uy.C)I~

-vt "JJ~/

S J#'

C)Iv?1b ~)i

J:. C)V'JPi'P/' J ,)~ J:. ~I JvJ4 -S" L Jr~) j~ >. S v' >. ~1. t.f J-~)-:-Ji J:. Jy.J .::..r'~).tj J:. C)',, .0' .::..r'~).,:.../

-J(/.. ~v.. u,-:J/ j.ll.{ .IJ' J .IJ':':;u. 0;.IL .::~",J~s:'r ~..:..:~ L v' 'r Jy; C)? (j Yo ~, .IJ' '0; '~", v.. u~ !.lJ.ll), -t.f'.1 u)~ '::'-.11.{ur'.1 L t.? ..k ~W' -: v..~~ Jk -~J'.';-Ir-L .:.:;u.(j wf' J~U.J;/L ~~ Jk J~.1 Lt' L u~, Ly; Ll), e..(~.::- U.I~ 0J- .r -~J~ ~ ~~Jk

v.. i.J U7. (i' ~W' f'r

ey;,~ J',,- -:", uk -~

'it!. ~T

.s.r ~.Ij

'::'-.11.{0uJ)/

v.. ~~Jk

~W' f 'r I;/'~JI

~ v.. u~0~'4- v' s: U.lJ/ ~)/ 4- L ~,j,J~Jk..f ~ .IJ' u}'~ J£ .s: ?-.1 J7 ~ v.. ~ UJ): J~~W' -1..1t -~ L.f~.1k..I~ « 4- v' I j~j)J} ~~ ~,~, v.. UJ)l-; u~,~ -~ L.fj(.f If ..:..--;LJ, 0~j -: I j~'::'-.IJ/ ~ 4- v' '.I~~~'L'J L'{ J:". -: If...; J.f(~ ~~.1 ~, v.. J;I ,jJJ.I L v.. ..:..r'k-- 0~~Jk ~ ~, v.. UV !.lJ.ll), -If Yo...G. .IJ' 'r.l If ..?C 1ur'.1 j.ll.{ ~, L v' i "* A~'~J{~~'~, ~ -'r )Ji/" ~.1

J~~, .::--?J 0if. S?10L.f k. ":'->Jj .::.-L~J,} ~' 1ur~.1 J;; .IJ' :[ cf. J,} L -:Vh;i U7. 0 L/ t} If ~~1~t/,;-'-:.::~ 0UJ']j L -:1/-L L1" -~ L.f If .IL..:.,,}i Cl tY' ~ .IJ' ~ 2::-J ~I;)W' J? f 'r ~ Ly; Le: Jj ~..i.;;J.I.lJ''~W' '~1Pt JI ~,4- v' -'y;~~

v..

",.J.1b

v..~'-~e~

v..

Jj -: U}W' .IJ' If~1Pt ~~Jk 1U}'J Li.~ L UV !.lY'Y" ..i.;;J.I-~..w ~W' .IJ' ~ Ly;~.;/) ~1Pt f~ eJJ.l~~ el.lJ' ~k ..J~ -: -'y; J~' 4- L u}'J Li .::-w L U~I uk i Ly; J~i ,jJJ.I ..i.;;J.I~ UV !.lJ...l),-'r

v..J;/

v..

e~~ v..

-J ~.::.v"~.J J.:' J~~W' v! if.f'f- C)~~f?"~ J.Jc v' J f P. L v' \"

>. --fi::: ~,.1)

'.i. JJ):,;I;

J~~W'jI-LJ1 J7 {.I}

s: L~ v! .Jlr- J!f .;lit; [1'.1; ji L~ >. u/JJ .::;..... r./ St'v--~ v'.i. ~J,f- J-::: _(~.s: L'J't'v-- LJdJj ~ f.i. .J~J} .JJ'J,;i .I; v' v! J_t; SJJ): ,;1; ::: -I jJ1 ~J~; t .e: L) ':;".11(SUJJ/::: v! ~V:jPi.e: LJ1,f- .J~~ LJ1 J~i v! U~

':;".JJ/'SfY' .JJ'U}t/ v! ~V-JPi.JJ'.i. LJ:/ ,-J/:::.::;..... '.J~J SUJJ/ J,J L ~'_tl; u.JY .JJ'uJ} .s. L) dJj ,f-' d L -.i. a.r v! ~V-JPi()i LJ1 LJ .. f:.).(

J!~ ~ v'

'/- ,f- v.ti~t;~ L

u! ~v-JPi._(~V' -~.J~~If P 'x .::;..... "":'"~ L~,Li .Jlr- L UJ.;IY;/.Jl ,Y.' ~ ~'J ~ U' ~~.JJt.JJ'.J,i -Â£:../ ,f- v! ~V-JPi,..t#/~Jl1~J~ UJJ/

L U~ .JJ'L 'J! ',-.,;...f? ~~;C~J~L UJJ/

-J).J~' J~.J ~ '~CJ. '.J~l-! ~ (I; .JJ'~ .::;..... -?J S.:;..).i f 'f- C~

if-I ji

Jv>J'::;"'" Uk ~.Jj L ()i .:;..)j :::~

~V-JPiJJ1 jJ1 .::;..... UI; u;~ ~t1

l-:.'/ -I j)~i

u_tf

v! ~V-JPi

j.Jl( L ~,JyJ.JJ'~V-JPi-I j~ ~ ~, _/- ...f J~i7' .JJ'A U~J~iS~,-.i. L J1)~i _~) tJ, .::;.....~, JyJ.::;.....' ji V(Ir i1>Y ~ L ..::/f j,.J) ; v! Nt V' -V.J~ t~ {& ~'.J L i1>Y ~ L U}W'L ~~~, ,;( ~ .:;..y .JJ'~J' .::;..... uk -L do J/ j.Jl( ) '-/ J) L~;p,y.JJ' L J{~);'~, ~ L it.J.J f .:;..).i V' -~ C)k~~, JvJ1JJ ~(;)W'

uJ'J.JL.JJ'u? { ur'.J

>~,~{,

jP ~') .::;.....; .:;..).( ~

-I S(Ir !f J)i v! J v! f1750

j')J

J_ L iJj L .:;.)l(

-I OJ) .k.,j 1j)l( -:I)! fI775 ~ J~

n' )tP \)1; OJ~e;(j'~Cl '){ )~ 1L)J)~,.n,..)J' L)~ JPz L

L)}Y;

,J 'OJ o.:d; ,.fL~ J~rL)k J!1L)iJY..L .:;.)l( 0" -~J~'

I)! J(

-£. ~ ..;~ I)! Ov I./..r:i' Yo 'f-~ .:;( L)J. OJY..I)!~ ,.f 1.1' 1J'~' et;;A'"

v!··OJ ,J?JIf' L .::/;j')J ~

~J~(~.::/; ,.fL)~

I)! T'1f.,~ -L LJ~; 4

.?C -:

4- L .:;.V

ft I)!? /' J ~Cl.?CL /l1Y )J' k"J1 J'JJ ( ){)~ .JvJ.?C.::- L)k ft) J/ ( .:;.)l( ~W'.::- -?J,.f .:;..;b'".. j')J I)! Ov

I./..J)~' -£. j')J ~J,.f

J1 J~'

J; ,.f.:;..)l( -L L~~

n' fL

'.4 d'VJPz'~,;(, ,~,

-v! ,J?JIf' ,.f,.,-:' )(p.J'.::-L)J)~~L,.)J' (Wi (L)r¥

I)! ~

,j -:JJ,.f 1.1' -~ ~r4- L JA,.f L)"I)! t,;/VJPz j')J e't?A'" t) v.! );;7 (!Y' clJ I)! ~~JPz'::- ~J,.f 0)J.i) J' ifJJt,.f L)~ f V~JJeJJ(" 'f- .:;.).1/ ,.fJA,.f 1.1' J_ v' -'f-I/ ..;.,} ~ (uV' ''f1.1' -~ ~JT'1b7 L L)')JJ)J~ IJ; L v' -£:_) j,":- 1(!Y' .::L)~ ~~JPz u f~ t.,Il)! ~)~ L L)Y't)( ,;-' I)! JJ. f ~uJ.. jtr L _~ 1£ ~ J; l'L L)~ )J' L)i"~ 1L)Y; L J. f~ ~r 4- L JA,.f ,.f L)Jj( Po L ~ L v' -~ 1/% I)! ~ L~' eJ ~ (~')'J Yo JJ

t-Ji ~' If 1.1' -0 ~ 1L).i~ (V ~, 1J'~' ~ I)! f'M' L L)}W' J,J) I)! ~~JPz -~ J-D ( L)}Y; -~ .If'h/ ~,.::-' L L)_')'I)! Po./'tL v.! L)Y; I)!"u'- v' -'f- ~ ~~t./I; {.:;.)l(,.f L)JJ/ I)! ~/J¥' ,;-' J I r,Ju -IA ,.f~ .:;.L,lP (i' J!I)! '-)~ i J)J{ ,.fL)JJ/ L v' ,~, -:.::- L)k )J' J~.::-vJ) J? T'p. f'M' ,.f~ If L)J;/ f'f~ L J'1' ,.f~, vII J'J L)i?)J' ,~ J T" J..cv S~' -£.I)! . tJ)i J tJ}j

I( 1.1'

'()./J¥' L

",,::,)1

i JJI..if' s: f ..::.-t~IL J.JJ" S UJJ/'...t (j'VJRz -JYi ~~ ~ if. ~ C~ ,/- VlleJ IJ/' (JJ 'I JYi ~I ~ L ._::.j~ 1:1-; of' S VI 1:1- (j'VJRz ~ --?JS J S vIIS e.J~-Yi 'Yi J~' ~ Jl1' ...t ...t J)f'l lfi~ J;i Vll...t (y L J.J~~;; -I) P ~ Ji.J} -~C~Je.J~U~f~4-'LJ.l&~-1 J~Yi...f?~J;i .J)V' ~ --?JS J SO.J~-~ Ji? e;; L (jt;.:I.J .JJIJ;I ,j!J.J ...t (j' JJ~...t (j'VJRz ~p. -Zy .JJI'e 'u_,d'[p ~ LJ');!" (;_,tl t/-j/' -~ Lull t/-j /' J J). ._::.j/~t/-f....t v' J J~' ~ ~.Jj? J'I; -I (fl.J~ ..Ii.S UJJ/' ...t (j'VJRzcz: -i'J 1.1' 1 JYi t.f ~ L (;_,J "::'-.11/ S (j' .e: L~?vI ~ "':""" t/-j/' (j'I' .JJ'~, .JvJ..::.-){S UJJ/' -t.f ~ L UJ)r (~.JJ' Ll), ~i. .JJ' A i ~ L~YiJr. ~'.J -:~ ~J S ..::.-ulP uk-- )i J2 1 JYi ';"'.JjL t/-J/'ttJf."'/-'...t.Ni L ~1Y » c~ ~u,/-,~.Jj L V.J~ (j'VJRz-~ tJ./.JJ' 'S; 'J;c ...t uy1 S UJJ/'eJJ.l&L (j' -~ c~ if "':"""...t..::.-){V' -~ c~ V":;;>Jj...t UiJ;,- .JJ' uk/ uJJ/' d'...t

_~ LJ'Yi(jW' 7.C (if eJ~;~

v' ~, uk .JJ' LJ Jy.~J ..::.-'r ~ J~J Ap -: -I S ~ J; ..j..-i L ur -Vi.J ~ (j'VJRz L..::.--..jf ~...t (j' P! L v' 'S(~ .::/f Ui.Jr L ur.~Y [p _J)!( L v! .::/;1).~' / J~jw, J. .JJ'!.lJ vA...t.J~ Jt L ..::.-LN (j''/-' 'I SJ..I. S (j' _;~ L ...f, I.J.! ~ -V.J~ "J'/ S~ w I ~ J_Ji -VIbY e.Ni~ ).AfJ ~jI...t

u}'J LI (j'V_Jk·~ w

f 7- r,J c?l P! L

-4-J LJ.l&Jk'".JJL~ .JJ'

J t.f .::)JJ'/-'

~.Jj L ..::.-){ S UJj/'

L Li ...t (j'VJRz

o: t5v !.lJ)~' L U"':'~ v' -'J1 t.f J J) jJ' zs J;I JJ J) J~dt;;' t.f j'. -rt. dod~ .c....7.[ )J' J)(~~

~' v! J;I JJJ)

-L

LJJ..i.1;J) eJ)i ukL

v' -1J~ ~ L U)JJ J{~~'..!-.!')J' ur ~ .1;J) t5)J~J J d' i-/ JJ -11 ..J~i J~ J"" .c....--?JJ (q L

1J~

~ v' ~~ L J{ -1.c....d!7

j')J LI(-

VJ1 ~~,

~ I);;' L J{)J'

L fry J j'....$.

U"':'t.f v!)".-'Jvv,

-" ~J':='r. ~ LJ1 j'....$. _;/

L ~~ -JJ)J{

j'. )"1)

L d';:(;

~ u)t;;'

J""

uk)"

-L 2Â£) .::)7. JL)

J UJ}/

L uhJ)

v!J;I JJJ) L U"':'-J~.;:J~~'L

Jd'.c.... --?JJv' -V?~1 d~' J (;('1v! ~

I.:=,~~ -I J1 (;('I{ )J' JI.. J} ..:.v"~) )JI ~ _;~

JU)~, .c....--?JJLi v! Jj'.J L ur~)d~'

v! t5v !.lJ)~' r-I J L)..? 1U)t;;' {J~ J~ )J' i-) '";""}.)J -t5/.'~I;: -t/ '";"Cltt'";"wv' ;, ~" L U(; .:;,.)';/~I.. d!7 L J;f JJ J) J1

f" 1~I;:

,;-'L u"':'

Li .c....

-u:

-u:~

J1";

SJ~

L v' )"1~.::0' J~ -(,;,; L v' J1 ( v! i-;trL d~JPi ~JJL !.l)

~' dt;;1 ~)j

uk eJ_r~ -"

uJ";.::0'

f .:=,).( v! 2._i dl?J~

v' -'f-~ ~d' t5A/ J(lY' v! d~J~ )JI_~ -vdo!/ t.f~ J~'~') 0J;I JJJ) ~v~vL 1~~) JJ;I JJJ)) J L J{)J' ~ J/Z7JJI~ -"10'I.f!J. U~ ~' L !/ v' L U)t;;' 0' ~v L vi i (fI780) ~I;: dt;;' ~

-~J

***

.JJI b,?v .J'p'

uk-- r J'[ ..J.. dl;:--J.kzf ~..J.. uv v:.yi'

-d t.f.Z),...fi .;:::._..J.. d' '",/-, vii JJ..J.. dl;:.fj, df..lJJ u"~ ~~ kf -=<J~' -d " .JJ' uJ u/JJ .JJ' (Evangelical) ~ di' 'V'Jv> d f t:....)'.r L d~' L ui..i u.iJJ d' -J (Utilitarian) 1J.ft'J f Jj JLP:b L '";-'J¢' ~ ..J..dl;:.fj, ~ f~ ,.;~; eJ: f£ f JJ tf- S~;'.r 'JJj.- SUi~ (j ~ L .:;,).f '? JLP:b-~ di' -~ (- L ':;'V~UJ J t.f.Z), v..,.;:.L d' ~,;

S£.J.J Sif.f ~?-~t.fl~ f -:'~ t.f.Z), ;:_ ...fi v.. ~;'.r Jy L -d )pl uk-- r d~' ~ v..";:. L ..::.-1J~j.i-J ".:;,~ J\)(~J~ i.J eJ1; .;:::._eJ1; f Un L .f&l S~kf .f I), e..(~.;:::._1.1' : i ~

Jy ~

L? Jkf

-i/ f~ JlV' r dl: -'f-

.;:::._ ..::.-~ ~~ 1J~I,;j;

..;..)r' .JJ' 'J,,/J

,.f£'~?-~ tiro Jkf..J..

t~.:;,(( Sd' ..IJ' IA ~ ~ '";-'..w

:r r if.J-d u!...fi

.:.o~'

Jp..J.. u.i~L v'-~ ''f- c:C ~ 1~.;:::._ v' e;';:' r J~'S ~;'.r,._(d L ~ v' -L J L .:;,'JlP ,;-' Jy fi -~k'" .:;,/ J J} fun eJ1; .;:::._eJ1; ..J.. if. J;Vv..";:· L v' i 'Lv:..f~jp f J} L.f(r .JJI 'L.f ~ d (Jeremy Bentham)~

v..(;)~, kf -=<J~'-JL~~ ,~..::.-/J} J/ v.. V'.r" .J} J). ..J.. ,.;:. L if."~;1;:' J, ..J.. ~ S..::.-jp~' uk-- J J.l-- ..J.. uv 19

84 -'Yi

iJj l.,:,lJ~ L (;'

V{b.i Ji.:/v JRz r VJ~ ~G' .:::.....::..<,..; .1J' r vf..i vi JJ (;,I' d.J J J i J1i,,, -=--cJ~' L (Eric Stokes) Jr' J'.;, {V' "Yi J, v.:J.1u}' -'f- J .!.5. v! English Utilitarians ~nd India (1959) ••~~, ~, ~t (UZi '(( J {vk,.{I)~.1 Yi ~~ J.!.5. {V' v! (;,I\;:'JRzv! uv (;,It.' Yo j i !iJ'~UZ Jvfl4:-' If.. .:/;1J. JJ{ -~f t.l l.,:,lJ~ (;,I'~, .1J' i: Jv-.:::....

(;,I' Yo

.,:,~ L viJJ

i: ?-f (UZi 1.:1' -f' L.I

~ ~G' .1J'~

Ji? v! .1"., JuV' L

(;,I\;:'JRz8J

JIY L ~~i J. ,.(I) ,";,j/-f' -=--? .:::....(Clapham) r,..()! -f' L (;,I~ .1) o;1.I'-/lr L (;,I\;:'JRzYo -i:Ji?.1; (;,I~.1J' ,~,/ if.1f v! v! .:/;JJ. J J{ J "';'.1r' .1J" J viJ -i:?-f t.lJ_.;? J~Jkf { - Yi

s:'f-h J~.:::.... J;~ 1.1' J viJ -i: t:J j~LJ ~ ~G' viJJ (;,I'-~

.1J' 'i:

D.1C(j~ -f' J "(;,I\;:'JRz ui~.t."~ .:::.... "'I"'" L 1.1'

Jlr (;,I',.{ 'f- U.1J/' ~ L 41.,:"J, L J L~~ J (;,I\;:'JRzv! f'~'.s. LYi ,~ .:::.... ~J J -=--t¢' ~ Yo ,.( L~ l(

8j~ '( ":'~YoJ

i ,j...!)' 1.1..; -=--' -v! ..::.-5Jj v! '";'.1i .1J' (;,I(;ij, .,:,~~ J(;,I~' ~ If.. (j.J"v -I ! JL.IJ~ JL.(I; ~ J(;,I\;:'JY. 8J,.{ i ,f- ":'.1J/ 1(;,I(;ij, -=--' v! .,:,lJlP(;,I'-I) ~ do U~ J )J'~ .1J'

jYi

8J~; ~ 8.J~f

L 1.1 ,..":'.1't:! I;'~" J;'

J J{ ~~,..:-.!, -=--' -I)

• J L -=--,'"'-~ (;,IiG y.. .::.-vIP I) ~ ~ ,f- J/lJ'J LJ ,J.lP r 1.1' ,..f£ if ;? M

1:.

(

•

•,

-1)~.1i (-'J7~' LI{- L (-'J8r -1(j.1Yi ~- t.f {U)J ~ L ~JRz ,.{ ~,f- :?.:::.... 1.1' 'Jy L J L~~ viJJ 1(;,I\;:'JY.-: v! ,J.lP·L1.1' 'L~Vf~' r (;,I'~ L~ S~J.1..1f J VJ)Jf

s:s: LJ v? ';:'~J/S.;:,~vf I)! J' L LIr.-r~ Yt r Jj ~-r/' ~jf J/ fC Yt J; .;:,)j 'Yt rfi ~~i~.Af' 'Yt ijj vf -L~ Yt -r~ j~.Af' LJ J' {Jj~ L ~t;:iif '~~·'jPi ~jf 'L~

~JI..-- uk

* ,/ • / l{ ~ .> " e: -:u ,*~ ~~~ loP! 1.5~J/';:'DF o· I)! v _(;f J). ; f t; L If'{~~f' .;:,~~f J.r-.::J L.;:,~ ~ J'/ L ~tj;·f 1.5}Ib.l. .!.5. ;: ":::;'jvf .::;,...~j S.;:,y;i JI,:.'>jJ ~f ,

~if .;:,){ Jf;I

JJ(:"_/

J{ ~

I)! f1765J't]

