The Qur'an As Reflected in Nahj Al Balaghah

Page 1

! " DV 5 DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ HIOHFWHG LQ

" ( %)* % +

, - , . / 0

7UDQVODWRU , % .

&XOWXUDO $IIDLUV 'HSDUWPHQW )* 1µD2 3 .


UVWXYZ [\Q U]^_` ab c`de RPST OPQ sbt_ qPXrm nop g klm bPSjZ fg]h_iQ PXk^Y air]m uvdSm nh^yzQZ Ukvdp cPwx

7LWOH4 ! " 5 )* ( ( ԓ 9 Cư ( ԕ Ƙԓ I ? ư ( ./ / / ( J 0 (-/1 ./ 2 ( 9 K & * ;

* .1 # " H * # *1H* 3 ( A 0 (( / / ( B D 0 / *1H* " " & % 0 4 3525 0 / J # , 5(. / : 555 A 1> 86=.874.:38.:63.8 LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL M * .1 # " H * # *1H* 4 / / 2/ , %%% . . " N . . # "


. &

6 7 6 8 6 9 # # $ ! " " % + # # & / 6 9 7+( 485µ$1 $6 7+( 21/< +($9(1/< %22. $7 7+( ',6326$/ 2) 0$1.,1' { 6 7+( 485µ$1,& 02'( 2) 63((&+ { = 7+( $3267/( Ô• $1' (;3/$1$7,21 2) 7+( 485µ$1 { 25 0(17,21,1* 7:2 32,176 { 22 7+( 52/( 2) 7+( 485µ$1 ,1 /,)( { 23 7+( 485µ$1 $6 7+( 81,9(56$/ 6285&( 2) *8,'$1&( { 2 $1 (;$03/( 2) 7+( *(1(5$/ :$<6 2) 7+( 485µ$1 { 24 0$1,)(67$7,21 2) ',9,1( *5$&( ,1 7+( (67$%/,6+0(17 2) 7+( ,6/$0,& *29(510(17 { 2: 7+( 62/87,21 72 62&,$/ 352%/(06 /,(6 ,1 )2//2:,1* 7+( 485µ$1 { 27 25*$1,=,1* 62&,$/ $))$,56 $&&25',1* 72 7+( *8,'(/,1(6 2) 7+( 485µ$1 { 26 7+( 52/( 2) $1 2%-(&7,9( ,1 62&,$/ /,)( { 26 6(/) 68)),&,(1&< /,(6 ,1 )2//2:,1* 7+( 485µ$1 { 32 7+( 485µ$1 $6 $ 3$1$&($ )25 7+( 0267 6(5,286 0$/$',(6 { 3 7+( :,6'20 %(+,1' 620( &$/$0,7,(6 { 3: 287:$5' $1' 5($/ 5(63(&7 )25 7+( +2/< 485µ$1 { 38 7+( 485µ$1 $6 7+( 758( /,*+7 { 5 485µ$1,& /$036 $1' 5()/(&7,216 { 3 '(/,9(5$1&( 2) 7+( )2//2:(56 2) 7+( 485µ$1 21 7+( '$< 2) 5(6855(&7,21 { 4 $'021,7,21 $1' 5(0,1'(5 { 7 7+( 6(&5(7 2) 68&&(66 $1' 7+( 52/( 2) 7+( 485µ$1 { 6 A1|}/~( * * * ( ; J + K1(A A > *>; |€A9K; A> 9/ / JI K| *> { = 6 :7 "' # "' "+ "' " "+ ! " 6 :7 7+( 0$,1 352%/(0 { 42 7+( $'9,6( 2) ´$/Ư ´$ ,1 '($/,1* :,7+ 7+( 485µ$1 { 4 63(&8/$7,9( ,17(535(7$7,21 >7$)6Ư5 %,µ5 5$µ<@ { 44 7+( ,16758&7,21 2) ´$/Ư ´$ 72 $92,' 63(&8/$7,9( ,17(535(7$7,21 { 47 7:2 3(563(&7,9(6 21 7+( 485µ$1 $1' 5(/,*,286 7($&+,1*6 { 46 5(/,*,286 3/85$/,60 25 '(1,$/ 2) 5(/,*,21 ,1 7+( *$5% 2) ²',))(5(17 ,17(535(7$7,216³ { 48


7+( 1(&(66,7< 2) $&48,5,1* &203(7(1&( ,1 81'(567$1',1* $1' ,17(535(7,1* 7+( 485µ$1 { :3 ',))(5(17 '(*5((6 2) 0($1,1* $1' 81'(567$1',1* 2) 485µ$1,& &21&(376 { : &21),1,1* 7+( $3267/( Ô• $1' ,1)$//,%/( ,0Æ—06µ ´$ ,17(535(7$7,21 2) 7+( 485µ$1 72 7+( (;326,7,21 2) /$:6 { :7 $&48,5,1* 7+( .12:/('*( 3529,'(' %< 7+( $+/ $/ %$<7 ´$ $6 $ 35(5(48,6,7( ,1 81'(567$1',1* $1' ,17(535(7,1* 7+( 485µ$1 { :6 ,17(535(7,1* 7+( 485µ$1 %< 0($16 2) 7+( 485µ$1 { := 2%6(59,1* 7+( 35,1&,3/(6 $1' 58/(6 2) ,17(//(&78$/ ',6&2856( ,1 81'(567$1',1* 7+( 485µ$1 { :8 7+( 81'(567$1',1* 2) (;(*(7(6 &200(1685$7(6 :,7+ 7+(,5 &203(7(1&( { :8 7+( 1(&(66,7< 2) 3$<,1* $77(17,21 72 7+( /,1*8,67,& &217(;76 { 75 7+( (;,67(1&( 2) /,7(5$5< %($87,(6 ,1 7+( +2/< 485µ$1 { 72 6 ;8 ! " "' & % % "#% + 6 ;8 7+( &2175$',&725< 1$785( 2) 7587+ $1' )$/6(+22' { 7 7+( $//(*(' ,1$&&(66,%,/,7< 2) 7+( 7587+ 2) 5(/,*,21 { 7: ,1&8/&$7,21 $1' 5(3(7,7,21 $6 $ .(< :($321 2) 7+( '(9,/6 { 7= &,7,1* 7+( $//(*25,&$/ 9(56(6 >087$6+Æ—%,+Æ—7@ 2) 7+( 485µ$1 $6 $127+(5 :$< 2) &21)5217,1* 7+( 485µ$1 { 7= 7+( :,6'20 %(+,1' 7+( (;,67(1&( 2) $//(*25,&$/ 9(56(6 >087$6+Æ—%,+Æ—7@ ,1 7+( 485µ$1 { 65 $0$/*$0$7,21 2) 7587+ $1' )$/6(+22' $6 $127+(5 :($321 2) 7+( '(9,$7256 { 64 ²',))(5(17 ,17(535(7$7,216³ $6 $ :($321 ,1 &21)5217,1* 7+( 485µ$1 { 6: 027,9(6 2) 7+( 23321(176 2) 5(/,*,286 &8/785( $&&25',1* 72 7+( 485µ$1 { 6: 7+( 485µ$1,& 67$1&( 9,6 « 9,6 6(',7,21 >),71$+@ ,1 5(/,*,21 { 6= $UPHG VHGLWLRQ ÊŠ &XOWXUDO VHGLWLRQ ÊŠ 7+( :$51,1* 2) 7+( 485µ$1 $*$,167 &8/785$/ 6(',7,21 { =5 32/<7+(,60 >6+,5.@ 81'(5 $ 1(: *$5% { =5 7+( 35(',&7,21 2) 7+( 485µ$1 $%287 7+( (0(5*(1&( 2) 6(',7,21 ,1 5(/,*,21 { =3 )LQDQFLDO ILWQDK ÊŠ ,GHRORJLFDO ILWQDK ÊŠ )DOVH MXVWLILFDWLRQV DV WKH PRVW GDQJHURXV ILWQDK ÊŠ 2%6&85,1* 7+( $70263+(5( :,7+ 7+( $,0 2) 0,6/($',1* 38%/,& 23,1,21 { =7 ',67257(56 2) 5(/,*,286 7($&+,1*6 $&&25',1* 72 ´$/Ư ´$ { =6 36(8'2 086/,0 0$7(5,$/,676µ 75($70(17 2) 7+( 485µ$1 { 85 ,0Æ—0 ´$/Ưµ6 ´$ :$51,1* 72 7+( 3(23/( { 83


7+( 027,9( 2) 36(8'2 /($51(' ,*125$086(6 ,1 ',67257,1* 5(/,*,286 7($&+,1*6 $&&25',1* 72 ´$/Ư ´$ { 84 "' < 6 ==


# . # .

! " $% '

# & (

! * ' # ? $ @ , / % A

) ' &

# .

5 > 0 -

# A

* + ,

% # .

E G

B

# .

F

H


Ο ! ! ! "

9 $ " # # / # / DKO DO ED\W #

# % ! ! # . " PDNWDE % $ A % "

A #

% $ % % " 9 ( XPPDK % # % " / # / µD $

" # $

# $

( # $ " % * " * .1 # µD H * # " # ULVƗODK % $ % #

# .A " 9 * # " % " $KO DO %D\W µD % $ % # !

" #

# " 9 % " $ $KO DO %D\W µD C


3

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

" $ # B % A !

# ILΛUDK A * .1 # µD H * # $ % " % % % " # % % " $ " 9 * # " " # $ % "

C " % " # / # / µD "

% A

$ * .1 # µD H * # $ $ % "" % $ H $

" " ( ) A H !

$ / $ " /0 ) .( # * ! !

" $ H ! " 3URIHVVRU }# , ( ԓ 9 Cư ( ԕ Ƙԓ I ? ư % " ( ( J " "

# 9 " / &XOWXUDO $IIDLUV 'HSDUWPHQW )* 1µD2 3 .


#" ! #" !

Ο ! ! ! "

J, ? ' = , I J ? S ;R =$ 8 $ Q L ? % 7 42 P N O % = , C . L M ! % != 8 $ 8 K % $OO SUDLVH LV GXH WR $OODK WKH /RUG RI WKH ZRUOGV DQG PD\ WKH EOHVVLQJV RI $OODK EH XSRQ RXU 0DVWHU DQG 3URSKHW 0XΗDPPDG DQG KLV SXUH SURJHQ\ DQG PD\ WKH FXUVH RI $OODK EH XSRQ DOO WKHLU HQHPLHV * " % $ / # " $ " " # / # Ι 2 ( ( XPPDK3 % C " " # > % "

* Ι " " % % " # " WKLTO DO DNEDU $KO DO %D\W µD 2 " % % " # " WKLTO DO NDEưU

2 9 $ V̛ * $ $ V̛DOODOOƗKX µDOD\KL ZD ƗOLKƯ ZD VDOODP # "

" # % / # ( E) V̛ 9 3 8PPDK A # % % 9 $KO DO %D\W " K̚DGƯWK $KO DO %D\W " # µ,WUDK ƖO

" ! $ # * +, - /0 /0 # µD 9 + # $ % ( ) V̛ % $


4

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

( " $ # " # " * ΗDEO $OOƘK 3 Ι " $ & C # ( # "" " % U J L . V . #L ( - " - $ W # ! 3% T ³<RX VKDOO KDYH WKH XSSHU KDQG VKRXOG \RX EH WUXWKIXO ´ > % # % " # " % # # % " $KO DO %D\W µD ( #

A " % # # " $ # " " * . %

" # " ( # * ( " ? $ # $ * Ι > " OD\ODW DO TDGU 4 > % " / # " C #

% " $ " ? " "

" %

WDMZưG $

( H # %

? / # $

# $ ." % " / # (

!

$ " " $ % " $ VE / % $ A , A , ./0 # µD + # " A , .( µD + $ %%% . " C 9 2 9 $ µD * $ $ µDOD\KL¶V VDOƗP µDOD\KLP¶XV VDOƗP µDOD\KƗ¶V VDOƗP #

% " A , " # µD 9 3 ư C A Ƙ G O ԔƘ C µD ! A Ƙ + # $KO DO %D\W µD # " H & * % * µ+ROG IDVW DOO WRJHWKHU WR $OODK¶V FRUG DQG GR QRW EH GLYLGHG >LQWR VHFWV@¶ 6ǍUDK ƗO µ,PUƘQ 25

* .9 ư 7DIVưU DO .DEưU # $ 25 ' A Ԓ B . / # ư $O 6̚DZƘ¶LT DO 0XK̚ULTDK & & 22 2 3 9 6njUDK ƖO µ,PUƗQ 2 8 A $ " ## * , 7KH 4XU¶DQ ZLWK D 3KUDVH E\ 3KUDVH (QJOLVK 7UDQVODWLRQ J A & " * $ 3554 9 4 6ǍUDK DO 4DGU 86 2.: 9


,QWURGXFWLRQ

:

/ A Ƙ D ư U 2 $ # A | $ A % " A Ƙ U 9% / # DO ΗDUDPD\Q DO VKDUƯID\Q ( ( $ # # VKDZUƘ "

$ # ( *

$ % # " % " ΖDMM " %

" " A # ( A |

A + " %

" % #

" % " % ( $ $ $ % * " ( $ !

%

# " % $ # 9 $ ! # " ( " # µLWUDK µD " % # / # Ι A

$ $ % 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK3 / # 1 C % "

$ & + µD A % " $ " ! # A " " $ " " * ư µD

" QƘΛLT $ ! " 9 B # " $ # / Ɨ# Ƙ ( ԕ Ƙԓ I ? ư | ԑƘ 2428.35 */ ; 32 288=.G # 2= 2888 ; 25 2888.G # =

2 9 $ U * $ $ UDK̚PDWXOOƗK µDOD\KL UDK̚PDWXOOƗK µDOD\KƗ UDK̚PDWXOOƗK µDOD\KLP #

%

9 3 1DKM DO %DOƗJKDK 9 C

# " & + A , * * 9F, µD # .| ) ( ) ./0 # 457 */ 2527 9

$ # H !

% / # V̛ % C C 252 ! " $

% 1DKM DO %DOƗJKDK " $ " + $ %%% . " B 9


7

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

3555 9 B # I ? Æ° " " $ " "

% % %

# " " A % Ԓ BB .A Ƙ *ԓ ( ԓ ư " " Ԓ BB .A Ƙ ( ԓ ( ư >Ƙ ư ư " H

„ χ C @ D


$ $ # ! #

! " A % % % $ # " 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK % $ # " A Ƙ * ư µD 35 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK µD " ( # % $ # / % # ! 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK / # 9 A Ƙ µD # 2

N ! + ? 7 X YZ ! / ( 4 ; [ 3 0 ' #( % ²7KH %RRN RI $OODK LV DPRQJ \RX ,W VSHDNV DQG LWV WRQJXH GRHV QRW IDOWHU ³ 7KDW LV WR VD\ ²7KH 4XUµDQ LV DFFHVVLEOH WR \RX &RQWUDU\ WR RWKHU KHDYHQO\ VFULSWXUHV OLNH WKH RQHV UHYHDOHG WR ԒDԑUDW 0ǍVƘ 0RVHV DQG ԒDԑUDW ´ƯVƘ -HVXV ´D WKH 4XUµDQ LV DW \RXU GLVSRVDO ³ ,W LV VDLG WKDW LQ WKH SDVW HVSHFLDOO\ DPRQJ WKH -HZV WKH UHYHDOHG VFULSWXUH KDG QRW EHHQ DW WKH

2 A $ C 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK # * | ? 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK 7KH 3HDN RI (ORTXHQFH + A & " H 288: 9 3 +̔DG̚UDW 9 * % +̔DG̚UDW

9


=

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

GLVSRVDO RI WKH PDVVHV 2QO\ VRPH SDUWV RI WKH 7RUDK ZHUH DW WKH GLVSRVDO RI -HZLVK GLYLQHV DQG LW ZDV QRW SRVVLEOH IRU WKH PDVVHV WR KDYH DFFHVV WR LW 5HJDUGLQJ WKH KHDYHQO\ VFULSWXUH UHYHDOHG WR ԒDԑUDW ´ƯVƘ ´D LWV VWDWXV KDV EHHQ PRUH ZRUULVRPH EHFDXVH ZKDW LV NQRZQ WRGD\ DV WKH *RVSHO >LQMưO@ DPRQJ WKH &KULVWLDQV LV QRW WKH ERRN UHYHDOHG WR ԒDԑUDW ´ƯVƘ DO 0DVưԓ -HVXV WKH 0HVVLDK ´D ,W UDWKHU FRQVLVWV RI VXEMHFWV FRPSLOHG E\ FHUWDLQ LQGLYLGXDOV DQG NQRZQ DV WKH )RXU &DQRQLFDO *RVSHOV 7KXV IRUPHU FRPPXQLWLHV ZHUH GHSULYHG RI DFFHVV WR WKH KHDYHQO\ VFULSWXUHV %XW WKH 4XUµDQ KDV D GLIIHUHQW VWRU\ 7KH PDQQHU RI UHYHODWLRQ RI WKH 4XUµDQ DQG LWV UHFLWLQJ DQG WHDFKLQJ E\ WKH +RO\ 3URSKHW Ι ZDV VXFK WKDW WKH SHRSOH PHPRUL]HG LWV YHUVHV DQG WKH 4XUµDQ LQ LWV FRPSOHWH IRUP ZDV DW WKHLU GLVSRVDO $PRQJ WKH RWKHU LPSRUWDQW GLVWLQFWLRQV RI WKLV KHDYHQO\ ERRN LV WKDW *RG WKH ([DOWHG +LPVHOI DVVXPHV WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI JXDUGLQJ DQG SUHVHUYLQJ WKH +RO\ 4XUµDQ IURP DQ\ IRUP RI WKUHDW ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH 0HVVHQJHU RI $OODK Ι PDGH VXUH WKH 0XVOLPV PHPRUL]HG LWV GLYLQH YHUVHV VR WKDW D JRRG QXPEHU RI 0XVOLPV KDG PHPRUL]HG WKH ZKROH 4XUµDQ ZLWKLQ KLV OLIHWLPH 7KH\ XVHG WR SUHSDUH PDQXVFULSWV RI YHUVHV DV VRRQ DV WKH\ ZHUH UHYHDOHG DQG JUDGXDOO\ PHPRUL]H WKHP 7KH GXSOLFDWLRQ RI WKHVH PDQXVFULSWV DQG OHDUQLQJ RI WKH 4XUµDQ E\ KHDUW PDGH LW DFFHVVLEOH WR HYHU\ERG\ ԒDԑUDW ´$Oư ´D VD\V ²7KH %RRN RI $OODK LV DPRQJ \RX ,W VSHDNV DQG LWV WRQJXH GRHV QRW IDOWHU ³ ,W LV ZRUWK\ WR UHIOHFW RQ WKH VHFRQG VWDWHPHQW 7KDW LV WR VD\ WKLV ERRN KDV WKH SRZHU RI VSHHFK DQG LWV WRQJXH QHLWKHU IDOWHUV QRU IHHOV WLUHG +H ´D FRQWLQXHV

N ! $ 3 \] ; X ]$ % / N! ( 3 \= ; X ^ 0 % ²,W LV D KRXVH ZKRVH SLOODUV GR QRW IDOO GRZQ DQG D SRZHU ZKRVH VXSSRUWHUV DUH QHYHU URXWHG ³ # " ! # " 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK A Ƙ * ư µD # "

" A #

! A Ƙ µD #

A

A % ! # A µD

2 9 > % 9 $ ?

