August 2017
NUCLEAR WASTE SOLUTION OR PROBLEM?
ALSO INSIDE NEVERTHELESS
she persisted ...
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Inside the August 2017 issue of
E B I R BSC
Access great feature articles like these, plus our must-read regular columns each month!
SU
CONTENTS
AUGUST 2017 volume 127, number 8
MUNICIPAL WORLD – CANADA’S MUNICIPAL MAGAZINE
NUCLEAR WASTE WIND ENERGY
MEANINGFUL ENGAGEMENT DIVERGENT
7
TREES &
9 ADVANCING SUSTAINABILITY 13 WATER INFRASTRUCTURE 17 CLIMATE CHANGE
MUNICIPAL CEMETERIES
NOW
20
23
FALLS
27
DATA
29
BIG
ANIMAL
31
BY-LAWS PURCHASING
33
POWER
THE REGULARS APPOINTMENTS
14, 24, 26
COMING EVENTS CONNECTING THE DOTS EDITOR’S CORNER
12, 43 37
2
ENVIRONMENTAL ZONE GOVERNANCE ZONE
41
MANAGEMENT ZONE
37
35
2
MWDigest is a monthly digital publication, highlighting and supplementing content available to Municipal World magazine subscribers. For information on advertising and submitting content for this publication, please contact Anthony Gibbons at 1-888-368-6125 ext. 206.
INSIDE THIS ISSUE
AUGUST 2017
Editor’s Corner NUCLEAR WASTE
In Ontario, the handling of nuclear waste material from reactors has become a difficult issue, trying to balance the competing needs of many stakeholders, while ensuring safety and eliminating potential environmental harm.
Municipal Cemeteries Cremation is becoming an increasingly-popular option to inter the deceased and municipalities need to make decisions that ensure that remains are dealt with properly.
Nevertheless, she persisted ... Women’s representation in government is an important issue to tackle. With a compelling narrative on the steps that are necessary to ensure more women participate in government, this article explores what “uncomfortable” conversations that are necessary while dissecting the many layers of inequality.
Online Exclusive! Editor’s Flashback This online-only feature column highlights select articles from past issues of Municipal World’s monthly print magazine. In this issue, we share “Looking in the Mirror” – by Rob Cooke, from the January 2015 issue.
Coming Events
GEORGE CUFF Life’s lessons
inside
City
Hall A collection of
Short Stories
NEW BOOK
Susan M. Gardner
It’s summertime in Canada. July 1, of course, marked the sesquicentennial. Communities across the country marked the day with local events, and Ottawa welcomed thousands of visitors to Parliament Hill. It was a exuberant celebration of our nation. Although Canada Day is behind us, the celebrations are by no means over. Many communities have Canada 150 events that will continue to roll out until the end of the year. (The nation’s capital alone expects to draw an estimated 10 million visitors to its events in 2017.) Beyond the festivities, however, Canadians are finding other ways to celebrate. With this year also marking the 100th anniversary of the untimely death of Canadian artist Tom Thomson, his work and the unique way he was able to capture the Canadian wilderness have been brought into sharp focus as well.
CEO, EDITOR & PUBLISHER – SUSAN GARDNER, MPA, AMCT
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So, I felt compelled this summer to finally make a pilgrimage to Algonquin Park’s Canoe Lake – the setting for many Thomson paintings, and where he also met his untimely end. (I’ve always felt a connection with Thomson’s paintings, and have been intrigued, too, by the mystery, myth, and folklore that have emerged around his death.) Paddling across the lake in the early morning, to visit the cairn erected by his friends (artists from the Group of Seven who similarly found inspiration there), I find myself completely in awe of the surreal beauty of the place. Surely, it was this feeling that was discovered by Thomson and his friends – and the countless others who continue to be drawn there to camp, hike, paddle ... and yes, paint. And, as my own little kayak glides quietly back to the shore, I feel satisfied I’ve found it, too: This is Canada. And, it really is something to celebrate.
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Call for Canadian Case Studies Be a conversation starter to inspire
Innovation in Local Government! The Alliance for Innovation – a premier resource for emerging best innovative practices in local government – extends a hearty invitation to Canadian local governments (villages, towns, cities) to submit Case Studies for presentation at the 2018 Transforming Local Government conference. This conference, being held in Tacoma, WA, will be travel friendly – particularly to the Canadian western provinces!
Deadline for applying: September 1, 2017. There is no need for a local government to be an Alliance member in order to submit a case study for consideration.