'j Yt S'=")J L ..:;/f

-:OJ~

J'" .:J: Svf

f t] I.5)J.....j Svf '=")j~,b1'~J.:Jt (Iii Y jJ

~~~J

J~>. Svf L

L );;f

J{~Jf

i L. .;:,f~~f L jfv

I)! ~L.:

(Iii ~J/OJ J'I) .: (J -:/

r /(Iii «{

.::;,...f f,.; 'Lir.

JfJ; OJ

SJ{ I)! ~'VjPi f t] J.!J S;li -Lv -~f j/ ..:;/f I)! ~J{ L ..:;/f J'" .::;,...1 u:. -~f ti ~ ~I..-t &f'uYt (;LJ, L J{i {t (]I L ~uVl f t] J.!J S~"-1 -v.r ~~ 7- eJ~;/.;:,iJ~JlP u _f.{ ~f ~ / uY..'VJPi{ 1.5}Ib.l.'~ L LJ~jJ_/ UJ'jlj JuVf ~Jf'uy"fy ~ JfMf SJ{ f t] -:cf V~Sif.'~V~df~~.)l)!f1773L~~~ Ji J.}l":::;'J vf I)! ~~SJ{.,.( Yt Jf;i .::;,... ~ / JJ'.; ~/ .;,~/ k / uH JlP .::;,... ~uVf SJ{.L vf '~i J do JJ'. ; ~/ Jf} ~~~

.::;,...f '~f

J1~o~{..:;/f

I.5J~~ vf -~j~

~;fi / ~f -" 'uYt"; _~j~

~}t;I.5Jf

-if I)!~)JI1

Jj ~

.;:,I~~f J":::;'1b fl) -:

(tJfJJ.:;...-).jk_" I)! J(:"_L vf I)! f1793-L~ lPG

V SY..i~-rf _f.{ -Yt ~~ ~f

I)! (Iii L ..:;/f ~/ JJ'~JJe.):

rVlPG

-L Yt -I)

~ ~f

.;:,f~~f L JLf

;-1..-- L

v.r u~fy ~ ;: I)! ~ L Y..i) J'C

L Y..i.~.::;,... -i'J Sif. t] j

J~,f ~w L vf

Yt ~~

J .::;,...~} V~I)!~}'i

~Jfit~

{ .J} uk-- J J) I J{.JJ' j Yl .,ijlh ~/ s:~ p! L 1'1818 --?i lS.Ji...J) SJ;P S~UC·' L V' ",:",'i '~.J~ JI V'JLf t? '...J~'~ v! d' eliJ eJ~; r dV-JR; ~ f v! ct;LJ. L J{ -lSJ "::'-~'J.J SdV-JR; ~ fli ~ ~ V,:r r d' 'e:..~I.JJ' L )J' 'e:.....JU; L ..::.-"'~,dUC·' SJ').Jr -: -li:r y~ L,)J)J' .JJ' .JJ' 'if,.J' I/,-: ~ v' .s. d'" L2 S(Uii E._ { "::'-~'~.J SdV-JR; J,.,. (uc·, i L UYl>....fi "::'-'.J~'J'['e:.. J'i L '::-J "::'-'.J~'j)1r ..::,....-,..f .JD.JS(r~ --?JSd' i L Yl?-" -: fi .s ~f (r ~..:4I.) -JYl~ ,..f ~ SdJ~ .JJ'Jr: fli d'JJ ..:.-!Jk. r J').Jr v! J~ f t] -:J'" "::'-.J~ v! 1'1818 ulSJ'J ~/' ry v! V'.J.Jro: J..lP L V' ,t] .;:.0' S)~; v! ~ c/ S~i.J -e:.. Lf'J' ~i.J Yo f t] .;:.0' SU)LJ v! ~ fli (Uii v! J~ s:~ -li eJ~;JJ J' r d' ~ V' -e:.. Lf.J/, J~L ~ -li {Yl --?JSr./ e~.J/, JJ J' r UJ.J'~.d' L~i.J eJ-e:.. J.1r L .;:.0' SV' n' lS)~ S2 L Jj ~ di'

v' d'j .JJ' 'tf- c:c: JJ: ~ J_;( Sd'j ).Jjl)' e:.. ;£ S,~ SdV-JR; eJ-Yl.:J'i J..::f~ tJ? v! v' ~ f tf- c:c: -li J"" r d' tb: J~ IU.i.V-JR; ~ V' '''u 'L;£ ~...fi -=- -:--=~ ~ J'J; .JJ' J_;;L ~ ..t. L ~~Yl"':"';.".. ...J/ _; eJ P! L LYl J~ L "::'-~'J.J.JJ' ..::.-Ini ~ ~ Id' L U;ri./. -L J f ~'" ..::.-If ,..f YlJ._;( ';)J

--?/...fi tf- c:c: ~

v-r ~.JjL ~

Iv' 'tf- ~ b: (~{.J} J1j ~.Jj ,;" Lv' i L ~~ Yl( v! V' Lf.J~' --r.:.kf ~.Ji jV-JR; ~ I ut? v! 1'1813 .::J L j~J L d' L ~~ Yl ...fi ~Ih/. .JJ' -: v! ~ ~ e_).: ~

L ~ L .:;/;.JJ' 'j J ..::.-;~, SLi v! dV-JR;

87 fllL(Wilber

force)v.lj).J{V'

-~((;

v.. d!J/ v' f~r jI ?1S~~v' ~ ~U V,J£ ~~L/!/ / IZ>J: ~

"':""'" n'

~I ItJJ7.~'

~'j

'd';'J,-., '~~'J.I

\)J)J'':;-'

S~'-L..;f'/ VItJ.l1)}' J ~'J" f: J~'LS.l1nn' "":""'--' '.lin "~ .IJ' J J1 J; S(' V' .IJ' ~)(; ~.Ii (i~-J~~ J( 7. v..~' ~~'J.I ~ LS; .c StJJ)J' LS}U,/. ~ .I} VI; .IJ' tJJ)J' L

/i ~ --?J

L ~V-J~ J' -'f- { ~V-J~ ,f-" Yo f ,f-' '_:;;'J J tJJ)J'

jln~.IJ' jj 'L~.:;.-' H f 'f- LSn?

{~~J.I.lJ'

\:)Y' 'f-,.f Sd' L/r 1~~'J.I

,-/lr':;-' eJ 0' L/ J}.I~,'1J'.I.1~' J

Jj v.. J~JJ.~~' .IJ' IJ..?

Hv.."t· Lv,-L4.f../ V?

J (

.IJ'

1~1..-1

'w v..

/('.11 };,I.lJ'~/

~,,f-" L tJ? f L tJJ1)f' P L /!;Y d' ~ -~f.fvltJ.I ~ J' ~ '~ Ci" ej'~ 1~ LS}U,/. cz: --?J SJft1.5...;; J tJY--' f ~,J!f~'.IJ' LS}U,/.~ L 4.f../.I~'1 ~~'J.I jl;:ii, '~VJ~ ~ ~i'-L ~~do)~ L~' eJ.IJ' J~~ I:f. 7. dIV ~ J~J

~"y-v

~ {tJiP"f

~V-J~ ';-v L UJ'Ji eJ fC-~

dlP,.f L

~.Ilf )I;i

-J-/ ~,L / JI? ..::.o~I.IJ' ~

:t.! ~.IJ/

v..~_;; v' 1tJJ?vJ~ .IJ' 'lP/.SV' '~_;;~.1i ~i'Yo f ~~1l~

eJ :

'tn -E-.1~

d Su~~ JJ ~ L ~I ~ L /

~;; ~' S

v' -t{, J:: L UJkf

88 dV-J~ ~.Jj L ~

Yo f i:... ~

v.. d' J-t) .JJI L~ d}'i

.JJI ~

1-:j-JS J ~ v.. J.lPLdl'i:...?-r ~~Id'jL L)HL vI J- -'f- If ~jll J..; J:~~.Jj L if. f 'f-.J~ l.;11-fI d}'i

'L)~.J~'(1.7. ~.::"j ('i J'JlI~

J£'L~V,..JI; ( .::"j ~

L)r .::"j.::/$ fi -'f- J.J1 I~ S.tL ~ J'ij .JJI -S.J1 .:;) -fI ~ L dV- J~ i 'f- 0.)/ L~..;; jv-J~ L)}JJ _;;.; ..::.cJGI.JJI~ di'

'L)J;J:~IJj vii L)}JJ -: .s: ~IJ./

J..; ~Jf v!' J1r·t~ J'i vI

o: dV-J~

L J{ f Jjj -:,..;:.

fl839 .JJJ -: ( .::-IPJ.1.I1 -~J) Yo._f

U.J.v ~ L

S d}'i

.JJI i:... ._.;~

dl L

f'f-

~I 'ljJ)j"JI

~J uX

-fI S S.tL ~

.::-Ly.JJJI '.::-li1i

~I L/JI;i

(L)i.i L)}JJ d'

-£:_)(( ".I} L

C;v Ai.JJ J' "V' / ~ (Ih"

~iS J{ L..6. d~1

fl.J1

( .::-1P!,L.11 ':)J v'

'v!' ~.J .J1._.;/ " .::-1P!,L.11jtli Yo .JJI eli 1.J1(.I ,..u.. ( .::-IP'? v.. fl849 .JJI /1JY v.. fl843 -vJ L.J1 ._.;/ " U_;;.; i5'i ~ ~.J~JJ .JJI,;V- {/.::/$ Vf uX ~ -:A Po L e S ~If...-vve I ~If... ~J~I

} ~ SZ/i L.J1 L/ J' "'~~-'f 'f-.J 1.5:-j .::-~ .]1.-- L.:;.,!.J ,L.::/$

-l L L/f

.JJI ''-).J~I

~ ~J

/.::-Ly.J .JJI.::-~IJ.JJV-J~

-:J.J ,;I.J{

S -:J.J ,;v-{/ -,-/

v! J'

..:.qAf

v' 'Lx .::-GtC>1v.. ~~.JJ.::/$ v.. L)~ f v.. ~If...eli u.J~ J' ( L)~ f j.J1 v! L);~d' -t,j.J .;IJGJS.::/; ~~.JL)~Jeli -:J.J ,;1.1 {.JJI

'::-Jl1! fl857

J' (/

f 'f- v(( ;; ~

~~-'f

***

(t ~if.~).Jf 1.5''';'/ I]{ u •

~;;

j)(..(1 L. ;-jl

I • 11· ,e; • ,•.1 ...!::? ..!-.. i cJ .....c~/ cJ.v ...." v

j~I

v.. f1600

...f •I . I'f, V ...." I)Y' ..AC /.JF liP

(Governor and Company of Merchants trading into East Indies)

;-1.-- L I]{.JJI ..(I f vI v.. f1709 ~" .JJIul]{J;-I ;i" G-I 1.5' ;-1.-- L vI -VJ1ul]{~~' ..!-.!I" (t (I.-:-->. -JJ1.J? G- (t L u.JY.J{" -: v.. cJI;--J;;Z_r; elf I)' 1f"1]{ J'I .;I~I v.. cJI;--J;;Z~ V'~(p .J'~Iuk-- L. I]{ ;-1.-- ;-1.-- L ~";'J~

J? ~vI

G-

P. L

-~~J

JJ,

I]{ .::/$ '~~";'J~-" \J I.APJjf" -~V't'J G-

v' f (?'- 0 «t-0.JJL1

v.. f1858 Yo f._f.:;,y tt' '.IL G- t'~tt' I]{~~I..!-.!I I]{ j)( ..(1-:v.. .JJJJI.;~I ';-, -u.J1'G-;~ J ~ uk-- G- ~

'JJ1

~.JjL .:;,).f ftJ ~ 1.5' ..(I ~vI G- .8~ vI .JJI'~ ~ ojJ Jf G- ~ {U;~.JJI '.:;,(pp G-I G- -?J vI 'Llf ~~~'V" (.(.Y'V- -tJ ~~I ~ Ll)I cJ~ JL f V' v.. ':;'.J~~ ._t. _fJ(-~ ~J~;G- ~J~;

0.,.;)1'-:") }I7. .JJI ':;'~J~i) s._.,.., 4- L cJ~I ._f UV vI ~J~ L vI -~ (/: ~ ('7 uk-- v.. cJl;--J;;Z~J4- vI '~ ~, L.) ._t. G- cJI IJ) 'L.J;J1b ~ G- tJ.j ~";'J~J'" v.. cJI;--J;;z":::;J ~-:?f 0uP. cJ!7 L cJ~I -tJ ,.;1.5' Jlr Jf v.. d'j L el' ~ .:;,(;.?

j;~

90 J

L;:'J

1.1' '~

~.I r:

';:'.llf

~~ Yo~

f (.)J.7.CL ~~.;;,,,;-,!'

L", ~ 1.1' .lJ' .;:,/If

L'J

...t ';:'~J~i) J/' f

J (.)y~

n' 'L~

-L~ ~J;~?-

.;:,).( f ~ Lv'

Â»c: b.lC JdVJy. ~ ~p. ,,'M' J1.1' -~J J t-V tJ.:.,,} ...t ..:.v-k-- ;.--;i ;.--;i .J-I,..-;-I,..- L 'Li JlP>t .lC,ok--

t:l 'j", 0V ~ (.)~ lf~L J1.1' .lJIdVJy. .lJ' 'i JJ~ t:l-J/.' ~ L ....G. JOJ? ...t ,,1757 ..::)u, ok-- ~

-: .;:;?.lJ !( 1.1'

(.)r~.I

-~lf ~

JJ~i) ~ j_,J!(

~)s~Lv'-J

~'...t

JJ~

';:"~JVJ

J~JYoJ~ L )Jj' uk--

r? jLl&_;~fJ~cJf~~

u:~~,

f 1.1' _j -j", ~ J~' J(Dominion) J v' .;:;?.lJ ~ 'L JjiV L j'iJ...t J~ f ~ ~ _~lfttjLl& c~ J ~k-- ~ .;:,/11 ~ ~ ~ L 1.1' -J '"J ..::)u, jG"Ll&~ ..:.J> -J tf.,!?x 0' J.;:,~~ L dVJy. -J Ji _;)

~!(

J.llf"

~ :L .;:,t~.I JJ ...t -::,,~.,J

I(1.1' ",:,'

~ V~JJ~' ..;.:,~.I)'

{ .;:,'J' ~.;;'

J",

Yof

7-,;J ~ ~ _;)

r(.);~

JY.

J';:'.1) -: f~

-:~

Yo~;;; (-) JdVJy. f 7",:",,";'; J_,i L dV)y. f~ -:J ,.;t y JJ-L~ ~c.t;

d.i)

.I)' ';:'~'J.I

-7- JJ,~'

s~L LJ (G" 'Jj'{ dV L..::))

~ 1.1' 'u.r c.tL ~ .::A ...t -vE- JJ; -:fC L~ ~'Jvl;:J.J ~ (.)J)J'

~.li ~ L Lb! ",:,..w ~,

L 1.1' .lJ' .,;-.!, JJ 'L

.;:,).f

J ~ ~.;;' .,;-.!,

(Antony

Wild)

l!:"J

jy:,

The East India Company: Trade and Conquest from 1600 (1999)

1.1' ~ f 7- CJ~ ..::))v'

,,'M' Jb.lC J~ l!:")

-7- ~

,.,p. '.i.. L~

~IP ~ ~

J/ LI..-o -S,,'M'~

u.:;,)i

SU.,JI..-o

~, S U)JJ 1:)'~ .I} VI; v! 1:)c:Ji, -I) C~~~ ~ I:)~JPi t;(

L v' ,J. 'I) C~V J;}f ILIJ' ._j/ ,:, ~.Jj L U.,JI..-o-t.f ':;'.J~ 11:)c:Ji, J' L UJj( ~ L-" ~ I( Ui.J~ .JJIeJ..;;It ~ L k._j/

L JJ.J f ~ 'I) C~~b:7-1

;;J'j

.: Yo 'JI.,JJ.:;,lf~ UJj( L I:)J'

L Jl!J ,:, .1J' ',/. j~ {!.lYo v! 1:)'.!.J'~L L-",:, J~,J. '.i.. .!.J'~ L 1:)c:Ji, ~ _.i.JJS ,,~, U)JJ 1:)' -t.f f z.r -"ok ~ 1:)' .!.J'~

.-;"iii .:;,/J/.; v! ~/lr -0'""'JN.;( G I( Tea ~ Lf -JJ~ eJ~;.JJIIJ;:; d~S I:)',~ Lf .JJIjl( v! .p! j)i SJ{~;r -'-"J~I v! ,,1615 v..1:)~; UJt ~ ~ ~ j;4J I( V' o: ~ L UV !.l-".Jl)I f't.f ,_i' ~'eJ~; SvI v! ,,~I .J~ IvI J~J 't.f j~S _.i.JJS Lf ~ J~ f ~ -V~y. (;tlJ.J v! ();d JI)) (k--.JJI L/. -: ~ J~J 'I) C~ VJ~I ~ JI.---UJ.J!i; ~? , r'J.J-~ ~ ~-..s J v,..,.. ''"J} LI IJ~I L LIP",...L U.i~ _,f 1.1 l) ~ L-" ~ JI . L,/ ~.Jj L J,Gt; L UPJIL if. fl) J ~I( -=:-.Ji . v! d(;ii, 'v! .JlPI ~ L ,,1658 -S _.i.JJLf ~ ~ '.i.. Li L-" A

ttUJI?O'I?"-:

v.. dc:Ji, ~

-I) V'.J~

~ (t L U~?rjJ" ~, ~

rJi' "UJI? -: -J-" J? eJ~;v.. _;. L f L-" ':::;'J v' UJI.:L .f; Lf rJJ { -t.f

SeI?J~L d(;iil .JJI'UJt)

d'{ 8/7. UJ~" ~ L if. f J-" ~Â·I;S.r.._ji Jy/ S (JJ J.Jf v! ,,1662 _1-" ~ ..fiI.f; Lf L J.Jf J~ f'~t/ vltJ.J I Lf v! .J~.JJL dl;.iJI -~J.f(t;".I} L (.1 v.. ,,1639 -LI; J' d~"V~ L dc:Ji, ~ L jl( ~ SLf I(

'i- cc: ~ ~~~ vf e;f;tf( ,;:).,? S d' ...J~ffMf Sty~~ ~ ~ U~J,of 'j

If~...f

Y,;,l If- eI~!

ipj Self

tY" If- eI~ If- fl720 j'

~ .s: L Ly; J? tf If- U~ tt-/ JJ ~JfJ I ~ -?JS ,J. f fl. do >. SaL UJ.I?fJ .IJf'uJ.I~ IZ>Y. u~ J/ JJ J J1j If- lr .IJf'~ L~ !>r- J ~ " .::-~';y" ufJ.I'liJ ~ 'J./. L JJ '..£- If- do Jf~f JfJ Li cz: ~-J 'u~1? 'U~f 7~~ j(

L elcJif Jf L ~

elf (Wall Paper) i:.. _;;( L UJ),iJ .lJfj.j _q' /~ 1.::-~lz.IJf' jJj

i If- eI'VJPt(J> -~ .I~./.I u_,.J~uiJJ.:..r'k--.IJ'.::-)( L J{ .::-~?L vf ~~ S j}- ~ '~lP-y.I.::-~? ,.t.lj L .::-IPPL vf

do f ~.::-'JI;.-J)( L J{ ~-tJJ" .::-)( -?i eJ~;.lJf'~ fh; S ~ -fl. y; J.}? If- U~'(.IJr.J).j .1'>-J(~ .lJ' '.I{bt-~ -?JS eJ~;~ .::-fJI;.J)( L vf uk...f £q'fJf .;fJrf If- eI'VJPtL J{ ~4.1J?-).I1 f 'i- cC ~ ~~~ v' e;f;tf( v' -~ if.~.::-fJI;.-uk-S.:/f ,.t.lj L J' "eI'VJPt" fC Jif.2 S v~~ ~.IIL J;b

'~f ~f

uir/

.I( ..Ai.) ( .:/f

If- vf 'i ~

,.;Jfj( .:..r'k--Po

ty; ~

,J!r.l.lJf 'uify ~ L ct;tJ. L

'~JiL (j J)( f,.; L~ tt_( .7.C L ~ .lJfJ" f,.; L -..E. S u~~

J{ ?- vf

if! elcJif~.I L I..::JJJ ~l? 4- ~ vf L.I ~IP ~ S ~.I~JilJ,./.

-S

L J{'

.I e.tGeJ~;~

_~i

.::-).1

'::;)JJLif 4- ,.t.lj L

uf!; u~JL u';f S eI' _~I,LItt~~l' If- elcJif P. ~ (",r.:-=JJ.)_,i -fl.do tf J.; L -~J.I eI~"

j( !f,/f

.IJf'",-~j

PL elcJil L .I'_'pfJ.::-IJ~J J~.I .lJ'..::JJJ

v! dVJPl ~I ",:,,1 ,.(~gjojl~I -: L );11 JI L J{ -:-->. ,fl i 'f- Jly r.:;,:/ )JI )G"JL J{ 4- L Vi )JI ''f- t./..-:/, ~

S e,;; ( S L./r f J!,./)JI

S d!jJJ, L J{ L IJ~I J I:)}; )JI '~./ (G" I:)LIJ d"' v! J Yo ,.( JI1J~ S -=-"UVI ~I ~ 'LYi U.l1:- I:l'i'j J;I Yo ~ ~ SJ{ -~./ ..-:/p ~)j L ..JL)I 'U') (Ix "::;U,U~S J{ 4 4 ,fl-~~rf..-:/,S J{ LIJ~I L d!jJJ, L J{ v! fl~I -~) o,~ -:J) ~ d!jJJ, L J{ ~ U U'

)JI

2Li. ~~j

IJJ!.IYJ:

J;J -: '1£ ";"JJ,,y. ~ 1JJ!.V-JPl,.( -: ..J/ ~ )JI IJ~ ::!) -:-:-->.,fl '£ L;£ if v! lJi~j 1:)1 i Y, ,J. '£ L lJY.!i 'L?-) )JJ ~ 0J!.V-JPl)JI 'tlJ....; v! 1:)1 i 'IYi~ .:;;t) IJfl-;l. do L~J1~)L d1l Jy 4- L ~., Jy )JI ..:;..;J? 4f 1JJ!.V-JPl~ ,.( £ ~ ,;-, L 1:)1 -;l. Yi 4')d~J J.~~ ),P1 v! IJ~ L~ ,.(J;J Yo ~ v! 1:)1 J-' .:;,jl:-' S?/. O)G J JJ)

-t

S J S ~I) J.~'£ ?-) )JI )~.d' .f} OJ-2.. LllI! ~)j s: ",:"y f Jli ~' .f}-:4- vi -t jl:- Yi.Ii. j)f J~j .Ii. Jl.il v! IJ~ IJ~"'; S1:)1 )JI '2.. LYi o~ uJ!? Yo ,.( ..JJ/" v! IJ~J/ )JllJi~ S( J,:J OJ4- L L)f "::;J IJ~ 'v!

)JI'

J) 4- J~j S1:)1 ~

_';;J

-v!jl:-Yi

d~'l'f-l/ :')J ~ J{ ,.('f- C./U'~'C)..J) Svi v!jl .~J./ v~J.J

.:;,r'~

J ':;'.Jr..(

_';;J

~I:)c:.tl

~'f diG"~'

j~' J.~J

Svi .JJI J{ ~.J} J;lPllL ~ .::,.;(, v! I:)~jUJ!~ Sv'lJ~'LYi

./~ lJiJJ "':"~ J

Lvi ,J. 'LI

J? ~

..w'J

J,f(Chintz)

.JJ' (gin)

.JJI~

'J- O){L~'j~

'd'- 'd/L vi v.!'J -v.!' J;?._f

[:.,1 Yo

-~'.f...J.l1Pv! ":'-~J~j;

S1.1' ''f- j.t1 ~r

v! j~ L d~ v! ,;L; L ~j Yo ,.f ~, d~J~ (j J{ J'J L~ IL'f v! ,.(/' SL J{ ~ 0-(/ .IJ'I.I'.I.J. '()5 v! do'~ L.t1 ~ ('; L J{'; '-.7. L':::;'J 1.1' L ~(.I_k. r" v!.J L J{ Yo'~ t.Jj( ..f1 ~I/ v! d~ -VJ)j J'; ~ Sd' v! d~J d~J~ 'v!;" L t{ S~~ v! .IJJL J{-~

-I

(jJr

v!r-/.

-I

,.f 'f-;'

r.::./;SJ{ -:-'f- JYoY i~ (j.7...f1 -'f- j~Ji. v! 1#~~~ 'd~;

~, .IJ' -'.t1 ,..7(; r.::./;SJ{ Po L ":'-J~SfI8S7 v! d~J~ 'D.lC -: SJ'J; J ~J/ L J{-V~J.f dL L ~Ib/. ~C L J{ j)j ..f1~ ~ ~ l''f- ~ r" ..f1 r D.lC Sd(;1i, .IJ' -~J Â£.f J~ f6.1C Sd' .IJ'JM;' ~ ..:.-V'" L ~ J? .IJ'r- /.

d~J~r-/.

***

...t ,J.J..- L uJ)~..J

J{' .fy

.,:.,JJ,lr

uuV' .n' 1i)p' 0'h-- ~ v~L J{'1~' ~,

jVJ;;.z )J' 'L~

'Lf

..:;&.,:.,~ '~.:;;._

V' LJ{'~' Ji~ ":")J/JL) Jf') .:;;._UV"

)J; ~ .,:.,~

L ~VJ;;.z?' ~'y.i ~ L~ v' -~ U::~;J~VJ;;.z ~;JJ, L

U::~;jVJ;;.z -: .:;;._d- .f L ;Â£) (;JJ, f~;"H(.,;f .:),(fi ~~p J~f .fC v.:,/ v.;CJ ~ ui~;J~VJ;;.z l))J/ ~ L )y' Uli" L ~,y. sJ 1- )J/ )) V ~,f f ~(., L J{' J:)" -L ~

~J .:;;._ ).-1.

Ji L

J{' .fl) -:~ (if -0 (~ U::~;-'f~l)).~f Jf" -,f f Jf').:;;._ UH L Jv.'J s'.jl )J' vt) ,,/- [:;~ ,,/- )I,$f ~ l))Jj ~' ~ UH .:;;._ L/ If s' J{' nf 'I) l))~ ~ L

U/:? ')~..J

..~

)J'

v.~"":,,CJ J

-I J''f

V') )If { [;';y V'

...t Vf -'f- ":,,CJ~) j~(Sahibs and Meenshis) (1978) f t')j J ~ L ~ f ui~;jVJ;;.z.f 'f- J(j_tD Jvf -J/ ,;

LV,))lf

Jf;(/J)

tf {Jff)

nf ~

J.~~~))L,f' )Jf ~~ _j -~~ J~f ,

-.,;:_

J~VJ;;.z 1("; L vf )J' ~~

J;;:

.f 1?f J ~f ~ V'-L .il?'

...t fl780 ~ L~

))/...t ,;~; JfMf L J{' lif ~

1L v

.:;;._

V' -L~ l[J;;7 f ,,:,,)f)Jf~;J

f )Jf

J ();

~,.J; ,

L ~VJM

((;;1VI; ~ Sd~j U.J~v! vI '~ ~ ('i --d~;e"'.JAI v! ~ L vI v' eJ ''f- ~,..,?; uJl~u/l L if. i.J'" .J? -~ v' f~ v? I.;:.,~vI L J{ v! .;:.,ulP LIJz.r -~~.J(~ ;e"'.JAI 2....1. Ji (~Yof 'f- u.JJ/ 0:~ ~ui~j d' ~ L uJ)~..J L ~ L (jiJ. fi L vI f~ u.J~Ji : L J{ v! f1794 ~ vI -v.! .JJI UJ.. L .::)I~ ~ .Jj?VI; -'f- u.JJ/ ~ (JJ) jV-JY. 'u.J~ b=~ ~ J~~ L d' 'v.! v!,.,r L ~t..JYof Ji eJ -~ L .Jy?.J jV-JY. ~ L u.Y" L r.JJI ~t..JL v.Jb:.JJI.JL.!Â·-~.JY u.JJ/ ~j JJ) t.:f..f1798 L~I.,$" ,J ~ L~ vI _1J1(jU ~ ~ d~j

utl }."

-t.//IJS vI S;/; Li~j

13(;iJ.YoLJ{.J"'LJ1LJeitl~ ~I JJ1J-' ~; J VI; JI Sd- .JJI s: LJIJ1 j)! v!/ SJv Yo'~ .J.2l ~ L.I' b~-f' L J7-;.J/' ~J v! f1780 ~ L d' 'r} JL--: (g ~v': f,i_ vlP'-- L b~vI _1J1.J?~ (t L b~(-J ";'.J; f 'f-: v! vlP'-- L vI .JJI-'f- V~uv! J (J.1)y' L Uy~1 L~..z eJ f L~ S~; ~ l/ -V' St.:f..jiJ.L J{'L~ ~J iJj I(~J? Suy~1 L~..z JL--: -" 'v-/.;:.)(p S.;:.,~IJ.JJ d'j uiu,/...J/ ,.; ~ ,.; L JV-'~ v! b'( vI ._f ';:;'J v' IJj J!t/ -"'/ .. u.k.h.J! -L L,.;..J ~u)J~J ~ e~J~ L ~u,/. eJf ._f ~ '( L~ J? ~.Jj L vI eJ '~ ~; St.:f..jiJ.L J{ ~ ~ ~J ~I.JJ ( ._;u,y:,. -'f- cC J1~ -=--l) L b~ eitl ~ vI ~ C1, J-' J; S(~ '.;:.,~k=> 'u;--{'Ji/l J}J{ '.-if)? 'b.JC'di'i eJ f~ u.JJ/.~ L JjU u.J~.JJIlV '.;:.,Y 'J!~-'jtt. v! ~i~j -L~.JJ/ p .JJI J~v! -=--l) Li~j jV-JY.)'v)'v L ~1j.JJI uJl f -:>. 15~

v! .-v!

S,-:::".J!. . .....;/ ,; )).:..J LI Lh.::.:;.; . ,1'1) ~ ~ ":,,l) vI (J6 .JJI'l)}~;'b.JC SC)V-J~ eJ,.J. 'l).I1"';;;IJ ~ ":,,JI L VI .JJI

l)}~;'b.l

-l).I1efi If

v..

1~..::.-~ VI; S&~VI u:. 'I) A.::.-<.J~ ~ el·/

SC)I-L ~ .I1~J" ~.J!.""';/ VI ,1' C)I-L Lf J~J AL ~.,J.J1500 eJ':::;'J VI

-I

.....;i (S,{ ,1'e.l.-lr-IYo ~.,J.J 1000 elf SC)I L e.x-lr-I~.J!. Yo f=. L .I? e.x-lr-I4-' L L~AL :;.,J.J500 eJ -L ;£.1v.! J:/JI SC)I.JJII) C~ (/; ~ .J,P:1l).t?V-J~-I) ClP>~J~ Yo ,1'1) J;( J?

v..

,:r ~

,J -v!' j.ll.l1 ~.,J.J40 .JJI 100 '200 v.t't-

~ JV-J~

h JJ)

.J~ ~

L VI tJ.,lJ .JJI 'J.I1 (.;V 0: J~

~I~

...;J~ L VI ;~Ij.....;i

l)k

v.. f1802 'I)~J/

":'-.1/.1'1 ~"'.:.-.:Ll S~J 1&~VI

v.. J' (g ~&~(Hailbury) J).-:1 v.. J:/JI v.. f1806 ~ ~ VI 'L (-J..:.-J U'.J-lr- L vI i 'I) ~1J/~ L.::.:;.; SJJ/ Jy Yo ,1'hi -~~.I 1.1~ ~ L l)}~;J?.....;/ ~I v.. Pl-t.l1 f ~I S&~ vl.l -1/If.} i (~~ ifl J/.::fi v.. LL; L (g ';-, L &~ vI iP -'f- ~IJ' C)I'{, (~ Yo v.. ,J...L.. L J;Sl)}~;SC)V-J~ L ...f ",:,1 -L~ ~ ~ v.. oJ" Il)"'~ JV-J~ ,1' 'f- 0:~(~-...f1 ~ (f ..::.-~V' ",:,'-I) C.I~ ~ Il)"'~ ~ ~ Ifl 'I) Ci Yo v.. /. S~ U' -...f11l)"'~ L.I1

L.I J' "V'

~~.J~ ~ ,1' J.I1 ~ I -.11 ';(Jjr.A:S JI ,1'C L~~ ~...RJ/ .JJI'L~

v.. U' .J-lr-.JJI-I) ~.I.J~/'; Sl)}~;SC)V-J~ (~yJJ

Ji. eJlr-

~ ~~S&~-vf .I.::&..::.-~~ l).r.:V-J~ '~;tJ. L J[ ,1'C -Jf .JJI'JV-J~ '..::.-Y \f.J~ 'tY'~ /'; v.. C)I'J.I1..::/~I Sl)iY if.

98 '~

',":"",j

'I:)}i '.::J~,j u~ £"'1:)1

J! ~..:,~,;".L u/~)JI -:-JI '~v

-Ji v! J' ~~I JU;I eJ~

v! J~v.=cr,J -:-\)

,J rJP'

L il' -~

J!.J)J)L; "";'d~IJ)?

-\.l.t )j Ji J! ,.,;;;JJ)I~UP'

~' "

))

If.!. L dY-:

'JIfCi '~

cf~ 'Pi

v!..;~v.=cJ'li ,.;1; ~lP!1;;' v~L I:l~ J j ,J ~~I ,J rJi.cJ u?u}~~ v! f1578y,li ~I:)~;JC -i~~ v! I:)~JPi v! J'$ _;f;I ,J~JPiL rJt? J~ L){ (y- P! L VI »~"'.,; L r I:)~;J~ v! ;.Ci' If- fl778 -kIf v~J)I -i~f ";"lP!J!~v! rJ}~; v! J}~;50,J I:)~JPi...f f1830~ f1801v! ){ (y- _IJ1"'.,; -i~ ~I,:-~kb:r I~~ L l))G)JI J~JPi v!.JJ..-VI ~lP! v.=cJ J/~JI-t.f- k 'Lr'";"~;J -li C~~ Ij~ IJp. ":;;'J?! JJ)...f ;; ~ ~ VI -~IhJ~ r),-"11:)1 v! Ji.cJ{ ~lP!~ Jk 'li ,.;[:)J)

-J

~t/- ~~Vl-liC~ 0" -~ L~ Ih ~G

r r -:-' r JIfr r

kJJfjJ.J!~I'~L~ I:)~)J

L;; )JI

y,LJ1?!

-'f- I", fli -JJ1 ,J _;IJ~ U

f'M'

L VI f ,J .:;..r'Ij)J ~ rJn )JI -~ J~ ,J Ut/.JJ ~' 1... br ,j! 'J~_;r (iVY ...i~I v.=cJ,JVI v! P! -v.:J;J ),p: v.=cr4if ;.;.,fol ~'J ~J.J.. f1806-J!UJ'-J /;ir/i Ji .JJ"~ Uv.JJ ~i br,..u -0') ,..f-' o$J VI; JI~ br I~~P! L v' '~ -~kJf .k.~' v! f1854f...f 'U/,CLambsden)~

'~l)"

,..f-' (r ?' r :,~~,JIL b~~ v! JJ) ~.J} VI; ~ -~ '-, d~; e~ II:)~;

Jk '~.JC/.;:..!i' ~i

J v! e;CV' L br~J..;_,J -~.J?

Y~('.1

)JI J.,lJ

'dY-:

'J~If't:i _;/ -~. UPi -J", ,'M' J;: d!' .JJIeJV~':;J,J Ji.cJ1:)' rj;!cr" JU;I)J'

j,' ~~'"' JI v! f:l-'.t1 (.;,) If';: rI.5Pz,,) 4f' ~ ~k -r JI ,J ~,,? ~o;Cv'L I:)'V,Pz :(.Ji J"~ (~ ~ ji r o)--v' u f Lv' L..1f -L L) Jr'/o 3v L 1:)'j,' 'L L) ...i' .;:.,:/ f L L) t.f u 'L~.t1 ,-:f)~ iI:)' ~'IL)(LV 11:)' [p -,-) "o:"Il ...i" j,' ''f-j ~ ~v L 1:)' u ji '.t1...i'~ ~ J'Vf L 1:)'V,pz) ~ 1 v' f 'f- _;', r (English) ,fv' flf ~ v' j,' L..~ .t1~"'J f~Jf 1t.f .I,' '1/.t1 J'jt ~

t~~

ei-:~

~,t _;~ ~

~ -~ ;, ~. If) If ,.fo~r u v! Jj'.". ~ .;:.,~" L( v' -ILJ ~k'1(~, j,' ~~J ~') L.fo .L.t ~~ ji ~

r;,f' ~. v' .L. t.f

j'V,Pz j,' ~ "' r;,J/ '-j{ ~ ~-v! Ji'L L f:l f 'f- C.t1oj';;' -LL)...i' .;:.,:/JI:)''ti..2£ (jiJ,I;;'~ ~jilo;Cv' br f 'f- ~ -:-1-' r v' ji 'L..~ ~ -:i. r .;:.,'J'-LY fi 4- v'

v! i,j L (iw J;- J"~ (rji v.. J;,J;: j,'.:;,;J '/'; ,J ~}~j.L.

b'( -tJ'j J, J/~J?Ji~~

1:)'V'Pz.L.11' 4f';' '...i' ~ J/r v' (g LY 11' -L...i' (j' L -:~if' J/u 'L o)--v'j'V.,Pz j'. v! ~ ~~j j'V,Pz -1...i' o$J Jllj~'j._;r ~jl v!}/J' If~ L I:)~jI.5j~ I.5Jt ~ f 1.t1 (.;,) t.t1 v' 1.5k.~j"r;,',jr 'L..ltY Li~j j'V,k -:f ';:".1"; -:,J br t:::.-p!L 11' '1.t1 ~'j", j} _,J ~L ::f '(11' '1 J.t1 t ,J ~}~j OJj'.'"v.. b'(J £-I .t1 brji 4f'j...i' ';:"jJ/ -: ~.? v' -~...i' ~ f'!iijlL cJI.lJI u}~j

r.;;"

-I/~J) k.1f

***

100

15..:.v"~.1{ Un ~ r/ u'~1J: CYl f'" o}JI I( ..:.v"~.J4 4 ,;-, ~ ~Y f ~.;; ....fI : r! 15 r/ JJ (31/ ~ -(j.J (1'7. ~ (31/ v! (" ro cÂ£) 15 vI ~.Ij L UJ.JI~..J J.J~ .JJI 'UY~ 'u? "::'-Jt,;.v.!' v! '-A L v' fi .IJ' -Yl ,; "::'-J~',.,.~ 'J;v...JjJP L~' L un f ~'-/JJ -L~ .JJ' ~J~J~ ~ ':::;J~' ;; L~ J .::/..1 )C UYl" J 1..-0 L ~,f L~15?I.JJ' L~~.J)~ ~ J 1..-0

~)r

f Yl v~'~J! un.JJ' L~ Yl .JJJ OJ'f-

j'.

~~.JJ

-'f- .IJ.(.~"'.J.JJ' JW-I( ~I ~

v! v!~/

1780

L ..:.v"~.1J uY

..:.v"~.J

tCJ:).iJI .JJ'.I~'" ":,,,0'"~' .2.....(C. A. Bayly) ~ _,-I -u v' 1.::./; J}Ib.l.f 'f- k"~iI( ..::.-~v' ~'.JJJ L 1870 ~

~..::.-~ k"v!.2.....) t?' ..::.-L~ v! '-.J~L ,-/lr L ~~JPi ..JC VJ~' lu}J.) ~~ .JJIUJ.JIJI~'J.J ~ r/ if .2.....U';' -v!i

i"..::.-L.F--UYl ..::.-L}v~

v! ..::.-~L Un L ~ v' .JJ' ~~JPi -'Yl ~.:,.aJ~ Sun J!;,o (JL.J I( v' v! .2.....)(3'/ 15 ufl.JJ' .2.....) v' .JJIYlJw!cc(-"f:.,t" J~J~i,,; f JYl,y 1S..::.-~v' v! 4' L v' fl) (f:.,t 1:;' I( uJi~JPi f ~ -L~~ .JY.l.1J.1) 4~.Jj L

-15 ..:.Jl~15(lSi J~J~i,,; .1.'.1..2..... u';' ~.Jj L if. LJ/. OJ:'f-~ ~~/(JL.J .JJI~J v' v! ":,,,0'"v'4'.2..... ~ 15'-}JI v' ~ (j ..J ~ f 'f- Clii LYl z.....)Jj I( ~, 15 '--"J'

101

v.. "J,.." J'k.' L ~~" ",:"O"~, S'.trJ? -fI ft,o 'I ~, ~ v.. UJf~!; UJ).P' 'U~ S~)~;IUY? s:rlGJ v? Iu'/ ~ r (!)''/'1..l1 cI'/. ~1.5)1t;~}'; f I././fiU: -:" un -~f 'u,(y.'uJ)p Iuy? 4- L UJJ1/~ v.. un (I.: t/?i~L,lP ~1.:L(b' t,{- y.~, ,.p JJ" f ~f v.. ~ L FY' ~ JP;

)J'

-Jf

-Jf ,.:,

J;) ~ .a(v~' tJf

(,lP -: ~

s:r j)J/

~e~J~

'_:;;'J':::""

ur') .0' 'J./L'J

v.!-

fi L....jJJ

'~f t/)~.:::....ulfI~JJ'( L ulfj~f~f

-1..l1~ ~ 4- .:::.... u~~~ -: eJ

tJf

-#le~J~.()}l.5!i L/6 4- L v' J L~"(

Iun

'L~L

J'~;;;7.:::....J'J)J'

(!)'

4- L ~L,lP

C)f

~f (;)';ulf

f Jf '_:;;'J )..J v' .:::.... J'?' L ~~)e~J~ ~)j L uy? (!)'

-r (,lP "':""'"v..'-)~ L un

J ~~)

f.£

.:::....'

r ~L,lP ~' t,{- ('1 .-"-I 'L'J

LJ! "'~; .:;;f (!)'

~ I.5)J e)~' Se~J~ JP ~L,lP -: 'J?L Jk'!}? v.. (!)~JP; -2.. ;£.1 ( -fI

.:::....1.5~1..l1';'Jy.J~L UJ~(Ii (!)' -2.. J ~JJ' ~ L ~~ ~'j J! J e~ J I.5J~ -v! (j& ~L,lP ~)j L d.}'; J?or -v! j/ JJJ r U?"4/. ,,?fi -I j~~ >-1.5/ JJ ~~ S -fI ~)j L UJ'/. -~r~~ ~)j L ~~'JJ j~;v.. un t,{-A./'~ JJJ t/ 6 (!)~ .:::....'JJ(~ 1.5)J/. ~ v' ~ JJ)1'.(. bt 4- L (!)'/

)J'

tf~~)

v.. '-' SJ)? J ~J~

'l¢ CJf~

('i (!)L' J (;(,

'l¢ CJf

1.5)J/ ~ L ~ (!IV' 4- v' -I jJf ~)J/ SJy. ( L (1{5-' L J- v..7~.a() L -!1) -UJf ~L,lP S(' fi v~L j~ do' " (11&" L S~ ...Jfj v.. ctiY .J-r ~J)!J(.$;1) Iuy? 4-

v' f~

<rl.5

J ~

Jr v.. ,...tj' ~,

102

j --:~ ;; _~~ ;".1(Uii L

61tJi

JPy Jlj ChjJ L.:;/; ~f L

v! f

(Ii J~ ,;-f Yo -i:.. LYi J..i tG"j ~j~ tij

,.!,.I Yo i:...LYi)~ if".. ~ J..i,.!

J )~)J Yo ,.Ii:.. LYi J..i tij v! Jlj Jfj

tJ;--

u~ L c)f -i:... Lf ,:h) lel?J~

,.f v! )~)J -i:... "4' j.)!/ " )}

-i:...;£ Jfj))~

,.II) CYi)fJ _.j ~ -=--~vf JPy Jlj ;j)fJ Ii (j..) tte)~" -:i:... L~f L Jlj ~ Yo -Yi LS..v.~

L~ j Lf

Luf(tJfjLf(~

Jfil-i:... L'(' IfYf )jf tJj;fJ ,-.J' -=--L~fI..fo L el?J~;fJ.l.)J i:... v~L / c)iG" ~ v~L LS)f};)jf ~ )f.{.t; ~ tJJ{-I) r£ !.Ij J; -I) ~ftJ!.Ij ~ L ui~

L tJ} -:LA jjf 'tJj)fJ ~

'fyf v! )~)J,f

L'(' ~ LS..v.~ ::"L.P- (Ii J )~)J 1ufo" -t/ ~uJif ,;-f Yo s: LYi J-=--fJI;.-L c)f v! )~)J ~ L c)f i i:...LYi )jJ ~ )~)J ~ fyf -i:... ~

~f "f)j i L~

J I:f J J;v ,j'._jiJVL c)f )i -i:... Lf

(jff

-i:...Lf 'u~~

'u.f~

J. 'I) Cf?,

-=--L.P-~ b)j LS)~ ._j/ ;, el?J~

z_/ v! J'-).~ Yo ,.I ,.f ~ ~)j L cr)f; jjf 'Uj),;;§ uJP) -v!' JYi ~}V (V -: -IJ c-d vi' ~ df L f () </ J ~J )jf fjf -=--L.P--=--t~L tJ.f~ ~)!v! '-)~L (Uii JPy Jlj L (IA Jl? v~,:f '-/ jJ )jf '.3.:? 'j) if~';../.I.)! c)f_1A ~LSI )jf ~{ ~ c)f _2v L Jfj; )jf LS)~ J~ j ..:/~) f i~j.){) JtJy.Jtij Lf Lf L -:-'; ...{)jf -l/Yi (j-V '.!-},.f (Uii L -=--fjLS:/ L ,,:",1(7 ,.II) ,; -v!' JYi JJZ ~ v!' J~ Yi( I.)! :2.)) -v!' J~JJ! rY -=--L.P-6 1.l?J~f;JJi:... J)j/Z L tJ,.Y J..i tij"

c)f i:...?-)

j)~)

103

,f eel ~ '::;J I ur:.i eiJ 'L 'f-) ~ 1;;7 4f ~') eJlJwL 4.1' L ~,~ 4.1' 1tlll!/.'::;U.,ffY' v.. Uir )J' 1J~,f~ S!'J' ) J L ~~y.J ~ ~, -I J.t1 ~ .::A I,j',f 4)..;_.){) _;j)P -~J) ~ Jit 1(1Jij ~){

v' L ~L,lP

J!i v! Jy.JV:-~)J~yPe v!,.j:' L J'J; Lufo~ ~L,lP )l,Ji, I(~,f~,..fÂ£~%.a?1..-- L Sf J, I(1Jij LJ;? ~I( .::..!) v! ~tJ.lr jJ);;' L ~,Jj ~'v! ur~) :'~ ~v! J/ fl) I) (i' 4f ~ 4.1' (1Jij I( J;? v.. ur~) )---/ 'J~i).J:;" ,~ -'f-

.:;-.' L u';'

)J'

:,J)

v!~)~L (':1 )J' Ui? 'UJJ') L J{~~'~I eJf jJ);;I J j~ L ~ )JI J ).J:;" ~ ~~ v! )yIt -L ?-~l:aG vI ..;v-~) ,fJ~i).J:;" -I) ~ o.:?-; I(1Jij LJ;?~ L "'::;IJ ~ ~iJlP L ~I ~ u'))1 )JI u')/J,f ~I 'jl./ ,f J~I L fyI ~)j L (1Jij "'::;'J J){

-I J~~~

4f,f~~

,f ~I ') ~ (i I) IJ)I uk-- ':;-" Yli Yli L J{ ~);I~I ~ L ~,f~;( v.. ~~JPZ 0> -J ,f.::..!i uk-- )JI Jj.f ~L,lP J:_)i ,fJA,f ~I L u}iJJ L J{ vI L ~I -~~ v.. ~)~ L ..;v-k-- -~J .a?1..--1( J{ L U';I 'L Jy.", J! ~~JPZ ~ ~ y. .7.[ ,;(; )JI u.,7:L ur~) 'Jf .::,....: v.. ftv.' ..:-L,lP,f ~I v.. ~;IJ 'L)~.) v...::..! i ,f u.,7:~, -I ~ u$J ,f ~,Lr ~ uf. Jtv.I L J{ ~ -,fJAIf vI L UJ)bfi (;tJ. L J{)JI 'u.(~ Jr;. 'f-) [_,v.. iJ) ,f (1Jij L ~c:Jjl I(1Jij uk-- L ~~JPZ )IJ ~.Nf le~J~v! J? f'l-' ~ I(((~~I Jv J;-" v! Ji'L u'f}J-L

v..t

-v1 ~IP f tJ.t".1v'') L ~I)~I L jliJ v!)t,.:

J J~

~I)~I ~

I J{ J! f1765

104

L ..::-J)IPJ~0J' .....cc )JI '.;..fl); '.::).7 J ~ ~J i:...j6;~ Po L JIJ; f Yo ')~..J L..J,f ,,_/..,..u-- V' -i-J L J?i) )JI .;..fl); L if. \)1; LoP)..I4 -L r r.t ..:/;tJ. J' J{'~J J.I".-/J} L ~~ J?- ; )/ -I.I..J r~.:.L,IP r" / J{' r.t i-A -t[ J~-/ ~L L ~V-Jy' ~)j L tJi.Cf'L",,;Â£ ":"')J ~ tJ}1/ ..::-L,IP,,_/..'-)~

~V-Jy' ~I -tJ lSi -f1 J'

..u.- vI (q ~(fl".-y....fr-' JI)

r.t f1784

d L vI filt[ ~k:~ _j $Pi L tJJJlIt;;)C J' lS)JIJ) (--'"~; .....{)JI i tJ/" ~ lS)h) jf -tJ ,;LJU; ..:/f

~JJ~ tJ}vV 0;1. )JI

-)~~~

(~~do i:... LJI"".;; d L~ vI -~

1)~) ~ .,::..L,LP J' (' Ii

L uk-- 4 4 ~J{-i/t[lJff

'..::-~ .,::..Ij

)~I

~~..t,,_/.. tJr~) jV-Jy.._f

'.,::..)j 'L"")~;!

/.,::..L,IPvI V ~~)J

fl81S ~

r.t '-)~ L

fI77S ~~.1

tJj~""p

L.....cc 'L LV

/..::-L,IP

Jr.r J t].ft- J uk--lS/

,ftJ

i-J/ JJ.IJ'

-tJ., J"" (i lS)IJeJ~I"..::-L,IPJ' J{ d:' d:' 'i/l74'%

L tJr~) jV-Jy. L J{ ~ J) J'LJJJA"_/"

';-I._j/ -lSJ IJ k...;.crJ

LJI",,/. )JIvy~ ',-)~ '~{ r.t if.,.{tJ (UZi~' ~ J{ ~, ~-"L if. ftJ ~ -f1 ~ -tJ tl{ 17.r.t ~V-Jy' ~-"JI~ -i:... 'fyl '-)~ -i:... LJIJI AJ r.t Jc; J' .:.L,IP )JI'L'(' 1./.) C""v~ t.!y3 ~~I -i:... LJI"" (;JJ, L tJJ)~..J L J{)JI '~I/ L ~I -i:... LJ ~ J"-' {L.t~ yr: d 'tJ c"" '~1-f1r.t ;-~-tJ .:.Ij ~ _~~ L >-lS/ JJ~ >- -f1 tJ~ .IJ' b? ftJ : r.t ~Ij :JJJ .IJI ~)~ -i:... LJJ/tt:JJ/' 8J i:... L'(' ..::-L~JJJJ Yo _f} ~JL C"" ,:;~ r.t.J.~ L :JJJ eJ~ J~lSJ';:"_;';J'LJJJ / tJ}JJ O.I~

-1

105

dY JI )i -(i Ci/, L J! ~'y. .JJ'(i ~ J! ~L~ J~;-:-(i J ~'LrJVr~ r V"''-J J~~!~' ',-/Jir' '-I. ~v L

'-.J~

rV' i' LrJ

-(i C/'~....G. C)~'~

6 IuiY

J'~.J 1J/~ IO.J{ J~~ v' J{' IU/IP 9-' .JJ'e: L~ v!;(? J..i e~J Luiy J'~.J t.:l- 'JJJ-v.!' L L/ .,:,;~JJlI ~~JJb' c)' J{i g_ L'_,(.~~JJb' v! ,-;~ L J{ ;(? ~, g_ L~ .J~~ J..i e~J y. -I J/ J~' Iu~ .:;.-'~ v! ~'.J I_b,b> L c)' f(i r~ J! « -I J~,f ~;~,J .!:;-.Jv! ?'~L,1P / v! '-.J~ L ur~.J J{'.....;)0/ JJ-(i r~J:) J'_,.J . r ( ,.:., f' ( r -~J U~.k. U./ o fY' ~;v Uk-".J/ o .J~.JJ iP -() (f.J J./ .: ~~JJb'

'I..

t -JJ..I.J V' v! s» J ..::..~JJb'L uR v! ,;L; d'k.' L J{

1J -:_(i r~.J,( .; ~ir" L V' .JJ'C)~;U.JGd f(i r~ /~, ~ ,.,.j J tJ' V' (~, J (LIV' ri~~ J fY' .JJ'uy j J)f -(i CA(; j.J~.Jr .~J~ V' g_ L~ ~'Jt ~ U.JG-"-+;.Nf' L J{ J'k.' ..f~ _(i O-"J tJ' t -: _g_ L~ r;," L uR ~ L £ I cf..rj .JJ'~':CJ~J'_b,b> i Jir'l.!' JI ~v L c)' ,,?)i _g_ L/'~ L UJ-"-+;.Nf' J'k.' J "::"':CJ~J./'(ir~ (..(/,-L Jf' Lr" ~, ~ "::".J~.JJ'(i r~ ,f UJ-"-+;.Nf' L J{ v! C)c:Ji,~ v!.p! _(i r~t~ b" r c)' ~ L _b,b> i L~ (~ f:l ~J ...:.-J v! ;(?i/(Hailbury) 0-1. J!~ L ..::...;.; J .JJ' V,!.J,; r;," L u'?- H .JC' ,f UJ J' JJ) .JJ'U.J~~, uk L "'JJ'y. (i :c!r ~;- ~J fV,! z£ -.f "'~ J} I~,~rO.J~r _(iC/p v!JJ.J'Ju.JG~~'i

J~'

rfi

~~ ~ v' ~C)~JPt.J.t'L u;J JJL UJ:c!rf 'f-l;1'r J Vi V~£c)'·~i.J r J~ :"/JJ 'I Jy J C)'';.JP- i ~..f£

106

--! .Jjl tJ?

L if- '.::.-LJP v! '-.J~ L l:)'VjR; '-~

L VI ~

-1/'( I tJrl)-"";~ v! tJr~.J .Jjl tJ)

~I ~ J.J.J'I:)I .Jjl

k"J~I

~LA L tJ_')I4-

-(16

I tJ~_'

L .::.-L.F- .i:7 ~ If.."";/ uk-- --! .J .; ?lSi 4-' ~) _~I .JJI'1:)'1''~I Jvj 4 4 mY .Jjl (16 v! ~ L tJ.,.Y ':::;'j vI Yo ~fT ((16 '/''{5 t.f IJI;i ~ lSi 4-' ~) rl.? --! L 1:)1t.f tJ~j Li )~ A .Jjl ,-j / ~ .;if~imY ~:::_'.J L 1:Yo '/''{51IV Jt (Delhost) ~Yi ~j v!

J/.P~I v! .r '-/ jJ ~ -k" '-V I( mY .; .I} -.! .JJ' L ~.JJu )"1/~..:~-k"'-V I(mY L~.JJ L (Alexander Burnes) tJjJt -I).t ~~ tl:- L,;'j .J~ oj{ Ij I' ~ 4- L J- .:;j..J 2-1.1 L tJjJt"

)"(16

ifL Lj i.~

uk-- (1..1 L tJ_')I~.Jj L i)~ -(16 ;-~ IX I(.::.-LJP 1:)1v!

'-.J~

e J'

L mY

1:)1(-'f-I( 1:)1mY mY

a£ tJ~ J' ~I ''f- ~ a£ ~.JJ

L~.JJJ

~fT -J J ~

.::.-LJP J.r- j

v! VI -J'JfJ J'I:)'VjR; .; J~ J'.::.-LJP ~' L tJjJt (17. .Jjl Jij \;;!; --! 'uJ --! L 1:)1'JJ 'tYi? v!.::.-~ .::.-IjI(Vl1--j'VjR;

J/ J'J~~ ('7. .Jjl j;Jij 'J'F.L tJ_')I-L J~e)j J~~ I tJ}> I J'd"' J'VI .Jjl ..:/; O)U,/. .J[ k"~ J tp..t lP>Y. eJ~;.:A I ',Yi Y. £.JJ' Vl1---1( I:)'VU:-Zv! Jf:7 J.J{ V' J't.;/V·JR; -LI:- k"/1:-'

tJ~

tJt' .Jjl b;J ~; Iif- f'f-

J .J(ftI(0'): .JJI~;

-'f- JI:-d-

f .:A ~I

I(~.;

~'L e~J~ L lYi~;

(1(1(

mJjl

O.J'J,...j

J'.:/;

v! l:)'VjR; J'; v! tJi~J J' f1840 ~

v! f1849 -L L.Jj

J~ ~i

~ VI tJ!7

4- ',Yi ~} O)U,/.

f1830

L tJr~.J -(16

v! Po ~ -L 4-J If k. ~.; v! ~~.J

_~~ r"v!

LIt{'I

,p.J~IL V' .JJ'

107

JI'( cJ' ~

'- (Wi j~r)

f 'f- bU tf ~...t ~.I~ £ dVWi

'~.Ibfi ...t if.so (J,i/ --f1'( cJ' '( L~ I.:;.,~}P -I) ~ (Wi "'j~ _£ L~ '- tJ~ I..::).,}P i;;'(JJ..1.C.IJ'.I'j~eJ~ £ J..) t'iJ £.::/$ ~v (.)IY", if. fl) CYie;~ --f1 ~v J';;/~...t

(.))~,'(.)~S J~ '-";:J 0' .s: L~~~ cJ!~ s: el?J~ .:;.,LIS>' . J1 ...t cJ'VJPz ~.I{ "'.Ij 1.1.) S ':;"JUo!S cJCl.lJ' (.)~ S (.),.f' .IJ' JYi t;~ ..:J-I?' S ':;"'.I~'~ ;-""_?v £ (.){.IJ' (.)Yi,j,-J.! J

eJ;;

'(~ '~/~ \)1" ':;".I~j'..4(" eJ~ £ 1.1' -L t.:J. ~.Ij --f1'( (.); ~ £.::/$ ~ 'L'J L.I,...fA.IJ' Jy ''_;;'}J.? L'J L~ ~

J~~'.1v£ (.)J.I~' J,-,~...t ~.I~ .s:~ ~'J'- 1.1' dVJPzJ' 1)~.1Yi ;; »,» 'T.I! .r.~ t ~ '( .:;.,ulP £ 'T.I! ".i" f 'f- CYi~~ ~ '- (.)J~ .IJ' '(.)Yi,j,J',,[

tf~ -£ L~._f

(.)IY

-I)~

.IV

ItJ.I{tJ.I{ L ~;c,~, S Lfr I(Wi 1.1' £ cJ'VJPz J~.I)' 'f-.1 (&~ '(':;"~J~r)"';.1" .:-....if.f~.I~' 1..lJ.) v'A .IJ' ~£ S(#~"...tf1830"-£~v'':'L~~J.lr I~ £ dVJPzJ' fl) ~...t v~ £ 1.1' _~r...t J' (~'((iVy--f1 -S?

tt~

"'.t

{.I}J1jeJJC i..~0r~, £.1 j.? laf (tY' .IJ'.::/ JPz f I ~ S cJ' -v{~Yi dC £ 1.1' 1.1' -'f-", tJ)h.l.lJ' J~ cfJ.I J ~.I! -'f- 4 ~.:.!I..-: f ~'IJ.! ':;".IV S (.)}f, tJ? .IJ' (.)i.CfS ":"~ ~ £ L~ ltv' ~ t" , /' ",;_ .,.. Ii ,Mt",. J :. I~ .IJ' (.)}~, --t v.~J~ '- ~, v,:"" eY VV "' (r ~.A! ~ -'f-,f-' Yi ":,,P"'J v,:Cf ~ JC Yi (~ '( (.))1; ,_;) .::/$ ,,:,,' J;{ -~J ~J.lY t;f'I..!/{ J L..::/$ ...t f1836

.lYi /~'-(#~

~'..z,y )

J-J

108

J1~tf k.1b.Jj ~/ JJL..:..Iop- 'Lf (~ lS-"Je.J~' ~' ~ .!./{

-I

21-; L Ui.CJ~.Ji v! V' ~ (,;;~ Yo ~ ~~, S~;~ J~JPz • L L ~~ .JJ'cr-: e j.JJ.J;''J v.iJ -J.!t./ ~CJ~ .JY' JUV' -rl.~ L UJJi u n if-Yo v!~.J~ L ~JPz ",:,,'JC ~ ~CJ~ CuL -~, '" ~~.Jj [p '~JJJ v! U~ ~/JJ L t;;.JLJ~JPz L (Uii J0~i) ",:,,' 1(1 J~ Jti.JJ"J~Ji.Ji ~~JPz JC '(1 '--i0'(;('-~ J1~~ (iwd'J.J ,;-''/I/i .J~' I(iw ~ L uJi~JPz fi -L~1/ '/~ '.17 'u~ '~J L~' -1£.11}/.11 .JJ'1/ ~!I' -'f-.J If.J~~ ~ ~ ~Y.JJ' .JJ'lS7.~~, v! fI857 ~ ~ ~ J ~ ':;;'J V' 1.::/$ lSJi (Uii d'J.J,;-' L ~~JPz J'''//. L v' .JJ'VYiJ J1~(Uii r uy'~ -~J~ ~lS/JJ~~~~lS~ lu.J ~.JjL 1(Uii L lS7.,;-' ~ e.J~JJ L u~, i 'Yi fI857 ~ '))J -Ji -u 'vd{ -~ L~ 1// 1~{'vt'~ U~k.;~ ':"'.J~' -~J-r.?; (Uii L lS7. L~' L IS» (j -VI/ I'" Iur.?f.) ~ SCtj .JJ''lSj -lSJ.:;,r.?1 S.::/$ j) ~ fi -~.J~ ~, J'J.J r ~~JPz JYoJ~L v''/ ~ '~ '/'uYi,j, ~ ~) lS/JJ i 'I lS-"Je.J~' ~ .:..LPJJ' i:... Lf';;f.,J~ ~jJV L.::/$ ~ e'.Jj ~/ JJ.JJ''j,}> 'u~ -i:... Lf .:;...;'7SlS-"Je.J~'S..::./; I.)J" ~ u)'vk-' .JJ''~.Jj L lS/~~' L Uif~ j. .:;...;'7\/' .JJ'~~ ._£.ufl/~~~ ,;-' Lf ~, IUJ.;:I.J/ L J;lP!' ~.Jj L

r r

r v.:, v.:

r ,...~ ~

109

t.t! :Y",.J} Y I( &~L "' . ::.-L,iPit' .J~..fI v!

1;;'~ f '1-

t~ S..::.J!r';:;'J

S (I'

.~ I.)?'; ~' ~

Jy.J~

L I.)~ I;(Ii~'..::/;

-J'/

J' L cf..1JJ:/ 'Po L ,..21; L .::.-~~r.,1

e.J~IS I.)?'; "' .::.-L,iP~

J,)! I.)~

~~J~

if' I VI -'1- V.t1 I~

Jlr ~U.JIJe.J~I f v! I.)} L ..:4JJIJ ~I .I-.t1 (&t

'L.!JiA"'I ~ L .::.-IJlP~I

L .::.-L,iP6' Il.)i} JI,~

-41- ~

***

"-~J",

~I u -'1- U)J

+J~.JJI'1- C.t1tJ 41-

-v1 ~J

~ ()

110

-:i LVI

UilJ .!:;-jL

L~ VI .:;:_

If S(';Llj

JIv.. ~A

L,J!fsi

b.l S":,,,If" jJI ..::.->V S Sd'jJI jlJ jJI ~IY L ~j

,.i' L V' jJI !of.I! .:;:_ )JJI d d ":,,,'f" v.. ~lP>tJCIL ejC -'f- If J,,?fi v.. ..w..- VI -J!i u~~ ~ifv.. ":"'J~S~;IrL uk v.. ":,,,If" d'jJJ L )JJI oilh./. jJI u~-.:;:_") vl;.f -u.t,f ~ ~V t~~I) df../' L J'jJii

":,,,VS;.:. -;-

ij~l", v'_~

j~JJ'~

JIP ':;;j~ J

v.. ,,1996 C '~":,,,V~ -f1 (Return

j.lPt

to Empire)

-.::...I.V , T 'Y

'J,( .f. f 'f- ~('''''-.:;:_ ~~j j~'( UJjJiY ~

.:;:_,:rJ

o~/~ I":,,,If" L fr ij~1

SLJ1 elJ d~jJ

L 4:)'V'JPijJI ~I WJ

uP 4:)1jJI LJ1 ~ --1/70", vl,_f ov LlJ 18.:;:_ ov 11[Â¢- 'If'j uk-- jJI uP 4:)1 tJ! U;~L u~if").jlpl uk-- uk ~ ,:rJ S -~j

-t} ~~

tJ1.f.

f! J1 v:! J; u SJ", uk.:;:_,:rJ J' ((5-1 (--"

tJ! J~.J;I .J'v .J'v L .:;;~ .:;;Ij Vir '(":,,,If" u~ L vI ~~j ~ _~ l;:j (JL.J d'~tJ! di,;.'j jJI u)1f .:;:_.I) vI;v.. do ~ tJ! ':;;j~ vI i UJ1_;~)JI LIJ Lf MJ 4:)ii jJI 'J1 _; "::;Ih ,J 2;. ,_f ujJ Jf J1 ~} tJ! ojji J O~j U? (JL.J jJI ~f;: J~ IJ1~

-V!'

111

-I J~iv! Ur.J L~

)J'

uJ{ oJ !.5v

1L.ri' ~Y'S":,,,If'"

J" ~

v!!.5v ILJ 18 -L_)/' )J' dCJ. ')J1tJ v! U_,; 4--i..~Lv' i £J J¥'~,-:"If'" f t,ju If.! J~V,..:::;u. S;f/ )J' "J1 )~l d'.tl,; .L U_';' )J' ,-/.' v! ,,:Y" 8J L LJJ1' ~ Yo fu/L U~ ..::JJ 4.1' ~ ':-J tj(J 1..::/; J~yP)J' !.5;f/ L J (Ii );1' v! tJ}~ ~J ~, V' '~ If.! d~ ~'d1J ok-- t'J JI~'"L uk d' ~ -~J'/A;I ~ ~ uJ{ )JI u;~ L '-/ JJ..f'~v!~)L~} uk"h--' S d' ~ -L?-)LjJ!v!~i :~~JSLJ d 1UJ/ JJjtJ~ L ..J" S J- .:;-j) v! uff. L uY d' ~ UJ)J/ (i' L vi ~)J

..:.v-'~) ..f'

flJ1 :

D~Ii~L vi j

_.i. ~~

~£.J1.:.5LL

L !.5J~A -~I/ 1.:Jj ~' J '-J -I:}J/Pu,/~ jlJ ~' LJ (Ii .::,~

V~ ~)J1iJ L J- .:;-j) v! f1799 ~

S ..:.v-'~) -JJ)~I ..:,.r'~)

J';{ S ~I)l,t J} )JIJlj J~ S

-JJ1r )L~}

..f' DJ,-:,,'

S UJ)J/ )JI uY

I~ I.::,~~L del,·,:t Un L (1{5-1ok-- )JI'I.kdLIJefl

J.. ,-:"If'" ,.;:/ J; f ~.-:~"p

(q L

..:,.r'~)

-v

oJ ,-:,,' "--JJ1('i,..::/; S U-'Sf'" J'I Jf ,J: ,)!.5x..f' L J-.:;-j)?:. L~ vi -liJ~ "y)) jl LJ Ifr;"i S~ --"',-J,.)1,; ~'~iJ~jJ).tT:.J_r';, ~ ~)J L

~UJ)J/

v! U}~

(il ..f' S

v! J~

(./._J L..:.v-'0

c.t _.i' L .::,IPP 'L~~ ...J~ v! U~IJ)~'J.jIU))IJ/ Jf S ,) ~ -L~~ L~ )JGJC;' 1f.!1 v! ~tJ L ~ JL nl )L~} ))1

-L~ t"GJ~!.5';;; r;"i

!.5:c."~..:.v-'~) f,j '::')J/ If~ vi

112

'J ~~.J J.j -fI ~~.J S.t-.:;j..J

f f- c:c: ~ If '- );~V' I C) L L)r. fl£", ~;'L.(.II.:)!?' ~.Ji L VI ~ L~; S C) .t1V J?i.J41%"' l;) S 80,000 f ~~ 4' ~vI -k'" b~ ~-'f .:;j..J'~ ~ J~;; ~ L Jr.r:'J ~~ tf ~~.Jv!'::'.J~ vI -~ r~ .2'" .JJI1£ J~I~ L .::,~IJ.JJ'" i -fI v!~ S ~~.J L .tvI v! .::,L~ (jl? {I> -S~ J"{/ S L)J.JIJI.JJI.::,~IJ..I~If'r(-) JlP tt ~ » r.l.J~ ";""~~~~.J~I IJ} OJ .JJI-~ "' .J) .L.JJ J'" .J~.JJ~ .JJI S J'.k.~ If S .::,~IJ.J.~IV L vI ~ L J~ L J.;IJijJ S L),,¥ -L", (t L ~IVOJLI.I J'.J~£:_ Yo ';-, 4- vI -1.11 v! .:;;jl rf v! ~If'r rv o;I~' ~ vI I.t- .:;j..J L)fl1.:)1L vI ~ L~ vI 'L~J JA'- UY; u/JJ f'f- J'.JV LvI v! j....I,.. vI -V I.:)~I~ J'.JIJijJ'- vI L L)r. _(~y. Li I d v! .::,LJ,lr 0:J, Yo '-:J'l7. S L).td~I-k".J~I I~~ S (.5.1 'h.J 0:J, ~ vI V.J~I ~J.J Yo L vI .2'" L L)J)-'/' ~ -lh v! 1.'i 'i;.. '1i!.t1 JP! JJ ~ -fI.J_r' v!~; .JJJ)'" 38 .JU; L VI fIJ 4' _vI ~ L L.I ~ IJ')J~J S 1.:)1 -f-.J )J~J .2'" L vI )-'/' ':'.JJ .::,~IV.JJIt.llbP vA'~'-~&' I.)! v' 'S.J~I o:'~Yo L - E....iJI '~ U""I.Jl,I~It'l ~ ?-~ L vI", L/ L.;I-,/, -~ t;I} '.;I-,/, _( '- A vI -I J.t1 J:J I""I.Jl,I j,;,i OJi '- J~ ~-fl/)-,/, )_t;I J":::;U,~' .JJI'J!~eOJ f 1,:, ';;~I S vI L).t1':'.J~~}

r"'

v.:

v.:,

v.:"

_",".lI.:)~I ~

S J"".v SJ'jl ._f '-~

.JIJ~J1.:)1 vI ~

L.;I-,/,

v.:,

.JJI

L L.I;i ~L)J.JI-,/,JJ.JY

v! J'J (lfl/

.::,L...;~

L vI

L L)r.

113

J/ .2't ~ ~I!J 4 '~If"_;.Ji g, tP j _; ,-.:A '- v! ~I _~~ -r' JIP! Ihjf ~'~,/'/.J- JIP Jj .JI~ '~ cJL..V d~I:d '~

.s: oJ (~J- ~p'J .JJIJV'~.2'1.-- L Uy!Jj.I",IVI .JJIJ..l! J ...$.1;..-' if.L J-.::J.J vI

,tJ1t,;.v v-.J.tl.J.tlL

.JJ L ~I'~

L/ LvI

t:f~JJI .r,v!' ~ .::..~y.JS c) 'I.)).! t,;.v v!;1.-- v! '::".JY# Sd!/

~J.J.J~

Jj L

_~ ~I e..(~L

-r'y.1(

v! f1839-eJ'~

'LJ1 ..::,.~Jlt .JJI.JJ

uJ)J/

.!.J~I

JI.--.::..I.--L

vI ~JJ1 I~

.::/'; J)iJ1/.o: .::..iJlP

u£JIP '::".JY#~ji fTC J1I~ JIY' c Uk

_v!' .JJ v.:J~ S~I 'I SJ:P SUJ)J' j-~.Jd- L.::J.J ~ J-.::J.J ~ _g, L.!j.,il.;

J'}I eJ~; ~

v!.::)Ip S.J~I 0" I}J _fl. J1.J~Jj .JJIJI;i J~

I().z11 .JJIJ;I.--

UJ)J'

Ji f .:l- vI

IfJ'}I j~.J,f-' Jj .JpiJ1

-r' 'tl.::..j J":::;iJ1v~L if.f~

.JJI~~I e..(~~ JIP '::".JY# vI

fT~

~I e)J' I((;)

L l) 'LZLJA '-l;;j

LIJ

L.!

SJ'f v!' J.!~ y. f J!!rJ. v!'fo: J_j v! )J/ -:l. J1t,;.v ,-Y. L tf~ f~ ~;. -L~ ~I,}..; J/I J' 7.17'-15'-?J Sif.,f J1J"P I(;J.J J. _;I; 'fl...!;, v! UJ1JJ .JJI 'ET-~

.::.ell

-LJ1!

J'}I.J!it~ ....f f1943

S~~ -r'-~~ PiJ1/e) L U~ d' 123,800 I.)! f1849 '~ 41% .:l- L·e) .J!it80 v! ,.1830 [J> _~ LJ1 f:;;} JL ).z1'~ IJj -r'ei.... 1/J1.f:;;}66% .:l- L C) I~i. V' ~r J~0,.if; -:Q'~J~ '-'1'1:,$,,;' !Ij.J cY'j J~J Jv! d' 1 \(V'~ 1C;& ViJ~ J~I(vI ~.vl J t .Jv-ct .;l)~ eJ~;I(~j

.; )~)J

)J'

114

8% l4:)tJ

v! e.J!i.-& [Â¢- 'VV

JL.PIv! 4:)tJ

J- Lj..i J:/ -/ J -V~JJ25%JIP'.'l.

v! ",)JAV '" I

.JJIv! VI ~ '::J

J..:::;u, JVI .JJI..::.-~Ijl L r;)

..:::;u, J C) f s: _po J"I} L VI

J~ ~ UJJI v!~ tV v! J~

';-'I

~ VI

-I J1 I~ Y'J V.JI" ~ v1' J

AV '" ",:,,,

L.J~.JJIp -L~

",:,,'f"t.f.::/; 15;U,/.v! cJI;:--J~ ~ /,JI -15J ..::.-;~I

'JJ1 d I U~ v! ufo. J f1846.JJIf1845.u 'I Jz~ L eflr VI -?fi -VJ1('i jJ) 15;U,/.{",:,,'f., d L '-flr .JJ1Vv! J ~ JI.J~.JJi ,;",:,,, ,~ J1 ..::.-1.1 ~I L VI j 1j.Ji.::/; '" d I UJJI .: '~ c:c: "-' v! ..::./;tJ. ~' I ~.Ji If".:d'"' eflr ';.JJI ~ c:C .lit]" {I" JUJJI.J~.JJ '" ",:,,1-~ c:c: J .:.JI~JL.J:/ L~';-4' f1846.JJ'

t::-

J~v! ",:,,'f"..:; ~~.J 15;U,/.-~ v! ~lP Yo.JJIJJ.Jk'=.::.Jl7. SUJ.;IJ/ dL? ~I L vlJ

~I e.t~~ vI -~ ~ .J~I t/-I e:.....;J~

L vI

'J!

v!j' L cJI S..::.-~~IYo....ff1848~ f1847~JJ (~ ~ A~I L ~i -I 15J) J!.'J' SUJ11i' ScJIL)i.J~ I(.)~.) SU~ -V~j~~dl; j'iJ OJJ f ut;i~ ?L LL.PI I~ JJ +- v! U~ ~'::J JuiIJ.J.J( Jd' .JJI(.;Y'.JJ JI !.5;u,/. '" v! "::'-JGo! vI -JJ1 "::'-JGo! v! cJCt v! f1847v! ,..;:' L vI .JJIJJ1

-J!

~ JiJ' LJ Jv.1 ..::.-7 .JJI'.:'.'''~.JJJ1 J/

ScJILi

JI '~j

';-, .;IJ/

L ..:::;u, 15;U,/.~ -[;[_ ~ LJ1 Ji? _~ J ~ {",:,,'f" LUJ:t!' v! f1849~.JL29 .JJI-JJ1 15ji ~ U~ v! if. f f-15J ~ SJIJ.J~VI L ~_'15fi _~ ~JJ LI? L UJJlI",:,,'f" LJ1#'J{eflr L J- ~J uV t/- "':"~(

"::'-JGo!

115

JrL o~ ~y. JfJ.Jr (Ci

J/-JYt!)!

.I f.v

.I ~

J2 '~ ~

y. v~.;fA

Vf U.J~.JJ f

.JJf .·:"f.Jij

-~~ If ~~J (~r~f~"~

..::+~L('~ LJ~'

Uy.

LJ-.:;j..J

y L('

JI?!)! J'J.Jr ~.Ji vf

I.).,)f L Jr .JJf

4- L

~"I.)';

Jy. s'.~ .JJf~ ~

S~,!)! t:l- fl;..1

.JW;'

.,::.,~~,~, .J"L-- L ~

1~u~-~Vlfr

.Ir.

-~ ~ (I,; Po L uJ./ f~vl?fr) ~j'f-

fj~1

..JI;L

'::'>;J .JJ' ,,:.,Y;:

L!)!~

.;:;-_f,;1; 'Tj f.;ln.JJf 'f- ~.J!) f.~ uilb/. " ,.)i ~f r .;f.zjf uilb/. ~

..::JJ OJ~

-'f- ~.J~J JUt-

-~~.J Yt ,jJ ch ..,.,JI; .JJf~~.JYt ~~f

...u.- r .,::.,~~f ~J

f1856 .;:;-_f1848 Po

Jfi I~..;J-~f.Jij.Ji.L

(Mansel)

...

r 1.)~.JJf

t.:I-

.JJ' v1,j'/,J

1172.;:;-_!)! I.))i

.f clJIJr

L tJ~

, ...

~y.JL if. f

. .

4!... O.J .J~ 59!)!

'UJ

":"';jJJ./;;

<If f.Jj" u.;fJ~J S t.:I- f.J'.v

'J-.f J.? I.ffi S ~f'~

;f~~;-

j_ L~

'bJ Uilb/.!)! ~If'., L.f .;;.vAj/.1'bi of

f 248 -I ,;.,::.,j~'S ;£.1 .J~

-L~~~ ~J!)!

ujy)j J7-;.J/

~L if.Jf .JJ' J.JU ~~ 'J.JU u}1: ~

-4!... ~If'.,.JJ' JV-Jk 63%!)!

i.J~.f~J

L ~ / _Ii., L ...:Ib/.

IJ'J~i-~J.f (Ci OJ-~J).J1r'

~ __,v!)! "::"J~ L

uH t.:I- -~J

IJ.J~f uilb/. JC' ~ .;:;-_~/

L ff_7.'

4·r .Jf.zjfuilb/. ,,~If'., v1 Lt: ~ --?J S 1.1' i.J~{_/f -'Yt ~ ,.:.~ JI" ,;s S

~If'.,!)! "::"J~ f1857ffYt ~

116

_~)~ (u"'£ Sf1849.JJ' 'f1846'f1845Lt' '- Un ~.){ ~u.i~J;;.z 21..- L (j' L ufo' _f£ J11Jj ~ v'~'...t L.fJ~./.I J'J -v! v{u~J~; f'f- S ~ I S .::.-~ v' L uj.lr-~", (j ...t J'u Lv' L ~f" s:L~ k"..::.-:~ -:.IJ'L~ ~I'JIVJ L u-"-,VJ V' '- uJ~.fi -~ ~~...t '::'-JGo!S1"1857 ~ u.lj YoL -::,"U£l' S ~f"'""L11t,;..} .....~ (1"1857 L vI -~ ,.p,f- '.lj",U)JVJ S d- f~ I;J~ '- ..:V;JJ. I U1J";(jl...t . (jl2,500 -U11,; '~'::'-k J ~...t un )(' ~k".t~~/.:;;~ L d- f~J.f clJJJr ~I L.f ~Ij./. '- ..:V;JJ. I U1J~u.i~J;;.z ...t~.IJ.IJI ~IP S uk- -L ~~J '- u;~ u f~ .I;...t '-.I~ j~J;;.z ...t? .Ii if JYoJ~L .::.-V;;' (j' -I uJ ~y. j,/ SuE -~~J( '-J.J, Su;j J~ I u"iJGo!(j'/'v{ ,J.JGo! 12 L U1J~ ~ Yo"" Z:=.) S '::'-JGo!'- Jj S U)JVJ S uJ)J/ L J.ltJ (j~ S d- .IJ' ~ ~lP( ~ )JVJ ~ f JL J.J,'- uJ)J/ (j' ~ -: ~JV'(( ~.tG'- er- v' L uJ)J/ (j' -v! 1J.f ¥ ~ v! 1UJ.f f;!~ ./Ij JL.lJI .::.-~y ',-.Nt ~ ~' '- 3.1~JJ3J.Jt ,fJ.J,,f u..Jt .IJI kl)I {~JI uH d- ...t,.p L U.I'~ '~.1 )JuJ ~f"~ v' -J-.f ~f,p -L '-.IL ,-J I ~, ~'I UJ ~ Lfy 1244'j' 2383 i.J S (j' .I..' .lJL-! (jl; 147...t(j' '~J 21..- (uJJ! ...tf1857L uJ.I'J/ d-

(j' {.. .::.-L';'

.IJ' vA'~

~, ~J~ L .::.-~1b7

-v:

~~¥ Su;~...t

d- f { u..)J/

14 (j'

UJ v/.~

-L 4-J

(j'

-L {:-J

.::.-~1b7,L .IJL-!)J/

-v:

II: '- ...t(j' UJ ~ uJ'{ 147 ...t4'J..' I J~j(jl;1;..1 J [J> Ilm'

117

-JJJ/

Jv. vA Jd' 'v!' J!J1 ~

~ u~;v..l;;j ~I/~

"V:.J J?.JL"I un

v.. f1848-49vA J L T'1f., ~ --?JJJ)J~J

L ,....~ L f1857-L.~ 43.8 v..l;;j ~ ~ f1914iJ> -V~J,..,P ~J~; L L/ J¥'I.::..:!.J.r,t,j.J~ ~~ J..::/f JiU,/. v.. d~ J~ ~ p. 4-

Ll:> J~""..::.cL? Jfyl.JJI

'V";(;I

v.. uA

-l£ (~I

J)J~J

'UJ.JI~; 'uJ.JIA 4-

J' d' -~~ b~ I ;;f L UJ)A

Jd' r/ vl.JJI 'Ll)I

L U"':I

..: ..LI.~I4- L.bRi L

-t,j.JP ~.t~4- L uiJJ UJJt .JJ'u~ ":'J~J'f1857 ~i ~J J' ~~( J' UJJt 2..1..--

L l;;j

.J~.JJ of ~

v.. T'1f., r 7- CJ1 ~;'..t'~ ~IY vI ~ .J~ vIP -I JJ d'~.JJI..:.~tC>IL

J1'} J'.J~.JJof i ~liz.7,I..:."y .JJI":".J~I ,;-'

L l;;j .JJ'VJ1.JJ

4- L ~ v' Ll:> 'Ji I.,::;,u,J'l;;j f,f J1 ~ -VJp J.J~ Ii JUJJt v.. ...G. .JJ''t/...G. d(;.-J~ ( d' 4- v' 'vC v.. ji ~ ~ IT'1f., J';; L UJJt " v.. T'1f., (~'~l), ~.t~uk ~ d' ~..:.I} Yo v.. '-.J~ L UJ~ L lir.J J, ,;-' v.. ~".JLJ1 L/.J~' I ~~ tt_.;,.JJ:," ~ J'yy¢" cf. '"tY" )J~J u~;~ ~ ( d' T'1f., ~ --?JJ' ~~ v' J' d' -Vb~ -V ~ UJJt L U"':I

***

118

'(j '~;~ ,;-' i.",. Yo.fu j ~:

'f- j~ S(' JJ t}.J b~c ;£b~C-: -'f- ~ v! ~~~L J h ',.y

'.:;;Lj '':;;'1~ L

V' L11 ~Jb~c-:fi -v.r L~ 11J~ v!

,i Sv' .:;;~ ~t J

j'j ~J'

v' j v.r ;£f L ";J~ .:;....v' h 'v.r ;£v! (y! S.::.v-.(/ s' Lv' -'f- C~~ c,GJ~ ~ Sv' -k:'j ...JJ.) Sv' v! .:;;~YP ~J'

fi~/b~C \)11

SJ h (j,j'

Yo.f 'f- C11~JJYJJ~

~ ~~y v!,J.lP

v.! u~J/-:''f- ~ cfJ L11 ?-~

iH" ~J ~

-:.f 'f- C11

n' '/~

~J',

L11 J.j J ~J' '~~ \:Jf..vh-- 'u? '~h-- '/OC v! d' ,..f,{ L11 J:.; ':;;'1~ \)i~JI;.. (f \)11,j, '.:;;Lj j'j .:;;,}C L d'-v.r '.,:.J'Lz '(j,j'

~J'

v! d' 'v.rL11j

L d' _vlPYo v! J..-l.- v'-v.r

uJ~v! ~~~ L d' ~ ''f- C11~~.::....~ v! ~A L J h 'V~ v! (' 1.5/JJL~ ~~{i.:;.... .:;;L.JP d' I v.rLf 4} J'Y j~lfj~~JL t)j. ~Jhj.:;....JJ1JJ)(" 'f- C11.:;.....:;;).( .:;;L.JP ~J'",:",,'J L uyj u/JJ i~y u? -11 jvi v! Lf ('i I.:;;~ J 'L'J £~ .:;.....::.v-h--.f~ 'v.r Lf c;t v! ~~~ L _t\P.:;;L.JP v! ~~~L ~i Sv' ~J''-::"uV' 'l;) 'h/ "::.,,.; S

un,;-')('

:r~

-v.rLf

u';' j -I 11 ('i .::/; uilb/. ~ v! dVJ~ u';'4- L ~ v' -v! c,_,; t.lr .:;;L.JP v! ~~~L urh~ -:v, ~' L

119

v! ..:.v-~.J 'JI)I-: L ct"'~ {.;V ~? uk-- v! ur~.J L L (VI_L LJ~J/'::/;J.J{.J '-t' o: '-.J~L,J~ VI 'Po L ,.!-:S(:)1~I '7 Jy.~ v! l,.JL'fl. ~ v! mY y. ~ Su_,;.::'-.J~L un L,J~ vl-: v! J.J{.J (:)I'~ ji "' if- J.J{.J ',-,/ '~I.J '.Ji~')i~ '1J1J ~i eJ~ L vI 'L LJ ?i..::.LP-- v! ~ "' ~J)J' L un.JJI..::/; J) '.::)?J ~ '..::.LlPJ~J '~.JJ / ..::.LP-- (:)1 LJ1 LJ (t;..::.~uk-- -=- uj~ (:)1 ...rr '~ L~~ -=-: -J1 -=- ~ r ut..Jyf S(:)1 i LI:' ~ J.? "' (:)1 fi -J::.. I:' 1,£_J.), -v!' jJ1"::":~ /(J.), if-v! ..::.JJ.lr Juvl Po L~ ..::.LP-r UJti Sor»: .JJII.f'.Jl,.JLlSilb/.vI fi v!;:-- ~ vI (:)1 v! v' i v1 v! '-.J~L u~ L u¥, Yo s:v1 LJ ~IJV [J> -v1 L):;-I.,; ;-1.,; L ._i;J Y. f ~;f ~~}: / "::'W.JJ! ~i.J'" ~J~ I.)! '--j~L u.,.v L un ~.Jt.~uJJt do v! .JJJJ'~I v! .JJJJ'~I _if; -L J} )J' )'~.J lSilb/.'~k---" 'L ~ (:)'Jl,)L '-)~ L ~j L (:)1jJl L (:)1 ~ V' 'L ~ ..::.~;~ L (:)'-=- u~ v..ti ~J /(1' ';-,)J'..::/; '-t' ...rr ~ JP r.::::_~ v! J1 -:L.--r. r(:)' ~J)JI j J1 (t;.::/; SJ- .::i) ~ v! >/ '-/ JJ J2 u~ f~ -:~I J/ r c;!" S(:)1 J1 uk-- ~JIJr ~J S(:)1~, i V Jy. '~..ir IJ!j)) vI v! (:)'~7~,..,JI; ~7~~ '1J1J uJ['J(f' r v! ~I{,. ~ Po L "::'~JSJ-.::i..J v! e./ '-~ ~'f-L)J['Jtli .JJI -: ~ f(J L~ ~J )J; "' V' ~I v! 1.f'.J l,)L S(:)' i '1J1 )~I uk-v" L~~(t; (:)L' J d' L)~JLf ~ "'~If" f 7v! J~ L L)JJt L)Y .JJ'7 J") dLL..:.v-k---=-l.) ~l,.JL f 7 LJ1 ~;,--" -='-.JJJ

t./

',-,/rl)

-v

-~,v ,V'n',./ ..::.IJ~L L)P.

120

.I'tJ'

¥ I.)! ~If'l if.) {,.ICu}~·l' ~C1S ,:,!/-J.", (,;,;",1.1'

British Historiography on the . Sikh Power in the Punjab (1985)u/ T

,:,!/-f- jj JG' ) cf. .;:;} -f' J, '1:-£_-:::'~ S~,'P. L S ¥ k./J.! .IJtI.)!1739'~J);~ I.)! UV ILJ.ll), v.:, L ';:;JGo! S J- 'k. -,-/0' uk-- y.1.)!~IfTL 4)P L J'~' ~i?..R' I.)! 1752I.)! P. .IJ' s: L ~i? ¥ L (J q-v!b.lCJ.~ L _,

I.)!1708

J":::;~

;;;i L

';:;~J

dol.)! UV ILJ.ll), '}J -'Yi '(A. L. Polier»).{

-J.' -'-;

(:;J/ I( 4)"y I.)!.IJJ1.1' ,~,~ I.)! ~,

(~, (~

iJI.)! '-.I~ L~' L 4)n

-4A jj JG' (James Brown) ~J'/. ...ri1.1J' (George Forster)?.I) ~I¥ :f 4A -: u ''f- S ,f'1S L~.I'j~'y.1( .;:;U'ydo L ~I(

~.I! (:;.I~ 4).,)1

-:Aj I.)! ..:::;~ d' ~'f- IYi 4)£ (:;J/ I( d' ~'f- ~ -:Aj I( d'

.7.1.lJI":'_~-: ~~4A .::;_4)J,j

V:'j 0' dl

Ji? I.)! -:Aj ¥ r'f-

J'J LYi

S ~II.)! ~Iy. L 4).,Jlyd' -~J

~J ~'f-

~4A ~

-fi S 4)}1.f

s;4A-: u 4A (f ..:.L? y.1.)!'-.I~ L 4)"y I.)! ,~ .IJ'I.I~L ~I -'f- jIJ.{uJ. ~I;" ..::/f S d' -'f-

.;:;IJI...--I.)! (UZi J.~ L d' -'f- JIv -'f-

JYi J; I.)! ~ S'-;(.IJ'

I.)!

J"{/ S4)JAV L ~I

4A .IJl.-!.lJ1 'p d J.} L ~I -: J_ 1.I'-4A UJ~ L u.f.l~ J f.lJI.lL.,:._.,J-'f-

.:A (:;IJ.II(;; -'f-,_i'

~'.I;

4- L d~J~

-L 1.1../.')

I.)! dl;-

cf...:::;~I.)!

r -: f

'f- ~

-4A

'JYi d 14)f-y' .IJ'"Yi,.;z? ~ J'J I(4)J~ ~ I.)! 1803 ~If" I.)!-?~j. .J'Iv L~ J? y. f Ld~ -rt.cf. -:~ L 4)J"y -: ~I;;

L 4)"y ~, L 1.1' '~ ~i ..::/f,f ...fi; f 'f- -: J~ UJ/ I(1.1' -0$ .::;_ ~Iy L (Sketches of the Sikhs) y. /

.I}

L J'J.I 4-1.1'

{,.IC I.)! '-.I~

'~I) fl4)JJ.!

L ~I 'SjJ~; .J'Iv L 4)"y

121

.i.L?,.J~rJ L -;-~ ';-,L. J- k.lJ./-Jr (f .~ ~ L VI -1( /, JI? / UHL

,.::)jfi

,0' J~

v! dl",

t-/ U~

v! 1.1',0' 1/

IJj L.U.,¥ -1( /.J~I /J~ .JJI...6. L/( 1~J.J d\ L. U.,¥ .JJI ~I?,lJt f 11.5.J~ v! ~r o: d'-1( v! UY J! ~ ttJ. ,...A)(;" v! U.,¥ _~J/I~ Jr,;, v! d' L. uP L JI~I ~I?.xl L ~ 1,f:' ttCLJ)" v!.:5L L VI ~)JI)k (Ii '7 ~)JI 0:], ~ ~J 0UJ.;IJI cJ' -7 J.J~I 1.57. ~ ~ 01.5.JJI.;: .¥ .JJI 7 .v-L -~~J cJ~ ~ L (j ~' ~J f 7 C~ do ~j o:],.~rJjfi v! U.,¥

J.,;(;

U~L d'~

v'_'f- ~ ,,:,,0"0d'j tt~1..P~ )" ,,:,,0"v # 0cJ' -v! If.} d,j JI

-J

"' u.,¥ LvI '7 (H. T. Princip)~.r: _~I t,;.JY'('I Y JJ ,J .JJIL L i v!.::);1PI.5}Uu: .JIJ/ of .J~L t ~ fjp( "::;J VI :7

cJl?

,_ L oJ.~

r ,,:,,0" 0 vI

-I .::/"0 J-

..::j..J "' ,,:,,1(.,

il? v! 1834-: (Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab)

JJ r..:/"0J-..::j..J UV1./'t./ ~ lPL L L b.JCJI;'I ~ 1.::/" 0J-..::i.J tv! L~ r ..:..11'~.JJI..:..IJCjlj L vI

U~J T

vI -7fi~~ J.'i .JJII'" ~ l:) 0~ f 7 if.J:",.JL":"'Y .JJI~~ L Jj ~ q.1J- ..::j..J-7 c[, If.} (-y(' ~~J v! ..:/" S r~" S,/ ~/JJ ~ v!~ f 7if.J> tf- .JJI'JjJj '~iJ ~J LvI f ~ j ~ : 7 UJJ r U-"Jj JJ SvI U ~ -iJ If.} v~'JI v! J~ ';-,/ U}WIL vI ~/.JJ .JJI: I.5JIf.} ..:..Y'L~ I~0( . -~

v! 1837-38Yo f 'f- (W. G. Osborn) cJ/, J, -J. -J.:b,/ Y JJ ,,:,,0" S vI -~ !r v! .J~.JJL J- ..::i.J .J-L-- L- J;fi j.JiJ

122

.:;j.) Lv' v! if.'f- ttThe Court and Camp of Runjeet Singh" '-)~ L (;,j '" -f- tJJ,yP v! '-)~L (;,j tf v' )J' )~)JL JCf)~ v! LJr.!} t://- L ~J IUJ']j d' e~-f- ~ 157.~_.J)tf v' v! .s: L~.t.tJ/JJ ~.t. ~ ~ jl..--i tJ!:t.{~ f .:A f y. fUl?,.fl 'e:~r ,; (j!; f.:A f f- e1~ r v' v!'-)~L .::.-f'); )J' f- i); (j!; -v.t jJ1-r} ~ tf (' .J;! eJ f- jJ1 ~r ul? i J1.::./$ J). )J' d!' v! -rlf,.fi s.f- Jf r v' -f- jJ1-r} )i~ -f~IP ~i eJ~;.:A L) J~' 1 L(j!; eJ

e')j

If )

f f-1GJ,yP tf '.:))i; d' )J' v~L Ui)~)JL J-.:;j.) dr. r ~ v! d' -f- c)....;JJ ~ tf v~L u;J,} eJ -~ L)J~' eJY. I5'kflf'v.t j)?, .::)JJ-r}) d-I )~ tf ~')ln' )J' fY' ifI

-v.t J~J1(ef) /.

)~ 15' LJ1

r L J)~}~'

L..::-~ v' v! v' f tf- -: ..::-~t./t; J J.7. L dr. i ~rJ)I,.V vJ) ~ ~ v' _t£'~, cd)~ {-rIf,.I-:/u,/. f v.t v! ..::-uf L v' L J;..- L J-.:;j.) )J' (q L -rlf,. ,,?fi -'6 £:. -~ ~ d- ~t.r v' eJ)J' t] tJJ) J.}l tf J- .:;j.) Y. fJ) /' ~)i ~ (H. Steinbach) i~J~' tJ/i e",; v! 1845 -rcr tf v' ~ d'P L tt-rlf,.15/' )J' '~iv! 1836 ..=/;iJ. Jf'.Y ,-)I?'

v' -t] .11..-- L UJJt tJ)J~JtJ){ tf v';:~~)i fi eJ-JJ1 L ~ v' -J) ~ {-rlf,. eJf tJJ~; IUJ{_jf) J"v! -rC( ~, L

U'Ji-L r ..::-iI7i )J'..::.-r'{"::-;'d,p):1J-.:;j.) v! -rlf,. L v'

r -:/u,/.~ v' 'f- tJ?-' uh--U~Jf f-IGJ-: J.!J tf~ {-rlf,. -f- ~~ -:~L~v' eJ-'-) J~I dL' Jd' L) ~ ~v' f f-Jj JIf,.-f-P e;;'~~)} . .

Jr.r )J'i);

(j!;

J -rlf,. f f-IGJ ~~;

123

~ I.:;)JJ~.;? 6 J'J- 4.1 -'f-...I.I( .IJ' (jf .I(.::.v-J .:::;_ jVI .:::;_'~'4- v' ''f-1J).IJ/1 '(;) L ~~J 15' V' -'f- cc: Ir 'o..r.:} '(,uv Yo dl/I( ~If\"i 'f-~) ~ ~~/.fi -'f- J' Ir OJ d -'( Yi J} .:::;_ v' ~J''f- ~.;?J~' .IJ' .IJ' 'tll'd l:) '" ,.f/ -f1 f 'f- C)~.I~'Uf( ~~ vJ, do L LIr J J.j '" .:::;_' v! ,.l L v' i VYi ~ I(uJ~ .;~If\" -'f-tlrJ'.I'ir:)d.r.lJ'~f-f1) '-J~; 1 ~~IP Po L

~v~'L (T. H. Thorborn) d/..I; -~, -J 15'uy]j '" 1UJ~ L...G. v' '15' ti? Po L...G. ",~, J; tt~lf\" -'Yi.l,l..;..JJ.}15'd' --?Jv"~ J~ ';:L O.lJl1 L (W. L. M. Gregory) O.lI.J -(.0' -vt' -.tb tj Po L...6. v' f~vi?'''';) 15'~~ v' v!...G. v' L v' '15' ti? tt'" OJ"';' 0Y''' OJ ...;' 0Y'''

8J':::;_

d ~,.:::;_ --?J15' if. 15' o-"~L UJ-"V

1d' L

v' ,.f/ J; .IJ' 'YiJ~.::,.;(.

I; ~hJJ L -5.

.:::;_':'~ .IJ' O.lJl115' U~ -:-JYi

-'Yi'; UI.V0/ JJ J'J LIr ~ 15'U~ J, ( . ..6. v' _IfttU:.1 J.lL"

1~v~ L d' L ...G.J2 eliCIrIf JJ% .IJ' v} JI

...f ~, -1JJ~

-oj-;-

'f- b.lC", .:::;_ ~ .:::;_ J;~ Yo v! '-.I~L U~ JJ 15' v' -'fOJ ...;, 0Y''' 15' (1. D. Cunningham) 15' d' ~ V' -li ~ Yi k-'" J'' ' JI(v.. '-.I~L U~ 'JJ' v! "::"~YoJ JJ -li cc: Ir IJI.:::;_Ji p v! ~J.I J'J''''' v'.; b.lC ~~ .IJ' eli '_:;;'J':::;_~y;i i...~L b.lC-:f li -"..f;.A;f O)~/. ,,?fi 8J

n'"

# '-/

.I,bJ ~V~' L V' '.1) -li JIP ( JjL L 1..'.1 i.l"" d2 .:::;_ I(b.lC15' U~ .IJ' 'f- ~ ~~ O)~/. v! V' 4- V"~ L i.l"" .IJ~

124

-~, ".,·f _7· ,.;'J.Jx,

v.. J(9 J)JL U~ [J> .::.-'J' L ~J .J,J oj f 7 -:J2J J V'/'7

OL i? (i' --fli ~J t.t1 J(9

fl)

~ ~

L d'

-:Ji ;;;;I( v'/'I) JL-: ~".J}

s,7 c:C .t1-:/'7 Jf

f t --fI-: '7

(.)!J J} eJ -7 C~.t1~.v

c:C ~ ~b:~ JL-: IdV-JPi

JL-: v.. dV-JPiJ'

.JJ'~ JPi J'Yy -L~ ~J./'~ I....;~J' .JJ'U~}

/ -L vtiJ ~ J....; JIv.. ~'J .:;..-'-: ?v' '4A ~'J P (LY' -vt~{.'~v..v'~J'-:f 7,J' -:~v'7~J~~Jof I .;;u, J d' .JJ''/ '-J ~ I U~ s:7 Uv,)," .::.-~ V' eJ '~i

v.. V' ";.JJ'~ ~.J

I J~ L ~J V' L

L ./

UJ:J'

1lJ) L (j' '.;/"/.-:-t.Jj L d' '4A U~} Yo J UJ'jl jl)' .JJ'''::'-'J~ L./ ..::/; u)U,/. eJ 'C./~J of Yo J' -:'~)' I.::.-~ .::.-'j ./ Ji

-7/Lr~

~ -:f 7 ..,r L.t1 1...../~

v.. '-.J~ L ~~.J J U~

J(9 J n~" v.. U~ -7 J tt,.-Q}!;" -" '7 ~ ~; Lv' f t} ~".P -:J~; J J-.:;j..J -t} ..::/1,1.; J UJ'jl J .::.-~ J J- k/JJ Yo f J J(9 J~~.J U:' --fI-0./ ..? IU~ ~~.J of L J-.:;j..J -L .::.-'J' L...it jJv.. JyJif. .JJ't} .; d' ~'.JJ

-~ wV IU)JJu~) u~JiU~JP. L ...G. Yo f 7C./

.Jj'U~

v..2 J

.::.-L';' u)U,/. d' ~ IUi.;,'t?} .JJ'UJ); d' f t} -:.::.-~ (i' v.. d' -Ll), L UJ)~.J' J- JiJ'J- ~J! 4 ,t} J 1.5.1'; ~ (j~, L U? f:l. 4:-J .::.-L!"i' ~*

-J-~.JJ'

L V' f J ~ .:;)..? ~

v' v.. J'/ u)u,/.I ~C1J v'

125

r L.f.l ~ If.. ~-A L U~ .IJ''I S~-~

,.JiPi L <11&.' 1.5)u,/.

L 1.1' _(~~J/..:.v-'}/. {(,j, 1.1' ~~;JJ.~'

{(it 1.1' -I) V.lL.$,

-VJ~' L

~r/ if'_('f- L.no e;'~'~ ~.,

~.1

S..::./~ ':::;'J;Â£ ",:",V eI' L u!J b.lL JiU,/.

~;~,~ I~'~JV'J,.! ~t~.1

/J~' ~ L,vvIP

"k .. :::....' ., I~-.IL U

;;/1. _ v '! .. elV'J.k1

...J~ If.. UP;'" .I~.IJaf _(~J/L -:L Ur" i I) t/~ {",:",'f" tJ.}1 'Vl Ullt ~ .::/~ (" ''f- ~t' If.. J ''f,.JiPi 1.1' L ~ _.(.t; -'f- Jj JiJVl t/~ -~~~J/;'Jr S1.1'/ J'(j ~ ..::./;JJ.~'

{",:",'f" If.. ~1I1veI' '.J)J

~ 1.1' 'S.::)J~ SjJ

***

126

UX:)/

)j'

J' ,;-'L U? s:i.J1 v;?lz u/...J;I.v! b)C )j'

lP(' -: v!'-)~L u}~....;.1'" ...f.",:,,' -'f-

'(~ J' or»: ~

~'J')J~14V- b)C ~

J' J)C Jj)-:s» C'f ~j J'd' )j' ',i.. L'f do -: J/

1.1' ''f- O'j ,::)/' ,-/"

j'f 8).1y; JjA...f.::.v-k--"";.I" b)C ~ v! '-)~L uY;j))j' U;rlz l5/ jJ.f ~ ~ 1.1' i)Y' ",:",.f L uJ: I,-)tPJ L b)C ~ JY'I,; L U? s;i.J1 'f-).f~ ~.I" .: L U? f' 'f- J'Uj'?'C.,:..flz(i' eJ~J~ ~ v! d' -Li .I

J_;

-I

)j'

u;. ";c/,j I Uy;!;rl? ur') L v

LlliJ f -: I.Il;:j) ~ '-/ ss li-f1 )j' '~(;-ov'(..::,!,» L (' ~)!h''-A u;. J' Uj'?'c d' -Li.I L '-:'Cj Iu}w' f -:.1I11Y. ~ "':""" '~'.f )j'

":;'~)J~

'-/

tv! jy; ~

f~'

v! ,-/Lr -f1,j'Yo L ej J n' ')}'f 'J! '..::,li~tft '''::'')iJ '')( v! d' -~~J?Id' U~j -'f- ~'x .:A '( d' v! L~ JllliJ -~ jy; '-! JJ J'j1 n' J:? v!'-)~L ( _:, 'i.J1 v?/ i _:, J' J! U~'-)'" ...f~ ~IY'(..::,'/'L d'" b)C )J' 'ux:)/ J'Uj'?'C~ ~~, v' 'J; J'd' Uj'?'CL J,~)} vI,; 'J~' IUj'?'C~)i v! v' i ',y; )J'

tl..f L.?C -:~,

f~'

)j'

~t'j ~.&b l5){ ~JA J' "::";:j~J 1.1' '~'J'

.I,JYo L

.J.(p:. L u.v jJ L Uj'?'C~.Ii f'/.,_f

v! b.lC~ 1.1' fl/

-~ ~

Jzji -:

eJ~Jv! LJ:li)j'b.lC

UY'j j.l'i

J'li' 'V-

127

L UJ.7.C j(;:--Jk u! J' J)c i)'"

~)i ",:",' ){)~.L v' u! if.J ",:",Cf,.f JJhL u! ~ v' -'-/.t f-) / ~ L u~ JJ 1;)' u! v" f-); J'; 8/f- ,.f~ ~L)J.7.C L J~r)~ )J' ~ )J/(

-'Yt~.v

v.. )JJ J~~r)

J f- V~~(bI'

L)~)/

,.fL)J.7.C

)J'

-f' ",:",,

df" v.. ~

~J) «(1600-1750 '..:;,),j J~' J ~)i

(Stephen Fredric Dale) ~j (1600-1750)

j(;:--Jk )J'

)J' .7.C j(;:--Jk"

6)CJIY',.f if)"'i ~ f ~Indian Merchants and Eurosian trade -f- JYt tlf; v.. 1'1994 -f- ,..,v ~~ -f',jY ~

...f;' )J' 'tJ}/J'~...J ~~".P .L v' v.. ",:",Cfv' ~I JvJ 'I;)'t' Yo s:f-,.f ~ .{U~)/ ,.fL)J.7.C j(;:--JA1;)' I;)')JJL f -:i JJ' -'-/.t Jr ~L.-- J"~JJ.~ ~ v' .s: J~r u! vJ) O)J' L)J.7.C ~)i 4 f 7!(,..,v ~ Uu' u! 6i 1f.L UJ.7.C j(;:--Jk ~, .J. ''E1-~ t:(J ~ ~ Ji ;;;;L u.:.r..;!/ ~) l' 16)C ';AI '.L ..::/f

)JJ

-f- ..:;,)J/,.f~ ~Ji ;;;;j(;:--Jk )J' J~' -il ,:,)JI 'i:... ~ ~ )~)~ i,:, j(;:--Jk fl) ;C -:,_f ",:",''(JJ f f- C/~11' ~(bI' -: ",:",' -I) ~,:) ~)} 0:1, 4- L 1;)' -: ')~ L

I;)'t' cJl;)~' '-./)~ 1--,,'.7.L Jk '- I;)(;:--Jk .1L.-- L 1;)' 'i:... LYt ,:,L ..:;,'~ ~,j' 1tJ;/ -J/ .7.C -: )J' i:... L~ tJk.~0:1,-:f f- CYt~~ ~ v' 'i:... LJ'i If (;/" /.4- L..;...~~{ ~

, £

.....c- vJ) )J' ~, JvJ

f- JYt J:.~ );

(""' ~

e~ C/J' ~

v' J"'} ,.f

-I)

(""'

if. f 1,:, 0:'

fi ~

-'-/.t L~..;...) If 1;))'; 0:1,Lr LvI f ~ 1;)'/

,./'(Pedlers)

L~~~(bI'

j)(

v'J tJ4 ~ 1 L)J.7.C I;)'.L L)})'"

~)1

-f- ,.f?1,.f.L~ ~) ,.fu}'J tJ4 J' ..:;,),j,.f d' f f- CYt8;'~' i

Jy~L)~ .ij ,.f1;)1~.f

-:.J. 'I ~

128

-?~ e~G"~ J'~, .1J',i..L)(r dL Urj ~ ',i.. JP v! .;;,j,(~;;.IJ _.,II/ ~ U;'~'.?C J~Jk

;: v! ~.I~ L'U~//

J' ~, v! .IJJ L ._k f1722)

~.I~L

L ~

f'i- C..t1eJl..t' ~ el' 'v1'

.I~J.lr(jJr .IJ'...J!.t"~ ~Jk

,,?fi

J;:r J'~, v! f1832 -L..t1 J~i)i o: ~'!' (j~

f1501 '

J "=/~J~J

J...;.'J L) . .;;,)( J ~) L ~ ell;7' .IJ' ivJ f 'i- ~ (Burnes)://. v! f ~-?J t.fji f 'i- C..t1'~ -: J'r ~.; Uk -'i- v! ;-~L UJJk ~k: -i'J J' v' c;:J!lJi/. .I; v' Uy ij J' UJ'?'C~Jk It .d

r-'

.IJ' .;;,r'~.1 v!Jy'~"

....!C L U~,f'

J'"

L (j)"J.t; ~~..t1 L) i v! J_r#J J' J?t..1 ,,?fi L U~ s:'i-!PIv! «« elj'V ~~,

.r Ljf ~ s:v! ui~JJ'

f1570

-1/(iYI ~

.Ii ~L' J d-' r./...

d'"'",: .IJ' !- .;1; '.I~, / ~~Jk Po L v"~ (F' I~ . J'v' -'..t1e~~.;;,r".1 of./. IVlP ~ -i'J J'~ n' ~L'J,d' v' -t J

.;;,1( ~-

J' (j~ 0:' ~ v! .IJJ~ '( ..t1 t !;l'-:-'..t1JI,.;.' v! .;;,)(~ -i'J J'.;;,)( L~.J;! L ~~Jk -'i- c:C ~ If u~oj~ f Jfi JfJ ' : -L 7. ~

~f"

~/JJ

~ -i'J

tv,i;

f L..t1 v!.::/$ .IJJ(j~ v! .;;,tJ~L L (' , ~ .IJ"~) J,~ / J,i) uk-- ~, /~ i.G" {U}Ij:L v-V . e~ ~

.IJ; .; .,:.;~

J'~, .IJ' '2 J' U..t1!1i~L v'

J! J~;.Ikv

vI; ~tJtp,,1l(~·'

~.I_}

UH v!";:.L V' -'..t1iJj /.;;,)( ~ .

:: v! j..i- L .;;,)( .I ',i.. A J~

(j;l' J..t1

tf.! ~';;'J

(j~ .Il

-i'J'J'

if. '~J.. '-Vmz - .' .,'

U ~'.t~.~ --?j1

JI ~ -i'J J' c,4; IS' .,:,")J'L..t1 v.! J IP.;;,~~, . JI tf.!, v! L) .::.&.;;,~~ uH 4- J"',i.. L~.if.l~ ~Jr.l

129

_Ji .r,t! i.lj.l; v' JJ'J Jc;: J (/ sv -:J) v! c1':r'.IJ'el~J~ ~ r Nt L JI-JJ JA v! Lb: )'.JL I~~.1 .r L t'.Ij L v' t:.i .:£;J V'" s'f- ~ v! ttJJI ~~" ,,:",0"~, ~ cl..J' (Uii i.l"el' -4.lJ LJ1?;

V J);)

L t.:l- f'4.lJ J~i,;

r: JJ.lV;

,,:",j .IJ' 4.lJ J~i Yo f

v;.J? 4-' vJ r: ~

eJu.L

U-;'(.IV;~

u_4.lJ 'f-.1 J4 ~

-I),f-' J~i.IJIi.lj.l; )jJG" ~ .IJ' 'P ''/(v! .I}' VIP'~ .IJ' (~J,?

v' J!J..IP L el~J~

v' 'I) r.f~~A_~JL Yo ~

~ el','

el~J~';,:I

v!FY'~) J'('eY!...f? ~ el',' -0 '4.lJ

-t! ~

v! el~J~ Jt J u;j/~ el':r' .IJ'~' JvJ ~ .I!}/. .I~ ( uf L. L".. .IJ' J_;;f ,;-' v! ).rIP L u1;,.IJ' Ui.~ -'f- UfiU:I ('{5', Jr.r L el' Yo '~ 'I) 'J1 ,f --?/ Jr- ( UJ.zL v! ~;r.rs:'f- -:JL ~ ~.I)' (~ j/ ~ ~(~.I'i -I) ,f-' ~, f 'f- LJ1~~ -: ~ U')J~ / r f v! J..(P L FY' -~ Z_J ~~-:'YJ.Iv! ~.I'i FY' J el?J~.IJ' I) ~ L U?

vfI ('.1pi J?~ L el~J~

-I) ~IP ('{5', JL eJ~jIUJ.zL

L~ I:)'. (~J,J v! ~.IL' -'f-7o ~ ~.IL' ~ .J;~,f ~.I'i" f 'f- (¢O' u_4.lJ LJ1 ,,;,i ~L ';-'.zL v! ~.I'i f ~ -4.lJ

JUJ.zL -: f t! -:~~

>. >. .; ur'.1

r' ~ JUJ1I?J~J~~'J}-I '~

JUJ1~1?-~ a.l Jh> ~ ( upyr~LJ1 J.lJ; L elLv~' .IJ'~ ('.II IUJ.zL Jt 'tJ2v.:'y el'J.I( -~ ~J':""'J jr.r J!~ uA IUJ.zLeI?J~y, -J1'; ~ ( L~ to!) . ,.f£~ ;£.1 Jh> ( ~~ J;.-'.1L'J L~ J( ~.I)' vIP el?J~~ ~ ( ....i, ~ J) v' -~ ~ ~y Iu)G" J-:J'i J~c1W.1; e~1? v_' .IJ' 'tJ~~

130

;;'k'! mY L

U}P ~ r.t #'1590 -.:f:. ~ S.::.J;lP Sl).,GG" JC' 'Yi2 -L Yi J;;f J'! 2:..'.1~ ,-:"r. IUJj'v- .1J'UJ.zCJ'I) -:~ '(2 SuiY (;h.1'({ UYi!il~(i' ~~J~ !'f- t,I,,)-'-.1~ L jI L _J!i ,;~ .::-~ ,,)-2:..'.1 ~ v' 'J!i ,;~ v?J,,)- ;A.1 IUJj'v- J'I) Jp':;;- '(.::-~1.1'1 -v!' Jt.1 Jy,y v?r" S~ L~.1J' J~.1 ,,)-UiY ~ UYi!il~ J'V£ Jp '(.::-~ v' J'! L (j# vV ~~,,)-d'/' --?J S1.1'''-J ~ J;;f ~ L UJ.zC~, L.I ;;1; '( U~ .1J'UJ/lj L Ui# .1J'u}P -VYi J;;f t.lr {uly Sd't' ~ L UJ..1.C~ iJj (,i, ~ 1.::-.1'i,,)-d'.1i .1J'd'/" ~JR; J"Yi -: ~..(~'(.::-v~, d' ,,)(jv 4LY'V- .zC (jJ'J.1LL d~'.1 .1J'(j;J ~f"~ ~~ -'Yi If • .. J;j JI L:: -.:!..- L' r '.Y v" '::-.1~ d'..;.i:... jCl ~J~'J,)J(i',,)- b.1CL ur. ',,)-UJ.J.{ jV-JR; d.)' #'~ -'f-~J'!,,)-U(j~;J.i- b.1C",-:"V~, L ~ Jj '(UJ.zC ~.11 UJ.zCjCl ~ L '::-.1'iS'-;{,,)d' ;; 'vf .::-(p~' Jlr y. L -t,.// ":;">Jj,,)-.1';~L JIJ -: {u;l ~.;?.1/, ~JJC' (jJ

~'i.'

-~,N

J" ~,,J. ''f-} J.1L ~; ~ f -:..;/ ,;dCl ~.1,,)- (j dCl;.11 J" IS' mY -I) (lP:- .1V '( .1J'if ~(p ~, JYi ~ )i~ J vl( ,,)j~ v' ,.f;; 'Z/ JL.i uk ~ v' -I) C.I 'f-uy. L'J L.I.1r Ij{.1J''I) Vcr..%/ '( ~ S'-;{-:~ v' ''f~I;,,)- .1JJ

~yP

.::-).j

S'-;{ ~.J.1p

~1;.zC jCl-i:...

L Yi J~i.Ii Uk.1'( .:;./J .1J'

'i:... L.I~h./J.1 .1J'd'.Ji J d'I' ~ Jj S L dCl.zC jVJY. J! ~l)-" J' 'f- t,I L (Kotov) ..;)1-,-' -~, .zL Ij'J.1~,,)-

fi623

L'j L.I .::-~'i ,,)- d'I' J't,I L ;'.1J~.zC ~Ij

U- f1676 -L

131