( J ( % G 9


&KDSWHU

8

ΙƘPLWXQ QƘΛLT 2 9

H A

! %

$ $ #

$ A # % 9

$ " % " % " " $ " " $ % $ # % # % $ %

9 ( %

# " " % # " " A % $ % %

* # % $ % % $ % / # % $ $ # 9 % #. %

$ 9 % $ " 1# $ " ! % $

" / # % A % #

" " " "

A

% %

" % % Ԓ ԑ * ư µD % # A % ! # A / # H ! $ % $ # " H % $ # " I # $ "

# $ " " $ % " ! * Ι A Ƙ ´D % " % " + !

% ( $ $ / # #

! 9

2 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK 246 A " 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK + #ԑ .A Ƙ * "


25

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

# ΙƘPLW 9

! % $ % " % $ %Μ% & * Ι XPPDK ! $ $ * " * Ι / #

U ; " ] ! . a L M # 4( _ ` " L ] ! 3% T ³:H KDYH VHQW GRZQ WKH UHPLQGHU WR \RX VR WKDW \RX PD\ FODULI\ IRU WKH SHRSOH WKDW ZKLFK KDV EHHQ VHQW GRZQ WR WKHP ´2 9 H "

% $ ( " # # A

! * Ι A Ƙ µD $ $

% % # * Ι A Ƙ µD % ( $ # "

A % $ " %

% % # 9 $ " $ " %

"

$ # H H * " % " "

Ԓ ԑ * ư µD FRQYH\V LWV PHVVDJH WR WKH SHRSOH DQG SURYLGHV WKH SURRI >ΗXMMDK@ WR WKH 0XVOLPV ,Q GHVFULELQJ WKH +RO\ 4XUµDQ LQ 6HUPRQ WKH &RPPDQGHU RI WKH )DLWKIXO ´D WKXV VD\V

e 7 =C % /f g7 . $ N -" X3 N L $ ( 4 M b 3 % / YP L 7 % / c P L # -O 4 ` d L 0 . h ! % / R 6 i %6 % / j , $ A A #

% ' A % # D % % " % # " % $ #

2 6njUDK DO 1DK̚O 27 44


&KDSWHU

22

9 $ % " " # % $ %

% $

C .

"

! "

C # % " " " % " * Ι A Ƙ " µD % $KO DO %D\W µD * % + * ԕ A Ƙ " TXU¶ƘQ QƘΛLT A % $ Ԓ ԑ * ư µD # A A #

% 9 9 # * #

% ! A Ƙ µD # 9 A Ƙ µD

! # # % " * # & + µD

" " "

9 # A Ƙ

% " ( # %

# " " $ " 9 A Ƙ µD # 1 A % # 9 # A % # # % "

" # % $ # " #

/ # D % % " % # " % $ # 9 A # % # # " / # % " $KO DO %D\W µD ' ( ) + ( % $ #

$ # " " % % # A $ $ #

% $ # !

9 µD


23

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

1# " # " % $

# / # " $ $ # # # # # ! % # /

A % " % " $ A % # % % # / $ % $ A / # " $

% / A Ƙ * ư µD # D % % " % Ԓ ԑ * ư µD A # " % $ # 9 ! " 9 # % % # " $ $ # !

" # " $ # C % # " # # " $ 9 # "

9 # # $ # $ # # % " > % " " $

$ # $ # " $ % # A 2=8 µD # % " $ A % 9 %

# " Ԓ ԑ * ư µD 9 % $ # $ $ H % "

$ "

ưPƘQ # \DTưQ A $ % # $ # % " % $ I

$ # %

# %


2

&KDSWHU

% # # $ $ # # C A % % % # $

" $ " $ J

# C " ( " 9 % # $ $ % 9 / # % " % # # " % % $ 9 " % # $ A % $ " $ # % $ " " " $ A " # ! % % % $ ? " GưQ µDTO 9 " % # "

A # #. $ " ? # " # "

!

9 " % " $ " ( C % $ % $ #

$ % ( .( 9 * Ι " ( " % " $ #

J l 0 % ? k M Z 3

% " $ & 2 9 #

% " !

$ C $ " " > % # ! # "

!

" % % " " I % " # % " A B $ % $ $ $ $ $ #

9 " A % # $ " #

2 %LΗƘU DO $QZƘU $ 2 266


24

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

( % A % Ԓ ԑ * ư µD " % % " % # # ! # & ! ( ) 9 / #

) 0_ ( 5 5 % B W p % i i ,+ * . & no (4 0 ; $ LC # : * % L. O m O m 4 ) 12 3 -3 % T ' ) 7 U U - M+ ! ( ,0 2 !_) b g ³,I WKH SHRSOH RI WKH WRZQV KDG EHHQ IDLWKIXO DQG *RG ZDU\ :H ZRXOG KDYH RSHQHG WR WKHP EOHVVLQJV IURP WKH KHDYHQV DQG WKH HDUWK %XW WKH\ GHQLHG VR :H VHL]HG WKHP EHFDXVH RI ZKDW WKH\ XVHG WR HDUQ ´2 9 $ PXΗNDPƘW % " " A " " 9 " # # % % * 9 $ " " " $ " 9 $ ! % # $ " $ " % $ " "

" " $ ưPƘQ .% WDTZƘ A " $ $ " % " " " % #

A " "

$ $ $ " % 9 #

U =7 =q 0 _$ -" 4 : ( r % ! = 7 sW 4 t r T ³,I \RX DUH JUDWHIXO , ZLOO VXUHO\ HQKDQFH \RX >LQ EOHVVLQJ@ EXW LI \RX DUH XQJUDWHIXO 0\ SXQLVKPHQW LV LQGHHG VHYHUH ´3 / A " $ " % " A % " / # H # "

# " $ %

"

2 6njUDK DO $µUƗI 6 87 3 6ǍUDK ,EUƗKƯP 24 6


&KDSWHU

2:

% % " " " ' ( " ! * ! " ( ! H % " # A Ƙ * ư µD " % (

B " $ $ $ + # " #

# " " $ H $ " # # $ " " "

A " $

? *

( " / # ZDOư DO IDTưK B ."

# A Ƙ µD ! " / " " A " $

A # $ # % " B # | % % % ? # % " $

$ " > % % # # 2 $ # A | $ %

! #

| $ " " $ . % # " " " $ # $ * A A "

! " " $ " (

A # "

# # " $ # $ * B C # # H " " $ # $

! " % $ Ԓ ԑ * ư µD # 2:6 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK " " % # $ " $

2 > % # #


27

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

" ! ) ( 9 Ԓ ԑ * ư µD "

# / # A Ι %

- O 4 0 ? h , 1 u P ( # : $ ^ M + # d" H $ " % % # # " # " $ " # " $ ." $ " " # 2 9

." $ " B $ $

$ # " $

# $ "

$ # $ # $ #

% " 9 % %

A " $ # # ! $ ." $ "

"

! 3 JKDUE]DGHK KƘ " $ A $ * " % A |

A ( A % " A

! " $ " PXµML]DK * Ι " # $

$ ZLOƘ\DK DO IDTưK " B % ! ZLOƘ\DK * Ι A Ƙ µD

" " #

" # % ( A % $ % " " "

# $ % # % % "

2 %LΗƘU DO $QZƘU $ 83 26 3 % "

# H 9 JKDUE]DGHJƘQ JKDUE]DGHK KƘ ? # G , } * ) 2878 % % % " *KDUE]DGHJƯ

" | & / * " 2FFLGHQWRVLV $ 3ODJXH IURP WKH :HVW 1 # * .( ? 28=4 9


26

&KDSWHU

A # #

# % " # " " . $ # 9 % $ % " " $ " " Ô’ Ô‘ * Æ° µD #

A % $ % " B $

1# " ! " A Ƙ µD "

"

# % + ( , ( " "" ( ( Ô’ Ô‘ * Æ° µD #

L 0 . h ! % / R 6 i %6 % / j , $ e7 =C % /f g7 . $ N -" X3 Â…D % % " % # " % $ # †2 * " % " A Ƙ µD Â…ÂŒ " % $ # † 9 # Â…9 # % # " " # 9 $ # # † A ! " % $ # 9 " B $ $ # # # 9 " % B B $ A # " $ # " $ A " B $ B # % " " B $ - " " * B $ % A B $ " # 1# " $ % $ B $ A B $

2 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK 2:6


2=

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

" # $ # #

" % " 9 % "

% $

%

" # " 9

% " # $ # " " % $ % % ? # $ % ' %

# A $

A

… † % ( $ % "

A # $ # " %

H $ # # $ H # H " % " " … † " ? # # # # "

" 9

" " " % % #

# " . 9 H $

" "

A # A $ # " " $ " $ # B $ " # "

% % # |

A $ % # > % # " % $ % #

! Ô’ Ô‘ * Æ° µD " # % $ % ZLOƘ\DK " " 1# " " ! Ô’ Ô‘ * Æ° µD " ? " #


&KDSWHU

28

% " * # " # A Ƙ µD # 9 " % $ # 9 # 9 # # A % A # " # % # B # " " # $ " # " A % " % $ # $ A $ # $ #. " ?

$ " " % $ #

$ * % % * ԒDԑUDW ´$Oư ´D ZDQWV WR VWDWH WKH VRFLDO GLPHQVLRQV RI WKH +RO\ 4XUµDQ %\ VD\LQJ ²<RXU VRFLDO RUGHU LV LQ WKH +RO\ 4XUµDQ ³ ,PƘP ´$Oư ´D ZDQWV WR WHOO WKH 0XVOLPV DQG KLV IROORZHUV WKDW WKH\ PXVW RUJDQL]H WKHLU SROLWLFDO DIIDLUV DQG VRFLDO UHODWLRQV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH 4XUµDQ 2I FRXUVH LW LV FOHDU WKDW DV ORQJ DV WKHVH VWDWHG DGPRQLWLRQV DUH FRQVLGHUHG QRQ ELQGLQJ PRUDO DGPRQLWLRQV E\ WKH RIILFLDOV RI WKH ,VODPLF V\VWHP DQG DUH QRW KHDUWLO\ DFFHSWHG DQG EHOLHYHG E\ WKHP WKLV KHDYHQO\ KHDOLQJ SUHVFULSWLRQ ZLOO QRW FXUH DQ\ RI WKH VRFLDO LOOV RI RXU VRFLHW\ %\ PHQWLRQLQJ WKH NH\ SRLQWV RI WKH SROLF\ RI WKH UHOLJLRXV V\VWHP ,PƘP ´$Oư ´D UHYHDOV WKH WUXWKV ZLWKRXW DFWLQJ XSRQ ZKLFK LW LV LPSRVVLEOH WR UHDOL]H D KXPDQ VRFLHW\ EDVHG XSRQ MXVWLFH DQG HTXLW\ LQ ZKLFK DOO LQGLYLGXDOV HQMR\ WKHLU ULJKWV DQG DWWDLQ GHVLUDEOH SHUIHFWLRQ 7KHUHIRUH WKH PRVW IXQGDPHQWDO DQG SLYRWDO IDFWRU LV WKH IDLWK EHOLHI RU FRQYLFWLRQ RI WKH JRYHUQPHQW RIILFLDOV DQG DXWKRULWLHV LQ WKH RYHUDOO GLFWXP DQG SUHFHSWV RI WKH +RO\ 4XUµDQ 6R ORQJ DV WKH\ GR QRW KDYH VLQFHUH IDLWK DQG ILUP FRQYLFWLRQ LQ WKH 4XUµDQ DQG WKH HIILFLHQF\ RI LWV LQVWUXFWLRQV LQ VROYLQJ WKH SUREOHPV RI VRFLHW\ DQG HQVXULQJ WKH KDSSLQHVV RI PDQ QRW RQO\ WKH\ GR QRW WDNH WKH 4XUµDQ DV D PRGHO LQ SUDFWLFH EXW WKH\ DOVR GR QRW ZDQW WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH 4XUµDQ 2I FRXUVH VLQFH WKH\ UXOH RYHU 0XVOLP SHRSOH LQ DQ ,VODPLF FRXQWU\ LQ VORJDQ WKH\ PLJKW RVWHQVLEO\ FDOO WKHPVHOYHV DQG WKHLU JRYHUQPHQW DQ ,VODPLF JRYHUQPHQW MXVW WR SUHVHUYH WKHLU VWDQGLQJ LQ WKH H\HV RI WKHLU RZQ SHRSOH DQG RWKHU 0XVOLPV 7KLV LV ZKLOH WKH RQO\ JRYHUQPHQW PRGHO QRW GLVFXVVHG E\ WKHP LV WKH JRYHUQPHQW EDVHG RQ WKH ODZV RI ,VODP DQG SDWWHUQHG DIWHU WKH 4XUµDQ <HW WKLV DOLHQDWLRQ RI VR FDOOHG ,VODPLF VWDWHV IURP WKH UHOLJLRQ DQG 4XUµDQLF FXOWXUH HVSHFLDOO\ LQ UHODWLRQ WR SROLWLFV DQG WKH DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ RI VRFLHW\ LV VRPHWKLQJ QRW


35

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

XQNQRZQ WR WKH 0XVOLPV EHFDXVH WKH\ NQRZ WKDW WKH V\VWHPV RI JRYHUQPHQW LQ WKHLU UHVSHFWLYH FRXQWULHV DUH QRW ,VODPLF DQG WKH GRPLQDQW FXOWXUH DQG PLQGVHW RI WKH JRYHUQPHQW RIILFLDOV DUH WRWDOO\ GLIIHUHQW IURP WKH PLQGVHW DQG SDUDGLJP EDVHG XSRQ WKH 4XUµDQLF FXOWXUH :KDW LV DVWRQLVKLQJ DQG VXUSULVLQJ IRU PDQ DQG DW WKH VDPH WLPH D FDXVH RI FRQFHUQ DQG UHJUHW LV WKH FXOWXUDO FRQGLWLRQ SUHYDLOLQJ LQ RXU GHDU ,VODPLF FRXQWU\ RI ,UDQ±WKH FRXQWU\ ZKHUH D UHYROXWLRQ EDVHG RQ WKH LQVWUXFWLRQV RI WKH 4XUµDQ DQG WKH UHOLJLRXV FXOWXUH DQG XQGHU WKH OHDGHUVKLS RI WKH ZLOƘ\DK DO IDTưK KDV EHHQ VXFFHVVIXOO\ VWDJHG A

# % # $ % " $ # " # " $ " $ # H " 9 # # $ % # A | $ " $ % " " # ! # # # ! " $ " # # " " $ # #

$ $

# % # " # " # A

B

$

! " # " $ % "

" $ $ ? # ! $ " . / % $ " $ " " % ! " B $ "

. # % $ A $ # " $ " B C # # %

$ " $ $ # $ % K $ # 9 #

" $ $ # %

% " $ "

? "

" $ " $ *

" % !

# " " $ " " " " $ . .$ $ " # ! 9 " " ! #


32

&KDSWHU

" B

*

#

Ԓ ԑ * ư µD 26: 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK C " % # / # 9 % " % $ % * ư µD " " $ $ # # $ # " $ ZLOƘ\DK A

" #

# . " $ $ " # A # # . / " " ) ( ,Q WKH VDLG VHUPRQ Ԓ ԑ * ư µD / # # "

> , 7 / yz 7 *L 2 -3 > _ v= & C ,w ) % / /@1A X > > _ > > 6 ; ) % /x X > > _ {K 2 -O O 4 ) _2 , $ % % 3 / / m=5 = 522 5 5 ~ ~ 6 7s - l ) ! %3 ~ ~ 6 7] 0 NL $ \ X" =9 3 -O O 4 ) _2 2 | } . % / / 8_ ) 7 X

D< , , $ . - - l ) !

* %

$ % $ $ % $ % $

> % % % $ " 2 9 A Ƙ * ư µD #

. c :q # / . -O O 4 ) 1 M = = 9X X X% / Q =? 0 = = 93 < < $ | N*! 3 Q . -O O 4 ) , $ %

/ / 5 5:: L& % 45 5): : ) 2 % / /'i *= 4M () 3 . i :t N - / R %X < < $ N0 L ?# % / / R %6 3 D A * % x z ) % I % %

# " " %

% " 9

#

# A

2 1DKM DO %DOƗJKDK 26:


33

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

"" # # # $ " 2 9 % ! $ #

% $ # / # $ " $ ! "

% $ % $ # 9 A # # $ ? " $ # $ " % $ $

# A #

# " # # A Ƙ µD

" / B % " % % " # " WKLTO DO DNEDU $ $

# # > %

% " # % $

9 " # B C # $ $ " !

"

% % A %

. * A Ƙ µD # 9

#

# 9 # " $ # # " # " # " 9 " % # $ # % " " " !

" A % $

% % % # $

$ ! #

U }4 . N 1 ? 7 N Y# 7 .% T ³$QG ZKRHYHU LV ZDU\ RI $OODK +H VKDOO PDNH D ZD\ RXW IRU KLP´3

2 ,ELG 3 6njUDK DO ΚDOƗT 7: 3


&KDSWHU

3

" ! ! 9 % " % % % % " $KO DO %D\W µD % $ C # #

% " I $ #

" " $ $ . .$ " $ # " $ % " # $KO DO %D\W µD $ Ԓ ԑ * ư µD " NXIU # # QLIƘT " ΕDOƘO % # 9 B # $ # $ # A "" # # # $ " A Ƙ * ư µD

! # $ #

$ # "# # * # % % " % % C

$ % # * $ "

/ # " % # % % # " ." $ C % " * % % 9 # $ % # + &

1 ! A / % # $ / % " # H / " % " $

9 " $ " % # !

/ A $ " " % # # !

" " / 9 % # $ " " #

" # A


34

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

# # $ " $ $ # " " 1# " #

! /

" % # | * # " " # " A C " " $ & " " # " % #

"

A Ƙ µD DZOL\Ƙ¶ * A %

$ C % # # " $ % " " ; $ 9 / # $ " % # + ! " % $ 9 %

% % % 9 !

% "

$ " / % $ % " Ԓ ԑ >Ǎԓ > µD # TDZP "

" $ # % %

* < " E ~* ( 6 ] 7 % = .& $ i i ,*+ 1 4 7 N " 0 * 0 * % % 4: z # \ 7% T U U J. 4 . # X% ³2 P\ SHRSOH 3OHDG ZLWK \RXU /RUG IRU IRUJLYHQHVV WKHQ WXUQ WR +LP SHQLWHQWO\ +H ZLOO VHQG FRSLRXV UDLQV IRU \RX IURP WKH VN\ DQG DGG SRZHU WR \RXU >SUHVHQW@ SRZHU 6R GR QRW WXUQ \RXU EDFNV >RQ +LP@ DV JXLOW\ RQHV ´2 A # " $ " $ % % % " ! #

2 6njUDK +njG 22 :3


3:

&KDSWHU

* " $ # A / % # # # # ! %

% ' / % % # " 9

# % $ % # " # ! / % | " " / % " " " " #

U - ( N 7 -3 r t 6 3 d" c4 . 3 ,! " T ³:KHQ +H ZLOOV VRPHWKLQJ DOO +H QHHGV WR GR LV WR VD\ WR LW µ%H ¶ DQG LW LV ´2 ) ! ! " ! A $ B % ! / % / " / $ " % # A " / % #

% $ / # 9 # % " "

$ " " $ $ $ " $

µD " I

# % " " K # % " # % # %

# # # * $ C % #

* " $ "

9

U < Lz # cO - 3 < zP - +! -" ( T ³,QGHHG PDQ EHFRPHV UHEHOOLRXV ZKHQ KH FRQVLGHUV KLPVHOI ZLWKRXW QHHG ´3 A B # # " $ " $ / %

2 6njUDK <Ɨ 6ƯQ 7 =3 3 6ǍUDK DO µ$ODT 87 7.6


37

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

% # %

" $ A ? / % $ # # /

" " $ " / " #

$ # % " $ #

? 9 " / B # # %

/ $ K " ?