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NUCLEAR WASTE Solution or Problem?
by Erika Simpson Ontario Power Generation (OPG) proposes to build a Deep Geologic Repository (DGR) that would house all the radioactive waste from 20 commercial nuclear power reactors in the province, with the exception of high-level nuclear fuel. But, it’s the federal government that will decide about whether to go ahead on OPG’s proposal to construct this repository at the Bruce nuclear complex on the Canadian side of Lake Huron. The 680-metre-deep waste site would be located just 1.2 kilometres from the shores of Lake Huron. Last fall, Environment Minister Catherine McKenna requested more information from OPG; the report, issued in late December, was made available for public input for 30 days, with the deadline then extended until March 8. Then, OPG’s proposal encountered significant obstacles. On April 5, the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (CEAA) issued a daunting set of questions and requested a lot more information from OPG. On May 27, a new report from OPG affirmed the utility’s long-held position The author is a syndicated columnist for Postmedia. Some information in this article was previously published in her columns.
that the Bruce site should be preferred over any alternate site in Ontario. On June 26, the CEAA announced it was satisfied that OPG’s response adequately addressed its request for more information, and the CEAA would now prepare a draft report on the additional information, as well as update the potential environmental assessment conditions that will be required if the project proceeds. A public comment period would be announced at a later date. Will OPG’s proposal get approval? Federal cabinet changes over the summer (and the upcoming provincial election) mean there could be plenty more opportunities to put nuclear waste back onto the public radar. OPG’s plan is to transport more intermediate- and low-level nuclear waste by truck to the Bruce site. OPG’s report, issued December 28, estimates 22,000-24,000 road shipments over a 30-year period at a cost ranging between $0.4 billion to $1.4 billion. “There will be incremental radiological and conventional transportation risks, which are estimated to be between three and 69 road collisions.” The corporation’s transportation record remains impeccable, but transporting so much nuclear
waste on Ontario’s highways may need to be kept secret due in part to concerns about possible terrorism. Would some roads, like the 401, have to be shut down so that there was no chance of a militant or terrorist strike against trucks carrying nuclear waste?
Considering All the Possibilities OPG’s report does not consider whether roads and the Bruce site could be made invulnerable to military attack. (Soft targets are called soft for a reason – they’re easy for terrorists and armed militants to threaten to strike, and nearly impossible for well-meaning businesses, individuals, and nations to defend). Moreover, no mention is made in their reports of other countries, like Japan and ERIKA SIMPSON, M.A., Ph.D. is an Associate Professor of International Relations at Western University. She is the author of the book NATO and the Bomb and numerous articles and columns. In November 2015, she was awarded the Shirley Farlinger Award for Peace Writings by Canadian Voice of Women for Peace, an NGO with consultative status at the United Nations.
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Both OPG reports suggest extensive negotiations will be needed with Canada’s Indigenous people about hosting the nuclear waste site, especially given
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MWDIGEST
Germany, that are encountering problems due to strong public opposition to transporting nuclear waste. For example, German television stations regularly transmit disturbing scenes of protestors surrounding trains, and many Germans are incensed that the plan to use the Asse mine for radiological waste backfired as it flooded and radiological waste is leaking into groundwater systems. The CEAA asked OPG to report back on “disruptive scenarios,” including the potential environmental effects of accidents and malfunctions during all phases of the project on site and during transportation. And, it took OPG to task for not considering other less-likely scenarios, such as “inadvertent human intrusion,” “undetected major fracture,” and “shaft failure” after the DGR is closed. OPG’s official response is that the release of radioactivity is the primary risk, but “These postclosure scenarios are all very unlikely. At any location, the repository would be sited and designed to meet regulatory criteria for [the] public and [the] environment at the facility fenceline.” According to the CEAA, OPG will also need to more precisely figure out the cost and environmental effect of transporting the waste by rail and by road, and clarify why roads are preferred over railway. OPG’s latest reply explains the existing road infrastructure in Ontario is sufficient and flexible, but the construction of a short-branch line from the nearest rail terminal at Goderich “60 to 70 kilometres away” would cost two to three million dollars per kilometre “not including land acquisition costs which would be substantial.” As OPG flatly points out in a statement accompanying the May report, “Alternate locations in the Canadian Shield or southwest Ontario, while technically feasible, would result in greater environmental effects and higher costs, as well as a project delay of 15 years or more, while offering no additional benefits in safety.”
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Radionuclide diffusion from the two repositories could eventually reach more active groundwater systems in the Cambrian sandstone and Guelph Formation, which are connected across the region. any proposed site in Ontario would most likely be situated on a mix of Crown and First Nation’s land. But, OPG has not delved closely into cultural, legal, and socio-economic issues related to land ownership and sovereignty. For its part, the CEAA emphasizes that Indigenous peoples’ perspectives must be captured by much better reporting. OPG will need to take into account the input provided by Indigenous groups, including a comparative qualitative analysis of their health, socio-economic conditions, physical and cultural heritage, use of lands and resources for traditional purposes, burial sites, and their use of “any structures, sites, or things that are of architectural, archaeological, historical, or paleontological significance.” Moreover, OPG must
answer all the same sorts of questions about any alternate locations. A few Indigenous groups were given thousands of dollars by OPG to study its December report. The Historic Saugeen Métis received $89,872, the Metis Nation of Ontario received $65,150, and the United Chiefs and Councils of Mnidoo Mnsing received $47,105. A few environmental associations, like the Huron-Grey-Bruce Citizens Committee on Nuclear Waste and the Sierra Club, were allotted tens of thousands of dollars to hurriedly report back about the OPG study by March 8. Due to a 2004 Hosting Agreement, local councils in the Kincardine area have already received hundreds of thousands of dollars in exchange for not opposing the proposal until the assessment period ends.
