First Aid Journal July 1934-June 1936

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VOLUME

XLI. (No. 481, July, 1934, to No 49 2 , June, 1935)'

LONDON: DALE, REYI\OLOS & CO., LTD., 46, CANNON STREET, E.C·4

A

Aids during Resuscitation, 195, 222.

AMBULANCE NEWS CUTTINGS FROM THE PRESS :-

Asphyxiated by Poison Fumes, 145.

Car Handle in Boy's Head, 204. Counter-Crasher, The, 43. Crawl with Broken Leg, 204. Electrocuted in his Bath, 43.

Fatal Gas-Poisoning, 167.

Gassed While Preparing Meal, 145. Hot Water Bottle Danger, 321. Lucky Escape, 167.

eck Broken at Tennis, 167.

Poison in Horse Chestnut Twigs, 43. Saved from Burning House, 145. Ambulance Sunday at Southampton, 38. Appreciations of the S.JAB., 326. Arnold Watches, 110, 211.

B

British Industries House, 17. Bri tish Red Cross News, 92, 290

C

Colliery News, 9, 37, 68, 98, 259, 278. Coming Events, 20, 39, 78, 97 131, 145, 185, 210, 240, 261, 282, 326.

Competitor's "Grouse" and Suggestion, A, 13. Cumberland Motor Services, Ltd., Ambulance Section, 4. Curiosities of Arsenic. 96.

D

Dalton's" Reliable" Medal Clasps, 290.

Death from Electric Shock, 43.

Detailed Marking Sheet, No. 43, 37. No. 44, 62. " No. 45, 184 Durham, Cleveland and Westmorland Districts Ambulance League, 158.

E

Earliest Days of the St. John Ambulance Association, 84, 113.

EDITORIAL :-

Ambulance W o rk in Other Part., 165

B.R.C.S. Clinic f o r Rheumati sm, 249.

First Aid Lecture s, 109.

Greetings, 138

Increased Activity of the S.J.AB., 25. Our Birthday, 1.

Police National Competition, 193 St. John Ambulance Association, 53.

STA.B. Overseas, 27.

Silver Jubilee, The, 277. Taking Stock, 221. Thanks, 165. Value of Inspections, The , 305.

F

First Aid in Electrical Accidents, 180. First Aid Lectures, 155.

First Aid Treatment of Wounds III Civi l Practice, 129, 156, 166.

H

Half-a-Century of Service, 207. " Hollier ::--Jielson " Method of Artificial Re piration, 279, 306. Home Servl'Ce mbulaflce Committee, 68, ] 86. Hospitallers' Club, The, 85, 214, 240, 259.

Intern::ltional Red Cross The XVth, 168.

L

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR:B.R.C.S. Blood Transfusion Service, ]8.

First Aid, etc., from the Bible, 224. Laymen Lecturers, 183, 287. National Competitions, 18. National Road Transport Ambulance, 40. " " Competition, 74, 99. Our Visitors, 99, 140.

Particulars Wanted, 74, 114, 140.

Police National Final, 287.

Red Cross History, 40. S,J.A.B. Drill Manual, 74 Thanks to the Doctor, 114. Theory and Practice, 183, 224. Why 11.0 t a Press COrresponde nt in each Corps? 74

Litlle Black Book, The, 95. Lincoln & District Ambulance So c iety, 68.

Memories of 27 years' Ambulance vVork, 251, 281.

Method of Transporting a Palient SUITering from a Suspected Fracture of the Spine, 2, 27.

Mind and the Man, 296.

Minister of Transport and the S.] .AA., 250. :,I o untain Work by Ambulance Men, 176. N

National Road Passenger Tran spo rt Ambulance Association, 307.

National "Safety First" Association, Inc., 254.

New Ambulance at Colchester. 177. New Ambulance Hall at "\7v'hitby, 112. o

OmTUARY:Brooks, Lt.-C ol., F. A, }.1.D., :'I.R.C.S ., :'I.R.c.r. (London), 294. Schafer, Sir E. Sharpe y, F.R.S., 287.

Order of St. John, 11.

Our Crossword Puzzle, 180, 211, 236. Our Nurses' Pages, 19, 45, 69, 100, 126, 153, 181 212, 241, 268, 297, 322. p

Pioneers of Medicine: Sir ]am e<; :,I[ackenzie, 41.

POLICE AMBULANCE NEWS:Birmingham City, 32-1-. Chesterfield Borough, 71, 98. City of Birmingham Special Con tabulary, 210. City of London, 151. " Special Constabulary, 74, 98, 128, 152 210, 266, 295, 324.

Metropolitan, 151. e" Special Constabulary, 185, 266, 2;);,. National Fir t Aid Competition, 185, 208, 236, 265, 295. Reigate Borough, 32-1-. Stalybridge Borough, 99.