" µD % # 9

U - $4 A 7 ; ? i 4A % i g M 0 ; 2 3 !_ b 3 X" M ! . Q7 4 L 3 .% T ³:H GLG QRW VHQG D SURSKHW WR DQ\ WRZQ ZLWKRXW YLVLWLQJ LWV SHRSOH ZLWK VWUHVV DQG GLVWUHVV VR WKDW WKH\ PLJKW HQWUHDW >IRU $OODK¶V IRUJLYHQHVV@ ´2 6: 67 6ǍUDK DO 0X¶PLQǍQ ! B

, 8 _? 0 2 !_ b 3 = % - ;, ? 7 ; ! z Z 4j . ;0 . L: q ( % 2 L, 9 % T

U - $4 A # 7 .% ; 0 4 ! #

³6KRXOG :H KDYH PHUF\ XSRQ WKHP DQG UHPRYH WKHLU GLVWUHVV IURP WKHP WKH\ ZRXOG VXUHO\ SHUVLVW EHZLOGHUHG LQ WKHLU UHEHOOLRQ &HUWDLQO\ :H KDYH VHL]HG WKHP ZLWK SXQLVKPHQW \HW WKH\ QHLWKHU KXPEOHG WKHPVHOYHV EHIRUH WKHLU /RUG QRU GLG WKH\ HQWUHDW >+LP IRU PHUF\@ ´3 9 # %

" "

% # $ " A " ΗXMMDK ! # $

# # % $ A $ 43 44 6ǍUDK DO $QµƘP A Ι

2 6njUDK DO $µUƗI 6 84 3 6ǍUDK DO 0X¶PLQǍQ 3 6:.67


36

&KDSWHU

d) " X X 5 5 - $*4 A 5 5 # #7 ; ? i * i 4A * % i i g ) M ) 0 2 !_ ) b g ` M &. . 3 < < " L 3 = % T ; *7 s % ; 0 ^+ 5 5 % ) 5* 5, , - 5 5 , ? 7 ) ! ( . - P *q $*4 A L g) 0 2 i i }

% 3 i t 1( 8 03 ; $ # N0 ) % d E Q# z 0 2 !_) b 3 ) % ,0 ) 94 d" <* < #9 LC % 4 ( d . ) +! U U - + M x. 2 ³:H KDYH FHUWDLQO\ VHQW >DSRVWOHV@ WR QDWLRQV EHIRUH \RX WKHQ :H VHL]HG WKHP ZLWK VWUHVV DQG GLVWUHVV VR WKDW WKH\ PLJKW HQWUHDW >8V@ :K\ GLG WKH\ QRW HQWUHDW ZKHQ 2XU SXQLVKPHQW RYHUWRRN WKHP %XW WKHLU KHDUWV KDG KDUGHQHG DQG 6DWDQ KDG PDGH WR VHHP GHFRURXV WR WKHP ZKDW WKH\ KDG EHHQ GRLQJ 6R ZKHQ WKH\ IRUJRW ZKDW WKH\ KDG EHHQ DGPRQLVKHG RI :H RSHQHG IRU WKHP WKH JDWHV RI DOO >JRRG@ WKLQJV :KHQ WKH\ UHMRLFHG LQ ZKDW WKH\ ZHUH JLYHQ :H VHL]HG WKHP VXGGHQO\ ZKHUHDW EHKROG WKH\ ZHUH GHVSRQGHQW ´2 H $ %

VXQQDW $OOƘK %

XPPDK J * Ι !

+

" $ " * #

%

% % # # % " A # # $

A

# # # % # % "

% ! $ " 1# " " " # # # " / % A % " # " " # % " " % $ % % " ( " / $ " % "

% 1# % # # Ԓ ԑ >Ǎԓ µD * 8:5 # $ " Ԓ ԑ >Ǎԓ µD %

$ * "

" " % " " $ %

2 6njUDK DO $QµƗP 7 43.44


3=

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

" $ $ A

# ! "

U i , . L, l ? 7 1M } < " > % T ³, VKDOO WDNH UHIXJH RQ D PRXQWDLQ LW ZLOO SURWHFW PH IURP WKH IORRG ´2 * % % $

1# " # ! $ " %

> % " ! "

# ! A $ " % "

% /

% " # !

# A $ " A % % %

$ $ " # "

% "

" * B % %

#

" K # % % " % # A # % # $ " $ ; / " % # % # $ % $

U = . $ i ,+ 1 4 7 : - ( N! " 0 % 4: z # ^ T ³7KHQ , WROG >WKHP@ µ3OHDG WR \RXU /RUG IRU IRUJLYHQHVV ,QGHHG +H LV WKH $OO IRUJLYLQJ +H ZLOO VHQG IRU \RX DEXQGDQW UDLQV IURP WKH VN\ ´3 9 $ % "

# * !

# ( # K # $ # A | $ A ! $

2 6njUDK +njG 22 4 3 6njUDK 1njΗ 62 25.22


&KDSWHU

38

A # H

# # " „ "

/ A " $ „ ƒ % / … # % $ ‰ A # * / % # #

#†2ƒ

$ $ % " % 3 :55.# . " # A 9 „ %

/ / # " „

/ / # % " # * #% # / # " „ $ % " % $ ? " B 9 % # $ " $ " 9 ƒ " $ ƒ " ? $

/ % $ %

% % % + ) " 0 9

% # ( %

9 / #

$ # %

# 9 # ? $ 9 $ " % $ % „ $ ( # " " ? $

% $ $ " " % " # ? $ % "

# " B C # K # # " ! $ (

" > %

# $ # ( " " " " / # # " " ? " $ $ # # % %

? / # € WDMZưG WDUWưO #

" % A "

" (

2 6ÇŒUDK 0XKÌšDPPDG 46 6


5

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

# % $ % # % " ( #

" # 9 # $ % $ $ ! A %

" ( 9 $ $

$ # # $ > % % % $

$ # $ ! " " " „ ! % " " / % $ "

" # " ? % # „ % %

$ #

% / # $ (

" 9 # "

/ # # ( # # " „ * " # $ " ? + # % %

" $ $ # " %

" " B 9 " " $ % " ! $ ( $ # " # "

" % " " % $ $ #

$ $ # % " 9

%

( $ „ " „ / " # " U B g % o % ,+ ! N ³$OODK LV WKH /LJKW RI WKH 2 KHDYHQV DQG WKH HDUWK ´ A " „ ! % " ! " ! # * % „ Â… " † # " % # $ % " " "

2 6ÇŒUDK DO 1ÇŒU 34 :


2

&KDSWHU

" %

" $ " % $ " " # %

A % "

$ " $ * „ ! Â… " † # " U JM . 8 #( % ! N . (i } = T ³&HUWDLQO\ WKHUH KDV FRPH WR \RX D OLJKW IURP $OODK DQG D PDQLIHVW %RRN´2 * # " # " #

* " A * Ι Ô’ Ô‘ * Æ° µD # 2=8 % " / #

c 4 ? = 7 X 4 C0 % / c= M‡ 7 X } 4 % / NC 0 l. g: P X ! 8 # N $ ] ! 3 ‰ …9 * 1 " % ! " % " %

†3 A " # "

! # Ô’ Ô‘ * Æ° µD % C ( % " % % " $ %

A # A Ƙ * Æ° µD Â… " † % ! " % " 9 " % " %

# " "# " % # " " " % % " 1# " " " " % #

% # # % % $ # 9 # " A # % " " " $ $ ! " * % # " / #

2 6ÇŒUDK DO 0Æ—¶LGDK : 2: 3 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK 2=8


3

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

" % " " # % % $ A A Ƙ * ư µD #

Q , [ N? . | !% 9 " % % 2 9 $ # % # " # 9 A Ƙ µD % $ $

% "

C % " . % % " " ! " * % % " 9 9% H " # 9 " ΗDGưWK DO WKDTDOD\Q µLWUDW " # ԕ % $ " " # 1# " " " $ ? 9 A Ƙ µD % " $ 9 #

" " PXWDVKƘELKƘW $ PXΗNDPƘW "

% $

( %

VXQQDW $OOƘK

$ C % " $KO DO %D\W µD $

% $ % # " # / # " A LPƘPDK !

% # " % $ 9 " # $ ! " " $ " % $KO DO %D\W µD # % $

"

U -% 4 c4 ( % c ! # . N % ; 2 g 0 N ! % V: P -% =7 47 T ³7KH\ GHVLUH WR SXW RXW WKH OLJKW RI $OODK ZLWK WKHLU PRXWKV EXW $OODK VKDOO SHUIHFW +LV OLJKW WKRXJK WKH IDLWKOHVV VKRXOG EH DYHUVH ´2

2 ,ELG


&KDSWHU

* Ԓ ԑ * ư µD % % ! " % " 9 ! $ % $ % % % " $KO DO %D\W µD # C % % " $ # " * $ # $ % " % $ % # $ C A # * %

# " $ $ # " DZOL\Ƙ¶ * % % " $ # $ $ / % " 9 % " PDµULIDK % # $ #

A # !

* Ι A Ƙ µD % % " 1 µLOP DO NLWƘE * #

% % % H $ $ # " " ! * Ι A Ƙ µD A $ " % % A Ƙ .ԔƘ C µD #

# Y C ) Q 7 C ! % * M ) Q , ( % ! Wp ! C ! % Q &4 { 0 l. % ~ * M L x 1 7 6 L C ! % D Lx ! ; # ~ q , ) { 0 l. C ! % m 2 ;L $ 4 b* g . % < ! ;? M . H QXEXZZDK " ULVƘODK H " J " % * " # H ' % $ % $ % $ " # H % J " " 3 *

A Ƙ . BBƘ µD %

Ml 5 5 .. 5 5;; ~ q , ) C L 1 7 = L ) ~ q , ) % ~ ~ q , ) 1 , ( ' 8 #( L . - " 5

5.. =5 5 7 > & 6 ( ( ;! *g ( Q } }]x C ! Q n } }s Ml , ) 3 = , * C . Ml , ) % % w i A7 ;# 7 s 6 7 Qn $ 6 X % ~n 4 L . X Q n * 0 4 X X % nQ * 4 t X Qn % 4 ? . Q n ! #7 s n Q( Mx. n~4 t

2 6ǍUDK DO ΘDII 72 = 3 %LΗƘU DO $QZƘU $ 37 3:8


4

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

N % a *L . g ) N 84 A 7 % i i q7 . c L N > > =; 7 ! < < $ - O O 4 ) + , x! ! N+ D L# 7 X % " * 9 3 . > > =; 7 -) g 0 $ i t 1 0 # ! 1 * H % " " ( ԓ ԕ * " % " # " $

% % " " 9 " " " * " / J " % $ / % * % * % " " # / " % $ / $ " ZLOƘ\DK 2 A # " A Ƙ µD $ : 6ǍUDK DO 1ǍU " * Ι $KO DO %D\W µD A Ƙ µD 9 A Ƙ µD $KO DO %D\W µD " " QXEXZZDK 9 "

% .

" $ % " % ; $ " 9 " % % A Ƙ . BBƘ µD # * Ι # $KO DO %D\W µD % " $ " % 9 " " ZLOƘ\DK $KO DO %D\W µD # % " % $ / % 1 " ) 1 2 " * $ % ! % 9 % % $ % # % " # " " # $ " " # "

" $

" $ # % " # " # " % # $ " (

# % % % # ! % A %

" !

" # $ % C $ # C $ # # " " ? $ "

2 ,ELG $ 3 24


:

&KDSWHU

/ # "

$KO DO %D\W µD $ " / # " # % # % B # "

Ԓ ԑ * ư µD

$ $ "

" 6 M? ) . N! *" / " / N ) b N0 g + / N&M C N " ;} * % / / N0 p g DN 5 5 ) , 0 ' <5 < 5 " N*} X% / 0 5 5 .. % / / N u : t Q. ) \ 7 -O O 4 ) N u: t . N*! 3 % / / = * l . 1R % / / u: q . u t N!* 3 , $ %

DN N $ &= K Q. ) \ 7 -O O 4 ) N 0 1C .

# * " * % $ ;

" 9 " " %

* D % %

A

H $ ; # G " %

/ %

; # G " # 2 * # " " # A Ƙ * ư µD

# % " # " " " 9 A Ƙ µD %

" "

$ % $ # " "

Q 5 5 4 9 45 5 / / N5 , $ QM $% N 4 9 < #M . v v 9 1( -" " X3 Q . . ) \ 7 6 6 L. > > 6 L7 N*! ,; * % / / + ' : ! 3 < < $ c Cl L# % / / &0 & < < $ c @ = # % / / N$ M 3 % N# 4 9 . ! /- O4 O4 )

D ( ip 2 3 N x qz # % / / ( ip O O N $

; # G " % 1 %

$ # % !

% 9 # " % % ( " # % # J

2 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK 26:


7

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

$ # $ ' # $ % " ' " # " " 2 ; # | % " % "

%

D % " # % % % # %

!

% B # $ % %

# ! ! 9 " 9 " % ; " % # "

# 9

# $ $ 9 % ; # | $ #

% %

$ % "

9 " " " #

% % # # # " " " # % $ $ %

" "

# " # "

$ $ " # B # A

# " # % % A

$ $

B % % Ԓ ԑ * ư µD % " % B #

9

! # %

1 , $ X% 8 +9 = % 8 +9 X% 1, $ \ 3 9 # " % % " 3

2 ,ELG 3 %LΗDU DO $QZƘU $ 3 :4' $ 66 428


6

&KDSWHU

A Ƙ * ư µD % % # % % " # " ( I " % 9 # A # % $ # $ % "

% " 1 " % % # " $ " $ # 9 # " # % $ " "" A

# "

#

2 9 # " %

" ' 3 & $ " ' A

" $ # #

#

" % " $ H % " ( I % % " " & % $ " $ $ $ " # %

$ " " # 9 / # # 2 5 5LL ) s * ,. % ~ *l - , 7 % z ) 0 - L. V 7 7 7 _ J *# , ) m m =2 N 7 X 8 # ) ` d T < <5 5 $ `r 55 5 5 % 3 - L 7 2 ~4 b 0% ` M . ] ! ! 3 .% ` " ] ! ! 3 ,0 - L. V 7 7 7 _ % % - : L L 7 U U - C :) , ) 2 `r 5 5 % 3 % ; &0 * &. m m =2 ³7KLV LV WKH %RRN WKHUH LV QR GRXEW LQ LW D JXLGDQFH WR WKH *RG ZDU\ ZKR EHOLHYH LQ WKH 8QVHHQ DQG PDLQWDLQ WKH SUD\HU DQG VSHQG RXW RI ZKDW :H KDYH SURYLGHG IRU WKHP DQG ZKR EHOLHYH LQ ZKDW KDV EHHQ VHQW GRZQ WR \RX DQG ZKDW ZDV VHQW GRZQ EHIRUH \RX DQG DUH FHUWDLQ RI WKH +HUHDIWHU 7KRVH ZKR IROORZ WKHLU /RUG¶V JXLGDQFH LW LV WKH\ ZKR DUH WKH IHOLFLWRXV ´2

2 6ǍUDK DO %DTDUDK 3 3.:


=

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

% % ưPƘQ $ "

A # $ $ $ # $

% " # $ # $ " " $

A Ƙ ư * µD " # " " " # " # A / # % $ $ % # $

A $ ( % # B $ PXQƘILTưQ # 9 ! $ " $

$ / # * ! $´D% ! ! 0 9 / # Ԓ ԑ A Ƙ ư µD $ " $ % ! " $ # $ # A " $ $ $ . .$ / # A Ƙ ư µD ! " $

/ % # Ԓ ԑ A Ƙ ư µD ! " Ԓ ԑ A Ƙ ư A µD % ! " . % % # " C % # A / # $

" Ԓ ԑ A Ƙ ư µD # / % $ # "

!

> # $ #

" ! " * A Ƙ ư µD Ԓ ԑ A Ƙ ư µD % # ! " % " ( $ % % ( " $ * % % ( % " % # % # $ " %

# K !

#

% $ % # 1# % # % # $


8

&KDSWHU

$ % "

# "

Ԓ ԑ A Ƙ ư µD % %

% ! % " A # A $ G DµưO $UFKDQJHO *DEULHO ´D % % % % %

% " ! " $ % I % # Ԓ ԑ A Ƙ ư µD % # $ H " # # %

$ . ) 1? ) ^0 3 7 m m 4 d . 4h ! ! `C 0 d) 3 & !3 \ L, ) m m 3 & !" * L 0 7 ? + * N? . 0 *, U U 7 7 40 * l # 4 .V . N i i t - - " != ³:KHQ KH ZDV ROG HQRXJK WR DVVLVW LQ KLV HQGHDYRU KH VDLG µ0\ VRQ , VHH LQ D GUHDP WKDW , DP VDFULILFLQJ \RX 6D\ ZKDW \RX WKLQN ¶ +H VDLG µ)DWKHU 'R ZKDWHYHU \RX KDYH EHHQ FRPPDQGHG WR GR ,I $OODK ZLVKHV \RX ZLOO ILQG PH SDWLHQW¶ ´2 "

Ԓ ԑ A Ƙ ư µD > % # $ "

J # % # # $ %

" " " # $ ( Ԓ ԑ A Ƙ ư µD % H " ! $ % " # " / µD ³)DWKHU 'R ZKDWHYHU \RX KDYH EHHQ FRPPDQGHG ,I $OODK ZLVKHV \RX ZLOO ILQG PH SDWLHQW ´ " ! # / A $ % / # # 1# % A %

. .

$ Ԓ ԑ A Ƙ ư µD # % % * ! ! $ " Ԓ ԑ A Ƙ ư µD # C " A Ƙ ư µD % U J( 4 q , . !3 .% : L9 B W % o % ,+ 4P > _ ; } % ^; } % ! " T

2 6ǍUDK DO ΘƘIIƘW 6 253


45

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

³,QGHHG , KDYH WXUQHG P\ IDFH WRZDUG +LP ZKR RULJLQDWHG WKH KHDYHQV DQG WKH HDUWK DV D ΗDQưI DQG , DP QRW RQH RI WKH SRO\WKHLVWV ´2 H $ A Ƙ ư µD " # " 9 $ % % ? " " " $ " $ χ

2 6ǍUDK DO $QµƘP 7 68


# # !

! ! A $ % $ $ " #. $ H $ " $ # " % > % A % C > % " ! % # %

# ˆ H %

# % $ ." $ " % " 9

#

C H # % % " ˆ A # % " $ # "

" $ $ ˆ B " 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK % / % Ô’DÔ‘UDW ´$OÆ° ´D #

# % "" ˆ 1

# " " Ô’DÔ‘UDW ´$OÆ° ´D A % B % # + „ $ " " / # * #


43

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

9

( .( 2 % %

UDP\ $ " QDIV DO µDPPƘUDK % " / # " $ % $ $ $ $ "

% " $ $ " / # A % $

% % $ # % $ " # # % $ #

$ % $ # / " / %

# $ / % / $ % " / % $ " A # % $

# $

$ " 9 " $ " $ $ #

B " . A %

!