v! (;)I)-P, f J'L (:"k-- d".z --fI ~~ if.. v! f1684-85 -~ jcl j~jk vj.J -£ J~i v! cPr (;)'..4--(;.zL jCJ.),i v! fl723 -~.zL jcl.J.!h.» jCJ. ~yt ».i v! (;)1;7' .::J L v' Jy; 0.1'; (J/ Yo v! f1747 v! -1 J' UJ.zL -£.zL ~ .Jj'OJ'J.JLj~'.J .Jj'0;JL ~lf7~ L UJ.zLjCJ. ( r' J';; Jy ::-~ ,..,v 'Y. ~ r J~J j~ ,;1; v! ~J./ v' L Uj.zL ~'; J' uJ/ ~ V" £ ?-.JLI:>zs ~ 0/JJ~ ~ -..fI ~ j;1J L (;)w' ~ ..:%'~ v! (;)'-£ L.f ':;">jj :: I .Jj'~,,~ J' A~ Yo .IiI:>L (;)''J.;:; J7 J' J~(;)' -~)j Jir ~ jjp~ .JJ''-';:J~ ~ ~J J' V' '~J" J'LI:>", u~ (j .JJ' L.f '£ L.f(rl( u-"J/. ~ '/ --fI :: 'v! J1.Ju.Jl:> J/ J' J~Jj~ ,;1;"' Uy;!;r~ J).f -L L.f'J' -"Jl(tt~ J..t" v!..J.C '-/ JJ~ ..J.C--fI )JI J? '-/ JJ L.f)~J.J1(uJ.Y'~.J} vI; v! vj.J·~'(;)'/i '(;)',' 7.L L l:)~Jy' ..,ijl. Yo f~ If.! ~"'J'l.;;' ~ ~ J/.,ijj v' f,j ::~J J' V' L V' If.!, v! .J~j.J1( v' 'V'.J?!fU; v~L u~, -£ '-J A"J' ~.JJ/ ::L UJ.zLj~Jy' -L LIj'~ v' l:)1J--'" J',[ L ~J ~~ L ~') .JJ''f- C§~ .,ijJ v! LiJ JL ~ (;)~jk fLy; ~.Y' IUJ.JI(..:;..r'J )J' Uj'£l( ~ (;)~jk fiJb7 ::...#J.) I(v"..u'~ Ly; ~ -,",-.f)~ IJ(Ly;?-.J uk _rt VJ~i.fiJ v! l:)I.JiJ d'l' L vi ~ ~ Lv'; 'V~"' (;)1;7' L VJ.Jv! f1556 ~ t£. y; (;.,) ti .zL j~jk ;/T uk ~ f1626 't£. illY. ~1RW ~ l:)~Jy. . ct' I5J) ~ v! f1695 -L L.f(g j~jk 26", uk v! f1649 -F~ v! .J~.JJL ~)'.JJ' L~.;:_ j) J' ..:;..)(j v! L)J;?~/ J' L VJ.J::~ l:)1;7'

f~'

.I~

e,y ~ ~

132

. l,).Ii.,l,).Ii.,~,...t ~'''Pt

I:)~7'-~ -r s- .I...t!

-L.I/2 jp .I,,''IJ..~

fL j'V"Pt 21...t f1684',L

L W_,), wk ~

wtJt ~ J' v' L 1:)'I,)J~itJ~ ~

v,-I I,)J,;i tJ!J,

'::" Sif. f e: LOr Iw,,~

-I

f JJ1 t;"J ti J? .:i)" v' ...t .::..)j

.::..tJlP u~L W}I:)' ~

/ ;;~ ( I:)'.t~1,)"" L/ ..::: "~'L .I~' o~ .IJt -LJ1 t;"; I;J~ o~...i" Po L v"~ ( I)~'...t 1:)'V"Pt.L E. L v'...t f1739-~J

J'~'

v'tt fI8I8 ~ -~ ~ /j~/.::..tJlP u~L I:)'V"Pt L wF L .I{.I~;:C jCl .I,,' rf J1 .::.J.> j).j S!~ v' i '1/..:::" I:)ClL -L LJJi I,).I{.I~ LI{- £_ jCl ~~, Jv,,;:C -: ,,":,,-L J1~

e. J! -: ~

CJ1c: ((1-, u~(f (.::..)j f tf- CJ1 J1jP

>. v' -:i tf-Ci.l ~

)kv (wH

~jb,"

j;;7 -:V .I,,''-/.t Lf .::..tJlP u~~ 'tf-'-/.t L~J1JV- J!! .2v £_ v'-J1 j;;7 -: w~ f tf- C~

-'f-I:GJ/r Iw~~ Jlr w:(~ .I",' tf- C~..Jt.f J.t;

***

133

..1.( JJ.J:_.,;t; L/bY

J~rIJ::~.)J' .)i.)~ •

\)_tJJ S JH 'JJ..; S":::;'J ~~,..;". L b.l J)!/ .0' d~ v! b.JC~ ,.(1) ,.;L; ~ -~ 'f-.J J~.d"VL ~~J <:0.d' .JJ'JYiJ) '-/ JJ L ,-/lr ~tY L v' .JJ"~ LYi .::....t)( L Sh"'£_ .JJ'

.JJ'd!/

-'f-

LYi JIP V' ~ J~ 1/ L 2...J "J_';IP L b.JCd~ ,.(4--JLLJ~1/ J

J~ JIP ~Jr' ~'./ -~

'J;Plz d' Sd' .JJ'~ ~b.JC.d"VL~'./'~J"'IPLJr. .Ii 'JJfiJY 'JJ.1.C..:.J>lz ~ ~ v! I.)' d' -~ ,-j~ ~'/' ,;-' ktJ .JJ' d.i J ~_;; Jiv -'f- J JH O'.J~J.Jr J"'; .JJ' 'Jf. L ;'.JJ .JJJL Jr. ,.(~ J;J u -:-~ 'f-.J J'j ~'./' '~if~i~ ~~f"Z'" .JJ'.;Ii~ J'-/JJ ~ -1./('; IJJ:,.Jdk-.JJ L ' "';1,;.' ~.JjL j;lPJ, L v! J)~j 'O'J J; I~v(?' J~lz .JJ' J'.-Z L JH 'Jr'.J .J';J -v(,~ Jh!..; v! ~'.JIJ.JJ' ";)J.J '(Y.J J u.vlr -1./ t'V- 'LYi L/.J,( IJI>. .JJ' 'JJ~.JJ'JJjl.; -:/.JJ ~ JJ.;IJ{; v!':~ --?JJt)J.1.C ..::fi-'f-.J zs 0'/ JJ ~ /.'/.}IP J .JJ' S J'i'} S~' ~ L J¥' ~ L ~)f .JJ' .J~J.Jrf'V:Yi If d' .JJ' 'Jl..i

v'"

J"..j~ -:~

cf!' y.~'

~;'.t'~ V' -'f-I.)'.JYi

>.~

-If:/)~ .. ~ J;_

v! '-.J~L JJ.1.CL

dl;--JPz

'f-.JL~ fi~ ..;:...dl;--JPz" ~V O'.J~J.Jr.1.C-:~ P ,.;L; ,.( 'f- CYi L IJJY .1.C~ ~.Jf .JJ' 'yo ( eJ~j~ ~ v! JJ.1.CJI;--JPzd' -~

134

Ur.

LfJ?-)

f i:...zC

Yo" t.";",- Vf

-I/l,;

L 1l1Y J~j ).Jj> )Jf){)(;

j)~.1

-: 'i:.. L U~ JJ

~...fI r )~J)r )Jf .;;,)l{ tJ! ';;'';Jf.J!

L (Claude Markovits)

JJhL jIi -'f-

t.f ~

)Jf ~J

The Global Trade of Indian Merchants, 1750-1947 (2000)

f 'f-IPI

f)1; L Ur.

tJ)~

f,J

Jfrf r

UJ.zC (;.IfL

1l1Y L

b)C -: J')~J)r L (;.If-~J M I )~J)r ,;-f j;;7

tJ! UiJfj

vf tJ! if. ~

._f

,.....t~.1L ~

jfj)Jf '.;;,t~Lurk-- ',::",vJ ~ j)1a-- '.;;,f~JV'J

...fI r .;;,L}v )_tf ,;-f Yo -J' J!'7 J'b)C

vf L

J JhL ~ J.J.J' ,_;l. -'f-~Jj

~ Jr'J

(;.IJj)Jf 'P ,.;L;.?C L 1l1Y J.1Jy' L C)! J' JJhL

{~ 'i:.. ?-) L~ ~

J) S ';;'.ll{ tJ! uJ. '-/JJ

)Jf Jr'J

vf ''f- ~ ~ r ~Yo"'- J' uJ'?'C JPi tJ! ~ tJ! tJv ~J1J~ ~~,:f r,_;l. f.?C JPi L..J1L..i ~,.J) tJ!.bi/ tJ! tJv ~J1)~ S .;;,)y tJ! Jr'J (;.IJj )J' P -t} ~ I.-! tJJ~i ~' u~J 'l# ~ ,;;,"'-7 )J' '7.'~.?C j!l ~ uk -t} (i'.::A ~ j;~j)l{ l).Jr. '11.'~ i.' Cd!' ')1.; -l#;Y r u~ij j)l{ Pif· -i:.. L.I~~ r.)

J? ~p.I'J'

-i:.. .;;,~ j.ll{ L (;.IV'JPi~ u~ L vV ).Jr. )J'

jJ' ,;~

-i:.. .iy j)l{ L (;.I'tJ! 'J~ '):d Jl# 'L.I.tJ! ~ J/ )J' ~, L -i:.. z....1 J~f IUr') u}JJ )Jf tJf.?C L (;.IV'JPi -i:.. L.I~~ ~,JvJ )J" (;.It;)W"(;.I't' -: ~ ;,..-')

jV'JPi

i k'..1 ~ " UJ)V L (,j, ~)i ~ tJ! tJv

~,-t

~)j

~J1)l),

'J>

.IJ1 OC L

(;.I'~

uJ;lR. ~)i (;.ILL.-l;;' ,,/-,

jV'JPi )J'

JJ1

J:;- /

~J1)l), tJJ,;i ~'

tJ),f. -: S JJ.zC L

.?C

(;.IV'JPi

0> -~l), dG )J/ L uyLz I:S uJ'?'C ~ 1.1' -l# C{ ~

135

SV' L UJ.zCL ~VJ~ -j' ,y. t~J± ';:'.Il{ J'~,v! Jv U~ f j' ~ JJ;,. Sv' -JJ/ (.;J' j)/ J .21£ L U5.1! ';:'.Il{ S~,L ~~1:' .!-.!, ~.Ij L ;--'.1Jf. ~,j2 -j' jJ1.::f SV' .IJ' ,;C~'.I~' L UJ.zCL ~VJ~ i

.I~ ~.I}

'J/(Ir J-"J v~'~'~.;:,)1

vI; v: ';:'.Il{ v' -~J/(.;J' ~/ Jr, ~ ur'.1

L g,y

-LJ1";"} .zC L g,y JLi ....I;">.IJ'.Ii-:

if. .IJ''f- ,;L;b"{:;J/ L(;'J~' f Yo ._f f'1914/ f Yo t./ Ji

v:j j.ll{ JJi

.;:,0~1)J/ JJ.IJ'~VJ~

L ~ f1855 o: J.~ L UJ.zCjVJ~ L ~J

L/ (Ir ~I?~' o: v'.I.J..IJ' '~ ',.;{$'

J? ,-:"Y- ~J'.zC jVJ~' v: ~J v' 't./ ';:'.Il{ _;~ v: 'L L~ L JJ.I >.S~,v:~ -:,-:,,' ,j2 -L 'f-.1/ ';:'.Il{ ~ ~ /0' v;?L7. (j Yo v: UJ.zC~, -j' tJ1 J-"J e.J~'SUJJi ~ ~, ,.fJ( .IJ'~'

L UJ.zCJ)'J.lL

v: p.-V])j JIr ~.I~.IJ''J.I'i.'-'?? V:~,J!i

-J/.I~'.::.J_/ V:~,If

jb" i.J

SUJ.zCjVJ~ v: ';:'~J~i)J)U,/.._f

~_~o u";' ,-:,,'-t g,y.

f1930

W J)U,/. .IJ''~(), o...(~b"LJ1~1.;.1 J)U,/. J_ ~, L

'v:

UJ.zCL ~VJ~ -~tp,z f U~J/ J.ll{~' v.. .;:,0~r) -:1£ L ,...u. L .I~J.lb" .IJ' ';:'.Il{ / -L ~ U)JJ ~tY" .IJ'J~

v:~,v: J.2Ir~' -:i -L L~fi~.zC ~tY" 0;.-~ U'J1 Jj -L L~)~ ~uJ f ui.ll ~'.zC -: ~ o!:'J Yo

.::A ')~

L Iff

u}'J

't./ U~k.~~L~ .I~.IP- ~ UJJ/ i JJ' f j' -:-,?JSV'

~,v: L~L .21£ f ui.ll U'.1J~J;4 SJ_rr ~ '~J~

J~/ -L L~/

.I-L L/ ~/ J1fJ?

c~~J)~

L~' ~'j' JJ1 ~

.;:,'j

J_ v'

~.Ij L .;:,Ly.l

.vv.:,'~ J';' J;4 S b"

S~,i ~~~ SuJ.zc jVJ~-'f-

136

~ 4f'~ U~ '-X -J/ .7.C-yiJ -i'j )JID/'i. 'U)IJ~l('U;IJ)L':::;

-=-J> U~Li v.. )~J)l(~.7.C L

L~,J. 'L i.: JPi'~LIJLj ~;;4'2-

-yiJ~~)JI~y"

UJ/

(2)

Sd' \.l!"x U~)/

j)j j:'p).L ..l

SU5)-!)JI 4'Y 'JJ£L

tJ~ " "Uk ~ ~ ~ f 'f- ~ Lfe)~1 -J) L uJj~ tJl'-,,, L uJ.7.CL 4'Y -y6 ;y r" l( .:;;)l{ ) ,.? ':::;'J mY v.. uv ~,..~-~Jf ~V tl.,{. v.. Uj.) .:;;)l{ dLL.-(;;1 vI

-Z....i

i_J1

~)j

UfiU 'J.'-J 'v.. UJ1'()_k.jl" SvI -L LflJ1

S~V~ -,/. 1J1'()_k.(j ~V)JI)_k. J)f)_k.

L u;.; L

el? A )JI L)_k.

,.;J 4f'..1L.-L vI i -JJ1 J; Il)_k. j;~ j)l{ )JI ok--) -: i ~b:J{ (;;1IJ~j)Ji> v.. f1769 L

~ )JI_1J1JIJj l()

uJ)/ ~I

';-'

_1J1~.,;

v...::/; )JJL u)t..Vf 'f- ~J) ~ 1,J7i vI L JJ£L

L uj)J'~ U)Ib/.! i_J1

Jt;

,J7i v' f 'f-cil( vI -y6 CJ1t "uJJPi L

L'-"'" ~I v.. )~)J! UJJPiL 4'Y f,j -:.:::;? ':')J'~lt{

vlP

JPil(4'Y

-u6 CJ1J)r

l(u)lh) )JI':'~J~..1L.-L d' )JIL

Sun-t.!

~ f! ); vI S.:;;~ .:;;IjUk -y6 J;! J~ ~ dV'JPi ....tt ~ )~I O:.J, JPijf -t.! L d' L(f L .:;;Ij..::..>I;! fi -~d~1 l( LJ1 rf L un jf L ~ ~Y v.. f1881 -L ~ jJ1 ~

'v.. UJ1'(':;;JVSd' _~I/

JPi

JPiIJj L ~

v.. U)t; (V Sf1891

L (/,J -i:L~ '- L .:;;)~j "uJ1'()JSd' -i:... LJ1 ¥ ~ L

u;.~ dt..V JPi-i:... LJ1 ..1L.-..1L.-u)JJ~~ ~ J)JI

vlP

137 .::/; 'k,

JIP! )J' J~L mY -~ ~IP

uk-- )J' Jt,r 'IJ! J, ,){ o:

-V-. ~ L J?/." ~ ~~ ',i_;f~{U.uJ J" L 4f.! 'SJ; v.. Nt Uiu,/. L U"JPi L mY f'Vf' -: ~ V' U)y ~ .I)' J'I; -,i_ ;;~ J; .:-....: )~J)I( ~ ~ V' -:J£'7 v~L U'JPi ct; 42% _;,iJ L v v.:~ )~J)I( )J) Uiu,/. L.7.C q ~ v' -,i_ LI{ ./.J:.j )'JI~ J".); .s: ;£) (l;:- ~, _. ~ ~

.-:'-Jt

v..

t~ «:

-v..

't"

(3) VI

v.. J~JSf1750 ~, Sv,.f ~'Yl(~ v.. f1617 .){ )~

--?fi

v..

L d' ~') I( vI .)J' '~j J.1) L uil/ j,)) -: ~ f UZ "::;J L ;.f. .)J' )1(YlV q L UJ.7.CU){ )~ -~ Yl(~ ~ "liz."":; J{

-J./~IP .:;,!UZ JR;

)~j .)Jj>

"?' ){ )~

f 'i- C./.' J'y

....f1{

JI{uk U£ jl 'v.(liz.Y. uk" .ij j)( L mY U£ L UJ.7.C f! -: i ~J....f1 SV' ~JIIf.! ~V v.. .:;,)( ~L7. ~ ',J.! d~ .)L~} .)J' J.Af J....G. uj) Sd' '~ ~ I(uiW' 1uJ?')){ if.,.(){ )~ )J'

fi~

v.. mY -~ t~ej1; v.. if.f i~ J_ L U'JR; L )~I )Jj> )J' ){ )~ v.. .:;,tJlP d' -i:.. ~ z._ .:;,)lP71 -f:L Yl J')~ L J..l;:v.. V' -~'Yl JJId'~ I( ':;'.11{ Sd' _t(pP IJ!J, L d' v.. J...l-- L ':;'.11{ j~ ~ di;:--JPi.)J' mY

.:;,).(

Yo f,i_

)'K;

)J'

A~~

.)J' ~

~eJ

~I)

L u'ju. t-/ J) L di;:--JPi~ i./ if. 'LYl4f.! JIP 0! 'J! jYl j.!')' .:;,Ly.) J" 4f.!, JI L ~~ v' ~'i:.. L./ 4f.! r I(

.)_;;r J;J

L~.)~...i,~ V' -i:.. J~ J';I)J' JJ V) v.. .:;,JJ,t,r d'

JR;

L mY

138

I ..::)j ~'

{

L~ .J~L ...il

JPi ('" ';.JJ

-I v.: u)?) JI ~I

.J..

J}' u.JP"' "::'.J~ 0:. -I) rd.f ..J1t ul- L U-!J~i .JJ:>i 'J..::.).( ~ u;. L A"~ ~

2::•..1.1 U/. L U-!.J{ .J~ 1;.# -/ uiJJ ~I -~

2:-1.1

Jj .f'..J,/ u.J{ .J~ [P 'I) Jj ~ .J.. ..::.)( ,.:aJ)' L .JJI 'u/( .:;./J J4>.Y .7.[ uJ~i .JJ:>....0 'L LIJ ~) -::;J.J{

.Ji;fi '..::.).(

-L L.f

..::.)j ,J..::."rv

=,V .J.. ..::.1/ d'VJPi JJI~I ~,.;A'" JJI JJI L uJ.7.[ L.J{ J~ JL L JI~I L U~I U' ;-L-- L vI -~(.( L .f u.J( U~I ~ L ;~..) vI L =,V -V'lJff =,V ~.Jj L "::">Jj .JJI u)~j [;V ~ ~.{ JY IuJ)~; .JJIuiY:;.J.. uj'6.JJI uiv..J L 4>.Y L

{ uk

JJY

J£'«,.J

v.:,~ vI

v.: iJj -I)

~ vI 1.J~J.JruJY

JJ.) r ~I ~ {

.I~

L ~I .J.. 4>.Y fe' (-

u)Lf'1) JI~ ~J~; /!: '..4C

'~!;J

=' L U~I .J.. ..::.ul.> ~I _IYl Y r UJ.JrYlL--l'.-4 'JYl "::)J .J.. J~J V (r =' 4>Y ~~ 'LI{- L L1'.J~J.Jr UJY tJ! 4>Y flP(' ~~ '~uJ. 8.JJ;--I..t. U .JJI 'I/'J ~ ~J J.::./; JI.JJ ~I e,.,. =' -L~ ,t!Jj ~.Jj L vV .Jk. tJ!)' uf·-t! '.JLr..JJI'Jj 'Jr'APJ;; t'lt:" "'""~ .JJI dlt' =' ~ f.!1 1vJ .JJI~t;.JL;;I-tJ! uJ/ '-/ JJ ~ U~J.JJI

L1'1J

{c./ u~;~ L _,#/ f.JJI 'L L1'AJ.Jr

UJY

=,-t!

f ,J JYl =' "::'.J~ J.J~J.Jr-L .J~J.JrL u~Ju-!.J{.J~ -L L.f ..::.)j .f L ='v ~ vI ;Lif L Ju~ -,J JYl J!IJI tJ! ~'!' J ~I 1vJ ~.Jj L 0" -,J J)J O.J~I{ -v! do ~ ~ =' ~ ~J Jt.:I- '~v. vIP .JJI',J JYl ~~; vIP vI -I) 1:i.JtJ! .J{ .J~ '~,.;~)J ='v

/ Yl ~~;Lif

-,J JYl ~

=' -z. L1'IYl ~

(;jJ. .JIJ~It"

'if1'..::.)j ~ .J{.J~./}

J.J

J.=' -I) .J~I

L .JIJ='V ~,.;tJ! ~-L

139

CJ'Zj;J";"'(' v! '::).J.JAi

'-";:J

St.).J'?J S'J::_'.J_J"L?-.J

z.r

'EJ/.JJ'.zC t.).J{.J~ -L?-.J ~ -:".,J.J/.'/. ~ -: 1d'.t~ J' ,;-';..~ tJn ~,y Li v! tJ_,(J'(d:' . d -L Ll( .(..1.. ~ 1tJi.Jl .a1L.--~' y_ ~ ~ \.I .,

-v!' jJ'Z ~'f,:~,Sd' ~ L L~ ,-.f1. L d' -L ?-.J .a1L.--L -if 1]t.JJlI! 0' O"J' ~ v! tJb; Sd' '- S.:r.J ~ L d'.t~ ";:J

f L 4:'~

~ -L;£.1

,J.!'~ ~ ~

tJi.Jl « v!~, .!vJ _~ J'ZJ~iV!JA .JJ'J.I tJ~l?.1 J'Zd~ L tJ?

L tJ~J'L L.I.J~J.J'( t.)J""-: tJ~V- J~ v!.J.lPL~'.!vJ I), J.JI Sd' -:i ~ cC .I ,J.! 'J' 1.1 d!,ffi J.1lY' L ..::.-k'J.J .JJ' ci'; tJk '-";:J S.J~J.J'(t.)J""L d' -L ~.I(G"..::.-~ '- d'.JJ' L ~ v.!' v! if- f'J'Z ....~ ~J/.;..Ju; L d' v! f1933 d'

'if ..::.-/ '-

(Ii d'.JJ' ~ '-.J~ t.).J{.J~

-t J'Zr ~L

_;i -'-~ ~I'J.a1~'- it~.JJ'-:V ,;-' J..::.-} it~

_ -t

S; .J{ .J~ f1920 ~ L f1917 -rJ¢f O'J.J~ "~ ~.I~L.--'( J~.;i;J V' v.!' v! .I JII. .JJ' Li J;- '- tJ~J i Y' v! ;. L v' -Li tJk IfJ.J v! v! ..::.-~ E.... '- ~, .!vJ '( tJi.J{ .J~ v! J~JSf1930 -J el;; v! d~~' '.1L.-- .1L.-- L d'VJPZ~ .JJ''0:: 'J:if LtJ_')' ~ L v' -1/J'Z,.J~ -kJ.I ~ 1tJ~ J/ J)'f ~, v! dK .JJ' ktJ.'~/. ~, .!vJ

tJfo d~' Sf1839-42

(4)

StJJ). ~ .JJ'"J'Z~

'( tJJ:(../I " i11Y ~ v! f1843 .JJr?-,} ~.I~L.--'( d'l·1 tJn ,:,..!'J '- V' .JJ'.J~.JJO':J"L.-- L j' i "J'Z ,.J~'(.::/; ...

140

f "::;'J 1.1' ~I S/ J~r.J.J:?lSi 21,..--V.t1 k. ;--I.J =~ L 1.:)1 J'J~r.J.J:?v.. .:-1I1P 1.:)1 -V~~ J/ JUVI ~ I ~V~ U1.1' ~.f J.t1 ",:",1

L Ii.' ,",-I OJ fti ,_;.!;--I.J JI.JJI L 1.1' Llr ~ L UJ'?'[ v L U";I i 1.t1J~I 21,..-L 0:.( JI1.v- ~ 1))1-u/.Jw t'.Jj 1.t1~ r 2~ 1.:)1 -~/ '::">J) .:-~;- S JI1.v-"' U~J,JC J el.J J'IV ((( J'.J( e/( 81? ",:",I).JJI'!S; 'vt.?1 SJJIJ:/-) ( J':f t/£J JI1.v-" ~ ttlllJ JI1V" "' U~J I u~.v1.:)1-v!' f~I ';:;"".J_,bJ'IV .:-~;- = SJI1.v- -ti r~VJ~';:;""r~ L (Sind Workies) ~.Ja&. J? ( J~I L f~I J~I !:l- :rJ!.t1 J.t!-" Un ~.Ji ~J ~/ JJ~

s«

v.. .:-~;-

v..

-ti

v..r ~

,;L; OJ =,..f,[ -~

fti

r .;:;....0:. = v.. J~JSfI860

'-t'", uk v.. J~JS fI880 L U";I -ti~.J .t1iJ) ( .,:..;>h-'Ji 'J-' '~ 'Y~ ';}.I '~L .;:;....r = I)! J~J SfI890 -J

l/t; v!(JJ

v.. J~

0" -~ ,.:oJ) I ~p..JJI'0~ 'I.:)...dk .;:;....uk .JJI'J,K' '~

'i.J '~Jr }y;

v.. -V' ~ .;:;.... U~J.JJI(Canary Islands) JI7. J'),;l = 'J:

-~ ~ ""~~.JJI

v.. J?

.JJI'I;~ 'IJ~ (fI873) .J{~ .;:;....~ I J~ ( ~.J1f S 1.:)1

= v.. fI890 _I.t1v.. ~ v.. J~JSfI870 '~;(L UJ.?r J'J~r.J.J:?-~ ~ v.. ._f _,!_,!}.t1 .JJI'I.:).JJ'}.'(t Jf ~IP .:-A,'" v.. f~I S J'.J( .::.v'J.JJIU_'!I?'.:-~;- S JI1.v- '....LC~y. L/ = -v!' v!(J J'Y.J'Y.S 1.:)1 v.. '.J{b1- .JJIJ~ '~t; -I v.. ,.r SJI~~ =v f L,_;.! z....~j 'L ~ v!~ "' ='.1v.. U}.t1 U~;..:A", J\r S U}(JJ ,fl-.t1"::;'J v.. t? S 1.1' .JJIL~,_;.! J( 'JY; '(k) Jti)

'(h--

'I.:)~

-=<J

-U.t1 ./~ ~(

,JC Lz....f

141

(tLv,.zif Lv'-~Cjj./e~....6L~)'J~V'~ t.f .:;.,)'i If' ~vL v' j ~ C11? ~';;I;~

15lJi){)~ ~ -~

LJ.:;.,)'i~

v.. JftJ J'.J J)'i (j sv.. 1Ji'~J'~ JJ ~ ~J 15v' -J J~11? If' J"y v..~;~'~ ~ vt~;SU~t'~ L~ 1Jl.? ~ -v!; -~z._i.

f1943

-S,y IS.!:;-)

01:--.) LWJ.zC:Lu~ uJJJ v.. f'.k.'

vf, I(J'.~L11.:;.,!.J l5}U,/.~ ~ v.. J,£~ fj .t.. v' p. L L; L v v..

~, JvJ l5.J{.J~~ -'11 e..(ij

J~;)~ -~

.:;.,!) l5}U,/.OJ

~ '~,...;l~,L..::/; l5}U,/.v.. {.;J/ .zC L ',j'~ v.. U} '-/ JJ JI;:--J-'1...fJ~J SP1890-~ 11)'JijJ L v' j '11 l51 l5}U,/. -'11 o;u t11 ( ..;..)~~~ L v' 'z.;;£/ r L ~JI;:--J V' L IJ~' .t.. v' '~ L11 J!~~~'S ~U,/. ~ ~ .::...? 15L11 V(.?, I( e..(ijIf.!,~

-~IJ'e..(ij~

,..( i; -~

if-(((

L J~

jJf ~f

v.. ~f JvJ a: lJi){.J~ L ..::/f_ l5}U,/. JvJ ~ .t.. Vf if If.! .:;.,)l,.I )J' J v.. ~I:-- If.!f

0 Y~

L IJJ.;01:-- )Jf £:.. /. If.! l.:;.,iJlP ~L.--.I( U~.z ~J)~).;.zC L;y ff11 .>.Ji ~ 1..::/; l5}U,/.~')JJ L...G. J; _~lJf ~~ -L11

If.! ..:.,~v.. ~I:-- .zC-~ A ~ ~ f -UJ ;;£ '-J

154:)J~ (~.JJ''':':'jJV ~ v.. 4:)I;:--J~~ v.. f1920 0); J! d.);' 15vi. JIr.-~~J~ ~ v/I( L IJJ.zC I:~t~V'

, :i'~ ~

J; v.. J~JL 1J.i~ L lJ~f ~.J:.~ f 7- ~ Jpf -~J t.f o~ 1 ~f J!r IJ~'; 01:--ft p. £,. ...G.-,-J ":"sIP 15JL J ~~ J'~,OJ .Jf

-11 ~

difl L J!..f.:, L 0},f ~.J}

vI; v.. ~, -L11 /v- ~ t.f ~

142

~ SJ~r).J:? ~

':;>JS ~'L.11":"tJIp Yo Po

v' -.::r-f ~; ~

r? v!

f1947

/1IYfV' J.rl ~ L 0.,)' v! ...1l: 'Y!t?- 'J'7. J);('){(Y '~ Ji Yo )J' L

0.,)' ~ Po L '~'J~'

-4

-S,,:../.' ~~,

v! --V' ~p. '_;;)'-:--j J'7. )J' ',.lJ)' ~ 'd~ J,,:../.' ~Ih/. )J' '--V' "jl;( ~/ v'i.J Jr S 0J..?L-~ JJ.rl r e: ~

0~J L 0.,)"~

-t

v' -0') ,f- "::">1;: JI S 0J..?L tf Y ~, Po L L; ~ I/1IY ~ .:...? Lt' v! 0} ). .lJ' 4- L LJ ~Iv I(~ ,;-' v! Vir 4JPi~' ':? r~' 0';-1.,; L v' 'J/.'..::..>I;: JPi v!~' '4- L L./ -~-.;--~f"4 'V,!~ Li' .::.v-{ Yo fl/ .118J~;~ 0?l7. -V,! JIv 8J~;~ ~ L 0Yl7.~' ~Ji~ ~ v' )J' ~IrJPi"::;J v' )J'

JI;I JLil u! ,,:..LJ,1r

If!), s:Yo JPi tf Y f f- J.!

(' ~Sb)L

~ J~ Lil )JI ',,:..~,,:..IjS (.I'JJPi .lJI'JIv r ,,:..W) J_rP')J'J) 'Jp )JI ~ u! ,,:..LJ,1r If!i. 8J )JI '~J £ J J): J1~~, L ,,:..tJIP 'li )JJ -1/J1 JIv r J~ J..6 L 0J;!'Y L J~I ).J:? )J' )i.)~ f f- ,fr JJ£L ..:A Ij_';

-::1 -::;;,_f

6~~

~ S){)~

-1/If.! ;;4- L J; StJ~

';-,

-~~u! 0Jit~~ ~I )JI L_Ir. ~~ ~~~ L U.,)I U~J,.{£'f--t .;0jv' S(.)J.?LL.I{ )~:?r vI -I./,f-8J~;;; 4- L J; if'S U) )JJ )JI":"yJ u~ L vI -~ LJ)~J)r JJ"- 8JYo f J1 ~ ~ ,,:..Iju:' J! v"j r ~I 4- v"~ LJ ,,:..).f ~ (.)j. 8~L~ 8J_j'

s;?

.' ,:, L 0.,)1 ,.{£-f- ,f-

_Iit,f- A

'6~u! __u; L 0J..?L L J~I).J:? f

u! (.)".-1( J~.1 .IJI--4: J' -L';: ..:.t(_,. ~~~

)JI..:.)yIlIj

4- ';-' .....;/

143

L UJ)}~ 'J~' 'LI; ._;(I~~ v.. J~j )J:! {~-k"V ~J)

J"'.IJ' ;-~~ n' ~IJ ...p r u,;J/ d~ J.r-/

)J'

S'y.

J ~j

Y~ ~j

L~ j~L d"~ )J:! ~

Jr If

)J ~I.-- ~

S do -{. (~ y[J)r 'J~~'-I) ~ do J/ (i'

-i>J

),p} )J' Ij)~}

v» r /11Y

-I) C~ If )J'

7"._;} ...p u~ b)C ~. S UJ'?'C L

V..;.,~,,)}~ ,f Y

J~j )J:!

n' I){ )~

/11Y ~ d' s:tf- J!...It

S d' ;-1.-- L"::;J

v,)' ~v2'J Itf- ~J -L Jy. L ttoY L /11Y _ff." ~ )J' 0)

-L v(~OJ.f do·~...p b"b)C ~ )J" JL~ y. 'l

***

r ..:..>!t

144

(;)' ~ s,~ Jf

v!Jj!Jv!j ":::'Jv' d L ~i"{{j -Cy; If.! Ij Jj!JJ/~

Lv' ''f- S~jp.:;)_/' v! ~.Ii L JS L J"~(j

~ ~

Vf ":,,,J¢' J'~ .IJ'~J 'V..fi v! J_t; Jr.r J d~"J.r- 'uk--.J'!; JS JGf L ~~ J'!; L l.-!~~~~.ItJ' ~ ~ J":{ (j -'fSJ')' .IJ'uJ'"j ~ ,.;jj J/'( JJ J.:J J (j v! if. re. .::J L

J"~

(;)'~ ~ .IJ'

.J""'(j

V' '~ J/

'(.::-'j S (;)'IjJ -i ~~~ J)J~J

>. S ~f J~ .IJ'~li~L..::-tJ~ "

.s: ~'J

.::-'JlPL

J)JGJ S vr.r ":,,,' .IJ'Jf v! Jj!J ..:.v-~.1Jid L if.fJ L L (?'" .IJ'J,?-- 'L.lliI.'I--:~ Jj y; ~'v L (If ;; ~-"l ~ ~{ ~L S UJ)J'J'::-~'J.I J.r-.IJ'..:)~ 'b.lC~, L (j fi -~ ,yj S Lf ~ '.Ili1.'I..:.>t.t Jj eL c J~ cf(;), ,JL Ji ~ L/ JJj,- v! .IJ' u~ eL eL .IJ' L ,-Jr.r ~ ; v' -~ "":,,,cr~, L d.l~' I J' v' -l./-? d Jj ...fi/U;}lz J7. v! The Imagined Communities (1983) .,tvf'r.;;..~~ "Vl.i.cre~ (..IV J,'! 'Po L • '-'(LIV,...~ f~ V('( ,.,it~~ (.fall,: ~ " ... '. V , .. v_

-I

LY; 4.-/

J.r

J(;)' J!'i

L:'~

J~'

...( vl.?' v!l.)fl L'J.!:;-.1 v! ujJfw·£_j'.IJ.lJJL UJ.l~' .IJ'U"J'v.l

...fi v;?lz J/ .IJ'-S.I?'~ SJr. J;_L.v~'v' n' V,~ If? S·u(;, J{

~"'''eJ IJ' 4.-.I{ v,._J ,

_;?

d L --:~ Jj

145

-V,! LJ(Yy' ~ GJJb.-"

=,J. '~.Iv:!'J1 yi ~d J!~

U J~ fi ~

b" J'{(J

J, L V' v.. ~.li l5v 4.lYoi'[J> -~.I0~...:{~d L -=-iJ~J"::;J l;/ -f. -l5J ~ J..:.v-~.I J} u? ...fi LJ(' Iu;'-~.Ii~iJ J0/. ..:.v-~.ll5} f J~JJ1~;f J-~.1l5x d L ~ 0" v.. ...4!J' J r-' .lJ'

v..

-V,! Jz~~

JJ1 f',;.' J

-=-~~ L J'{(} v' j (uzj J~J~r.,i'-:"2;v.. ~.li JJJ i.? L.. .::Jz! .lJI) si,» U;'-~JJ} "'::'.li.I) ~ ,..,v l)~()L

'.L:;";;";;i

LZ/ f J J1 t~ --" J (} v.. U/} .lJ' J J1.:1~3fi ~

J..:~ v'.-V,! -=-H'i?v~

L el' f Uxl5.;1JI,;J.I; v' ~ -(j.l

v:!2 JI J('.7 J~~'~/.~, 4J

i 'J1,~ JJ.I ...J~ L .;Ip, J j v.. un L -=-~J~I)~ ~ (}A .I~...fii LJ1 J';I --" = ~ .lJ' -j( '.IV b" J'{(}iI L u";' .IJ''':'yf.,:,} ~'J ..it..it u~v~ ('I L up. dY {(t L J'{ -~~/J~'

Lv' .lJIJ'{(}L'J ..:.v-{ (} ~

~b.lL

JdVJR;?/.

{f~

J-=-~y.Jd'

fiJ ~J"::;J ...fi -V,! 'f-.I L ~.:I~~ ~/

£_

b" .;IJ

v.. if.f V-J_AfJ}...fi -iJ~.I~ Lz[Jit;.lL ~_Af~~ ~ L U}.lY v.. ...:;..?'7 J .;Ip, (j}IJ,/. .lJ' L ...fi -=-'J~ L u/} (Li L ~;(r 4-) LJV L~ UvI it;.IL ":,,,'cf-' -L LJ1..Ji'"JVJR; ~.IV [j.S -V,! 'f-.I i ~v -=-y;i £_ f

4.lJ .::.-:~= ~Jf

L U}.Iy' .lJI'f- '/1/ ~ I£ ~

IJ -=-~vI ~.ly' L JJ., (;;/

V,!'f-.I J?

L~ v' -I v:! V-J_AfJ} ~..Ji'"J/...Jv; L uJ0 v.. dVJR; L d' f .f_ ~ 1/.::.-:~ = _rr ~ u!-.lL J(;~.IJ' JlP L u";' .;;J elYY- r..t elVJR; ,;-V ';-v

-v:!

J} L

J(;~-=-')~

• ;;f

_;.-?J~

146

J(jJf;i f 'i- V..:.r,1t I-=--~ v' L UP)y" L Jf' (Suhaltern)

L Un~ L ()JI;i -=--,2( vI -1u! -=--'JWL Jf jVJMJ! (f {(i" ,,-:,.,1)'~' L (G. Aloysius) ..y- Ltf -J. i.ly" -f' L f 'i-I( &'l~( v'(Nationalism without a Nation in India 1997) "L (i J'vl \5/.' 0{(}y.,J.. c)VJy' I.rZ1J&;;"~( v' .nl 'i- ~ ~I

Jf' vI _l/i

2,..(..-

•

0"(}f f- J' L5';;~ J' v' i ~ -=- ~ L (.)';1 ".I} u-h--VJ? J'vl,J.. -r?" -J.rZ,J.. JFL f'M' ,J.. O?

.IJI";'.I!. J'

f- ~ ~ v( v'.lJ -I( _,P L ,J.. .)lP!' £.. v' ,J.. O? ~ 'J.rZ

JP J' vI ~ 'i- JtP = 1:;( f ~ J.."'"Ji .)JI.)JJJi~ J.. O? = f-,y (~~~J}._f (.)~ J £ ~~b? J ( k J.. c)' J.. )JJ j~J~i; --?fi -u.! f-) Jy.y".,J..,.r s' .: (} ,J.. -r?" -J- Y -=- -r?" v.:J~ J' u" (} J.. c)v.,Y. Js= _,P ~

-J.rZ J,?"

(

O? J..2

)J' (j/.'

/I~~

J...t. £.. ~.J:#.7.[

L.rZ L/.'

.IJ'};~

u-;

.:;.,;.)~:-=- VI.lJ' L.rZJI;i -=-lJ) £.. (.)J)Jf'~ c)L-),J.. 4· L v' (.)fl L lfl P. ~,.,jyl ~~j £.. U" (} JIJ.. c)VJY. -J.rZ flM' J' ,J.. JlP £.. C),

= -~

f~1 (

-=--~IJ))JI )1)'

j'" .:;) £.. -=--'JlP';-'

.:;)L -=--'JlP,;-' "- v'-L~ ~ Jl?,J.. v' ~ 1(.)fl (~fr; "f.! ..;:..~ L (.)iJJ d' -£. J (.)iJJ P. 'J;.Ii. ~.7.L .IJ1)~~ £.. c)v.,y. J'L = ).,11-;J'L J~'J' v' Ji J.. Jy.J,J.. c)VJy' U-;(} y..:;) £.. ~.Ij,J.. J'L vl-r; c/ ('$ /);;1 £.. C)' jJl~ J',.,jYI y. fr; ~., fr; [.rZ((?I( (')J)JI J ..;:..~IJ.I c)1)JI (j.:;.,;.Ll (j.){ (j.l{ 1(;1 J'/. (,;/VJY. I.lJJ.:.! ,J.. JI:f /'t;.I[ J,,-: -r' -L "- L ..;:..1;~JI y. _;,It. 0"i:).I/'iJI r;V.rZ JLf; );;1 (O?"J.,J.. v' J£{If)JJ Y

- f

_~ ~ '" J,~

~/ir~..;:..~.:;

147

V- dVJy. ~ J Ji ~ J)?J ':::;'JV' V- ~

v' 0D.i

0dVJ.k1/ V' ~ ..ff) -: J'y _~i.JJJ ( .::/f 0ui'.t!; dL-V J~~ D.JL0dVJ.k1.JJ'L~ lP( J j ~,~L~ J-D / t:-;Ir jVJ.k1 L uit/ J'" .JJ'~!Y ..ff) -:;;.J,J;;i ....f' ~L~ (D.i ~J

~J )}

vir

J.JL J/0..J V' ~ -?J V' '~.JV-.::)IP \5'~, .JJ'~ ~ ~...;LV' J ~ (i' ~ J;~ V' .JJJ JiU,/. V- J..~ L v' -~ ~ .::.0' / un L ..::)j Ji e.tij eJ~;( J...;- v' ~ -~ vt...;- / jv J.k1 (;,'.1 JiU,/. V- un L ..::)j Ji ~ 15' -~.J(Jj ~ V' oJi (~.JJ'-'", V- v' J J",~ ;'.t' V' ~ 0D.JL ~ ~ v' -~ .::+~J) L ..J) 0uiL-V..Ju.; L v';; '", fk>' ( "::"~'J.J 0..::..'j Ji .JJ'(;' ~ /. "(;,'.1 ('/' ~ [p. J~';'i L un L ..::..'j ~ .JJ''", JJ.J '1t/- .:.:;.j~ jJ' ~ J/V- v' ~ L uiL-V;; e) (fk>' L L jb1' J "::"~'Jj~' eJ V- Jf) ~ ( (;' ~/. V- "(;,'j ('/' J,(

vir

v~~

v-:

-i:.L~t/- ~ J/~ J.k1J~ (;,f' L un L ..::..fj ~ ~ -?J V'

d' (;' ~ /..JJ'~j

~ L d' V- uv~ fi /

.If

u:~

(/J .JJ'ui'{ ("

•

j~/:;~ L

'UJ~' 'UJ~J-~ ("

•

/,:",.f '/

~.Jjt:- \5' d' ~ -'f- ~ if'? J dJ'/' ..Ju.;L "--:::'j('/' L u~, ~ v' -'{L~ l1:. eki .JJ' (D.J[ 0 dVJ.k1"::':;?.JJ..f~J.JJ;-::..::..~ V' L u~, -0"::"~0"--:::'j 'f- ~

'",

.:;...

V- v-: Jf) ( j

t:- ~~,

~..I. J uJ~>,J 't/- .::/f -i:.?.J ~

dL'

.JJJ.::! J

,.:,L; y

41" J;J J~i;J

(if J 'f- 0~- JJ {uiJJ ~ jJ' J'.t'{ {.J)'~!; L ~ ,!I ~ L ..::..'j ~ V- v-: Jf) ~ L un L ..::..'j Ji.J ,J;;i ( IJ{ (J

u~ ("~~'..Ji ~ ..i

0UJ~j ~

Jj!;"

D.JL

~~0~ L Uy('

-1~ J5f J/

SdV JY. ~ J.lb-~L·-:/ L d' -'f- ~ -:!

148

-rJ,.t

i ,0' J>J s: Uk 1-" o~K0-' L

Ur. f \.J.! L.lt,;Y' Uk)! .IJ' 1,.lJ,;1 ~ UJY~

.::J c if. fif ~t 1(Wi 1,?-" -..f' " £ u.v JJ .IJ' ~ .:;.-' ftJ J~'-:r if. 11 v! Jy,Jl.lJ' ~j oj -..f' J d uk-- .IJ' uP J i y, f v! ..:-1'J.In'loJ -: -J'J' ~ rj ~ ?~,y, tf- if'-' -..f' r ~.Ir 0elV-J...v.-: -\.J.!.1 .I~./. Jy,J~ £ ;rj -~LO..:.-? , -

v' f tf- -: -0:i c J/ '~~ -..f' 0c,riij 1.11 -v" ~, £.1JIj v! ,,:-,1'J.IIi'j/ ~'~, .J.'if~ j'1 .

~?.:;.-' tt)J?

-1J '-J

-?.IJ

:f \.J.!?! J/ ~, 1s: ~J.I

Ji 11~;;,..:;.-'c,riij ~

f v! -:::;J ~'"

d'" -..f' r v' L ..:-~ ..:-'j /./. s: v' -e. ~ b: (iIZ tt-JOJ b: J'j0el' "Jh{ 0":-.IV v! u~ vI; vI; 0~? v' f \.J.! L.I ~ "v' L.Yi~J.I~ J) 1.::/'; .IJJ Jf J/ .IJ' 1i~ ,y

,-/Lv jV-J...v...J~ £ v' ~

-1J £.I;/:' Ji I,-/Lv jV-J...v.L -tf- tt_v.J_Afoj ~" v! ~.Ir f y, J.Yi..:;,.?f_y 0

v' t}J"" (j JJA v!;:--~

£ if. fIJ oj

.:;;;?.IJ J'J.I -:"

v! if. fIJ {"'; J.1r- .IJ' {;)J.I '..:-1'J.I '~.IC '_.;.J; '~j v! _,fo- ~ £

/ v' -IJ J~).;fi r J~;jV-JY. .:;;;? do.::/~ 0J"" (j y, -'f- c:C ~ ifJ~' ~ J;AJ r(;'J...v.~ ~ /i {Jh{ u' -tf- r.l /~ I..:-~~d~.IJ' j) y, ,./' tf- ~j oj -:v! (i' r1 JY. '(;' ~ ./. .IJ' ,-:,,",_j/ -:.11 u~£ J/ tt_tf- J.Yi Jfi 0.'::"::j £ ~fJ. '-/ JJ .IJ' ~ £ £ ..:-'j & v! v' ~ v' -\.J.! _4:l

Lv'

1 '" ~ ~ Lf~

-v

(;'~./.

v' 1~.Ic 0elV-J...v.L J/ tf- jl ~ ~ ~ JI~ L u"'J ~L -:-~ "J..; 'tf- .IJ;" if'-' £ VLv ._,:~v' f tf-1J ~ ~ U

149

L L'J(

!~(;: J} )j'} !J-O VI J~-'r

L~vJp.~u~L~,_f£ 'rL) '(;' J,;/'/. _( 'r ~

if.-'r

JJ ~{O_;;'{,~~,

{-:f.'.) ('.)

~(;: J} J-O -'r...JJ!,?

J~,f V' 'r ~ y.1{ ifL

,f 0_;;'{ ~J-1./..) !~, y. _("':-~'J')~J.)JI(UZi I{...:-~ ...:-'j f i.5'.) ~ ?!J.){ J.){ ,f 0_;;'{ u! if. f 'r ~ ~ ~ v' ! If.! J!u! {v,j J}tr .)J' L~ 1£ ')~/.~! J-O L 6.)L ,f U}~ .)J' U:i~' L 0_;;'{ ~ .)Jp 1.1(; .:d- L ~ V' -L~ a.r ~L~J! if._(w(! ~J,f U;;~, L U~, -I(,..,v (it u! .;(_J.)! uii I{,-",/1{ (I{ ~ fl() ~ J} {V' 'e: 'r.) ~.:d- L J;Y .:;.-'{.)~ )(~ ~j ~ u!~ ~ L V' .:::;?')J -LV) (J ~~,! U;;/.:' ~Jf'r Vv,j J./Y L if/ ~,~, fLu! 2~ JLh'.),f w(! v' f lJ ~.) 2("- L U}~ ) L u! 2~.:;.-' !w(! ..:)~L 0_;;'{ (I{ u:. -L~ ~~ ~J fV ! ...J/~ L .:;)2,fw(! ..:)~-V Li !w(!J}L)')Jj/";-.)J.(.)k~~ .JJ,V:i Li u!,-}tr fy. 'V,~!~(;:oYJ. u!u)~ L.:;)_/ v',f -V:v,y. -J/") do J,~ u! J).) L (;'Ji oYJ.':;'-' L ...J)J/ JJ;; e: 'r.)) ~ll,f ~ ..:)~...J}~ u~ 0_;;'{ J!u)JJ~' flJ ~ f:;P u! ~j L ~'I'J~tJ,f J;Y L u;;~, .J-(,.- L U?tr-": ~~ /- Jtr -": ...:-~'"_rt L~ 1£ u!i.tr ~ r./ V-J.AfJI?

r~ey ~

o_;;'{

~./r0_;;'{uJ!:.)~ (~l~ uJJP. L ...:-'j Ji u flJ

~ (/ ~J-.j' ~ u! ~'f'e:

J ~~JL?,)J

.)JI

L);;...:-~,fJ;Y L

un...:-~'

L ...:-'j Ji.:d- L (J L~' L ...:-IjJi f l)) ~ u!(}i ':;'-' !...:-~I

~ --?/ ~ L u~, -I./..Y ~ l)/,J

V(;,f' .)) V'L uJJp'

vI ...:-~~ u;;~, L ~I

P. L vI

-'~ (;J~

(}i ~I

150

-n : (;)~I.::)JI,;..L

()}fJ ,.::)j

Ji,.[ L U

'S .::,;JI,? ,.f Je_fJ v!

eJ()i .IJf

Jl.--'J'.r v!.::,/k-- J (;)VJPi,.[ 'f- J 0'.t~ J..::-~ Vf L o: .,tf -L ~

( ~J

UJ.lP L ui~f L U~f LYt.lJJ":;"" uk--.IJfJ.~ L ui~f

eJ-I/.IJ 1..::-~fJ.I)/: v!.::,/k-- L U.t'6LfJPf "-.::,/~(j A' UYtJPi~" v! ,.[

L Lf(/J?

vf'f- Lf ~,.f

~ JPf

U J 1 (;)VJPi~ 0' ~.Ij L J

t~::1un

JPf L ,;.-; ,.[I)..).i -; vf 1.1'- ._f,y L

s: 4- vf._f,y

.I...1.1Jf';.-; L u~f

L .I...1nfz_( ,;.-;L u.t'6 _;;.u

L _;;.u

r!- -'f- f

-L zf "-' .IJJ":;""Jl.---?

..::-fjJof.IJ'1£ -3~

J (,9;1"' ..:;....

L (;)f1 (fl u.t'6'

1un L ..::-fj~ ~.Ij L -v(~Yt~~ ~.:Yk-- eJ,.[

u) tJ!JI(fl L u.t'6"[ 'f- Lfv~',.f -3) S..::-~V' _;;.u f~f ( ..::-~fJ.I pjJf W ( ..::-~ ..::-fj'W (L'6 v! do 'I/l¢ft ~.Ij L ':;-f

r!- -~JLYt v.!

f~ .Ir

J.~J uk--v!

J~J{.::/f ~.Ij L u}[fi .IJfUy)f'~ .IJfUJfi~ Jfl

(fl L u~f -I)

-1/JPf

I(fl

Lyt;.

I' ~ _j -1/v.! (~I'r:f t.5.~j..:;....(fl r!- -vf;

L L~~ L vf i J~"::-.I~ S..::.::L? ..:;.... ~.Ij L (;)' J_,J .IJfYt(~ JLfif.l S(;)fv! (fl JC 1/

~'.1..:;.... uJLfif.lL ..::-'jJi

(J l.--- .:;-' J l.--- ':;-f (fl ,.[1) = ,.f ~ ~ ( _.;.J; L J~ ( ~ L (;)' -(.).):1'3 ~ v' -'f- L~v ~ Jji J~ u~,.[ L L (;:~;/ vf ..:;......::-~J .IJf~Jf(JJ ,.f..:;.....1~vf 1(fl Lf.lf~ (J~ (~L u~f ~ -~Jfj;;f ..:;......::-~ (Ci lun L ..::-fjJi LJ~ (~

;-l-- i-p Yo 'f-

j.l3..:;....~..fI v' .::/;"-L

«-uYt L.l3..:;.... un

Lf(/J}

(;)feJ~;":;""'::/; v! fv.!()r

u.t'6 v.!fj' 'f-

183 fJ) -IA

:L do ,..,v ~ rJ_t; J' C)fYo f IA ),;

,.p-

7fZ ~ l;)J.J 1UJ.Jf'; ~ ..:..~fJ.JlS/ JJ L Ut?J~ -.i-L~ .If'; rCiJ (:;.Jr'~ ~f t./-f

L/ ,ffJ v! ~~

t./-f

,Jjf..:..~f,,,,~f

J'! v!

>. J' C)f.JJft/F t./-f L ";".Ji1 /.J

'L/F 1UJ)';

23 {J>

f L Vf Llf

C)f

£.JC I~J Vf -: frJ eJ:? -: r UJ~~ p v! '-.J~ L/.J 25 -~ ~ ~f eJ:? J~ .JJf:L Yi (:;.1"'" ~ (f1v! Vf "'r'f -7- ji ,_j) J' tYJ.J ~ t.jJ.J£._ lS.Jy.(- (/ Vf -J L L (f1..:.._1> >. J'CiJ (:;.Jr'.JJf~.Jif' C)f-v!' j~J~..:..V ...f C)JJ~ if. s» CYiC)JJlf4f r~ 1 v!J J~ Of 1Vf 'if j~J'tYJJ:.t ~i L/F ..:..~~f v! U)J _1£ J~~.J} L'-:"'./ )k ~f L/ ,ffJ 1£ J~ r..:..~ Vf IAJ V~t: J~ I~J.Jf'; .JJf..:..~fJ.J;; U~ J2 L ~r.: if''':' .JJf-L~~.:.J~f ~ (/ lS){ 1J (Pegan) j::, f '-/ JJf if ,y1-: If J' ~~ (/ J' ,":""J /i ...f,(-L~ ~.J/ f t; ;f_tf /f ~J '-/ JJ ...f,{-L~ ~ifvl;:J.JJe,).: ~f L/F Iud ~f L U~f fJ) -rJ lS.JY' ~ (~ 1 J) vf -J '-J.,{ ..:;..>1;: ~f -: / Yi ,,:,e;J.J C)Jvf f J' ..0' J' ..:..~vf -~ t;/' t/ J~f );;1~ e,).: I~ .JJf J1J): .J 'I ..:..!,X .JJf,6 (/- IA ;£.1 lSJr.: C)Jif. f ~ -e;!J e;!J v{~{.I} L C)JL J{ I)~f >. J' ~-~ d~ J' ..:..~vf ~ ozl;; J' ui~ ~ v! lSv..Jr! tJ/! ...f,{~f j/ t./- ..::f} v! UJ)'; .JJf'JI Jf t.jJ.Jt./-f f JYi t;;;; {Vf -J L~ Yi ( v!J t.jJ) eJ.JJfJ L~ Yi )/ ~~ ~ vf ) J/DJ/ Yi J? v! JI J(.JJf UJ)'; t.jJ.JfrJ J~ -: r ui~ J'.JJJ ,,:,~r ~ C)f'IA ~.Jj r..:../ J Jj ~ -:.J L/ t./- (r iJ!J -7- CYi el/r tY~..::..:~ vf if''':' .JJft./- ~J~ JI (Tertullian) ,J.::Jy _;J .i-;£ ,_ju;'L ,":""J 1vf J~ Y J2

184

~ ~ -L ~~J v..t ,.;~reJ':;'" J' V' f S~ v.. I.)';}

S'LJ"1

eJ '(

y; # v.. JI

OJ c v' L

Jf L 1:)Uz;Yo" fl/ (( ,I'

-I>

I:)~'

t"A y; 1./_~ .....1./

S1:)'~L/'( i ~v.:' vv.: .I~' L.:.i~ ~ f);; 'J)J 1:)'f -t S .::/ S v'/ L .IJJJJ.I -Jy; ?1 S L/ f 1 ~, r -:Aj L'~v.. do .IJ'~ if ,.;.:;... I.)J);; iJ:j Yo V~/.I~' 11.)# ~J

J", b; ~, v.. ";;:;' LXIII 0.11./ ~{

-y; ,.;jj JI I.)Jlh'.1tJ:j 1f'..11.-- t:ft -y; ,.;v..l.)iJ v.iP -: fi OJ '-J .::.-;~,S..:,.;:~ LA.:;... 1:)'-: _(£S~- c dv jl.? SI.)i.ll .IJ' 'J:'Y ')! L J1.1~ vii ....;u; L 1.),-:)/ S1:)'.IJ' I.)J.I';; J~) ~ v'-L J'J/.; I.::.-V .IJ''::'-~'J.I,.;~r ...£ 401.:;... 399 v.. ~J' J~~-v!' f tS4" Il.}i~ .IJ'V'ji II.};: .IJ'I.)J.lPL .IJJJJ.I-~J/'( .::.-~ vI; v..1:)"~ bYJYo",,;U; L J' ~ ~ L cf':}t ~.1 .IJJ':;'" 1:)'~J .:;..r'.IJ~jill.};:~ s:f-~.IJ;{v'~Jf -f- O.lY' ~/ ....;~.:;...J' ~ ~ 1 JJ ~ v"~ Ly; v..1.).,!J c:[, v.. ~ f f- ":,,J '::;'J V' ~ ~i. Lv';' J r;1.I JJ !fit f' I.)J Ly; J'J v.. ~z ..11.-- L I.),? ;:_' J(pfJ~ '-~ f I.)y; /i d f (-~f ~i ..11.-- L l,_,J.I J (- 11.)/,1...•.~ Li j ~/i~ l,_,J.I .:;...' 'P'f- c:C ~ 'N"";/ d f f- L.~' l,_,J.I~ 'f- c:C ~ vi' I.)"!JL 1:)'.:;...' t:ft'~....;~ L J'", ~ ~L~'j~/i~ 1.)£ -~ ?-f ~ j!lr .:;...I.)J7.S v..

1575~

~~,,.I£'v.:

u' y

i-:

•

(2)

.IJ' fY' IiJ'J.I ~ -: -Ii,L; r -:Aj ~J J; v.. .:.i~ ?-.1..11.-- L .::.-.7 J ~ v.. 1.))l1:)~ Yo "";u; L

J'.-Z;'

J.t; ~.)

L 1:)'

185

/ ,J~;,J (f.l J '::)JJ J JL v' u flf

~ d' L ~~ '":"'"~ IJ)J -L

t'v

-~ dl?' 'J -£I ~

L d' « i ",,-.l.I~' / ~; .IJI L.I J; (:.,~~ v',..4 ~ Vdo __,v I(J~;,Jd'''''';/,:,('.11J J: J '::)JJ _f /.: VI '~ ""';0; L J.! VI ~~ JIMI -~ eJ1 If,.;:/ I( d' v: .I~r.}.1fl'J L) Yo f~ elil Jlj I(d' (~Lhl., J~ -£II( .IJJVI ~ .IJttV.l/.:r$!,1J~"~I ~ -L LIJ'I~ J!'.JJ' L ~ V~ ~I

-~ elil

Jlj I(d'

v.. ,J~;...4J.) .JJI'I~ 'v~';-'Yo f L "':"'1'.1v.. J..(;. L d' .I?v.. U~ JJ/ Vlr J~ L J~; L~...4J.) JJ d' -L J!~ 1f/.:;.,tJly Jv.. uitj L UH L J.! VI --H (J!j .IJI-H(~:1J "V' ~I .~.JJI~I./.!J~ 61 eJ1;V- J..(;. L UJ/JJ ~I.I ~: ~I~ d'

".Jt/ vI o)J ~'f-~I

eJ1;~

LJ1

()Ji? tJ1I.1;(~\'4i-f

L J/ J ':;".11L vI -uf rlj ""-J~ j1f )JI '.::)JJ 'JJ.) ''':::;Ib ~

,J vI-I./.! LJ1 ~ e~ J1 ~I

-?J,J.:;.,J},J ~

/ ~~

t.l)

J!;ff ~

flf V- ' .... A L.:;.,~?-

v.. dl)l Yo s,I./.!e(;f~ -I./.! jJ1l~ .:;.,~I},J .:;.,;? JY'J/" J} I(dl)I ~

~ I...;.IJI~ J} u )JII;1.1~

-?J

-.,;;:_

~1P".I}~u~

J1ft~ /JIjI~U if.~~~

L 'f-.1/ .:;.,tJly~ eJ.IJIL.:;.,k

Jp v.. u_,JJL Ufl-~

~ ,J L-,,:I ,J~;(J!j / dl)'fi;!, i,J J1~ ~J

,J'",;.:;.,I(

t .I fi: f

J; ~~~L .:;.,1( 1'f- ~ L Ji- J~;,:,~I) ~~'f- ':;".IJ/ ~'f-().IJ/

-fI Yo f~J

L J~; ,:,~I.I

~~ L J!;ff ~ )JI.::.-! .IJJ~ ()J1(;fS~;·,Jvl-J J1...v ,J /.I/. i.t~-J.£.1 ~-L ""-JJJ. V- .:;.,Ij,J I...;I Ui'J.I ~' Uk -JJ1 V- Ji'L iLJ J JJ

.I~ I(().IJI/.-£I V-

v..

186

-..f'L JW--I~ -i.lj L U.ll)f .IJI( .-" ,_i -i.lj L .,iju, u.I)L~

'(ttl L

_~.I~

-J'j-) U7.~

I»" '(Vl-:

A. ... I r, ..'.7'.1 ""... :. t1. tSi' '..I" v ._}J' ~ Do::....l '..I" )Y.J,r" er", -:~

'-/

L v(~~Jj v!.:;,/ J _'( YiLYi {, ~y I» v! ~ el'L UYi ,-7. ~ e)k; ~ J ~ L V' '( Yi tS~'(I Vi ~ J) If y.

VI eJ)J' '( Yil '(ell-:,.f£

rY,_i -:eJJYi r" uk; ..::.I) tt_v.r ....uL L ~ Lf'1.:;,_l> f'( ~Y -: .-"

1/,f VI f'(

'j- z

J.1.) UJ.I y. fk)/

J;;; .J'v L d;

_'j- (j.:;,l .IJI~

-..f'-: j ~ JY" .IJI

J~ LJ~ y. f~.I~ J~i .IJI)lil ,;I)i/. ~I .IJI Ji /

u.li/.

-,J pJ'lj,fL);f

.JiJPL u_,; ,f-' v! .IJ) L ~~ JIMI

-i:.. LYi '-~ v! .:;,k'J.IPkl UJ.I ...f Ifll -:f,J

-:~J ,f vi

~ vi,:t. /1.1 v!J;;;,fl If -:J2 'LYi2 ~4 v!1~ vi / u_,; LU_,)I 'i:.. ?-f tYi ~,f ~ ~ U.I{'" ~..z y. f Jy e.J

J;;; e)}i ,fl

/)j /~ v.t1ii1VuL-r:ifi.l '(uJ'/ J';~ U)~ ~4 £.1.:f.)1~ L .:;,t'{)..;f:! )JI ,-))1J) eliilV)JI ~4~ vi

_I( /)J) ~

I ~I.I

et~~ i~1J ~JJ

feliilV ~ -~ L~I

.JJ/'" v! .:;,)v v! JlR ,;~ ~

vYi 0.11pl J ';:)J) '.I))~ u,.,.~ L

J~,f .,iju, .IJ1 .:;,~Ij y. f .i... .IJ) ~ k uJJl,;' 'uJ,/ i:.. LYi

~I y.

uJ~

i,)~

.IJ1 ui.ll -:-LYi

-v!

v.rliilV-: -'j- (j.l (i' uX J;;; ,f eliilVv! ~~

-..f' LI .?;-) v! el' -v! JYi v! ufo.

pL ,f U.I)I/.

(ji-:~ L

J ~k)

'IYi.J7 ~.:;,~

-i:.. ~j

.:;,k)~

~I.f i:.. L);f

v! ~k.l J ':;'JI! .,ijJ uk;

v! ,J.~ L I~ )JI i:.. 2...~If J:_,,- 'i:.. L/ If

187

L r,.l L U~I 4- VI -Ii C;/If v.. ~Ibt' .:i)J ~ el' .J'v L -'f- 'i~

JL}v

j)~)

)J!

"::'J~

(il 4-

4- L el' v.. ,-/Ir ~':;>J J..:,.,,; )JIJ 'J..;:; ,.;!:-zl) '~J J; v~L el' J} L>~.f s: )JJ':;;';' uJ/ u --?fi _I~ I~ (!/I J ..::."j' _~L~4-LJ~L~ (3)

v.. uv v.:{~)JI 1~ >. JujiAI J!,; -Ii V~ JJ) ~ j)lil tJ! v.. vI --" 'Ii ~),_i' .;'l Jyf/I t,)J) -~ f ('i JJ) ~I .;/ L;·u?' J!r v.. Jy.JuE)1I J~~

~J~I t,)J) ~ ,,:,,1

-Ji J....; v../

L (J)

L (J) L

':;»J ~ ~I )JI 'f-

.::/;J

(440-461),d '-;"{ -rL ~ ;!'Z1' -:->~ )JI (" ..::.~ ~

"":",,j,

J~)JUn

y# ,,:,,1 >. v# ~flf

>. Ju~I?J~ UJ~J~ vI ,,:,,1 -'f- JJ, ~

'I UJ J' y.

v.. '-)~ ':;>JJh~

L ..::.IPP )JI J.Af J.....G.L u~I?J~ / v'_'fI~ ~ 4'~vI -'f- ~ilzy dl.lr J e~~I ~ ,j}/ d"'~L"":",,j,eJ~;~

~)j

-Vdo/ tJ!j,(/-ttJ{~"/

4-L L)I~

J~I

t:') v.. vI )JI L~

tJ!j,/

vir L,d '-;"{

1)'/..::.!i J} f~J )J; "' vI v.. do f L~~ ,,:,,~'I( U}J 4-' v..( ". fi flf L vI -'-)JA S

ur:.) u f 'f- ~(~(~~-~

e;J) )JI

Li ~~4- L i.. 'u v1 ~ ~j y. -L~~lJ1I e~ 4- L u.(..) -1.1/ /..::.'1 uf 'f- Jj ~~UJ)I~..J L ~~IJ)J' v1

v.. iy) J JI L UJ;!~..J L vI )JI ~~ v.. vir ~ vI J.~(i' ~ f L U;!J ,.,.j J Lf r? Lv J ..::.'1 L u';1 ,.fL I~ ,JI,;.'

-~)J)./.::/~ y. L

1t,)J) ...f ,,:,,'v.. ,-/Ir f if ?/J~~ .tS' .J'v L vI

188

oj'? ~tJV L d' L v' ~ L ~

v' -L~1/"( ,f-'

4J1.::)'/' 0;.1. L d')j~ I ",)J);; L'", ~ I ~V 0;.1. -U.rl~ v!UJ);; v'-"'~ z.r ,f- v!JYoJ.::.-I.~v# L ui'~ v!.IJJJ'M' _/- 4J1'( ~.I1; J ~L~ v# J 0;.1.L .IJJP.I)' JJ.I v! .J.~ L ~v'~L~1/J'; 41./'L~L~d'j" t} -:~I ~ ~v, eJj" ,f-O.l~ 4- L v"JJ ''7- v!JJ L dL}"~ j"V1J .IJ;", V' O.l~ j '7-IfL ~J':::;_,~ fi -4J~} S..tf 1l;;.IY 'UJ.I~ 'uijl-; .IJ''7-0.l~ J~ SJJ Z;-, 4- L V' 'L~JL)~", (~()" s,,fv!JJ '-.IW DJ'7- c:v LS.lWYo,..f £ -'( ~ Iv' ,~ '/L ~JJ'i~ u~A -V1/.11(;' .:::;_ L.rl v# L >. ()"1'~.I11 .:::;_;S ,JiJ V' -'7- Cit.l '7- -: ~/.::.:;? S~.I11 ''7- >.Ii ,~',f- >. S'~~ S '0,4 -4J1 L.rl L'J ~L L v' v! v' j" v # Z;-, L ~L.-: .IJ'Ji J.; v!J ,JiJ v' v! ov if~~ L f~J' >. >. ",:",' -oJ) (.;V ~ '" S ~.I1; Id' .IJ' ~~~L~ ~L~ v# L.Nt JJ.I L u';';..-'ji ;..-'ji I:f.4J1'( ~.I1; '~'6j'

so ~~/'-'

-J!

f'~

-JL>.S ~ _;'L.-- L v'

v! d' -V1J (~ ~(~, J ~71 v! ~~ :£. '-.IL}IP Se.J:1"J~.1.~' v! .Nt JJ.I Yo f ~ DJ jfI.:::;_ 4J1 L.rl ~ DJ -: ,..f £-'7- J.rl (i' ox v! ~.1.1i ..::/~ S~,~-~ ::-/. .:::;_~1I1P-'7- J .rloJ d~) IPSe.J:1".IJ' dL!' ~, L ur. j" JhJ ~.1. (i .IJ' 4J1 L~ I:f./" ~c)1.!' .IJ' e.J:1"-: ~ v' ''7- C.rll/,fJhJ d' j" '7- C~1J-: ;C -'7- J~ .rly~~JLh'.1~'j Sd' ~ L -uJJv }IPS u~.1.(i Z;-, -" 'uJ,f- ~}IPS u~_,.,,~, ~ L ,f-' 'v(~J.l1I v! J1 S d' j" '7- (~~ u.lJL~-: ",:",'4- v'

f'~

189

S~'.::..~-:...f £1./..1.::Ji1P S..::)(/L cJl .n' I./.J~)J ~ v;iJ -'f- d-~.j S~,'- ~,~ v1 LYI ~~...;/ _;'- LYI J'P')J' J L£) .::..~ L ~, )J' J Jb: I./.)(J~-: J~ fJ eJJ_ v' -tL YI v# J? # .::..~ L f~J' f J LYI,f' ISJ fi v! Jr'J C)Jj 'V' .::..'j

)J'

~, v! (s,.{ )J' f_ z.r I.)! J~ e L J~ L -~ tJ,

IJIP J ~L

f'~ -,-.I ~IP

Jy.y V' S.::..~-~L~ ~ '- J) S.::..)~;

JYI S)p ~J! v! )JJ OJ) Y.f tYI .::.:;? (jJ S (s,.{ '-

Po L

v' -L YI)(J~S f'~ '_/~'AP-:",:,,'-I ~, S'7. v! .::..ji _; v! JYI O)? .::..~,; i _;'YI .: .::..)~; S C)'

._£.~

)J' '~

~.::..~

)J'

-~a~')L (s,.{ e;'J)J~..:>. v! .::..1I1P 'I J.11 C)'

J):~

SJ~ J~ '- ~J tf JiAI

0:1. )J' .::..LlPv# 4 ~ LYI.::..LlP )J' ~ J_ L (.;-j 0" v! J~ L )JJ OJ) L .::/ j ~ J~y!J ",:"tl ',-:A~'( J '(Ll '~,~ L J)/\// v# )J' JYI( .::..)~;'J« >. S~'",:,,' -~ L~ (.;-j ),p: v! .::..G"J' )k v! J_,;;; S~,-,}.i' !,/.I'... J_,;;; J:~SJ ~if. J L L .::..LlP 0:1. ",:,,"~ e'Y' L )IP!' L .::..~~ )J' oJ,;i v! if. f >. S .::..~..; '- )(..$, L.::../ J J; )J' 'j;J '0)(;::;.1' ... v! if. f J L L .::..Ly) J ~IP

-t

...

-I Ji,)t

S c)' 'J L.11 Ai S cf)'; J~J i :L cf. e( .::..)~;v#J ~ e/.J 1Ji..J '~cr,;?"'JJy. L f~J' 'z:!. 'J.;:(J_ L '::"~'1 ~J S if.'~ L~ L;l_ 2!"'-~' 41.'/'; -:", 04'J _Ji v! JJ);~ ~do f t4t/. ..JL S J~ C)' VYI ...;) S '-:"'l1. J! i) ~.::..).j ')J'

-YI'-

Lb: d~

JJy. L C)' )J''::''~ L~' 'f~J',f

U' 1.:;,.J1,t v! )JJ J';,' f'f-' CYleJ'_,;;' ~ \'

-.'

,.,!IYV'

190

...f1 >. ,f d' Lfr / ~~'J) )J'1P/ v' -v!' U~)?J~ v!

~ iJj /1 J~ 'Lfr f1 P v! ~iJlv J"1 )J' ~ tb:luJ'? i ~v? J!D) u~~~,f .J OJ) f ,_f uk "J1~j ~r J'J) '~ dJj f'J1-:4Â·'~~Jf f / ~'J/' Ld' ~'~~f (v!~~ v' f~j~~~v'lo:1. >.,f v' )J"J1~!; '(I)/: v! J"J _~ L v!..;J~' ~ ~ u){ / e}1r )J' Jj L

***

191

r~rz !'"J b~

a)JI

JI ~

f I,)J ~

(' ~

L ~Ibt' L b.l

Lrz IiJ.J ;-l.-- L':::;'J ~"• f' 'c: 1;z.J Cr C'. ~J I aJIJ ~I aJ i ;;:.... 7 , rrz -:,;. -'f- 0): 15' ;, .JJI'f- Ollz.j IJj i .:(J.1bt' L ..:.JJIP .JJIu.J~ a.JIJIVI fi -'f- J'I; (J'XI).JJJ d~·.JJ L U~(ji L L~; .JJIa)JI f 'fJIJ

d L if.''f- j~rz I~

';:;1.1

u: VI i L~ ~ u'! fJ I.JIJ

L~ . r! ;}f.JJI LLJ /.?~~I ~.. -;;:.... ,. rIP rz ._jJ~ ?r V" '" • I:F... ';-, J~I JP ..::.... vI .JJI'I,)J j~rz I~ U~Iy): v! v'

• ~(Lrz;,

"::"",.;>J

L ..:.IJ~ -L ~.{' v! ":r'.J-!JIP":'.J~ -: -I,)J L.f J~I I..:.I.J~I J .:::;,u.J vI I((J.J flrz.JJ ..:bU..J4JI ~i ~i d L ..:.JJIP Yo f J' J '-.JIJI vI )~.d L ~.{' .Ii ''Irz ":r'~jlPJJ I(~J J~ .f t:f. L~" 0 u'!' -L &.J.frz J.~ ~l.-- L d'di/ L ":r'.JisLrz .J~I~.J; ~ .t. L (~.JJI ~~.J tt~-?"~ f~i &J ~ / ~ "' ~ J ":'~;:J iz;I .JJI..:.IJ~I L v' jJJ~ f ~x .J; vI U~Iy): J v' ''It:f. ~i. v! uj) JJ ~-?v!,;. L if.-~fJ L}} v!~"" ~~I ~ I .t.

ur'

-Vrzr?*

Lv' L Lj;:_ _.f.[''J,.,.v

--0 -:.t.

L~.{''''»_,;(

jlP.v,j 1.1'..::.... --?J,jif.'~J.fa~ ..::....vI lip) I)X--0,j U}IJ':::"'~ trz (I( i~,j U}IJ':::"'L.t. L J) ~~""t.f ~ -'Irz ()pl J':::;'u. aJ f L vI Lifo L L) dJ.J.t. vI -'f- rrz .t. L vI Yol vI fJI ~Irzu£ ji f~ I(vI 'r~~.f rz J".I; .JJIJJ +-- Yov! U}IJ':::"'LL vI ~L~,j c[ j!J,M vI 'f- '(' d~

...»_,;( I:~ -:

-:J

192

'~'{ _)' "'t;';"'Ii' \,L~~)JJ

41d' 'V,!L)1,~.:;.,k

J....{;

L (R. Po- Chia Hsia) ~ The

World

Catholic

renewal,

1540-1770 (1998)

-:i ~

-1- L

~J. ~t.V,..ij "'Jj ...1 ;r( Yof f- ~ J'J) Ii' u! ",)}(~.d ,~,..ij You! Jj...1;r(",)} L J'J) Ii' -~ ')1u! 6

~t.V,..ij ~(Counter Reformation) tt~).;/.J;;jr' u! b)L ~ -t] J)1t;v t)1J~' u! J~J,J1770~~, -:-/r L~If J'J) f- -:JJ,J d' J£'V,!...;J~ L ~~, Ii' L'J ~{' ..~;r(J} f u! J'J) L Jj ~J", U ~..ij ,J ~t.V'You! cr,{' J;t'f " l..ij 1.1' eJ 4-1i' ,t] .:;;_ ~J,J U,;~jJ).t' L d' -" t] J-' ttJ!.)r.) ...1£' tt~jv ...1£' tt()~ ...1;r( ~~J.

j~~') cct' J:

,I••

~h","(Catholic Restoration)

4· (i' ~ tt~)~

1.:;.,(pt.V' ,J Ii' )J' ""J';I ,J Jj .:;.-.'eJ .:;;_.:;.,(P~' 6

-V,! ~L

d' -V,! z£ (.Nf

b?) .:;;_ uf..i ""/

I' L ~{'...1;r(

u! f1545 YoL ~{'u! -1- L Ii' -)1!>~ J ~"' .:;.,(Pt.V,,J ~{' u! if.f J'}. ""k.~",UJ!i )J' u~ 'u.lY0:.' f~ -:~ u! d' -Ll), .:;.,v.J' ...J~ L '-.J:? JI..-! Yo~')1 ..J~ L ~{'u! ,,;j. f L~ if .t~ ulYe~t;':/ .:;;_(t L ttJ- ~'" ~{' u! f15574- L ~ v' -U)1 .:;.,')~' eJ~;)J' 1£. L cCd~f'" if' .a11r- L V' -~ G;l.! .;;/) ,J (Council of Trent) ct..;:.:.)..JI ~ 6

J'' '

d/ Yo)J"L)jJ ~)'.J)J''-.J:?t Luil..-!...1;r(uf L4-J ~ "'Uby(,~ ~~~ ...1;r( -LI,iJ ~ J-" JV u! .:;;,./Id' 'V,! )J' 'V,!) u! "j_H" e~ .:;;_ UiJ~',J uil..-! eJ fVlf J-" -,;, .:;.,'J' L Lj~J", -L~", Ii~':;'-"~ L ( v~4- L d~~' -V~ J'~d' 4- L £'J) 1 .,!..~~

... 4.1"

eJ'J~' ., J}

.z ...1..,(" _,..;. f ~ ,u .r)1 ~i"'J .:;.,L...

7y ~.

.:;.,v.J' d'

;J .:;;_

193 ( .J'

'Jf u:J'# JJJ)

L ;£.1 j;;f 1'-~ :;-, -VJ1 JJA

r r

Lf.J~ 1Ui'J ~:;-, J I;-Ir- L if 0:.1. .JJ''1.5.J'h.J L ..::,..jpt,L.I' 1.:)' -'-J LJ1 ..;;, r ..::,..tJ~ J .J~' '-/ JJ " 1.:)' .JJ'£.1 -~fJU IJ~; .JJ'l:Jj...t _,;( '-}J' L 1.:)' fl) .JJ/ v~' r..::,..~ v' 1G~ If' .J'1r- L v' ,j2 v' J:..f! Yo J..::,..jpt,L.I, "- v' 7- "::"'.JJ/J..::,..jpt,L.I' " .I} JJ.J';;' I.)! I.)! ujh (Ii L J.;;; J 1.:)' .JJ''''::''''.J~'L uJ}~~ L G-? I.)! ,_u..fi';::;'"(J.JJt 'V~ IJ~;.JJ'1j.;1)' J~ J:t_£ ..::,..jpt,L.I, 'L~J..; J;' I.)! ._j)/."/-' ',j -r,j..::,../ J do s:I.5.JJHJ-: J..::,..jpt,L.I' I.)! 1.:)' £ (Orders) Jd-- ~ L G-?...t_,;('V~f -:~ r..::,..jpt,L.I, 1.:)' -JJ1 (.;J} Jr./1.5;f"UJ1~ Jd}.JI.;::;....J}VI; . L~~.JJJ~' 1)'J1~ I.)!uiJ L Un J~ Yo r u~';r): JG-? fl) -L~V'Jv..;::;... e.J~JJ 1v §J L v' .JJ' (Ignatious Loyola) U::i jl;li I..f! J Lit,L.I' I.)! G-?...t_,;.( ~ ~._ji (jlr-r I.)! f1540 L v' -r>. f~(p.z IJ~;.JJ''':::;'J v' L

.r.

'v:

-:":::;'J L..::,..l;J

J v''/'£ t:ii} 11I.)! f'~'L v' -J(i (Jesuits)

-t

;/. L (jlr-r §wi uA I.)! Po Yo -,J J1.J'fif 417. J'~ U,..:,"- L.:Y.J# J -r'l.1..JJ'£ .J~/ .;::;... ~1rL.:Y.J# .JJ''-~ I.)! Un.JJ' #' Je~...t _,;(L (j Ir-r -JcA-) J ~ JL J ~ L

v' Lifo -~ (rf ~ J,.;::;... U~

'v!L v!~J

I.)!U~I;":::;'J~' .JJ' -r'l.1.f~ V- Uj. ~

gr J

L j~ L v' ._jJ/'"I.)! "::"'JVIJ} U f L

0:.1. '-/

JJ ',,-

.JJ''UiIV~ 'u.fl11 'u'! L U.,,;,\.,!.J,Y I.)! Ufl.JJ',j j~ji >-1.5/ JJ":::;'JfiYo f ,j (jlr-r J7 u-J -,j ._jJ/'"I.)!Lf t/I..::,..~ 0:.1. -fI: 4-J (If'/ (r r' JJ L (jlr-r "- L iJj L e~...t_,;( I.)! f1540 _(r L 1.:)' I.)! I.:)'~ L ~ '-/ JJ'U~h-- tJ? J 1.:)' ;

194

.»! L Vf '~iI:)'V'JPzr. )"1) Uytf v! I:)~

-f! v! u}

tJ? ~ u (Francis Xavier) .It) ~~

~.IU

.r sL ~ v! v! ~ '~~J~ fun v! ..v IJ/."' tJi~ -LJ U!V!J JfJLi

J ~.I! .1v L ~f..Z -:

) L J! f

r L~ J~ f tJJ~i~ J~ fr fr L ~

~ v! u) ~.I!j

L uytf

f ~1)

.IJf

S~--'L uytf f! ~ ~ u -'/ (.;~ ,..u... -1./ ~Uv' J!'( ~h-- .IJf~.IC'r:h.l J (.I 'ui~;

~ -?J Jj ~J", ':;-f) 1)v! Jj

UJ.I!hL

L uytf I.)! 'T.I!)"I) -:~

...d;,( Iun -Yi

f;:~ ~ '(L)

'T)! ~f '7-" ~I)f I:)~ r. vf Jt' L~~tp.;:fi~ UJ.lrJ,6

fi~ ~

JiP" S~

L LIP>;:i~ SUJ.I'(~ ':;-f ~.Ij L ~ v! u} j ...d;,( U~J)~ v! uit...--,.IJfuJ'l L J~)JfJf L cI-'.If L (iVY uj. .;.d)J",L uytf u~ L vf 'S~ v! un v! '-.I~ L '-.;? S I:)fv.r Ji L '-~ ...d;{'r. ~J Jt"~ (~ ;.::-....d;,( v! .1v .1v

-V-/

.IJf0:--' L uytf uk -7-" v! ~

L ~ ..... t.l'((if y JJr (iVY

S.:-.! S I:)f-1/('( ~ JJi J Jr. v! ~ S('

~ -?J

uiJJ)/:

L;j' v! u~n~!f L (iVY L ~ 0' k'-{,(~'--"Jf ?-' ':;-f v! u~ ,fLo? .lJfJ f .lJf,f 417. ..1t SI:)fv! 'T.I! L...I{)" JYi ..:;,; .I; vf SI:)fv! I:)f~

L(iVY V!.»! ~I)C~~U:~

L I:)fu/

4-J) (.;~ t)~Uv'

JU ...f 'T.I! _;/ u~ ij

(~L I:)fJ! v! uj.

~ I:)fL fyf .IJf'UJ?C'ui!7

?-' SI:)f-J/ '--"Jf ~

~.IU '-/».IJf~

v! uj~ '~~p."~~.J. 4A) ~

-f! Yi.l? '-.IfJf ~ f1526 u 1./('("- L iJj L o.;?...d;,( 2-;. if- ,..u... Y JJ~ L .::/~ J:r- L

uytf -I) (Capuchins) ttl;)!!t {'(" 1)fJLYi

i J5 tJ.I~S~ v! f1576-77 v! I:)/Y. ~

OJ)

iJ!

'SJ"~..:;,;v! ,..u...

195

)Jlp ":)JJ.::;_J ~ fli";;'J

OJ -:

-JJA J

U/.,J./~.::;_ ~JL

U.,)I

JI~)JI -f1J:.JI ~

J:.,.1629 -i:.. fl. JII..IA.::;_lS)~~ ./I~ J...!.- i ~I~ J:.lS~ ~ J:. ,.1636 -J lS)J)~ J UJ)~L U.,)Ii / .::;_lS)~J} df')' ~j L 80 LYt L.I lS)IJ)~ J L)J)~ df') L -fl. L JAS U-rj J:.U_,J L JI L df') L J...!.- VI OJ~ L V' ,.~I U~IJ 2:' IU-rj .::;_U~

(i (IJ/ L

D~'~ L fflfj

f J./ U:'(J 0:' ~

(~ ,-)'J'

J ,.Jl J:. L~;L JJ -v! jl:- J (ifj

L)n

J:~_;/'('('(~,-,[(.;_,J J...!.-'( ~Ji!..j L-"'JY~I )J'-~ IUJ)'tt'()J' Uil,.).II:-J:.uiv,.J)J' U~(-:.J. 'Ii ,f-' JJA...f .,:..~.» j'.tl; )J' 'i:.. L.I ~ '(U~ L ~, Lti J~' OJIr-L ~j )JI 'uiY ',,;,,{J L J...!.- ~{'( .::;_ ~J V' -i:.. L.I)JJ .,:..~;~ -fl. YtJ~J:.J...!.- L~' ,.y,.::;_.:./..J. 'JJA L uYt~J~

.e:

J.t; t.f"!

Lt' L ~4...i _,;( J:.~-A L J.t; ~ J UJ)I~.J L ~4~ .::;_ V' .a J:.'-)~ L OJ

'~lJ'(;; )J' y. J:. J...!.- L

~~I

-v! cJ1) J:.U~I; L ;:..::-.)~y. r.J)I-i:.. .,:..~y.JlS/ JJ)J'

itl:-OJ -Ii CYt.::;_uiY L

/'Yt ,; lSJ~J ~, JC

i:.. ~J if J'J

LYt)?

}~,

,.y, ,y'(fI.::;_ J:.~,

J )~ J:.~il V:-' " ~ ,f

u~...v.~ J!" uiiiJ. ,f ~I -i:.. ~J ,_Jr (V V:-'}I; ,f (1)1 L ~, "':""-i:....LI:- Yt .::;_uJ-V L fi~ .,:..~ L ~,.::;_ ~J V' 'v! ,f-' )JJ.::;_J.t; ?- IJ} ~4...i_,;( Po L Li J:.Jy.JL L) ..:..;!)J{ V' 'liJ;V j. ~ L uJ)~.J L V' ,.f£'li ~~~Yt.J(..p -1.1£ ui)1 ~ "':"" 'J) -,J J;V lS)JJ.::;_J.t; ~ ~ L ..:,.>~ J ~, ~ ,,~' J:. .,:..IP~'(j -~~ ~.::;_ ~I IlSJI;1 ~,f~' i ~~~J I ~u~l:-,ftf-) {uJ;'J)J 'fYtJi 1L)'b ,f~il-v! u~~OJ~; _;} y.,::;_ ui)11 ~4 -f lSJ.I.t~ u~...v.~{ uiiiJ. J ~, 'f lSJ

196

~.Jt L~~

JJI JJJ ~I

r.,J ~~~,J

vl.::J L v"~

A JJI

f I:)I,J.'~ Cf ~ ~ .::.-7,Jfyl..J/ ;, ~}fJJI ',,/ ;, ~ f I)JY _~ r;£ J;;f c.....l:)If ~;Ir f "" JJJ c......::.-tJ.lr JJ~J jJJ.t'

s~..J/;,~r ~r c......:tJ,J .::.-LI..~I1:)1L G{'...1~

,J I)q? L)! ...11/ ~J{.i ,J. '1~ 7- f G{' ~JJ L .::.-IP!l.I' " nP eJ'.t' ~ vI -k""';!;.I IJ! JI~ ~' J~JI..-: fJ'~ Jx ~ c.....I)~ f CYl c.....,i ,J v"~ tJ? L)! kf sj'. (f1526_1604) ~ y" j/Cf...JJj,J I)~f ,JlhlJI,J, JJ'):.,._;j e~J~ L d:i' u L)! if.f 'f-LJf /'::"';JJ' 'oor: - ..J1.P..iLc.....l)r ,. ,. .. 'I)}I.Y'"1,'''5' ~...L I)';' s:~, L)! ~J JJ{ L/ ..:;.;:.ll ,J I)q? ~~ L 1:)1 f ,J if'I},J V' ",:,,' ji tl." .::.-V ,J ~J (j J};-z ~ sIJ1 ~ r -i~-~1h{ f ~I..-: JJI 'V" ( ,J kf Jf.:' ~ (Cortes) LJfiJ> -L.1v L 1:)1J? v' ji "Yl (~,Jr I)!Jlt;L 1:)' 'Vk"J~ f I)JJP J{.I ~..4'! L ,J .::.-~~r}~ ,,-~ JJ~ ( ,J L~JI..-:f I)/} J~ L I)q? ':::;J

',.v,

'..,'AI}I L)! JJj.f ~I..-: f L LfJ,f. f I)n JJ' L -'f- ~ J{~I)q? ...1_,;( L)! (~, JJI ~1h{L

.1v L 1:)' tJ?...1~j (JI ~}f l.) V' -lLfJ~'

C~ tf li-"v ~ ~

tl. JY; JJI '~J~

f I)JJ'J' ~ f 'f- CYl C'J ~ c.....~I.Y vI ~ f JJ' IJ1 ;£J J~fJj'.J ,;-' zb,..Jj L I)}J.) JJ' .::.-Ll.;;' J ji 'fJ'J{ ,.f f I)~ 2...J: u JJI 'f-J JY /. ,.f ..::.->I.! ,J 1:)1 f IJ1 LJ ~v.J

-vi'

***

197

r'~~' u~Lf J u.-Cv.. LL; .IJ'.IJJfi.IJ'v.. V~ J (1

L u~~-v! JYI y~r ~J ~ ~J J oA J ~~ .IJ' 'oi ~~ -v! J~L '-{If ~ ~L '::'(;J'~ .IJ''~L ~ Jv / J!

.IJ''::'~ L 1.:)' '.I~' '.::.tJP L ,-}~v..~ ~:;.-' u~Lf O.l{ J ,-}~ :;.-'~ i L~ IJ.'JUi .IJ'v! JYI? r.::.~'}JYI ~ 'o.? '.IJI1Yo 7-" lYiJ/-'J/ )_,)0;1/ ru~Lf 1.:)' -v! J/~ ~ l/ C;J)I; Jj Yo -7-" lYl.::.v'¢' .IJ' 'dIP r u,-o~ 'Jr"~'~ ..;I,..J, JP LYI L~6 {..::.~ (IijtJ~ .IJ''7-" O'jv.. '-?~~,'7-" Lv' 'v! a~v.. '-.I~ L .::.V JJ/-' ~ ~ -7-" C~YI ":,,,yr -7-" l~ cf. JjL rJ_t; J 1.:)' J/-' ~ i v!~~ v.. '-.I~ L UY;} .IJ'.I'_,) v..J' L 1.:)' .IJ''Ji'i J.I'_,)L 1.:)' J/-' ~ L ud v..J_t; J'J 2.J ..f1~v!L.I JJ .I'_,)J~'J &, ..f1J/-' ~ L ud tf -v! 24. ~ r" .IJ!. ./ Z_y' ./ uJJt;.J. 1)'.1YI ;tJ~~ .::.~ A1/ t:... Yo f)_,) L.d' ~V'.IJ'J'J~J ~..f1~ l/ J '-}~:;,-'If J/-' ~1.1J"'-.1 -~?-, J'J~ J u;;:.fJ.I.lJ'UJ)J' J~ 'LYI L.I JLh'.1JA.J' J J

1.:)'

,..,

cJi. U.lYI

'-hL )~,

••

, ..

..f1 J ~.;--; "' {,;';,-o

Deconstructing the Hero (1997)":,,,0"~, L (Margery Hourihan)

UY.

v.. (If v.. Un. .IJ')U.-CYo f 7-" tf ~Ir u~Lf 1.:)' J ":,,,7' v..

r J' ~~ .IJ'.::.~ J./ L;J/-' 1.:)' L u~Lf Lv' U' ;-1,; -v! J?' ":,,,l#i 4-1UJA .IJ'~ ~, J 1.:)' .IJ'7-" '.Il, If ~, 7-" 'YI (p.~ d' Yo

v·jJ' v.. 1.:)' 7-" tf ~Ir u~Lf 1:1- ~

.Ii vI;

L V' -7-" tf

198 '(Jason and the Golden Fleece)

v! d;/

t)J~' cf ;- '(Odyssious)

~~'.J t)J...Ji ~\.; '(Saint George) (:;.JYo~ '(Beowoulf) ..;JJJ..r.: L JJ~.J h.JJ''J;,,) cf c/.f.J'(Knights of the Round Table) ~ -4J1 u~Lf t)/ JJ .I J' u~ ~ J"p ~ ...J. d' ji L~~~""" .I ~ ji ( u,;Lf d' s.i-l;f(v' ji 'i- C.t1":,,,k'"(f.t1c;f '- U~ L.,:..(/ ".t1 Cj '- uli,fo J J ..,iju, -?/ ...J. if. f i- ( (lSi ..;'.1{ U i- '.t1 ~? Yo ...J. v' .:;;;?.JJ ...J. u,;Lf d' -~, C.t1.J~ '- Jk'"( S.,:..j . u! ~IP /i Yo'~~~ ' J f ~ J!Ui ~'i- J.t1 if ...p dk'".JJ L ~ ~J .JJ'~..;.;i SJ? J ":,,,7 (JL.J dk'".JJ L .,:..~..Ar.JJ'Ju...v' ') .JJ'1 '.J~' .JJ'J.i" 4 s.i- C~~dk: '-l/ v' I if .JJ'(JL.J v' -4J1 L/ ,J.Jf1) L u)JJ d' J.. v' '4J1?-.J JYoy"".I} J5'~u! ":,,,7 J J? 4-J.J ~

Y Y

£ -i- ~ (j J' :;,/.jJ' ~~ S(' s' dk'".JJ Yodk'".JJ L ":,,,7 J?'..u -i- C~.t1 ":"'k'"(L/ ~ ~ I..;J~ .JJ" t)P C S":,,,7 u 'i- Yif You! ,.j.L v' )J' i- t))JJ )J' Jj ...J. d' f 4J1}.;i>.I; v' u)>> ~,.i£,J.t1...J. .,:..)~ S(jy Y SJ? ,;-' ~ "p ,.i

.,:..u~L (' v' -cC ",/- (j .t1:;,/. tt(JL.J L u.(..;.;i" S~ 4 'i- C.t1)l}, (d' t- u!.,:..u~J J(' -~ Lf/2...~ J ~ j( "t,;';y" v' )J' tt)J ~.:A Iif.u! f r.? S-..4f It S":,,,7 )J' -.t1 e'J Jj dk'")J L ":,,,7 )J' J? ,..4 4J1",/-

JJA (j ._f u,;Lf

. ..

-LIP I)

-4J1 ~ .,:..~~ ~ S"pL u,;1f u!":,,,7 -?/ )J'...p JIu! (ji ~-i- C.t1~)i)J' J/' '~Ji(G ~ "p 0 -i- C.t1I.i1) ( ..:.J'Lz J' U~Yo( u~i- C.t1)"1,..; L v'

'ufo.f j ~ Idf -~f

J ('.Ii )J' J.i" J

f L v~":"';.,... ,;-' 0

J? J' A-- ,;-' _rr i- C~u!u)ti'.J

.JJ' u~~

199

J/ (( !

jl.J_,;i'7 0: YiJ{ ~ OJ 7 LYi 1.1' Yof .:,IIJ-: 0 ~.Jtd !~Jv' ~ ,.:;J)I-vk--yJJ.JJI J/u~ L~; ~'J{ ~;/ ~ ~J:)J17 jYi J;- ~ J -r.?; Ui-J7 L~J{ ~ eJ-~;/ -7 L~ ~v (1.1'.::;... U.e!/ JJ~.JJIJ~ .;uk -7 LYi J ~~ ~ .JJI'7 LYi.JfJJ.::;....,::..~~I.JJJL ( ~I J/-i 0 Yi.,::..,;JI ~) J o..d- J/» .JJI7Jjl ()! ~1-7 L~ t.!f .::;...1.::;... U~J (I.? 'jij Jf 'U~.hJ~ '~~ '.J;~ ()! ~I 'V] (/ -7 (/ n J{ JJI Jlfl.JJI '!.IIJ.:.A'J.? '.JJL!u,.f£ 7 cd ~6.;.,::..~ (Ii 1.:)1 J/-i. 0 7 Cl. J{ I.:)JIJ.JJIJ.Ao'::;'" ~I ,j.,j.lvl_7 LYi~ ( (/ .JJIp -1./1 LYi Jc:-.::;... .,::..~~ !.JIJ LvI Yof "::".JA} () ./u _, L 'c:Cl. .:,1; .::;...1j ~,. LYi .. u ->. . o!ji 0 . v..

If.!

J>.

vY~,./}~

_L...(

-7j:J.YJ!vl()!ji

fYo7L!X.::;...~/l.:)jt;,

-7L~I/(.iPi(vlj7Li I.JhJp.L~~(u~ 0 it- -V] LYi JIPL .JIJJt;i>JJ...;Jt,;-rvl.JJIJ/-i ()! uJ?tf

J~): 'jijJf ~'I_;;f J!.I;'-I). ;~fl'J (/.

...JI./ ~ JJJ;.-1

i...:l,£1 .k.~( I.:)};

_/-II.:)~.JJL J/- .JJI~7JL:JIf.. 1.:)~.JjL ~ L vl.JJIJ/-i L~)'" .::;... -?J J.,::..y;i L eli ,f q..- tfr/ J.rz -7 Lif If.!'~"::,,y;i -:,.f~()!J/--7¥Jr .:jJl~; ()!J .JJI~y! L ~)'" I))J-7 t.f"; 4- .JJI.J~I ()! J .JJI~Y ! 1.:)1~ 1.1' LYi

~)'" IJL:J 1.1'-7

~.J(il Jl.il,?-: ()! 1.1' 7 ! ~IP J;/.Yo.; J/:V]~'::;"'L/vILIJ

200

(L;.V)cJ"j

SJ;/. S-r7 ...t u.itl (if .::....~ ( ~f 1 J'J cJj~f ''f- ,f JJ .::Jj "' .,:,~~ 1,j.J ...t ~ JfJ )Jf Jr J'J -'f- J.t1":'>~ ScJl)f.::.... ~J S~ f 'f- CI;;..YJ J.I(i Jj ...t UJ)iI! )Jf U)l)f If.. )Jf 'f- J> J-" ...t LJ ~~ IJp ,./i)! )Jf (~.::....)} v'1V 'J.t1"f-' ~ ...f'...t U)l)f (V -: ~ -'fjJf .e: ':-J)j 1~ 1J~ d/ jti .::.... ~J Uf-'f- J.t1J SVf...t jti -'f- C~ ~b 1JlIyf ,of' J'J

:f 'f-I;f( ~)f -g_;£) dCL UJ.?/ I,../i)!

(

.::....f~

Vf ''f-;

.,:,)! )Jf;/.

(V JyPf -: -4i-~ tJ J)fJ (L;J) cJ"j Yo

dCI.,:,)!

"C}JJ/ '4i-~t~

)Jf

f Jy u l/ Uf•••••'f- ~ L U)l)f

L .,:,}JOJ '~ LJ J~f 1(-Llfo L l/ SJJ! ;f(V~Vf_~;£) ~)J( J~d _~)dL L....uL)Jf G'i ,;-f f 'f- -:7- ~ L cJf L

t,:))i

:f'f-

CJ t,:)k:'::""l/ Vf >. )Jf...f11 J'J Uf ~f ~)f

~ ~~sj J)iS~ 4f t!...tUy'~ j)~fJI v~Lt,:)fJ' 'f- J.t1-:...t u'i)! ~ji -J.t1 ~f 1...f1fi ~Vf -~tJ"'f- J.t1...t ~ -: 'f-,f -4i-~tJJ' "'Vf (}.UY' L..::.J:>

(i.,:,~)Jf J;..f) .::....UJ. uf"

'-/

JJ L (fjf

~)i~ Po L ulr-(G.;

J/ JJ )Jf J;/.S,-;,,)i L U_,)f'i 1/A", uJ.

1~ L

..!-)~j ~

-1/~f d L

(cJ"j -~ o~ o~ cJ"j)Jf (-

.,:,fJU--,;-f

0';:' ~~)J jJf ~

1,JiI L J; f S

4'~ V'.3JI,:Q) JJ.,:,}J

)Jf JlIyf

201

J.JICJ~ .JJ'..:-~~'~, U} 0';; ~~.JJ" nb J1j (,j,

.J. ':!....;/

.JJ',-f ~IP

If .JJ'.::....~,1"'i- (~

J":;'.Ji..f~ ,1"~

-'i- Cf

':! ~. ~ 1.1'

,1"'i- V ~~,f)JJ 'V,!;/. ~ L ~,~,;-' It'.Jj L ~J OJ ,1"'i- V ~~,~ ':! ~ ";;>JJu?-Jj.# ~' ~ L J; jl)I I t'.Jj~' OJ ,1"'i- tf.! ~Jj.# ':! v! (j; ..f£'ILf u~J L U.,), i J~?i .JJI--V' ('j' ~.Ji ~ ~ vI -/-' f ~I ,:, 'lLf.::,,;; "'~'

~ ,;-' tf.!, Lf>!",

J~,

t'.Jj .JJIuitj Lff IuJ~~ L J -.r..;.;i v! u} ~, L U.,)I ,1"1( ofJ ':! .JJII( J~I -V,!~ L J; -.r..;.;i jl)' ..:-LI..~I ':! L~' .JJI'i-

~!IvltJ.J

t,;_,;,_. ~ ~,

'J~u~

.JJIJ~ JJ.J

r. v! .JJJL ,,:-,l¢' ~

JI ~ '((j..;/. ~~ v! ,-/lr

,:,I.J{

L ,,:-,7 ~ v! ~I ~ I.f..~

Ijl..t' ,:,IP.J~ J l).Jl Y .JJI'if.1).J~j1)I I..:-w, J ..:-~~ '~I ~ .JJ'Jly v!~' ,1"'i- ~ ,:!..:-~ I,)'(; wfi Ju.ill ~I -tf ,.P Jf~ JjJv .JJI'C'J'~ OJ 'i- ~ J;r. v! ~I ..f£''i- tf.! J'I JIJ 'i- J;r. v! vI ~ vI ''i- cC ~ l("~....,)' o.,v 1/ Ji v! ~I ''i_.::::.../~ '"

JI.-i (,

.. Uv

v! u.ill J.JJJV' L/ 1.1' ~ .:..? JiG J/-Z v! u.ill ~, -'i.JJlj f J/1~ ~~.J~ L vI ~ -J1 ,J'1..:-~I

CL j'r. ~ ..:-IP.P .JJI(jl J';'::I ~.Ji ~ .I} ~r; JiL

wfi 4 ,1"'i- v.' OJ

J1":-'~ ~

Jr.

~eJJ/!t L vI v! if. J ~~

r.-:/Y.J? J(Prescott) ..:-.,c..".I'V,! L~

":-Jg J(Pizarro) ~)~.JJd -'i- Ci_f'J1

qQ "'~

,;-' -::,.fLz wfi J u~r.(' ,1"r. 'i-I( Ji

'J'tJJ'JY'. v! vI -'i- Jfv! OJ

:,1"'i- ~ v! '-.J~ L ~,._;;,u

2lV"Lv~ 2l'LLlI21'tJl /oj'" ~ vI ~ 'i-.J~ OJ u~ ,1"v! r,;;!j/ vI .JJ''L UJ.J~ ~L tf.!, r. L UJj~21 'ell) " v! '-.J~ L

202

e-" ~

(dl'~

J".IP .JJ' Lk -f1 S.lV:

s» (j -f1~

J~(L.f J>. _;~ LJ~I ~IJ

OJ../-

.I#~ OJ 0:.' JI S ..:;;Y'I .IJI15.1#.~ -"'./

~IP

~£. '*- ~ VI Yo

S ,-/Ir ~.I! Yo (.

t::-

.IJI-f1 ,_;! u.ilf d' .. " I"tJ). L .,:..~ I~'" ~ .,:..Ij'.'1 IJJI J (,)1 G"I J .IJJY ~ VI -'!- IIi/ rL ,-/Ir ~J ~ .,:..}J OJ JC-- SVI -'!- ~ -"j JjtJ .:t... L ~; .IJI~ J l.£ "-' 1uJ.I~ .IJII,j!j ';;, 'c,.IY ,_;!.,:..~( L I"';'f v1 Vir -v1 a.l -?.IJ a~ a~ L;;' c)L)I.lJI':;;>.IJ'.Ii'v:~ ~ v'_,!V' '!-.1.I1ll. ~ J .IJ'~; J:~f '!- J.I~ .:t... L (fii ,_;! JI} S V' -'!- tit{ .I~I,_;! .,:..~(.IJI":"J~ ~ ,.'''';' ~I.lJ tn 1~ ,_;!~{ Yo '!- (j ~ ",:,,0"-f1 Su~"J ,_;!.IJJ (Tudors) A~ ,_;! dc:Ji, 1~ J:~S ,-/Ir LJ1 L.f ..:Vj S ":"J~,_;! v' ',j j'v: U~ -I) C'v: ~ .IJj" £.1 .Iy.l. U;,..;A 'uiY 'UJJI) 'UJ1I?J~~ ~J vI fi ~ u~/lj J uv! J! ,/ J/') L'v: !( ~ 1uh .IJ' .IJ''{ £. Y ~ ('.1;.;/,;,/ J/''{ '!-.1J! j;}f _'{£. "-'~ ~lP. Vy.,I"L;.:_I Ih:1P• .IJI'.(~ Ll .. /('1,; ..,.,. j~

'!- C.f~

>. tt' tt'

Vir fi

fl) C'v:~I~ _;} .IJIA ,_;! uli ~

,;.,:..,-,,:",ILuiY fi',fJ1F SjJIJ&'~ .I~I.f J1.I~ ( ..:..~..:..j Vir ,_;!1-.L v' ') '!-.1 -'{ L'v: J1.1~(

IJI.I1J J'IP JI J.lI,_;! d' f ,!-.,:..~ -f1 J! ~,_;! u.ilf d' L do f /. j'v: .:t... L uIY _;/ ,_;!,.IkolU~ ~ -J.f J! jJ1 ~~ J.lI,_;! d' -~ L.flJ1 Yo ( .IJI'/11 15.1P'"'~iJ, J/.l jJ1~.{ ~ 'U~hJ'v:'U~{ 'U~b ') I) CJ1JJ(U').I1 fi-/.

-v!'

J1~

203

v! 'T'J.JL UJl.hY! J.JI ~ -v! j./JA SJ;:J ~ J.JI v! JLf -V! tf'.J)' v! 'J1", J)~ u f ~JJ1 ~ vb V' ,~ S~,i v! JJ1 ~ .J~' L ~ ~,-i- J"j(~ ..11.-- L ~,'v! ..J~ v! L} JJIr ji" ~~'J4~fPoi-~..::.-)Jt:Yr v'.JJ'i-f 4-u ~ v.. , r'J1.J';;:~ ~J (.~ f i;_ ..::.-iJL> u.. j . ~.JL L Ui.J1 -~, v-. l/" ~..:cl'.f ,/ U'r;.h,1r Iui.J1 ~.J!i;v! 'T'.Ji. v! Ui.v ~".vyo

â&#x20AC;¢

()~...

v' L UJl.Lf Su.(= v! ..v,

,/I

-V~LJre.tj ~V

'T'.Ji. L ~ 1.5.JJ1~hL v! ..::.-~~r_,i v!";. L~' .JJ'"::'-~~.J'~J.J /o'i;f L V' '-..r_;'; ~.Ji. v! ~, J 1.5;/. ~ tf' .JJJJI..&~'{:. fi -i-l/ r "':""'" ~, '~~ S~, d' ..::.-iJ~ -: L d' v!/ S;ft i ~Ir J1 JLr L Jr o: ~.J~ ,;-' .JJ' )P ~

-:1

-V! L.f'J' ).J'r" if- J.tj

L...t. J/ .J. 'i-~.J ~ JJA tf'...f U#1b juz; Po f i- rr .f I:)'. J;:J dAL ~"'

U.(=d~.J -: r uJl.Lf J;L L uJl.Lf d' 'j;i. viJ "::'-';:J~J1.5/ JJ.JJ'u)i ..11.-- fr L uJl.Lf ,,:-,' 'T'.Ji. -i-i-~.J J'J.~~1i SUi_J.J,.;1P.J1r.JJ'1.5;/. V' J! cl v! d'.JJJ

***

..v,

q t"'

204

(~i;; L~;;;1JJ u~ '-.lin v.- '-.J~ L (U1? J~J~;; ~ (JI ,_t~1 VI .JJI'.,::..>~ SVI '-.r";;; SdV'JPi L (JI ,_t~/..f T -:i -f1:~ ~~J-JI~ (JI,_t~/".J}"'J~J£'~~ IJl;J}JlrS ~ L .11;':;-'1 ~I .I~i.G""b.Jj L VI ~~ ~b:j_,J/1 J, if. ..fr; -L~ ~ Jl..£.<-I~ u/i L ~J ~ J' 0:- -:.JJIL~ ~ J~I J' L '::'-:'~)f dV'JPi v.- 4" L (JI ,_t~/..f T -:;; ;;;1 yJJ L ,;LJ £_ .JJI~ I.,:..~IJ.J .JJI'--"JI ur:j ':;-"~ vI 'Iy; JIJ _Iy;vltJ.J t::._ u_';~

s»

v..

~..f T 'Vf-: ~u./-f1-~ Lif v.- ~r .,:..y;i J-I-:"uk ..f~ L.I.J'?' ,-I .,:..1JIP -Try;J~-"J' -:~J; i ~ JfJ; v.-} l..u -~ T.I I,;(. ~J'(.J 01.1Svl;:..f ,-Ji f tJJ)JI .JJI.,:..~IJ.J el' OJ t ~Iu".i ;: T Jy; ":".JJ/'Su.,[tli .IJI'd}}jJ.J.tl ~ L J;

v..

L -:'/"v.-i ...f ~ ..f T 'OfuJY JJ -ut J~L"'t S-?' '-

-J'/- J ~ J;

JjL L-:'/"

.....;/ 'T ~

0 .1

'T ~Ir-

J"'/ ~ .J~I IJjL L Uy;ti ",.lin 'J' ~J; ..f T -:o.lG ~ OJ

...f ';;'J vI

-TtJ J' .JJ'~"v' jJ.J.tl\j~"'J~I J.J:!I'!-'>Y-J ~ cJ~.JJ L .,:..~IJ.J ~)f .JJI ll'J.J "do ..f ~ .,:..~_,;".(il OJ -: 'JJ ~.,:..IJIL el' .JJI/~ j~ J (JI ,_t~1 v.- ..u.- vI -~ T.J ~ ~ .JJ"'J .JJI\:/.fiLL (J¥ JIrL~ tJ.:'J..f T ~.I.J~I ~I j~'- ~~ ~ L u}.I'" t,;_,;". ~

'".I'"

205

V' '-- S d- s,i:.. J'I '-- ~/u~'"~k'"~ u_,{ (;' ,_t}/}r

S(Bernard

~L"..:-'J' 1/Lv' .lJ' ~I/ (?'" /Jj L s. Kohn) cf/-J..' -lit/." t;';". v'

(Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India- 1997)

Lv' f if- CJt;~ '-- Jk I ~, S(;',_t}leJ

-if- JIP

S~,

~'V'JPz '-'.. L,;;,.., . o! .• t'V'J~ '-- ~)j .... -u;. ..ilPoj ., '.Iiy ~•.:,.A) .v"v .. ._,)iJ';;j'.)J"I)'f::,.);! '-- VIiL ,,-.~ L,;;./)} "'~)C'_')iJjfI1 r~ 'I" ., -: .. J . d .... 'W-vv-

~~ I u~~ ,_t}1 u v!(/ S ..:-rJ ~, 'I) ~ J)

'--..:-rJ

.7;-' L

~Y;~ ~ J;ffsi S ..:.v"1)J.:.A! v! ~.lt. -i:..?-~ S?- J;!. 'vk Oi~'J,;J.- () v!~' s: LJ ~, j'. ~ L L Lb:~k'"~ I~, -i:.. L",f. L'J L" ./., u;;". _;j;I .lJ" ...:.-L,,-) )lJ, L._ij~~'

Jfi 'i»: 'f~

')JP '~,

~.A!

)J'

..:.v"1)~,

e')j

>. S ..:.v"1) J'{ ~ ~ "7'" Jj ~k'")JL,fir

~ )j( ~, '-- ~)j '-- ~)j

v!~' i:.. ~,..,v J;J j'. ~

0;1. '~')

-i:.. L"

)J'

;1,.; /.

v! V' i J" J;ffsi S..:.v"1)

)J' ~

L )lJ, L ~

...:.-!2 fiL

)J'._ij~

un f,,,~(((

t ~'.J. 'L~1£ v!i.i LJuifo~' Oi,; 'L~1~

L d- f L" t;~ e.; ,-)'J' )J' ..:-1'J) 0:'~ V' 'L~1/Jy;r )/, )~~~; -t"y.) ~..:-". JJ'~\5)~(J./ -£ ~~jJ ,,('1 /...:.-'Jii J ...:.-tJ~ L ..:.v"1.1~.lj L rfi .lJ' tJO)~ 113' () ...fi L J ~)j

-t~ L'J

?-) L

~J )J'

'.J~J~0'CuC v! J(9. S ..:.v"1)J.:.A! '}.)J

I)p' ~k--.7;-' L u~'n' Li v! ~'V'J#ZJi~ -L" J~J;J L u~'v! v' -1L;i v! ~J#Z l..:-rJ ~)t..7;-' L u~'i ~J(i ,_t}If.JJ -i:.. L"

~IP

v! ~J~

j'.

f1~' e;."G~

'--...:.-rJ ~,

206

J~ '-.I1JI.IJI..:.-~IJ.I uiJJ J~Jk .IJIJilb/.~t)! ~~.1 -V ~I ~ L vJ/ Jr cl~I L U";I I JjI, L vJ/ (Yl t)! J.~LI 4.1"13 J rL~ 1.5';A,(;JYo ~.Ij L UJ)J' ~;!./. _J cl.l~ ~UU rt- -i:...

-VVJ~{#J~J~f~ 'cI" cI'.1L c)I .IJI'-I;L Jt.fdVJ~ ..:.-L,!P ~ 'V(JfII..:.-L,!P 1.5/JJ.IJIdc;, '..:.-l:31J .L,D";I ~··L ;£ ~.I} V'(; -J."I!e- o: U).I{.1I! IV' .IJI'jjt.7'ulY I!b.l[ "5J~J! 'I!Js.1! .J~fi L Ur. s:LYl .I~ /' L Js. ~'-J/ t)! ~ '-J/ ~ r( 4.1'. -~ e- .It; J i~I t)! '-.I~ L e,dJ I.5J~r .J~ Yo ~ P! L VI -13 ~if~ (RenneIl) J;.1 ,,_;'J L i11 t)! 1765 'b.l[ '.I1JI.~'J~'..:.-[y 'UJ.li~ L if '-J/ r ~J [r t)!,.:.? L J{' I..:.-IJ~.IJI'l:)J.I J (.I

-,j J~Jif.J!( ..!...1 {.I t)! '-.I~ L (:,.'J.I J (.I L Un.l JI -Ve-/..:.-L,!P t)! '-.I~ L I.5J~r L if 1.5.1t; (Y- -i/ J; t)! 1881 P; J JI" '13 pL I!r!j~ ~ ~J~ ~ L ur"'!..IJI UJ:t/t -,-.t" .IJI.I~ L (I)I J t.NI 'J; L Uj) ._;j:#'f':?' 'vEAI,J..I[

~ ~ L c)I J" -e. ~

I ..:.-L~ v.iP L u~ J~ ~k-- ~ vI tf-I "':"'"~ 'LIJ LIh ~Ii .IJI~ '",~ 'I;/'/. ',j ~..:.J>

L c)I cJ~J~ ..J_) ~ ~ ~ vI .s: L~L t)! ~J 1.5'"1)/ JJ~ -13 o.tL Lfi ~ J..~ L '-:"? ;;~ J;~~J '13c£ ..:.J> l.5iLJ.I~ -L~~ );, J6.1[ (j.l/(r ~jYo

t)!Jt-

f,j t)! ifl ~J I!~~.1 Jiil

~J~

Lfi L vI

.~?-~ ~f.,;-SIPI!vlf

J-D L b.l[ L

~"'J

-I uiAI ,J..Irl! vI ~.I} r~_;;vI IJ} OJf,j

V'(;

~OJ,j

Jiil f i:...?-~b;[ ~OJ'-/ JJ (~ r!j~ ~ t)! ,;Ii' t)! J~J I!1840-'f-I£ "" I).I~ IVI ,.J. ''f-

~ IJi I

-~r t)!J'

~~.1

(~r~I..Jr

'-J/ ~~r

t)!1851 IJ}_IYl

v.:,s»

tfl-

~,.P IX~ "'r"""

r UJJt

(ifr O'jG~

'I)C~tI!

L Lf ~

I)J

LIJ~~Li~;

~ ~I I) C~~ U~

'~if'JvJ'~

v.:,

tf ,.."J.I. {U~ tfl- "IjJi.

J.~Jj!'I~ _t}I

207 jlpl

tv! Jf v.: ~~; JJ~ 'J~JJ '(if ~

d- )z.-IJr ~I ~

jyl JIi:I_1)

tfl- S U}~:;-, :;-, J} ~-~ Lrt e)J (..;~) ";J/ JJI .::..~

!UJJi

Lf .::..~ ~ U;l/jJI UJ..1.C~I ~ V"~ 2...i. ~~; {j'. J~J;:.z 4-' ~'..1.C ~f ~ ,,'M' Jf ~ '::;'J