Safety Issues What about accidents? There is little mention anywhere in OPG’s statements of the dangerous possibility – highlighted by Fukishima in Japan six years ago – that accidents caused by earthquakes, fires, tornadoes, or human error could limit access to its constructed underground chambers. The Japanese are using robots and drones, but admit defeat at trying to clean up their sites, which are leaking into the Pacific Ocean. Notably, the Bruce reactors comprise the world’s largest operating nuclear site and are located within an area of low seismic hazard that is often hit by tornadoes. Since underground facilities, like offices, tunnels, and emplacement rooms must be constructed according to the
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National Building Code’s seismic regulations, OPG’s original statement was deemed “ambiguous” and it has been told all kinds of in-design mitigation measures need explaining now, not later. The CEAA also advised that OPG would need to answer many more questions about emissions, construction, gas pressure, greenhouse gases, seismic factors, temporary power generation, and the use of fossil fuels. Moreover, the CEAA expressed difficulty understanding OPG’s claim there would be no changes to the above-ground “footprint,” despite clearing and excavation. So now, the government wants to know how the construction could affect the land and whether fragmentation of the sedimentary location could in turn affect “traditional land use.”
More Questions about Cumulative Effects OPG’s proposal puts forward for consideration a very long time frame of one million years. To put the proposal into context, it explains the crystalline
rock of the Canadian Shield is more than one billion years old, and the sedimentary rock formation of southern Ontario is 354 to 543 million years old. OPG’s plan would be to abandon the underground shaft in 30 years once it is built. In one report, OPG asserts no less than four times that “the proximity of a water body to the DGR is not relevant because the movement of water or gas, even if it was released from the DGR, would not reach the water body until the radioactivity of such water or gas had diminished to the levels generally found naturally occurring throughout Ontario.” On the other hand, the CEAA wants to know more about the potential for cumulative effects from radiation and radioactivity on deep groundwater. “Radionuclide diffusion from the two repositories could eventually reach more active groundwater systems in the Cambrian sandstone and Guelph Formation, which are connected across the region. The consequences of such movement could have potentially adverse effects,” it says. In its latest reply, OPG argues,
on the other hand, that such diffusion is unlikely. The CEAA further wants a reassessment of geological and hydrogeological factors, the incremental effects to freshwater species caused by warm water effluent discharging into colder waterbodies, and the ecological risks to terrestrial species with large-habitat ranges, including mammals such as white-tailed deer, and birds such as wild turkey. It seems the snapping turtle has been observed in the wetlands around the Bruce site, so Environment and Climate Change Canada advises it could be possible for the eastern ribbonsnake and the eastern milksnake to move in as well. OPG’s official reply to all these criticisms is to admit, succinctly, that “residual adverse effects remain likely and further site-specific mitigation may be required.” As they put it, “Avoidance of critical habitat for Species at Risk would be taken into consideration as part of a site selection process.” Taken all together, it looks like it could be a long time before OPG will
Rediscovering the Wealth of Places Recognizing the new economic realities facing them, a growing number of municipalities across Canada are turning to municipal cultural planning as a powerful tool to support economic development and community building. These represent municipalities of all sizes and circumstances – from large urban centres to mid-size cities to rural areas and small towns. Rediscovering the Wealth of Places is a practical introduction to core planning concepts and tools. This includes a methodology for cultural mapping and the systematic identification of a wide range of local cultural assets. A strong focus is placed on the effective integration of culture in planning across municipal departments, and with a look at some leading practices from Canada and around the world.