# !

$ # $ # I % # # #

$ # 1 %

% " " # A

" % "

B " " " # " $ % " $ A $

# # " # & " % $ #

B " " " " " $ % $

2 ( .( $ " ( ./0 , ( ? % ΖDMM SLOJULPV VSHQG WKH QLJKW RQ WKHLU UHWXUQ IURP ´$UDIDK 65

UDP\ MDPDUƘW

# ? " ( , 9


&KDSWHU

4

$ # % # # " $ %

# % # $ 9 % " # B " # " " $ $ % % # " %

$

% " # # % % %

H % # ! $ . "

$ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK > % % % #

% # " " % B Ô’ Ô‘ * Æ° µD 3# $´D% ( ) * % " $ % ; # | % $ # A Ƙ * Æ° µD $

Â…I " % ( # " % # J

$ # $ †2 9 # …D % „ " / H D % J " 9 " % # „ I $ $ " % " $ „ % $ I "

% $ # $ # ? % # # 9 # $ % # $ % $ # # " #

% " † Ô’DÔ‘UDW ´$OÆ° ´D DGYLVHV 0XVOLPV DQG WKRVH ZKR DUH ORRNLQJ IRU IHOLFLW\ LQ WKLV ZRUOG DQG WKH KHUHDIWHU WR WDNH WKH 4XUµDQ DV WKHLU JXLGH DQG SD\ KHHG WR LWV VLQFHUH DGPRQLWLRQV IRU

2 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK 26:


44

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

- 3 o C l - , ? 7 7 _ J L . V , 4 q M 7 % \ 3 2 # > = ; 7 -O 4 _5 2 - "T U M ( 4 } 3 ; ³,QGHHG WKLV 4XU¶DQ JXLGHV WR ZKDW LV PRVW XSULJKW DQG JLYHV WKH JRRG QHZV WR WKH IDLWKIXO ZKR GR ULJKWHRXV GHHGV WKDW WKHUH LV D JUHDW UHZDUG IRU WKHP ´2 7KH SRLQW ZKLFK LV HPSKDVL]HG LV WKH QHFHVVLW\ IRU ILUP EHOLHI LQ WKH FRQWHQW RI WKLV QREOH YHUVH IRU RQFH VXFK IDLWK LQ WKH 4XUµDQ GRHV QRW H[LVW LQ PDQ DQG KH GRHV QRW WRWDOO\ VXEPLW KLPVHOI WR *RG DQG HPSW\ KLPVHOI RI SUHMXGJPHQWV DQG FDUQDO GHVLUHV LW LV SRVVLEOH IRU KLP WR VXFFXPE WR VDWDQLF WHPSWDWLRQV DQG JR DVWUD\ 2QFH KH FRQVXOWV WKH 4XUµDQ KH XQFRQVFLRXVO\ ORRNV IRU YHUVHV WKDW VHHPLQJO\ FRQFRUG ZLWK KLV FDUQDO GHVLUHV 2EYLRXVO\ WKH LQMXQFWLRQV DQG GHFUHHV RI WKH 4XUµDQ DUH QRW KDUPRQLRXV ZLWK WKH FDUQDO GHVLUHV DQG EHVWLDO LQFOLQDWLRQV RI PDQ 7KXV ZKHQHYHU WKH 4XUµDQ VWDWHV VRPHWKLQJ DJDLQVW KLV SHUVRQDO LQFOLQDWLRQV KH LV GLVSOHDVHG DQG ZKHQHYHU 4XUµDQLF YHUVHV DUH FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK KLV FDUQDO LQFOLQDWLRQV KH DFFHSWV WKHP ZLWK RSHQ DUPV 2I FRXUVH DOO WKHVH UHDFWLRQV DUH H[SUHVVHG VHFUHWO\ LQ KLV KHDUW EXW WKHLU HIIHFWV DUH PDQLIHVWHG WKURXJK KLV DFWLRQV DQG EHKDYLRU $V VXFK UHDVRQ GHPDQGV WKDW EHIRUH FRQVXOWLQJ WKH 4XUµDQ PDQ HPSWLHV KLV PLQG RI DQ\ IRUP RI VHOI FHQWHUHGQHVV VR WKDW KH FDQ HQWHU WKH VFKRRO RI WKH 4XUµDQ ZLWK D VSLULW RI *RG FHQWHUHGQHVV ,W LV LQ WKLV PDQQHU REVHUYLQJ WKH HWLTXHWWHV VLQFHUHO\ WKDW PDQ DFTXLUHV GLYLQH JQRVLV . " 4WDIVưU EL µU UDµ\5 $ # $ # A % $ " $ $ + " MLKƘG MLKƘG DO DNEDU A

# " "

$ WDIVưU EL¶U UD¶\ ! "

% " " A

" " % # % # " "

%

# " "

%

H $ " % " % C C

!

# 9

2 6njUDK DO ,VUƗ¶ %DQƯ ,VUƗ¶ƯO 26 8


4:

&KDSWHU

# B # % $ " % " $ # # " " % $ "

" " $ A " #

" ³VSHFXODWLYH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ´ WDIVưU EL¶U UD¶\ " %

" " 9

" $ $ # " #

' 5 5## ) 5! 5 . . $ ] " " 3 .% $ N ^, ? " % % 4( d) % % ]2 N o 7O O %_ # * X% T U U $ i t 1 0 N * % N0 ) % -3 , $ % N ) h ? 7 Q, ) C ³'R QRW WDNH WKH VLJQV RI $OODK LQ GHULVLRQ DQG UHPHPEHU $OODK¶V EOHVVLQJV XSRQ \RX DQG ZKDW +H KDV VHQW GRZQ WR \RX RI WKH %RRN DQG ZLVGRP WR DGYLVH \RX WKHUHZLWK %H ZDU\ RI $OODK DQG NQRZ WKDW $OODK KDV NQRZOHGJH RI DOO WKLQJV ´2 * % " % $ $ 9 % % " B

H "

$ # A

#

D . ( N 7 3 4 0 4 + . 0 . O . N } 1 } 9 ( " * Ι * # / " / % (# H "

( 3 ( % * Ι

$

' _ 8 $ m 4 # = N 7 3 4 0 - O 4 4 + . / % " * 9 % $ $ H # ! 9

2 6ǍUDK DO %DTDUDK 3 3 2 3 # .Ԕ ǍC $O 7DZΗưG 7= %LΗƘU DO $QZƘU $ 7 336


47

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

" " % % $ ; # G " A " * Ι

L . c = ? . 3 M # N 7 3 4 0 - O4 4 + . 9 % " + 2 9 " $ $ " " !

% # "

$ " $ % " % # " " . / " ! 3# $´D% " * % # % A % % $ % $ # " # "

# "

# $ " % " / % # # Ԓ ԑ * ư µD A " $ $ A Ƙ * ư µD

( i O N $ ,; % ; # $ % " 3 9 # H # " " " " % # B " $ $ % $ . .$ #

A Ƙ * ư µD | " #

2 µ$ZƘOư DO /DµƘOư YRO S 3 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK 26: ,ELG


46

&KDSWHU

A $

% .% WDTZƘ " " / # A Ƙ µD

" " % % " % $ ( i 2 3 N qz # % | " # 2 9 # & # % "

# % # % % # $ " $ 9 " % " # # !

%

B / # $ % " $ " # #

) " ( " ( 9 %

$ " % / # " " 2

$ . $ / 3

$ % " " ! " # % # ' . $ . .$ . A

$ # $ B % % % # " $ # * " # $

$ " " # %

!

$ Ԓ ԑ * ư µD # " B " " " A

$ % "

A Ƙ * ư µD

2 ,ELG


4=

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

( A $ $ " # WDIVưU EL¶U UD¶\ $ #

" B "

* % $

% $ A ƘP ´$OưµV ´D ZRUGV LQ FODVVLI\LQJ KXPDQ EHLQJV RQ WKHLU GHJUHH RI VHUYLWXGH WR *RG LQWR WZR PDLQ JURXSV DQG EH PRUH DFTXDLQWHG ZLWK KLV SV\FKRORJLFDO NQRZOHGJH RI WKH KXPDQ SV\FKH LQ UHODWLRQ WR UHOLJLRQ DQG GLYLQH FRPPDQGPHQWV 1# " " µD % " % 2 " % $ # % " $ „ " $

% „ $ % > # $ % # % " $ # #

B " " $ $ A " " Ô’ Ô‘ * Æ° µD

N + : " 8 $ N" $3 = M$ N & 6 M$ –9 3 . -& / 6 M$ …A

$ * % * " $

% " †2 9 A Ƙ * Æ° µD "

N ] L . - ( e 9 ] L 7 % / N ‰ 19 e 9 1C 7 / N. .& % c= R ; / N. .s . ' # . 3 = …9 " % # # $ 9 " / " % % % % " % % †3 9 "

" B $ A " " B / # " B $ $ # $ $

% $ $ $ % % # $ " $ # $ " ' $ $ %

%

2 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK =7 3 ,ELG


&KDSWHU

48

$ # % ! # %

B ' % 3

"

% # " !

% $

B 9 # " ! $ " $ #

% % # "

% # ! A " % " $ # " $

$ " $ B % % $ # " $ "

% * " $ # " ! "

| $ #

" # " ! " % $ # # # " " 2 ( & ! ( ( ! 6 !! 7 ,W LV FOHDU WKDW ZKDW LV SUHVHQWHG WRGD\ LQ RXU VRFLHW\ DV ²GLIIHUHQW LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV RI UHOLJLRQ³ HPDQDWHV IURP WKH VHFRQG JURXS $OWKRXJK WKH DERYHPHQWLRQHG WHUP LV DGYDQFHG E\ VR FDOOHG 0XVOLP LQWHOOHFWXDOV WKH HVVHQFH RI WKH QRWLRQ RI ²GLIIHUHQW LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV RI UHOLJLRQ³ PXVW EH VRXJKW LQ KXPDQLVP RU PDQ FHQWHUHGQHVV $V VWDWHG EHIRUH WKH VDLG QRWLRQ UHJDUGV WKH UHOLJLRXV DFFRXQWV RUGLQDQFHV DQG LQMXQFWLRQV RI KHDYHQO\ VFULSWXUHV DV PHDQLQJOHVV DQG LW KROGV WKDW WKH 4XUµDQ RU DQ\ UHOLJLRXV WH[W LV VLOHQW DQG ODFNV DQ\ PHDQLQJ DQG FRQFHSW LQ IDFW LW LV ZH KXPDQV KDYLQJ RXU RZQ SUHFRQFHSWLRQV ZKR DWWULEXWH RXU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DQG LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ WR UHOLJLRQ DQG WKH 4XUµDQ $FFRUGLQJO\ WKH 4XUµDQ KDV QR PHVVDJH RI LWV RZQ DQG GRHV QRW VSHDN RI DQ\ WUXWK :LWK WKH SXUSRVH RI FODULI\LQJ WKH QDWXUH RI WKLV WKRXJKW DQG XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH DUJXPHQW RI LWV SURSRQHQWV RQ WKH ²VLOHQFH RI UHOLJLRQ³ DQG WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI GLIIHUHQW LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV FLWLQJ DQ H[DPSOH PLJKW SURYH XVHIXO


:5

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

3HUKDSV HYHU\ERG\ LV PRUH RU OHVV IDPLOLDU ZLWK WKH 'ưYƘQ >FROOHFWLRQ RI SRHWU\@ RI ԒƘILԘ DQG WKH JKD]DOV DQG RWKHU SRHPV RI WKLV JUHDW SRHW DQG SURPLQHQW P\VWLF 7KH GLIIHUHQW UHDGLQJV RI WKH GưYƘQ RI ԒƘILԘ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ԒƘILԘ DUH GHYRLG RI DQ\ PHDQLQJ %\ FRQVXOWLQJ WKH ERRN IRU D VSHFLILF SXUSRVH DQG PLQGVHW HYHU\RQH RSHQV WKH ERRN RI ԒƘILԘ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ԒƘIL] WKH SRZHU RI VSHHFK (YHU\RQH SXWV KLV RZQ ZRUGV LQ WKH PRXWK RI ԒƘILԘ DQG DOO LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV MXVWLILFDWLRQV DQG SHUFHSWLRQV DUH FRQVLGHUHG FRUUHFW EHFDXVH WKHVH XQGHUVWDQGLQJV DUH WKRVH RI LQGLYLGXDOV ZKLOH WKH H[SUHVVLRQV ZRUGV JKD]DOV DQG RWKHU SRHPV DUH DVVXPHG PHDQLQJOHVV 7KLV QRWLRQ LV H[DFWO\ WKH VDPH DV WKH ²GLIIHUHQW LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV RI UHOLJLRQ ³ ZKLFK FRQVLGHUV WKH 4XUµDQ RU DQ\ UHOLJLRXV WH[W PHDQLQJOHVV DQG GHYRLG RI DQ\ PHVVDJH RU VLJQLILFDQFH 7KH SURSRQHQWV RI WKLV LGHD DVVXPH WKDW WKH 4XUµDQ GRHV QRW VWDWH ZKDW WR GR RU QRW WR GR DQG ZKDW LV WUXH DQG FRUUHFW RU ZKDW LV IDOVH DQG ZURQJ 5DWKHU LW LV LQGLYLGXDOV ZKR LQWHUSUHW WUXWK DQG IDOVHKRRG IURP WKH 4XUµDQ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKHLU RZQ PLQGVHWV 6LQFH WKHVH WKLQJV RULJLQDWH IURP WKH PLQGV RI LQGLYLGXDOV DOO RI WKHP FDQ EH FRQVLGHUHG FRUUHFW ,Q IDFW WR MXGJH WKHP DV FRUUHFW RU RWKHUZLVH LV PHDQLQJOHVV EHFDXVH DOO GLIIHUHQW LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV RI D YHUVH WKRXJK FRQWUDGLFWRU\ WR RQH DQRWKHU DUH FRQVLGHUHG FRUUHFW $ SHUVRQ XQGHUVWDQGV IURP D JKD]DO RI

2 D %,B .; ( ) /0, ?E ,? 2 3:.2 82 %

# # "# #

JKD]DO 9 3 *KD]DO # # % # % $ % " $ H

# ! $ ! $ 9


&KDSWHU

:2

ԒƘIL] WKDW KLV SDWLHQW ZLOO JHW ZHOO $QRWKHU SHUVRQ OHDUQV IURP LW WKDW KLV ORYHG RQH ZKR LV WUDYHOLQJ ZLOO UHWXUQ VRRQ $ WKLUG SHUVRQ EHFRPHV KRSHOHVV DQG H[SHFWV WKH GHDWK RI KLV SDWLHQW 7KH SURSRQHQWV RI WKH QRWLRQ RI ²GLIIHUHQW LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV RI UHOLJLRQ³ FODLP WKDW WKH 4XUµDQ RU DQ\ UHOLJLRXV WH[W LV DOVR OLNH WKDW 7KH\ EHOLHYH WKDW LQGLYLGXDOV DUH QRW VXSSRVHG WR DFFXVH RQH DQRWKHU RI PLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH 4XUµDQ EHFDXVH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ LW GRHV QRW UHTXLUH DQ\ H[SHUWLVH VLQFH WKH 4XUµDQ RU DQ\ UHOLJLRXV WH[W KDV QR PHVVDJH RI LWV RZQ IRU LW WR EH XQGHUVWRRG 7KH IDFW RI WKH PDWWHU LV WKDW ²XQGHUVWDQGLQJ³ LV ZLWKLQ WKH UHDOP RI PDQ ,Q RXU RSLQLRQ WKH SURPRWLRQ RI WKLV LGHD LV PHDQW WR DWWDLQ FHUWDLQ SROLWLFDO JRDOV EXW LW LV RXWZDUGO\ DGYDQFHG DQG SURPRWHG DV D UHOLJLRXV HSLVWHPRORJLFDO WKHRU\ DQG FDOOHG ²QHZ LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI UHOLJLRQ ³ ²VWUDLJKW SDWKV ³ RU WKH OLNH 5HOLJLRXV SOXUDOLVP ZKLFK LV SUHVHQWHG LQ WKH IUDPHZRUN RI ²GLIIHUHQW LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV RI UHOLJLRQ³ LV QRW YHU\ ORJLFDOO\ RU UDWLRQDOO\ VXEVWDQWLDWHG 2QFH D UDWLRQDO SHUVRQ H[DPLQHV WKH URRWV RI WKLV LGHD DQG LWV HIIHFWV KH ZLOO XQGRXEWHGO\ FRQILUP LWV IDOVLW\ DQG IXWLOLW\ 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG JLYHQ WKH GHVWUXFWLYH LPSDFWV RI SOXUDOLVW WKRXJKW LQ UHOLJLRXV VRFLHW\ LW FDQQRW HDVLO\ EH LJQRUHG ,W VHHPV WKDW FRXSOHG ZLWK WKRXVDQGV RI \HDUV RI H[SHULHQFH RQH RI WKH PRVW HIIHFWLYH VQDUHV ZKLFK 6DWDQ±WKLV VZRUQ HQHP\ RI PDQNLQG±KDV XVHG VLQFH WKH FUHDWLRQ RI Ô’DÔ‘UDW Æ—GDP $GDP ´D WR GHFHLYH WKH ZRUVKLSSHUV RI *RG DQG PRQRWKHLVWV LV WR DGYDQFH WKH QRWLRQ RI ²GLIIHUHQW LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV RI UHOLJLRQ³ ,QVSLUHG E\ WKLV VDWDQLF WKLQNLQJ VR FDOOHG LQWHOOHFWXDOV UXVK WR WKH KHOS RI 6DWDQ DQG H[HUW DOO HIIRUWV WR DVVLVW KLP LQ WKLV UHJDUG 7KH\ KDYH SODFHG WKHLU WDOHQWV DQG SRZHUV RI RUDO DQG ZULWWHQ H[SUHVVLRQV DW WKH GLVSRVDO RI 6DWDQ DQG VHW WKHPVHOYHV DV LQVWUXPHQWV WR PLVJXLGH SHRSOH :H KDYH WR WKLQN DV PXFK DV SRVVLEOH DERXW WKH WUXH PHDQLQJ RI ²GLIIHUHQW LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV RI UHOLJLRQ³ RU ²VWUDLJKW SDWKV³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µDQ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKHP


:3

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

3HUKDSV RQH RI WKH UHDVRQV EHKLQG WKH HPSKDVLV RI WKH 4XUµDQ RQ LWV GHVFULSWLRQV VXFK DV U JM . -O 4 % ' # o 7O ` - ³7KHVH DUH WKH VLJQV RI WKH %RRN DQG D PDQLIHVW 4XU¶DQ ´2 U J M . 0 4 $ - + 0 T³,Q D FOHDU $UDELF ODQJXDJH ´3 U JM . ' #( % -O 4 o 7O ` - ³7KHVH DUH WKH VLJQV RI WKH 4XU¶DQ DQG D PDQLIHVW %RRN ´ U JM . ' #( % " N . (i } = T ³&HUWDLQO\ WKHUH KDV FRPH WR \RX D OLJKW IURP $OODK DQG D PDQLIHVW %RRN ´4 % " " # # ! $ ! # $ $ " " # " " # $ " " 9 " % ! #

% 1# " ( #. % $ "

$ # % " ( % C %

" " B % % % % " ! "8 ( " & " ( ( ,W LV HYLGHQW WKDW QRW HYHU\RQH FDQ XQGHUVWDQG DQG LQWHUSUHW WKH 4XUµDQ MXVW DV QRW HYHU\RQH FDQ XQGHUVWDQG VXEWOH VFLHQWLILF IDFWV LQ DQ\ ILHOG RU GRPDLQ 7R XQGHUVWDQG FRPSOH[ PDWKHPDWLFDO HTXDWLRQV RU VXEWOHWLHV RI RWKHU VFLHQFHV LV ZLWKLQ WKH FRPSHWHQFH RI WKH H[SHUWV RQO\ DQG WKH QRQ H[SHUWV DUH QRW RQO\ LQFDSDEOH RI H[SUHVVLQJ YLHZV LQ WKLV UHJDUG EXW WKHLU YLHZV DUH GHYRLG RI DQ\ YDOXH ZKDWVRHYHU &RQFHUQLQJ WKH 4XUµDQ WKH YLHZV RI WKRVH ZKR DUH QRW IDPLOLDU ZLWK WKH UHOLJLRXV VFLHQFHV DQG WHDFKLQJV DUH GHYRLG RI DQ\ YDOXH DQG LPSRUWDQFH ,W LV WUXH WKDW WKH 4XUµDQ KDV EHHQ UHYHDOHG LQ D FOHDU DQG HORTXHQW ODQJXDJH VR WKDW WKH SHRSOH FDQ XQGHUVWDQG DQG SXW LW LQWR SUDFWLFH EXW LW GRHV QRW PHDQ WKDW WKH SURIXQGLW\ RI LWV NQRZOHGJH >PD´ƘULI@ FDQ XQLIRUPO\ EH JUDVSHG E\ RQH DQG DOO :KDW FDQ EH XQGHUVWRRG E\ WKH FRPPRQ SHRSOH IURP WKH 4XUµDQ LV WKDW OHYHO RI PHDQLQJ ZKLFK WKH 4XUµDQ LWVHOI PHQWLRQV WR WKH HIIHFW ²:H UHYHDOHG WKH 4XUµDQ LQ SODLQ ODQJXDJH ³ 7KDW LV WKH 4XUµDQ KDV EHHQ UHYHDOHG LQ VXFK D PDQQHU WKDW DQ\RQH ZKR NQRZV $UDELF DQG

2 6ǍUDK DO ΖLMU 2: 2 3 6ǍUDK DO 6KXµDUƘ¶ 37 28: 6ǍUDK DO 1DPO 36 2 4 6njUDK DO 0Ɨ¶LGDK : 2:


:

&KDSWHU

SRVVHVVHV WKH VSLULW RI VHUYLWXGH WR *RG FDQ XQGHUVWDQG LW DQG EHQHILW IURP LW DFFRUGLQJ WR KLV RZQ LQWHOOHFWXDO OHYHO +RZHYHU WR IDWKRP WKH PHDQLQJV DQG NQRZOHGJH >PD´ƘULI@ RI WKH 4XUµDQ D JUHDW GHDO RI UHIOHFWLRQ DQG WKLQNLQJ LV QHHGHG ,Q WKLV UHJDUG WKH 4XUµDQ VD\V U - ? ? 0 4 $ "O 4 c L ] " 3 "& ³,QGHHG :H KDYH VHQW LW GRZQ DV DQ $UDELF 4XU¶DQ VR WKDW \RX PD\ DSSO\ UHDVRQ ´2 U - ? ? 0 4 $ "O 4 c L ? } "& ³:H KDYH PDGH LW DQ $UDELF 4XU¶DQ VR WKDW \RX PD\ DSSO\ UHDVRQ ´3 ,Q JHQHUDO WKH YHUVHV WKDW LQYLWH PDQNLQG WR UHIOHFW DQG DSSO\ UHDVRQ UHJDUGLQJ WKH 4XUµDQ DQG LWV WHDFKLQJV WHOO XV WKDW ZH VKRXOG QRW RQO\ GHSHQG RQ WKH RXWZDUG PHDQLQJV RI WKH 4XUµDQ ,QVWHDG E\ UHO\LQJ XSRQ UHIOHFWLRQ UHDVRQ DQG WKH NQRZOHGJH RI WKH $KO DO %D\W ´D ZH KDYH WR H[SORUH WKH SURIXQGLW\ DQG VXEWOHWLHV RI WKH 4XUµDQ DQG EHQHILW IURP WKLV WUHDVXUH RI GLYLQH NQRZOHGJH PRUH WKDQ HYHU 7KHUHIRUH WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH 4XUµDQ DQG LQWHUSUHW LWV VXEOLPH NQRZOHGJH >PD´ƘULI@ LV RQO\ ZLWKLQ WKH FRPSHWHQFH RI WKH H[SHUWV ZKR DUH DFTXDLQWHG ZLWK WKH NQRZOHGJH RI WKH $KO DO %D\W ´D $ QHRSK\WH ZLWKRXW DQ\ NQRZOHGJH RI UHOLJLRQ DQG WKH SULQFLSOHV DQG UXOHV JRYHUQLQJ WKH H[HJHVLV >WDIVưU@ RI WKH 4XUµDQ KDV QR ULJKW WR H[SUHVV D YLHZ RU VD\ DQ\WKLQJ XQGHU WKH QDPH RI D ²QHZ LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI UHOLJLRQ DQG LWV ODZV DQG WHDFKLQJV³ 1 !! ( ! & ( ( ! " " " 0DQ\ WUDGLWLRQV >DΗƘGưWK@ FDQ EH TXRWHG DV SRLQWLQJ WRZDUGV WKH LQQHU >EƘΛLQ@ DQG RXWHU >ΝƘKLU@ DVSHFWV RI 4XUµDQLF NQRZOHGJH >PD´ƘULI@ DQG QRW HYHU\RQH LV FDSDEOH RI GLVFHUQLQJ LWV GHSWK $V VWDWHG EHIRUH WKH 4XUµDQ LV D GHHS DQG ERXQGOHVV RFHDQ 'HSHQGLQJ RQ RQHµV FDSDELOLW\ DQG VNLOO LQ GLYLQJ DQ\RQH FDQ JR VHDUFKLQJ IRU WKDW RFHDQLF MHZHO RI NQRZOHGJH JR IXUWKHU EH\RQG WKH RXWZDUG DVSHFWV >ΝDZƘKLU@ IDWKRP LWV SURIRXQG NQRZOHGJH DQG LQIHU YDULRXV IDFWV RI GLYHUVH PHDQLQJV IURP D VLQJOH YHUVH ZLWKRXW WKH PLQXWHVW FRQWUDGLFWLRQ 7KLV LV LQ LWVHOI RQH RI WKH PLUDFOHV >PX´ML]ƘW@ RI WKH 4XUµDQ )RU LQVWDQFH WKH 4XUµDQ WKXV VWDWHV

2 6ǍUDK <ǍVXI 23 3 3 6ǍUDK DO =XNKUXI 4


:4

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

U = ,C L z 2 N % N 8 & i 4 : # " 3 a L ;7 3 7 T ³2 PDQNLQG <RX DUH WKH RQHV ZKR VWDQG LQ QHHG RI $OODK DQG $OODK LV +H ZKR LV WKH $OO VXIILFLHQW WKH $OO ODXGDEOH ´2 :KDW FRPPRQ SHRSOH XQGHUVWDQG IURP WKLV YHUVH DV LW RXWZDUGO\ LQGLFDWHV LV WKDW ZH DUH LQ QHHG RI *RG WKH ([DOWHG ZKR LV VHOI VXIILFLHQW DQG ZRUWK\ RI SUDLVH %\ WKH ZRUG IDTU >SRYHUW\@ ZKDW FRPH WR WKH PLQGV RI FRPPRQ SHRSOH DUH KXPDQ QHHGV IRU VXEVLVWHQFH VXFK DV IRRG FORWKLQJ DQG RWKHUV %\ FUHDWLQJ WKHLU FDXVHV DQG HIIHFWV *RG WKH ([DOWHG SURYLGHV PHDQV IRU WKH VXEVLVWHQFH JURZWK DQG HYROXWLRQ RI PDQ $W WKLV OHYHO RI XQGHUVWDQGLQJ ZKLFK LV WKH ²RXWZDUG OHYHO ³ WKH 4XUµDQ LV FOHDU DQG HYLGHQW DQG DOO WKRVH ZKR NQRZ LWV ODQJXDJH FDQ XQGHUVWDQG LW ZHOO ,W GRHV QRW PHDQ KRZHYHU WKDW DQRWKHU PHDQLQJ ZKLFK LV GHHSHU WKDQ WKLV RXWZDUG PHDQLQJ FDQQRW EH LQIHUUHG IURP LW DQG WKH DERYHPHQWLRQHG YHUVH GRHV QRW SRLQW WR DQ\ IDFW PRUH SURIRXQG WKDQ ZKDW WKH FRPPRQ SHRSOH XQGHUVWDQG 7KH PRUH D SHUVRQ LV DFTXDLQWHG ZLWK WKH GLIIHUHQW VXEMHFWV RI VFKRODVWLF WKHRORJ\ >´LOP DO NDOƘP@ DQG OLWHUDU\ QXDQFHV RI WKH $UDELF ODQJXDJH WKH PRUH KH UHIOHFWV DQG SRQGHUV RQ HDFK YHUVH DQG ILQGV VXEWOHU DQG PRUH SURIRXQG PHDQLQJV WKDQ WKH REYLRXV PHDQLQJV RI WKH 4XUµDQ ,I ZH WU\ WR UHIOHFW D ELW GHHSHU RQ WKLV YHUVH ZH ZLOO UHDOL]H WKDW RXU SRYHUW\ DQG QHHG IRU *RG WKH ([DOWHG LV EH\RQG WKH QHHG IRU IRRG FORWKLQJ KHDOWK DQG PDWHULDO WKLQJV :H DUH LQ DEVROXWH SRYHUW\ ZKLOH *RG LV $OO VXIILFLHQW :H DUH HVVHQWLDOO\ SRRU >IDTÆ°U ELµGK GKƘW@ ZKLOH *RG LV 6HOI VXIILFLHQW LQ HVVHQFH >JKDQÆ° ELµGK GKƘW@ /LWHUDOO\ ²SRRU³ UHIHUV WR D SHUVRQ ZKRVH SLOODUV RI VXSSRUW DUH EURNHQ DQG KH LV LQFDSDEOH RI VWDQGLQJ ²0DQ LV SRRU³ PHDQV WKDW HYHQ LI DOO PDWHULDO WKLQJV DUH SURYLGHG IRU KLP KLV H[LVWHQFH LV GHIHFWLYH DQG GHSHQGHQW 7KH HVVHQFH RI RXU H[LVWHQFH LV LQ QHHG RI *RG ,W LV *RG WKH ([DOWHG ZKR KDV FUHDWHG XV %\ FUHDWLQJ WKH FDXVHV DQG HIIHFWV RI H[LVWHQFH LW LV +H ZKR KDV SURYLGHG WKH JURXQG IRU PDQµV VXEVLVWHQFH JURZWK DQG HYROXWLRQ %\ WKH QDWXUH DQG HVVHQFH RI RXU EHLQJ ZH DUH SRRU DQG QHHG\ ZKLOH *RG LV $OO VXIILFLHQW LQ HVVHQFH ,W LV HYLGHQW WKDW WKH VHFRQG SHUVSHFWLYH LV GHHSHU WKDQ WKH ILUVW RQH 7KH ILUVW DQG VHFRQG PHDQLQJV DUH FRQVLGHUHG ²RXWHU³ DQG ²LQQHU³ UHVSHFWLYHO\ $QG HYHQ PRUH SURIRXQG PHDQLQJ WKDQ WKH VHFRQG RQH LV IRU XV WR VD\ WKDW KXPDQ EHLQJV DUH QRW RQO\ SRRU DQG QHHG\ E\ WKH QDWXUH RI WKHLU H[LVWHQFH EXW E\ WKH QDWXUH RI WKH YHU\ ²QHHG³ LWVHOI 7KHLU QHHG IRU H[LVWHQFH LV WKHLU FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK *RG WKH ([DOWHG 2I FRXUVH WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH WUXWK RI WKH WKLUG PHDQLQJ LV EH\RQG WKH FDSDELOLW\ RI FRPPRQ SHRSOH

2 6ÇŒUDK )ƗΛLU DO 0DOÆ—¶LNDK : 2:


::

&KDSWHU

,W PXVW EH QRWHG WKDW DOO WKUHH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV RI WKLV YHUVH UXQ SDUDOOHO DOO WKUHH DUH FRUUHFW DQG ULJKWIXO QRQH RI WKHP FRQWUDGLFWV WKH RWKHU ,Q WHUPV RI GHSWK KRZHYHU WKH\ DUH QRW RI WKH VDPH OHYHO ,W LV QRW FRUUHFW WR VD\ WKDW DOO GHJUHHV RI WKH PHDQLQJV RI WKH 4XUµDQ DUH XQLYHUVDOO\ XQGHUVWDQGDEOH DQG WKDW DOO SHRSOH KDYH WKH SRZHU DQG FDSDELOLW\ WR XQGHUVWDQG DOO OHYHOV DQG GHJUHHV RI WKH 4XUµDQ ,W LV QHFHVVDU\ WR HPSKDVL]H DQG SRLQW RXW WKDW DIWHU WKH $SRVWOH Ι RQO\ WKH ,PƘPV ´D WKURXJK GLYLQH LQVSLUDWLRQ SRVVHVV WKH NQRZOHGJH DQG VFLHQFHV RI WKH 4XUµDQ DQG DUH FRJQL]DQW RI WKH LQQHU DVSHFWV RI WKLV JUHDW KHDYHQO\ ERRN ,Q WKLV UHJDUG ZH VKDOO SDUWLDOO\ TXRWH EHORZ D UHOHYDQW WUDGLWLRQ

4 0 } 7 4 ; [ 4 ; h % 4; [ N % P 0 P M % LP 0 - O 4 - & 4 0 } 7 4 : ? } 03 $ 24 b O% i t ; % 3 - 7 Q 7 - & - O 4 4 + : . }4 $ . = ? 0 3 i t | % Dc }% 8 $ 4 l # 7 1 l # . \ ( 2 % i t $EǍ -D´IDU ,PƘP 0XԓDPPDG DO %ƘTLU ´D VDLG ²2 -ƘELU 7KH 4XUµDQ KDV DQ LQWHULRU >EƘΛLQ@ DQG WKLV LQWHULRU LV ZLWKLQ DQ LQWHULRU ,W DOVR KDV DQ H[WHULRU >ΝƘKLU@ DQG WKLV H[WHULRU LV ZLWKLQ DQ H[WHULRU 2 -ƘELU $OVR NQRZ WKDW WKH LQWHOOHFWV RI PHQ DUH LQFDSDEOH RI LQWHUSUHWLQJ WKH 4XUµDQ 9HULO\ WKH ILUVW SDUW RI D YHUVH PD\ GHDO ZLWK D WKLQJ ZKLOH LWV ODWWHU SDUW PD\ GHDO ZLWK DQRWKHU WKLQJ ,W FRQVLVWV RI ZRUGV FRQQHFWHG WRJHWKHU ZLWK WKH FDSDFLW\ RI KDYLQJ YDULRXV PHDQLQJV WKRXJK ZLWKRXW EHLQJ FRQWUDGLFWRU\ WR RQH DQRWKHU ³ :KDW LV HPSKDVL]HG KHUH LV WKDW XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH LQQHU PHDQLQJV DQG VXEWOHWLHV RI WKH 4XUµDQ LV QRW ZLWKLQ WKH FRPSHWHQFH RI HYHU\ERG\ 2I FRXUVH LW GRHV QRW PHDQ WKDW WKH 4XUµDQ KDV EHHQ UHYHDOHG RQO\ IRU WKH ,PƘPV ´D DQG VFKRODUV DQG RWKHUV DUH LQFDSDEOH RI XQGHUVWDQGLQJ HYHQ WKH RXWZDUG PHDQLQJV RI WKH 4XUµDQ ,Q IDFW WKH RXWZDUG PHDQLQJV RI WKH 4XUµDQ FDQ EH EHQHILFLDO WR HYHU\RQH GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH WDOHQW DQG WKH OHYHO RI XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DQG GLVFHUQPHQW SURYLGHG WKDW KH VHWV DVLGH KLV SUHMXGJPHQW DV ZHOO DV FDUQDO GHVLUHV DQG LQFOLQDWLRQV DQG DYRLGV VSHFXODWLYH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ ,Q FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH 4XUµDQ RQH KDV WR SD\ VSHFLDO DWWHQWLRQ WR FHUWDLQ SRLQWV ZKLFK ZH VKDOO GHDO ZLWK XQGHU WKH IROORZLQJ KHDGLQJ

2 %LΗƘU DO $QZƘU $ 83 82


:7

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

9 ! ( # $Μ% ! *& & $´D% ! ' ! ) $V VWDWHG DQG SURYHG LQ WKH SHUWLQHQW VHFWLRQ RQH RI WKH IXQFWLRQV RI WKH $SRVWOH Ι DSDUW IURP UHFHLYLQJ DQG FRQYH\LQJ WKH UHYHODWLRQ LV WR H[SODLQ LW DQG HOXFLGDWH WKH GLYLQH ODZV DQG GHFUHHV 7KH +RO\ 4XUµDQ KDV EHHQ UHYHDOHG WR WKH $SRVWOH Ι LQ WKH IRUP RI D VHW RI JHQHUDO ODZV DQG RUGLQDQFHV ZKRVH GHWDLOV KDYH QRW EHHQ H[SODLQHG HODERUDWHO\ H[FHSW LQ D IHZ FDVHV 7KHLU HODERUDWH H[SODQDWLRQV KDYH EHHQ DVVLJQHG WR WKH $SRVWOH Ι DQG WKHUHDIWHU WKH LQIDOOLEOH ,PƘPV ´D )RU H[DPSOH WKH 4XUµDQ HQMRLQV WKH ULWXDO SUD\HU >ΙDOƘW@ LQ JHQHUDO WHUPV DQG FDOOV RQ WKH 0XVOLPV WR HVWDEOLVK SUD\HUV EXW WKH SURFHGXUH RI LWV SHUIRUPDQFH±WKH QXPEHU RI UDND´ƘW >F\FOHV RU XQLWV@ PDQQHU RI UHFLWDWLRQ DQG LWV FRQGLWLRQV DQG GHWDLOV±KDYH QRW EHHQ PHQWLRQHG LQ WKH 4XUµDQ (ODERUDWH H[SRVLWLRQ RI WKHVH JHQHUDO ODZV DQG WKH OLNH KDV EHHQ DVVLJQHG WR WKH $SRVWOH Ι 7KXV WKH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ DQG HOXFLGDWLRQ RI WKH GLYLQH ODZV KDV EHHQ DVVLJQHG WR WKH $SRVWOH Ι DQG LW LV RQH RI KLV SURSKHWLF IXQFWLRQV 7KH 4XUµDQ DOVR SD\V DWWHQWLRQ WR WKH IXQFWLRQ RI H[SODLQLQJ WKH UHYHODWLRQ DQG FRQVLGHUV LW DV RQH RI WKH GXWLHV RI WKH $SRVWOH Ι

U ; & ] " . a L M # 4( _ ` & L ] " 3% T ³:H KDYH VHQW GRZQ WKH UHPLQGHU WR \RX VR WKDW \RX PD\ FODULI\ IRU WKH SHRSOH WKDW ZKLFK KDV EHHQ VHQW GRZQ WR WKHP ´2 ,W LV OLNHO\ WKDW WKH SXUSRUW RI ²WHDFKLQJ³ LQ YHUVHV OLNH Ƙ\DK RI 6ǍUDK ƗO ´,PUƘQ LQ ZKLFK ²WHDFKLQJ³ LV PHQWLRQHG DORQJ ZLWK ²UHFLWDWLRQ³ DOVR EHVSHDNV RI WKH SRVLWLRQ DQG IXQFWLRQ RI WKH $SRVWOH Ι LQ HOXFLGDWLQJ DQG LQWHUSUHWLQJ 4XUµDQLF UHYHODWLRQV ,Q UHDOLW\ ZKLOH FRQYH\LQJ WKH UHYHODWLRQ WKH $SRVWOH Ι KDG EHHQ SHUIRUPLQJ WZR IXQFWLRQV YL] UHFLWLQJ WKH UHYHDOHG ZRUGV WR WKH SHRSOH DQG HOXFLGDWLQJ DQG LQWHUSUHWLQJ LWV PHDQLQJ DQG SXUSRUW WR DFTXDLQW WKHP ZLWK WKH ODZV DQG WHDFKLQJV RI WKH 4XUµDQ ,Q WKLV UHJDUG WKH 4XUµDQ VWDWHV

; (] 7 % N 7O ; $ # 7 ; + : " 3 . X ; e? 0 d& JL . V , 8 $ N . = T U JM . j : 1M . " ( - &% Q , C % ' # ; , ? 7 % ³$OODK FHUWDLQO\ IDYRUHG WKH IDLWKIXO ZKHQ +H UDLVHG XS DPRQJ WKHP DQ DSRVWOH IURP DPRQJ WKHPVHOYHV WR UHFLWH WR WKHP +LV VLJQV DQG WR