Port of Bristol Authority, 125

PRACTICAL POINTS:-

Alsatian Saves Woman, 4-1-. Darn ed his Leg, 152. Died as Result of Trivial W o und, 94.

Femoral Artery Severed, 152. Killed by Gust of vVind, 94.

Miraculous Escape, A, 44.

Remarkable Road Accident, 94. Tragedy of a Toy, 44.

Principles o f Re uscitali o n, 175

Priory for Wales, 10, 34, 63, 93, 121 , 146, ] 74, 203, 231, 260, 288, 315.

QUERIES AND ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS:-

Abuse of Sal Volatile, 188.

Action After Arrival in Ho pital, 76.

Action of Emetics, 50.

Alcohol as a Disinfectant, 302.

Alcohol as Stimulant and areotic, 106.

Ambulance Activities at vVeddin g, 76

An Appreciation of the Brigade, 328. Apoplexy and its Treatment, 188, 216.

Artificial Respiration, 50.

Artificial Respiration by Rockin g Chair, 188.

Brigade Final Marking Sheet, 162

Case for Diagnosis, A, 274.

Causation of Fractures, 22.

Circulation of Blood, 218. Competition Problem, A, 190. Compoulld Fracture of Clavicle, 10-1-. Thigh with Defofll1lty, 300. Comp;'ession of Carotid Arteries. 7 Femoral Artery, 134.

Radial and Ulnar Arteries, 132 . Condii'ion known as Shock, 106.

Creosote in Eye, 48.

Dangers of Gas in Bedroom, 78.

Dead or Dying Team Test, 106.

Dia g no sis of Fracture of Spine, 218. " Fractured Spine, 330.

Dislocation Shoulder and Sprained Wrist, 272

Doctor's Lap se, The, 106.

Eating and Drinking though Unconscious, 78.

End of Spinal Cord, 216

E ssen tials of First Aiel, 132.

Ethics of First Aid, 48.

Eversion of Upper Eyelid, 244

iii

Examination Howler, 22, 48, 76, 104, 132, 160, lR8. 216 244, 272, 300, 328.

Exposure of Simple Fracture, 162 Fei gned Epilepsy in Competition, 160.

First Aid in Indu s try, 132.

Flushed Face in Alcohol Poisoning, 302. Fracture at Tip of Shoulder, 104. Wrist, 134. of Arm Inv olving Elbow, 274. " Forearm, 48.

Fractured Base of Skull, 244. " Clavicle and Dislocated Elbow. 13-1Fractures of Lower Limbs, 272. " Pelvis and Femur, 190 Humour in First Aid, 104, 132, 162, 218. In Brief, 302.

Injurie s t o Spinal Cord, 2-1-6.

Injury to Hand, 76.

I odine for Wounds, 246.

Liability for Doctor's Fee, 3D0. 1Iaggoty Chocolate, 244.

Ethics of First Aid. 48.

Neck Broken at Tennis, 216 New Use for Competition Tests, 330.

Protection in Chemical "\Varfare , 218.

Questions and Answers, 162

Railway Efficiency Medals on Uniform, 162 .

Reaction of Pupils in tupor, 132 Removal of Foreign Body in Throat, 328. Risks of Foreign Body in Throat, 328. Rupture of Muscle, 216. St. John Prone Pressure :'Iethod, 132. Saved from Drowning, 106 Sensations \yith Fractured Spine, ]90.

Septic Inf ection of Wounds, 32 Sians and Symptoms of Camphor POlsomng, 244. Signs of Arterial Hemorrhage, 246. " Fractured Femur, 190. Spirit of Mischief. 274. Sticking Plaster for "\V ounds, 216. Stretcher Drill, 50. Thanks to the Doctor, 104, 162. Th omas's Splint Drill, 48. Transport of Ca es of Concealed Bleeding, 190. Patient, 162, 188. t of Asphyxia, 302. Bat Bite, SO. Bite by Rabid Animals, 48. Burns, 274, 300. Carbolic Acid Burns, 330. Dirty Wound, 134, 218, 244. Drunken Patient, 246. Fractured Arm, 160. at Elbow, 246. 22, 132. and Ankle, 162. 272. Humeru 244. Leg, 22, 160, 300. Sacrum, 104 Spine 330. on the Spot, 274 Hemorrhage, 50. of Head Injurie 22, 27-1-. Infantile Convulsions, 134, 160 Poisoning by Mouth, 302. Sprained Ankle, 160, 216, 272. Sun-burn, 48. Tar Burns, 32 Tw o U'nfortLfnate Errors, 330.

IV INDEX.

Unfair Marking Sheet, An, 22, 76.

Unfortunate Error, An, 300.

Use of Picric Acid Gauze 104.

Uses of Ring Pad, 134. Zinc Ointment, 246

Why and Wherefore in First Aid, 134.