~~~s/.

L UJJi

L ~~j

0: j~Jjr ~ dL ~

'J 1- Li~; ~ L U~I ~

1785~

1720 {'l?,'~

-I)

JIP f~ VI JJI

j!} UjJ/ ~

d- ~jJJUjJ!

VI J!rt

,0,

j IJ z- j / Uj~

..;/

~cr,.f Io;"'~

d!' If'i .::.._;;; ~? ~ ;, L U~I

.=---if t.:f2 -4-J L~ ~j~I

j~ ~'.

t- ,-j?

~ jyl JIi:I

S~I

~~;

1'J~ L.;.iP

(( I ~I o JA o ~~j

-v.t )j Ji ;JjlJ

i ;,~u~ tfl- ~

~ ~;tJ,,.f J{~JI

JJI '.::..~

1",

JJI "" J!.J ')J

,J:!7

Oil

UilP./.e: UjJ'

v.:,i ~6.; L

.::..I~J~J

L ~; fl) ~j mZ ~'f j ~ .=---if 'J~ r 6'vy ...i~I J.l f j'. 'yj'. ~J -,.."J.I. ;, JJI ,J.~

:f tf-~eJ 'I) &j,)z1

(? j,b1!

v.:

un JIP f tf-

I~ ~~ ~ ~

j~I "' UjlJGJ,.f ~I I)J

'tf- Jt)J d ~

L J{ f 'f-,.f .::..~vI '::"jJ/ -~~ -~~ t;.,f ~; 0'jG ~~I 6 ~ 1804L if- -~ /'J O'jGLYj'. J_ L.;.iP v' )JI J.j ~ ~'::;'J vI J'{ ! '::"jJ/ J_ vl,.f O'jG-~ ~ ~ J;:.z~ J'{ U~ '::"jJ/ ,.f~ J_ vI !~;.::..Y -!~; ,.f----Ii:I ~I {Un L ~J;:.z fl) ~ J~ r yj'. -!~; S~)'i Wi JJI ",:"J J} !u".;JJ.

208

jf ~;

JjlJ--'" .IJI7r:.~ L JJJ;;-;I.)) '~,

~.Ij

d,j L

v! 1.5J! L ~IA .IJI~ L!I.lk'= A/. L d,j ~I -~..;

.t1.I~Jj ~ I.5jiJ1./. .IJ'L~ J .::).r '- Jr? J~J;;-; ,.rr L.t1 2:-; 41' 'V'J'IP i.'i.;v,.I ~~; L J";' JJI s,~ ~ 41' L~ .I~' 1.5.1~Jj v! VI L.I J'IP "::".I~.; ~j'i .P! L -J~'J~4 'I.5J -?i", ~ ""~; 1.5(;,. L J,)' v! k../ ~ Lv' -J.rl .Ik'=~~.IJ L 1802.IJ'1799.::,;J J~ l,J!.IJI '1.5J! )j JG' (t ~~I_,f ,J ~ L 41' -J.t1 S~ :(JJ) J~J;;-; .I~ 'S.l~' J\.1 v! ~f .li~ ~;LJ. Sl:) L if. 'fL 41'~ L ~ ~~;-V\~~ .I~'~' L 41'.1 ~ v~ ~Jfl 1.5(;,. .IJ' -S.I k'=/,fJ~J;;-; '- Jfl L ~.IJ .IJ''JY';LJ. fr; -:~ ~~ ~;J~J;;-;

-s

"i'J

f'k.'

L '-Â£(-J.lJI~I_,f,J )J '-.d J! '::-'J~

~'r.jr.,.rr ~

.IJ'l:h.l J (.I L

v"~ ~S.::-~v! ~~;S ~I

v.=0"'-

(t L (Dialogue) tt..:,& .::-~"

J-"~~~"~

zs v! ~~J;;-; L. L. r. -J.~S .::-L,lP v! '-.I~ L

rlj

IItv.'./. ~ IJY';LJ.,;-' f ~s,I.5J '::-~'1v! JP

SJ, Ji.

,J -L~ S .::-~v! ..f J"'- JP. _;j:I L '-;~ .IJ''L~ ,:Y ~vI J.t1ty v! 1798r. ~O"JIJ ..:,& ~ ~ JJ Ji. S ~I_,f J"'- JY';LJ. D> _I) '- ~'.1 J~.IJ L JY';LJ. .IJ'~~ '-.I.J 1)'1; r"/''-.IJ;i 'f- t.l-?? ...J) ~, ~, fi -~, t.t1~I,;' U -: '- ~I D> '}i.~ ,.v. '.I{ J!tf'- JY';LJ. f 'f- t;f~~I_,f ,J tt

"A.r.f,. .-.:' ~

~~tt~"

(''- .IJJ , 10./" ... .-fJ ~.' r,

Jr:. .::-~";Y' -: v! JJ Ji. 41' ~~~,

t:/ t(tt

-:~"

JJ ~ _y ~~"

('"r('_~ --

,..)

D> ~,f;)i..I ",(u

.IJ'-?~ f '.::-L~I L JY;LJ. v! '-.I~ L J/.IJ'r

~ 'v~ 'tll'~

209

,.J;:/i'

J( -y!J '.ti -:J.ll./ _;-t,..LUY;tJ, (VI

f 'f-~I1!~I~

I)!(( L C)I~ '~~~.1

Z£MI./. ~I

Uy;tJ,.IJI-L~ Vi.!

0>'~~

-y!J y!J tt_'f- ~jf1 ~ 'J/ '(I.:;A~'

J( --/ ~I

J_ L.::-J! JI v!

J!-:~.Ij L ,,/.1 ji

C)~;~.ti

.IJIC)V .I}!

C)~J;;';f 'f- C.ti0;1.;;1/:

4Y- !

41~

u1:')

J1.1~~

1C)~;L UJ"'-t.J

uJl

v.=C(!

.,:..~I L vI fl),,~

.I}!

~I~ .IJI'I) 1i

J.IIY'L --1/ .IJI--1.1L C)I1 ",I;. fl) U.lJ/ ,,/. U.IJ/ ? L C)I{ U,;;r' 4-' i L~ { .,:..!J J~J;;';P .::) JJJI .I~ L C)IZ JI ji -v./.;;:-~ { C)I1~ 1./.1Lf .IJI~~'J:'r' OJf ~I~ J( J~ L~_;,~.u~J OJ f'f- -:..:GI.)7- i .ti J.ti u/.:;;_ tt_f n(~ JC ( tJ;/. JI.;;I;.IJIJ~I tJ.I~.:;;_v" -L~~

,J ~~-:!

J: Lr .Iiv!.IJJ L ~

~1.1 u}lb/. v! C)~J;;.;f

A .IJIL~ lPf .:;;_~.Ij L b.lC .IJI'",:",JIJ

'J)~;! vI

-L~ 1Vv! JJ) ';-,

1C)~J;;';f

1C)I{J~

(2)

-f11/ f ,J 0'.1.ti ~

..:...-_;I{. ~'v'

L h)).ti JI:-I ';-, f'f- ((r

v! .IJJJI;'I ';-, v! 1765 iJ>

oy ~'.I; ~

{. vI v! C)~I vI

...f 1790 .:;;_ 1760

1~,-)..:/;

J'£J.ti J!.:;;_ ~J vI

{C)~J;;';

.,:..V;;' J_ Ii ':;;_,.;;>J! U-'tllll ~ .IJI'J.,?I;,r~ J{

-,J ,f cf.';~ ( ~

-: ~,-f

'ViJJ f! f! .I; v'

.:;;_vI ~

-t£..ti -J~ v!

_(~,y -:L UJ.I'-t.NtLv'

-L~ 1b:7- 41(111)' L.it..1 .lJ;{..,:..~ vI .lJ"

v! Jy#J S$.!..Iv! J~ L V' ufij .IJIU!..IYyd/f.ti .I,f. ',f .ti

t£. 4-J ":"'.I~I ~I.JM.IJI",1Il1 l;ft v!.Nt

(i'.jt -J) vI -'f- ":".IJ/!

.:;;_U$.~J;;';v!

.IJ'

L ~~

",Ill' fV1J

210

J'" flJ1

(po -:.:;....,j.

..;>.; '(t\5/1 ..ii'''... /Y J ~Ii.'

;£.1 .II}/./.::-~IJ.I .IJIWJ.lIJIL Vi I}.)J-,J ~

-'f- '::-.IJ/

J;; f~ J~ -:v! '-.I~ L

.,:..r'~.1 /.~ J/.,:..r'1.1 Lv./.::-LIJi::1 LJ1

I:)'VJPzv! wi! uV

v! ~Ib/. CJ1I:)~I,jv e~J~~ V"~ ,y, JJ.lY"~ it~ J v! I:)'VJPz I:)ii JIv! I:)'VJPzJ;; f J~ L ~.I~oilb/. v! 1792-93-~

c il' -'f- '::-.IJ/

JdJ L...Jt.~

JI:)ii

U~J~ Vi' ~ ,-)J' .IJI

L d'}L I;J -'-/.! d'}';-,L uiLY" .IJIUJJPzf OJ ~ L Un J~ v! 1777.::J L --:? vi I;J -~, t)j~'(d'} ,~ ~ e'.? v! oJ' .IJIO.l~ J .::-? d'}-:IJ1.I~ ~/. '( I:)ii -~ CJ1J' ~1:)1v! u;JI~ oilb/.._£. oy ILJ19 J.I~ r..J!Cfy J d'} L uitY .IJIuJJPz,J JdJ J :/Yo (-J 1797v! JLhI.l Jvi {C? -£ ~~I.I~':;"" uiiY' .IJ1 wi~ J[ v{~ .:;.... (Iii Ii'~oilb/.v! 1864 v!;.. L vi IJ1.1~d'jjii ...f1 v! 1:)1'LI(-

L u~

Lv!

(uVl I.I{ '( .::-JI~ .IJI'~ 4-J).,:..r'!;/'oYY' .JJI.::-~

JJ) ,;-, II:)'VJPz".I}

jii L .,:..r'~.1oilb/..:;.... &b vi -vi' -~ (3)

_~ ~;.r.:~ 'l7f..JJ1 e_t;...f1 ~ L uJJ' I:)'VJPzv! .IJJJIMI ...f1 tt_'-/.! v! Jf ~Yo f '-/.! L~ J )_,)(V eJuk i ._f,:/ L ~" v! '-.I~ L I:)'VJPzL (Herbert) '.:'4./i ife ~~ J' v! UJ.lP L I:)IZ JIJ L)e1~ e~~;.:;.... "':-"'" fLf LJ1 L).Il,$1 ';-' -: _'-/.! JJ1 J~j .IJIjJIA Jl,il vP J d- .f '-/.! ..:..: LJ1 £.1 Ix '( "::"'>.IJil' eJ-'-/.! ~j /'.;) ~.IP v! -:v L U?.IJ L (-I u.? '( .::-I_/C';-'

211

L.f

,-:"fj

Iv' (j"; .n' ~ z:» i~Jli ,.;JV' JJ' ~

-~ '=-J 4'..4 4:/..J L ~

L.f ('/'

v! U}~ Jv' ,J '~

V~/. (-;_,._; ~ J~' JJL ~ II:)V' JRt '))1 ; J.: ( J.t; ~' L U)~({ v! .u- v' -L~~~~JJ IbJL JV' f J11 ~J

-: ":,,,'i

I:)V'JRt~ L / wf1 J~(Mackenzie)..s~ r' lJ. (~ , r:. I r" , , '-Jr" "::"'~JV'J ,..J i,L.." o V-or JJ' .:::..\,::.,~

-'J';/ -='J """..JJ J~I v!

ft,o

f~''" A

(

Ju,...;tJ. dIP ,f-' 'v! o~ t,./..!i "' do -?/ f UJJr" JJ' "::"'~JV'J,JP ~ bJL J I:)'VJRt~p. L (Tyler) JJ' wfl-~6- ~

)t /

J...