2 6njUDK DO 1DK̚O 27 44


&KDSWHU

:6

SXULI\ WKHP DQG WR WHDFK WKHP WKH %RRN DQG ZLVGRP DQG HDUOLHU WKH\ KDG LQGHHG EHHQ LQ PDQLIHVW HUURU ´2 ,Q WKLV DQG VLPLODU YHUVHV WKH ILUVW GXW\ KDV EHHQ PHQWLRQHG ZLWK WKH SKUDVH ²WR UHFLWH³ >\DWOǍ@ DQG LQ PHQWLRQLQJ WKH VHFRQG GXW\ WKH H[SUHVVLRQ ²WR WHDFK³ >WD´OưP@ KDV EHHQ XVHG ,Q FRQFOXVLRQ HOXFLGDWLRQ RI WKH UHYHODWLRQ DQG HODERUDWH H[SODQDWLRQ RI WKH GLYLQH ODZV DQG H[HJHVLV RI WKH +RO\ 4XUµDQ LQ WKH DERYH VHQVH LV D IXQFWLRQ ZKLFK LV RQO\ ZLWKLQ WKH FRPSHWHQFH RI WKH $SRVWOH Ι DQG WKH LQIDOOLEOH ,PƘPV ´D IRU WKH\ DUH WKH RQO\ RQHV EOHVVHG ZLWK GLYLQH NQRZOHGJH DQG ZLVGRP E\ *RG #"8 ( ) ( $KO DO %D\W $´D% 8 ( ( 7KH GXW\ RI WKH H[HJHWHV >PXIDVVLUưQ@ EHFRPHV YHU\ FOHDU $V SRLQWHG RXW EHIRUH HOXFLGDWLRQ RI WKH UHYHODWLRQ HODERUDWH H[SODQDWLRQ RI WKH ODZV DQG LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI WKH 4XUµDQLF YHUVHV DUH HVVHQWLDOO\ DVVLJQHG WR DQG ZLWKLQ WKH FRPSHWHQFH RI WKH $SRVWOH Ι ZKR GXULQJ KLV EOHVVHG OLIH DFTXDLQWHG WKH SHRSOH ZKHQHYHU LW ZDV SRVVLEOH ZLWK WKH WHDFKLQJV RI WKH 4XUµDQ 7RGD\ WKH H[HJHWHV DUH GXW\ ERXQG WR UHIHU WR WKH DXWKHQWLF WUDGLWLRQV >DΗƘGưWK@ DQG QDUUDWLRQV >ULZƘ\ƘW@ UHSRUWHG IURP WKH $SRVWOH Ι LQ WKLV UHJDUG %DVHG RQ WKHVH WUDGLWLRQV WKH\ KDYH WR FORVHO\ H[DPLQH DQG VFUXWLQL]H WKH UHOHYDQW YHUVHV DQG RUJDQL]H WKHLU YLHZV DQG RSLQLRQV ZLWKLQ WKH IUDPHZRUN RI WKH $SRVWOHµV Ι H[SRVLWLRQV DQG H[SODQDWLRQV $W WKH SRLQWV ZKHUH WKH 3URSKHW Ι GLG QRW KDYH WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR H[SRXQG WKH *UHDWHU 2QH RI WKH 7ZR :HLJKW\ 7KLQJV >WKLTO DO DNEDU@ L H WKH ILUP 4XUµDQ WKH\ KDYH WR UHVRUW WR WKH *UHDW 2QH RI WKH 7ZR :HLJKW\ 7KLQJV >WKLTO DO NDEưU@ YL] WKH $KO DO %D\W ´D DQG WKH LQIDOOLEOH ,PƘPV ´D ,Q WKLV UHJDUG WKH UHOLJLRXV VFLHQFH H[SHUWV DQG VFKRODUV DUH HTXDOO\ REOLJHG WR WDNH WKH DXWKHQWLF WUDGLWLRQV DQG QDUUDWLRQV DV WKHLU EDVLV DQG SURRI LQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH +RO\ 4XUµDQ DQG EDVH WKH H[HJHVLV RU LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI WKH 4XUµDQ RQ WKHVH WUDGLWLRQV 7KHUHIRUH WKH ILUVW FULWHULRQ IRU FRUUHFW XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH 4XUµDQ DQG UHOLJLRXV WHDFKLQJV LV WKH HOXFLGDWLRQ RU H[SODQDWLRQ WUDQVPLWWHG IURP WKH $SRVWOH Ι DQG WKH LQIDOOLEOH ,PƘPV ´D WR XV +HQFH WKH ILUVW DQG IRUHPRVW GXW\ RI DQ H[HJHWH >PXIDVVLU@ LV WR XQGHUVWDQG DQG H[SRXQG WKH H[HJHVLV ZKLFK KDV EHHQ UHSRUWHG IURP WKH $SRVWOH Ι DQG WKH ,PƘPV ´D IRU RQO\ LQ WKH OLJKW RI WKH NQRZOHGJH RI WKH $KO DO %D\W ´D FDQ RQH XQGHUVWDQG WKH VFLHQFHV RI WKH 4XUµDQ

2 6ǍUDK ƗO µ,PUƘQ 274


:=

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

* ( & ! 7KH WKLUG SRLQW ZKLFK LV H[WUHPHO\ LPSRUWDQW DQG H[SHGLHQW WR SD\ DWWHQWLRQ WR LQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ FRUUHFWO\ WKH UHYHDOHG ZRUGV LV WKH LVVXH RI LQWHUSUHWLQJ WKH 4XUµDQ E\ PHDQV RI LWVHOI DQG SD\LQJ DWWHQWLRQ WR WKH H[LVWLQJ UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ YHUVHV ,W LV WUXH WKDW WKH YHUVHV RI WKH 4XUµDQ DUH DSSDUHQWO\ VHSDUDWH IURP RQH DQRWKHU DQG HYHU\ YHUVH RU JURXS RI YHUVHV VHHPLQJO\ VSHDNV DERXW D VSHFLILF VXEMHFW EXW FRUUHFW XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RU SURSHU LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ LV SRVVLEOH RQO\ ZKHQ WKH YHUVHV RI WKH 4XUµDQ DUH WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW LQ UHODWLRQ WR RQH DQRWKHU 0DQ\ YHUVHV DQG SRLQWV RI WKLV GLYLQH ERRN LQWHUSUHW RQH DQRWKHU DQG JLYH WHVWLPRQ\ WR WKHLU YHUDFLW\ DQG WUXWKIXOQHVV ,Q WKLV UHJDUG ,PƘP ´$Oư ´D VD\V

8 $ NA ? 0 =; q 7 % / ?M 0 NA ? 0 YP L 7% / N0 - ?, + % / N0 - P L % / N0 -% 4l M ' #( D $ NM 9 l0 ¡ 7 X% / ¡ # 7 X% / ?0 ²7KH %RRN RI $OODK LV WKDW WKURXJK ZKLFK \RX VHH \RX VSHDN DQG \RX KHDU ,WV RQH SDUW VSHDNV IRU WKH RWKHU SDUW DQG RQH SDUW WHVWLILHV WR WKH RWKHU ,W GRHV QRW FUHDWH GLIIHUHQFHV DERXW $OODK QRU GRHV LW PLVOHDG LWV RZQ IROORZHU IURP WKH SDWK RI $OODK ³ $PRQJ WKH FDVHV RI WKH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI WKH 4XUµDQ E\ PHDQV RI LWVHOI RQH PD\ FLWH IRU H[DPSOH Ƙ\DK RI 6ǍUDK DO 6KDZUƘ DQG Ƙ\DK RI 6ǍUDK DO )DWΗ

U l M u ,+ 2 % i t N , ( | T ³1RWKLQJ LV OLNH +LP DQG +H LV WKH $OO KHDULQJ WKH $OO VHHLQJ ´3

U ; 7 =7 3 N =7 T ³7KH KDQG RI $OODK LV DERYH WKHLU KDQGV ´ ²1RWKLQJ LV OLNH +LP³ LV RQH RI WKH SUHFLVH YHUVHV >PXΗNDPƘW@ RI WKH 4XUµDQ DQG LWV PHDQLQJ LV FOHDU DQG XQDPELJXRXV 7KLV YHUVH VWDWHV WKDW QRWKLQJ LV OLNH +LP WKDW LV *RG WKH ([DOWHG LV WKH 8QLTXH 5HDOLW\ 7KH VHFRQG YHUVH VWDWHV WKDW ²WKH KDQG RI $OODK LV DERYH WKHLU KDQGV³ ,W LV WUXH WKDW WKLV YHUVH KDV DWWULEXWHG D ²KDQG³ WR *RG EXW WKH ILUVW YHUVH QHJDWHV WKLV DSSDUHQW PHDQLQJ DQG LQ YLHZ RI ZKLFK ZH FDQ XQGHUVWDQG WKDW E\ ²\DG³ LW GRHV QRW

2 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK 2 3 6njUDK DO 6KDZUƗ 43 22 6njUDK DO )DWΗ 4= 25


&KDSWHU

:8

VXJJHVW LWV DSSDUHQW PHDQLQJ L H ²KDQG³ ,W UDWKHU UHIHUV WR LWV DOOHJRULFDO PHDQLQJ VXFK DV ²SRZHU³ DQG WKH OLNH 7KXV LQWHUSUHWLQJ DQG H[SRXQGLQJ WKH YHUVH ³7KH KDQG RI $OODK LV DERYH WKHLU KDQGV´ % # " $ ²1RWKLQJ LV OLNH +LP³ LV RXWVLGH WKH SHULSKHU\ RI SURSHU PHWKRG RI LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ DQG EHFDXVH RI WKLV ZURQJ LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ LW PD\ SRVVLEO\ OHDG WR WKH SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI DQ HUURQHRXV DQWKURSRPRUSKLF UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI *RG $V VXFK LQ LQWHUSUHWLQJ WKH 4XUµDQ ZH KDYH WR SD\ DWWHQWLRQ WR WKH YHUVHV LQ UHODWLRQ WR RQH DQRWKHU DQG XQGHUVWDQG WKHLU PHDQLQJ WKURXJK WKH 4XUµDQ LWVHOI + ( " ! " " ( 7KH IRXUWK SRLQW WKDW PXVW EH QRWHG LQ LQWHUSUHWLQJ DQG FRUUHFWO\ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH 4XUµDQ LV WKH REVHUYDQFH RI SULQFLSOHV DQG UXOHV RI LQWHOOHFWXDO GLVFRXUVH (VSHFLDOO\ ZKHQ WKHUH LV QR DYDLODEOH DXWKHQWLF WUDGLWLRQ RU FOHDU H[SODQDWLRQ IURP WKH $SRVWOH Ι RU WKH LQIDOOLEOH ,PƘPV ´D WKH QHFHVVLW\ RI REVHUYLQJ WKH SULQFLSOHV DQG UXOHV RI LQWHOOHFWXDO GLVFRXUVH LV PXOWLSOLHG ,W LV DW WKLV VWDJH WKDW WKH UROH RI WKH SURPLQHQW PHQ RI UHOLJLRQ H[HJHWHV DQG WKRVH ZKR KDYH DFTXLUHG WKH NQRZOHGJH RI WKH $KO DO %D\W ´D EHFRPHV FOHDU 7KH\ DUH WKH RQHV ZKR LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH SULQFLSOHV RI LQWHOOHFWXDO GLVFRXUVH LGHQWLI\ WKH JHQHUDO >´ƘP@ DQG VSHFLILF >NKƘV̛Ι@ LQMXQFWLRQV RI WKH 4XUµDQ VSHFLI\ WKH VFRSH RI PHDQLQJ RI HDFK RI WKHP NQRZ WKH DEVWUDFW >PXΛODT@ DQG FRQFUHWH >PXTD\\DG@ PHDQLQJV LQWHUSUHW YHUVHV E\ PHDQV RI RQH DQRWKHU GHWHUPLQH WKH SUHFHGHQFH RI RQH YHUVH RYHU DQRWKHU DQG SD\ DWWHQWLRQ WR WKHP LQ WKHLU H[HJHWLFDO SXUVXLWV ( ! ' ( " && ) " & " 7KH RWKHU SRLQW ZKLFK PXVW EH QRWHG LQ WKLV VHFWLRQ LV QRW FRQILQHG WR XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH 4XUµDQ DQG UHOLJLRXV VFLHQFHV ,W LV XQLYHUVDOO\ DFFHSWHG WKDW DQ LQGLYLGXDOµV LQWHOOHFWXDO FDSDELOLWLHV H[WHQW RI HIIRUWV H[HUWHG DQG PHWLFXORXVQHVV LQ FRUUHFWO\ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ D VXEMHFW GHFLGH WKH GHJUHH RI KLV XQGHUVWDQGLQJ /HW XV HODERUDWH ,Q MXULVWLF GLVFXVVLRQV RQH RI WKH LVVXHV ZKLFK DUH PRUH RU OHVV DIILUPHG E\ DOO MXULVWV >IXTDKƘ@ DQG FRQVLGHUHG SDUW RI WKH GXWLHV RI HYHU\ IROORZHU >PXTDOOLG@ LV WKH TXHVWLRQ RI IROORZLQJ >WDTOưG@ WKH PRUH NQRZOHGJHDEOH RU WKH PRVW OHDUQHG >D´ODP@ $FFRUGLQJO\ LW LV VDLG WKDW H[SHUWLVH LQ

2 0XTDOOLG %

% % PDUMDµ DO WDTOưG # " B 9


75

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

MXULVSUXGHQFH >ILTK@ DQG WKH GHGXFWLRQ RI ODZV IURP UHOLJLRXV VRXUFHV >LMWLKƘG@ KDV YDULRXV OHYHOV (YHU\ PXNDOODI LV REOLJHG WR IROORZ >WDTOưG@ WKH PRVW OHDUQHG MXULVW >IDTưK@ L H RQH ZKR LQ PDWWHUV RI LMWLKƘG KDV WKH VXSHULRU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DQG WDOHQW DQG LV WKH PRVW NQRZOHGJHDEOH LQ MXULVSUXGHQFH 2I FRXUVH WKH RWKHU PDUƘML´ DO WDTOưG >VRXUFHV RI HPXODWLRQ RU UHOLJLRXV DXWKRULWLHV@ ZKR DUH QRW HTXDO WR WKH PRVW OHDUQHG LQ PDWWHUV RI LMWLKƘG DUH DOVR IXTDKƘ DQG PXMWDKLGǍQ EXW WKH\ DUH RQ D ORZHU OHYHO ,W PXVW QRW UHPDLQ XQVDLG WKDW WKH UHOLJLRXV HGLFW >IDWZƘ@ RI WKH IXTDKƘ RQ WKH QHFHVVLW\ RI IROORZLQJ WKH PRVW OHDUQHG DOVR VWHPV IURP WKH UDWLRQDO PHWKRG ,W LV H[DFWO\ OLNH UHIHUULQJ WR DQ H[SHUW GRFWRU ZKR KDV PDQ\ \HDUV RI PHGLFDO H[SHULHQFH 7R SUHIHU KLP RYHU D GRFWRU ZKR KDV UHFHQWO\ DFTXLUHG KLV OLFHQVH WR SUDFWLFH PHGLFLQH LV WKH UDWLRQDO GHFLVLRQ DQG WR GR RWKHUZLVH LV FRQGHPQHG E\ DOO UDWLRQDO SHRSOH 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ DQG LGHQWLI\LQJ WKH VXEWOHWLHV RI WKH 4XUµDQ LV RQO\ ZLWKLQ WKH FRPSHWHQFH RI WKH H[SHUWV ZKR VSHQW WKHLU OLYHV XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH 4XUµDQ DQG UHOLJLRXV VFLHQFHV ZLWK WKH NQRZOHGJH DFTXLUHG IURP WKH $KO DO %D\W ´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µDQ KDV EHHQ UHYHDOHG IRU DOO DJHV DQG JHQHUDWLRQV DQG DGGUHVVHG WR WKH SHRSOH RI DOO DJHV EXW WKH FRQWH[W DQG RFFDVLRQ RI UHYHODWLRQ ZDV FOHDU IRU WKH ILUVW DGGUHVVHHV DQG SHRSOH RI WKH SHULRG RI UHYHODWLRQ DQG WKHUH ZDV QR URRP IRU GRXEW DQG GLVSXWH RQ WKHLU PHDQLQJV DQG LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV 0RUHRYHU LI WKHUH ZDV DQ\ DPELJXLW\ VXUURXQGLQJ D YHUVH WKH SHRSOHµV DFFHVV WR WKH $SRVWOH Ι ZDV QRW SUREOHPDWLF 7RGD\ KRZHYHU WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI VRPH FRQWH[WV DQG RFFDVLRQV RI UHYHODWLRQV EHLQJ FRQFHDOHG WKH H[SHGLHQF\ RU QHHG IRU PHWLFXORXVQHVV LQ SURSHUO\ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH 4XUµDQ EHFRPHV IDU PRUH LPSRUWDQW 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH WUXH DQG OLWHUDO PHDQLQJV RI ZRUGV XVHG LQ WKH +RO\ 4XUµDQ LV RQH RI WKH LVVXHV ZLWKRXW ZKLFK LW LV LPSRVVLEOH WR FRUUHFWO\ XQGHUVWDQG DQG SURSHUO\ LQWHUSUHW WKH 4XUµDQ 1HJOLJHQFH LQ WKH

2 0XNDOODI " % # FRPRSRV PHQWLV

$

" 9


72

&KDSWHU

WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI PHDQLQJV ZKLFK VRPHWLPHV KDSSHQV LQ WKH FRXUVH RI WLPH WR D FHUWDLQ ZRUG PD\ SRVVLEO\ OHDG WR HUURU DQG PLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJ )RU H[DPSOH WKH PHDQLQJ DQG FRQFHSW RI WKH ZRUG WDTL\\DK >GLVVLPXODWLRQ@ LV FOHDU WR DOO ,Q SRSXODU XVDJH WKLV ZRUG PHDQV WKDW D SHUVRQ FRQFHDOV KLV IDLWK RU UHOLJLRQ DQG DFWV LQ VXFK D PDQQHU WKDW RWKHUV DUH XQLQIRUPHG RI KLV UHDO IDLWK RU UHOLJLRQ ZKLOH WKH OLWHUDO PHDQLQJ RI WDTL\\DK LV SLHW\ DQG LW KDV EHHQ XVHG LQ WKH 4XUµDQ DQG 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK LQ WKLV VHQVH 7KH ZRUG WDTL\\DK LV QRW PHQWLRQHG LQ WKH 4XUµDQ EXW WKH ZRUG WDTƘK ZKLFK LV V\QRQ\PRXV ZLWK WDTL\\DK DQG WDTZƘ >SLHW\ RU *RG ZDULQHVV@ LV PHQWLRQHG LQ WKH SDVVDJH EHORZ

U N Y9 N T ³%H ZDU\ RI $OODK ZLWK WKH ZDULQHVV GXH WR +LP ´2 ' " ! 0 A / #

$ ! $ " "

" $ " $ # % # C ! $ # A $ # " $

#

# " / # / # $

" $

$

C $ " # ! " # # % # "

! "

% "

" 9 # % ! " % 9

! "

#

C % # 9 H ! %

$ * V̛ C " C

2 6ǍUDK ƗO µ,PUƘQ 253


73

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

# 9 $

"

# C A " " # $ . C % " $ # ƒ / # χ


# # ! &

" " ! ! 9 $ " 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK " % #

! # 9 ! C A " $ $ / # " WKLTO DO DNEDUƒ " " # „ Ι ˆ A " # # " $ " % # # % " / # " " $

% $ A " $ % ! $ " # $ % $ A % % " $ % " " " %

! # " # " " $ 9 % # " 9 B # # % % " # % # " " #

% % " "


74

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

" "

A " % # Ô’ Ô‘ * Æ° µD 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK 9 % % C

# #

% "

Ô’ Ô‘ * Æ° µD

8 #9 ' # ƒ ,0 % _b g % / N( 4 > _ 4 ? 8 #9 =t 4 4 ? " 3 , $ % / N 2 3 =L $ . ` d +, # 5 Dc _ M " > _ 4 ? 8 #9 N0 + , % / NA " > _ 4 ? D1 ; ˆ o . % / ? y $ ; " … …I % # % $ % " # % % # % $ # " # % % % $ " # % %

" % % # " % " " †2 9 $ Ô’ Ô‘ * Æ° µD

%

# $ # " " $ " "

# # % $ % " " B " " % % !

9 % % B

$ " A " $ „ ! $ " / $ / / "

$ # % # * $ #

" % ! "

% # & * %

% % # " " " $ # "

" " # " % # " %

2 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK 246


&KDSWHU

7:

9 $ "

" $

$ 9 # % " " $ $ % # " " " Ι 9 # # $ % A " % #

! # # # # " % " # " * $ # " " #

$

" " C % + # " " ( # " # $ % "

* # # !

1# " #

$

$ $ ( A %

" " " # " ( # %

$ " " $ > % # . % $ # % " A $ " ƒ H " " ƒ … % "† " % " 9 # " %

" % % " (

# % C $ ? # " 9 ( " " # $ % " * Ι A Ƙ µD $ $ H $ ( % $ " !

" $ " % ( "" ! ! ( 9 " … # " †

$ %

! # % $ . " $ # % ! ! #

$ B " #


77

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

/ # % ! $ " $ " 9 $ $ $ / # $ $ %

! " $ > % % $ $ % % %

! " % ! " " $ % A $ % 1# " " $ " " # % % # % $ % " " #? 9

" ( % " 9 # % % $ " " # " % " # " % #

#

$ # .

"

9 # #

% # # $ % " " % ? " # ? " ( % $ #

" #

A # % # !