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OPG’s Overall Comments OPG’s own reports conclude the waste site could, technically, be situated anywhere in the province’s vast crystalline rock or sedimentary rock formations, so long as it is accessible by road. According to OPG, an important deciding factor is that hundreds of local residents around the Bruce site are supportive. Atomic Energy Canada Limited first suggested site construction would create many local jobs because the construction project would cost about $13 billion dollars. Now, OPG projects the cost will be $2.4 billion; but, choosing an alternative nuclear burial site other than the Bruce site could add costs anywhere from $381 million to more than $2 billion. All OPG’s reports avoid comment on cost overruns and who would bear the cost of site construction. Although they precisely estimate the number of traffic accidents that can be expected over 30 years, no information is available on the number of jobs the DGR could create for construction workers, local councils, maintenance workers, and security personnel. OPG also refrains from delving into monetary issues, such as whether the advantages of creating a few jobs over a few human generations might be offset by the risks incurred, especially given possible leakages into underground water systems, sky-high insurance plans, and the necessity for advanced emergency planning. OPG’s December report asserted there is little interest regarding the DGR project among the general public outside the area. But, what about protests outside the Kincardine area, especially in southwestern Ontario, Michigan, and other states surrounding the Great Lakes basin? By May 2017, 227 municipalities already had passed resolutions opposing OPG’s proposed nuclear waste dump, and hundreds of thousands of people had signed petitions. In the U.S., 23 members of congress wrote Canada’s minister of foreign affairs in February urging Canada to explore options outside of the Great Lakes basin. U.S. Representative
Paul Mitchell also sent a bipartisan letter with 12 of his house colleagues asking the Trump administration to stop OPG’s proposal. The bipartisan letter points out “The Great Lakes make up one-fifth of the world’s fresh surface-water supply and are a source of drinking water for 40 million people. This plan poses a danger to a crucial water source and a failure at the site would disrupt both Michigan and Canadian tourism and commerce.”
Short-Sighted Solution? Figuring out what to do with our generation’s nuclear waste is a problem that could be with us for hundreds of thousands of years, long after nuclear power plants fall out of favour in Ontario. Right now, burying our waste close to the Great Lakes’ water basin seems to be a short-sighted solution for a longterm problem. MW
APPOINTMENT NOTICE R.J. Burnside & Associates Limited is pleased to announce the appointment of Ian Drever, P.Eng. as President of Burnside. At Burnside, our motto is “The Difference is Our People” and we are proud to continue our legacy of values-based leadership and integrity in client service through the unanimous endorsement by all our employee owners of having Mr. Drever move into this role effective immediately. Mr. Drever started his career at Burnside in 1988. Serving in a senior leadership role for the past 15 years, most recently as an Executive Vice President, Mr. Drever has been involved in a wide variety of private and public sector projects for key clients. Now in his 29th year at Burnside, Mr. Drever will focus on building on the current foundation established by John Burnside which will be to enable and encourage our talented work force to take on new challenges and grow their careers, all the while strengthening the depth of the Burnside team. John Burnside, P.Eng., MBA will now move into the role of Chairman of the Board and CEO that has recently been vacated as the term has expired for Rui De Carvalho, P.Eng. Mr. DeCarvalho, who recently celebrated his 40th to our organization
and loyalty of many of our clients, in addition to our experienced staff suggests that the way we conduct ourselves sets us apart. We bring the right set of skill, judgment and expertise to solving our clients’ needs. We invite you to see for yourself why “The Difference is our People”.
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Presented by Nelson Granite
MUNICIPAL CEMETERIES Making the right decision in the wake of cremation by Sarah Madussi and Nevin Nelson
“Show me your cemeteries and I will tell you what kind of people you have.” – Benjamin Franklin For centuries, the birth of every town began with the planning and building of important staples of a community: a church, a school, and a cemetery to name a few. In many instances, these buildings are surviving landmarks; a sign of stability and often made of stone. The cemetery is also a symbol of respect for those who came before us and preserves not only the memory of our loved ones and prominent citizens, but local history as well. The history in our cemeteries is best preserved on granite tombstones as it has been through time immemorial. Many of our cemeteries are landmarks themselves and hold great historical value. Many community cemeteries started out as church-owned or private cemeteries, but have since become the responsibility of the municipality. With the old business model of simple maintenance, the cemetery often gets relegated to the bottom of the priority list for a municipality when it comes to reinvestment or expansion. Why? The 72-niche hexagon columbarium shown above features an all-granite construction, with an eight-inch base and domed roof, and using no aluminum or concrete. Each niche (including the door) is constructed of a minimum of 1-1/4” solid granite. The size of each niche is 12-1/2” x 12-1/2” x 14”.
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Chances are, the cemetery is losing money; there are no perpetual care funds for the 100-year-old tombstones that need to be righted and mowed around for the rest of time. The cost of digging the grave to the customer is often much lower than the cost of the manpower and equipment needed to dig (especially in the winter), and any sales above and beyond the cost of the plot and the digging do not flow through the municipal office. As a result, many municipalities are often hesitant or completely uninterested in investing good money in their cemeteries. However, change is upon the industry and a new business model is being explored. The cremation rate in Canada has skyrocketed and is expected to reach over 70 percent next year; and as high as 85 percent in some provinces. As the idea of cremation becomes the new “traditional” burial, cemeteries are looking to create or expand cremation spaces. The municipality’s responsibility to maintain the cemetery stays the same, but providing, managing, and selling options for cremation is now also within their power. With seven out of 10 people being cremated, the need for a columbarium is undeniable.