OJ'~J.f ..JzPi Yo v! '-J~L I:)V'JRtL

1:)'

UH 1:)' ~

(I{I{ L./

,f-z JI ~' J'I:)' v! I:)V'JRt f -: ft,o eli )i~ J~j J:}I 'JJY. Jy '~ (jJ cf" I:)!>l,Jv ~ ~ uk '~ ; f JV' JRt ~ Y Vlr I{V' J£,f- bJL JI JI:)V'JRt-~.:;.v" {. t,... JJ' 'U"'~} V' -'f-

v' ''f-.t{ J'J; JrL I{I:)V'JRt-'f-.J JJ"11 -~~ 114 d'.f J v! d' f 11,.;~, ~f I;v ~, .. , .., ,. .. Yo v! u;v _r. JJ' /! ";"JI OJL v! dV'JRt v! JJJ V' Jd'j JV'JRt v! ~, -:fli Jp -: v! '-J~L d' ~ 11~4Y I:[/j .,::..'2 fiL ft,o -'f- ;-~ ( U.,J( ) v! v' ,J. 'f- ,f- )J'~ JJJ ~ V' IUJ~Ji ~ .

Y' flf L (Fergusson) -'f- ~ ~ ":,,,7 'f- ~ I:Yo L J> ":,,,'Yo ~ "::"JlPux Lv' i ~~ I.,::..1f L 'Z£ ~,f- ._f JVJv,f ~ z£ K i I:)~;

-~ Jt:- ~ I.)~JJ ~)J I:[/j L!? Jll JP.'J ~ UJInjV'JRt" : f~J

f ~ ~'/J~"";/

JJ'

d:! L

u_~

'~ f~'JJL (f! ~ U~ U~ f'11 -: _;:.

'))1 'L iG

Z£.f,f-

Jt J ~

v' JJ',.;I;..;r1{ V'P. L d J~-LL d(;1j,.a(v~,,f-' '.tJ~ ''-Jr"

-:i

(f! v! JL..;..y p. L 1857-F' v! ~ L J[ o)j 'J{ I{

212

L~~/. 4f {;,!j'. 'J!! v!~ L UJ)J ,-Nf L J{,,'.:?' 0/ 'b.JCS

t,j'V'JPiOJ

4f {;,! "J~

JJ.JJI

u-' -V,! Jj'.)'"v!,;tV'Jlj .JJIU/..;';

-V,! LJ1 £! (Ii jJ..) ",../"; .It! .JJI...!.-.J!'",:"JI (4)

~ t,;,/ .f ~~1£ ),}/.1v~,;-,'- If' "'M' .L UJJl ,,?/I ,f{;,IJ.JJ (.I .JJllj'V'JPi.L U? f ~~'( 4f h; SUJJl4-' v!J830 i ~! (I(!-I v! vI .JJI~ A~I.u-k--'( J{ ~

J2 -~ ~.I.J~I

v~j'V'JPi.,,"'u)"';tJ,,;-, .L vI U~JJv! "':"iJ L t,j(d-oJ .J1ji'[5).¥' oi '-.J}-d'; ~ L u.,.Y u.tJ~ ~ v! {;,j Oilb/. ,,1M!'J v:'-" ' 'i- J( ~ ~.Jj .c.~..:-L(>I L 1..:->~ Lt' J(' ~ O.JJ/ ~ L ~~.J ~il-: -'i- JJ1 t,;V '-" ~

~ _;_? -OJ ~ Ok.~{~

r'v! b.JC St,j'V'JPiL v~.f~ L! _~

f v1 ~ J'J.J ( u-' -fi J:,y J! OJI/

r -~"-'.Jy/. -fi-I/IJI)_,.f

(5)

J' vI -I/I~ 1bt t.ftil~ L jJ) ';-' " t,j'V'JPi.L UJJI .I ~(bI' ~.Jt.

(u,/tr

JI _;/

L t,j'V'JPi.JJI'1/~/ .f6J St,j'V'JPi.L u,)1 v! _:,,,J~ Sdo 1'1/(~ I..:-~ ,;-, v! '-.J~ L t,jl L

,-lU' .JJI.J~ -: v!

1;tr

.JJIb.JC

Lt' 4f .L u.i'V'JPi J} -"

'-A L u~{ j'V'JPi.L V )J ,-Nf L J{ I,)! 1806[J> -~C

" 0)./1 J} ~

SvI J£ 'i- pL Stt...Lf:r.JJ~"-:f ~-='

~v L (1_pII)J.LvI j'. v! ...!.-.J{.J~'

.L _;~

J.J~

1Jk> vI

-'i-

,-I ~ tJlIlI U~{ p-Lv -~!fiJ'~ S~ ".I} Jtr '- Jv UJ.J!i;U~'(j'V'JPi f'l~.1 r? '- ~ O.J{-=' d.JL -it.? OJ':;;-~ ):71 vI .L tJ}.J{.J S..:-V! ! fiL -'i- ,J! J} 'II:)'.~t.

-:.JJI

JIMI

213

4u"-' ( 1.1' V-,.).J!i ~' V- '-.J~ L I:)'V-'JR; J!L Ldo f ~ :r?.r.-SeA!: eA!: JJ I:)~ .JJ' JR; V- &t Ji_,1/ Jj (~

-J ':;"'.JJ/' O'ttAi ~,

.:;..,'JI.) ..:'-"J Jj ~ .JJ' V'.JIPf'

L ;£.J.J .:;..,'A;O!J. I:)k-.JJ -rj V- .JJJ V' / .:;..,W' 1:)' L ..::;.. -"J 0'J+; 0'1:)' ~.Jj L uL{.J ; L~ f!J" ~

-t

'u-;l4~~.JJ / I:)'V-'JR; L V' s,(;/J ( .::./'; Ji_,1/UJ ,J ~/ V- .JJJ L ~, "':"'"~ '-rJ' J ";".1'" ,~.., .I: .»l-L~ !~..::,.fv ... I v.JL ,.;.'~J.

L J. u~i'~ ~~.JJ

/Jj

I:)'V-'JR;

J' "'Jki 0'&t Ji_,1/~, V-

(&t V' .o?-'.J('.1 .JJ' 'l;;'.JY '-) s:I:)'V-'JR; 0' (j.. tt~~,....;i 1).J,c,;" 'f- (t ( -reI0' s:4.11 ~ "' ,;. v' r~v' 4 0'&t Ji_,1/L V' Yo (i L &t Ji_,1/V' .JJ' '0'.::./';"'I:)'V-'JR; L ~u,/. L &t -0' ~IP I)J';; L ur" ~ s:'f- ~J') (' .JJ' -4.11 OJ -~~.JJ

,..,v ~

cJVJR;

~~.JJ

~.Jj

"' Jki

~.Jj

***

214

VI ''f- ~1J --?)J(i' )JI viP..::....4f' flk.I

v'?

'Ij)J'v!-V! J/jl;.!..::.... rf

....v. )JI Ij~ cfl

f 'f-

Un '-/

'-/tr IJljl.:.~ (j¥ ..::....

v.. ,J.l;- c: vI 'J} 4:- )JI '.:.1..1. 'ljy r:

--?Jl/jf -'f-ilJ (I}I ( LJ'l JJY.)JI '.::,.A

J'Ij~) u}...G. f VJ.~ / ;; ~ .Ii v...:.:d,J L Uy,iJJ.M

..::.... U}I~ ...G.-rl.f

.::..-;

(".)1.,7.

'..:.J'~

IJljl )JJ ..::....

j ()J ~I); vI I...G. ~'f- ..::,,-'L" ,J IjA/. J 4f'y )JI '(~

(i f ~ -'f-

)JJ ..::.... u,,? y, f Ij! ('"

d~)J

JJ L

v.. D)e I...G.

cfl{

...G.OJ 'VJ. LJ'l p J"I}

-I JJ'l v.. U}I~...G. ~

L L)IY J_tj -VJ.~J

fl).:)J--f1

-~ LJ'l ~ ~) u} ); vI )~

Y: -I) CJ'l

L uy,i JJ -: -r' 'f- ji v.. U~)JI u,,; .I J ..::.... vI 4f' J.i...J/ -r' -'f- JJ'l d~)J L (eJ1jJ! ..::.... vI 1) u"..} J! vI ,J. VJ.LJ'l'='-}...J/ ,:, v.. vI J! Ij! ,J. VJ.LJ'l ~ JI? -V! LJ~v (&c: L vI JJ'l._£? ._£? L.,d/..:.~ U}JJJK )JI 0:1. J! ':-J --?)JviP I...G. l/~~J...J/ ,:,( ",:,,1.!.It;,j'f 'f-1.5)~? vI ...G.~)} 0:1. -VJ. JJ,J. ~

d~)J

v.. u}lY" -L~,J J! gr ,J vI ,J. L~ -v.t ~J -?)J ( LJ'l J.i J 4f'~ L I';;'IU_,}IJ Lj v.. ...G.y, f ~# -'f-l.) Ij){ ~~ ( LJ ...G.)t; ,J ",:,,1.J! v.. ui'~

'f-

Jj ,J ...G.viP

L IjJljf ,J ,..",iP.:.Ll;- ';-, J.i 0:1. L '-:t)!.~ f VJ./" ( vI

vI J~

215

-~'-V'_;-Ir-L..J_,JJJJy.

?' IJ!),'- Up. 0' _;-Ir-L 1.1' i Ii!Yl) K V:-~j ~ r..t -;-'ji U/JJjJI ~

~j ~

4- vl-J

L L.::.-~

)K >. S1.1' jJI ~1f ~J~~

-t:C. L{J,-) LfJi L~l)ljJI'JJI;j'..:;.,--,~ r..t ~'.1>. ?_,JI-:--> J/ IX'- "':-""~ .1>.r..t U)JJ'::'-~ ) K jJIIJ!),

.::.-~~ L Un y. f V!..::.-~~eJ -: -.::.JilPSrj!; jJI 'J/J 'J'J jJL-'f4- L ':-J d~ r..t.1>./ Yl ~IJ~tf- '- Zfi eJ jJI 'v!. ?::-J/ ~ I -V!.L~ Ylj~ r..t cfj jJI )f J ~Y S,-/lr ~ji L ~ .1>. ~ Sf1914

'- uP.u/ JJ.1>.-: JÂ£-SJ..; ~J/.; L '::'-Y jJI J;:; SUy'!j r..t U}P -LYl J~I cf

r..t 1.1' 'IJ:!

~~ j~ ~

_;L /~

j' 'U~j uj -~ s; / Llr if!I.f.'!"~ jJJ '- 1.1' y..J.1 Uy'!j ~/ ~Jy.f~J/j~ cf IUI.'j d'L -;-'ji L ~ d''uk"'(;JYlSj~jJI (~ '(n JIP J j -;-'ji f ~'f-j / dJ ~ 1.1' jJl ~ 'f-j ~ r..t J; ~

)j~.::.-~~ L uH L '::'-~J~j)r..t -:t 1.1' L J;) '{L~~ ~~JjJI u~lt 'uiL.J. ~J ~j ~/ _; IJ' 1.1' L J; L.1>.f ('f-I.f.'!

_k""~ 1.::.-Ir-l,?1 L fJi(..A' jJI

,_.OJ,..? L '-/ JJ

-0-: ..;fi -t:C. ,-jL Jy J' 9 V r..t .1>.1.1'

jJI ~ ~~.::.JilP

SJ'J --bj.:;-' ~

-:jJ'

-:f'~ 4- L~ ~

~ 0' dL)' ~

-:v: cfj L un ,-.::A ~,YI; L .1>.-~ 'f-j j IIJv I1.1' k"'~ i UJ'-J d~ 4- L~ lJZ L ~ fi f'YlI~ J'y 1.1' ~J L~ t~Jv S1.1' ~'( L. j..P J/~':-J d~ I1.1' k"'~'{L~ 'f-Jv

-0~d~ ~J'J-'f-lGJjy

jJI -:--JI'bjL ~ .. -V!. '-~

I~.:;-' J) fi '-..:'J L L/ .::.,.~ 6' IJiJ_.V11.1' -'f- L~Ih J~d f

Yl J/-i ~

,r cf. 1.1#~._.b -'fV!.v~

IV'"

~~ :-'IA""',,";'j

, 216

1JJ,jJ

~J I UylJ L/ I)! ..5. cJI~ fl) -:.J;:.,)...f ~/ ~

.e: L~'"( I)! b.JC ~ I)! JrI0" tv! J", (ef",) S cJI -I) C~ S; I)! J~Yof'f- C~I)! J~-Si. S~JJ ';-' ~ J' ~ :f 'f-1;1'~ VI ~/'} I) V/ ~ J'.J~ L UylJ L/ I)! ..5. .JJI; f ~~~ '}~, .:A

I)! i;iJ ~ ,.f,( 'f- C'" ~

.:y J; ,f-' I( u,,-t

-~L",

r:!

~.Jt. L ..5. J; ..J/ ,:,LVI .s: O~{ I)!UYJ L un...f -r' Yof rl. z.._l)1..:-Vly ~.:A

4-' -1.,,{; J;/ 1,-/lP L

'LS/~ 'LS;v /. ''';''.1'I)!';'. L VI ..4 \!)~IU/,J (~ _Vk".JL.$1I(..:-v(?1 J ~~ I)!'-.J~ L J;. ~.Jj L cJPJ (Jw '-/ JJ .JJI'-rJI

-rCl S(Jay Winter)fJ -;.-" {;~".. VI

..5. LvI

-'f-

r" LSzSites of Memory, Sites of Mourning (1998)

LSY' JJ S~.Jt.Yo f'f- k"~/.I( ..:-1)1 L jl.JJ1 ~I ~ rl. '-.JL -! j(1 Jf" rJ,j YoPo L ..5. .JJIcJI)JJ L ..5. ~IV ..5.~ vI ~' -V1J J,jJ I)! U)'Vi. rJ,j" ~J L ui)J L cJI Iu?V S cJI ~ z.._~ lPG ,jJ lJ.; j(1 v.!' f ~~ . vI .e: ?~tJ J, I)! Ui'V}. J~jL cJl ~f Yof L~ 1J J )fy JVJ I)!~"" ';-' ,;-,cJl.JJJL.!.>1t J ~ ~ ~~ U)JJ I)! ..J.l._I",,,

~} ..fi" i

LY OJU~ f -::r-~Cz),jJ ~JI UYlj fl) JVyl I(UP"; -r:! 4-J OJ1;" cJI LJ I(C}!; 0" '~ ,-Y OJ 4- L C}!; if.-~ rl. '-.JL z.._", L L/ I)! (j .J'v OJ ' '-/.t rl. '-.JL .J'v Jy Yo)C' '" cJ'Vi. ~ -'fL Un )JI L J.'\ "'~!-"

SJlil

cJ'Vi.~ ~

-?J S

vI -'-/.t) ,.f Po

~yI)!J;lP!IcJIL~~ L rJ.} ~ IJ.J vI -L v(~do O(":-.11;4-

217

Ly '-_,d f'f- J~ !.d 4;. )'V L v' I)! J.;:; Yo f ~,t;,z.JPo L L/ I!tJ";J; .:;-.' L v' ,""~.Jry ) J )'v L d- .JJ' L

)'v

tJn (j d' /

L tJJ~( .:;-.' ~, ,,:,,' I!JLh'.J I)! ..$. d'~ 'f-.J tj.J~..$. -: j ~ L v' -~,~) ('.1;dk-".JJ

Of ~

J(' ''( 'f-.J C)./1;:01 UjJ J'J L;

'L~ 2;.", (~~

L v' ~

j ~ ,J.? ~

.JJ'

J/", J

I!;w L~ LY' d' s'f- J~ y.: "-I./..)LtGJ ( V' ~ L tJn 'v1t:! '-.JL I)! ..$. d'~ f Yo ,;) -L~II'.J"~

tJ~ .JJ'?

tj~

J"- ~~ tJL,.to.J'J';'-.JL tJyJJ. (J§/. L V'

'.-t'-' Ct·

I!V' -L; I)!tJj'{ .JJ';

.:;-.'~'J .J'J;!.J v'J L/ ( d' f 4;.

?-,

L (~, L d'.;:1V Yo -J~~'JI!Jj ..p L d'.;:1V ~'J :fl) 1;1'(d' _IJ ,y ~ L tJJ.J; I!v' .JJ'..:.JilP I!d'.;:1V IIJ,..f,[ .:;.v-j L...G.d'~~' ./'v14 / U ~fi '.J{ J'j ~,L tJ";' -v1?-, ~vJ..:-If~ J.rL IIJ; ~, -v1?-, ~),.J{ u 'f- J'j '.lin Yo ,,:,,' -~J) .:;-.'~, -~, ~) ('.1;I)!d'V'J L J'..I(' J~;.:;-.' ,,:,,';" ~ L ~ ~, f 'f- ~ ( Lj ~ .JJJ~

''f- tj.J-V' ~

-L~ ~Jj~1)!

).1;;-/ ~~ v' L Jy I)! 1'1920 Po L ~~}..p -v1~ ~L I)!tJJ'{~tJ~ .:;-.' ~'J / tJyJj "y ')J;!.J L tJyJj f~

L d' 4;. t:! '-.JL I)! Jy (j~ Yo L tJl- '-/ JJ ./>V' -4;. L; Of ~~'j'J( I)! v' J'£(1) ~ J'~~ ~'J1tJyJj IIy (Ii ~

218

fL/ -: LI(- L v' L ~~/. f "-~'J J.j o-?/ ,;-' i L ,.(/'"-

SC" ~ '-/

J~-~if2 .I(Jk SOi~ (c!tf.. ~f~

v.. f1920

S('

cc~v

JJ .IJ'Jt~'(.l. ',.(/' tf.. Po 'L/~~, ~.I(Jk if' ~ _~ ~ ~.I(Jk ~ (t L CCOi~(tP' L

u;.

(2)

v.. (;,j Lj

L d'- d';:!; (li OJ~ ,.)!; L ...P. .IJ' d'.IJJ L ...P. ~ d' Po L ...P. -g_ ~.1r.;/-'t 4- "- L ~~ v.. '-.I~L d' g_ v.r 0;:; .I'J;!.1L d' L/f J'y -:.1)' ~ ~/ L;i/. ~.lUll' ~ L UH ~f't L u~(iji) SL/ L J.j,j' ~ tf.. J~~L'-.lL ~ jlf k L ~J) ~ -L'('...f d';:1P L L'J L/ I) V' OJsv Jj -:

-1:"' f y;

,-y~UJ;'J.lJ L uJ ~

i~ ~

Ji,;-'-:"v'v..~1P

~vLuJ d'-''f-V ~vLJ LJOJf~1 LJ V' f...f Uk-Z.~ Jv~ dc!"~OJ'~c~c;foJ~

v.. ~~/. -I jy; (3'(') -:~, ~ fC~ ~ ~v _~C~~ (,f J! i 11?' fi' 1j~lSJ ~.Ij L vj SL/ L J.j J.j 4' ~.::......: V- u}'J L/ -~ Cf)J ,-Nf ~~{' (~-: v.. ~';-i (~ f~ (;,'J.I-:

...f ~/

d';:!;

d' -~

L ~It ,j')Jol d'- f g_ Ly; -L ~i ~'J.lJ' v.r 0;:; OJf 'f-.1tf..~' V'

C~~f

,jJ

-=-ulP L ~ f r} ~,i;; lSx wfi Surl- .lJ' u~'.r.:Po L ...f. r.~L/ L.I'J;!.I ~j ,;-,~, -~~ 'x ~~jtf.. IJ}tf.. tf.. Jf' wfi L ~)'i[p. -~ Cy;':;;-'x J'J.I~v"~ V,),

1'1'

vIP

v' i j SJ;/ Sv' ~ 'J11~ wr~,;')Jj J; wfi V'.lL v.....P. OJJ'£'f-~ ~~~v'f'VJ. 'f-.1i~~ i L u~"':"" d'- tf.. ,-/IP Iu~,~ ~y; wrv.. (?" L ,;')Jj u£OJ "- V' -'ffl,{L

219

":su«: lS-Y.:--fi -~ b: I,)"I.? JLi'.~'·L.v' "~~f~(..- ~ JI..-L lS-Y.:lS/ JJ --fi tt<:~ o'./ 'J1";"

if v..

-'f- ~ -:"'lJf ~} JlS.lI(J~ (~~ fi? "-.4 ,fiJ_ti j}

"';.1 ... ,.;. "/ v.. ._ L~.,tt_~

1I~.~ ~!._' J.r:~~\-;-

(5' OJ t} J'-,fi Yo/I:)'-~

J';'

v.." s:~·.::-1Ik>

t/(·"~t'Cfi. · f' -.::... ,

t 'OJ u-" .,.~,I(- ;... ...

"\,,;I'

!J- J- --fi .IJ' J."'-Y.: 525;000 v.. 0.7.

'-"J~1:)' f t} ( / JJ:(/ 1:)' L if. f t} ~q ~ L 1:)' ...G.-: -~ il J~.::-1Ik> V' YoJ"~ C}) Jj SjJ/-Z J. Vlr -~ ~f'.IL.-- 4-~' f £, L

1:)'

v.. "-.I~L...G.~

v!~~'L

v' -~ CJ1'::'"~

-~~JfJylj

s: LJ1 ,,-7. .::...

(3)

rL/.IJ' ~

J'jv.. !.tj

/ J}'.t~ L J}'J L/ 1:)' -~ il "-.IL" jlf .IJJ.::..._/ J_,J -: f .::... _'::JV' '::"'.I} v~-~ 1:)' / J}'J I:)'.t~-~ ~ -=. ;; ~, v.. "-.I~L.::-IJ lS}' L !.tj S L 1:)' 'S.;!;.j'l S1:)' 'S~ '" S1:)' ,t} J'i'} J:.~ S~ e.J~JJ'::'" JlV' ~ J/} ~ .::.iIPJ.IPo L ...G. f OJ if.. 'S LJ1 ~j f L L~ j~ L I.:f.)iL L .::.iIPJ.I1:)' J_,J L I:)'.t~.IJ' -{ Jl1X (J --fi

v(?' ~v.j

v! .::-~'}

S1:)" ILJ iJ,.::... JYJ.I SJJJ1"-X:~,

1:)' 'ILJ l;.. j'l

.::...J' ,;-'Yo

J' L .::.iIPJ.IV' -ILJ if .::& .::-~.::... .I; v' J? J~' ~~ .::... JJJ1 ,,-;I.' / J/} -~ J_,J L (' V?/,;,I SJ/} o-!/ v.. J;:£; jIPJ.I l'.::... v.. 1:)' f~ ..::.v-v.j -Lf v?I:)c1' J I:)f"~ .IJ' 'Lf ~'.I'::'"JYJ) S~''Lf

J} JJ 0:;' .IJ' )

f: L'J

'JIP! '~y~if. f JJj ci/).11/ Jl~L;/J1 Jv} V' ~)j L J' jlPJ.I .IJ' ~ {J1Ji ~.::.iIPJ.I 'il ,,-)L v.....G. .I'J -" 'S .::& .::-~.::...JJ.I'J ;!.1 "-/JJ .IJ' JIP! 'Ly .:;.-'...;/ ,.;L ;!.1 "-/ JJ )J'

220

J'tJJ)J;t) L cJ' J!I tJ}'..tt;i-/JJ '::;J £-!jy; P! L v' '1.5') J f1930.:;)_;t ':f J'~IPJ) -~)Cf JJI ~ cflj )J' 'f-) Ly; Jp(J L tJIJ)'1r-)'Ir- L

-~V~')..:;_ tJy

(4) -I) ~ ,..,P v!

...P. L tJ? f L 0.;. (Li cJ' P! "'J L ...P.

..:;_-:--I? L tJf.

tJI'J L/" fl)

J!..::-~~ J'tJJ)I(J~cJ' -I./..J.f (.;.v tV2 I./..)I(J~ c;~ " tJJ)(,~l..k. v! J~ft,o -v!' e~ e~

J'...P." fl)

tt_I./..)(,~

2"tJj)1J r")J' 'ul;; L; V'J~ItJJiV J'tJI'J L/

v-i )J' 0? '~u,/. tt_I./..)I(J~J' .IL..:;_ tJ}'V)' i I./..)I(J~

Cy;~,_;t.

-L~ ')UI.' Ij

':f

dJ ~)j L cJ' JC' 'v!y;

uJ)(,~ cJ' -L~ 'iy...:;_"'p';t) )J' ~') (tJH ~)j L cJ' )J' 'L~ ..::-tJi'c)I,lr- J JIr-( ...P. v! ,;l- fLy; (i J!ttr!J.t:" )'Ir- )'Ir- L

...P. )J' L)UI.' I..::-~~J. r!J.t:"':f cf- -vi L~ ~ ,~ )J' '-:--.7 ;;..'v! tJH.f ~I cJ',..rr -~:t. Lb:"- L 4:-J ~)J v#...f11 -y;vI?' ( .::;u, J ..::-J J'-"

d/. L (Ernst Friedrick) ~Jj ";'))'v! f1924 //. L 0" v! 4' L ~ v! 0" -V(i r!JK ...f1_;~ L tJi)( ey J'...P. v!

L,~ l(jy )J' 'U~) cJj 'UJ~/. J'J Ly; -I) V~tJ ~lr-I ~ ~, J'...P. v! if. f J'( _;~L vlP UI'J Ly; ~ v! ...P. fl) ':f --:r (i' Y JJ 'P! L tJJ)I(J~i 'r£. Lb: c. L tJl7- v! J~)J' of. v!~t. eJ'V' >. >. c. L J!c. L tJy'!j(~)'Ir- L tJl7- v!~ uJJi ).,I'h!;-i 'J~f ~ ~ cJ~ UJtJj" v! ,;l- 'Lb:~ c. L JtJj Llf LA L I)? -~ -Ly; ':;">Jj -:--j v! 0L d.. L~ L 0" v!P! 'Iy;)? tt L.::/; ':f -I)

~)j

221

Jv )J' t~'Ii r./- ( !)J},,/U ,V'~(~P.I)!UJ)i(J1J. Jv J~'>. !) v' 'T- J~y; ( !)Jj ~ I)! (~V' '})-Ii ( L ~1) u / f- CIfy; u)~~ L ,-/tr "- _::J !) J. ''T- J~r .:;.y'

.:;.y'

)J'

1.:).'J,/,l)J' i~ C.y;j(. 1...• , ..Ufr \Jv(.r, .11.j :oJ,JJf~••• .....i/~J' '~), .)1; ./ :tl.; ~ "Y'uw.t

Jv v' J ~ f UJ)i(J1 U}'JL/ J~ ..r~)...f ':;;'JV'~ J~~ (UH"- UJ)i(AI.:)' Ur LJ J'j~ J' !)t;J iL)i(J1-:I)!P. -'T-) e;:j)J~) L -'T- C~y; ) 12 ~

-J!L~~frL(?)J' 'UJ).rV:L

v,..r i:...); v' .:;.,_/,L -G. ~ f1914", V~ ~)i

do -4-J .:;.~';y' L L f U}'J Lb: t )J' 'U.if~ 'U.p' 'UJjl,-_A L -G. j ~ I.:)~f .:;.if. L -G. L U.,;,Ii ~F I)! -G. L Uy'!j

J'y )~)~-~

~ Lv'

J" JIi' I)! uP'JJ1!) 1.:)' -rL r ~l,- L Un )li--

<:v.:JV:~u£I)! v' L un <:~ ~

J'~ -:..rV'1~' -~J

<:g

(:P

(J...r ~ ..:.))1 SO'.7. (Kaethe Kollwitz)YJ Jf J{ 'T- o.Jf j 'T- JJJJJr Sv'J~ v! 1.:)'V'j. u~ -Ii k"')L v! -G. (j I.:)'p.)

:..r

;,-')(L~ );:'L V' -'T- -:<j L e!A'~ 1.:)'V'j. f I.:)'J:I '-){ L u? 'T- C~Jy; ,,-I)! Ui-~~ fJ~Jj~ ut"- __;)~ -'T-l£ Lv! ':;;'J v' .....'T- V'1JJk. ,.t)j L UJ)C )fJ)1;

..r

,-J

"'r

Jy; ~ !) u:P "' u;. I.f .:A "y;~ ( .:;.1Jk?" "- I.:)f "'c! ~ I.:)~)JL U;. -v! # !) .1) ~ Ly; ~

L u}'J Ly;

JJ v! 1.:)')//.

~ ~ Jy; J I)! ~l,- 'llf}

L U;.

r ~ v' 'i:...

222

"J. SV' .nl ,-Jj J~ J~ 11.1' Po f L J~ -:"J. V' v! .JUt;Sul. £ ~j L ~

4-J

-L 'f-.J.I;~

/ " JV S~';-,'T'~ULv! if.f~~ /. ( .JJId.Ji ~ /. -:(1.1' -~ ,-;1';11,-

,-?t Po s:'f- C.I/t'.t./..::.cll

~ L

u -'f- """

LUi? .::/;

v'ji

J! v! Po

L JY~.JJIJ.?I

,,~

u ''f-

v!J~SUlYi

(Karl Kraus) vlU' J.J(

4- Sv' .JJI'_;fJ" '..::.cll S~ v! ~cY~. :'f- ':f'.I Yi ~~ ~ U}IJ L/ v!

Ldl~ ji

SJv fLU?

~ .: J dl? ~I ~ ji!Yi LYi,f-' ,-;I'_;,ui{_;v; L ~~Yi ~J,f-'

tJ£J; ,,~L

d' I

v! '-A L if.f~S,f-' u.t 0)'; ~ ...G.v.iP -'f- ~ L OJI;i 0)'1« fli ~~Vi...:../.-:~ (' U~I,-~/t; dl.l ~ ~ uj P ~I ~ ji!H ey ~ L.;:,Y~.t ~ ji ~Yi L.I ,f-' ~ U.t ~(? ~

....it ..::.cll L ":::;'J J jlPo)~I U.t ~ ji ~Yi ,Li ,f-' v! Ui.'}L .JJIJit.J Sd' d f Yi Li ,f-' ~I,- ;11,- L P ~~J £ .llPi'/L ~IJ?v:!' L U? f J J.lP ~ UH d' .JJI)1 d' ;11,- L U/i

'Yi

'L~

JJ.J.t.JJI l 'J.JJ 'J:; V' Po eli ~ (UL u;

-L v!i ,f-' O.J~JJ Po s;~ d'P L ttdJ oji L ~I)I"

~ U.v JJ

'.J~i JJ%

.Ji 4- .JJIU~

Sd' ~

0.JJ4' O.J!.),J(' '~LJ.~

';:'Y

J!,f-'I .JJI Sd' .;:,y

,J(' ~ LYi ~ ~J.J8 L.;:,y f ~ .:;

;11,- L .J~ .;:,y -'f-.J ~I,-

L U~

eJ .

223

U"':f f /.:i~o;:;_ cJf)Jf,1 .:,cif -: o;:;_ -?J

U.JW-/L/

o;:;_

S cJfL? ,.('{~l/I/

t::f.-L~)1;1'

o;:;_

v~fJ ••••J)f

O;:;_':;'Y'?

L~;t_ ~f

o;:;_

.1v ,-)W L

S cJf)Jf 'if cJf.JJf')f 'U?-ll vd o;:;_

-?J

? v! do f ~Jt .:,cif .:;,1)

~ e.t;

(~f ~ .:,cif

S .:;,1) cJfv! -~ 'f-)

v'~~/.":".J~L ~j.Jt/. )l}f

ui.f} ;;:_f y

eJ~; o;:;_ .:;,y'

).IlVf ~ .:;,Y' )Jf

r .:;,1l~

-u~l:1f ....;~ L ...G.

v! (Heart break House) o;:;_ UJ.JJL-! J,J f ~ :'f-I/

'f-.J/ ~ L ~ ~f

-: Iu,L )Jf U{~ 'U!.Y.:'ubi L cJf.i)J '~1l

S uJ)J

J if ~ L

-:V \)~

'UJ~

Uif?,

S Upf

i'~

f~~t= ~

S uifJ i:} .:;,~lf·f'.:;,~f} SdG

L U~)U} )Jf 'tf )Jf..:..yi; 'u,f,d

L';;)/..IJf.i)1h ~f...G.,.('{

-'f- ~l/cJV

(t L

,,(t

-JLlJr. /,. .:::;

u/JJ _/f '1/_/V" " .I} J1j {.) ifol Vir ~.J! L ...G. ~ ~f L U,{~~ S Sv it )Jf V.J/-i i _;)~ vf _f~ ~ ~ ~ ...G. ~fJ S UifJ L/)~ vf _; -L U)V-" v,6 )Jf 'cJ_.;J'0.7. _;'fj):! eJ

\.>~) eJ _~

o;:;_

f~"

,.JiJ .JJf":'~ vf....;~

tY' L ~

",:",fJ:.~ '~i~

...t ~.J~

L...G.15' _;)Jf 'L~ .:;,~UV' L

...G. ~ f~

~,..,v L uJJv

I 'U_pf

vf )(pff~ .:;,~~ jJ).tf .JJf'eJ.tf J ( '~?f _~ :£.~ UJIr L U!)~ ey S...G. J,J

***

224

L 1.:)1-T J~~I

L 1.:)1.nl f~I v! J..tj

Uy.! J~I

!Jljl

4 4 ~ vI -I./.! L~ J..A: ~J.I .IJI ..::,1(.7 J ..::,IJ",,J ulJ ~ J~I ..::,IJ'".IJI Ub.l L '-/lr ~ ~ 0" T J~J....; v! ,~~I ,JJ~I v! ,;L; ~ f T uj~ ~ vI J~,J vI -T J~Ji J....; v! ?J'{"' do f L L~ J-G" .IJI~~ ~ L~ v! '-/lr J~J;:.z -f.lL ot~rt~~~ il;JJ i ~f~ ,.:;J.) I(~ ~ J) -L L~ £.1

l;~r;h.l J1 I(~ ~v L' dh:", J) ~J-Ir /11/ LJ~("'el?~f JUk-L~~fLt{ 1u/~v!~ J;/ leI?J~.JJI I~ -"it d i ,J~I ~ « v! JV !ut~ I.:)~ u£ v! JV u i T J~~" ~ ~ il;JJ fi flf L~ Lf f~ .I~J ~ ~

v.:,

-Lr O'f~~fl.J..A:':::;Jvl~~Il

~ L

~ ~I

-T J.lA} ~

~JI~~v

~vL':::;J.J

vI i ~J! I{. JIr fi ~I

J....; vI -T ~.1{;,h.lI(L.I(I z:« ~I ,; -T r~v.: J~I

JJ..A:J!

_I~ l:)J.I ~

,J(- U.l~~ vI -" ~JJ..A: I..::,IJ'"U.lln ._j/ ,; U}.H,o LIJ~r,.Ir J:r- ~ vI -,fr J..; J! ~ u;.v .If '-.11.1 .IJIJ~I L 1.:)1 ..::,IJ!f;I,Jf~I f T V~ {.;_,;,,(il ~ J! ~ ? L <:I./.!L~..::,I/IV",U~lr PlLLf J; LI.:)I Vlr ~ J~I L 1.:)1f ~u -T if-..k .IJI~ I(J~I L f~I f I./.!Lf? I.lJII./.!LfA.;' I(~JJ .IJIu;/.Lot' J#. .IJIJljl J; v! .IJI

..::,1(.7

225

1.1' -v{~iZ'X ~ )J' IJP.'-/ JJ L '-;~ ~ ~, L ~,u L~' ~,J"{ -v1 ~ ,/ f~' S ,lit! ~f~' I.)lJ 1f~' S ( ).1b jiG" i ~.( JIiZ-" L I.I")J ''f- C,,;~ -?)J JIr- rJ~' ~ JIiZ-" r;; S (~Uf 'f- ~J~ ); 1.1' J!, ~'f- j~I.)J"I.)k.~"

JYo (Arjun Appadurai) J')JJ~' do)' I)! JJ.- 1.1' -v1 j~,,;)JJ ~ ~ L ;t.J) I~,(~ L I.)lJ f 'f- ~ OJ'f- .::..~YfiL ~ i ~L,,; a)jJ ...L ~, L if' ,# (1) -'f- c~~ JIiZ-" IU}J.) 5 Jy (~J~ ); 1.1' ~ 'f- C~~ J (,;yt ~ L (', ~ii~)J: I~,

f~'

V~ ....;/J,,; (); 1.1' I)! dL i~ S 1.1' (2) -vE' .J:.} ,; J!, ,;L; ~ 4 -tJ ~IP -?)J; /. " )} t?~r f~'(3) -~ r/- Iun r ...LC-I)!I.I~~ C,,;I)! ui!l L fY' I)! '-:()!. ~, r Ut/ Jr I)! ._P (4) -I)! ":"'J~ .::..'DJ )J' I)! .::..')!.; '.::..!;;'Yo '-P ~JIiZ-" L f~')J' L'J LJ JIiZ-" L f~'(5) ~, r~,~)j L '-'~ c:C JJIiZ-" 11:.... ~ Oi ,# r fY' (/- -"ot,,; ,~ r ~') .n' 7~

:r -~, ~~)J

Yo f 'f- ~,,;~J.Y~ ~

I)!~'

'cf!J, ~

,tt{ L

,d_,) ~; " (,;';y'

L tJ})y'

~I (,;,;". ~

'-r'

f~'

~,f ~)J' v1 'f-) L o1~,j)C r J'J Li L ( 1.1' -v1 L,,; .::..'J' ~ )J' JIr- 'ok--

)j JG" (Silk and R~ligion,1966)tt~J, )J' ...LC-"'-rcrS(Xinru Liu) ~ f600 j' ~ I) oylP /)} ~)C r .::..L . ,.., L ,_;;,u v"v, . r! . rf -~ , ... ,. ()-.v ~ I)!

J;:; I.)JLS U;~ L '-:()!.

)JI ~,

\,L,,;!{fl1j)

4)(;'

JIiZ-" L ...LC-..J f1200 J .::..tJ~

L~' )J' Ji J~

LJ.; I)! ~J ~ J 'f- ~J) ,j 1,.;~ 1.1' I)! '-rcr1.1' ~' L ,_;;,u ..J uk ~',,;~,.! (,i, ~/I.)/~ S 1.1' )JI ~ CIA?(..) Yo J~-" '-/JJ

L ~J I;') 1.1' LJ Jr, ,-if L (-)L UY.1') I->.)_,k-..;

226

L ~J';;'J...f...LC- s:,_ ~ C)! ,f ~ //. L v' -k~ v! L);' v'" ~ tJJ.I.lJ'~..i~ 'c.J~J.k1 i~ -1 jJ1)~ v! L);' J v! Y,/8J 1 ~~ ~,f ..LC-,f ~ -~ Jj v! J~.IJ' LS)~ ,f )~ P. L J' 8~ -0 ..LC-,.f;; -1 jJ1 d!' ~..LC- ,f L);' ~/ JJ ~ ~J,f j)~j,f v' -1jJ1!" ~ If.. L);' (Ii 4- v' '1 jJ1 L (Tang)..Jr v! ~ -~ Lf J~' 1 v' ~ L Lr' j.f .IJ' f!l" l5' )'.f;.J' ~X L .:;/$ k f!l" ..J/ o: ~ ~..i~ )J' ..::./$)JJ J1,;'j .I,b11L))!/ Jj f~ ~ J~' I{ v' ~ JJ .s: ~ f J~' u4-v"1 jJ1~( Lf!l".IJ'L)}!/LS.I~,f..LC-,.f;;-1 j~ -1j~,f-' .t.L "::">Jjv! L)i~ (~~ )J' ~ ;£) JJA ~, V')j I{ L)J_;( J'JLJ1 v! ...:/mJ: v! c.J~ J.k1P.L v' L ~ JJ...:/ mJ: ~ -'J1(.;V v!.I"" 0;;' J~' I{..LC-r/ J f ~ .IJ''_ ,f V' L L)~Lh'.1 0;;' L c.JkL-t ji (c.JkL-t .IJ'c.Jk d') 'J1? v! tJ'jj .t.Lv',J. ',f-',/' ~ l5' ~.Ij L ·'::)JV..J/ .::.1( ,fJj f ,f#" .{'C:? ~f ...:/~ ,f ~;, f ~J ._;)r; ,;'j .IJ';~ '/t 8J f ,_ LS.I~ .t.L J~;,f Y';J.I,f-" ji ki v! J' (g I{ tJJ1~1;mJ: v! c.J~J.k1 ~ A.JL L'J ~L L .:;/ mJ: v! tJ~ ._f ';;'J v' -1 '::'.IJ/ ,f tJ6 v!~;' 1:1'/.,f tJJ.l1{ .::/J .IJ'tJJ7.L ,.f,[ -~ Vi v! Jr.J j.f I{tJJ7.L ,:,tJ'[ l5' ~j ~~ 1:1'/. -1.::.~ .::.'j.lhv I{.::.:/ L)tJ -1,f-'.::.:/ .:;.v"J.IJ'tJJ7.L V!...:/ mJ:.t. V' -~ A ~.IJ J.r- v! Vlr I{ V' J1 v! L)".I{ 0;), 1 .::.JJJ~' L tJ~' v! LJ: L v' -J .::.:/1 L)J)I{ >. ~.Ii vI; .IJ'~J L'.I) I..: J:: 11;)''J,f2 ,f tJJ1~1;-V'J~' L cl.:/'; J', ~ LJ1£.1 .::.'(_j L mJ: v! tJJ~' 1;)'-L~ ~r'>. 0;), L ...:/ mJ: .t. L J,..v L .::.JJJ,f tJJ7.C-i- ,,:,,'; y~.t. .t. L .::.1( ,f Jj ,jjJ .IJ''::'JV jP fkJ .IJ;~ .::.~V' L L)~Lh')

227

-/-f jIV v.. U".( I.f!J, ~

',jl ~

~JJ

dl ~I,J.'~

U.J~

J2 J' jJIJI)J

v.. ;;1Pf I.f!J, ~ ~ ,;1.1); .J~ 1 ~ Ji A""L u~ L ~rr-Ii C~~ J ..;J v: VI L ~,,',jl ~ L Lln..:;,"/ )JIjJ) ,f~1 )JIU.t1~1P .s: LJ

1.:;,(/ ~ -i'J,f L.t1':;'.J~j .JJI

" .I} I.f!J, ( UJ~

'=:- L ~ l.) VI -i:... L~ L!) '-~ '=:_1.t1v.. ~I

JvJ.JJI ',j'VJPiJ~I

v.. ',j'VJPiP"('f- ~ ._;;p L.t1 LJ ',j~ ~.JC,f ~ U).-- Ji -:~ -J' J~J~ ~ ~ (Cocoon) uJJ{ L (...1 ~ --4 )JI(; ~ ,f ',j'VJPi~ -i'JvI -i:... ":;;IJt~ ~ (Mulbery) E. L u)? v.. ~I Jvj ~ v.. ur! uv 1./...t1~-J' J.t1 ~ )J 1',j'VJPiJI ~ ~ u).-- L U_';I~ Lf ',j'VjPid..?l,/ o:;" L

"uk

-~rfvl;:J.J

UjJ{ ,.(IiY

r" wf' -:~ L U}lj i-L L ~ ;):v.. .JjJJIMI

.:/;): v.. ',j'VjPi_f~ ~'f-1~~ ( vI ~''f- J~J~~ '-/jJ'J~;Iy.(

vli~~vl'i:...LJ

~I(

y.J.JL

~LIJi-LL

-i'j,f Uj;{ & L J( ~ -J' uk.~".J} j}G*~ L (.)/} (~"J~I L vI ~fiv.. t,;/-ft ( ',j}G*v.. ',j'VJPii -i'j wf',f vI -J.t1 If.! uk.~ j}G*t}..1t.J. ',j'VJPi -~J'-J.Jrj

1~J~I

....

. ,JI

)JI-L. L..t1 (;")J1.1"

U}lj t,;/-ft'~

uvv (I'J '"

L Uri/. ',jh

Of!"

I."

"uv.. _~)D,.4!.r

1'0:)1 Ii ce: ~ ~ ',j}G*u l.) vI -Ii tJ J' ,,',jl((( ~I?J 'f-f y. ~ -i'J,f L.t1 ,; ',j}G*JI -JiJV L ~ v.. uvl? ~ vI -ti -.it ,f ~ JIJLf ~ t,;/-ft " uk ,.( -i'j 0'.. -Ii ce: J J~I ~I

iJIJLJ;Jt

j /.J~

?j;l.

'i:... J~I ,f.JJI ~ 'i:... LJIJI 1~; ~

~I ~

~J~L

-J' !;7-

v~L ~ v.. ~

)~~I)(

.:;/J

-Ii

c~~ J~I

228

~ V' ,j ..II. S v' I)! I);' '-/ ~ I)! OV v.:~1.---L~ ~

'J _(.;; -Ii

I)"_~

I( V' /

.I,Pl1)!

S v' f j OJ ~~ "' .:-~ V' .IJ' j cf. ~~ S -i'.1I)!~

f if. Lb: di,j ~ L v' I)!.I'J..;r (Kao-tsung) ....{;/e..:.J~L ~ I)!681-'-.1,:, 1:)1.1,' ,-.I ~, 1:)1 :fV' O.l~C)l.j -: L L V~ -Ii (~.I,' )~.d' L ~; f tf- C~If t/-' Ok.~C-l/ O.l{ I)! ~ S di,j cf. '-.I~ LI('j,i) 'oyj LYi L.I OJ.lJ"";iJP.IJ' 4.11 L.I ~ L L, IJV V.,. I'"~ I.:-I.--~~ L J.I /.:; .IJ' I)! I)k" .I,' I)I.:-I.--~ -:,;-' LAo" ~ u-v1 I)fl (~.IJ' fY' C- -:J.IV' L 1:)'-4.11 L~ Il)fl yo 'Y"

...." •

J!lP' Sif. ,_1/y;-fU tf- Jj Yo I:)~.IJ L tf- C~V'(JiJ ~"' J' /i p[L 1.1' -tf- ~ Yi'::'--; ~V'.Ir J./jy' L,.f/ Lv' Yo4- v~ (jJ f f u f tf- .I~' ~ Il)fl L -i'/ if' -tf.Ikv

C-

C- ,;-'

L I)fl,.f/ ff -J ~ vi( I(I)fl L I)Yo.lJ-i'/ Yo-~, v,(k.L,,0.,J) /..,v.d) L 1)#LJ' C- ~, ~ eJ f 7- J j ~ I(1.1' 7-)) ,..,.j I(j~ L di,j 1:)'~ -'-J LYi':' OJ.lJ"";iJPS di,j 1:)' v' ._;;.v LYi a.l jJ ...1'(:;Jf' L.:.:fL.-: .IJ' J'JJ tjJ.I I)!~.Ii ~'YiJ'JJ I(Jr' tjJ.I ~ I)!~.Ii -tf- c-J e1~I(~, L~ I)! J' ,:-v..J)}~11)';fY' .IJ' if. 7.') '-7. '-7. f'Yi ~;.. -fl1( v' ~ I)!.d'U-' -~ 1117. iy.l ,J' I(Jj.liJJj}. C- ~J S if. if.~ I)! .I"..:.v-'k-'L I)~' Ui.JJ' if. cf. If )~.d' L ~4fY' ~~J5.:.:fL.-: y

-I) /)G' ..

JJ) ,--., / I))JJ~..z "Y y •

229

~4 v.. Jy' tjJ.I (Ii L 1.1' i J.IJ}~~ L v-- 6· 6, 9~ £. L~ v.. Jk S(J-1.::.-? Yo J.I~ -~ L ( JJ ~4-::-LV,2 ~/. S~~ -LYI,2 ".Ii L .I(JkSf~J' ¥ Yo ~4'-/ JJ .IJI

S~..4 Yo L f~J' eJ ~.Ii LfI; -kIP-x-?.IJ~f~J' v.. v~J~ L tJ.lI? ~(p S~ i IYI1; JVII ~; (J.I n> .s: LYI ¥ )1; S.::.-(/ 0:..4 v.. vI .I 7)j JIi ~ j;~ 1.1' Nf -::-JYI y; L r!/ j~/~I..4 ~ ~ L "';'.I! .I t] -:: -?J S1.1' -t]~/. v! un ~I..4f"; L el' ._f if' .::.-'JI.:.IJ'.::.-Lr.lSell.l' e: rL YIi J~ .I -::.IJI -J L >. Suib tJb L el' L .::.-(/ "-vI -v!' ~IJ ~ ",:",IjL.I '::'-.Ik;Sel' .II;! '::'-JI! Jf £. YItJ.lJ/ "- L ~4fi.::.-(/ I,/j Sf~JI v.. tJr! tJv t]Yy v.. Ju.- S.::.-(/ el' l..u -1,//~~ -~L~ 1/j;}7 Jj .I,Jz:IU!1Su~ ..;i1L (-L el' .IJ/ ~ .I'JYI.I/ ~ S~~ ~ -?J Su~ tJlP v.. fl~' JJ

L.If IuyLz

J~JIi~~ ~.Ij

L f~J' tjlP v...P. L Jr,;ft -I/b?-" eJk;.IJI I~~

v.. '-.I~ L.::.-". ...p. JYI uk; .IJ'.:iJJ vI ~, S.::.-(/ L f~J' Iic~ifv.! ~ I~J 1.1' v.. ~~ J'.v.' -Ji J~v...tlif L ~~ .I~ £.J ~ -~ If.! t'J .::.-1Jk> L un v.. '-.I~ L Jf .IJ' ~J

SJlJJ.I .IJ'~

-t

J.I~

",:",L? 'etf

-S~ ~ e~li~ S Jf L ~~ ~J

if ~, S.::.-'If L el' .IJ'f~J' v.. JyL 1.1' -~t: .::.-~ Sdo .IrL do ~IJ ~ el~.IJ L '-.k..IJI I"'; f~JI ",:",I..f£

41./.

v..

-I

"- vI -7 -=>. L."J.ISf~J' .1.1"; -::J:Y YItJ.lJ/ "- L.::.-I( if Jlr -::"~/ 1.1' -1.J1 ~IJ ~ el~.IJ L d!; .IJI -=>. .::.-(/ L el' ~(p SJ} u ~ "- 1.1' 'LYI ¥ f~J' (J-1.::.-? fki 1.1' ",:",IYo~ Jlr 1.1' -L ~i (I(~ ~ if L uJ/ JJ i £.1 If.!

Y'~

230

1.1' -(j) ~./eJ )JJ ~ UYlrfv! ~J 1.1' J.t; S f~J' f~~ ~ V' ,;-' DJ~ ..:::;u, JIPJ) 1.1' ~, 'J) ''r _::)JIf' I( 1.:)' v! ~Ju/ JJ 4-

-L v.l~IP S 1:/.;;"-

L UYl~~ k i:.. L./ ,JJ v! uJv-i. fi~ ~ J '-J/ ,;-' JJ) L (;)' i 'YlIiJ' _::)J I( f~J' ~ v! ~L.-: .I'i:.. Lif2 '-? .a(v ~ _~L~l/,JJ./JJ v! ~-?/ ur. DJ/L (;)'.J"V.J"v L.::.-i(j"

S u«~j LuI. S v! ur! UV o: ~J Jt If.!,~ '::J S .:.t') S 1.:)' sL £ ;'7' tYl ,JJ ~j L L./ ~IP S ui~i. ~-?~, f'Yl -::";.1( 1.1' -'( L~ J --?/ lP!' -L '-)~ L ~JJt -::f,f uJ JJ -::":::;J L W S ~L.-: v! (;)l;ii, v! Ji Po L .::.-y .I' 'r t ~) If.! i /.::.-y -::~)i -'f- jt= v! L 1.1' ~-? 4- L L~ v! ..::>. 'J) -'r d"1,.; S J.t; J!, ~ J ~-?Luiy.' n' fY' .::J L ":'~0' -'r U)~ ..::./ .Ji S uJ)-t.d .::.-l{ S u}'J L/ J'::'-!,i ,,(t L ",:",,/..z -"if 2 u.t~1; u.t~1;4- L .::.-l{ ~' LJ~'L I.:)'.tl; (j~ -"if .::.-Ly) d:..z 4- L L fY' )J' uiy.' -~.1v~ / ~i. 4- ,;-' v! J,IP' 1.1' L './2 v! ,-}lr S I.)J)'-t.dL 1.1' )J' ~4 ~'::J S J~ )J' ":'~ cf}..z 1.1'

(;)'If Ji )J' J LYl2

f~J'

)J'

'~J'::'-~

-,fJ1)y'~'

f if _::Jl/jl f 'r CYlIf J'y -::~ uk v! ,;L; 1.1' f 7-:: ~'y. I( 1.1' ~i:..';;?;'} );, 1.1' L J.t; 7- v! ~J

Jt ./} v! tf'J

I.:)Jj

1.1' -~ I;:z) Jy.y

":::;Jfi

)"J I( .::.-y ~

_::J

S ui)~ u/

JJ )J'

JJ '._G.

un~

(;)f v! J.t; If.!, Po L L/ f,f Yl J"'} -t~ -::S )J' l/J~' l.) U){ U){ L ~-?/.::.-~~(;)'L (;)' -L~ 1/-(')1 J;J.'J) -SJ.J. S (;)'v! LYl7- L J.t; S .::.-jlS u}'J ~L ,;-'

231

S UJ."--t.NfL VI .JJIrs-~ L U~~J S Po L L/ )JI ~L,...) S ?I(?,I

-~J~

VlP

~/..f..

S ~'6j" L f~JI ..f.. JvJ I.:)Jj [f!. '..f.. )JJ ~J.)l) r ~L~)~; S 1.:)1~ LYi L) ~'6j" -: u~..f.. U« 1.:)1J.,J-I L Ut? JI..-! -LYi J? ~ S u;0. ~' ~'6j" -: -L L.I fV;f 7. If ~ -.» Un-~J~I If ~ L ~J J.}l ~I ..f.. i..J JX J.,J ~ ~J S ~'6j" 1.:)1 -v.t ;£) );;7~ L) JJ~ ~'6j" ~ ~J S~ 'L~J If LI)): J ~~..f.. 21,..- )JI L a.r ..f.. rs-~ ~ISrs-~fi LYi ~.:;)_? S ~'6j" -VYiJL;.I..f.. ~JJ,f ~~ (- L 1.:)1)JI ,-~}i I.:)} L f~JI .¥ ",:,,1 ,-.I ~IP ~'6j" eJ f JYi J? L ..1L JYi(f'x vI -vi L~,f);;7 ~'6j" ),b! >. >. U~1S ~ ~i 'f- Cf -::f I(~'6j" J? 1.:)1i)'" ~~~ ",:,,1 I}J '{. I~ ~'6j" 41Y. i..J

,f Yo ,..,v OJ L (-L (Mary Magdalen) JI~ J.;t fi f 'fJ)I.J ~-v.t~(- ~ ~v' iL~~~",:"I,?I( d' fi v.t);;7 ..f.. U«

-v.tLYi/

~ ukA )JI ~ ;£) );;7~'6j" )JI (f~JI ..f..

L ":".! .. LYi ~

un(~~

(t L u~ f 'f-

e-V

1/S ~'6j" -~ ..f.. ~'6j"

-Yi _:,/

cc:~ ~~~

vI eJf.tl I(vI

)f)JI(-

JJL

L f~JI ";"{ ..f.. (J)

L~ ~J

41uj. '-/

f ~I

..f..

JJ -:

i..J S Lb:

-JYi.:;)_? f~JI .JJI~~ -~L LIP L)/ u~I)JI •

'"I"

S v' )JI c?-;{ vI If~~ !vY L UJ)~.Nf L rs-~ -ox .:;)_? S~ ..f.. UJ)I~.Nf S(J-1 ~?~~ -L L~ L~ '-J~ L ~ ..f.. rs-~ -L LYi I(~ ~ L j' L 1.:)1 -vi L~ 0jl( dS f~JI '-/ JJ )JI !J~ S~ "ul..JJI~ L~~);;7f ..:.d ..f.. ~ I~Is'/ -~ LYi J~I L vI

)JI ..f.. ~~

flYi -: JI

I(~JJ ",:,,1

'232

~I y. flJ1 I~:? v! ~i

~~J

.0'

....!C-Ui 'vi L~ JIP>.t'-1.:.°, -'f-(~ ...E

L ~ -'f- S~ ,,{;,;,_. L (Ut-I .0' ....!C-Po L VI L .._;;,u "ti~U~ .0' 1..::.--"~ Scf..;{ .0' --1.1~ ....!C-U~ L,,//. JI~ V' vI " vI v! UJ. JUt-I-~ ~r.,-,~ ~ ..::.-I.--~! I v!~ ,J. If.! ~ SUJ;(L....!C-v! ,:/j J.,{ If.! lSk.~ Vlfl/. I..::.-I.--~! .IJ'....!Cv!u~~ ~ -'f-lS/.} S..::.-I.--~! . ,JI. ck.L./ ld::!. L C)I ~ L UJJ~~ ~ ~ 'e: V"'_'J.. ,V ~ L..JIJi L --/ ~ -'f- ~v SvI ~ L uiJJ ui.ll .IJIuJ-!/ -'f- CJ1J~I r....!Ci ~iv! Jy.J;;f p "::)JJv! ,-/b-- .IJIIi!J1"::'-IPP JUt-I4 4 .I{;_,J ~ '-;( L ....!C-~ L .ILJIL --1/ .IJI",.IJ ~I L U";I u~ ~ (~L!;j~ ~ L Lt./.I~ ..::.-I.--~L....!C-L uit/ -~J -I JJ1.1~....!C~ L u~ JJI..::.-I.--~Oil? ",-;(_IJ1 ~I ~tt;!f" "uJ;( L ....!C-v! uJ. JIYI b.lCv! )"1.-- -I JJ1 J/" _.}IPL vI -~ LJ1 .I(i J ~ L ~ (~tt;~Ijli' ~ L ..::.-I.--~L (' vI L C)~ fi -~ CJ1 CdJ JI.-lSJ..::.-~11v! '-j~L JIJ L~ SJIP>.i.lJI JIJYy S_.}IPu~'~ ;!}~ L ~ .IJI,.;dP 4)! -fI-~ L.IV.lr L (' JJ L;!) -I JIf _~L(I/v!ui!;j~'-/JJ.lJII JJ1.1~ (t ~C)t/ Po L vI 1JJ1 {;_,J ~ ..fII (f~ ~ .JJ.) ~vI JI.-- .IJIb.lCJjJI ~ v! ,.;!;.I~ J 'iff ~.IJI-JJ1.JJ.} SvIA Ci vI JJIVJ1 v! dUt- C)~ ch.l ~;!f Po L C)I~!;oV _IJ1 j~ I JJ v! w6v JIYI '-.Ii ,- J!.~J ~ L "::'->Jj.IJIL!;.I~ L L~ L _IJ1J(;.Iv! C)....i SuJ. ~ ",J SJ; S~ vl-J

un(~

I .:.,~

('.»

;;

-,,"-

•

'r'r

233

.n'.::.f'} J t.:.P~'

fY' .n' C)Y ~~, L...£.- 1f...Nt J1Y' ~ u~ ~j~ oV ~.I} VI; -L LJjv$, ( "::)JJ L ...£.-.I!h38 If.. .I~.IJL 4.1fo ,;:}ioV s:'f- c~IfL LJ .J..lP ....;/ ".;_rr ~ c~1~~ vI; vI; .IJ' UJ",,~ IUJJ~ c)' -L '-J{ -'-~~.1 ~ ~ ~ Jv' If ~un.J.J1.JL.:>' If.. J.I~j ( ...£.- If.. JvJ C)J) s:'f- J;Jy; t'J .,:..~ : ~ ~tY '-.I{ V' Cy;~, If "- L...;fll ,;;- :.J. "y; L .,:..I,..-~ .I,Pt....;/ ".;~, f LJJ...£.- If.. i;i vI; _a(1,..- ,;-' i L; I:)VJR; clJ'; ~ ~ ~ '~ L.I); .I,PtIu~1; .IJ' f~ 0:1. Iv' .IJ' Jy; J~' If L J J.I,PtYo LJi'.I; Jul. Jf!!J'J L ~Ji'.I; Ju1y'.IJ' u« -V_v If L ~-?.I} vI; 'I JJ~ If.. v' if- ~tP J.,:..(/ 'J;(( if~ if. Ly; .I~ ~ v' ~ L UY.i'.1 L Uy;liil; Jm-k .JJ' UJ",,~.Nt "-~VmY. ~.1J~(c)' If.. ,-}~ J'.'f- Cy;fiU; L v' ~ ~ .,:..I,..-~ L ...u:- ~ .I} J~_a(1,..- _a(1,..- L J~' 0:1. Lv' If.. fY' .IJ1U;y "- V' -L LJ ~.1J.r- (u}" ~ f~

t,--

-LJ?..::..I,..-~

***

234

.!.I.J b.l ",:",14-v"~ LYI ;'~')I", J' JjC ..::-~~L ell)' SeI'J"-' v! rjL bjC f ..::-~~ el' OJf 7 Jr J....; r" ~ v! t"H" Iff 7 cC YI'~ J',,- ~ uk -~ 7 L o:l~( ..::-')'jJI ~, ~J

v! eI'~ L fiL L ..::-~Y'~ u'J u~ LYI LJ ~j (..::-~~ L~ If~IY v!.J~{;"Jfi ((i* J:r- ~ \'~ 7~J J-' U;'~I

~j ~jj

vI; -7 ~jj-..f1 (':£ (u,;- J/ S v' jJ' 'cnj L vI 'ell)'

-Jr J....; v! ..::-tJlP djJI':;;'J if.../' v! ..::-~~L ell)l fl:[J,.f ~ ~j 0): v! uVlr JI), ~ -7 ~j J-' ~ -..f1~ jl,.$,( ..::-~~_.f£ v! ~ ,j'_:, ,j'':'~ (~ -7

-..f1~ v! ..::-~~IS'eI' -7 Lei'; J "":",,,..J} -7 CJ ,.f jl,.$1( vI ,.f. ,.f.OJjJ' 7 CYIJr.". v! Jj

(v' jJI '~f

tt~"

jJ; "' ..::-~V' v! J' if.f tf- j( ~.) -..f1'tJ _:,jl,.$1( el' ~ t~Jf..::-~~ -4r-f tJ J-' jl,.$' S( .,;/ jl,.$1( ~ ,.f £-7 CJ J(9 S utJj ,;-' Jj ~ ~jj L tJ

J/f ..::-~~ L ~ f~~J

;:_ ,.f J;lP!1 jJ' eI~;v! 4' L v' -" '7 CYIJ-' IS'~ ..::-t.C J ..::-'(.7 -tf-CYI '~IS'v! 4" L~~ liP[f..~ jJI\L'/~J):'uk'l(-~ L~' ~ U}JJLjl,.$' L VI-7 CYI,.f ~..::..:? J.r- jJI jlP:b,:r (~

un; f ~,;-'(j.. -~

jJ' A v! el' fL 4r-f tJ ~ "' LJoJ 7 ((r.,...j L eI' fL 4r-f

l;.v

z£ liP[ f..~J-'I

LYI ,L; -7

.,;}

235

r£ ~ (i';S,.,.J

~...ifL ~ L uA JJ' Uy";JJ. ~ V' -v!J .: JW;, I(,.,.J .:;.-' f tf- L~1I~ uli L &, :P._;) U/JJ ~ -tf-

S~,~ JW;, L,.,.J

Y JJ I(~

~JJ

I(~i

f ~LJ1'ok'_.,.. JL ,..,~. v,..,JJ' ~, if' _, A'~

,..,

J~" v' "'./

,.I£'~

LJ1 L./..... . .f' o;.k!.r. f ~LJ1 , /'~,u:

s;~,V·JJ r.:v,.., .:;.-' ~v L ~iJ ...ifL Ji L :P. Jt.,/ /. L v' -~ "v.. L .f' l; . ./ ,...:.-L'»~' .. .,

L; i.~",.,.J

SV' ,-f/ J:~I( 0' ,.1£ -v! ;£J J~J I,.,.J JJ' Ji'Jt UH L/.,/..:;.-'

eJJW;, -: -V;JJW;'J

J"I(V' J.tf- tb ~ -vt- LJ ~ &h -'/.J~"

~';y" L

..:.-;~,

L Barbra H. Rosen wein d'J 0;JJ -~,

JJ'

UJj

,.,.J

-tf- Vel? ~ (t L n~L I(,.,.J" 0'~ ~/. ~ I(..:.-!Jl;o The

Anger's

Past: The

Social Uses

emotion

in the Middle Ages(1998)

uP. tY I( JW;' L,.,.J t.t 0' tf- VV JI? I..:.-!Jl;odo t.t ~/. v' AU: I,.,.J t.t ;'~' v'" FYJ' ~ Ji o:}, t.t UJ1~!;[J> -tf- ~ j;~ L

(" UJ1I?J~ e: ~ '-JJ L FY' JJ' UJ}Y:~ -e: L../ -f- VV0~t.t bJL t:!I,.,.J L 0' ~~ ~ ~ ;'~'v'"I ,.,.J ,-fJ J.~L Jj v(~JJ: -: -~ J~UJ v(~JJ: t.t ~~ L ,.,.J [J> JaYDJ 01r-'JJ' v-AV

,("

,-,(,,/.

'{~J "JJ: OJiO:},

OJJJ' -'{ J1 ~..t~

I~".» '~/J~/.I U/ L0".»:4 '{~/ ~ /F ~ L;s ;S I ~'JJ~ S0' '.» 'LJ v!

n' tY I( v' ~

fi [J> -~ J/J(.$, I(..:.-vp ) k ~0:J, L

L U'~~ 'UJ~/.'~~ L L'J ~v

JAr

~''»

r .J'v L 0Uz;

236 _.j}vl(. di~·r~ . v,u.(.).

A;11~l.P

OJ~ -f-

~~ Y JJI(vI

(~J.;...'-tJJr:iJ.~J~,· ..v-~UJ"J~ .v".JI!._.>. ~

..:::;u, J.::.-1V- Jj V- LIJ

-f- /( ~

ui1 JI ~lAPOJ~ vI f- ~

I(J...'-

U.JI.-- .JJIf-t1f c;. ~ )J _.j I(~

'::-J"JJ: f- Cy.

~UJV-J

O'Y S,j'Jj

-f-IGJJ'J"ui1 Jy. u~{

S(' vI V- vI i 4.11J~,uJL"JJ:)/:

.JJI'ul.-- 'd'? it-' -4.11 Jy. ~ ~

&Jf fJI U)J _.j

V- ~

Lun.::.-;t~V- '-;~

f V!.

. -e)J~

z£ uP( '--: 1un L .::.-Ij f ~u;FL'=;-, ~ ~ J; L .::.-Ij if' L/ Jp U.J~ &J,.1£-4.11 Z£IJ' .JJI'J~'.JYy (I('~ (I( 1d' i V!.

-~r ~ ~ '- (1.1;t/.JJI '~r 1;.z.JL/(I( ~

'cr

f 4.11

(il-..0 uA.tIl.I V- v~,j' fi -f- Cy. ~ '- .::.-~IJ.J I( u~{ -Jy.J;t 4- SvI (;.(1;)11.14-1 ,j' V- v"i f-.YJ .::.-1 SJj ~ ,.1£ f- VLI f.t.1~ V- ~I"',f '-~} (" ...f ~" f f- VLI'- U~f/ J!'~~ n> -f- IGJ/ 1~fJ/. JIJ V- (i If' _; .JJIV!.~ ;; '- J.t; (i i _; f- t1.J J~~

;uP

tt_~,

jf ~ '::'-JV~I

-f- J~

'YI ~

S? S( .JJI'~IJ/.