R

Rail Conveyance of Stretcher Cases, 13.

RAILWAY AMBULANCE NEWS:-

Great Western, 15, 36, 66, 123, 148, 178, 205, 232, 262, 291, 320.

Inter-Railway Competition, 1934, 14.

JJ 1935, 232, 262, 291, 317.

London. Midland & Scottish, 16, 36, 65, 97, 123, 148, 178, 205, 233, 263, 291, 320.

London & Northern Eastern, 67, 124, 149, 206, 234, 263, 293, 320.

Metropolitan (London Transport), 265.

Southern, 36, 179. 236, 264, 293.

Red Cross Leaders, 128. Resuscitation, 71, 83, 111.

REVIEV/S :-

Bailliere's Nurses' Complete Medical Dictionary, 267.

First Aid in Defence Again t Chemical Warfare, 102.

Guide to Examination for Deputies' Certificates, 102.

Knights of St. John in the British Empire, 147.

Notes on Military Sanitation, 267.

Romance of Vaccination, The, 67.

S

Seventy Years of Red Cross History, 1863- 1933, 12.

S,J.A.B. Drill Manual, The, 3, 28, 55.

STA.B. Overseas, 112, 183, 278.

Skin, The, 223, 253.

St. Andrew's Ambulance Association, 194, 254, 278, 296, 324. St. John Ambulance Association, 26, 54, 82, 110 194, 250, 278, 307.

ST JOHN AMBULANCE BRIGADE DISTRICT REPORTS:-

No I (Prince of Wales's ) District, 5, 29, 58, 86, 115, 141, 169, 197, 225, 255, 283, 311.

No. II District, 5, 29, 116, 169, 199, 255, 283, 311.

No. III District, 5, 30, 58, 87, 117, 142, 169, 256, 284, 312.

No. IV District 6, 30, 58, 87, 117, 143, 170, 199, 226 , 256, 284, 312.

No. V District, 7, 31, 59, 88, 144, 171, 227, 257.

No. VI District 7, 32, 60, 89, 119, 200, 228, 257, 285 , 313.

No. VII District, 32, 119, 201, 228, 285

No. VIII (Duke of Connaught's) District, 7, 33, 60, 89, 119, 144, 172, 228, 285, 314.

No. IX District, 8, 33, 90, 119, 173, 202, 229, 258, 286, 314.

No. X District, 9, 33, 62, 120, 145, 202, 230, 258, 286, 314.

St. John Ambulance Brigade Finals, 308. Study of Signs and Symptoms, 138.

T

Territ orial Army Ambulance Competition, 330. Thoughts for the Winter Programme, 35. Two Useful Timekeepers, 20. Typhoid Carrier, The, 16.

Universal Stretcher Sheet, The, 56.

Variations in Body Temperatur e, 182. Voluntary Aid Detachments, 131.

What Blood Transfusion Means, 38. What is Efficiency? 186.

Yarmouth Ambulance Competitions, 259.

Illustrations.

Bristol Centre S.J.A.A Annual Competitions, 26. Cumberland Motor Services, Ltd., Ambulance Section, 4. Littleton" C" Team, winners Cannock Chase Colliery Competitions, 98.

New Ford V-8 Ambulance, 177.

POLICE AMBULANCE:-

Chesterfield Borough Police Competition Team, 98. Liverpool City Police winners" Pim" Trophy, 237. Scarborough Police winners" Police Review" Cup, 239

Port of Bristol Authority Competitions, 125.

PRIORY FOR WALES:-

Denbigh Team receiving the "Lady Lynn Thomas" Cup, 64.

Inspection at Margam Park, 11.

Latest type of Ambulance in th e Gwaun-cae-Gurwen District, 203.

Lower Rhondda Corps Cadets, 121.

Mid-Rhondda Corps Inspection, 35.

Royal National Eisteddfod Ambulance Committee, 316.

Treharris Cadet Team, 93.

Ynyshire Nursing Team at work in the Welsh Brigade Finals, 289.

RAILWAY AMBULANCE:-

G.W.R.: "Churchward" Memorial Trophy, 232. Decorated Engine of the Newport Class Outing, 15.

LM.S.R.: New Ambulance Championship Shield, 65. No.8 District, Div. 2, competition presentation, 233.

LN.E.R.: Mein, T.O., 234.

Metropolitan : Annual Competitions in progress, 292

S.R.: Redbndge Centre Annual Competitions in progress, 179 Waterloo" A" team receiving the S.R. Challenge Shield, 292.

Welsh Inter-Railway Ambulance Competition, 146.

ST. JOHN AMBULANCE BRIGADE:-

No.1 (Prince of Wales's) District.

Annual Inspection by the Earl of Athlone, 311.