This is a perfect opportunity to reclaim your cemetery; invest in the right product that will not only accommodate the changing mindset surrounding cremation, but is also a responsible and fiscally-sound investment. How do you know you are making the right decision for your cemetery? Columbariums are structures that provide multiple niches (recessed compartments) for the storage of urns holding cremation ashes. They come in a variety of styles, colours, and materials, both natural and manmade. It is important to note that there are no standards for the making of columbariums, so quality can vary widely. Many of the early columbariums had plywood or fibreglass interiors with a granite exterior; today’s more common cores are made of concrete and aluminum. If you understand the common uses for any of these materials, you will quickly realize none of them are meant to last forever. Wood, even when treated, weathers and rots over time. Fibreglass, when used in making products like boats, is extremely easy to damage. Today’s more common columbarium core materials still cannot claim to last forever. Concrete curbing, bridges, walkways, etc. shift, crack, and erode
The end wall of an inferior unit falling off, exposing the urns inside the niches
over time and are regularly replaced. Aluminum, when used in making parts for boats, airplanes, vehicles, etc., is routinely maintained and eventually replaced. When used in construction, it is popular due to its light weight and easiness to bend and cut into various shapes and forms. So, what happens when you take a lightweight, malleable material like aluminum and attach a granite exterior to it? Over time, gravity takes over and the unit starts to sag; the bottom doors become very difficult, if not impossible, to remove. Granite and any of these materials expand and contract at different rates, causing the interior to shift, buckle, and weaken and eventually fail. Our Canadian freeze/ thaw cycles will contribute to these changes without a doubt. As a result, columbariums with the above-mentioned core materials and others are starting to fail – and the responsibility falls on the municipality to have them replaced. So, why are any of these products being sold as perpetual care, or forever, products? Time and time again, we see municipalities purchase the same inferior product for a multitude of reasons: consistent look, loyalty to the supplier, unawareness of other, better options. Unfortunately, we have seen far too many of these units failing. These are not uncommon sights across this country. Many municipalities have been proactive in replacing these units with all-granite columbariums before complete failure occurred; some were
Granite panels fall off, break, or go missing when attached to inferior products.
not so lucky and in turn faced devastated families and lawsuits. As elected officials, the duty to make responsible decisions for your constituents runs through every aspect of municipal life. In your cemetery, you need to be thinking in centuries, not decades. Why not choose a columbarium made of 100 percent granite that is known to be three billion years old, that will outlast anything in and around the cemetery and probably the municipality itself, and is economically comparable to any inferior product?
Asking the Right Questions Whether your municipality is looking to purchase the first columbarium or the 10th for the local cemetery, it is important to ask a few very important questions: Who made it and where did it come from? – Just because you are buying from a Canadian supplier does not mean the product was made in Canada. In fact, there are arguably only two Canadian columbarium manufacturers that make an all-Canadian, all-granite columbarium; many are purchased overseas and assembled on site. Is the manufacturer’s name on the columbarium? – If it is truly a forever product, you would think the manufacturer would stand behind their columbarium. Does it have a warranty? – Many suppliers only offer a five-year warranty. If the components are not made in Canada, ask the supplier to specify the
warranty that applies to the imported core (e.g., aluminum). Often, you will discover that there is no warranty. What is the columbarium made of? – Almost all columbariums are clad in granite, but most of them have inferior cores. Granite has always been the popular choice for forever products; many ancient histories, right or wrong, were written in or preserved in stone. In cemeteries, stone markers on graves have been used for centuries, and there is ample evidence that properly constructed above-ground memorials, such as all-granite private estate mausoleums, will stand the test of time. In your next columbarium purchase, keep in mind that when a family inters a loved one, they don’t intend on doing it twice. When you purchase a forever product, you don’t expect to have to replace it down the road. Don’t compromise on your definition of “forever.” SARAH MADUSSI has been an integral part of the columbarium division for the past two years. A graduate of Carleton University, she heads the Columbarium Replacement Program now offered by Nelson Granite. NEVIN NELSON is President of Nelson Granite and quarry master for over 30 years. He is the fourth generation of his family in the granite business and has been involved in every aspect of the columbarium division since its inception. Contact Nevin and Sarah at <office@ nelsongranite.com> or 807-227-2650.