L Ut~ .JJI~ L un0:'" V- J. flYl '-/ ~ ~I.J

JIfi -f- V~.JJ; "J:;-.J

V- U}JL UY.il.J do -f/.' Llf- L~ ~ vI

J!~JI l.:1' '-.I} v~V.JJJ '- ~ ~ L UJ)~.J'

,,~~ L UJ.JI~.J'0:'" -L~~ Jb1 ,-...u.- ,-I f t} .:.-.:11 i .JJI~ L/I.J{ I.::.-~.J~J~J.JS,J,[OJ ,.1£1) u.J~ ~ vI t~J.i

-t} ...f lAP'& Sd'

237

~.)J)4t:....?: L V' yr J_ v' iJ'i'! V~L e~,.if; ,fi ~,i Iic-df ~ .; C)!j S~..{ )4~ ..:.;t.//- -£. ?.J z:« 'Lf f,(-

J#f S~..{ .JLJ,I(,.;. ,;-' "':'1'~.JJ')~.Nf L e~1V .; I);;,,"

I)! e~ ~~

L~, .JJ'£. ~J J'j I)! vt/II);?

L~ A J.,~~'j.P J: fli ~

L f~J' OJ ~ -£.

=~ I(v',LLJ ~~, ~ ~,/../ -t:....Jf if.h I:)!;'-~} L.f~J' ~ J,) .JJI

[t.o -Ii Cy; Y JJ ..J!.) I(.JLJ,L _.;J I)~ L I)Y;~J\..JJ'I)}!/

L,j' fi": ss: z:« j;(PJI L vI i e: Lf ft_'(

J.J~ cJl.j ~ (

JIeJ

y; Jjt~) ~ I)a.; vI i SJj.JJ ~tJV S.,:..L~' t:....)a

f!£~ ~I1 Yo J_ L I)&J~ ~ J£'~ y; J! S.,:..L~' L V' _rr y; I)} JJ.JJ";' .JJ'J..R.JOJ f I)!/ Ip -L "'/{_./ '- .,u" Sv' 'L I)Y;'; eJj~} Jy._f IiJ.J~ ~ L vI I)! ~I'~

-~ Lf ~.JJ L I)j!i-' d .JLJ,I(,.;. ~Jj ji f tf- k"'e.J~'~"

f tf- = ~'y.1( V' ~£.Ly;

?Yo

';-- I

t,,}. -...0L t".J,,"L J~ .JJ'j~~.J; v' 1)£ Jy L Jr'J

V'L

J'JJ I)!~' t:..../ 'i(j- v.:'~~~ v.:,f i = i ~ ,,:>JSV' J/ JJ L vI -j'~~~ I)!~' '-":>J S)",,1;f JJ~' -Ii v.: .Jr I(

OJ~

'~ ~Jf'~ i 1{ SJ~' .JJ'b;i (~I)! 1)/1LI)r. f 0:.,:..~y.J SJ..6 .JJ' 'JJ 'vt'~J -,/. ~ eJj~} 1(',Yo '~; J,t: [t.o ~I( t,,}. -£.?.J I)! (~L J ..f;.,.It J~' Jy '- ,,:>JS~,_JIJ)J

If..t v' ~)

v.! J~ 1.,:..}J J.J~ S1)/1t I(Jr' J I;)J f 'f1~~,;-' Vir .::J L L d- f i IS.,:..~IJ.JJ:~ JtJV' ~I .!-/..J} i Ji J....; '.»1 L 'I)! "';'.11.~ v! .»1 -e:C £ V- i_'i ~J

~,.J

238

Un L J. ",z (.;v ttf Ii';;i" J./Y .LjJ ,9 L

J' (.;V t~1.'i"' ..::.-~~i-/ JJ)J' ~ L

f -:, '~ u)¥' tJ' ~'J/. f ( -I/,z (;

v..

OJ'f- (j J-' L') Yo

un )J'

rNorbert)

(11):f "::'-'J~ )J'

y~tJ)

v.. ~ ,-:,,'[P

L uJ)e~ )J' vil/

i-)~

v.. J"J

(.;)Jj

SIt' p.

Sil' J I L il' f t} U)'J ,...j -:S JP. (.;)'~

il'

-c:CJ'..::.-SIP ~'

s»~

J'i il' J? OJ_f £

S--?) IJIr- L il' f~ L il' i ~CJ')LJ'r~ 'i-' ~ .:;...-?Jil' ~ )';/)J'

'tFJ

-~J

-y!J y!J 'L~tf)LJ, ~il'

'~ CJ'(~~ L uJ)'~.d O!;' )J' uP. (.;)~OJ_(£-'f"'/ ..::.-SIP

uiJ)

'J~'dY) (.;)l/~'~ r~ ~J

I'_fi v.. :[J)

C,z~ ?~Jf v!J.f~r,z/,,~ ~ S",'J!~~ il' z:« j; Ji v!J. ~ CJ'..::.-'JI) )J' i-fi: OJv..";. L il"..uJ-~ ',z y~~..::.-'JI) )J' 'JUV'):,)~, ~ ~ il' ~ il' -i:... L~ i-)L ~ i:... j: '-:"!" ~ Oiy)J' v! J,z.;.iP +- Yof~ ~uiJ~ Sd' JIP '.f.. -~ CJ' 'f-I)J,.;r .:;...uJ) i~ tF J f uil/ "::'-J~

Suil/

v.. 0? ~ v.. 1'1233 iJ> -I).! ;11~.:;...,f

.:;...v..(.;)'fU)J' -L~~J'

J>. )J' tFJ~'

v.. uiY SJr'J dJj ~

~JJ'J'v¥. (.;)u.f...JiJ.? L uil/L?

il' J(

-v! Yof

1)1;[ ~{i J,z

Y f'-:""'~Ui'j1.)J'u~'ui)1 L~ 'j~ -:,/,j' -~

v.. J...I.- L uiJ~ u/JJ Suil/

-:J) If..

Su;f J~YofI/U)i~ ~ v..~ ~ L J~' 'u}.l),t S(.;)~/ui~ Suil/ -i:... S..::.-'JI) jJ' '..::.-J.:;... f}/' '{_J.:;...~u,' JJ~S(.;)' f -:,J. -I/(oz,C -1i!,z.::J L V<'}

...J~

v..OiY)J,'uJ

..::.-j~JY()L":'-~~ )J'

239

;;;;v! Jv J 4:)J _(.[

VLf,/.Of 4- v' I~.IJ'

'::'-JUo!

tf u;L.f

tJ .;;:,I .IJ' I(U.t:i'.J tJ '::'-JV-'f- (1(1( ~Yt...J/ tJ ~ fi) -:JS .JJ' s.tf~- ..:;;, "'v' ~Jl.fi~ ~.JI( eJ'J':;'-' -: ~ ?.v' -I( u;L.f 4(1J J(~ J IU~JUo! tf 4:)'

tf v' v! LL; eJr.Y ~ L~ tJ.:'J IuJ..; v! .II}, L ~ fi v!.AII' L ..::.r..J~ ,,=,,' -'f- tJJ: '::'-.J~ -IA L?-.J u; ...J}~ ~ L 4:)'4:)Y .JJ' IA L

LJ u.J:.II}' I(~.:;.-'

***

240

~, .n' T r.rl vI.?' r,.;;. 0' )'v L v" T rr )jr ui~ 0' 4 V --" ~ u~";;'15,-4.1J' O'r. '~~ ''-rtf J.P'~'.I{ s:T r.rl (}v JJ O';-v L ui~,.AT ~ ui~ ~ 15";;' f ~_;/ -:--.rl T ~J If.. -"'!"k';'.I~;' J../it 15el' .IJ' 'I./.! Li ,.f-'-' L'J L";' ~~(i, 4- ~

ui~ .I;;'J

.IJ' '.IJ,v '~J' J/~.-"

Jy (~_;/ -:-f

ruj:!Ji.I J! ~'OJ ~.Ij L ui~

_I./.! L.f),;'

.IJ' I./.!;Â£.1

u~ ,J. 'I./.! L.rl ~,

v! ,;,)/ _;/ ,:,J~ f T ~Z ~J

15.:;..! .lIP! 4- L u)JJ

&J/ .IJ' &.t; ~ -I./.! Li L

J;r ~' If v!

-I./.! L.rl~'

151 v' v! uf. J i,);f ~ " ~,;~

J<:'.rlt::{ ~-"

L..::/~

r1 L u}~ v! b.lr

v' -'.rl .ILJ' r1v' ~ ~ J.IJ' <:J.rl .::.J..?

'-r0"~'L(Jack Goody) ~~ 15,;,~ v' v! -h~ J'M' ,;-' OJ -T J'j (/J.I ~ j.l~;' v! I(-~.Ij L v' -T P.IJ' t'" 'X ~, r U)~ f T r.f O'J el~ 'P4 v! ,_r 15-:-'.1); IU~rt.J 't.f~ ~ .lIP! IuiV 't~';'.I~;' -T J~J~' 4- L v~ J.' .IJ' 'tlP>4 L(' ._P Ul-Y.f ~L.f'.rl';'~~ .ILJ' 'X ~..,..,. r1 L u)~ ,,;",)1. J~' v!.b.lr.f-i{~-~ L~ L~ ':">.IJ.I)' '-J{ L u}~ The Culture of Flowers, Cambridge 1993

241

~ -'i- ~ .:y r .::.-~~ 4-' '- .d~ I)! j Yo,.{ ~ 2_.1'/2 .::.-~~ 4-' "'.Ii L .ILJ' L~ :JJ' uJ?} Su-r.: ~'L~~ I)! <e{~

Lu.i(Hanging Gardens).::.-~~ LYt

s.-:I)! b.lC .IJ'~ "' U;< S

.I)' U~.1Jt'~

Sd' .IJ'L~ I.::.-~~d' ~-v.r

UX~

L JVI.~

,-I)! Ui}.L b.lC ~.::.-~

~ ~ 1.1' -" Yt~~ ~, I.::.-~fj'

-~-f' J~

L J;f U~J-/ ~IP~'

~ I)!/'" ~

I~,L U_,J~

vk L J~ L J;f", UJ);; IJY), -~ C~tL1.1# .IJ''::'-.Iy'l1}I sv e.J:? ruY s;/ ~ 1.1' ~"R IJY), -: S1.1' -~ L~ L~ i uI,-l.J' SJ~ -:~'~ k.1)!" SJ;fttf/' Cb'x ,-\~ r d' s.'i- ~ -:I)! tt-rClS.::.-"." -rClSuY -'Yt.l",c r 1.1' ,-I)! 1.1' L J;f

L e.J:? 1.1' -'( Yt ,~ '- J~

U)JJIJY),) J o:),~, r 1.1' ~

L J;fe.l~JJPo L L/ dl)'

f~ ~J?I)!

uY ~ I J~

-v!' ~./ ~iJr1.1' J.I1-~ LYt ,-.::.-Y I)!.::.-V IU)v L'J Li "'t".L ui!J -v!' J.!~, .It) .Ii! ./)r "' d' .IJ'-~ C~~If'- d' /r- J LII -Z Lf JJ J~ L J;f (~ -/ J~SJ'.Ii Juvf f "-' I)! d,-JlI U_,J~

~L ,-' ~

1.1' .ILJ' r.::.-.J:? '- 1.1' ~ '.:;)..? SJ~ L J;f -,f-If.. ..;/ I1.1' ...t.ljL U.l"v ,J. '~.1,f- I)! 4f' .::.-~~ ~ J~ -: ,.('i- CYt '-

A ,-' Lu_,J'J'~,; /. .I)' ~~ ~ ~ "' UJ)iJ Su~

J .::.-M -~J./J.:J~e_tj./ ~ I)!

I)! ~ Yo,.( 'i- CYtJ~' J;;J rtt~ ~d~" ~ UP.lJ~uJ)iJi~,..fÂ£-'i-t~

L i~ I)! ~j UV

~t./ ~tP ()'

L 1.1' -~Yt"::':'::./~

242

-:~ L 1.1' ~ 1.1' ''f- r.t1~J' ~ U~

.nl 1.t1~

dk-".JJL

-J.t1 J!,W-' (:;~I

i~1.1' 'liv! .re{~ f Yo 'f- rr J),- r a» i~"v! U?-'J.J,",V f 'f- ~i~ 1.1' v!Jf~v! '-.J~ L .JJ'~~ i~ -fi v! d~ ...J)

S.J/" L

..tJ'N .JJ'"

L 'N ..tJ'N .JJ' -~

U\-J li ~b:L 1.1' d Id'J' ~ d!; li~' v! LIJ.JJ'!:P} v! ~ Yo I'::';>.JJ r d~,f .J: J ~ .JJ''::';>.JJr ..::..k> v!~ L i~ .JJ'~(, fi

IL.I ,-:,,1/. li~ ~.JJ-fi ~ d~

.JJ'-~~

t.f '::';>.JJ tt_tJli1

L~ ~'J v! if. .JJ'VtJli1I'r J (l ~ if.f 'f- d~

v! 1.1' f'f-

-:..::..~ vl;,f

i~v'_'f- U'J~

i~u 0:.

~ c,i JtJJ',f d'

.::!- L

J' -'f- ~if .:,.-t.)J rui~ tf v!Jf~ .JJ'..::..V~''f- u!')J ruJ)~ r~.r.: v! if.r.'f- ~t:/;:--J,-,j..JC 1.1' L lSJI L.t1

Lt: ~J,f

~ L u~riJ lSiJ./JJ v! uj. -:I.A L v'.JJ' v!r ..1£ -'.t1 fGi) 1.1' 'i:... L.I JJ v! ui.~ L d' c,r LI~}~.JJ'.J~L u}~.J);.J~ ~L L "":""1''''.] -: ..I£~J,f-' c,'J.J/ J!,W-' L u}~ L ub~ ~ J!,W-' ru}~ v! u}'V)..JJ' 'u}~ 'u.n-(..::..#~' ~J ~-,f u}IJ -v.! J~ i:...L.t1A (j~ .J~", ul. ,f d' -L L.I v.! L L.t1 '-/ ~ UJ"'b~J' ..::..~~ -: -lic,'J.Jr..::..~~ v! d',' (-...:; ~ 1.1' 'f- '.t1J!;W-' ~ L i~ J;AJ r u:!j.J~~ ttpardes" v! d~;Jv.

-I

~ Li /.::-t:.'J.J1.1' ,f u-"',' -v'1 L L.t1 '-/ uL if.~;/'j~ ,f uh -L,I ~~ "- ,;-' L fY' J U.t1~J~.JJ'~.J~' L u.iti.l

243

-I... L,., If v! U..t::"..;rI .IJ' 'uif, 'UJ.lP-: f

v'.:;)f. -: ':'-.J~} '-Yo '-Yo fY' U~L c), -~ '-- u....:~i1.::.<.l.u v' L u..t::"J.J v' S ~ -~ L.ffi~ I.J'~' .IJ"~ '.::)JJ S C), y. ~ t_,r..:.-~ c".v J,., i1.:.-~)v v! '-.I~ L U?.JJ.JJ'Ui~ '-- -?J S.::)f. oYo.l;

-J,j J~ S .:.-ly L Ui~ _(~")/:

eJ~j '--

L J.

\L'"

0:.1. J~' ~Ui~ v! (J.I.JJ'~i

.J~ v! ~ sl'Jf.JJ! -:"- v' ~ zf.f.J'';;'p '::)JJ.JJ' fY' 11 J/ L (J.IfÂ·'"J? .IJ'v# J~~J;~ f ,//. L~'"" { .JJ'U.J~ r I ~'.JJ' 'f-If v! ~J,)j ~J.'''',-t~ J~~~1f v! -Vl zf ~ If,v! u~ UJ.lJIIJ~' ~J~ L ~, s:'f- c,.,'-- v' ,j'~'~.:;)f. S v' .L U~ v! ~ OJ.J-e)J (Bed of roses) ttr; S Ui~" d ~L,., v! '--r.) u' j L,., v! J(pi':"'(' J~ ~ 'J,., f'N.' SL~ .:.-~~ J);.I' L,.,~' If "- L,.j:} eJ~ L r:J '.I~-:~, 'IP>;: If J~' ~c), ..J1 J~ L (' fi U~ f V(,.,(~ U~~ S Ui~ I)! U~ -L .I'-J j'l v! ul.lJ' Uly f...f Uk 'I... L,., ':;;>Jjv! u,!l U}JJ 0:.1.) J 0:.1. ~ v' '-- -?J S.:.-~ v' SUi~ -~ L~~ I ui~ ,.].11 S do f'~if&'.I,.fi .J,p:,--' I)! fY' -~ L,.,~'.:;... r.) f Ji -:J..; uYo.JJ'...p -vI L.f J~' ~ L J.J~j '-t' I ui~ >. S v' -,J J~S Jv S UJ.I}"':~u}L)' "- f- U~CiJ uiJ ...f ~, '-- 4.1' -I... L~ 4-J ,.;'.I);.J,p: I U~CiJJ~~' -J L L ui~~' '-- d'j Jii I:)} .IJ'J~ ;).J;).J.::;.... r.) Jc)lJ' f 'f- C,.,,it' _;~i_;) S ..::.v-I;i .IJ'J.J~j

244

J_,[_~rJIJ; J!(JL u}~ tS';-1r- L.I¥' OJ)

(~~

L/ (f{/ SJL u}~;-Ir- L VI i

J! ~pJ (~

'-/

JJ v! .Nt VI -"

(Vl..J)

SJLu}~iJLL~~>'

Iy;", ~I

1//p.r fyl )JI '~) (~I

If.! tS' J~

..J/ -~.JIf.!

JIvlJ

S~..1JOJ)

L ~I )J'~..1J 15r ( ~n y.1) tS'JJ!-:J) ,.,( z9( /1 v' L u}~ L U~!,h') J~ -i)

u}~ ~

-15~ ~ "' vl.f .::/.J8 15u~Cb'::'.Jjf)~.f~ (;.CL v' ~/~)~L u}~ OJ.JJ£ JdJ 15~, -l/If.! J}le)J.J v' L ui~ ~ V'-L L/ JJ v! ~ If.! r;;C(U}~ L !,hI) 0:),~'~') ;i..Y"j L~' J ",:,,' i -: tS'';)JI 'f-I/lf ~,)r Iy- v.iP.:;_VI v!~~L ui'~ tS',; 'f~ 15DCL U}~ 'P -'f- 'y; J~' ( U}~ ,,')i)~"')~J!"j J,-;:tv! .::,ji v.!' ftJc,rJ) J;. -:1Ui~f-)Jlt S..:Y), Iui)I-L vtlP/ v.! ,.f.J~ L ~ r L ~ DCL .::,!;;Iy. (D~) 'f-Ji? ( ~I DC( ~I fl/t.f .:;_ ~~ L,.p;. L U";'-" I/lf J~I "'U}~ ..J/ ,; v!~ JIN.'

v!'-)~L,.p;. -i ()IfUJj( -: ,.1£1/ J!IJ~I v! V~ I,.p;. ~i ~r ~ fly;/~ v!15.r! 15v 9..J1V ( ~ V' L

-l/lfJ} J!~ v! Uy;( '::'JV v.!' ~t~ /. v!'-;~ J~ J'N.' Lei' (j,;)JI I) C~1/If.! dJ J!II;)I.Ir-;-Ir- L UJY -i 15J,C:: If

UJj(

",.zS~ L~ v! ~'V'i.-" -I)C~ It"" ",:"IitJJ{t~)i~;~)); .".1}JI ..Ji ~ .• _I (" !,hI) J~ ~ -I) e~

245

r.;,

-~J )Jj {

Lf 7-i{ .:;_uiL-1 (v L (Clement

~ ,~,yJ."- L

UJ~ '~)j 1~"- L

of Alexander)