$ / #

! " $ ! " % " A 1 % # % ! " $ % " $ " $ # ! 9 # # % % " # " " % " #

9 # " " $ # # "

" " $ 9 # # " $

% # # $ % # $ " " A …A $ " # ˆ† # %

# $ # $ " #

$ # # | # % % " … $ $ † $


76

&KDSWHU

Ι # " $ # # " H # " $ # $ # | " " $ " % $ " #

# # $ * $

" % % # 9 # " " $ " A % " $ $ # # " $ $ $ # ! % $ $ * Ι "

! " $

* " # " * Ι

% #

! % $ * H $ $ A % Ι ; # # % % % # $ C %

U 8 9 7 9 % X & 2 -& m ; $ YP L 7 .% T ³+H GRHV QRW VSHDN RXW RI >KLV RZQ@ GHVLUH LW LV MXVW D UHYHODWLRQ WKDW LV UHYHDOHG >WR KLP@ ´2

L? P J, 0 NL . "_ b W 17 % W k ? 0 L $ % J, ? ' . 17¢ T UJ NL . ³>,W LV@ JUDGXDOO\ VHQW GRZQ IURP WKH /RUG RI DOO WKH ZRUOGV +DG KH IDNHG DQ\ VD\LQJV LQ 2XU QDPH :H ZRXOG KDYH VXUHO\ VHL]HG KLP E\ WKH ULJKW KDQG DQG WKHQ FXW RII KLV DRUWD ´3 9 # #

# " Ι

" A $ "

# " " " # " % % A "

2 6njUDK DO 1DMP : .4 3 6ǍUDK DO ΖƘTTDK


7=

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

% ! " "

# # 9 #

" % # !

# %

/ "

# $ 9 " $ " % $

$ " & * * " " ) ! " $ " " "

+ # DO ZDVZƘVL¶O NKDQQƘV

$ $ " B 2 #

# % " 9 $ " B % .%

"

# $

% % ! 9 # # $

%

# # 1# " A ư # " # $ # $ " # % " % ? " ! # " ( % # $ " % $ "

% 9 ( ( " 4PXWDVKƘELKƘW5 ! ) ! " ! ( A % * Ι A Ƙ µD ! $ $ PXΗNDPƘW " PXWDVKƘELKƘW $ EƘΛLQ ! ΝƘKLU A # !

* Ι A Ƙ µD % $ $ % "

% " ! !

%

% " " $KO DO %D\W µD

2

6ǍUDK DO 1ƘV 224 2.7 9


&KDSWHU

78

9 " % # " " % # " "

!

# " 9 Ι $ A Ƙ µD I

% % # " " IDKP WDIKưP WDIDKKXP 9 # % # "

% ILWQDK # 9 #

.g o ;0 q# . 4b 3 % ' # \3 2 o , C . o 7O NL . ' # ` $ ] " 3 >_ 2 T N X& N 7 %g ? 7 .% N 7 %g i z# 0 % QL # : i z# 0 NL . N0 q . - ?M # 7 s ; 0 £ 7 _ U ' M W % 3 X& 4( _ 7 .% L0 =L $ . 1( N0 L. O - 7 ? - 4 % ³,W LV +H ZKR KDV VHQW GRZQ WR \RX WKH %RRN 3DUWV RI LW DUH GHILQLWH YHUVHV ZKLFK DUH WKH PRWKHU RI WKH %RRN ZKLOH RWKHUV DUH PHWDSKRULFDO $V IRU WKRVH LQ ZKRVH KHDUWV LV GHYLDQFH WKH\ SXUVXH ZKDW LV PHWDSKRULFDO LQ LW FRXUWLQJ WHPSWDWLRQ DQG FRXUWLQJ LWV LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ %XW QR RQH NQRZV LWV LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ H[FHSW $OODK DQG WKRVH ILUPO\ JURXQGHG LQ NQRZOHGJH WKH\ VD\ µ:H EHOLHYH LQ LW DOO RI LW LV IURP RXU /RUG ¶ $QG QRQH WDNHV DGPRQLWLRQ H[FHSW WKRVH ZKR SRVVHVV LQWHOOHFW ´2 9 PXΗNDPƘW $ % " % 9 $ C % " 9 " % " PXΗNDPƘW 1 # $ % % PXΗNDPƘW $ # #

" 9 $ " $ PXWDVKƘELKƘW 9

% PXWDVKƘELKƘW %

# " PXΗNDPƘW ! " ! * Ι A Ƙ µD 9 / # " % " PXWDVKƘELKƘW " $ " % PXWDVKƘELKƘW " " "

$ WD¶ZưO WDΗUưI * " % ! " " $ !

# " % " ²7KRVH ILUPO\ JURXQGHG LQ

2 6ǍUDK ƗO µ,PUƘQ 6


65

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

NQRZOHGJH³ UHIHU WR WKRVH ZKR KDYH ZKROHKHDUWHGO\ DFNQRZOHGJHG WKHLU VHUYLWXGH WR *RG VD\LQJ ²:H EHOLHYH LQ WKH 4XUµDQ±ERWK LWV GHILQLWLYH DQG DOOHJRULFDO YHUVHV ,WV HQWLUHW\ FRPHV IURP *RG ³ ) & ' " ! ( " 4PXWDVKƘELKƘW5 * # # H #

$ $ $ $ " "

# $ # # A

# C #

9 " % H " # C % " " " "

/ % $ % " # " C % + # C

%

$ " " 9 "

% " #

$ " " C " % #

$ " " " 9 # % $ "

25.# $ " .# $ # # " % A " % % " % " % "

' A "

U z 0 - L. V 7 7 _ J # , m =2 N 7 X ' # ` d T ³7KLV LV WKH %RRN WKHUH LV QR GRXEW LQ LW D JXLGDQFH WR WKH *RG ZDU\ ZKR EHOLHYH LQ WKH 8QVHHQ ´2 9 " 1 " % !

" $ A Ƙ µD 9 % # "

$ # !

# " " % " # " " #

2 6ǍUDK DO %DTDUDK 3 3.


62

&KDSWHU

% " # % " " 9 ! % " $

U ; 7 =7 3 N =7 T ³7KH KDQG RI $OODK LV DERYH WKHLU KDQGV ´2

U h? ? 2 % T ³$QG +H LV WKH $OO H[DOWHG WKH $OO VXSUHPH ´3 9 % IDZT µDOư µƘOư µXOXZZ "

% A $ " " # " % # " + ! % " "

% / % $ %

% + # " % % % / % $ % " # " " #

$ " " 9 % . . " " " " " " $ # " " H 9 % " # / %

! # " " # $ " 9 %

% %

? # % $ # " "

!

| / " % " & $

U - ( N 7 -3 r t 6 3 d & c4 . 3 ," & T ³:KHQ +H ZLOOV VRPHWKLQJ DOO +H QHHGV WR GR LV VD\ WR LW µ%H ¶ WKHQ LW LV ´ 9 % ³+H LV WKH $OO H[DOWHG WKH $OO VXSUHPH ´4 / " # " / ( " $ #

2 6ǍUDK DO %DTDUDK 3 6njUDK DO )DWΗ 4= 25 3 6ǍUDK DO 6KDZUƘ 43 4 6njUDK <Ɨ 6ƯQ 7 =3 4 6ǍUDK DO %DTDUDK 3 3::' 6njUDK DO )DWΗ 4= 25


63

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

1 ( " " % # # % % " % " $ " + ! / " / " % % % " ( ; Ƙ$ 2 I % % " *" " " %

A % % " " " $ % # #

% " # # H $ % #

$ " "

$ " / # #

U N N} % ,L 7 g T ³6R ZKLFKHYHU ZD\ \RX WXUQ WKHUH LV WKH IDFH RI $OODK ´3 1 $ # # # % % # H # * * . ! * . % " # " % " " " / " 1 % #

%

" % " % " $ " " ! " # " * ! ! 1 ! ! $ " % / 1 " / / " $ ! " % $ #

" % " "

# > %

" $ % $

2 H " : 765 ( ; Ƙ$ % 9

* ? ( " A ! " " & 9 3 6njUDK DO %DTDUDK 3 22:


&KDSWHU

6

! % " % $ % " " % # " / % % % ! " # A " % * $ % # # " " % $ "

% % #

$ + % $ ³$QG +H LV WKH $OO H[DOWHG WKH $OO VXSUHPH ´2 % " ! 1 " % $ " $ ³1RWKLQJ LV OLNH +LP´3 $ " 9 $ ! % / C

9 % $ " ! % % / ! / $ 9 %

* H * . % " * . % % " $ %

" 1 * " % # !

% / D % " J % + " % / / * ! % % # "

$ # % " %

/ ! " $ $ % % "

% # 1 ! " $ " # $ 1 $ % % $ " % # " $ % " A $ ! $ " $ # ³7KRVH LQ ZKRVH KHDUWV LV GHYLDQFH´ $ # " A % ³7KHUH LV D

2 6ǍUDK DO 6KDZUƘ 43 4 3 6njUDK DO 6KDZUƗ 43 22 6ǍUDK ƗO µ,PUƘQ 6


64

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

VLFNQHVV LQ WKHLU KHDUWV ´2 9 # " $ " H " $ # " $ " $ $ " % " #& ( & ! ! ) ! > # % %

" " $

A # % $ % # $ B $ A # % " # % $

( $ # + % " # " #

$ B $

" % 9 #

% # $ % " !

" "

% % * % $ " # ! " # Ԓ ԑ * ư µD

|M . ¤ b YC -3 % / 7 6 4 , 8 $ ¡ 7 YC ¥ ]. . ¤ b 1Z M -3 / ez j _2 . % / ez j _2 . _ b V 7 % / 7 =" ?, + 3 N L $ ^ ? P " 1 Z M D8 L+ C . ; ^ M 7 _ L 7% / NR % 3 8 $ - P q ¦ # + 7 ` L; - }] , A % "

! % % * "

% ! % " % % % $

H % $ " " % ! * " $ % #

% $

# * 3 > # $ % $ # % " " $ " % VDQDG

2 6njUDK DO %DTDUDK 3 25 3 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK :5


6:

&KDSWHU

" $ " A ( % # " $ $ % " # $KO DO %D\W A Ƙ µD 9 # % " $ ( % " # % " # % A # " " $ # A 1# " # " " $ # " % A .

" $ % $ # A A % " # % .( % % ( A % " # B $ " " % " A A $ B " B / % $ # # % $

! B " $ " "

U C 7 , ( $6 d& 4 % N M # L. O 7 _ ;7 3 7 T ³2 \RX ZKR KDYH IDLWK $QVZHU $OODK DQG WKH $SRVWOH ZKHQ KH VXPPRQV \RX WR WKDW ZKLFK ZLOO JLYH \RX OLIH ³ 61 !! 7 ) " ! ( A # % % ! " ! " " " % % " " " ! " "

" " J % % # ( " " " % " " " $ " , ! ! ( " "" ( D

" $ % C H $

"

2 6ǍUDK DO $QIƘO = 34


67

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

% A

# % ! $ % ! Ԓ ԑ * ư µD 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK " A $ # " " $ # ! " % B

" !

%

U Jl , ; L . 6 M$ X & J? , } 3 ; L 7 g ` ] ? M T ³%\ <RXU PLJKW , ZLOO VXUHO\ SHUYHUW WKHP H[FHSW <RXU H[FOXVLYH VHUYDQWV DPRQJ WKHP ´2 A ! " "

$ " % " $ ! /

" " % " $ % # " $ " % % # * $ " $ PXΗNDPƘW DQG PXWDVKƘELKƘW *RG WKH ([DOWHG VWDWHV

U N 7 %g i z# 0 % QL # : i z# 0 NL . N0 q . - ?M # 7 s ; 0 £ 7 _ .g T ³$V IRU WKRVH LQ ZKRVH KHDUWV LV GHYLDQFH WKH\ SXUVXH ZKDW LV PHWDSKRULFDO LQ LW FRXUWLQJ WHPSWDWLRQ DQG FRXUWLQJ LWV LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ ´3 / % " B $ 9 $ ³7KRVH LQ ZKRVH KHDUWV LV GHYLDQFH´ ³7KRVH LQ ZKRVH KHDUWV LV D VLFNQHVV´

% " !

$ $ $

" 9 / # % % " " $ "

! ΝƘKLU ! PXWDVKƘELKƘW . " 9 C % % ILWQDK . " " 9 ! "

# % $ " " % " $ " % %

" .% $ % $ ILWQDK " # "

2 6ǍUDK ΘƘG = =3.= 3 6ǍUDK ƗO µ,PUƘQ 6


66

&KDSWHU

" # H $ " $ % * # A " IDWDQDKX A IDWDQDKX

% #

U - L# : 7 L 8 $ 2 \ 7 T ³,W LV WKH GD\ ZKHQ WKH\ ZLOO EH WRUPHQWHG LQ WKH )LUH ´2 9 " IDWDQDKX / % $ ! " # C " " % 9 % ILWQDK * ILWQDK " # " % " % C " % " " "

$ ³,W LV WKH GD\ ZKHQ WKH\ ZLOO EH WRUPHQWHG LQ WKH )LUH´ % " LΕΛLUƘE *" % % # # * * " # C ILWQDK " % " " ! " % ILWQDK " " " % # # % $ " ILWQDK 9 ILWQDK " # "

$ % " # $ " * ! ILWQDK " % # !

%

A % ILWQDK " $ 9

U QL # ( 6 X % 3 % . 3 ," 3 T

³<RXU SRVVHVVLRQV DQG FKLOGUHQ DUH RQO\ D WHVW ´3 A #

U QL # 4 % 4q 0 ( M " % T

³$QG :H ZLOO WHVW \RX ZLWK JRRG DQG LOO E\ ZD\ RI WHVW ´

2 6ǍUDK DO 'KƘUL\ƘW :2 2 3 6ǍUDK DO $QIƘO = 3= 6ǍUDK DO $QEL\Ƙ¶ 32 :


6=

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

$ ILWQDK A $ $ ³,W LV +H ZKR KDV VHQW GRZQ WR \RX WKH %RRN 3DUWV RI LW DUH SUHFLVH YHUVHV ZKLFK DUH WKH PRWKHU RI WKH %RRN ZKLOH RWKHUV DUH DOOHJRULFDO $V IRU WKRVH LQ ZKRVH KHDUWV LV GHYLDQFH WKH\ SXUVXH ZKDW LV DOOHJRULFDO LQ LW FRXUWLQJ WHPSWDWLRQ >ILWQDK@´2 ILWQDK " % " PXWDVKƘELKƘW % ! % % PXWDVKƘELKƘW A | # . " ! " $ # "

" " " /:/ 4ILWQDK5 ( " $ #

# 9 $ # % " " " 9 " # # QLIƘT . "

. " $ + " $

" " % " " !

" 9 #

" A ( % % # 9 " " % $UPHG VHGLWLRQ $ % # " A ( #

% 1# # $ ( " ( " # $ $ B $ A % # # ( # ( # $ " 1# " " " # ( # " A " " %

$

! # " % $ " "

" # % #

2 6ǍUDK ƗO µ,PUƘQ 6


68

&KDSWHU

( % " "# %

U N N ( 7 = - 7 % QL # - X 8 #9 2 % T ³)LJKW WKHP XQWLO IDLWKOHVVQHVV LV QR PRUH DQG UHOLJLRQ EHFRPHV H[FOXVLYHO\ IRU $OODK ´3 A " " " ( %

. ' _? 0 N M l7 - 3 0 ¤0 4# " C " % L + C m =9 & X& L0 - l0 4 12 1 T U - l0 4 # . ? . "& l0 4 # L7 =7 g 0 %3 c= L $ ³6D\ µ'R \RX DZDLW DQ\WKLQJ WR EHIDOO XV H[FHSW RQH RI WKH WZR H[FHOOHQFHV" %XW ZH DZDLW WKDW $OODK VKDOO YLVLW RQ \RX D SXQLVKPHQW IURP +LP RU E\ RXU KDQGV 6R ZDLW :H WRR DUH ZDLWLQJ DORQJ ZLWK \RX ¶´ &XOWXUDO VHGLWLRQ 9

" A ( $ % ( 9

C #

# A # # % $ %

# # (

( A # # ( % # " # # # A # (

# % " # " # # A # # # # $ % " % % # % " A # # # #

( % " $ # " ( $ % " "

% " A

2 # & 6ǍUDK DO %DTDUDK 3 28 9 3 6njUDK DO $QIƗO = 8 6njUDK DO 7DZEDK %DUƗ¶DK 8 :3


=5

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

% $ $ " C # " " ( ( # % # $ # " "" $ $ " " # # I " $ # "

# C / # % % " ( " # "

" ) ( ! ( " # ( % % B ? " " % ( " " # 9 / # #

U 1# . =t 3 QL # : % ( }4 b 3 e 9 . 2 }4 b 3 % 2 ,# : e 9 2 # % T ³$QG NLOO WKHP ZKHUHYHU \RX FRQIURQW WKHP DQG H[SHO WKHP IURP ZKHUH WKH\ H[SHOOHG \RX IRU IDLWKOHVVQHVV LV JUDYHU WKDQ NLOOLQJ ´3 % %

" $ $ A # # "" ! " A ( I " $

" # "" 9

U 1# . 4M ( 3 QL # : % T ³$QG IDLWKOHVVQHVV LV JUDYHU WKDQ NLOOLQJ ´ 9 # " # "" " " $ " ( ; & 4VKLUN5 ) ( # VKLUN ! " WDZΗưG " # 9 % & $ $

# " # $ % #

2 # 9 3 6njUDK DO %DTDUDK 3 282 6ǍUDK DO %DTDUDK 3 326


&KDSWHU

=2

9 # $ # #

$ B $ * # .% "

#

A # % % $

" % 9 % % % $

# 9 # # " " " A " #

A 75 % %

#

#

# !

# # #

" ! %

A " " " " # #

% $ " " " " ! # 9 $ # $ % $

" A $ #

% ³7KHUH LV QR JRG EXW $OODK´ /Ƙ LOƘKD LOODOOƘK $ B % # %

% %

! " $KO DO %D\W µD # " # % " # # % # % #

# $ # $ ! # % * Ι " MLKƘG MLKƘG DO DNEDU A

# A % " " $ " " A A MLKƘG DO DNEDU "

" A " ? " A # # $

$ $ " B $


=3

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

$

"

" ! & ( " ! ( 9 / # % ( % #

J % $ ! " " "

9 * Ι % # #

$ % % " " $ ( % # ( !

# % # 9 > # $ " $ $ % * Ι ; " * Ι A * Ι !

# ! # $ " " $ " $

A Ƙ µD

$

$ # " 9 $ % #

% " % # * Ι " # / # " $ % "

U - L# : 7 X 2 % L. O 7 - 3 (4 #7 - 3 a L + 9 3 T ³'R WKH SHRSOH VXSSRVH WKDW WKH\ ZLOO EH OHW RII EHFDXVH WKH\ VD\ µ:H KDYH IDLWK ¶ DQG WKH\ ZLOO QRW EH WHVWHG"´2 ILWQDK

. 1VE2 # Ԓ ԑ * ư µD % " $ "

# " $ " ΗDEO¶XO PDWưQ % " $ " " " # % " # * C A Ƙ * ư Ι C # " * Ι " A

# A Ƙ µD $ $ ³'R WKH SHRSOH VXSSRVH WKDW WKH\ ZLOO EH OHW RII EHFDXVH WKH\ VD\ µ:H KDYH IDLWK ¶ DQG WKH\ ZLOO QRW EH WHVWHG"´ % * V̛

ILWQDK " " / ILWQDK % * Ι * Ι

2 6ǍUDK DO µ$QNDEǍW 38 3


=

&KDSWHU

ILWQDK " % # ! 9 * Ι * # XPPDK % !

ILWQDK / Ι #

ILWQDK % # ? "

#

N P - L . g 7 % N # , 9 - L , # 7 % ; 0 8 $ ; L 7 = 0 - L , 7 % ; . g 0 - L # : \ - " $ 7 ^ C + % _ M L 0 4 , - C # + /Q 2 + i 2 W % Q 0 d o ;M q 0 N . 49 - C # + 7 Du M 0 04 % Q 7 = ; 0 * ư #

% % % 9 # % $ J

"

!

/ # # 9 # % % % / " B " $ " # % C % % # # % " # ULEƘ % )LQDQFLDO ILWQDK 9 #

* Ι % ILWQDK % 9 % % A B ILTK % " % A % %

A A $ " $

" $

9 " $

1# $ "

$ # % # # # " "

" $ "

" % #

" A $

% "

% #

" 9

" " % " " % "

U N . '4 C 0 !d g ? : - T ³$QG LI \RX GR QRW >GHVLVW IURP SUDFWLFLQJ XVXU\@ WKHQ EH LQIRUPHG RI D ZDU IURP $OODK ´2

2 6ǍUDK DO %DTDUDK 3 368


=4

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

9 * Ι *

% % ILWQDK % " !