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A RURAL LENS
ON IMMIGRATION s
ledge Serie
Know Municipal
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NEW BOOK 16
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Ashleigh Weeden
NEVERTHELESS, she persisted … Early in 2017, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell invoked a little-known and rarely-used rule to silence Senator Elizabeth Warren in the middle of a speech criticizing Attorney General nominee Senator Jeff Sessions. Unwittingly, McConnell’s defense of the action gave feminists a whole new touchstone that has since been amplified by a million tweets, t-shirts, and event tattoos: “She was warned; she was given an explanation; nevertheless, she persisted.” I doubt there is a woman in leadership who has not experienced the icy undertones of that statement. And, it’s precisely because of the familiar feelings brought on by McConnell’s words, and their unspoken meaning, that the statement took on a life of its own, extending both into the past and into the future – being used to reference the actions of courageous women throughout history from real-life civil rights hero Rosa Parks to fantasy hero of the future galaxy Princess Leia from Star Wars. Senator Warren was undeterred and continued her speech – a recitation of a 1986 letter by Coretta Scott King, wife of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. Her Facebook Live broadcast of the event received millions of views in a matter of days. McConnell’s statements, which Senator Warren seemed to reclaim almost before McConnell had exhaled, followed an earlier insult hurled toward Hillary Clinton during the final presidential debate, in an increasingly uncivil
presidential campaign, during which she was called a “nasty woman.” Clinton and her supporters almost immediately adopted “nasty woman” as a badge of honour and a point of pride. Both “nasty woman” and “nevertheless, she persisted” became viral battle cries for solidarity – what some have termed weaponized memes. Although the election did not turn out the way many nasty women would have hoped, it appeared to have awoken something in current and future generations who are increasingly recognizing the preciousness of progress on civil rights issues, as well as how far we have yet to go (and how easily we can lose ground). We might feel immune from some of the vitriol of the latest season of American political drama up here in the Great White North, as we look to Prime Minister Trudeau’s “Because it’s 2015” moment that saw gender parity in cabinet. However, it’s all too easy for the conversation to stop there and ignore stories like that of Calgary MP Michelle Rempel, who shared her nearly six years of everyday sexism in a scathing op-ed in the National Post in April 2016. MP Rempel noted how we often turn the conversation in ways that further entrenches systemic sexism by encouraging young women to “lean in,” as if they are individually responsible for solving someone else’s prejudice and ignorance. She asks, “Why is there so much focus on giving women sexism survival strategies, which
in turn, make us bear much of the responsibility for combatting it?” Senator Warren, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, and the Honourable Michelle Rempel represent an interesting cross-section of the public and political realm. They would likely disagree on many fronts – except for the guts and grit required to run for and achieve elected office. It’s depressing to know that they would be able to share almost identical stories of their experiences as women in leadership. (It’s also important to note that they are all white women with varying experiences of privilege and that women of colour, Indigenous women, disabled women, queer and lesbian women, and trans women – and all those with multiple and intersectional identities – face different, deeply entrenched, and often more severe barriers to achieving elected office.) The Federation of Canadian Municipalities has done incredible work through the Protégé Program and Diverse Voices for Change program; however, women still hear that they “don’t look like” a mayor or a councilASHLEIGH WEEDEN, MPA is an award-winning community engagement practitioner and whole-hearted public servant who works with creative leaders to produce positive, meaningful change in ourselves and our communities. A lifelong Amy Poehler fan, Ashleigh’s motto is “The doing is the thing,” and she enjoys working with productive mischief-makers to make great, big things happen. You can find her on Twitter at @ashleighweeden or by email at <ashleighweeden@gmail.com>.
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lor or a CAO, and the onus still seems overwhelmingly placed on women to do the work of overcoming genderbased barriers to achieving leadership positions by themselves. The FCM is aiming to help Canada’s local governments achieve the 30 percent representation goal set by the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations for female representation in all orders of government, a goal that’s been set to help ensure women’s issues are taken into account at decision-making tables. The FCM’s current goal is to achieve 30 percent female representation in local government leadership roles by 2026 – a target and a timeline I find more than a little underwhelming and, sadly, feel uncertain that we can achieve given a 2016 study by Halena Seiferling out of Simon Fraser University that pointed to sexism as the biggest barrier keeping women from running for municipal office. Further, Seiferling’s report highlighted that, despite decades of work toward achieving this goal, we’ve barely moved the needle. The Beijing Platform for Action, which set the 30 percent target, was unanimously endorsed by delegates to the United Nations (UN) Fourth World Conference on Women in 1995. Women’s representation seemed to grow exponentially shortly after, with the global average of women in national 18