di)1..;/ IJ~' L

'-)~ L U}~ -'Yl1~~'-r'" ~ '~ i;;C ~ U}~ '~fJ>'~J ~IJ'OJ~j

jf ..JJ.} J"; f ~".;.!,--" iT-~".;.! ~ji ".;.!, f I) ~ ~ v' v! J'IV -~)f} t.~ V!.,:,V 0;1.) J 0;1.I~,L U}~ -iT-~ _I) ~ .:;_ JiJ ~J ~ v,...f£Vk" J!r' {J~Lo..rJl.:;_ jJb -LYI ";)(p .:;_U}~ If OJ i k"t IC)'I' J J!t ~ L Ui/ J'P. ~ .:;_ ~~ -'YI J? ~.,:,~~ v! C)' .:;_ ",J J' .,:,'J' j'I' L c)' -1... LfJi v! U~ L Ui/ .,:,~~L V j'I' i 'YI j~')'J r C)~j~ -I) CYI oAi v! ~ L v' -I) cJJli~)L; OJ I) J1L;: r.,:,~ .:;_..,..._. J~ ro..rJlIf ~ L c)' -v1(j L i~ ()L..::>.~((~'"J;4J o..rJlJt { U}V v! uiIJ -~ J;4J ~ uC)rcJ" .:;_ if. 'YI o~~ OJ~j J ~.:;_JvJ(Y_I)C~k"~' r};.),Iz} Iv'v!U}IJ'-I)C~'6X -Lf L ctY'.:;_' o..r/,:;_ ~J )J' ~fv! ..l!)' J~~J i u;J;jLJ, ~ v' --"'~)".;.! JJA (j...k .,:,~~..;/

~~~.:;_ U}~

-L L'y.~ L .,:,~~ {u;J; L UYl~~J'I' v! Jr! Jv 6 -'YI { tJ' C)'I' -L LYI;; (j~ '-.t{)J' ,-)j''':;;»J 'J~v! ui~c)'

V1?' L c)' .,:,~~{J-G" )J' ~ f)~' L U}LY" I~'J) v' Po L IJ L U}~ L.,:,~ L uf; ~ )J' ctY' -T) Lf.lLJ, ~ .,:,~l7. -~f)v~J) v! '-:()i UYl~ J' C)' )J' 'JYI.lJJOJ!

.,:,j ;:.:;_U}~ v! ':';::L-1...k o..r'

~ L C)V ~)); IU}~ OJ ...k~, J2 -~ ~ {:,h.l~ L~ .,:,~~v! ~ _I) ~ L j)y6!} )J' ,",'.If J~' ~c)' --" -L L.f ".;.! J~'

246

"",.;JJ'" ,.;r:)JJ( u,? v! u.i~ L JJJ J'k.' ''f- ~ ~If ~ f

IfJ!l Yo L ,~ ~j

L c)' ,.("

Lb: J.:i ,J~

J1.;:-_jA>

,J v' 'JY;';:-j~' ,Jud' JJ' g..I~v! 787 -'f- e~~.f" ,J v' 'f~ Ubj ,J '~J' n' (.f'1.;:-_jA>f m~v;:CJi Ji ;;~ rfi f,J ~'::J JJ' UJ/~ 4- V' -" ,f J'~4- L Un ~.J-~ ~ y; "';;;'J

v! u« tF- ~ L v' -~ ~ ~ IU~~J(L '~J'eJ ~Jj L U,? L~~ t..J..I~ JJ' ~ L '~J' J~ '-/ JJ.0' ~ .;:-_jA>'(.f'1.;:-_jA> "';"Ji ~~

L v' -'Y;~'

lPf "J} L

-vi

J;i)( 1'j!6

uJl J!,1000

v! ~j

U?~ ..;f:Ilui";_..PJJ' /

.::)/.lui4 v! v! ud' JJ' UJJJIlIJIf, -j~,J (;/"',I JJ'f, L C)j(.j 4 -~ L~ ~

-/ L~uJ~ ~J,,;IV.JJu);l4~L~lf ~,~.;:-y -ril t/ -~v.! Lrv! if. f v? JJ'f, r-rtf L:!' ...fi~ u);I

r -ril(f1.;:-_jA> .::J L 0 f'fy; ,J!yJ ( .¥ ~'k"do ~~ ,J J~ -'f- Jif C)} Yo fLy; J4 .;:-JJ/ J U/JJ' ui~~-r'_~ -r} l'r ui,,;v!.Nt L I.)V~ "' uJ'}1,p L uP -J./i v!un"" .I~ ~ uP'Jf ,J Uy;( ';:-JVJJ' -~ f J,,;,J! v! IJ(;J 0:), -L L~ Lb: J;~JJ' ':;">JJ'Li, ~ r U)i,~ v! up-vi L~,J ~ Jy; u/v! ui4 IJ(;J ,J '~J' J; v' J~I -/ L~ uJ v! C)~JJ L uJ_;;" JJI-rJ' ~ '::J,J if.'" ~~ r '::J...fi,J ,Jt;' v!l'Lui"; J' (~(u/ ) ~ '::J,J .::)/. ,J uiJ'f,-k"my')j ( ui,,;v!un"" JJ'

uX 'ui,,;';:-JV -r' '~

II1Z,.p., ".;:-~

f,y;

247

-L LJ1?-lP .n' Jr; Sui~ .IJ''vi L~ ~ #{~,'~iVU}~ "=,,,' -l/t;; ._f Un (~.IJ' 1# Jv? .f J5 ~ fY' ~ f ._f uk V-I.)~~ .IJ'uU SuJ;J} -L z.r_I J~ v- u},j/ v-L;Â£.1 '-Ji L u}~ v- u/ \"

v-r ~'.IJJv'

IJ.'JJ~ r ...hJ V- .I~.IJL u/; ji7 L).r L _~iL ~~JV- 1554 ~, u f(J '::".I~} .IJ'~ .I;

v' ~, Yo(Tulip)

-l/J"'.? .IJ'rf.'~~~~.Ij L u~ ~UJ.?Lv-1560 . -l/do ~ S..i.v' ~s;JJ1 ~r.l; v' Su}~ L)tJ V.IJ'el?J~~ f'(' ~I,#) .::/ ':;;'JV' 11' L u}~ V- ~t;.fj, V- ~4 L u~,-Li {At;' jp. 0;), ~J.I~ \t -.G. S~.I~ L dI ~ v-1660 -OJ (J o.k.~{J'.Ii Su}~ .IJ',.p} 'I.),? ~~ ~

1778

.IJ'J~' L u}~ u f tOJ211.)'i.l1 ~.Ij .. ~J)j O;;~ ~, .IJ'l/II!/.I ,.p} -v/_; ~ 1 SL.f ~j { ,;-'

II.)J-,/~.Ij L,.p}

-l/ S~~ ~ f Ji J~j~ ':;;'J V' u!l'L I.)}~ ~ .::"tJ~ ) k .IJ'JJ1 J): u! ~h-- .IJ'~ ...~ ~ .I",1,)'1;-JJ1 J)j .IJ'J; S.:;)? J ~ -~ J?I1' L u}~ u! un L v' 'i 4fo'J

e.l~JJ

Se~,;-'L I.)J.?L';A -~ "=,,,' -l/J1~

J)i ~ 1Jyf, (jk L UY.J/ (i' ~ r~..;;o~~~':;>J Sif.~iJj 11'v'}1; b:~

SIn E......,...... ~ J~ {uf./.'j4Y J'J 'v~''-J{ L u}~ u0J J'J ~ J~ ~.I", 1,)'1;-JJ"u!rJJ Su}~ V- 0L-:l. do.:vI-"

-v!' J.f '::">Jj J~ {u}rJJ ~ 'v- ~~ Yo" J1.I? 1 u}~ {t,_. L J} "=,,,' -1/J1j?" ~ ~ 'i JJ"u!rJJ SI.)}~ --?/ ~ ~

248

t/ _(f.t1" (:;J/ ci( L~;;;_.;/

L Ui~ ')J -'.t1 (:;'J.J("::-J v!;# -L~~~ ~.;/':;'.JyII!}J LJ./ U}y!, J;! ~

SUJ~ d'- L.t1 z._,j ~J.J ,,1' L

U}y!, v! cJVJR; L Uj/

UJ.Ji~ ~uiL)' / UJC!.JJUV v! C)'V'JR;: f 1..l1-:

Jy!, If v! ..:v IJJ): -'.t1 (:;'J.J( LJ

OJ7 Ve.Jl?''_;)

JJ.J); .J,P:/ U}y!,

>. SJv S

Sto.:A'..zJIr- '-/.JJ v! (lY' -L cf.,..,P ~ ( .:;,# Sc)' ,!Y,I ,!Y,I .:;,LJ.~ J}- '-/ JJ L J;:; J2 -7 VV (:;.J!;~ .:;,# / U}y!, ~ U}y!, v! cP'JR; -7 C.t1/.1./. L U!..k.~o:..z Jy.J~~'

L.t1 LJ Jy!,,, UJj( L U').JI '7 c:C ~ ~~ ~

/ Jy!, L J?OJ -r; tj') Jy!, ~

(

U}y!, v!

v' e;';:' (J~ ~

v! liL'.J -4A L.t1 -'U.t1!J;l?'U).J .e: ~.J~ ~ L..:-._,lf' .JJ'r.} J/ -1J~v! uA -r; (:;'J.J( L~ ~ u}y!,,, iJ;;". !.II;!.II;/ U~ .JJ'.:;,JJ/ '.:;,t~ .:;;!.JIJ,

t::- ~

~v' ')L~~Jy!,/':;'.JI fi -r; C~~ If;#

.J,P:/ u}y!,

0:1. J J:r- J~' ( u} y!, v! C)'VJR; -r; C.t1 JR; -t~ Jy!, v! ui'tL(. tff Su}y!, {Jj ~;X't~ ~ u}y!, e~~ ( if4 .JJ''JJ'yftJ -: .JJ'j.t1 ~!.II; SJ?'~ Sr'v! .JJ;"':;"J~ J;; v!~ /! (7 C)~ ( ~ ;... ~ -: J'(:;1) V.t1Jy!, / UJC!.J : r; C.t1-: { .I}

V~J

( ui~ U~L c)' "'7 .J~' ~ '7 J:J" ~ .:;,Ly.J-7 / U}y!, L.t1 ,-.If'l..l1 ,f Lj'i / U}y!, v! ~ ~ -7 J~'

J~' ~ L L'.J); o:..z Lf 6- v! ,-j( tk- ;; ~ ~ UJJR; v! J~' L U}y!, L ui~ v! C)'VJR; 'UJ,6f'7 C~ Vv:- J~' v! .:;,N> / U}y!,,,.J} 0:1. ,,?fi-7 -1..l1 Lf

SU~

.Jr.) 7

L C)'VJR;~'.o:..z) '-lJ18

V.t1(:;'J.J( LlP>t '-l.JJ~ SU}y!, " ul. (U}y!, (7 C~ ~I'J~

(V'_:':'~.JJ)" ( ~I L

Sf!(J'

Jt L ~I/

ul.

uL St.).;?..Jif I..l1 z{) ~.Jv! Ui~

249

:~ "- L ~)

13.J?

J.:: (r.- SUilJui4

v.. J~Jv.. ()V

V.SUilJui4: I:)~ ~ }iJ1.:;:.,:> j 1)/ J u~ ok-- '-.J} Vi; -7 ~..t*..::A ch.Jr Ui4 v...m uf.Y' -4.11 J~S.J~ " UJLhI.J .JJI U)I..vk--U~ SuiJ{ o: Uylf J ~~~Ji JJ L':;)f. vI SUi4 -4.11 L~ L"'.J~ L UiJ{ ().J(P. ~I

"- L ":'-J'f" Suyf ~I fyl -7 t il'~ ~~ SUiJ{ v.. uij' ; vI -4.11 ~ ,.; ~ L vI Jy ~j ./-4.11 L/ J~I ~ UiJ{ "- L ..:.-v. ~I JL 7~..t*. ch.J~ui4 L ~~ ~~~ ~

J1"

-J:_~~~LJ

!JeJ~;

~.1~~

v.. vI L

U_,)I.JJI 7 J?lil4-1f v..1:)~J ui4 '- ...::.<,,-J -~, ~ ~y. ~~.Jltr'~~~ I . r! L/lk • /.r.Jy'l!j J ..:.v-~ u -7 /.J'~I Sci -fi ":'-J'f" SUi4 ULN. J,v..1:)~ J.Jy'l!j .JJI '..:.v-~ 'JLz v!?1 v.. U~~.....;/ _;L.1 L ui4 /. ''':'-.Jr'~JI-~ ~ If v.. L~ d'j Jl)1 Lvl,J. V'~/ .JJI f'M' S~Cy -7 I,.; ~ '- L.» ().J{.1~ v..~ Y'.JJI '();l,--7 ~ I~~vI v.. f!jj)

,.r

JJ'/

~lu~;/.1 LUi4v..(JYI.JJI~'~.t!~fi '- _::J 0' -13 ,-.1_;'(/ .JJI._;~~ l?~ vI ~:i L 1:)1J'£ J~I ~ L ":'-J'f"/ ui4 .JJI aA Y' v.. ()JI? f~;rv..1:)~JPz .JJI U/? 1:)1 ~ -7 '- Uf.IJ.J_;~~l?~ vI J'£4.11J7 "L/ -7~.JJ4~ u!Vlr .1~u}4 L ~l..P!?' t()J~

Jf.J~

***

250

~ .I}

i./~ -'f- ~ J .I~' .::..;? uk-- e) ~J',!'

v.. d~

.lJ'LJ rtJ:1 '-/ JJ~ v.. J,j .lJ''(J~'~ J~i JuP.u~ ,_i' d'!' ~ uu; f 'f- C~VA e) ~~ ~ L L~)J t)J 1.:.-) ...,.> . P. Yo -~ .1''; ~(} J J, ..L'~, . u~ , CJ'l.v..'! )Z;' _JJL..:J'lz ..... u-, .lJ' 'JI,J'uJ?'P'J:~, OJ",J~ .lJ'

J',!' ~

J 1.1' ,.f£ 'f- C~I:)'. .I'J O.l~'~ J',!'

v.. d~ i L~ IJ.:J -'f- cd ~ .J'v L

"'.li OJ'f- CJ'lfi~

)Z;' Yo

Jvi f u.t::'}

-"-'1 LJ'l !... .lJ' ,-7. v.. ~r

)Z;'

..;/ J',!' ~ Vf'f- CJ'l~ J'r -'f- C~J'l J~v.. toY J UJ)'; 1.1' 1'''-'1~ ~~ J~,(jJ .lJ' 'f- jJ'l (j v.. U{JJ.lJ' u;flz .lPIb .lJ' 'u£4~ ~i "-'1LJ'l }i )J' -"-'1 LJ'l ~ v.. un (~.:.-~~ L

~"-'1LJ'l'~~~

V'J ~ V' c..f. ~

J J,J}/ ~

-I) CJ'l~

>. sJ1'~:?~dJ fl) ,.;L; ~

1.1' v.. L;~' ~..I!",:",''V"i~

--:yI

.lJ' j~ v.. 1.1' i M

v.!

'" ~.;;". J, 'f-'J!'..I! v.. u".}...;i1 ~ .lyiJ ~ J, -'f- j~ .~ )JGv..",,jJ1.~v.!i(Mother land)~).J. 'CLj),J 4 ''f- v.. JyL 1.1' L 1.1' ,.f£'f- C~J'l~ 1.1' ~

j~ .lJ') ;;-, ~

~ Jj -'f-

>. v'~ ~d'~~ )J' O)JI./.Jv' -"-'1 jJ'l J//r v.. ~ >.~,~ ~1.1' ~ -?JJUJ'l'(.:.-)1;.lJ' 'u# uK 'UJ)'Y;-'fCJ'l~

251

(~ ~ "-i' f ~v!.Jr;. L.J.Pl. i;-' I.:;,'j "-i' u ,IJ' i- C! Cr;!/ -.::::...Cf , u

-1Jr;v.! d?

eJ~j .::A

v! !.tj JJj ~ flJ

-&'

,IJ' ..:.I.P-- J41' ~ 41' IJ t)j f .::A '-!~ u~'(i;-' If.! ~ ':;'JyI-: l:l -li C! J'f;J/ ~ .:;,! J41' If.. ,IJ' 1J" J e}'J ~ i;-' .,.,'u "- 41' i- J7 ~ i- v.! ~v J k !.tj JJj -iv' J!,-uJ/ '-/ JJ L ...i. ,JJ' '4-yI i;-' ,A v.! JJA J u~'{,JJ' JJA i;-'~).

~ J

f J '- ,-}'JJJA

""" ~ '-

-?J

,J_~ i-I/J'f (~ jii ~ -i-jr v!~'~

~ '- &'J,f I.I~ L """~ v! c};'JPi L oV "'-J.lI), L d} v! '-fr -&' ~J .IJ'~ :,:.P~ If~ ~ ~ -i-cC !

0;.''- & lfJ 'vV i;-' u J,['f", ~ v',,~'L un ~'.IJJ JJ '- cj' ~'.I~ L un~ '.J)4- j.!, -&' ~ £ i-.1 ...J v.! ..... -L

r -:""'~' J L u~'i'(~J:.'-.I~L

L '";'.I{ " ~{ ~ J J1. 'f L .I~ v1 v1 L I ~., v! (Iw IJ ) -&' Yo ~ L .I~ ,-7.' "", Vl L'J ;:;"'.1

'* ~;

41' -Vl i-.1 f Jif'" v! UP" L JJ lu!" .IJ'U.l~"~ "uk L~"-41' -£ uJ"" ~;" u f~r"- 41' v! ~I .I~I ~ ~ J ~;" i~! J '- vl-IJ Cr;'- 4 .IJ') ~ ~J~ J .Nt i;-' _£ L! r; U.l ~I

252

...f1 ji JJ ~

vI -I)

I;:~J1vA'- J.rLv!.:::.I

ji Iy;t{JI,; ;-1,; L JI,; L

~ ok--~

'- ~

.nl;

t JI v! .:;;"

'I);'l(

r if- Cy;flU; If -:'- vI -L L~); -'"J, v! Jvr ,J .1(;,.1 ~

r~.&Ai~

'if- C)

i.I-' ( (.)~ el'); el' f ~v:>~

J,~ ~ s:if- JJ1 ~.:;;" vl.:::.l,J J, -'" J,~ ji (.)y;_; .:;,tU J.'i1.1,1 ok--, Jr.r fi

vI ~

L (.)';1 ~ vI 'I)

-v:~J.:;,tU -:V:>'

(.)'vY. f V1_L.f

o:r~f¥ J.Ir- .1,1Jr.r Iel' -» ~ '- .I~.IJ(

,J J, ellL~ In''J" if- (f(/

.:A

,J t JI v! ~ J ~fifil

tt_);-'"(.)1/

JI ~

f V1L;l.I .:;;"vI -:-V1 Ly; o~Ij ~Jr L ~,JI-:--> I;:v! L.lIPf' I~Jr L ~,JI-:--> JIJ.1,1~ -~ 4 -y; ellj· d.. L ~,JI -:--> '(.)}I; oj .::/; " (.),J~ ~I -if- Jf'J' AJ Jf'~ J,j , Jy. v! (.)/,J '- (.)0" L Ji;~~ ,J;J/-i .1,1'(.),C.J V1~ r'P -if- J~,J ~I ,J jI,) " rt L ~,JI-:--> '- (.)/,J .1,1ifnI 'J;I,;,J (.)?J'.:;,~ L -$. ~Jr -:L ~,JI-:--> v! ~ f J/-i '- ~ L ~,JI-:--> -V1 L~ £_.I.11~ ~ '- -?,,J (.)}Ij. ok-r'~ ,J~~ f ~cl-if- r~1£ .Iy/./uJ v!.....e;rL-"~.I,I 1£If J~IP Iel''if- C~1/If Ji> I(.)/,J'- ,t.lj L vI 'if- ,fy; 1/~~ J.lC (~,;". vI fi -if- J~,J ~ If jI.) '- el'.1,1'if- C~ -V1 Ly; I~ .:;,J)I".. '- .:A .1,1v! '-.I~ L vI ji L~ Ly; I~ ~ vI v!~' !:P',Pz/-"/. 4Jr L ~,JI-:--> I/~ ~,JI-:--> ~ L if- f ! Jy; i .::/;,J (.),Jr" (.)k f (.)k ~ '- Lr L (.),J!I/ji I) Ld' fi ~I) 1.5.1¥' ~.fl~ 1.:;,~JrL

»'-

253

'i£.L.t'lv:! 4~L",I'~ ~ -~, -I}' ~J", L b.l v! J-.I.i1. (:p/. "' tt';". V' S ~j v! ~, ~" ,,:",Cr' ~' L (C. A. Bayly) -7 S~ ~(p /. v! (Origin of Nationality in South Asia, 1998)

ttJ'~

...r SIJJ~ (IIi _;'.J'J~/

",I'~ JG"~.IJ' (1./v! I:P'~~./.

.IJ'j,"",o(; '-"';')~

o,ju' ~ 'tY"' (j uk v! .IJJtJ~ L ~

StY"'

s:7 ~~ -J' Jy.".,j

v! 1900 -J.rr,~ ~

V' ~

_'::J

-J L >. StJ)J6J JG"~

s: ~J.lJ'

~'.I"" 'j~'.::)J'(j ',jJ v! cP~ .stY"' (j /-.IJ' k"V'.Il}, ~ ~ U:'J.If 7 e1'L.rr L1' Jj ~b.lC SJ',I' ~ v! "-;(.11. ~ ~f ..Jf I:)y. -J" '~{J~ SUJ.J'J'UZ....IJ'-I}'k--'~~'J.I 'L~ 1'.II1.'..JiJVL i~'J). Iuli L G::! a'> vU ~./.J.I.lJ' (J~) ~ ~.I;.L~'

",I'~

",I'

~~.1 oj (j, ~ v! J.~L '..I' -V"~/4~ L ",I' ~ v! 1:)' '.tt,~ v! ;.. L tJ~f S u~ .IJ',,:",J¢' ~ 'k:.' S,.;I; -;l-! '(~ L .IJ'

-«

~ JUY' wf1 (t.. -7 V'I:)~ v! (lJ' ( L c//" IJ',I' ~

.IJ'~1. -= -7~ .:Jt;f .I...' ,;-' f y. 7 (Rational Patriotism) J',I' d' ,J. -7 j.rr v:! ~, St,;}!;/ ~ 4)! ,f.f f-", JjI, OJ.I

4f"

I If -7 j.tt J!If .IJ'~ ",I' ~ A -~ j~ J J-~.1 (Ii 4)! Ap' 4 7 C.tttf o;J ~...». ,;-' 4)! ~ fi v! ,f.f ~Z£ (:iJ~

~"'»'/'6 ~J.U f £. Z£ ,j,l' ~ v! ~.I~ L~' 4)!,.;I.; L (jJ ~ 4)! ,,",".I~ L ~ S"'»''cfJ ~ -7 1:)1 b.J-lr- .IJItf ttGJ

254

~Sl..J1'::'-.J1

'))'f-.vY" JI'J

~; v! J~;..,-J .:;,$G;! SV'

v! cJVJR; f f-..,rLJ1 LJ

f- '::'-.JJ/ SPo ....G. J/ ,-' 'S'::'-.JI ~ '-hf ._;fI:)Po ,-I~ V' 'f- J/

.L. if. fJJ1'::'-.JJ/

Po f

- ~ JG:~LL)~.?C .JJ' 'py' '..:.r'~.J v! J~.JJI~' -k"t"GJ( VI .JJIO.? / /. L 1:)1-v~ v! iJj L,,}I ~ J LJr f ,,}I j.JJI ,,}I ~ Ji~ JrJ ~ VI ~,f..61/ r v! pl..c:I JYy J, -t:::....JO';;; ,

Jk f v.r ~

". ,f" VI (i i L~ k"

~(bI'

I~~ L ,,}I ~ f

U}IJ Li.fcJ:J

fi (b.JC SI:)f;-;JR;

L JJ;"'~ v!PV"'" v! tJv v.."Jy ,.;tAL if.f t! J~.JJIuk--._ij S1:)1_I.JIPf' L '6J/

~/ S1:)1L U~'.J '- Un '-/JJ .JJ' '(;'; '- u~-,/k" f f Pok"J~'l ~,1~I Stt-::?,.JY" ~ '- '"r'"" L J'K -'.JIPf'I~1t un .Ii L~ 0- ok--f vI ~ J,;;.'-t! L;~' SJi.!..J~ ~'.JJ L t"GJ L;~ .JJI JJ

~I,f-I

LJI~tJ~'~J'-1:)'.;;1; u~ v!

4.J~~ v! oV v..J.JI), .:;.f -: ,-,J~ _';~.J J1 ,y.~~ Jj .JJ' ",:"J' .JI):, rd- fv.t;.f Ir ~ SvjJJw ~I IJ '"r'"" -:;f ~'JPi .JJI~ (j!. 't! JJ1 tJ7.'- '":"'i:l 1:)1-~ ~.J ,/.1 ;-~ L J~Ii j Ji~ v!~. L ul .JJI~ l;'/ v! .:;.f -t!..:..-'"~ .Ji;1/ (~J~I JJ v! ~ L Ui)JGJ .JJIuJ' Ji~ uk-'P (i' 'x v! .J...I..- L ")'~ L L~ ~ ';C';".J

v.. JÂ»JJI

)J'

-rIfT',;(:t

'J'- 4~ L ")' ~

~;J.

1:)1-~

J~~,'::'-';".J

LJ1 ,-7. '- jj!J/ ~JI'J 'JPo~ L .::.-GtC>I ~ IGJ LJ. v! if fl:)}

C/ J; f

~I .::.-,;.')

t! ..:.<:'J.J-: v!

ZSS

J~JP;

v.. ;.

L v'

'V.t1 rlrcJ1pl

dVi

v..I:)VJP; ~

Yif d~.JJIuk-- vlr uiJJ i 'VV,lfyJ" ~ ~~ sJ{

..Jv; L (tJ..-' .JJ'~.-' JP; ~ _IJ1.J~ ( ~I.-' ';-, ,;-' L un ~ ~~

JJ 1.:)1 'V"~ 1 Jj 1.:)1-'".JJ L !:P'JP; .JJI,-:,,7 L vI 'V t,.IiJ( ~

v.. u..ti~JP; " .I} L J'J.J 1.:)1/,...(~I.JJI

.JJ'

L uii J~ ~+~ L J'_,ll -:->.

~ ";;>J LJ1 ~L-- ~i

J) 1 uJJt

L U":I 'LJ1'~

S..::-~ vI L ut? J~ v..1f {I" SJ{ ..J)' d/ JJ -V.JJJ IJ} ~ v.. u..ti~JP; .JJIv..1.:)1,..rr L~~b: J~ 1 un L uk s:S?1 1.:)1f JJ1 ~" vI o: ,_U... " .JJIJJ' -L~ J1 'f-Jj 0:.-' y.

v.. .JJJ~.Jf v~ L u..ti~JP; 4.L J.~~ ,-:,,7 ~'f-~I.Jl;J. 1JIP L U":I ~ vI 'i:(~w} ~ s: (i'J) --f' '(3 _;;; -VJ~-v.. uljlt-J;:l ,f~t 1 u)/.tJ.,1 /j ~ i JJ1 t,;J} .,:.of!?1 SUi,cr.IJI..::-I.J!f"~.Jj L V:" ~ v.. cPJP; J~( ..Jv; L .::./f dJt ~.Jj L ..::-I.J!f'I",I;- v.. 1830 .JJI1820 un ;;~ ~ ~.Ji L d~Jk -V~J,-:"Iy.)y ( uP L ut? -I v.. 1857 -S~- " .::./f .JJIJ!I~ ~, .JJI'.1? v.. UJ.J!f" L -Vlf J~ .JJIj( ~I v.. v" JJ1"::-JGo!Yo..Jv; L uJJi i

SLJ1 ;.- ~ L [;~J L ....£C)J1} iJ~~ ~.-' Id~JP; JI :f~ Vlf v.. vI Vi!? I.:)IJ Yo L .::./f J~v! Jl>JJI iP -I S (".;

..::-~vI

J -~

'fi -'-J

~b , ~

-~.f. :.J.,... Lt·/

( (~I

.JJId~

jP.

_;V J

e,;)!'

J ..::-:/ eJ

v.. ~.-' L("I l J..

.JJI.....-1.-' ;:_I f~ dJI;i • "'I ,

jJI ~ J1 ~

..::-Ij

&' ,:r (!'

'c?/. ~'J1dlPt .JJI'J"'~ '.JC' eJ 't~-'f-

256

-11~1S

Lv'..f

.A~'.o~-"'J11 d IJ.iI~·"J~I,)! 1857

-'11 ~

L ,-h -1/11t,;~ It} Vlr U:'J.Ir I:)'VJ~ 4f' .a(v L j ~~.; -~J '(' I,)! J~ S J}~ L ;'.IJ.IJJL I:)'VJ~ If!:?'~' if {t"j r .::/f -J11 t,;~ JJf:7 JIi:b (j (V'.I.,/,'~ •.;f¥) I,)! J~ I,)! Jr.J .IJ' J~ P LI{ I,)! 4f' .a(V t)t -tJ~ dL: "::"~.I~ (j L

JJ~

~.Ij

Y'f -01:)~.IJ L

.:.r~.Af' .IJ' U:'J.IL (JLJ

1.1' -~.1(';

Vlr U:'J.I

-V'kl _,. (} L j' i J:~

A~' o~

"";iJP .:

I,)!

oV 1L,.i' ~.

-'11 ,~ if.l~

S If'.;

'f-

I:)'VJ~

r (} .a(~ .a(V L ,JJ~' -J I.I~' '" o.l~ .t. L Jr,;, L (} -0 1.1' 'v1(} -0 LIJ':;-.1 L

'11/ "' (t L

(}

Iff IJi)JGJ J,;~.IJI'JL) 'UZ.-Zf

-0.1JI 'L~

-L~ I:)'VJ~ .IJ' 111~) I:)~.IJ L JiJJ ~

J J~ J~ fIJ

>/ u-:

(i' tiL S 1.1' L)! JJf:7 S(} t.f -'111~ ,Jff O} JJ L)! i V~ '.lV r tiL p L11 Lf JJf:7 S(} J'VJ~ ~ .t. 1.1'

-'f- Jf'JI)J

I:)'VJ~

tiL!? r 1:)'..f.£ _~.f.l(jl ~

r-? ItiL 1.1' L J}~

J~if jl JJ ot:- L)! if. 'd.?" I:)~ L I:)'VJ~ -IJ L)! ~/ fi~ ~ .I1-J'~) I-;-i ';-, L)! I:)'VJ~ IJ~ f v1;£ L)! ~J~' '4A L,Jff L ~J ,Jil_'f- ~/ i,JJ t!', r I:)'..f.£ iT-f if. .IJ'~ .fo~ IJj L Ji~ L)! JJf:7 S(} J'VJ~ ~ 1.1' -v1...;J~ O} JJ L)!;:-- ~ 0' -rL 11o~ ~ JiJJ If'", (} .IJ' J'_,JI-:-> u Ji IIf'.; (} .IJIJ'_,JI-:-> ,:/ f 'f- -: J'Y' ~'11r?- ....!C .IJI '11,~ ~

257

JG"~jJI 1]'", (j 0:), ~L~IJ.'J .::;_ V' J ifnI -rJ:)'''; ,-/r.r '-/"'1 J!r:/ f I.).! .:-Vlr ~LIf l!'j~I LJ'i ~ J!";"J'(jv!..:.->~ lS)n ~ "~ -I.).! LJ'i ~ Pol.)! Y ; ( .::;_v!1]'", (j

eJ ~

-I.).!

***

258

(.I ~'~fJ.I

':f -~

u:L ~

Jlf~ji./YtCfJ3 -fi (;.... ~/PI' L b.lC j.l;/(;.... ~bJ.:"l-~t(·Jc.7 J1.1 ",;.! v.. c.T -fi {;)J.I _... ,1(1""'/£ ,1(.. ...,1( L .IJf 7- J~ u· ,-' vir ':f -U·~ .IJf T JYt u·..;;...;" 1J..k. 'e)Jf

-Tj./ J! .:A

L b.lC L

vf'~

JYt ~

j'. {b.lC

JP. j'. b.lC-....f ~) ~-fi (;....fL.:;)_'? JUi.ll v.. vf UY't.lr L UJ.!/

li C~ ~ (/..._f ~L

4- vf

~f (;.... Lfy

t.f '::'-.11 v..~,,;;;J~J f JIff .IJfti C~ VJ~f O'...J~ L '::'-.111

f/. t./ ~ .. { (jf ~ 'tlif ;f";

Vf -I)

'::'-.11~

'T r~~J.lfjJt)J 1Jj'.Y' ~f

uj'.Y'

...JjjP L .::.-Ly.l (jf -ti r~~

(;....f'LYt

v.. ;..

.IJfOf ~ J .I~f

L_~J'I;,J. .IJf '::'-J'l;,J.1Vf

t.f v.. LL; eJj'.Y'Vf .--I... j~J.::.-~ J£.1 .Ifj/. .

4- L. V~.IJrc~;;!;:/ (;....f i ~ j./ .::.-~ J ~ v.. ;J.I S~L 1 .::...:? J:fJ.I J '::'-.11 .IJf -TC~1f ILYtei

0'.1

./;!i v..

r~J (;.... >. ~f Vir fYtY .IJ' L't'J.I (;....V' J£r.; C~

l.::.-vlP./ ,./' JJ ~

J, ~f.,

''F~I)f eJ{ (;....u:,.,k e~ f (;.... ~f 'I j~j~ (;.... .::)j J(jf .IJf

L ui.ll J'[-~~J J;:; (j .IJf....{.1

0'.1(/.. (;....~.::...:?

Uj'.fJ.IJ .::.-Ly.l (;....f",J~

J,'/;.11 v.. LL; uj'.Y'

{.::...:?

Ii~Jr.;{ J.::...:? t.f '::'-.11.11..-- .11..-- L"::;'J v..~,,;,;/i i Ui

259

,.;.:;;_. v"~

J.I;f .:;;_.;tj

d'- eJ v.. '-/Ir L (jVJPz.J"7

L (j.i J -.r";'; JPz .:;;_.V' ..J. '~ J~ tlJ.I " ~ S':;'.11.....;/ L ci? (j '1';' y. L b.lC-~ cC ~ J!IIJJ.J? SV' .IJ'/i;Y .IJ'v1f f~/~'-t'v..~L,.j)1 "J~S(j"v1Li 2..L.--p. .:;,1'J.I-:_(" -~ 1Â£~/.' t.i" L IJ? f v1 f fJ.I 1.:;,1'J.I(j' v.. Jy.J~ L Lf'.I{!':;");- L lJ_;:flz.lJ.,iju,..J. v1 ~ v# '~Jji~' 'f~,.;~ '(~- t.i" v...:;,iJIvL.,r z_~ -:-"..u 'v.t Ji -~J.lJ/~f Jh-" L v' v.. .:;,iJlPJ)J' 'J.I;f .:;;_.~!/ J':;'.11v.. (jVJPz jv JPz" -:-0"'-t' L ~i -vd' -,-' J;: '(V' .,r Jf:7 .:;,1'J.I -~ V'v.. S':;'.11v..-.r";';

t(~

(A. S. Altekar: The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization. Delhi, 5th edition 1983)

~ '~ r~V'(;1) .:;;_. )JJ L IJJ~J Ib)C S(jVJPz ':;;_'.I)(~

V'.4' f .:;,~~ 45 ~ J! S.IJJJ~JIjJ L 1J.P1.1J S_./~ .Ilti -:-' lJi.lI'-7 0'.1~ SJf:7 J!SVir L )JJ v' " IJJJ~ Sd- f 7 L lJ)LiJ 1J1iJf ~Ji Ji-:.:;,~ J!; ...f' v.. .IJJ V' v.. _j....I.- L ~, IlJi.ll

v.. '-/Ir f ~)V

~ J"IP (~JJ~

.IJ'j' JI~

-v!' (i' 8J1;v.. J..lP

'(.:;,~V' -:

IlJiJJA 1 J;/." 1/ 1':;'.11i 1'~~IP (lP J/. d~.1 '-t'_ ':;'.Ii P. L UJI? ._f .,ijJ v' _(" -~ Cf,.,r ,.P '(V' v.. .::}'.IJ J it'~

J~hj .IJ''J.,rjJ) '( 1J'1.1i v.. cJVJPz~ fiJ~.,ijJ v' ~ -: lJi.ll f'u!8.I ~ i 1J1iJ L if. 'u!.,r.l~ .:;,1'J.ISvir

v!;~

260

-Jtf.,JYt;f

300 ~

t I,./i.lIJ (-J tJ2 'v! ~ J'M' L .IJJL '-"J~JJ} 'v! J)'YtAL v!0/~ .IJ' 'p '~~S '-"J~J,.t.ll '/ JIf OJ L t ",-"i.ll.IJ' JYt t,;~ ji J#. v! -:J.I1.1' L (-J 300

1.1'

-v! f '(If.! cf L '-"J~J

&J ",:,,' ~

-LYt t,;~ t)k. ,-;'J.lJ

~JV L '-"J.!/ I:f"./. f / -: ~J S ~, fl) -:",:,,' Jl;..o( ~, '..u 'I) Vcf. ~ ( ~, ..!,..~ If{ .IJ' L)'J' ~Ly'.1

tJ!1. -/

J)(i O-"JD.lIf'~'"

J- 1.1' -Li If.! v! ~ 1.1' JI .IJ' DJ~L ...J/ -t OJ b10k.~ 4f" a~l.!! v! P! ~ 'V,! f '(If.! ,f -J-I:~~c..1&Jf / ~;~'S~~I.I'I ,-,,;J') ./ _/ J~ S If.! OJ~1.f ~.IIJ JL--16v! .IJJJ'M' L UJ~J OJ~ J- L ~.II-t YtJL--l0 ~ 9 v! U!..vI9 .IJ' 8) ..J'/ -:A ~If.! v! .:.:.:: L OJ~~ ~.I1 sÂ» VYtD.J:!Y-: .IJ' 'I) VYt",;1) t) OJ~~ ~.I1JI fi fl) VYtO.lJ/ J 1.1' D)'J'L OJ~ -'f- f J- 1.1' -4r-f tlJr 1(- L 1.1' L) OJ~ P! L L/ i L~/ L z.r z: L ~ Or! -L ':-J) OJ~ S SJ 4f' ~ ~..:.}}. c/,)'J -VYt",;1),.f tYt~~ ~ L SJ cf. i~ 't)OJ~ .IJ't~L)'i' J"J./.; : ~ -v! v? JS OJ~ ''f-.1 ~'/ S ~';:I;~ 1.1' JL t) OJ!?) '-J~.1 't~I~.I1 .IJf ti ) . S SJ JI fi''f- If.! ~'/ JI S ~';:I;fl) ~ (OJ~ 4-J ~.I~ t-OJ~ S ~ '/ J~ OJ) OJ~ J"J./.; ~. 1.1' i 'I) C)O.lJ~ ~J S 0/ f-I) CYt~ DJ~lrc/,)'J v! ",:"It" L OJ~ -f ./'/ JYt _/ J~'-J If.! .M Jf v! '-.I~LA;- L'J LYt,;-' SJ ~ DJsJYtOk.~" 1.1' ~

.NI

261

If L

(:,h.JL cJ -V.t1 {.;;

J'j i JJ~.t1« UL ~

[:)J.J( ,9'; ~

v.. f200

~ ..:;)}.

L -;-'~ ,.f.,[ ~J iJj I,H~ 'J''1.5/ f

" L/

.s: L1' L'J JV Lv' JlP!~ ._;; J} /i? ~J/I

J#. L f!l"...3/

v.. .JJJL,uJ-tJ J'.k.' ~fi I(.I V'L rJJ~J'rJ/ fJ\/- J1'

o: (.I J't:).y"

:: .JJ'·~J/r

-jvv..

.JJ' 1./...t1~-'.t1 v.. Polf

v.. f'.k.' ~ ...f1 J'V'

[:h.J:: '~

v.! [:)J.J J/(J?- v.. f'.k.'

U V' -V'*- [:)J.J( V' v.. _;L,;.'.1 v.. Uiv I./...t1Ji;

-V.t1

L Jlt J J1J? / L J~~

r If ,..J.J.. :: v..

10 ~

J'~~ ~'j Jvi J.JI-J

f'J

J.t1 ~J~

L V' '~ I.)! Ui'j.Jf

Yo ~

v.. Ui'j ~

Jj d~eJ~J

J' J~ ~.Jyllf.. -k" b,(- I ~'.J~ JyI' () v.. '-.J~ L J~ ...f ~, v.. Ui'j ~ 't../ If / rJJ~'1.5/ JJ -'f- {.;yt ::

v.. U}'J ~'j

~J'

f -iJ!.

c:C/ JJ~ '1.5/ JJ J/ J.~ L I:)i'i L y :: u v:: ~~'J.J Yo v.. '-.J~ L J~ JI} ...f1 '))1 -'{ .t1I;.z.J )JijJ ~ V'

JYoJ~ L V' I

~.JI-'f-

4- L/i?,I.J~;.JJ'.t1);/.::/';; .JJ')JijJ J'/i? eJf v! J'~ JPi 4- V' '~ Cl v.! ;; ~ i.(~J'/i? .:;.-'le~ ,.f i; -'-J / -k"v.! JI UL L uH I.)! b.JL J'L'J L/ If Po L L/ f ~(~ Jp :: I.)! U~ J'~' '(;Ll. ~ L..::...'",;;.JJ' ('.Ii Lv' 4- v' -J U.t1~ UJ~; ~~.J~ U;_I:)Ij L r JI} J'v' -~f t.t1.J'v L V' II:)Lv L ~.J~ .JJ' SJJ/J}

II:)Lv L ~ J L~.JJ' '(;Ll. \.r,?-.J'v

L L/ Lv' f'f-

L.t1~

L 1:)' Po L L/ L d- f

V' e;'~' (rJ;/. J' J/

J2 -~ L~~J1' dJ

262

V' Po L L/

tJr.:J\;!

J~Yl ,JJ

)'1..-- L VI i U~r.: ~ V' Po

..J)CYl~ ,JJjl..--Lv'/l;'( ~ ~ LlJr

f JJJ ~ /l;

(:lu '(if u! Nf

'Dr.:-~ ~

.0' if J~J'~J J' JIP .»J~~IJ

~I Po L VI

u! '-.J~ L if ...f (-J 400 -r (/JtJJ~

r~ ~)j'(V'

LL/L~~

J7-~~f

L~~.JJI

UJ~J

',j J~~ ~ V' D.J~JJ DJ,f "

-~ ~

-=-j~1

C;~J.J

rJ-,j.(-J316J>J; ~ v'

v' if ~ if' d'J tJ!t.,.f .;;-~ J1,~ U~r.:JJ ~ V' p. U}';;(; l)i~ .JJ' ,y' ~ P. L VI f r CYl (}r ~'-J~ -=-;~,S ~J.J~' ~l:-r.J ~ 0/ J ~ U:":::;'J v' ,,?fi -l/Yl (~C;IJ.J -: u! f if J~tJJ Q; f '-/JJjf -~ cC ~ ~ ",:",Lt·' r~.~ u! JJ ~I -?J ~ ~~ rjJ .JJ' r ~j 0/ J ~ '~, tJJ..t;:. JD.J D;;j f -=-.11

V' ~, ~

-~,

C;; ~ V' ~ 1/' r CYl ~

~,~ fJ

VI L u_,),-J~( ....;u; L if L

R. (.1

if J-~, 0/ ~ J~

,J.~ tf. tYl ;,.-!IJtJ)JGJ ~ -=-.11 ~

Dr!L/!; ~

Un L J '-?

v' 'r tJiJ -=-.11 f vI .JJItJYl J;? u! J~

~I "-

Jv ~-=-.11 _(~~J J~J,.,(uil-:J L (JL V'

~..z (.1 -:.J~~ ~ -L JJ ~IP t(~'J)" U}JJ.JJ' L v(~Yl Lv'I.)!(-J700-J L~~ ...-k'iJ...JJj ~ v' it Yl ~~'( J 1 L V' -IA L~ Yl..Jlr Dr!L tJr.:JIt; ~ v' f~1f u! '-.J~ J\.J y--- u! .::.>. J' ~, ~ 'L IA.Ju! .::.>. JI..-- jJt,;,l. ~jl..--U}JJ ,.:,.JJI t Yl J;? -: u!;:( .JJ' Ri ~ ...f ,1100~ ,700 -J L~ Yl C;'J.J'( d' u!~~JRi Jp. . -vi~ ;-1..-- L J/ ",;1,J. u~r.: . ....;/

263

-4...1(f J~J1.1'.1 ~ v! ut~ v.:;I1J~ J 1./..;I1~ ;JJ' ~ ~i ,:...-;i v! fl724 -I ~ 0% (.I Jir v! ui'.t!; C)Y L ,:,CJ9'.J ~'.1L O.ti.'V:;I1ir ~.II64 ~v L 1.1' i y J- q.' ~'.1rj)J.lL v!~ f 4...1(f If J~J(' 1.1' -v/ ~ ~.I184 ~v L J- ;Ji.

-J.'! ~v L

~J~

~.I1.....f400.l

L ~ 700

.I.1~'~' If L U,;'./'J.::,JJ~J ir L UJ,'/ ~fi v! u;.v ir ~v L.I.I' V/-.::-V .IJ' ..:.-~ .I, J1.1' "' L/ L J- .::1..1 -1( -(j.J O.J~(.I ::f If v! U~"! L 1.1' ;11 1.1' ":'-.II--f' -J/ "'L/ L J. ,~ -f ./~ ~.I1 v! UPv

-v:

(.I -:v! ur~.1 J.IJ.t' '.I1(,I'.J{

Jt ".Il;--'ur~.1 );t-/ :-J. ~v L

-J If.! J~ eJ~; ~ 1.1' -4...1 z:Ji >. >. v! C)l;--J;;ZP y.", .I} L .I(J~ Jir ~ ;11 [:)J.Ir1.1' If v! UH ~ .....fON' I./..J.lIi,.IJ' I./..Y'V" f 7- ~ -=v -4...1PI7v!f L./v-J/-~ J'J L;I1 tJ ....j OJ'-J ~ o:),~, ~ L Lb=JJ? / (.I 1.1'

~fi~~~~~L~~~~L~.~1 -v!' J.!1~~ ~v L Ly.,J 0:(J1.1' ~.I1 1f.!'v!~'1f.! JlA~~" JJ;~.II/-

i ~C~/ .JJ'/fL;I1~/I.I'

4-) ;A.6 ~~ L C)Iyr -~ C,,!1) Jlj v! Lj ~ L L!)f 1).1 ,j) e.t; ~I ~J'~ [:)J.Jr L.I ,j) / UJJ/ u~ f v!!I'.ti -L L,,!

-~C~

1.1'.I'1J '-J)j (,;? ~, L~ (-J J7-;.I1 v! 1829 ~fi L J- C)L~'.1L .I{ '-JJ' v! 1843 -(j.l O.l~ v! ,:,CJ9-:,.1Jy.J~L

264

v' J.l1 {L/ J~;;Sv' {~ -L~k"U.I~ ~ O.l~JJ1(.I v' s,t.5'.1.t1~ 1~ 1)f flir. {~.J"v L/i; 1 Ur.: 1)1/.; U~ j" tft J!L~ L ,;C~'.1 A Po L fk>' L .::/ JPi J! ,:,/V' JPi) -~

.J"v L

t.f ~J.I L ,-/Ir

J! '-.I~ L d).I1 or.: J!~~L,Jr.: .s: ~'.1 J4- L ':;'.11or.:J! .IJJ J'M' [J> 'v.r 'f-.1

i...~.J"v .J"v L'::;'J

'1JJYf (.I SJJ2 Yo ,-f'~ ~ ~ J/ .IJ' "f''-J "';!,J~; 1li! Jf 1J~.t1.::.!- SJIPf L v' Ur.:Po L;;; -L .I UJ";; ~ O.l~JJ Lj J ~.Ij L JJ2 -L.I J~1~,~(; Yo .r ,-f'~ ~j ~.Ij L v' uk -'1.t1 f {;h.l~uJ";; Sor.:J! (-J 300 -1.:;,;~, SLf'~ ._f

or.:J!

vir ~ Po L v' -~L~It"" ,/.1UJ";;Sor.:J!

IL.t11)

jf a: -?J Sv' j"~ L~tJ.:'J ~

U~ U/..I;

f600

j" ._f

v' 1U').I1

v' 4- L U').I1 or.:,.fÂ£-vi ~J tiJ J..c:' J! 1855 -~~ .t1...;}'} A 1.1J' J .I .I~' ,J~; A1'.1 1 -'.t1v~~}G" ~uJ";; Sd{r.: ~ ~ 1 J! dL'.1 .IJ' ':;'.IIPfltr'-I) ~ [:)J.I J/'( OJ/ J! f'M' ~ l,) u' .IJJ ~ u~ Sud j" 'f-1i 4- L U').I1 S~,~(; t.5''';; Ji '(v' ~ 'J~ .IJ' u0 o;'~'~v' -1J.I~ OJ{J.l1 u/JJf -IA.I L ..s Su)~ [:)J.I '( V' J!fY' .IJ' u}'~(; t.5''';; j" 'f- c~li-'f- C.t1

j"1) ~ O.lr

J/.JJ'

OJ~ L

OJ ')

-'.t1~Po J~.1

uk--'J iJ ~

~ "::"';J{L.lp

-~.1J?' O.l'J'~ UK'J

J! UJ.lP L

~V'JPi

-J! It.,...v J! .:;,L,,-.1t.f!), .IJ' t.? J.t1/iLJ!~ ".

.I L'? L.lp Sj~' .I ~L..::.l/ Ji ~'i;_ L):.} ul/Y ':;'.I~} ') f'.t1 J?' .I; v'A .IJ' ".t1t,;J} J! f6 ~ [:)J.I '( UK'J iJ -i;_ 2;:-J

265

L .J'~Y' [J> -J(J'Xh;i J~'"f.. UJ)p -1100"f..)PL.)~ "f.. fI8 .)J' eJ f v! -:eJ 'v(l)J ,,:,-~j:Jj: ~ L LJ f ~)J L u'i)1

v! iJh--'J.!J500"f..)p

J_,) ~ LJ'J' ":'-~Y')(,f.'J.~' .i.1.f' ''f- J~J1~ ~'')JJ L J? Ur. f 'f- JJ~~J~ JI.f' -~ ~ J}7 L ~"..:.-)I J/ -V1J J! r LJ ":'->Jj 1 ':-J;# )~ I..:.-)I-~ 1JA "f.. Lj: f l){J)J L -~ (;)J)

Jj ~ CJ1 ~

fi "f....J' L

iJJ~J

J'~'o: p L

JfiY::;-' / iJ'i)1ey':-V J1 :J -:r I.f'"f.. p_f'J CJ1.!-)J U ~ ~ CJ1,~ rj fi "f....:.-)~ J.i. -~ CJ. ~

J~ u f~

..:.-)~J

~h:~"f..

J J/ ~, L J ~,,(lP

"f..'-;~

f f J!.;{ ,.f ..:.-)1 ~

f ..:.-.)1 ~

~IJJ J~ J1.!-'JJ

;; ~ it'~

:J J/r (' I.f' J! f l)y':-~ -gJ~~;; ~

u? "f.. ~..;;;

JPi

fli' (,f.'.1. J{;/ {J~,.f I.f' ''f- V1~~

J! If' .i.1.f' -v1 L~ JJ ~,f {'Y L ~L )JI ~ ?-~

Jfk>' L ..:.-1'J)(-) ~ LJ~~ () L J..t; (j ~ '-)JI

j i.S' .J'L-- L I.f' i 'f- JJ1":'-~ )J' ..:.-1'J)eJY' -~ L~ J1J?"f.. ~;~

.)J'

L ..:.-1'J)(-) J ~~ -'f-)~ r (J~ I.f' r ~VJPi (:;1 ~ 1'f- ~~Li ~, f 'f- ~J ,M I "f.. ,.to L I.f' 'f- Yif j:

~~J)

.....;/ p -:~L~ LJ.:J ji ''f- J!. e~ "f.. u~..t' L ~~ Je) e..t~

pJ ~~ iJ~ f'f- r v~JJ' j~ I.flfi

..:.-1'J)

,J. ~ r i.S' ~VJPi -~ )If;//.

***

266

s:'f- t.f'.1~

.r10~ v' J, ,; L u,yl ..fi ,f..LLJ 8JYoY

L JJ) L UJ-?/ o:~;~ _(£L~UJ ~ ,f..b.lLIJYoJ L ui.ll ~, "f L b.lLL u~,i Li v; L cI' ";".I~' J~J ok-- ~ ~ rb.lL P~ ~v' -kJf c,.I(;J1~~ f v' 1ui.ll .IJ' Y lz ~ "";"J.IL .I,urf ~ .IJ' 'C)~;~ 'Jy(; ";'.11 V- v' i 'f- L~ V ...,.J(bI' _'f-Ji~,f..

c;? ".k v' i.lY -?/ dIP L C)' .IJ' v!.Ili.lY ":,,,'~~~, IfJ2 JYoJ~L v' .J'~v; L UJ-?/ ~ )X;' Jtr J ok-- ~fi f ~~.1

JI.--- .IJ' u}Jr.l (Ii -I ,_;.! '.IV~ .IJ' V" ~ '.I.,t.I; v' ";'.11 ~ ;;;;v' -I L~ £.1 ('; IJYoJ ,;-' .IJ' )j /.1~Ij' ~,JYoJ~L 'f- t.f'.1~ 0c;? "v' ',f..J....I.- L b.lL0ui.ll ~ L Lf ..:-:~1 (' V" ~, ~I..:..? If0v' ~Ii.I,urlfr ";'.11 ,f..u~tr Pf o";'.11 f ~eJl..t' r v' ~ L ...,.Jjy v' J(' ~i:L~ .!... J}? L Robins) ~J.I L,f.. J....I.- v' -Ji J..;~~. V".I'J >/,f.. q Women i~ Ancient Egypt.(1993)u-";'.lt,f../, P"":,,,C10(Gay 8J

ct r q 0";'.II,f../, P L ~,f.. -'f-lf

~b.lL

~ f'f-

":,,,17(i' ~

A' I)ur J..IL L v' L~ Lf

J!Yo 0/' ....f":,,,' f 'f- Jf~.II?'·~~0v' ~J.I

267

J![;.,1,,?fi ~V!';~'::;"v' J.lI-f-JJ

r 0' UJ~""';/ u! V,,1

f f- Ji Ji ..d.::..~ = i f- C~IJ.:'J'::;"Ji. Jij1 L Ui.lIIl,.IC V' u! v' I U}.I1'*,j2 -~Jj',;:'Ji I Ui.ll.::;.. r/ v"L U}.I1'*t,j' .....;/u! ",J.lJ' J' £.u}. L v' u fF ~ Ji ~ v' -:-! JI r UJ~'; ~ fi L ~ .IJ'",:"J'',,,~,,'d'~k-- _f£ L~ IJ.:'JIUJ~ -Ii t!~J J'fJ OJ';~ u! J' ~.I1r-V' I Ui.ll .IJ''Ii JJ) . .::;..do f V!j;LJ L v' i f- C~~J J(9 ~ ici.lC Jr p -Z J U.IJP .IJ''';;- u,i '".,J''';' .Ib"i:f- C~~ J"IP J'1'* Lv' .IJ'f- J~ YIJeJ".I~~ ~ u!".,J''';'.Ib"iJ.IIY L ~J.I

-V! J~YI~VtYi

0' k v.!J JeJ"i 'f- C~~ Jj.l~.I1

e;~

i L~YI~VtYl';~eJ ~.I~ ~ .Ib"iA .IJ't!~ Jt I U~.::;.. d!j L.f J'~flYi ~ u! ,,'M' -f- cC ~~ ~

J"IP.::;.. e.J~JJ~'A

.::;...I} (~ -J!..!./ J},; (Ii JV' .::;.. if.'~J j ~ .::;..r/ v' I U!7. n' '~?'.::..JJI ~.Ij L J'~ f f- CYI= ~J.Ir ~..;, .Ib"iI1.fiL .; v' eJ -f- CYI'~J'; u! UP~.IJSt,j' _f£ L~SJJJ; J.lLi U!7. u!r f f- -?J 0:: -L~S..;)~.IJu~~i Sun ~ f~J ~ -?i V' -~.t,jj.A. u! C)!j .::;..r/ u' OJLYI~ ..:)~.IJu~J~i Sun (~ u~ 0:'::".11.::;..-?J V' 'Li ~ ;::_''v./L un (~ .::;..-?J S=J.I ~ -f- CYI.::;..J';:j S~h.l .IJI_/ :? r'::".11_f£-0'.1.;~ .::;.. -,1 uJJ J",.Ij .J"Ir- L V' 0:'::".11i t!~JJj'.;:'Ji Iv' v'-f-f ~y.f f-J'1'*u,i j;Lr' !/JJrl,.Ic Sr p -£.~ rtS'-h.lYJJ!= -£.~~ ~~r...i~ ~ ~ .::;..~ ":;J ~ y. f J ~ ,i JI 0:' ~ ",:,,"..u v! JYI J'~/ f J.l1

268

J} ....( u 7 h" uti

tf y. ~

-Yl JYl / J' ";;'.11 -7 Cf ,_i' J~tJ JI J' ,./i.J1~ '7 'YlIJ'S' '.)JY LYl.J~ dL .,;;,L(>IJ J'il; J ~/ J' fyl J el?J~d!5 .JJIu.J~ L J'il; J' J/ tf (.)k J.11-4..1LJ J~tJ J' (.)JJ/ ~ ~ vI -e:... .IJI7

-?J vI

-4..1dL .f6.JL vI i 7 ~t,.JL J'.Nt (-J eJ~ f 7 ~ P (i.J'" ~-'f t,.JL (-J u ~ ft~-7 ri~ dL .,;;,~IJ.J.JJI(.).u; JiJP'IJ' .Nt ,:;-,, ~ L vI i 7 c[,I (')p.J L uJI? I.:)~.JJL J.: .JJI";"~'~ JlP! v: ";;'~..JC {j J'vl eJ I}.)J~~ t:f' 4~ f 7 C~Yl~ ~ ~ ~ .I} J1j -ejJ ejJ s: LYl ,_i' (i .,;;,LiW ~ .I'i JYl i uJI? f 7 O~ -7 J~~ JYl e~ eJ~;~ eJ~; t,.JC~ .,;;,~ •.i 1.:)1 J'i.J'" '-'-) vI L t,.JCI}.)J-7 JI~ Jv (.)J.J!ii t,.JCJ'r i L~ IJ.:'J fcC ~ If,_i' ~ v: '-.J~ L.::..;? J'vl .JJI.JIJ L ";;'.11v: ~I.JJJ v,f'Ji tf J~v.. vI v.. ~/ '-'-) vI -I,j.JtY ~ ~ ~ eJ -4..1f.::/. v~'-.J~ JJI) J' J~ J' '-;~ L r (-Jf 7 u.JJ/' 4- L;£ I.::..;? J' .,;;,;1 J U!J L vI .JJ'~J JII7J.JJJI ~ ..,...,..v: vI -L~IJ.:'JI uk. -?.JJ J.k-,:? (v'.I'~h./ (.,;;,tJ,~ uJ~ fy. ~ Ci eI?J~p' L V' ~ti..C!J v"~

C; tf':?

.,;;,tJ,~ JII7J.JJ uJ~J u.JJI~

tf ~ ~J JII7J.J

v: ji 'p}'iJ.J( '''!').JiA 'i Ji o:.h.J~ p. L I,jl?-i ,_i' .::..;? ~ J' (.)i.J1~ J' J.JI J' fyl I,jl?-~ Jj v: (.)i.JII.:)L.f.JJ(.)i.J1J' (.)P. v: ~.JcJ' V' -vf ~ iy.J v: L _(~ .JJI1.:)L.f

..::/J

~ .JJII.:)I~I;

-i>J uk. -i>.JJvI I

.JJII.:)I~I;

1.:)1 ~

-i>J

J _/'

.,;;,tJ,~

.JJ

I.:)I~I;

269

-\J.t ~~ ~ ....tJ=-- ,J.l1 t.;)1/f -'f- r~j )j~ 'i;~ ui.ll

Jr P f 'f- cC ~ l/." t.f ~ v' I..::.J> J';:'.11 ',J .:.--"~ J S.tJ .IJ' JIP J} 'ui.lJ ~ .J) ...fI (Hathor) ';:'.11fi -'f- r~~~u! .I,J L ';:'.11~ !AJJIf.. -JuAI. J Oiy.J) -U.l. i ,-J .Jrj, ~ t.;)'fi -'f- ';:'.11O!' i ,-J U..v.~J';:'~'J.I f 'f- r~IJ.:'J':! i 'f- r~k' o:l~~ ..::.J> J';:'.11 u! t.;)'.tIVOil?~ V' t.f J.: .IJ' 'cf. 'UL J ol?J~V'i" o~t) r U~ri.J J ui.J ol?J~~ .:.--"~ J,y jIPJ.I s:'f- r~~ V' oJ'.t' ~ V' ~vi'-v u! SJlt) .Ii~ ui.J U/ JJ i

L L('"L ":,,laf u! Po -,J (j; '_cL ~ '.l.I.lJ'

.r ,i. " .I)' L

J, vi' JU~ri.J J ui.J .;:,L~ (Ii -1.1j J'J U}J JD.lY .IJ' f.: -v!' JIA ~ u}L)' (~I,J. L~ LJ/il$ 1uri ':!

JI'~';:'.1/ J el'.tIVOil? ":"')J J.::J d L ~'J.I Pu!r t.;)!/ :I~ IJ} 'J) 'ti ~ Oi J/ ".::J f ,J J~i ":"')J -;fi ',J v' 'f-' ',-J uJl? ~ ';:'.II":"')J f" u.l~ ~ L LJ ..::.,.~ St.;)';;IVOil? ~ ~ ~ " .::J ol?J~/i ~ V' -~ ,:, u£ Oi cf. S cf.~'J.: 1'-:;"~ ~ ~J St.;)}';~~'J.I v' -Ii CJuJl? ~ ';:'.I!":"')J u! u~ J1lL i.J .IJ' u,ci.J 'ut.J u~Jl? S(' v' -,J J~jI uJl? ~ v'" c£,y ~ ~J jlP.v .IJ'" JV~'J t.;)'t.f ol?J~...if; 'vi' J~J~ Jf "~'J.I V' u! vlr (~ f ~ -Ii ,_i' ~ JI':! ? L v' ? OJ

-Ii r~,_i'

Jv' ? v' 'Ii CJ u~Jl? t.f L ui.ll Sel'.tIVOil? ol?J~ t.;)'-v!' JI'~? u! uY.!'Jel';;IVOil?,). .IJ' 'uk"J el';;IVOil? u~.r.: OJ~

_IirJ~J ":,,IIP ~tt~

vIV"

1...fI,j' ~ u!.;:,~

270

J ).)IP S-=-l1Wuk-- ~I?J~L r' UJ"'"~ do f ~'.t!; Oil? ~J-fi:v! JJ1 S(' JJ-: -L Lfu1J~ L ~I?J~Lr -~'.t!;~!7~? ~dL '-/JJ -L LJ'J1-=-l1W v.. J~ L ~I?J~1J:: L-t'" : f""u1U!7 L (I? dL .:;.-'v.. J,> -fi ;-J L u.t~'(~p d J} L v' -7 G'i J...6L'.It) f Yo Y!f tt-J.~LJ1v.. ;-v,-J/ pd JJ' v.. J~ L ~I?J~1J:: L-t' L .r ftpU I~~J~ L 1,;)!7dL -fi If~ uiJI)

ur ). ~

eJ~

tt_.::... I~ ,\;II.oW 7. Jr JJ' LiJ .. 'G'i /..

f e c: ~ ,.

'-/ JJ U~ L-t' ~I?J~L r:~/.L .::.dJ)v' ~.OW S~I?J~"::;1h JJI 1u'iJI f 7 LJ1~;'.t'~ v' -L ~J v.! L ~I?J~~ s:7 LJ1I~ If JI"..-: -~ ~'JJ ~ LJ JJ ~Ij J,P: v.. -(/- -=-l1W?-'i~ ~ ~IeJ 'i JJ1JJ1 Su'iJI i~ P -fi v.. (7 'i~~, 'v1 J ~~f)"j.~ UJ; 'lJUJ1JJ'f vtJI -:'i '( J1 r£

v.. uJ~ 1ui!7

v.. J\i SJ}

JJ'-Lb/L

v~JJ' UJj(vtJI

-: f 7 LJ1~;'.t'Ii..

v..~'f 7 cC ~ ~~ ~;'.t'If-:-JUJ1rf'J ..J~ ~ SLJ1 ~I JJ' J UJ1v.! J;~ v..t JJI

J?L::_..:;.,;" ~

;-1..-- L d' ~

JJ ~IJ/. ~ vI ~J1..JJ~.. (V ~, ~ -( J1L~ 'f Jr .v~ ; L u!7 JJ"::;1hJJI~J~LIJ ~I 1._1. L ~I L Jv S ~I _f £v! JJI \1J~Stf--WJ,) JI S Jv vI S ~I f~ -:~I ~ -1l(- ~ -~ L~~ JJ}.J/. ..:;.,;'JJ-fi ~I

v~ur (~ r~

L)j L ~'.t!; Oi~ -=-LrJ)/: ~tJ!J, JI v..,..U.- L UJ~ v.. utr f 7 LJ1(}p,f-' J~ uJ '-J!J 1)IJ L Sj'i I J~ J1~ uJI? ~ -J JJ1 v.! 'i v1LJ

~IY ~

271

;J.IJ"~ jtJ v....11..--OJ Yo L~.J OJ';?-~' ";;'.11 v.. ";;'.J~ JJJJb-~ JJJb-~ j~L ~'J OJ'~!...~'

'~t J ~ -: -Ii r:)J.J r ~

-?J

SL/

if' r,!/

J_,l.?J/ JJ/ ~ ,,~.J

Yo L;l_

.JJ''tJ1 Af.\ r ";;'.11

J- -Ii

. L t./}.JI e..t- JP ,!/ ~ j~J1J~ ~ e.J~JJS";;'.JI ~ j/r

cC /'.; .,;;,~ ?- J! ~

JtJJ' .:/~t ~.:/~ -Ii

~:r ?- ~ ~/

UjL;LJ. ~ U~OJ~

!'"L ";;'.11 e..t- J_,l.?J- -Ii t,./.! .J~ -li_r .. ul!J ~ L JtJJ' -Ii J!'i ScJ'.t!; .JJ't/'~{:~ JJ~ r l)J''; r ":")J Ii r:h.Jr Lb:? ~J1,:,JtJJ,;fi -t..l j~jL J.!' v!.JP L JJ

-Ii C/'J' .,;;,Ly.JS~ ...J/ "- L

L fY'

J;J. "L/ L ~~ Ii~fli J.J~ "-1.1' 1.1'J"~ ~, Jx S!l..h.JY.: v.. {lPj L ~~.J

-J t,./.! j'{jl

";;".J~' L uJjj?~' 1J1~ ~ L 1.1'

-t/.'/. L,!/

tJ1

~L U~.JI v..v' -Ii C~V'.J~ I UJ,!/

'I jJ"J1

.JJ'

it~-:r>l.P J.JI

v.. U)'.tl;

d r.::.::? S";;'.11 U' 1.1' 't..l rf / J~I t.f I -t..l (JJ ~ .,;;,~YcJ' J.II Sui! (~'Ii C/ .J,b1-~ JJ"""",!/ .JJI";;'.JIv.. U~

OJ 11};

't..l J;/)

J#.? ~ -t..l ~~

J.JI S -Ii ~ ~ ~ ~IP _iJ. "-

ScJ)';

lY ~ ~

L U)JJ

J L cJ' -~ jJ1 er.: eJ fi ~ .I} vI; JJ.J"" -I t J1":".J I S";"'~ Sj .IJf SIi? ";;'.1I v.. ~ it~-:r>~ it~~UJ1":")J,f ~ u£j .JJfI.)JY fi -~ t/J! (U;;·fr it~ OJ

_~ jJ1?

/.f/.

v.. -:-.,; j...i S

't..l jJ1 j"~" UJ.J (if v.. UJ.JP J.JI v.. .JJJjfMf L r ~ i

v....Y SUJ.J~ yo

OJ.lJf

J~~

UJ.J

cJf t,./.!f ~i

272

.IJ' J/ v! .:;,ji -,-.f'J' .:;,Ly.J0;), (0 eJJV J .J~' -: f J/-J.! S':;'~.Jvi J! v!i.S(;)'.;L./ -I) ";.J~ ( Jj ~ (;)k'".JJL ':;'.11 .I)' I)C~~J.f JJ! f(-L (;)' S UJJ/ -v! J~ JJ £ "'_Z (0 -I).: Jj Jf J! v! .:;,Ly.JS?" J;l.

S ':;'.11 J! ~ ~J'L .d' V' '-.J~ L J.tJ -'f- J.f J.JJ';v? J£'J.:;,:/ S UI J 'f- VI.[>. ....fI-'f-~ ,:y v! '-.J~ L q

i ~ J'J L.),((.v(.15.. fi -~ i:.... ~').~ , t.f'k_y",v .... r' J~ ,v .t: .. J! d -: ~L UJJ/ -JJ ~ ~, i 'f- .J~ (( .JJ'~ eJfi -/ ..::./ .:;,:/~-V,! j Jt; v? JJ S J;.JI-~~ ..::./ 4i L ui.Jl 1.5/ JJ J 'f-

·M'L~' .,

'.II! f UJ.JJ'J r. eJ';'>~ -V,! J/..:.JIP S (;)(;:1; J r. eJ .:;,:/~ -V,!J.fey eJ

-'f-

V~t;':;'.Jy'l!j .JJ'_t}t '(;)'r.f ui.Jl

-,;.>~.JJ' (;)'~I; .f

v!u,?L.d' V'

J~ 'f-"';L"~ (ui.J1 v!(;)'-V,! ~ ':;'.J~):.JJ'J~'j,jp f (( fi~ J/ .JJ' v! (ft.J v! uJ ,.j.J1 J'f- C.ffi" -: r. -,~ ~tJr

UJJ/

~ J~(/.J~' ~ ,Jyl;

,.j.J1 'L~ L.f(( J/ v! (;)'-~ L.f -V,!

/(~

JJ"""l:;'.;.J}

J:~':;'.11 ~fiJ"'f- C~ (JP ~ ~IY V'

;_~J~J}7 L v' .JJ''':;'~'J.J";~J",,"S .JJJJ'k.' J! J!, ./\1~ -I)V~(r; jJ.)(J/ .;vlrJ,I. ~~

***

273

r r V~/ r? I""rf (;, ( ~, J -.r";; 'I) ~.1 / 2 S l)J)i 0:. 'I) ~.1 ('i'/ L~.I( J/ ~

C)'

v'i

.IJ' 'I) ~.1/

-IA z{t,.IC

f~' .IJ'.:;;,~

{ l)/,J 'I) ~ /,~

r r;,i sv ._jJ/'" d

I,)! l)~

0:. -Jf I,j.l /.IJ/ £,.; £tf J.l1

.;:;.... ~J~;

.;:;.... ~J~;.IJ' 'i./.J~

._yS_,j)

t,.ICYo f

-l)J1 ,~ -V ,J(

Jf I,j.l/,~

v! I,j.l /

l)~1i

J/ '::;J

J/ eJ~;

J.l1

eJ~;

(~~

u~ 'u;.Ji j~iu! c)..iJ -.r_;; J~J J1j 0:' u! ,JJ JJA V' { .I} J~0f 'f-..::-~S..::-_?- -'f- ,.,P (i' 'Yo ( (L).J.lP -=.- ..::-iJlP.IJ' 'L)J.}( 'L): IliJ L if.f JJ1 J; J J J! 'LJ1'-t;"::-y;i ~v .JJ'~' J J &'...J) wf' u~ ~ -~J:y. U)'yk-' .IJ' u~I?'u~"

L J~ L c)~i{iAJ 'l/'-t; IA.J' J "::-~'J.IJ.I"';: 'L U.Y:..I"';: -:J.I( ~ ..1v L ud!- j -l/ (i~ j'y. J~'wf'-=.-' c:(i I

'-.I'J'

-:-~J) 6c L J/

-=.-') ~ e.tL ~ JLi' I ~ S"::-.11.IJ'-l/.I~'

J st Ji .IJ' &, u~ f 'f- ..::-~S"::-A J! -=.- ~~ .IJ' 'ud!- j 'Uy'~ { iA 'JJ1 ..::-~S J, .IJ' '...Jl), -V~)j'.t'JiIU').JI u! b.JL J.JI-=.-':;;'J V' ''f- J.fI' f'.M' J...fi SU').JI-=.- ~ wf' Sj...I.- v' -iA...J~ v.. ~IY L.;fJ Lvi .JJ' ~ ,f"::-.JI u! c)~i P" ,,:",C( S (Sue Blundell) J..A Y' Jj 'J~'u~ 'J!J1~

tt"::-.JI

274

~ ~lf,.f J.I.it. j.lJ.I~...I-f1995 : -'f-

(Women in Aciant Grece) /'

.I' â&#x20AC;¢

-'f- J.tt Cv

,.f 1.1'~ ~tt. Pf 'f-,.f (.;-)i ,.f 1.1'...1-(.;V L -:-,CJ.L,.;;.jiJ....f Jr! Jv 5 .IJ' 4/ L ~ (-J 3000 f..J 1.1' ~J-'f- Jy V )j ..J I(~ .. ,.f ~..l/ jtt. ~Jf ..J L ....f (-J 336 ~ (-J 750 'f"":-"'"~ f)J L '::'-.11.IJ''J.tt ~ q,.f L)J)J'...I- if. f 'f- ~J ~ ~J~;~ "":-"'"...1-2,.f1.1' ''f-...I- b.lCPf~ -V'iJlPoj...I-f'v ~A L './}.I1 fi -'f- j.tt J,.f .::.-L,b--...I1.1'f'f- ji JJ? 1.1' (~-~ jY ~ u'}.11 ,.f tJ, :# ~Ji ~ .::.-L,b--.:A Jj/ ...I-~ 2..,f(t L ui.ll...l-..J 1.1'-~ ~~...I- J' J.lCvt.ll '')) -'f- ~Jf;;;7 .L J/~ ,.f 1.1' (t I( if. f 'f- '::'-.11U:' ~ ,P-: f '::'-.11~_',.f UJ!/ -~!/ ~.Ij I( .::.-L,b-(Ii...l-'-.I~ L ui.ll ifi. v:!...I-'-.I~~' vt.ll-'f- V'LJ.:'JL.t J;'v /. .IJ'J.I_"P '-:-,J' V...I- '-.I~ L UJY eJ'~ Jp V...I- '-.I~~' I(~, s:~ ji ,f- _, L U}.I"'c"l ? 1.1'-~ JI.--- VL":::;J 1.1' L~' .I" tv! Lfty Yo f '.././)~"", UiJt,;,f-I ~J''f-,f- ;--1.1Jf.lJ' eJ~ L vI ? ~ I( ..:..?-,.f '::'-.11...1-,-/Ir ~J~,.f ,f-'.lJI'~ Jj~.L UJ!/ ,.fJ.? ~ ~ ~ ...I-J;'v /. .I~,'J.I_"P '-:-'J'~Jf ~ :.IJ''.././

_.:::... ,f

U~J~ ...I-~I '~ u~t.J eJ 'f- Ct.J u~ ...I-u~ J!JLt.J L ~tt. -~?.1 ~ ,.f uil.J' : '...I-~J,.f L)JCt.JJ Jt.J v,(12l. .IJ''~ uk -~ Lfl~ {:.--~ Lf '-?: J,J ...I-~i -~ Lf~k:JJ~ (Hesiod) ~ ~ /~ .I? {I> -(i'~ tf..IJ' ~ jlf .tt (i' Jl:f' tf. u~t.J '.IJ~ '::'-.11~ .L (Zeus) vJ; Ct.J Jtt. fV ~k: f ~ vI .L '::'-.II..J) ~ '')) -JJ ~ O'~...I-~J ,.fUJ!/ .L if. Jb: (Pandora) -I. y~I(""~ J .~I.,iji? L ~,eJ ..J) J/ JJi Jt '::'-.lJ/ ,.f!/

275

__;fr

l '£;/J/(;)'Y/ L ';:'.11~ sv 1;1.1J}

J ~

J/..k-:--'

~ -tv J~'~''''';/ v! U.r.:~",(V (;)'-~J1t{..;) ;; 1~/".IJ'

J/ .IJ'V~b:;;;;;_J'" 1';:'.11 f 'f- J! -: ~ ,;'j .I,b:';:'.11fVlI -: ~ 'f- JI? ffPJ v! ~/ J4.1' ;;;;;_(j f'M' ,L jl)' ~ f''f- JV ~ (j~-::~ JI? .;:,k-"~ uiJJ v! 4.1' i 'f.IJ',v.,:rt;£.1 (t ((;)'.;:(; Yo ~'_'I' 'JM/'k f.:_ ~ '(.IJ# "".. P. d.... .. -~, u·!/ - L VW '))1 -V~J ;;;;;_' ,;'j .I,b:1

-~l../.;:,J;(p JJ'i~

v! Vir L (;)tt.:.r.!~ If.-tJ (i' Jl1' ~ '.I? v! uttJ (;)tt v! (II1iad).lf_' (' J/ Yl -'f-.1 U-"? ..k UJI?';:'.11f j Yl (i' . ~ ,,4", r( ~ .IJ',;7 ~ If ';:'.11 Jtt v! ..J 4.1' -"",M u~;;;;;;_ 4.1' -'f- ;;::.. .IJ'~ Ji:f J!~.I;;;;;_..£.I UJJ/ uE.lI-~.I";~ v! uP. ~ ;;;;;_ J} r(;)1 -VJ dCL J/ u v! ';:'.Iy'1 ;; f -VJ ~ JLfi./ ..£. ~, -'f-,y ;;;;;_ J/ r (;)1 -;.. Ci~ -"J UL~I rj v! VI -'f- Ci_f JJJ r J/ v! UO:JJI"(' u/ JJ Yl J .:5. (rr uJJ/ -L~Yl ..;~ v! ? Ij(.IJI L~/eJ f 'f- t;:f;;;;;_ r vlftJ~ i v!JYoJvlJlrUJI?-.;:,Y~ V(rr ';:'.II.1JI'f-'!:>~ -tJ (;)I/J JVlf r ';:'.11.IJIjIt- JI;i J/ tJ J"J v~ J/ ~

J';;

'1v! jl/ JJ/ .IJI~ J'J ';:'.11";)

..J 0'U~J

II-J!Yl .I'?- ~ u~lIJ d.. v! ~-AL

J/~'

~ u~ ~ ui.ll (Amazon) (;)JjLI v!

-:(0; J~eJYoY)v! U~IJ.:r.l 0 J? -:--Y- L Jyl f.-:f tJ C~ UJJ/~ -: -L J~ L (;)1 tj"£' .IJIt/.I~ tv! (J1.1{/ JUJJ/ fi -v! ~ ~ L.!.;;;;;_ UJJ/ ~ JJ";/ v! Jv .IJIv! (J1.1L JJL; ;;;;;_'i tJ CYl (j fi tv! (/..£ ;;;;;_I i 1JYl I~ Jj u~L (;)1 ';:'J{; .lJI t.!~_,.,..; .I~i -v! ~J ~J 1UJJ/ LIJ ?-.1 ..;) u/ JJ JYl

_';.IJ'~~

u_;~L UJJ/ v! ji

jI~

-'f- ~ ~ ~ r JYoJL (;)1 ;;;;;_ JUJJ/ 1 ui.ll f'f- CJ. -: J:'"' J~Ir vI 'f-

276

uJ v.. c;ti

.s y; v.. (jy J'c;, (I{' r v' f f- Nt eJ ._f (-J 500 J' L .:::.... (-J 750

~ r l;h.J .1(.I 'Jy; Jf:i J'd';'~

'-)J'

-V:iv.. JYo.1J-'~.J

v.. '-.J~ L.::.J> J'";".11v.. Nt V' -'y; ~.:::....v.. C;, -v12... .,;..l;H.1L L.JL P. L J'~ I L),[Y v.. Nt V' -L~/ _rC' ~ C~ j~.; >. t.!.:::....' P. L Ly;'~ f~ ,,/- {:).1.J~ ':' » ,.t.Jj~ ( L/ J_,;:J I UJ~i':' s:f- Jp. r £ -Ly; ~ .,;..W.JL '-;~ U

,:,,.:AI.)

-~ LJ''f ':'d.~'.1 £~~_J.'~ .1.1'J~ J' ~~.J V' A i j y; ~ ~~.J uJ v.. c;ti ~ r .::}'.JJ':::"" -i'.1V' -Vy; U.JJ/ JIf' .J.1'?-...( J'C;'...:I;~ L u).i~ v.. F'k.' -~ CJ'y; dC L J/ c;'...:1;.n' '~ Ly; Ly .:.,).1 -'y; (:;'.1.1 o: P..f -t!!..z iy.J .1;' r c;, _rC' ~ LJ''f L)~J!?A'~L u.Ji/. FY' -L~,,/-L/.J.1'f-.J/u_rC' v! LY;(j.J...:'Lc;'...:I;L)~!? 4 .s: LJ'y; 4-~~ L L/ J'IP I J'Y v.. L))'...:I; L FY' "::).1J.J.1'LlP'zliy.J .1;' uk-- uJ!? -~.J ~'~~ .1~ 'j.1J J'L)~.J li~ .1.1'"::).1J8J~; ~ r uJ!? v.. ji -j' j'~J'~ L J_,..v L :f- C/.:::.... ~ v'/!? ~.:.c~ J'J. -Vy; tJJ'IP 'y; CJ'uJ!? ~ ";".11J' -i'.JJ ~ tJll{' ~

v~Lv' ,.fb)! 'f- cl/

~ (j ,:,-y; "::).1J

(; Ly; L/ -f-

uJ!?':::"" J/ L ;"'.JJ

w Q;

,,/-

f I";".JIJ../

1..::).1J 8J~;':::""C;'...:I; 8.1J',[f-

~~ L V"~ L J_,..v L J'Y ~.:::.... UJ!? J/ v.. F'k.' i J..; j. d'; L .::}'.J.1 ",:,,'J',[-Vy; i,.1.Jr..8 v.. P. J2 '~ c/ ..8 -~ CJ''fA'? r V'(IIV' r v' 1 (j li~ Yo .:::.... '";'~ I J'Y -I j J',[-L V:~ y; j,~ d"k. L UJ!? f~ C~ 'f Jp..:::.... (.I V' J' 1..8 ~li~ ~ v' -I Jy; J)~'.1 J'i~IA'? v.. ";".J~ J'JtJb ~;# I

277

I..::.J; S':;'.11L

(.I

S» -I) C.fJ}*r -=- ':;'.11~ )!; S£.1

v' v' ,.( v'

~.I,f-' U.lJ/ ~ -r' 'I) ,f-' C~j JI.f t-J,;J -=-' -r' ,.(if):~ I) IJ.: ~~ ,/ /. L ,J. -L.~ UJ~.1 L J,.,v L ~j -I) JJA ._f :# L FY' (;)J.I~ ~ -'f-.1 j;;f _rr '.1';'( ':;'.11 I.)! FY' -~ ...J....!.- ~ el';:!; _rr ~ z....f~ V' UJI? J;J

IGJ»

J-

J'/ -v!'

J- v'

,.t.ll SUP.?,.( ~ J~ S Sub -I) U.lJ/ tJ1 uj.ll u/ JJ8J./'1) C£ u~...fi ~ J'ji -=- _:;JSL.f r:/ (~ (7. l/; .:;,~:/~t L ':;'.11 8~ UJI?~ -I) c:C "-' .:;,~ cz: ~~ j t-J / d., '.I'? d L el}1$L (Solan) U'J el}1$-I) (j'Z.II.)! t-J.t_ ,.t.ll SFY' -t-J.f ':;'>Jj ;:!.I,P! -=-' ,.(1) LJ ~ I t-A j Ji fi~ ~ .IJ'

JSj;;

d",

-v!' d'1-r~"

v!'

J'; SvY' L v' I.)! el' ~ L.~di'l Yo 4- L uj.ll L d", ~ S':;'.11 I.)! t-)lr 'I u.k.L: a.r -=-/.1)' -I) cI~J,j fi~

£'1elr r'~ .IJ';~';:!; 'i~~u f 1 ~~,UX-=el';:!; ~.I)'I) CJ1 h/ ~ el';:!; ,.( Yo 1Jf'~ ":")J ~ i~~

I,jJ ...f

.,:..r'~.1

":".I'Jfi J- j' -I) U.lJ/ tJ1~ J- L ":")J L J'i~ -~ z...J1)J~J ,j' Po L L/ L ~~ i J1_:,JIP! fi -I) (;)J.I~ Lb: ~ i J1_:,

V' -J1":".I'J ~J'i~ U .IJ'J1,~ ~j J(' J.f UJI?-=-)J ~.1 (j'j -'f- C~J1 )J~':;".11v!':'-»tP SJ'i~j L.~(J.'J ~ -'f- C.fu-(y S.:;,t~.1L t-)b-- .I~ ~ ':;'.11 v! Uifl? L elt{

Sel' -'f- Of ':;'.IJ/ S~ ./''f-';:i. Jlr ''f- y~~I,jy 8J .:;,~ ~~ ~J,.,v L Ui.ll U/JJ -,f-' SU~./'f- J..} i S':;'.11 I.)! U/I?

l._;f,} [I> -'f- j UJ'_;; -=- UJ.I}~I Ui.ll U~L el' -'f-.afv L I':;'.II.:;,.I~} -'f-..c:L S elfi 8Jtf:_ ~ ~~.IJ .:::3. Sj -'f- Vii~

£u -=- J} -~,"/~<tt-/

JJ" .I,-iJ~ ':;'.11 0.~ -~, LfL~..c:L( - '-'t-;/

-~, v-~

278

.:::;,.... V' -~ .,:..~~ .)J' ~

v.. U/!? Jif. J,f- if!? u,p-:

/V .,:...)/' J.f- ~ ~

-f- (/-J~

LYi {":"LlP~

V' ~V~

..J/

d!!- = -I Ji_f .,:...)/' v.. U,,? ..k (-0650

{rt' .L UJC'!' ~ v.. (-0

L (.;)' -L Yi ~~ d!!- L U~.)/, .)J' ~

479

(-0 480 ~ -~ I q J.,:...)/' .:::;,.

.)J'

(.;)~

J~~ J~r uWv.. U)/.)J' uP. i: u? 'L do W!/ eJL.1f L ~';.d!!- Yo ,,:-,' -t/t;: {'bif~' J r J'; _A o: (-06-1 I U~.)/,f-iJ

t/~~

't/ Yit'J {~~

~/.I UJ!/ v.. d- f L~d!!- 4'.:::;,.... v.. (.;)'

Jv' -t/~~ If.! ~/..:::;,.... ~ V'

(- r!/.:::;,.... --?J

-~.)'YiK(- r.,:...)/' f

s;~~J7 !/v..v'f f-=~~(i'u/JJJu0 AU;.:::;,.... ~ U.){ IJ~ J!/ J .,:...)/'(.;)'!.) =-J7)

(.;)' .)J'

d'1.-- ~.)/'

-~U ,

.)~ v.. .Nt V' ,.f £f- (i' ~ V' r (-0336.:::;,....(-0 500 v.. (iw U=:I.-- d~'~J' 'J-rt' -f- [Yi 'bif rrt' L ~~.) U/ r .,:..!Jp L ,-)~ v.. '-.)~ Lui.)/' v.. .Nt V' ~ -f- [f J; .)JJ

.)J'

.J, [J:-. -' v.:7' Li "::"1.-- .,:..''''''~ .,:....t, ~ ~,. [~ 1/~~ rJ;j Ji;i '-'~ ,,. --dJ .- .:::;,.... .. Iu~.)/,eJ~ V' ~ LYi f'j!/ v.. ~ v' ,.f~ i L.~ It£J .:::;,.... jJ eJ~)r uiA~JUJ.)/' v.. Ui.Cf'J~ -L ~.:::;,...._f ;;;; L UJ!/

v' -~ f u~.)kJJUJ!/ -fJp u.)~= ~ L d JJi.)/' -~ JYi J;! .:::;,.... UJ!/ ~.)/' f ._fJ d J (.;)'.:::;,.....,:..lZW?-,.f£L~ uJf uJ!?J(.;)' fiJ [~V iJ[~v( =,.f

rJ~"" '7..

£t/~J .)J)eJ~;~

V' {

J£ ~.),~r. '-'v d eJf ~,'-' ,V'.v ...""J,.5.,.;.fi " '-/-

.::..-.)/'_~,

,7'1.) v~·

-f-~ v..(.)~' eJYof-~ (.;)'~I; JI-rl .);J(;)!; u~J ~ V' iJ(J'.); J~ r ~ v' -L~ v.. (.;)'~I; '-/ JJ()" f J1.:::;,.... v' J'i~ ~; fC1, If.!

v~ rt'

279

-I) L.t1~)J (j ( J'jA j.t1.: (j

J'fi? IJ} u..if ,J J~ uJ.f ...;JJ ~ ~IJ/ ..if I) Jr.Y'

}i -I) L.t1(j ~)J ( vI

v../ J'J'-' 18~ 16UJI?JJj

J! ». ( u;Jl} -L Jtp,; J_IJ;I' L "::-J"

-~ L

-v!' J.t1~

L.fI~J1JJI1~ U~J;;

'--rLr ffyl

L..::..---.JPV.;!'-U.t1ht'

uk'Y tt' Jy '-:'{:)-I) C;)J.IJ!( £.1 ~IJ.I,b}f (.);;.11

~ .IJ' ~~Jv. L V' U ~'.IJJ L

'-.fLr V' -L L.f~J

v..

'-J ~

.IJ'I) Clolf.!~ JI ~'.IJ 1U!j L v' -,J If.! ..::-~ ~ '-.I~ L..::-~ 1~t L UJ;;lfi?- }i -L ~.f ~~ .:;.;-~~J0' ,:, .I~ J! ,:,L.?~ J/ L'J;£.1 ~ ~J -I) J ( ~I ;; L~ ~ ~ ~fi?-,,(.? vI_I) c:C.IJ! ~Jj {.I} L /'Y .I,b}1"::-.11-1) c:C ~'~I;..J/", (7. -: J£1) c:C If .::)'..4' U;? ~ J/(~' ~Jv.L ~~

v..

,:,',J

J' '-J

":"JJ~J,:, -L ~

_-lIP (..t.5 J'tr,..».t( (.1M_.) (

uk-- L (' t,,(1"::-.11

-,J d-/. J'~ I.lJ' U.lyJ.: .IJ',J .t1~ v.. j-:' t.lY' Jti -L L~~ If.! J! (t " u? L tj}.I1 J' fY'

UJJ/)j ( v'

f ~v.. v' J'

J'"::-.11~' ,.{ ~ (;.f( vj;"; u,! tt-v.. JL~~.t1v.. .Ji_) ~f '.t1( ~ ( v.. ~J

do,.{ L L~4-J (t 4-' 1(.)j.ll f .flf.! ~~ rfifi~~/ ut.lI-v!Hr} .IJ'~c1''d' '..::-/ 4 ~0' L.d' ttp,~1"::-.11" ,.(I)Jk> v.. '-.I~ L rfi J' "::-.II-v!' ,J Ji If.! ~'-'Lu}v v../ "::-.Iltt_L~ ~J.fJ}i fi1.IJ' 1~'-'

4 .t1filb~ JI

J'~'~

JL.f U.I'J:.}.flf

)1~~'

v../-,J

J.t1 ~

-,J

v.. ~ ~

-(,:,1;

J/~;'J.lJ(/.(. Li L ~ ;.lJ1 .2'-' L fi?- ~J~,:, -,J If.! ..::-;lfl

~tj) I) r.f'.t1~~.): ~

L uj.ll

li.: v.. ~J.(.If.!'.IJ' '.t1if .(.ub .IJ' Ub:: v.. ,-/Lr'~

-J.t JIf v.. u);/ .2'-' L UJJ/ ~ J.t J.t1J'1i ~~'J.IJ' ~I_,k L)~J if- -J.t L.t1 (j J J} v.. uiJI J'~,J/ -J.t J.f ~ J'JJj L ~,

280