# # ! B ,GHRORJLFDO ILWQDK A ! % $ " " ! / / $ " # " / $ " % $ #

" " ! # # % " $ % " $ A "

" $ #

" / " % # $ " / % " " * " * Ι / #

U - § ( =2 -3 $ , 7 N 10 . " $ L, X 1 , 3 -3 ` $ - L, 7 T ³7KH\ FRXQW LW DV D IDYRU WR \RX WKDW WKH\ KDYH HPEUDFHG ,VODP 6D\ µ'R QRW FRXQW LW DV D IDYRU WR PH \RXU HPEUDFLQJ ,VODP 5DWKHU LW LV $OODK ZKR KDV GRQH \RX D IDYRU LQ WKDW +H KDV JXLGHG \RX WR IDLWK ´2 9 "

$ $ .

" " $ . .$ 9 * Ι .

" " $ ILWQDK " 9 Ι * ILWQDK " " " " " $ "

%

/ " !

/ % # " # " A # % " # # $ # A ! / $ * Ι " $ "

" ILWQDK " % $

" % $ $ " % % # $ $ " B * $ "

2 6njUDK DO ΖXMXUƗW 48 26


&KDSWHU

=:

$ . .$

" " A % H )DOVH MXVWLILFDWLRQV DV WKH PRVW GDQJHURXV ILWQDK 9 " ILWQDK % % * Ι % %

# " Ԓ ԑ * ư µD ILWQDK # WDΗUưI " " $ % A . $ " % VKDUưµDK " $ . .$ * " #

% B . " $ " $ " A ( # " " % 9 * Ι $ ILWQDK. " B " % % # / " H % " * Ι

#

ILWQDK % ! $ Ԓ ԑ ԔƘԓ .* 2 A Ƙ 9 µD H * Ι ! ILWQDK % " " % ! % # B # # # % " $ " " # % # % ILWQDK " # ! > % # ( % $ A # # #

$ % 9 % $ C . " H " # % " " ( % % "

! " $ %

? " # " $ $ # " # " & # # $ " " " " A + !

% A

#

32 # % A " # % " "

2 ΘƗΗLE DO $PU 9 % ( * A , .( µD 9


=7

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

32 #

%

# " " " % 9 %

#

# % $ # " " " $ $ A + " ( ! ) ! ! ( " 9

" " ILWQDK # "" # % # " "

# "" ILWQDK # $

# % $ # " "

" "

# ! H ! # ILWQDK #

"

# #

% # " # $ > # # % $ " $ %

? = + ? = + d" ³,I WKH VFKRODU >µƘOLP@ LV FRUUXSW WKH ZRUOG >µƘODP@ LV FRUUXSWHG ´ 9 ILWQDK % # * Ι " "

# % A " % A " " " " "

$ # . $ # $ A # " # "

"

# # % $ % " " " ILWQDK 9 " "

# # " " #

2 *KXUDU DO ΖLNDP $ 6 378 9


=6

&KDSWHU

"

% # | "

" " " " " # * " " % $

" 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK # A Ƙ * Æ° µD H # DQG WKHQ PHQWLRQ WKH PRWLYHV RI WKHVH LQGLYLGXDOV LQ RSSRVLQJ UHOLJLRXV FXOWXUH DQG WKH WHDFKLQJV RI WKH 4XUµDQ 1 ( " ( "" ( 3# $´D% A Ƙ * Æ° µD % " "

Â… . " † 9 A Ƙ µD

N 0 | % ¨ $ 8 ,+ = 4b O % Â…H % †2

" " % "

% " # # 1# #

9 # " " * Ô’DÔ‘UDW ´$OÆ° ´D VDLG

;} . 1R ;} |M # ²+H KDV JOHDQHG LJQRUDQFH IURP WKH LJQRUDQW ³ A % % # B " " ! " " # $ C % " # # % % " " " ‰ H # Â… " " " †ˆ‰ A % % % A Ƙ * Æ° µD # "

$ % ! . " " % " " % # … †

2 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK =7 3 ,ELG


==

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

A H # $ C % "

$ # " $ # # B 9 $

# B " " # $ % " # " 1 " " # " " % " " "

# % " # # B % " . " % " $

$ # "

A # # % % " $

# " " ! % $ % " # # ? " # A " # " # $ " B !

% # "

Ԓ ԑ * ư µD ! % $ " #

j . 1 j3 % ;} . 1R ;} |M # ²+H KDV JOHDQHG LJQRUDQFH IURP WKH LJQRUDQW DQG PLVJXLGDQFH IURP WKH PLVJXLGHG ³ 9 # B " " "

* ! $ # " $ # # " & " " # # % $

A

! 9 !

" $ #

A Ƙ * ư µD

% s % / % 4 M9 . ( 4t 3 a L l ! % /

3 9 A Ƙ µD

2 ,ELG 3 ,ELG


=8

&KDSWHU

N R O 8 $ ' # 1, 9 = / 1 " % $ % " 2 9 A Ƙ µD " #

R 4 M ( - ; 7 % / R h? . . V 7 / NR 2 3 8 $ YC ¡P $ % /

" " # 3 9 %

#

C B B $ " 9 # # # % " $ # 9 A Ƙ µD

~ l Du P j ;L 0 % / = M ] # $ 3 7 % / u % ; % / o ;M q = L $ ¡ 3 7 / NL $ =l 8 ,? ' 0 X% / N? M # m =; ' 0 4 ? 7 X /- 9 % /- +! " ~ K i 9 X ^ . ` _ / # % " "

$ # /

/ % " % "

$ " 9 A Ƙ * ư µD

7 g / Q0 lL . L, % / QC j % o 7X % / Q, R \ $ X % - V 8 !3 % © - M2 _ 7 g 2 ] ! g = l QL + 3 % / YC Q. s 3 2 % © M ! ~4 # $ L 0 % - ;, ? ¡ ( 10 © 0 c #7 Dª P? ; 6% % 2 % 6 % / -O 4 s L. + 9 g 0 % # " " 4 9 % # # : 9 " " " $

2 ,ELG 3 ,ELG ,ELG 4 6ǍUDK DO 7DNZưU =2 37 : 6ǍUDK DO $QµƘP 7 8:' 6ǍUDK <ǍQXV 25 4' 6ǍUDK )ƘΛLU : ' 6ǍUDK DO *KƘILU DO 0X¶PLQ 45 73


85

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

" $

! H # " # % # " " % # $ " # 9 # | " " + " * " # C " " #

% " 2 A Ԓ ԑ * ư µD / # . " %

4 b s ? 0 8 " ; A ? 0 9 7 % | ! « J Z t %= $ M ! 1 L ? } ` _ ( % T U -% 4# : 7 .% 2 _ c ? . `0 i t % % 4 ³7KDW LV KRZ IRU HYHU\ SURSKHW :H DSSRLQWHG DV HQHPLHV WKH GHYLOV IURP DPRQJ KXPDQV DQG MLQQ ZKR LQVSLUHG HDFK RWKHU ZLWK IODVK\ ZRUGV GHFHSWLYHO\ +DG \RXU /RUG ZLVKHG WKH\ ZRXOG QRW KDYH GRQH LW 6R OHDYH WKHP ZLWK ZKDW WKH\ IDEULFDWH ´3 9 µD

$ " % # $ % " " " % " "

" $ " $ %

% " ; /' ! ! ! 9 % " % % " % # B # " % $ " % A # " " %

% $ #

" # #

B # " $ " " ( A # # % " $ $ % % " 9 # % % B # " " $ " ! " A C # $ % " % ! % # % " $

2 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK =7 3 6njUDK DO $QµƗP 7 223


&KDSWHU

82

A

# # % % % ! " ! " $ " % # " # " / # 1# " # Ԓ ԑ * ư µD " % # "

d" ' # . 0 3 Q? ; | / X j - ,7 % / X ;} - q ?7 4q ? . . t 3 8 " N ? j . $ 4 9 d" ' # . L , 8 3 X% ? 0 Y: ! 3 Q? X% / N % Y9 A *

% $ " " + " % # " $ $ $ 2 # " " " " " A Ƙ * ư µD

X% / 1Z M . 4; [ 3 X% / YC . 8 :b 3 i t N | - .s > =? 0 . $ f g N! " % d" ' # . 0 3 Q? - .] ` d 12 3 =L $ | % / N % 8 $ '_ . 4 ( 3 / % 4? , . 4 ! 3 i t 6 M X % / N? j . $ 4 9 d" NL . Y: ! 3 X% /N % Y9 - : L . N 2 3 % _ r. 7 ' # /N # h : 9 c L % / N# , 9 ' # _M ! = 4 L ¨ . 4 $ 3 X% ` d N 2 3 % ' # /% V. ,; 7 %V 7 X = 9 % Y7 4Z - MC P l . - M9 K% / - =7 4 Z / ?, # } -" % /m =; Y X Q A -X ; ? . + % ; ? . % / ; + % a L - .] D ; . ." ' # | % ' # Q, R 3 ; ! g ( / Q$ , $ 4 # % / Q 4: 8 $ \ u, # } & # % # % " % " "

% " " " * / +

" % $ " " # " $ "

* % " % $ # "

$ 9 1 % % % # ? " A #

% ! !

9 # %

" " % # & C #

2 ,ELG 26


83

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

% "

" % % % " % " $ " # # " 9

% $ $ % % # # " # % †2 9 & + µD # % % " % "

J # " „ / * Ι % C # # . " # " *! ! 3# $´D% ) ( 9 % " " % # A $ Ô’ Ô‘ * Æ° µD

!

# % ! # A A Ƙ * Æ° µD ! # "

% " " * " # % $ % # B $ % # „ * Ι " "

"

A Ƙ µD Â…9

% 1 * % # " # ! % $ " % " % $ $ " * " $ $ % "

% . " $ % " † A % % # " % % $ # A % " # # " " " . " " # $

# & + µD

2 ,ELG 246


&KDSWHU

8

A A Ƙ * ư µD * %

% % " H !

% # " " $ " # " "

# * % " % "

#

% C # % # A

% % 9 # % $ "

% %

% " % % % #

" * A Ƙ * ư µD 9

% $ $ % $ % # A # " # % 9

% A # % "

% % . " " # % % B # "

( " A " " " # % $ % " " " " > % " $ $ " # (

$

# % " " & " $ #

!

(

# " ? $ " $ " $ . .$ # A ( % $

" A " NXIU

# !

# A ( XPPDK " "

9 # # ? ( $ " A # % $ $ % " D % " # % " # # % " " $ " "

# " " " 9 $ $

# $


84

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

/ # A Ƙ µD

$

% ! / ( ! ( ( " ( "" ( 3# $´D% * A $ / # $ #

ILWQDK % " " ILWQDK. " % " "

> % C # # H # % " " % "

# $ C # B # "

A % H # " % " " "

A # % " ILWQDK " % ? " " A

# C Ԓ ԑ * ư µD

= # M \ 9 3 % / uM # i 2 3 # : % i= 0 ,! " 9 $ % $ 2 9 ILWDQ " % # # " $ " 9 % "

# " " " $ ! 9 $ A % " $ %

# " " % # % " #

# A " % # $ % A %

% $ % A "

$ # #

$ % " $ $ " # H # " $ H %

" $ 9 % " ILWQDK "

" #

2 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK :5


&KDSWHU

8:

9 $ „ /

ILWQDK % % " B " " A $ B # %

# # B # $ % $

# "

% % $ „ ( % # $ % # % # $ ! "

# % ILWQDK " # " / H % " $ " " $

! # % „ " % ˆ $ $ % ! # " µXODPƘ¶ " $KO DO %D\W µD # # # % # % % # # # # A " # 9 % # % % $ $ „ C A

# C % #

A # ILWQDK " Ô’ Ô‘ * Æ° µD " %

A # # " " ILWQDK # " % % # " " % $ 1# % # % % % # # $ B $ ˆ A Ƙ * Æ° µD # % " A 9 # " " " " # B $ # % * # " % % " / # "

# A $ $ $ % #

% " % " + Ô’ Ô‘ * Æ° µD $ "

" $ „ / µD

# % "


87

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

% % % " $

U c 2 N; " _ . ^7 3 3 T ³+DYH \RX VHHQ KLP ZKR KDV WDNHQ KLV GHVLUH WR EH KLV JRG"´2 9 % # " " " " % " % 9 # $ % % " " (

" " " # " " % # B A 9 # " !

" ZLOƘ\DK

ZLOƘ\DK # #

% # # $ " " $

# " A

" $

"

9 " $ " I % % # " " " $ ILWQDK " 9 " $ % " " C % " % "

% " " 9 A % % $ # # # " Ԓ ԑ * ư µD %

M C - 3 1 M + : ! 3 M 9 9 # # 3 9 $ # # # # # 1 #

#

" $ # " QDIV DO µDPPƘUDK " % $ # J % % " / # " %

2 6ǍUDK DO )XUTƘQ 3: 4 3 %LΗƘU DO $QZDU $ = 24:


86

&KDSWHU

U - R] ; # + 7 ;0 ! (% N o 7 0 0_ ( - 3 m 3 + % ¬ 3 7 _ Q M $ - ( T ³7KHQ WKH IDWH RI WKRVH ZKR FRPPLWWHG PLVGHHGV ZDV WKDW WKH\ GHQLHG WKH VLJQV RI $OODK DQG WKH\ XVHG WR GHULGH WKHP ´2 A ! " $ # #

U m= ; uM . 8 $ \ + % T ³$QG PD\ SHDFH EH XSRQ KLP ZKR IROORZV JXLGDQFH ´3 χ

2 6ǍUDK DO 5ǍP 5 25 3 6ǍUDK ΚƘ +Ƙ 35 46



F D´ODP 73 * 44 DEVWUDFW >PXΛODT@ 73 " LΕΛLUƘE =3 $KO DO %D\W ´D 6 2 3 4 22 3 4 : 7 :7 75 73 7 6 68 =7 252 * .1 # ´D H * # 2 3 QXEXZZDK 4 : Ɨ# Ƙ ( ԓ 9 Cư ( ԕ Ƙԓ I ? ư 2 : %LΗƘU DO $QZƘU = 25 44 47 46 4= 48 :5 := =7 =6 == 85 8 87 8= 88 255 252 # \DTưQ 2 VDQDG 68 & 2 # TDZP 3: WDIDKKXP 6 FRQFUHWH >PXTD\\DG@ 73 $ $ PXΗNDPƘW 24 72 65 6 64 66 6= 68 =2 NXIU 3 WDΗUưI 7= 64 85 82 255 252 GưYƘQ :3 HVVHQWLDOO\ SRRU >IDTưU ELµGK GKƘW@ :6 H[HJHVLV >WDIVưU@ :7 H[HJHWH >PXIDVVLU@ 75 H[HJHWHV >PXIDVVLUưQ@ 75 ưPƘQ 2 24 8 IDTU >SRYHUW\@ :7 IDWZƘ 7 $ " ΗDEO¶XO PDWưQ =6 ILWQDK. " 85 88 )RXU &DQRQLFDO *RVSHOV = JKD]DO :3 : *KXUDU DO ΖLNDP 82 " PDµULIDK 4

.% WDTZƘ 24 27 48 74 87 *RVSHO = " MLKƘG MLKƘG DO DNEDU 47 =7 ΗDEO $OOƘK 4 ԒƘILԘ :3 ΖDMM : 44 / 38 Ԓ BB .A Ƙ *ԓ ( ԓ ư 7 Ԓ BB .A Ƙ ( ԓ ( ư >Ƙ ư ư 7 KXPDQLVP :5 :3 # # QLIƘT 3 = LMWLKƘG 73 A Ƙ * ư µD : 6 25 22 : 83 84 86 8= ,PƘP DO %ƘTLU ´D := A Ƙ .( ư µD 85 A Ƙ O.ԔƘ C µD 4 A Ƙ . BBƘ µD : A Ƙ D ư : 7 A , D | A 7 A LPƘPDK A Ƙ ´D 8 25 22 26 34 4 : :6 := 75 73 78 6 64 6: 68 =6 88 LQQHU RU H[WHULRU >EƘΛLQ@ :7 LQQHU RU LQWHULRU DVSHFW >EƘΛLQ@ :7 := 6 WDIKưP 6 µDTO 2 A : 2: 27 26 35 38 67 A " $ 22 2: 27 35 5 A | $ : 2: 35 38 4 A Ƙ ư A µD 45 -HZV = G DµưO $UFKDQJHO *DEULHO ´D 45 MXULVSUXGHQFH >ILTK@ 73 == MXULVWV >IXTDKƘ@ 73 OD\ODW DO TDGU 4


255

7KH 4XU¶DQ DV 5HIOHFWHG LQ 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK

PDUDMư´ DO WDTOưG >VRXUFHV RI HPXODWLRQ RU UHOLJLRXV DXWKRULWLHV@ 7 ( .( 44 ( : 45 ( : " ULVƘODK 4 $ PXWDVKƘELKƘW 6 64 6= 68 =2 = PXµML]DK 26 :7 " ΕDOƘO 3 WDZΗưG =7 ( ; Ƙ$ 67 PXMWDKLGǍQ 7 PXNDOODI 73 PXQƘILTưQ # 8 PXTDOOLG 73 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK : 2 : 6 = 8 27 26 32 33 3 7 4 4: 48 :5 72 74 76 7= 68 83 8: 255 QDUUDWLRQV >ULZƘ\ƘW@ 75 QƘΛLT : 8 25 22 ILΛUDK 3 RXWZDUG RU H[WHULRU DVSHFW >ΝƘKLU@ :7 := 6 =2

# VKLUN =7

VXQQDW $OOƘK 3= 5 SURRI >ΗXMMDK@ 25 36 3URSKHW ƗGDP $GDP ´D :4 A Ƙ ư * µD 2: 8 45 42 A Ƙ ư A µD 45 42 ( ԓƘ Ι 6 (Ǎ Ƙ ( µD 6 >Ǎԓ 1RDK ´D 3: 3= 38

µD 23 37 36 3= 87

. " 83 8 8: 86 88 3VHXGR 0XVOLP PDPPRQLVWV 87 7 6 : UDND´ƘW >F\FOHV RU XQLWV@ :8 | ԑƘ : " GưQ 2 ULWXDO SUD\HU >ΙDOƘW@ :=

6DWDQ ,EOưV 32 3= 44 47 4= :4 7= 78 63 68 =5 85 82 83 88 255 253 * : VFKRODU >µƘOLP@ 82 VFKRODVWLF WKHRORJ\ >´LOP DO NDOƘP@ :6 ILWQDK 6 64 =2 =3 = =4 =: =6 == =8 85 82 83 88 255 252 253 6HOI VXIILFLHQW LQ HVVHQFH >JKDQư ELµGK GKƘW@ :6 2 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK 6 72 246 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK 8 7= 86 2:6 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK 25 27 26 26 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK 32 33 7 4: 48 87 26: 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK 32 33 7 4: 48 2=8 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK 23 3 :5 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK 68 255 =7 1DKM DO %DOƘJKDK :5 83 8: VKDUưµDK 85

$ WDIVưU EL¶U UD\\ 47 46 4= :5 := 64 VXEOLPH NQRZOHGJH >PD´ƘULI@ :: :7 6ǍUDK ƗO ´,PUƘQ 4 :8 74 6 6= =2 = 6ǍUDK DO $QµƘP 36 3= 42 8: 6ǍUDK DO )DWΗ 72 6: 67 6ǍUDK DO 0X¶PLQǍQ 36 6ǍUDK DO 1ǍU 2 : 6ǍUDK DO 6KDZUƘ 72 6: 66 WDTL\\DK 7 WDTOưG 73 WDUWưO 5 " QDIV DO µDPPƘUDK 44 253 WKLTO DO DNEDU 33 75 76 WKLTO DO NDEưU 4 75


,QGH[ 9 H 28

UDP\ 44 7RUDK = 9 9% H " # 9 " ΗDGưWK DO WKDTDOD\Q WUDGLWLRQV >DΗƘGưWK@ :7 75 9% / # DO ΗDUDPD\Q DO VKDUƯID\Q : XPPDK " IDKP 6

252 # ULEƘ == ZDOư DO IDTưK B ." 2: ZLOƘ\DK DO IDTưK =4 =8 85 ZLOƘ\DK DO IDTưK " B 26 35 H 8 4 46 4= 74 62 8= ! JKDUE]DGHK KƘ 27 38


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.