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parliaments nearly doubling, from 11.3 percent in 1995 to 22.1 percent in 2015. However, Seiferling’s report noted that the percentage of women elected at the local level in Canada was 19.4 percent in 2002, and by 2015 it was still only 23 percent. Twenty years after the Beijing Platform for Action, progress toward 30 percent women’s representation has slowed to a crawl, well short of the minimum benchmark, leading even the Inter-Parliamentary Union to ask “have we hit the glass ceiling?” Canadian women are attaining more, and higher levels, of education than ever (and more than their male peers), but experiencing consistently low political representation. It’s clear that whatever we’re doing to address sexism in local politics just isn’t cutting it. And, MP Rempel’s story addresses that we might in fact be taking a turn for the worse. This is where it feels right to quote Gloria Steinem, who said, “The truth will set you free, but first it will piss you off.” Interestingly, in a November 2016 column by the Calgary Herald, Don Braid noted that, “Alberta has become a kind of social laboratory, unique in North America, to test whether a nearmajority of women in a government caucus makes a change in style and substance. The verdict is already in – they do, as shown by both Notley’s concilia-
tory style and the NDP’s advance of women and minorities.” And, as Alberta MLA Sandra Jansen seemed to prove when she read aloud the shocking list of gendered insults hurled after she crossed the floor to join the NDP, many men apparently can’t stand the reality of a female premier supported by a caucus with a higher percentage of women than any other in Canadian history. As many activists point out, when you’ve grown accustomed to privilege, equality can feel like oppression (... it’s not, though. Seriously.) We need to have some uncomfortable conversations with the men in our lives and in our workplaces, because the impulse that leads a Senate House Leader to essentially tell his female peer to sit down and shut up exists on the same continuum as calling a woman bossy instead of a leader. The impulse that leads a presidential candidate to call his rival a “nasty woman” exists on the same continuum as speaking over your female colleagues in a meeting or claiming their ideas without credit. And, these all exist on the same continuum that, taken to its extreme, leads to women being seen as not quite fully human. But, it can be difficult for women to actually lead these conversations, despite all the advice to “lean in,” because if women speak even as little as
25 percent of the time during a meeting, they will be perceived as dominating the conversation; and if they point out subtle sexism, they are being too sensitive or too aggressive (that is, when they are not being interrupted almost twice as much as their male colleagues). It’s infuriating, exhausting emotional labour that gets stacked on top of the regular demands of living a full life and developing a meaningful career – and it often burns out our best and brightest women far too early. All of this is meant to say that we must fight this fight on two fronts: we must call out explicit sexism while also recognizing and addressing the small, everyday actions that hold women back. Otherwise, we’ll simply re-entrench the systemic sexism that some would like to claim has ended simply because it’s not always as overt as in an episode of Mad Men (although sometimes it is, and often it seems to feel much worse, given how far we are supposed to have come …). Achieving equality also means calling on our leaders and ourselves to recognize intersectional identities and the various layers of privilege and discrimination that shape our institutions and our lives. Sexism hurts everyone. And, study after study keeps finding that inclusion and social equality are good for everyone – even the men who might feel most threatened. Women are people, full stop. And men who believe that women are their personal and professional equals need to fully and fearlessly champion women as leaders in both word and deed. Take, for example, Ontario MPP Ted McMeekin’s 2016 stepping down from his position as Minister of Municipal Affairs in order to “make room” at the table for more women to support Premier Wynne’s goal of cabinet parity. “Sometimes the best way for a man to advance the equality of women may be to step back and make room at the table,” McMeekin said at the time. (Note, that it’s unclear if this actually worked as intended: the position of minister of Municipal Affairs is now occupied by another man, MPP Bill Mauro). MPP’s McMeekin’s statement and stepping down is one example of how men can model what it means to champion equality for other men, for
friends, and for colleagues. Most men in leadership can begin by listening to the women in their lives when they point out everyday sexism and taking those conversations to heart … and to action. Even, and perhaps especially, if you believe yourself to be above sexism and beyond reproach, I would encourage you to listen to women’s stories and learn to recognize moments when you might have unthinkingly or unintentionally behaved in a way that perpetuated everyday sexism in your workplace, at home, or in
your social life. Be willing to acknowledge that you might have been blind to subtle actions or dynamics that weigh down the women in your life – and then be ready to do something about it I echo Ms. Rempel and implore the men reading this column and leading our public sector institutions to recognize that “... combatting everyday sexism doesn’t lie with those who live with it, it lies with you.” If you need help, look no further than the “nasty women” who have persisted. MW
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With smaller budgets and an eye to the future, communities across Canada are taking steps to become more sustainable. Many of the areas of service for which local government is responsible can be directly impacted by climate change, and leaders have realized this. These impacts run the gamut, from heat waves that tax the health of vulnerable residents, to flooding, and concern for local resources. Climate change is one of the defining issues of this century. Leaders have taken notice and have spearheaded projects such as green roofs on civic buildings, improving roads for commuter cyclists, electric-diesel hybrid buses, and sustainability planning for years to come. While these projects are a step in the direction towards becoming more environmentally responsible, they are just that â&#x20AC;&#x201C; only one step. What is required, in addition to projects and planning, is effective leadership. Leadership is essential for municipalities to become more environmentally conscious because sustainability can only be achieved by a change in culture. A culture of sustainability is one where people make sustainable choices almost subconsciously because they see those decisions as being in the best interest of their community and themselves.