lv Po .IJ' " J ':".11 J';r .::.J:> J ...;f,} (.)~ f 1Jft, ':".IJ" -I tY'i -=-' t.f -=- j;~ J1j .IJ' 1 J.I r~.:,,;) t.f {.I} jL? 8J~;-=- d'~1; (.)k -~ '..If -=-ft, V~ (~.Ik--' ...t u-' ~ flJ U.lJ/ ~ L L if. f 1 ..:.v-'~.1j,_, ~ ~ -I ..:.v-'~.1 30 -=-/ JJv 71(.)fj ~ 1.1' -(.),z Po....G. .IJ' '.IJ"::;u, 'P ..::.5" J/ f~ cd.li UJ";'...t/ J Jv 20 8J ~fi -~ C~I/; (.)! ~ J Jv Llf- L_/8J ~lIt.f ~ L 1.1' -~ Ci.l ...t/ JJv 30 .J"v L U~ j.l~' J~~ J'J -=- ~J J(Uii 1.1' ...t Vlr » Cll ...t ~ L ~ ~J

.I.If

~~J

~J Jv

7 -~ !fill/. {(.)~

j, ( (.)L...ttJ/1,pj

J~~ .IJ' 1j .J'

i rr v}'J ~~ ~ v!/ JJv v:- -~ Ci.l v~L (.)L .J"v .J"v L (.)fj -t,{ J'1.1.J"v L (.)L .IJJ -=- (.))JJ JlP! .IJ' ~~ J'j -~ \.i% .J".1\.i.l tJ-"Y';/u tv! J.I J).JJ jL? t.f (.)1,tJ...t ~.Ik--'

C,z...t ~

J,z --9 v! jJJ.I Yl7J. .J"v L (.)fj -v! (J.. ,.P v! (.)J~;'/.IJ' ,J)J -I .:,,;~, JL.I ,./.1 .IJ' L~...t (.)Y'k UYJ. u~ L vl-v!

JYlP ..::.5" t.f-t..I} .

jL? .J"V.J"v L L~ ~lIelf- ':".11 J'~.Ik--'

-j

{:- -=- 1.1' "':"" .IJ' ~;£.1 tJ~ ~.1 J JlP! ({ f~ t.f l:)J.I : .I1-t'; {:.: L/ ~ -=-,.,( tJ~ d'Po} i C,z 1P>ji./iY fi -~ L.lI~ J':-J .I1P>J'Iu~~ 1.1' -(.),z P ..::.5" {:- f~ ~ r vlr -I (J..

J'J'i~':".11-1._.:

-I -I

J,) J'1~tJ 1~~ L (.)~) (.I Lf8Jjl/~1 q J':".11 v!.J.~Lftl ~ ~ v' J,z -=---"J J~.I'j'L ~I.tl; -'1 J~ r..:.v-'~.18J~;-=- d'~1; (.)k J',( ~ -=- ':".11 J~.I~Jt-,.,( ~ -~1P>zl~I J ':".11 L tJ.I~ VI L.lI~~' J£,'.1) ~)ft rv' j v.r tJJI,p{(.)JJ/ (.),{8J flfJ'y

t.f

-I ;/..

*****

, " -vi

151

t.f..JJ' VJ~' ~ L 1('1 L J"~'6 1;;7 J' L J...r .)J' ~t¢, Ic!VJ_;;"; ,//. L v' -V,,/J'{(j J J"~'6-J..:-~J f~'L J~;J uJ'6 L U';' ~ L Lf (j v' ~ v' -I _;~ L J...r .)J' dj '..:.:;~ '..:-'Jl.--- {.)} J/. -; c!'

.':)JlP .)J' _v(;. .:;-'

JPI

c_.

:..rr;ilL ".(~I L.tZ LJ ..:.J)L? J' J'.;

f ..:-~!t"~' { (t L J'"(}LIJ

..:-Ij JJI.JJI

J(-1,,11.1 J~..:-I.o!t" J' \;IIJL ~ '7-.1f ?- v'

!;)V ..r LvI J~I

f d...J.. ~UZ::.' .)JI u?;JJ. 'J;v \;I}'i ..r v1' Lf

Ii' c) v' ~Uv -=

LLf" ~J

'iLJ f J;

#- .JJI U:'j J",

"-v1' ...J.. .:....;» (} s,v1' L~Q ~ \;IV i ~~ ~ ...P f J~ ...fi ~ ...J.. .:....}lP ~ ~ ..r '7- Cf v ~I { ..:-~v' ~ .:....}lP v' J~J/ JJ JI')JI '7- C.tZ .I~I ~ J...; -= A i L~ ~ \;I~v s-

J' v.ffi L J~...fi -'7- J~Li vf' ...; J' JI?f .)JI d"' '\;I;li '..::.f~ -= ..r'7- c~II?- L v' -'7- c~ J' v' i '7- Jt~(;J-k f (UZi v' J...; .)JI J' u::'i ~~v' -'7- ~~ Ji ...J.. ..::.:;Li' J' (UZi (-J .)JI -v1' L~ '"~ ~ JIi> L v' ...J.. .::.JlL? '7- J",..:-~ J' v.ffi L UJ)J' ":-~'J')(-J -'7- J~J' ..:-~J' J-D ~ J'it .)JI J/.(UZi tl" ~ -?J

~J ':""J.)I)

.)JI

~ -'7-C~ ~J~.JI J' LJ...; f J~I ~ L ~ L ..:-IJlP ';-1/ o.:XJ. .JJI J'{(}~ dV V.JJI~'7!(':""J ..;~; V'J Li ~;; L ~ ",:",'y. li'if..r v1' ..:-Vly ~J -= ~v1';;£

cC ~i;'J') ~L~I

J' LJ...;V

***

152

v.. (W' V' ,1' 'f-

J'y :::v.. b.JL ",iY' t.,"';JL",W' _f£'f- 0' ~ v' v.. b.JL J' J'y V' ~'f- 'ilf ..::..-1~J~ b.JL ",W' i6.JL J'UJ1~J~fi -'f- LS~LSJ'.~ ~ L u}'~1; (;)!7 Llf J1JJA v.. .;._J'J-0.1 J1? ~ b.JL JiY' i Llf ~J.I (;,.11;~ 4i~'.J .JJ'_.:ii, Jy.J ..J/ b.JL ",W' ~, V',1''f- ~ t,.{- { v' -J ~, o: P!.JJ' '~.J.Nt",W' t v.. .JJJL _.i" Jy.J..J/ A ~ .JJ'~1._f -~ J): I)J JW' L v' L U? ,1'v!i U~_;f ~.Jy~~~

v' 11JJ~ .JJ't ~' L (W' ,1''f- L'.J :t J'J _:f -0 J):~/ -0":::;J V,,~ v.. "::'-':.1"';:J~J'~/ ~J~ ,1'1£ .J1j/. ._f ,J'~ UJ.JJ~JJv~~,L V' ,1'~ c:e: {{ ~ ":::;J~ .I J1.;._;f t,.{JW' ~ J2 -t/ .JJ~-0..J/ v.. __,v Lv' ,1'~ 1'.I.Jk'=cz: l/ v.. 4·L v' i LJ1 t r' '(;)It' 'O!! v.. 4~L ..:.-(.,? t.lJ,i / .. ::)~Iuk-- L ui,t L U? Li -=--'J' jvv .JJ'~j~ y -=--7 [p 'JJ1.JJ/? l._f ~ -0 J'£'j.J / ..:.-yJ (j' -1J.I L,v " v' .JJ''f-1~/. v...A( J' J,Uz) L J'~' d-/ ,1"J1 (,iP ~ I ":::;J

_f£'~J!

~ L;i~' -J1~ltJ'

L ,,;,i i v.t ~J

J (~

bfJ.JJ'a~~.I

~ u}t..V .;._/ JJ~J,1'~ ~

J1';'_/

CJ :::/Jj,,/

~ d; J (;)~~' ~ ~ J';.11 L(~ L :tJlr ..:.-7 ~ J2 {V'Y -=--7 i u.r z......1v.! .,;..flb'~ L V' Ji L uk ,1'~J;'?:::

153

-L YoJY'1;

J'/' _r I.)J L/ J'7' ",1.1' -H y. .Jv ~ 15n"_;; ~, L / J.;; f)J' L

(iY'L .;:,'J' ~..i~ 1.1' ~J '1) J",: ...t ~~,

.IJ'

LV' i '7- CYo,,::,"iJ. .. ~ u~ 1'-"?~ if-~ J.I.)J L~ J~f .:;;;J? J f'7.' L u.rJt u}JJ ...t if- _( '7- J/.' ..;:,~ Jp ~,-f1...t j.JJ' u,z!f 'u-t:~ ...t i.J 15x .IJ' .;:,IP? J UJ.f -I.)J LYo J~/cY J)

-f1 ~vlr

diY' .,:;,~J ~Jt

JcI' ~

JLYo ~LY- L U.i'/' -0''"do _,.v

/ J).i) Jvv .IJ' ~ j~ L uP. ,-"y L ,,)J.f ~ .J)' vI; 1Jt- L u}y L ')JJ~',.:zfi-~ /;~ ~ '-"J/J)/J} L/.J~I ~~ /.)~, / .;:,L~ JJy ~..i~ J JI/I...t L~' f'lh J~/ u-v ~ J.J. J,-,,~'/' ~ _r,f J",: -; .)} / "::;J vI JIP ';:'.)~ -: -lJ .)~.)) Jvv /')~')JL 1.1' '/Ir. ~~J~ Jlt'/ ,;.p L ,-"y)1 ',YoUy ~I;:I; .)J)

J"': if _/;y-: ~

(.JYoU'')~')J

-:~ L '-../lr diYl i ~ Yi ~

',j ..::;u, i,:, v~L

.)JI.)~I,:,

...t ;'y. L

'-...;IJI

1.1' ~

/ .:.o~I vI ~ ~

~)JI ~ ..::.-1~)~~

--?/

-1../../).) ~I

~J _(~

J f~

vI -v.:l)I

J'l ..J~ L

JUJ 'L4-J if- J? .)J'

-~~ /r"'.)}

L J:?) -1J Ir.,:,yi ~

-f1 Yi

_r J1'} 0' ,:,

'v:S~ if-u::..;g

~ l/ 1.1' -~V..:...:l!' J ~It' y. _(lÂ£ J~ f ~ 1.1' L 1.1' L.:;)_}. J'~)JI 1.1' J}(; ~)J'~..::.-1~J~...t (iY'

...tr

.lJ1(~

'.;:,~y 'u~(;i '.;:,L~ Jvl0'';-V L ~))I v'-lJ 15.)~",.)}

.)JI

-I.)J.)

~" L

dr' :{/ f'VJ

J~if-

J.)c .;:,Ly.J

L~ J ..::,.1Jl;o'._i! ;; '-"i", t,;';Y' 1.1' -'7- ~ ":,,,CJ...f' ~ ~Iy L .. ..::.-1~J~

154 Muslim Kingship: Power and the Sacred in Muslim,Christian, and Pagan Polities. (I. B. Tauris, London, 1997)

J.,.{'r- ~ dk: / J-O ",,1'1 Lv! Jrl v! ,-:.A:Jvi

t}L V- J'

S vl.JJI' ..::-Ly.)S A.JJ '.J'~ s: viA .JJI'~I v! JYoJ~)JI( ":'-?~J~V(~-0 ~Jnl Jr: .::-..? JI S ~~J~,.{...f (.)k f { f~) ..::-~y

-v:'"

~J,.{I"'J.J~

~ £_ vll}.)l_~ '" ....6L(

-=-- (.)J/ JJ/ ..::-Ij~I 'i-J.)~I

.::-..? I.JJHJ_;'LLlf

£_

(.)H (~

/ ..::./; J d~ ''r-.J Y-=--

-i-J J~I / ..::-Ly.)J ..::-LLI& ~ £_ .)W;I£_..::;u, ~I')JI £_.J;(;I ~

c ":'-?~J~v! vlr d~

v! (.)j~ dl j -=-- LI £_ i-)JI v! (.)-r~ JxJ/ JJ S ~J .)JIr;:~.

L (.)}LY" Yo ,.{

~~ S..::-~ vi Jrl

S vi r;:1",-=-- U J f~) ( vi

i.l.J/

L", LJ (j;:D

Y"if')J'(J~~L£_(.)-r~L(.)}.)y...f,-:"I,.{

1.::-..? ~ S 'r-CJv~1

vP. dk"')J £_ dti J dlf' {J;,. 'rYo ,-:,,1 -; ..::-~';y dl ._f,.:i £_ vi f 'r- ~I:io: '"' S .:.J!~ .)JIt-J JJ f 'r- (j.J i-J .)J; " vi ~J~;-=-- (.)yJ~ j} .)JI (.)p. ''r- (j.) '" c;! i-/ JJ....fIL (')}JJ.)JIJ/.I ~j/ J? 0(' J -=-- ";""'LL£_ (.)-r~

/(J~

~L £_

,-:,,7 J..:)~

JLYI~

JJIJLf~_):/ dlf' J'dti.).fo- (

-:!J# ,-:,,1-=--

J ,D vi -~

~ -=--

-0 J? J ,-:,,7 v! __;:£_ ..::-I.>? S vi -~ JJIJLj Yo _4 tf.! £_ vi 1;,.:1-~ -=-- i-/ JJ -0 .)JILI ~) .J. L", J! .)JJ -=--

i-/

,.{~f -~LL ('~ /

~J / }; vi £_ dl ~J~;-=--

Yif

(.)H nl (.)j~ L J. ')JIJ/.I..:)~

1-: -?J S vi r;:1",.)pu, v! (.)Vlr jl)1

._f,.:i f? -0 v! __;:£_ J. .)JI(J~ / (.)~

vi ,.{

1;,.:1'~ ~Jb: jl>'1

,Jv -=--1 L J. '~~.t1 ~i?1

(.)L~)JI ( ":'-?~J~

( ..::;u,uk-' v! i-)JI

Jf JJliJ 0 ..::;u,uk-' Yo f J~,,0.3 vlfi" ,.{~ 4--:~

155

..-,..

L ..:-1J~ = '0<.1v.! ~ -..f' t.f f...:..;? 0' '--"J' L ~~J~ L 8~J~q f

-:!J# .Ifr [p. -~.1 0): v! u}U&.I)' u~

.::-'V!r -{t~o: u~

y ..::J

y v! u}U&,.7?, .:;-' i L(:>

\;)!7 d~',jv -..f' v! d't' 'vi....6L ~ ":-'.I~' (li Yo f{tL LiJ-..f' -:!J# dJ':;-' L 1.1' .IJ''v.! d~',jv .I'LiJ v! dt(v.! CiJJ' IfJ.lrJ d f d!7~' -..f',.t. 'd~',jv ,:,'{tL LiJ'::-' i,:, v! L ~~J~ v! u.(...w.I)' uJ. y f 'f- L,.. 8;'~'.::-1.1' -'f- c:C (:>

0' 1.1' 0< .J'V L 1.1' .IJ'"'" v! ..:-1J~ Y f~) ~v'J' -J! ,..J!' v! ..:-1J~ 8.): t.f u~~ ..:-LU&0'.1 ';j' sJ= f'~'0'V"~..::/U& (i' -..f' 0'8~J~J ~ Lr Yo 'c,L [p. O'~ -i: LJJ,.. ":"'1 v!...P.Yo fvi L(:>1~ f uJ.I~lf d' = L ....;~, L ..:-L~ 0'd' f uJ.I~r/.:;-' .I)'l/., 15.1(:> f .::..,,).11.1' t.f L -1~v.! ..::/U& O<~ f c,C LUi;' J}/(' 4-J c,C {.I) jvv _f_,[vi jJ. t.f c,C v! ..:-LU&.I)' ..:-L,.....10'~'ff f()r.:'~ ~)f u_,;,.I-li C,..,,.. ~.::- ~Yo f i: Â£.1 c,L J)A....fI {/ .:;-' 8~J~ .I_,b} f c,C L U"'~J~L '":(.IiJ ~ Lr -v.! 1(;;' f c,C L (' 1.1' L J_,;.C v! Po -~.1t:fj~ 0'u)j~ .::-f ~{ ~)f ~J.I~' L..::/U& O<~ 'J' v! ~{(.1 =0' J_,;.C v!..::/f .I)J~ ).I~.I)'JJ1 (i' Jl.i' (.I 0' 1.1# -..f'.::-' L d) 0'u)-"-t..J' L 1.1' .I)'~{v! if. f't! L,.. 0' -..f'._k ~/ vt} 8Jv!' j(:> o~J!~JYo { t~1.1' -JJ '-J '-' O<J J! o~J!~JYo 8J.,ij) L (iJ J.lr L J~v! 1825 [p. 'U,!.1 L (.I 1.1' 0' J_,;.C -v!' JO~~ L jJ~JJ J.lr v! 869 J!~J -V"J' .I'_';(i' v! LV ~ U!71~{.I) O'k-- .I)' 0:;' f8~J~ J .::..} J

.,iju,

156

L el?J~o: LL; J~-,J ~ ~Ll& U/ JJJ .:..tI?J~ f -=--LtI&~' ~~, tv! J~J,J, Jif ~ if.,.f J!J'!.,,~.IJ' ~ C/ L J",I?J~ J}I .IJ' F~ jG v!r -:~ Jk .IJ' ~.I~' L JJ2vv

'",J!_x ~

-J!Yi ilItJ.lv!

A.lJ

A ~ FY' o: .I~.IJeI?J~"if. ,.f~ v! ~'VJPi J ~'!' [;h.l ~.:J ~, ~ U.I~ ~ L .:£.1 .IJJ~ JH (~f -=--'j J el?J~-~ ~.I '" .J if..IJ' '", J", ~ '».IJJJ!Z Yo J£-L~~ ~J' a: J~ "::"--.J'/'" -: .IJ' 'f- J~do .I'/'''Z~,....f' '", ~ '& ~ il' 'f- C", ,~ J!.I; .IJ' ...Jj ~ il' ...J) u/JJ i 'f- J.I'~ f fJj ,J 'L ~G ...J/ ,; ~~.IJ L Ji.l~)J .IJ' ,;-' el?J~jvv

/- ...J)....f'

-~.I~' J!L JKV )J' J.t:' f rwr'f il' -L a.l.l~ L '-J" '~Ci v.!J Jj v!~ J ( L ~ el?J~f~ -:e.tG....f'~ 2;-) .IJJ rwrfj,y J ( )i ~ il' -L LYi ~v L JH ,-~l) L il' ,J

-=--'j JeI?J~ ~ il' -v.! "eI?J~'Ji "JJ-"~.J' u-"J _.,j J il' i C",

-,J J"Z.I};;7 ~

C",..;f:# ~ JH (~eI?J~Ji; ,.f (J. -=<'J)-: v! J}

J;L

J~'/. (Ii '":;')i

f ~JYi J~~ J .:..tI?J~" (- L il' ~ il' 'fv! JJ-"~!J L,d: .IJ' -"J (:J L .:::J ~ ~J J JJ2~d' -~ J.I ..:%~ Ji v! ~t;.fj, )J' J~~ ~J J-=--k--'~ jL?~' -'f- C~ Yi (jP Jj _~L~'"rwr~.:;/ ~-/ ~ L~ L el?J~,.f La) d-" il' )_;;> (

il' ~,

J 2_ J2 ,,(-: )J' ~~

eI?J~'::;'JL

J~C v! ~t;.fj, v! uy v.:"'Ji;

.I)~' J!v! J} '-/ JJ L '":;')i v! ~.a. "",J~' ~(.I

-~ ~'J.f~ L J",I?J~ ~ -=--~'J.IYo ~ L

~ L (.,/ u-"?

J2 -: ,.f'",,~

L.I ..:%~ ..;f:# ~ JH (~ )J' ".Ii'

JjL fel?J~

eJ:?'

157

~e{~ ~ -'f- ~

C.iJ D.lY~

~ ~l?J~L ~~-i:... L~ ;-{ ~

(~l?J~f

I ~...&' ~

.:.J> S L,z

v.. ~I

u::

JUJ'S D.lY'~l?J~v..

.e: Ll;uUJ' S 'b.lYIJ}

~ .:.J> S L,z J? .IJIJI -V1f ..:.r.~J'/~l?J~

~ ..:-~IJ.I~I

-IA.I ~ L VI.lJI 'v.:/~{ S VI u fl,z J;U ~ ~ L ~1.;.1 S vI JI .IJI4.1# .:.J> S ~l?».f~J n; {..:-~ VI L ~}~I v.. ..:-~IJ.IJti Po L.lX vdy. -~I;.JUJ'SCi) IJ} L.lfr ~ ~J ~I --:T-f J,z

'I L,z ~{~~G'~S U,zl?J~JJ.I{J~

S -=<'J.I~I-S ~ S vI o: -i:... L,z u.;lr. ~ L..;.,~~{U~ f £ ~.~ ~.l?-.IP~ L.t)I· S.I~I..:-LY.I (li ~J~ L vI i V,z 4.1# .IJICi~-~JJ~~~I))) ."

't/~~L_i LvI n;. tv! u.l-??~ L ":-JV S UJCiJy. f ~l?J~JJ.I ~

-e)J

C:_, ,...,.1.

1v~ L vI '~~ uJ~J .J'~L vI

~ vI ~ -~ t5.1~I..:-Ly.l ~I L vI ~...; V,z J~ v-- 6- 6_9 J;l,.-..Ju;L vI 'L~ S .: ":-J~ ~ vI '.« ..:/lbl S~l?J~ fr) U.lJ/

_;...v

...&' ~J~.:.J>

S L,z JUJ'SCiJ ~CiJ,..f£'L~ l,z v.. 'uIJ ':!-J t5;J.I '....vL( ..:-I.I~IJ.lJ ":::;Ib..J) u/ JJ 'V,z 4.1# i ..J) -r) (7. {.I} t.f 1. 't/ JIJJJ.IS ..:-L~IL v' I))J'....vL( JL J ~~

.IJI-V,z

f" .IJIb,(- .lIp' .IJI.:.J> S 4.1'~

))1LI(- ~ .I~I-£...1 b-? J ( v..!2J v' f

L,z JI L ~l?J~I)))

I t5)J ..... S vI ~ "';"'" j

-£...1.II}./.1~LIJ d' ~~ S..:-~v' L j;'~ L,z L/..:.5. {.I~ L ~l?J~ J'.I~i ';-11uJ)J/ J~L vl.lJI 'I,z.I#1b~l?J~{.I} ~h-- ~ ,_(Ve.;l?1 ~..:.v-~.I...&' L/ dL I..:-.I-??vI L vI I))J''f-.1~~ ~~ CiJ L

;?;; fY.1 JL:J~ ~ vI i 'J'jJ~ S ~~

-f' (.) if. f~l~

158

--f"~ ...

'.f:..f ~ I ~

"'I.r.

V-':=':;v-:.))

,', (

1..7)

Yo ~~

t.t1If'",; --f'.:::.... U

u' \-

[Ai () ( ~"""" :. ""'" v: ~~.u, 1./V.)Y--!• L• ~VJ~"":: ..d 14~; 1

'~J~ "

...;

/. ~ IUY')L~L~jJ~~~.).))'~~ ,/J.t1,?1 J~~v, ~; )..:::;u. uk-- ~~J~ f ~~))/. (~~IP)..I "';'{ t,./- "';'.)-! -£..1 L :. Ji'..L "';'{ / r I./~ "'L·/'v 0'V.))' ..::.r' Y s c,!v ~,.)~, L ...::..1'VJ~ :.

'("I.

= t,./-.::..f~

f~.) jj ~..I0'

:.,

d~.:;.-' I U.t1~J~ .))'~ f..l~' I~~~

-~)'

d~L ~~)~ ~{~ ;~/'V.t1.))..:::;u. ~)~; .:::....~~J~ "';'{

-t J J! ..:::;u. ~

.{..J.~t,./-l~

.)J':TJ .::./jJ,)).:;.-, ~ L

t,./- (J..I

().).:::...'

..IJ'

uV ..IJ' -:-1"

:L '" J -r/ J 0';-1.-- L v' J-,: t,./- d}I.=,;,~ Lf..l~' I J) I(:;CL uV -:-1" f f- ~~iff~ -~ l:;' If I~~y.) ..I)'

L U';' .)J'

jl.--I.-- .))' ~_)~

...::..1'~J~

H ;

-~J

..IJJ .::::-- ~~'J')

J ~~~

c; (:;C L (833-42) \'

0- •

Iu.,!;;. J.'; .:;.-1.::./...; "';~I..I'p:

..11"';/

-~.)~,

J! .::./~ 0'~

I(:;C ~J ';..IJ ~,,,,,);

I(.) J~C -L L)' J~' ~Ji Lifo L {:;C

'P --f'

t,./-

..I,P:

v>-

J~-~C)'~J

-0t,;; L (932-1062) =i. Ji~.:::.... ~ t,./- U}t.Y' -~( J .:::....,;~; L ~Jlr -;(..1 J£..1 ~~ .:::....ufyIJ}L~ . - L ..::,..vlP __..1)1L,.;::: ~) I!'

IJI ;l) .. a~t... ·

do;_, _". I U~ -'~~('~~~.),.-t,./-.Af'':;''

..IJ

-J.t1t,./- ,;L; V' If 'ko' J-rlf -vf )' dt.Y'; t.t1 (G d) -?/ --f' ~

Ii? 1 .,!,f;: 'J~Jy f j = J-J (i' .:::.... ~ -v.: t,;; 10 :I~.:::....I

L d'

J)'

JL",

('S d~'J d"' t,./- vlr ..IJ"':£.) t,./-.,;'SJ!I 4- V' ~ L", ~ li' .)JI f JifV v,!l)0:' 0' ;-1.--L v' -t- ,J.J.~ ~fi~~~-~,d- L £.) I", ~_')JI ~'."

'~~'{,'~'i.~J';~-L~Jv.(~J,~"'&;(t .:.~ i: .

,I'

- ~

.,.

;

"....

'':.'

159

L d- f'rt. do J;L ~

J't' ~ L ~l?J~d(..V -r' -v! J/ .

~l?J~

.I? d' .s: L~ LI;: 1UJ1l?J~d(..V 2:-) L.::/f .1-,'u\(If'd ~k-- J' U}~, (!Hi ',...t vi.~ J' vi.~ ''.5)' J' ~~ do' Lf. ui.V do ~vI('N ~ v# ..::)j J' UJ1l?J~Lf. ui.V J'ot-rJ'"d' -,..,7.1'> ,...t .IJJ~ ''-/.I~' 1d;J dl? ~Jf'r '.5.IJ??- L if. f'J ~~.1~' &JiJ' ~.Ij L ..J()'..J/ _f£-,-) (~ ..J()' J- Vlr f'r ~~.1

-'r c:C /, ~

f'.

,-)J'

fJ. ).I~'

..::-L!.l& .IJ' "::-~'J.I(V &JL UJ1l?J~d(..V ~;;

L ..::.-1l?J~..J/ ,:, L d? d(..V f-v!

'-J ;'f'.

u:J, /

J¥'{

"::-.IJ/

..JiJPL

[;,7 .IJ'1

J' ':::;J .IJ' JIYI ,f-/"::-~'J.IJ_; ~ v'· _4

rf'Ji~1dy'

"'r""'~~ u! ~lbJ..I , (~Ul L '.5J.lJI)If ...f uk -~J

d~ t) "::-J~ ~

vi 'kI -'7-

.IJ(.

~~.1.IJ' '7- .IJ .:::;u. &J_f£~ ) -'r l;J'; Lf. u/j'.

'7- '.1;1~;I) J ~

d u! u;lr nlu} d(..V &)JII(..::.-1~J~

.::J L u,.P~ L ':::;J .IJI"::-~.IJ/ J' ,:,L; f '7- ~ _4 I./.! J'Z.I ...,C- V;..::.:2t

.IJI~

~ -I./.! J'Z.I

,.;:. s:

(j-":..::-Ly.I

~ v'

.IJ' ......)J'

-V£' L~ J,,:,f-...... ?J "::-~'J.I1.5!J,.::J L J~JL ~, ~ [;,1_('7,; ..::-~ \"I~I ~

c'~If~L~ if y.;-- ~ ..::-ul.> L [;,1;; 1Jr" v'

'r j L L "::-;.I~

L.;..':: ::.. ..)?~ L':::;J .IJ' L~ JJ): 1..::-1'J.I AA

-L~

r -0

J'v' .IJ' ''r ~ J1

J'J..; J- J ;'~I~'

***

..::.-1l?J~ ..f

f ~"::-.IJ?

rf'1(~

'LJ1 L)

160

J..; v.. ~

.IJ' ..:->1".- ~' ~ ~) JJ b.J ~J~;.IJ' v.. '-.J~ L ifL f y, L~ ."z -:โ ข.,fvJ J'y J..JL JJ ~ '-Jr" LJ'. H 'v.! L~ v Y, v.. b.JL v.. ,.j3' L v' -,-J (iii .::.-L}Y J...; Ib.JL y, s:J' Y JJ -'f- t]z.Jj."z Y !~ JifL .JJ' v.! Llf

e:fi ;i ~

-'f- jv

~-I'

~i('::'-~'J ~

.:.ยงJ (.,..I..

U /~

(.)

Ly:'.-v_?..L .::.-vL..> .JJ'.::.-L y-J;j '.JbJI;;_

v..

'f- Ci.J JyL if. i.JY -'f- L."z ~ () ;;_

(j )J' ~G' ~ ~

Iv';i

'f- c[, I

ifL v.. (/J.J JJIP~J~

~J~,

I vl.JJI 1_U''f-

-'f-~~

~;i 'L~ t.Jf.: ~ J.IY

";:;"v .JJ' '::'-J~

L J"I; J if/

~' Iu~

."z ( o: UVIJ L '::'-~'J.J~ J .::.-~IJ -'f- LtJ./

1#- Uy,J

fi .f6.JL f'f- L."z tJ! l.:1' yr .JJ' .::.-W'J~J f

o: '::'-.J~v'

.JJI_;;'J ~I

'::'-.J~J ,,_f ~,

~, .JJJ~

''f- L."z tf-' (r 0' run.....;/

'f- ~

t>fun -J J(p.;

.::.:;? b.JL .JJ' 'f- j~

~J.JJJ ~

Iu~

-v.! ?) i..~~ 16)L .::J L '::'-'J~ ~' If fy,1 .::.-~IJ.I1:)' ~J f 'f- L."z J> ~? L i)y v.. .::.-vIP 1:)1 I~I .JJI,-)L' LJ~ ~ tf-'I 'v.! 1(._:; ~_:;JJ L '::'-~'J 1:)1 f 'f- c~do ~j ~ r ,-/tr ~ f 'f- ti tJ! ~J";:;'J~ -Lv 2...1".V tf-' AU: I ~I .1,1 Llf ~J?.J v..,,_f vI Ib)L ~~,j!f:J J

161

y. f

r;I Jf'i tJiLJ.IV' ,J ~, ~,

v! ";;'.I~V' J£-L~

-'(r; 3J...;!t .IJ'-tt..:.ci' JC;:, ~ L ~'/' =.Ii''f-J: ~;'.IJ ~/ ~ £_ v! V' -'f- 0'.1J~.d"lr- L '::)J/.'--:t.f t}.J l,.IL tJiV'

,J ..;;,~V' i.ly'

-'f- ~.1~ J"I ~

£_ I";;'~'J

'~ 'f-.1 rJl L~

~, ''f- Jr; ~ v! .IYIL ";;'~'J.IJ'..;;,~IJ.I y. l,.IL ~ 'f-.I./

-L~tJJ ~ (j wfi Iv'./ ~!,?J..J~

,J V' ''f-.::/'$ ~

)JJO~ .J" (i' ~ ~ (l,)L tJiV' v!,...u..v'

L I.)j)y' )J' 'Jr; f'k.',J t}.J l,.IL e~Ir~V-.J"V' f'f-

=-i'J

J',,- (J'y' J)L ..k I.)~ ~

V' -'f- tf~~ I";;'~'J)J ";;'~'J .J"lr- L Jy.Y'~ ~ tJ){ I.)~L or»: L'J Li L Po )J' L .J" V' eJ 'ft.f L V' "r; J;! ",:",J'y. V- .IJJV' .d"lr- .d"lr- L J'y' J)L -'ff''f- ~ (i~ J'y' ~ ~ V- ~)~ L V~ .IJ''fy';if 'I.)il/ -'f- ~JJ~J,Ur' L ~/~, II.)~ )J' .:-l73'JL "':"'J''_//.L l,)L ,,?fi V- ~'~I; -::' ''f- (i' ~ j;~ ,f ~ L I.)j)y' .J" O~

.J" O~ -~ 1£ J~I)J)J'..;:;.;!~ ~ L v' f'l ji ~~J~ 'r; '~1 ~wfi, .IJ'-:[ J "':"'/ ). J "':"'/V- V' f 'f-JJ JIr ~ V' L I.)K~ i)y' ~ -i'J ,J J....; v' ,J Vlr -~ ,.,v ( ~ V- if.f y.f ",:",J¢'~'wfi-~L./(,,-y'~(~L L I.)il/

o~~

V' -~i./ L

( ~k-'"()J' Ai ,J .J" £_ wfi ~~, (-'" IJj

Jj,J

L./J){

J.!( tJJ~ .I~' L

~ )kP' ..;;,~1b7y. ~

1.)1/ = '~Y'LJ c!-' )J'~)

Li v! );1' ~

u",:",J¢'" ILi

'tJJ~'tJV ')~

I?L

~;~

v!)J1' ",iV'

,;-' V- f'k.'

4 ''f- Lr;)lJ,

'AP y. f L;£ (L' ( .::/',

-L

· 162 '

'::;_;YJ -'f- CYt J! .::;_ S;jfj')J E- jv$'

r,Jf- S cr v'

uV flJ)M r -=-~1/' -:i'I)(i' jLi/·t1' IJ'.JJJ. 'I) ~1~v! ~ )I£,.::;_' -I) tt(u.J')1',eJ ~1J(t ~IJ'.JJJ. v.r tJ~

L tJ)JJ tj.';'t' )J' tJi/

-£~~SJy"'tJ)I/'1L~!'-;'JjJ),Lvl uV L u~,~ ~ L ~ .::;_Ji ;;;i e: -0 J(;i)CS~(tl; uV Re-interpreting Islamic Hisrorlography (1999)~ -0 S0'.) D)C )J'

L tJ?.)Ccv )//'

r jYt /

"' D)Cu-V .L V' v! V' -'f- /

SJiY; ~;~~StC:' L.d u-V 'L f~1b/ r (Texts) ~ U/ JJ)J' -0/,£j';;fJ-r.fJC,.::;_, 'f- ~ do...J~ ( -=-1'.v ~ J1 c J'1) S-:--J¢' u-V f 'f- ~ ( V' ''f- S? IJ'~ v! '" L JIP J; )J' ....;~,J d"; u-V f i/ ..::.dJ)V' )J' ~~ S~'.tl; L,/.'" v.r () L if.r; ttJ/"! ( ~,j :J/ ( 4',v' -L d!i .! tJ~

-'f- ~i

.;i;J( (/J)

(j ,Jtl.L~ () -:.::;_V' ttcf..;/ Sf;;)Y

Lf ,,:...>t;.J S J) u-k--~~)J

L ~'.tl; u-V )J' ~, U~, ~ tJ~V ,..0 'I "'~ J'»..::.eLl uk-- J'~I.tI;~' f'f- [I;: LYt .'~; ~ L.;.)p v' 'VJ"'IP.::;_~)' L ~'.tl; ,;-' I..::.eLlvi L CYt.::;_ J'j' L

l;),_tl;;; ( L)J))/ j~r''::;_.J~

v"1;.JJ'

,-..JJ

J' L

J' "'~~v' v! ,;L; ~Jf V' -::-/UJr) I) v"~ £ v~~...f.-=-')~' (V 'Lf)~' IJjL L el?J~J't' L

u-V '-/

JJ('f-~)f

e.tG.::;_V' "'J~ S if.j ..:..ell

.::.::? S ~ .::;_~ J S J';{ u-V -tl. Yt )JGJL V' L'J Ll¢'

S .:;../-t/

t.f S tJP'L7.~L~~'_tl;

1SJA v! -:--J¢' L~' L tJ? f SJ"'IP )".-'lfui}' f d.tl; 'J/. ~ -L LuJ'(U/..J' JtJJ'J'u/J 1(.JJ..J'

f~r)JlIJ'S ~~) ~.-:

f~')

163

-V.t1 JIf' t..;! ~i r ~.)."'t'.JJ' '-:"/ '- -?J!

v' j!_

,.::..I.I~'t..;! - UJNL/ f ~ !~~ J';,' t..;! ,-:"C(~' L tJ/.' ' -r! '-~J f 'f- Uv~, ~~! ~~ v' eJ -'f-IJ.:'J t..;! tYJ.I ! _ VI; -'f- C~~Jb: tJiLJ.If u~ '- ..:!.IjL ~~'J.I .IJ'u~Ii"u"'; f 'f- V,i J....; t..;! ;" ~, ...f' '- ..:!.IjL Y. ..;JI '.k}.1cJJ.I~'- .I"p .J r.k}.1 cJJ.I~t..;! cJ~ tJ)} ._;J, -'f- .J;!J1~'- .k}.1cJJ.I~J..IC .YeI' elJ.I~-'f- .IJJI( ! ..:;;,t/J J ,-:,,",...1/ .IJ' j'J~ ! .::}JJ'J'" J} L J J ,J" .IJ'..II(~ I("':"'ij '.:;.,r'c./ I('-:"J' J ( t..;! u~li'.1 J' U".;

r»

-" b JI,..-'-/JJji 'f- C~"J~ JI,..-...f'&J-'f- v.' t..;! ~J.I Lv' t -: -?J! v' 'Y-'Po L L/ L V' )J -:I(.k}.1cJJ.I~

,;1;

cJY.lJL cJ",LJ ct' -li ,;L; I( JJ 4- .IJ'tJ,?-'uk--.J I(u~~

L t#" ! elij I(JIP

JP t..;!.::/;

.IJJL,eI"'L 'li~)

?f Vir L J.

J} .IJ'~'"

~ L ufl.lJJ r elJ.I~~ V' 'li 1J) ul,..-~ffV. 'V.t1V'JL) (f .(/ !fV. .IJ'v'J~L I("':"'ij Lt'J.I...f' elJ.I~-V do ,;L;

-Y-') do dIP I(.J}'" .IJ' (f " ~

cJ",L_p.

fel"~J.t1J=v.! .Y-,,~! elJ.I~f 'f-!? fLu}.I'" tYJ.I!b.lC 'L)J,;i '- u}w' f.J L V' .IJ''-I.:.IC,Lf...f'...f'

J';,' f'f- ~ t..;! '-.I~ L ,-:"lJii' uV L _;)J tJ/' -v!v ~I,..-t..;! f L?r fV. 'J.t1Y'if elY.lJ L v!)J.I~ j,t' .IJ'fV. t..;! LL; uV f.Y- ..::JL? j'/' _p. 'L~ l£)b: k.h I(~..; f ~ ?r tb: cJ(;7l,Jv .IJ'.I~'~" JjL L &~J~j'/' f ,.;p &J J (J/ t..;! ,-:"lJii'

t)wI( .::..1}. t..;! (JL.J V'f fV. .IJ''J.t1~yl( 15' ~,

t..;! ji -L

-,~

164

v' -J ~ Jy, .::J!~ J L ~JA f 'f-lif ~ '.5~ , ~ J L V' v! ..J-kL v' ./'",./ ~ " V' f '.5J..::-)~,-: ~, -: ~~.IJ L j:.)J.lr.: .IJ' J2 -'.5J..::-:I v! .I~.IJf ~, .IJ' J IY-t/ L

e ,)J ~ L V' .IJ' ~ uV .Il,$' ~ V' -4}.1 '.5.1~Jf/ J J,; ..JJ ~, ._f ~, ~/ rv k' ) J}. (iY' L U.i',' ~fi If.. -t) e~~') y ~')~ (,j, ~ J.f) ,,~' .IJ"~ ~ ~ f "::-'.I~' L ~,.IJ' .::J..? J~,L ~'.t1VuV f'Yi ;-v L uf ./.

-'f-

Yi ~

LYi

V,v!,.j:Â· L V' .IJ' 'lI( ~ "- L.:::;u. uk--~'~' 'LYi ~ ~ eJv! V' ''f- jl ) I"~ J.le y. J ~JA''u -~~ Jf f ~'.t1V

uk--Lif.f'f- el J Jj ~~.IJ' 'uV J,) '~'..vk--'Yi vl ~.Ij L I)-t/ 'LI(- L j~ ~ -JJf7 J~~'.5.1{~' .::J L Jf."- L;2_~..::-tJ~ L~' Jl.--- L ('1-0 ~~ ..::.t.:Ll0 ~, .IJ' 't) c:V bYJ L~') ~v! .I~.IJf -ve,;.v t~ ~~.IJ L ~')Jk -'f- V~~f ..::-~' J.I U.::.....: v! ,J...I.- v' L u}.Iy -t) CJ.I" ~~ L ~,

..::-'JlP

.IJ'

f ~JA v! ty.y 0J~I L J~ ,do' fl;z~ 4} ~~,

JV'/";"I ~JjS

do' (~~

f 'f- ~

"';;'J~ L '.5) [p

v,~ j~Lv' Jv~

eJ,,{-1'~If

v~.IJ"L,;j~~f";'"

~'filL ~ 'L ",.f'J' ~

.IJ'

fi'cr-)~I

fll

Vv!)-k

L V'";"I ~ Yi"::-.IJ/ J:.~ ~I y.j~-:fi f0J''''-!/JJLv' ~~~j~~~-J-- J'l IJ' ~ V ";"1 v! ,.J-k L v' ~'vf ),:,c,.IlV ";"1 ~I fi ''f- ~L J-- if.filL v'" V' -J--'.5.1{~' filL ~ ~'L 1.1..) ~, .IJI._;!J" "- L v' f 'f- JG" V'OJ V'Yi V' ..f1~ j~ ~ 0 -~J.I~}

~J.I~"

V' -L~ S~IJ./.

165

....f1 ~~.JJ LJP .J.1b (~-7

";;'J

r'....f1 r

S(' 1.1'

L U}.JY~.JjL

J f~ .JJ'~

'::"~'J.J

-7~'v.1:?ltj

AIf

u~J. ,,;1;~V.JJ L ~YL.JJ'd!'

C~~J,f-' (lP .::..;t~JIIJ'j' LJ1 '-.J~.JJ'w} d v.. C.JC~ t,dY/ r~~1.1' -7 ~J ..11.-- rUn ,,:-,vr.JJ'd~C.JC-7 L d!' v.. 1.1' ji'~

S1.1' .JJ,)J

.JJ'.::../ J ~ '~t ~ '_po J'J

~k--

z...J ,J.lP ~v.JJ L ~yL .JJ' d!'

f 7 C~ V~

v.. J..lP L 1.1' '~ h~ 4- ~

~YL

L J.IJ' .JJ'eP'.J'J uk) -~ ~I), r ~

Iv' v..!,,;1;

-('f- J~ J~ Jv

v.. ;'.t' J> I ~

.IY' JUV' .IJ' 'ei.JJ

r ,,:-,Y

eJI.-.JJ''..iL r )JeA

v.. 1.1' '7 Jj Yo ~~.JJ

J: u ''f- C~Vj' ~, ~...AI.) if-A .JJ'''f- JJ1 ( if- '7 'J11:{v~(if- sJ' JlP~.JJ';> "J1~ '_.4'! L d L,f ~~Jl:;'uji~Li LJ j' ~,j(;~~~j~",:-""..11.-CJ1v? l.:!' -~ ~JJ j' ..11.-- L t].J 4-~' j(; ./'7 CJ~.Jj 'f- C~do ";;'J;yi

z.r,,f-'~"" 1.1' ji ".I} t'J i.J'" s:7 uJ).){lS~'v..,,;; Sv"~ LJ ~~ eJv.. ;'.t' JL')j

if-I ";;'J'-.J{ 1.1''/ -~

7 Ji ~ t'J

(7cC~V ~".J}LJv

I j' L')Jifuk)

'..u -'( J1'J1.II}, r,.,.J J (' "j' ,,;Ll.J4- 1.1' L d!' v.. ('1 ~ L ~"'L u)J .....j Sj' Lv' i.JY v.. ~'.tl; u~~ _.4'! L 1.1' -~ifj' Id!'/-J L ( L ~YLL ife-Vr 1.1' ji ~ CJ1j' r )~/J L .:::;u~tf;;f J j ~ .::.dJ) = ,f-'J'-J .::.ci' IL'J L( f L~ V..:.-:~ = Jf '~ C~~~ I _( ~ i)j

{filbJ7. Lv'

Llf

-7 u)J.::..y

S1.1' -"

'7 k-I\L

166

S~ Iv..~''v.r ScJ~ ..:-k'J.J Yo L U}.JY' v..,J,J.-' L..G. v' SC)!' J.J'J .... SV' ,J. 'L~~ ~ .J'J .... V' IcJY'L,.{ 7 j j

j ~

-7 V'~

('}'J.JY' I (S.Jd- ~ th L v' Lifo L V' 'Yt':'If " ~ d- ~ th L v' J)J .... S..G. ~ ~~ ScJ.Y"L._;) J/ JJ i.JY';; -v.r L/ (~JlPf uiJJ ~J1 ,.J;;i v' Lt,.JC -7 J:J'j ,;-' ~ ~~ uiJJ Yo f v.r z._'j" fY' .JJ' 'UJ)~.J' J)J ....j s;y, L cJY'LJ C)!' Po "'.1; L ..G. -.i, v.. ..G. v' "- L J? S":-'J~ j

cJ'.JJJ L..G. L V' fliL

L C)!' -~.J(JL.J cJk-".JJL u_,;1P JlPf L V' .e: v.. iPo .;i)J V' Yo f t} S.,:.J;IP Suk; JJ L cJY'L ~~J" ~ ~~ ScJ.Y"L"v' -1Â£ ~ .J~' I~~ S.J;f.;J J? ;-v L U_,;IP

v..

-7 J~';: j,lr

L jlr

~ eJ

fV'V'

cJJ.J~f 7~ LYt L.f .J.IP cJk-".JJL cJY'L.JJ' cJJ.J~J~'-d

J'{/ S-:"J' J (

cJY'Lf ~ '7 C/o, ".I}

JiLJ.J v.. t,.JC

L~'

.r j~~j1 ')J 'JIP ~ J'" ~ 'u'J L.f J~ li' .JJ' JJ1J0:), v.. ,-/lr L ~ sJjj~ ~ Jj ..Jy -LYt e: ~ Ui.C1jt! ~

L..JY L d.Y"L-~.J'" ( J~ cfJ.J ~'.J eJ ~

SV'

'~.J~'

-:J.J Yo

.JJ' J)J'J.J.JJ'

'JIJ, ;,_,r "";iJV L

v.. '-.J~ L ttcJij

,jP" .fj ,,_;! ;,

,JJ Yo v.. ..:-JJ.lr0:), L V' -'Yt y~~,J~~t d7 v.. Uyv. e~' 1;1, t.f ";L;.' ~/. .JJ' ...0 ,,_;! ;~ .JJ' '~ 1;1, ~ .::.J> jiG" I;;j eJ (J> 'kJ

SV' v.. f833 ~

v.. f~"";iJV L ":-~J:d' Sv"~ -li) .JJ' -:,,'~ nAP~' L i JYt..:-GJ...f" ...0 ~ v.. d' 'L ~ ~ Yo" ~ Sd.Y"L~ ~J S~~ v' -'Ytl;;f' ..::..r'J..t.J

,:,~~".::J L.f ,JI~jiG" ~ V' f~

,J.'~ ~ ":-')J.J}: V' '~ ~i,,_;! iZ;' ~ J....ScJv'} J'

~ eJ

f~ -:

..f~ -~ ~

167

~(j-, L (lY' Pofl)

.I? ~

~J./N;~! ,.;u. ~ J;:-L

t:I):

v:! );;7 ~ "':"'11. -v! .Y~r '-? ~ Po~k'-.IJ L UJi',' .IJ' Ui,I ~ jJ ;;;i 1.1' -tJ.! ,.;u. r ~I.""j tv!

J'_~ .IJ' (j'"J 'JI'..:--.... ',.( ~ ~ (lY'

1 ~y'L L p~

U.li L - LijJ -II~ J"JL/r~.; .IJ''e!/"Yl

')J -I.)J

"::'J~

L ",:",JÂ¢' oV eJ fV ~u.' r 1.1' .IJ' '1J ",:",'Po r eJ;f.,J{1.1' L ~"'L ifJlI~~ .....;1)'.lJ' ',.)1; r.:/; ~'Y): v.. if. s:'f-I;z~ Jf~~_vlP:",:",1b7r cCpl.v/1 (L'" L 1.1' ~ L L.I ..::,,;'t cJ!J, 1Jj -'f- b.l(G" 1 J ~'_V.I~I {",:",y .IJ1'Vj~r U~'Y JlY1 'V.I~I 1 Jv v.. J~; , ,;1;; ,; ':";iJV

ev f 'f- ~

LYl

v....:,.;-'k--.I)' ":-JI1!~ U".U; J;.I

-~ ..(~U.k.~ rNt oV U/, 1 -r!

L.I ~i

J: Li ,;.IJ''JYl

-?J ~

if. v.. .IJJ J'~'.:;-.' L 1.1' '1iJj v.. if'-' L 1.1' ~ U;'~I JJ ,J. -v1'.1 U.I~ L ~Jr.l s'.).'l u 'I) V'~ 1..:-1'J.IJlr .IJ'J.~'d'" J~r'~ f J!Yl, -* J; .,:jJ 1.1'~ Jb';u1; .IJ'..:-1'J.I= ~ );~ -0 ~J/b.lif {I" ~ ",:",J'J LY/L.I ,J.lP~ J'P. L. UP; .IC1Jj

Y~ L/ ~ ~.1 ~J.I~

)i '~.1J~...fUi-v .I~ e.l'J'r ':";iJV -~

L U.lJ ~ A~' ok-- .IJ' .,:jib J.j '~.I ,;.:/; .J'v L ":-'.I~I ~ (b r 1.1' .IJ' '~.I)V r ..:-Lu.d~.I)' 0:J, v.. ~J e.l'J' r ':";iJV JPoJ~ ./)'J;r v! u;J JIJ Li ~J1 J' p~ oV -~.1rlf 1(p.~/.~ v! ,..p L e~; v.. u.rij .IJ1 ",:",J'J b.lr ,.f c,i ~J1 = -v1'.1 U.I~ .J'v L .,:..>j -v1'

*$$

168

~ ~ ,.fJIP! ,-.h7. ui JJ -: ''f- --r7 --r7 .1)' 'f- J? J?"

f J J' ':::;'JV'L ._1i(/'.:. J ~, .J? L uJl..::.-~-:"-~ .ti )J' ..::f; J d~ ,f ~L ~' J? .JJ' ~ " (:"J/ ,;-' (lSi j~J~' i ~.Ji~ IJ~ v! '-fi.t' f.JJ' .;:,p'Jt 'L~...t uJ.JJ, ~J Id~ d'

.:)lH.

'&.tV;J?~;i

UJ)~

L (:"Yv .JJ'(lSi j~~, i -~~.J ,.JJ &.tV;".ti ,~ v! ..::.-Ini ".ti!/ ...t oJ"

Ji L J. f~ '~~ J -r>~ --r7 J' v! J..lP L d' f ~ 'i:.JJJ~ L ,-:,,",..;.;i ~ ,.f £~4- v' -:.JJ' i: Yo ( .JJ' Jv, J ~ .JJ' J~J ~

_if J.ti ~~.J,;:!

J;;!

Jj J

'_k J ~

'UtY ~v v!/!;f

J j:? .JJ'~

:iLi '-"IY 7.J~ ~ .,,::;,~)J' d.i J._r..;.;i _.P iff ~ C.ti'.k',oI J'y •• ~.. , _" ..

. ,JI 4.1" '-'

J'-:~.JJ' ~~ ~ "J J' J/~u~,f J? v! v' ~~~'.ti J'y v' ~~.f'~,-:,,",..;.;i ~, v! J.):~ L.ti /t:-- ~ uJ/ JJ j~ JI

f'f-

?If.. u~ .JJ' 'f- jL

JJ 1;)("

L (Jw J.r- J"::'-V!

1/~b)cI '-;'.JiYo f

,;-'L v' fiji)

fiL 'UJ?

'ui.J"" L

'f- ~Lz &Ji ....;) ~ -'f- ~J.I

L V' .JJ' d.i J ,-:,,",..;.;i ~)i f 'f- ~J JJ .JJ' L~ ,...pfi L ~J ,-:,,",..;.;i ~ -: ...t )JJ &JYo"" --r' .JJ' -'.ti v! ..::.-J)(.:, ~ UJ)J'

-'f-I,j.J.I /t:-- I )J' JLi ~~

v!b.JC,f~J

f 'f- ~J

-v.r j.ti

u/JJ ~/. L V' -: 'v.r j.ti ~ ,~ v! J.):

JJ -: Yo 'f- ~Lz

/t:-- ~ '-/

JJ ~

169

d~i

'v;v-I uiv. L (J.J/. L u~'",../.'~ J}- ~~ ux ux

u~' o: Po 'v!" ;v- ~

Ur .JJ' J:~'U/-~~ tI(J.J .JJ' -'f-~.J u o-rJ( oJ'J~' I J}- '"';'.Ji~' .JJ'V;v-I '-:;'.JiL ,-:;,tJ.,.f ~7.JJ'J}- Vf 'f- CJ1 ,~ 0:J'r = V' .JJ' d'f' = 'f-' -'f-.J (J~ JJ ~ ~ = k r;:,,/- k 'J1 J-' .JJ'Jt" 'w')~Yo) UJ1':-IPP ~)i tIui/ k 'UJ1~ tIdti tIufo. # (JL.J = Po (~v..'"' st tI'-:;'.Ji" ,;;f)' L cj' ~ ~71J}- L (Ufj J0~r.,i~)i UV ~J.Jl), }.tI~)J' -Y-' d~.J) L ~7J J}-.f 'f- VJ1";1; r (Ufj JkJ~ji ,,?fi -kJ) /-' r -'f- U.J~0:(;/(JL.J liH_l.( U.(J(

v..

v.. P

r~~ '-/

v..

v.. ~

v..

v.. '"'

iH"~' r;:,,/- k 'J10:,-:;,tJ.,.f v.. uiJJ v.. t,.JCV' tI(JL.J V

itl -'f- t.f- V~. '-/ JJ ~

L ui JJ f

1..1 'f-.J ) ci(

S.:-~

v.. J!'7 S'-:;'.J[ ~cr~' L (Kley) JC.JJ' (Lach) o-r_;/ ~.Ji ~ ~ f'P S"".J.~S/!;Y d' 'f- JJ1 e~v.. f1963 J!'7 So-r_;/ ~.Ji fL~ J1~~ = fi .J~~ J- V' -JJ1 ;v- d.i -'f- J~J1 )1- Jj J}/. SV' ~ v' ~ 'f- ~ 0:r J? k ~, v.. Yo tt),Jr~'

i)'" L Jr'J J? .JJ'd~JPz 'd~'~~' ~ ~ = f ~ Il'J)r J?~ -?JSif-IA 'f-.J) J:P ~ '-/ i!...,J" =-i-"/-~ vI;JI v.. d.i J o-r_;/ J~r v' -'f- ~.Jo.tV; )/OJ li(L;o uJ/ Yo v.. b.JCr~7._E ~, -1..1 'f-.J J1 ~j ~j L~ ;;;i J~.JJ' Juv. Lifo L #Â£ ~;J ,.J;;i ~ 1t,.JC )J' 7 ~) J1 -7 ~.J~ lJ.:'J ~ ;J

;;_S~L

~I.JJ' t,.Jc~'

ft,)C

J~Yo f ,,/JSuj.J'" d' 0: 0:' v....v, .JJ''-:;')i"

So-r_;/ ~.Ji f 1..1 L).J~'

~ V' .JJ' 1..1 ~

v.. ~

S,-:;,)i

170

2~''-:"',.;; .~-7 ~ r .31-" t:-/ JJ.~ v.. J~ J "::">L.--

J ~ v.. v.. vI

",:",1

J5 .nl O/.' v.. ~iJjp .JJ' ~~.J_';'~, ~ -~

.nl

~ .J~I I vI '-:"',.;;JI.JJI J J/~~J ~f

7J!cY{~

f 7 oi.J;

c.ll.?1

.JJIJ~Ii.J; vI

JYI~v..JJVlJc.lI_71f.f

J;~

c.ll7.;()(~lJl,>," LlPoz c.I'u I._",.;; v , d.:;...u~u" '-'~ ,", L ('jl .. V· c.I' ~,_y.,..

tt..::",i .JJI'::)JJJ u".j" ",:",ClJ

tJ 'JYI i,,; v.. f1998

(David S. Landes)

v!~lJ -v!I -Ji;

y. (The Wealth and Poverty of Nations)

Jp:I,::"",:v..£j v..~Jf 7 ';;JV' f 7~l)II y.

~ i".J.1p J/. ",:",Iy.~ vI ~~

J'yv' LVl-7

J~)'::""': £.JJI 4./.!P ';:)JJ

J.fJ; /.C: eJ'4./.! (j..f J}I Jf L J..; v..j 4-' i L~YI..::/): J....; .JJIJ.f ~jp ';;.JJ( V§; t:-.JIJIJ ~~IJ.Jv.. LYI L,,* L,I JJ u' -V1 L~ ? LYI ~ .JJIe.tK t:-/tr - . ":,,,,'.JJIJ~0 i JJI LI-" U}JJ~ s;7 V'";;1,,.~ J> .JJI",:",7' L v' U".j!.:l-/ -4./.! J1.J

Jy LIJ

tYJ.JJ c,.JYJy

';;JJ J?L J~0

c.I' -~./}

L ,.lI)IJ ~I -4./.! l.AfI~ .:;...J;~ L IYIJ ~

.r. .JJIJ/ -V' .JJI",:",7' s;~ '~

Un L uju. u}JJ':;'"

-4./.! J! 4-J.J L c.I' .JJII:fj~

f 71;1v!~iJ LYI Lt;: ~J J)i~

[11.1;

vt .::,....: ?L JLleJ?vI

t:-7, L L uJ.J}~L c.I' _f;;

.i... LYI

eJ~;.JJIoi.J;,J ":(.J!

eJ~;.:;...~.J~ )_# J .Jli~ v.. ..::/1.1; .:;... ~J vI

'e: L.f

.JJIt) CYI",:",j J~I ~/.JJI 0'J '/lJJJJJ;; v.. I~ J uty.J!

d eJ{nP

-I j~YI

J~ ~ vI v! j~J J-J{ ~I.:;...';:";/ L uJ.J}~ -e: LYI ~IPJI ~} .JJIP

J....; .JJI':;;'JvI v.. J.t; J.~J ",:",7' 8J~;.:;...~J J vI 'IfI L.f.J~I J.t; Jj. ~

L U.t.11.JL ~{ ~ f Jr J

(il) JI".

4 .JJIo~v../

t 7t

.J!;,Iu~; b"J'i' u! ~I.t1P)JI 0') lSJ~i~ _'::JS LJ u! JI~ -'f-";:i. ~

Llf L e..t~~ L ~I.t1P~ f~

VI.?I ~ u! ~I _111

{J ty ~1uil/ jJt t,j) uk; lSJ~iSun u! ~I ~ f. L v' S)~vI -LlJ r'~ ';-11.:;.:,1 t.f t!' )JI ~c"Lr)~ ~ un eJ f )JI .::,..~~ 't:-? '.::,..JJ/ L ji U11 eJk;u! h; J!A

uil/ )JI 111J' "'UI? t:-x t:-x "' J~ fi L

._;;,u JP.

L U11)Jf. ",.::,..~vI ~ )JI '(11 f L do LJ'i'

u u! u~~

-Ul ~ i( ~}J!~

J:Yi ~J.~;lSJ~i~

,.(,{

(r-~

-LlJJ~Jj

-;.,f r;..2 .::,..1)11 ~~~

~Y;

uylJ C' 1.:;.:,1~'

un )JI -Ul ~l)I e..t~~ JIP.::,..~;1.1' -Ul L11~I)j v~ b" .::,..IPP LJ J)! u! r:) 1(" ~I/'(J> -Ul LJ J~I ~ r./

lS){ b"

-Ul L~~

~ ~I ~

r./ vI b" un U~J"- vI 'J11 )Jlf-;fcf.~

Jv ~uy'!j )JI Ul ~JJ ~~

j..i-

JJ~; S lSJ~iu! "':()i ,.(~

(!AIUkO'~_'::JS

lSJ~if_I11~

J! J~I

u! J> ,.(;;-Ul L11J! "' .::,..IJ~I.::,..IJI L lSJ~ieJk;

- )JI "':()i L ~ -lS~ If.!

'::"')J/ SU~ (j ~ L (b" ~ vI

~ r./ lS){ ...J) t.f J; t.f JJ~

f -V'

)JI .::,..IJ~I(j L lSJ~i u! -lSJ _.;>ji

J/" f~) b"UJ)IJIJ~ jJI U~ 'J.~u! '-r7 ~ L J;:'" kdL Yo V'~1:#.?CLI -f- ,.P Ix ( U~ v- J; I -~ CJf'"I.::.J?J.~c4' ~ vI ~ Cl t'v' Yo ~I )JI ~ CJ)IJI~ '::"'JLfd".l. ~ -') C~ 11 JI;i C~ i Yo u! vI f i~ ~~ t.f J~I ...JiJP L jj~ 1I ~I/tt'f- LtJJJI;i IJj I;J t.fI" f f-

S vI

_I11..P~

eJ ~

t,j~ ~

I:#.?C ~ vI -L?-f~) lir) J JI L

172 ~)/

L)!)J' ~

v!;-~;;...'I.::.-L'£:' L) L L)yl,i J IY-t/

-Jy. 9'.;.' J v! Jr' ~ ~ ~ u){ )J'~) 'y.~ v! L)j. L~ L~,f '":;')! -f' s' ufi 'o» f )J' u± clJr' Yo f '7- ~)-: v! b)C -, y.t.i' f 4-~J~y.r jy.'-..:I '-..:1 i~~(/ d {))'Y v!...G. v' -t:! y. j(/ d v! (637) ~J~...G.~ L)i/ jL--L--L el'!' L)r~) '":;')! JJ; -,J!y. v! J).$ )J' .k0 ;Jr' ...i:t.' ~ ~ j~ )J' -:-'/ -'y. t.i' t L)_;~L L)~ ) {))' Y J_ v' '~)? v! -'7-) (rt v! ?IV' L)i JJ J; ~.i f~ ~r":,,J¢' Jr",..If'~' ~ v! '":;')! v! J"J elJj I)i~ 11')) jtp,.v I L)J)i~ v! ~ ~ ~rv! ..:..r'); v! .d

v~tp.z

'-..)tp,J ~

v! J; J..:..r'); ,,:,,'-~

Jh) L~ f,y. J~'J V'J ~

_'y.J,? v! '":;')! '-..){ 'y.~; ~ O.? -:-2.. Ly. L.if L'J >. JL);tJJ -L Ly. J~' '-..j.lJ_ L L~ J -:-,'>. JL)~ jl J_ L/.JL--I ~ ~ fL -'y. l=)J) r Li. ~ v! L);t J )J'

-Jy. k'" J(/~J~;~ V' i o± i»i J L)J)}~-L~~J;~ L J~'

_r ":,,J¢' Jr",.. ~ ~ '":"'t' -: v' -e:... ~.): ~.): ..J. L t.i' ~

'-..)J'

-If') --?J

Jv' -L'; .::.-'J' '-../{

JI..P' v! )i~ 11'); LvI 0:1. )J') k ..J) lS/JJ

)J' ~

JI( J~

v! '-..;r",..J_

'-..;r",..L '":;')! L ":;'~)J J-V'

v! '":;')!Yo f v?Lz )J' Jy (v ~J)J' -Vy. f ~i. r uJ~r{'":;')! ~ ))' vIP -,J!y.J~rv! ~J (j Lj .::.-fi ~Jv! If') ~t.i' >. J_ ;;...' t::....) ,

y.)~

r J~

~J~

L v'

-t y. f .::.:;? 0:1. v! Vr",..~

,c11. ~"::'J 4.1.-..

'-'(..(~

,c11.;;;....' Yo 4.1.-,., ~J

fL;"

,c11. ~J ~ V.-'

JL~

L el'-L

173

I~ S"':(.JiL ,.vI 0L -f1 J- L -=--~~ S"':(.Ji

u .J) 1.5/ JJ .JJI-~~ e..(ij.:;;....JL (I; ';-'

-'II:)'.~

.JJIJ~ v! (\:

J/I

f r Cfe.J~I ~ ~~

S-=--~VI ~

Jj -:v! tJ)JJ jf f r CYl I~

Jly -: ;; L).t ~ Jj v! ,.(/' JF~F- f r l;feJ LJ1 ~J -=-,Ir.~ Jly VI ~r tJ£

tJi)~ v! ,.vI J/.J/ v! f'M' ,..f£'!),!, tJ~~.:;;....tJ;;.J1 J~ L 1.)Y..~.r. .JJI ~ v! cJI.:;;....-,?JS-=--~ cJI -=--.JJ/ StJ;;.J1 ,f-'I .JJIs: a.r

-tJ

,.(/'J~v! 4-~ L cJIs.~ -L).t.J,f-'

J~I-=--k"~ ~.Ji ~' 1('j'

J~-=--k"~ ~I; S('j' (ij

L tJ";I tJi .JJILf L cJI.t1; ,.P d..7.V v!

~.Ji 1.5/ JJ tJ~JL VI ;; ~ ~ " ,.(/' ~F- ~ L ~I (j JI.JJI ~.J "tJJ~~ L(j i)' -f1 ;lr "- VI -~ Li ,f-' ,.if (IiI ~.Ji (v v! ,.vI J~f ~ -Li ,f-' v! Jr.J ~ .JJI-=--IJl{-'

L el' ':;;"",-,?JSJ>. ',.if f L -=--~'J.JStJ} ,;-' ,;-' -i)'.J -=--~.JJ'

...J Jlil v!

-=--tJ.lr01)' 4:::- -,?JS~),..i;('

u.aflr- ,;-' -,,'

J~'"eJ~;v! ~/lr "

L ~f

...

v!-=-,F-

.:;;.... if ~UH el' Y ~ (Inquisition) 0~}~I-if .::.iF-.JJf 1.51 tJi'L-1.:;;....-,?JV' -g_ Lfj'Jh.J

~ f.Jj.:;;....~),

JL-1 r.lJ Cf ,0("11

J{ tJ~J'g_ J~UJy" v! d- ~ L tJfl L ~f1. '-/ JJ L L~),JL-1 tJ~J J' if ,f-' .::.iF- 01)' -: v! ,.v, J~,.,0 -if ,f-' eJ~

_g_J,;i v! -=--tJ.lrO!),V! tJV~i~'

1.5).1.1 tJfl ~ v! if. flJ;lr jlPf J~A .JJ'g_ LYl I~.:;;...."':(tJ.J~ .JJ'~

-f1;lr

I..tf L) Y

~ ,.v, ~p.

r. g_ Li eJPo L v' 'if -" 'L.J ,f-' -=--~ J:~.:;;.... !.:/..J;I ~.J L tJr" V- ,.vI J~-'-~~

174

.IJ'(r L v'~' OJ) ~J ~1J.f-J)~.f JfJ 1 ~.fr i 1~' Ly; .: L cltlV Oil?.IJ'(lSi oA~ -~ ,,» L v' -1 ~ S U!};.-zv! -V' ~p. -~~ ch" A.J' on";: v! el' ~ --?JS J~' r 4-) t.f ~ 4- L v' 'f-~L~ SJ"IP '::)JJf 1J'i'} Oi S.ol?J~L ~, Yo f JJ ~ SJA.i} ~ 1-V' ~p. L u), -y; 1j~SAl?} SoI?J~~ L L.fJ"IP '-.d ", "~J 'J,'J -1dL Jt; .IJ' ~p. L J) v' -1j~S ~ '::)JJ J~' ru;~.IJ' L ,;-' -V' Jt; -~ ,_,II> 'x v! ,~) JIP .IJ'J:~J uk-- L -V' J~ -V tJ: Cy;v;K -V' ~p. _y. VC.f J; ~ --?JS .I~' J ..::-lIp s:Li _..IP/ 1.;1' ~ ~ .IJ'L~ Y;"::-J"S ~ JL 1(;s'.fi._;;,.v v1: -~i..;.} 1(; Oi~' uAi'f-.1 ~ Ji L L} 1(';' O/JJOJ -'f- jy; J'J~ Sci. .IJ'..::-?.1 'J'r ~ v! ,-)IP ~ S v' OJi 'f- c-d of~ r J' ,J-.ICL el' .IJ,....61/J.> ~ ~j:1I 1J' ,J-.ICL ~~,Jv S uy;I?J~v! ....61/J.> s'f- C.f Oi.t~ S ;,L; .IJ'V1J .IJ;.; £.1 )j /.1 (lSi ~ '-/ JJ-1J ~x ~ £_i ~ .IP"' S~ f 'f- (;1'u Ly; ~J JI} Sctf -VV';'.t~ 1J..; 1681J(~ S do L ~ 2;~ L L L u.,;, .IJ' 1 ~1405 ~J ol?J~L v! 1430 fi) V'~ t.f ~, r UJ;~ el' L u.,;, J!, -1 1 ~b:;~ L f,y; ._f uk v! 1523 .IJ'4-J.f J; tf-r (li -:L -Vy; (70 J!~.fr v! .IP"' /i Lv' i '~~Ir- ~ ";".I! ~ r v' f 1 Sel~ JIP"::-.JJI~If.. ,.;:rv' -rJ.lIJ'v! L -.r..).;i ~ .Ji..- Lf.. J if .IJ'S .::.Jl~ Sz {j .IJ'1i ~J¢, Jf v! ,1867-68 ~,j2 -~.1'y; Y >.~' el~ f,y; -: J/ (.;.( VIP.dr v' i 4-J J/~L ~?,-;'J.lJ ,;-' L el~

,,~Jl.#

t 75

..J./Y/ tt.v.J' r J; v! c.l~ .IJ' k(Y/ -: &J.IJ' 'f- ~'.1 iJ' ~ "-

0" (Uii ~ .IJ' ~ -Y/

L -iv J,?.:!)J 1.1' ~;i L ._;;,v

IJjL ~.I! ,.! v! ~;~ ~ ,.!IJ1 ~. ~ J.? ':!)J ';-'.IJ' L~ .~.I~'

1IJ:IUY'f$J ~

J"'? S J..; .::;_.I;:' ,;-'

C-z.lL.lJ .::;_J' L J.?ll UY'j ,.!'f- C10 rY -:~ ( Uii~' (j'; .IJ' / _.I, C-z.l~ ~ r ~y. v! J;

~(Y

L b.lL

a'~" ..... v:,. J'- s4t-f t~ cfij ~, 4- L 1.1' -4t-f tf.2 JG"t .IJ' YI .,

~,.

_I,

r:£ J"'? Sj:? .IJ' ..JJ Yo 'Y/ ,; (!'Y/ ,; .::.-j? JI "v! 4·L L./JJ .IJ'Ll;;'Ic.l' .IJ' '1J1 v! t..:d? ~:.r'1;Y ~ ~;i L~

-!'/

-'f-

J' J; S uJ. e);I,~i;~, ~J L J? (2)

~' )J'

'f- ~ ~ L '.)~)Jf '.)?)Y',:f ,,:,,-..;'l

wfll':J/ r .:!)Ib uk-- .Ii tJJ~' wfI.::;_(,.;

,;LJ uiJJ

S,-:,7 v! b.lL

JIw ,.!'f- ~ ~~ -: ~.Ij L C)?

,-:,7 J J? f-C1.1 oJ: :J/ -: ,J. f- C1.1~

S_...,(~ .I~i ";"J~ S 1.1' -1J1 f-.1 J,," .::;_~/ JJ wfI-J ~ .::;_~ v! b.lL -: 'f- (j/iJ tJ;/. S,-:,7 Yo ~i-'f...tv .I~~.I;:i ~IY r 1.1' -J ~I, IJ/ ,,:,,-..;'l-: ~,.!i) ':!)J

jY/ Uf.::;_

u.P~)J

1-wfI,;-'

V'v! Asian Age: Reorient

L (Andre

Gunder Frank)

Historiography and Social Theory (1998)

-~, .::);L tJiLJ.l1)! .::;_ p. L 1.1' ~

~)~

L J/ v! ",:;,)!._f

J !j!;/ S UJJ'.1 ~,I'

j~J~i i )J' -:-J¢' ~ -tl. ~

1800 (}.1Jy' 4-._;;,v

.IJ' j.lytl!?

Z-J: ..;..11~v! ~.I~

-: L

L J/ v! ,+,7

176

v! if. f!/.' ~ r U;/. J '-r~ .IJ' ~J.lr"JC U)LJ.Ir J? L (Illi Ii.:[? .IJ';)(.., (Ii L ";"'.I!L J..; v' -if ~;'l r Jf ,f.lC '-r~ ~(>1, ~.J;- '-r' -~ J~~_t.r.J ~ '~L J.lr v! do fV.i~ j Y/6 v!Jj ....fI.,ijU, .IJ').ti' v! (Illi L if. f~ Llf t~ ~ L ~ ~V'J~ ~(>1, ~ -: -~ V~J~.I~I~",.I)' ~ ~I L if. v' I.)! V' U_/.I,~ (j y,1.)! ~.I~ L J? '-r' ....f vJ.I .I f~ ~! ~L ....fI UJ'( -i:......J. .IJILY/ ~/ )J'~ e'.Ij L -:V (Illi v! '-r~ ~/. L V' -~ ,_t.! JI ~ IfJ Jfi~ r if. .IJ' ":;'~.IJJ ~J(j v! 1498 .IJ'1492 'V~VIJf L J..; L U)J V'L _t.r.J -J f'M' J '(;;J/ L '-r~ L 2::.-'.1un,;/' e: L ~, vl.l U.I{r U'~./) .IJ'i:...; ~± v! J? s:'i- V~~~ (/ vII Jf vI ";"'.I!,..0 'IY/ ~V f r J..; U± ~ ~J vI ~ ~ ~ (/ L U!J.I(.)!J. v! J? 'JY/ ~; ~ UJ/ J..; uk '~.1~ ~ "' ~'.1J J; ~I L '(;;J/ L ~ v! '-r7' ,..0 -~ LJ.I I~

-J

>.~'

-i (~

v.:

-V~Y'(

Y v!

J'(;;J/ L

";"'.I!L cJ)b ~.I! ~ ~ L v' J J .IJI)J y, v! un L ";"'.I!..Is: -~J.I J~~ I ~~~ ~,-:?. v'_~ ;~ ~ Uy} u/ JJ~~J ~J~ ~J vI '~ ~~~ \.t-'~'-r--w .IJ'~,;;Ky,1 U"'}~, ~Jf 'i- u)J _.j J j~J~;).J -: -v!JJJ~If ~ ~,; .IJI.~ ,_t.!1.lJI IL.I.::.:;.;J ~, -IL.lJLhI.lJ~J~Jfly/? -:r (I}I L.£Jf.J (Illi J"", ~ J '-r~ .IJIu; /. J '-r~ '..:;.,-..;1/ J '-r~ ....f ~/ ....fI IJ; J vI .IJ'(:;J/ L '-r~ ~ I.)! ~~J~;)-'i-.1 ..;~ ~~ -: L ,J. -'i- U.lJ/ ~ L J; JjL ....fI u:. ....;/ fVtJ.:'J ~ _f J;;i vI ~~y,J

v.:"~ ~

~.IJ'

177

L ,JJ)' J~' .n'~;(Wi J~J~i) ~ u! uv I./..r..'! L tJ'(tf -(j~t/J; L/.I!?' IJjLL ~.It. L uP. d!/ L d' J.lL L (j U/ JJ ~~J ''f- LJ1J' J.lL~' '( (j /i _('J1 Vl?' -:P! i LJ1

J,;i ..ill

-~{,L(jU/JJ~j'._(t / If.! ~1P&~(jJL/ ~- SJ' .IJ'..::.r..J/ J.lL S'-:"? L Ii?.IJ';)~, L JJ" P! L UJ,;i JI? os: i.lY>L d'jJ). L '-:"? ;-1.-- L d' -Ij~ os: I'bJ/ L 1.1' u! J~J1~J; ~'bJ/ '( '-:"? _(IjJ.I 1.1' L Ur. _(LJ1 .,:..~ 1.1' L U~, J_ 1.1' -~ 'J1y ~ ~..tK~ (j f'..z:' JJ" .IJ''f- ,fJ1 ":".IJ/ S~ u!-'~L b.lL UJ(;:)' JIw I'bJ/ L -r? _(~J .IJ;"' 1400 -: -~ Jj'.y> (Wi UJ(;:)' JIw -f' os:~ ~ 'bJ/ L ~.It. _(£'fIf.! .I~;; J_ L _;,i.lJ~.It. ~ _('f- ,_£. 1800/ L ~ If.! J I.--JV~L 1.1' ~ L L/'.I{ I1.1' ~ LJ1 ~.I1..> j'. u! .,:..)( ~~, .IJ'~' ~ -V''-V' ~ ,JJ)' u JIP ":".Iy1':::;'J V'-L L ~ J? .IJ'~;C" d~ .I..t'L ~, ZL ~.It.-~ L/ .,:..).f ,JJ)' J ,.(/' ~':::;'J 1.1' -~ L~J1 ~!; If.!,~ if- _(L L/ .,:..)( ~ uf. S'-;{SdV'JPl 1JJ1.t'; A.4P S)i~ u!uf. U}JJ dV'J~ .IJ' S do _( 1.,:..~ S )i~ (/'.1; .IJ'....(Y '~ S~ .IJ'~ J~do ~ S~ U..t~S~J V' 1.1' .IJ'Li ZL ~.It.~ L U)):/ ":".Iy1UJ(;:)' JIw f~) '( JJI~ S'0::'.11.u! I./..Y'~ ~ 1.1' -I I./..J17-~ _..,v OS:'( JJ" u! V,.J. ~ If.! ~.It./ -: "J1d L JIP )i~ ~ Sd' ~.It.-~ ,JJ !-* J; ",.JJb ~ ~, u!Ut.vI./..J18.IJ' ~, -,f J U..t~~ U)'( S,.v,~, _('J1 Jt; J_ 1.1' L LJ:) I L/ U.I{-=--~.IJ/ SUJ~i ~ 1.1' -I UJ~i ~J~;~ ~.It. ':::;'J1.1' u! L/ U.I{":"~.IJ/SUJ~i ~ 66 U~Ju! 1750 -UY. os: .I'i~ J_ L

I";;;;

-~u

1-:

178

-J ."JI.~~

80":;_

'.9~',J ~)'" L.;:,./.',J Un ~.I.! U~J.IJ''_:':'~.IJ,J -V' 1'.);:, .Â»..S/.~ -V' v.. L~7-I.::)""JL,JUj. ~ -v~1J"" '.)Jt;5,11:)' L '.);1.IJ'v'{'Il? ',P ~ r:f.;,J -v'A -'f- "J 'x ';:'.I~

v' u~, -V:'f' f :t..I1 v..'~j 1:)'L J( j/.IJ''p

-~J

vv. {.Ij;

jJ'~' ~ ~J,J do '..;f .fA;.IJ '-;( L JJ.I~ J? L L"" Ji

J~,J J? .IJ'~ ~,.(/' v.. J;,J~)'",J) -J.;:,lf ~ UJ;( J~' ..:;_ L J; 1 e'.Ij ,;-' L U5.1.!~ ,J 1:)'-I./.! # U)JJ ~J

,J.'~ ,J J;:v; ,J J/ .IJ'l:;J/ L ";".I.!'.)v "'-J18 i L~ IJ..'J ";".I.!L J'J; L J/ A.IJ'v~~ J;:v; 1";".I.!L J; uJt;5,,Jr-' v.. l:;J/ L~)'" j L~ IJ..'Jv..)~Jt.. fi":;_ v' -~,~ 1l:;J/ L -'f- .I'J~

***

~/.'4J?

179

.nf ~

I; ~f ~fj

f df ~ L ~j

f tf- ~.1Jfy (if

J! b.lC,f ~j

e: .IJf'..::.-iJlP Lft ~~ f ..::.-~ JfMf

J.}ll)! Un

i...~.J'v .J'vL.:i)J J! ~fj ~.IJf ~y1~ "-' .If}/. J ).Jf d~.IJf[:)J.IJ (Y.l ,f df ~ L ~j J.}l L U!.IJf/..IJf(fjf f ~ I;~f ~fj ~Ai tf- ~f fi ~v!!?-.1 Lf (-I)! ,;-f f UJ.lfJf 4- tJf -v!! J'l.l (j~dL U_,;~ L.:i)J"::'-~,f df ~Jfv!! ~J / J.}l f e}lP ~4r-f I;Jk f~j ~ f tf- J'l.l ~ ~ I)! fiJ. L ~j/i L ~j/i (J~ .IJf -4r-f l;J(p.j I)!{v L ~j.:;....f Lf -'f '-.I , .lJf'-, ).tf

(j .lJf-v!!?-)

yY~

L df )Jf ~fj .I~f ~j

f~i ~~~ df.IJJL tf. f.:;.,J'v1[p ~\lJ.!:;-.I':;"" ~ uf f [:)J.IJ (Y.I L U.,JfJ ~L

J'v1 J!f

f tf-Ci ~~~

}l/I.:;....7. '~LLf

fy..:;....~1)! tJf~#

"f . r! . ,..,'J .IJf'-,_"C.t'i f_.kI)! j~ .IJf.:i)J v . "1; ~f vyv .. ,i(p.j ,.. v .,. .loAj Ii I

f Y.:;.... L~ ,;-f

eJ ~

-tf- C~

f ;:~~,-)Jf

J ..::.-~fJ.I

C~ ~v ( tJf .:;....]' ...;f:/~ U~J;; tf- C~ I)! UVlP '-/ Llff ~ Lf J.~ J! f]' ~f ~i 'Jf J! J.~ f~j ~

>o:"f -'f-

J! J~'v(.t~ _;/

'~j

f ~j .arv .arv L lIt{ tJf

f tf- CJ1--f'

J.}l4-

tJf

~v.:b:';( J.t; ~f

f]'

4- tJf -tf- J.t'i J.}l J! ,fJ ~,J JJ1

f tf- ~J if.. '-'f- C~ tf ~ f .:0f ,f]' -v!!?-)

JIr~

I)! uJ;{...;f:/ LfJ ~L

180

£ ~ .J~./. J _,.,I/ ?-.J i..~If.:;;;_f ~~

aJ~;IJ~ Jl..r~f~f ,":",j,J. ~

'~~.J~

'~~f}

If.. ...J/

SVlr 'J....; S ~L; c.c:

t..i' J_;( I.)! {lPj OJ~ ':;-f ,":",fj y. ~ 1.1' -v.t -v.t?-.J /,-- v:. Vlr 'v.t ~J J'I,..-~ J....; '":""j y. ~ 'v.t L~ (1998) tt,.J1;~ ~L--: p" "':"C(~, 1t,yl;,-- U' vhL -,-' -.Ii

J1W~./ J1A~ 8JLv

-v.t L1J ~!; I.)! (The End of Ancient Christianity) ~;~,S ~~1.1' 1,":",j ,_( V'-'f- ~ J~~'x --P ,":",j J....; O!j u~ I.)! ,":",j ~ ~L):II:)L!' .JJf...(1PfL ufl 8J f ~f jJ1 t/.JY':;;;_ c!J.J S I:)L!'1ufl J? ~'.1'j~f 'f- LJ1Jy. n' J,JJ ,":",j --P s,v.t JJ11f ~~y.J Jlr J uk--I.)!?" ~ L 1.1' v.tJ -L~ ~ JI,..-J Jlr L 1:)' .JJ'-'f- f ~ S .::/f .:;;;_ jl,..-i ~ U}'J ~L L s,v.t JJ1 UYJ/ Or- U~ I.)! ,":",j ~ .:;;;_-?J 1.1' -~ c.c: J1JLoJ""' do s,v.t LJ1 J! ~~Juk-- U~J 'L~ t/}C-- J:!f L'/(~J.lr-I.)! ufl L ~ J,J L ,":",fjj .JJf ''f- Cl ~ 1ufl ,":",j ...J/ ,.;!.JjL -v.t?-.J fi~':;;;_ ,-J'J {uj. L -vf .JJf'~Jf '~f L (fif ~.Ji I.)! .JJJ L ~~J~i} ~ Jf -L~ ~ J): ,":",j ~ ufl f J!J1 J! 1-: I.)! (j J'I,..-i t/ ,.;z'!

-v.../ ~..::..7!7.:;;;_ vf .JJf~

(j~f.:;;;_fL'/ ~

1.::/; JL--: J,J

L J_;( S,":",j t/ f~i J.; ~ -:I:)f.JJJL (1.1' S,":",j J_;( .JJ'I.)! 1:)' i '(J1~ J fi ,.(£~L~ If 1 J L 1:)' J'I,..-

J'I,..-

1.1' -'(

~J./r

£.1 .J~./.I":'->I;! Jl;:.o ~f I.)! I:)fJj-:.JJ''( 'f-.J Jj I.)! u~.Ji

p" f'J

if-:r (Durant) ~'.Jij O? JL--: --PI.)! -V' O}~~ --P S...(1Pf ~ L 1:)' .JJ'~f ~ j~.:;;;_ 7.1'(;)J.JJ (.I L UJ~~ tt-~f

U'.J~

J~If

.::.-::'J.J

181

J~uk-- .n' J:~;d.:..~L,.;i~ if..n' ''f- ",:""j

"':"'i), ~

.:A

(1)

v!'-;~

J!If'"':"'i), J..;

s:'f- c~-:j,;' wf' I(v' -'f- CJ'~ f

?-.J ('i ".t~ ~ Jy Yo '')) ''f- f .JJ'J'/.u 'f- ~bf.J~' f "':"'i), ",:",'Yo ,; r' I(v' ufi -IA LJ.JyiJ .J? wf' "' "':"'i), .:;.-' f Jf v' ~J'IA UiJJ Yo IA L~ ,~.:..~~ L tJJ/ J 'd vl.?' v! d' j vi' '-J'; LJ'~ 1.:../ .JJ''.:..h~',?'J dV.JJ L U}'J:LL L d' .JJ' "':"'if), 'f- C~A f U}'J:LL L

"':"'i), ~

j n v!i.J UZ "':"'i),

J..; fi-IA

v! dl;:--JP;J?i .JW;,I(v') JL'v; ~.JJ .::..:? J~J uk-- Sv' f ( ..;~ L Ut? J~ U~ s:'f- ~.J~ Jy Yo ,J ,f.! 0:. ..;/ .JJ ';' I(1:)' f 'f-.J; f ".. )~ JP; ~ I( V~ '-/JJ LJ~.):~ ,-;~.:;.-' ~., 'IA L/I.,~;"':"'i), Yo v!~ J Lr,J'.JJ' 'IA Z-'v;L.J: (~Ld' v! Jf v' -'f- C'v; ~b:,.P JP; JI~ v! ~JP; [p -'f- C'v; bf.JJJ1v' 'f- C~ .JyiJI(( '.? J J~ .JJ'~ C'v; W( '::':-/1( L'( ~, "- L ~'v; 1dll..' L v' j ~ C~ dvV ,J ''f- C~ ,f.! I,j ~~ I(U)' ~ ~ "':"'i), J..; J'v; S'::;; S v' ~J

S"':"'i), J"";.JJ' 'f-I,j.J ~

«~

-I

:~ , IfL (Arthur Darby Nock) _(,i J)j).J . i f~ C'v; ~J";'i !i wf'1'(,,;J.JSJj ~ ~.Jj Lv'" "':"'i'), ~ OJ f 'f- C'v;1/.JJf. " .I} u.Jr 1 v' -'fI.J:.~ L "':"'i), E... L JJ; lu/()::J" J l.5;J v! L 1:)11..' ~ .:..~

v' u f 'f- C~ -: ~

if. -Ll:;'

~, /~v ...., .JJ' y. if"' ......... ), .. l; .JJ' ~, ..!Jl ......... ), f'",Q f Li • L L if J;

Y I.J:.~~

uiJJ ~

.JJ' .:Qr.

?-f J....; v! ':"JV ..iJ)' ..;/ ,; u -IA Lif

S S

L IJ} .JJ'L'v; UJ.6 J:}~ (j f J!-:,J -IA . tt_L'v; bf J....; v! ufl L .JJ''-~

182

4" L ~ ~ ,f..Ur! uv "'-{~ :V',f.. j;~' d' .Jl},~V' L ~ -0 L (l? .JJ''V'd~' ~Lf J; f"':{ Sur. z, u~'"

i L", t"V

t",

JI.-: ~

,f..

Yo/..:-Ly.J,.f()'"/

J ..;L)'J,::JP

_~;~ v.:, 'v!' ~ ~J~;S

dUz; ":';'jJjf d' ~ ~/

-0

f U}J.:;-.'~ ~ J.J,.fdIG'~ ..:-/ J Jj L U.,;' L U.,;'-,.f ,.) ~ ..:-Ly.J,.fJ'~' J~r ':;-".JJ' V'.J? ..:-'~ L ,f.. -V' J; ,f f LII.;;//L j J ~J' i.A!' J~r.:;-.'L U.,;' ~ ,f.. ,-J'J

j~r

J tf- V'e1~ (,fo" v' Jj v' fJj .JJ' tf- ';~ f/ L

J'J ~j J.}l

tt_tf-V'

-tf- C",: V".J:;f1-0 ,.f v'

Lfr f uy{ '-/ JJ ~.Jj L ~, j j)F i. d~u~ JV' ,f.. -;'.J!L ~I.-: (~o!. -S~ f ,.fLf{).Jfl-0~/ >.

Lfr

;~r ~(JL.Jdk-.JJ L ~'j

JJ,f..

lr ,f..

J' v' L ~j J.}l

t"ijJ.:;-.'~j.J/ ,f.. J..lP L tf- C'" ~.J'" ~ ~ ~j J. -tf- C'" '" .JJJeJ I.J.t U~.J/ Yo,f..v' ..J(' tf- Cf t"v (,_;;{~~LV'i ~~ L ~d' I.J.t L",: ~fi~ ~ v' YoLf,.J:; fJlf' ,f..u.Jil. eJ ~ i J-h,f.. v' eJ f tf- Cf.J,f. Lf ...!r~~ J.~

-v.:",:

o:j vt"':

UJJ,h L u.,;' .JJ' L", t"v Li u? ~ 1813 ,f.. dV'J,h ~ J'LV',f..~'j U)JJ i~) -0 i V't"v tb: JI.-: f u)LY- .JJ'

vii

Sv' -'", ...!r~~ ~ u}'J L", JI.-: ~) u/JJ .JJ'~ fJj L U)JJ .JJ'J", t"v j", J,~ ~~ O:j,f.. uvlr dLY-'.JUl.' f ..:-~~ 0:j .:;-.' ~ L Â£.J j;jf ~ ~I.-: 1L -;'.J!JV'v? fz v' L uti'" JI.-: d'.JJJ L ~ ~'

.JJ' J,h ~