LOOKING
by Rob Cooke
in the Mirror Leadership for a more sustainable future begins at the top Modelling Sustainable Behaviours Effective municipal leaders can achieve sustainability by changing the way people think about their community and their relationship to it. For example, while it is great to improve roads for commuter cyclists, it is better to increase the number of people who choose to bike to work. Communities are more likely to adopt sustainable habits if they see people they know modelling the same behaviours. If leaders want to see these behaviours adopted throughout the community, a good place to start is with themselves and the people employed by the municipality. If leaders want their managers and staff to adopt habits of sustainability, they are going to have to do more than pass policies, create incentives, and take steps to build the necessary infrastructure. Leaders must realize that the entire perspective of the municipality will have to change to one that is environmentally responsible and looks for new opportunities to apply that way of thinking. The challenge is that people are creatures of habit and are resistant to change. While employees and residents may want a sustainable community, changing their daily habits and their ways of thinking can be a battle. Changing the habits of a municipality does take time and practice; howev-
er, the framework and actions to create the new habits are surprisingly simple. Andrew Neitlich, author and director for the Center for Executive Coaching, refers to habits in organizations existing much like chocolate fondue spills over the edges of a chocolate fountain. He emphasizes that the new habits must be adopted and modelled at the top of the organization for them to be adopted down the hierarchy. Leadership must be aware of every action that they take, no matter how subtle, and how it affects the workplace of the municipality.
Changing Habits Neitlich suggests that, when changing the habits of an organization, we should skip making a splashy announcement. Changes should happen first, beginning with leadership, and a public announcement of the direction towards sustainability should happen once the change has been realized by the entire staff. If ROB COOKE <@robcooke2> helps middle and senior level leaders who are smart, ambitious, and represent the future leadership of their organizations. He recently created two different programs in leadership development. Rob lives in Victoria, British Columbia. He can be reached via <www.robertscooke.com>.
This article was originally published in the January 2015 issue of Municipal World.
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The reason behind the CAO changing their habits first is because they had been the person tolerating the undesirable habits of the past. In addition to changing habits, the leader must shift their attitudes. a municipality makes a big announcement about becoming more green, they risk having managers and staff feel like a new initiative is being forced onto them. Instead, the chief administrative officer should set aside the fanfare and get down to business. The first matter of business would be for leadership to define success. This would mean the CAO would need to have clear ideas about what a sustainable municipality looks like. Municipal management would have to be able to clearly define what is currently working and what isn’t – and what specifically they would like to achieve. Knowing what an environmentallyresponsible municipality looks like at all levels is very helpful because success is easier to achieve once it has been defined. Once success has been defined, leadership should make changes before anyone else. “Asking employees to go first has got to stop,” commented Neitlich. The reason behind the CAO changing their habits first is because they had been the person tolerating the undesirable habits of the past. In addition to changing habits, the leader must shift their attitudes. As Neitlich would say, the leader must essentially “be the message.” If the CAO wants a sustainable municipality, they should quietly start setting the example by making environmentallyresponsible decisions each day. Neitlich points out that, in addition to actions and attitudes, the conversations that leaders are having also need to change. Discussions about making more sustainable decisions should be commonplace and these conversations should be happening with people who can help the municipality realize its goals. Lastly, the CAO should involve the senior management team and consult the team about the decision to change the way things are being done. The CAO should take responsibility for the way things have been done up until that date, and clearly communicate what a sustain22
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able municipal workplace looks like. In addition to setting clear expectations, the CAO should then ask the senior management team for their help in introducing these new sustainable habits to the rest of the municipal employees. Follow-up
interviews with each manager would be ideal in order to communicate what they are doing well and what specifically they can do differently given the shift towards sustainable behaviours. In addition to clear and specific discussion
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about sustainable goals, it would benefit department heads to know that the CAO is there to support them. For department heads, changing the way they work can be daunting and these changes are made easier when they know their leader supports and encourages them in their efforts to change. When the CAO and the senior management team come together, it is simple to model the new sustainable habits and communicate the changes to the rest of the municipal staff – it is simply repeating the same process. All municipal leaders should remember that communicating the goal of a sustainable community is not something that happens once. Communication should be ongoing and consistent in order to achieve understanding. With effective leadership, municipal managers and staff can become aligned and then work together with laser focus towards a vision for a sustainable community that has been clearly defined.
Leveraging Shared Goals, Shared Resources Climate change is affecting Canadian communities from coast to coast; thankfully there are resources available to municipalities wanting to make the change towards sustainability. Partners for Climate Protection (PCP) is a group of Canadian municipalities united in minimizing their carbon footprint. There is also the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI), which houses resources and news on climate change planning. Urban sustainability professionals have made themselves available to associations like these for teaching and inspiration. Uniting with professionals and other communities that value similar goals is a way to share resources, stay motivated, and keep accountable. With more people moving into cities, we can anticipate seeing more municipal transformations with sustainability in mind. Leaders can anticipate this trend by changing their own attitudes in combination with environmentally-conscious projects. This process of self-examination and change will produce more sustainable cities because, down to the core, the efforts are authentic. MW
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