Cherry, the late Amb. Ofncer c. E., 225. Heston Section (Southall Division), 86. McCaffrey, Lady District Officer, Mrs., 241. Members of the Southall Division, 142. Southall Division Invalid Transport Section, Watford Division, Officers, 29. No. II .officers and Men, 115.

FIRST AID

for the The Independent Ambulance and Journal Nursing Services.

NOTICE TO READERS.

FIRST AID is published on the 20th of each month. The Annual Subscription is 35. 6d. post free; single copies 3d.

Its aim and object being the advancement of Ambulance Work in all its branches, the Editor invites Readers to send Articles and Reports on subjects pertaining to the Movement and also welcomes suggestions for Practical Papers.

All Reports, &c., should be addressed to the Editor at the address below, and should reach him before the) 2th of each month, and must be accompanied (not necessarily lor publication) by the name and address of the Correspondent.

Subscriptions, Advertisements and other business Communications connected with FIRST AID should be forwarded to the Publishers, DALE, REYNOLDS & CO., LTD., 4 6 , CANNON STREET, LONDON, E.C.4, 7 elegraphic Address-"Twenty-fMw, London." Telephonc- City 37 fO.

CONTENTS OF THIS l':UMBER.

EDlTORJALOur Birthday

The Method of Transporting- a PatienL Suffering from Suspected Fracture of the Spine 2

EDITORIAL.

WITH this issue wc celebrate OUR our forty-first Birthday, an BIRTHDAY. event we fee1 justly proud of. For forty years we have published, month by month, a journal of interest to first-aiders. Our aim to-day is the same as that of 1894 when this Journal was first published. In the initial number we stated: (( FIRST AID will be the means of communication between the different branches of the ambulauce service and . , WIll support strongly the furtherence and extension of first aid of all kinds."

As in 1894, so to-day, FIRST AID is a Journal written by Ambulance l\Ien for Ambulance l\Ien and, as we grow older, we acquire more strength and vigour.

Webb, Amb. Officer E. A. 0., 30.

283. Wolverton Team, "Dewar" Shield Winners, 309. No. III District.

Baker, Ex-Div. Supt. H., 117. No. IV District.

Ashton-in-Makerfield Division, 198. Port Sunlight Ambulance and Nursing Divisions, 109. Preston Corps Inspection, 11 8 Standish Division Inspection, 59. Workington Division, 31. No. V District.

Darlington Division No. 3 Road First Aid Hut, 172. Hunslet & Holbech Team winners Leeds Corps Shield, 313.

Nottingham Central Team receiving the" Birkin" Cup, 168. No. VI Distnct.

Hetton-Ie-Hole Divisional Competition Team, 171. No. VIII (Duke of Connaught's) District.

Faversham Divisions together with Ambulances, 119.

Harding, A. E., N ewhaven, 8. Muffett, Ex- Transport Officer and reproduction of original certificate, 207. No. IX District.

Exeter Divisional Competition Team, 43.

Paignton Nursing Team, winners" Perrott" Shield, 309.

No X District.

Dedication New Ambulance, Ware Division, 61. Royston Division, 91.

Talbot Ambulance, 54.

Universal Stretcher Sheet, 56, 57.

The S.J. :\. B. Drill "Manual .:;

CUl11berJ::uld Motor Services Ltd. Ambulance Section... -I

S.J.A. Brigade District Reports Priory for Wales

The Order of St. John

Seventy Years of Red Cross History-18b3-193J

A Competitor's "Grouse" and Suggestion

Rail Conveyance of Stretcher Cases

Railway Ambulance News

The Typhoid Carrier British Industries House.

Letters to the Editor

Our Nurses' Pages

Coming Events ...

Two Useful Timekeepers

QUERIES AND ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS-

of Fractured FemL:f

That we have succeeded in our object can be vouched for by the number of congratulatory letters received from ti me to time from ou r readers in all parts of the world .

We cannot, however, afford to rest on our laurels. V"; e must keep up our standard of efficiency, and endeavour, if possible, to make our pages more educational, more instructive and more interesting. In this respect we would ask our readers to suggest subjects for future articles. All such suggestions will have our consideration and, if possible, acted upon.

\iVe cannot let this opportunity pass without thanking the members of the medical profession for their continued assistance. \ iVe 'would especially mention Dr. Corbet Fletcher, who for nearly nineteen years has been our Honorary Medical Correspondent. During that period he has answered some 2,500 queries in his own excellent way, thereby giving readers the benefit of his vast experienee in first aid work.

To our readers and advertisers we sa,"Thank you for your support in the past; \re look forward to your continued support in the future. "

The Method of Transporting a Patient Suffering from Suspected Fract ure of the Spine.

By JA IES HOSSACK, F.R.C.S. CEdin.).

I HAVE read with interest the paper by Dr. White Knox in the June issue of FIRST AID and, although I am extremely loth to enter into a quasi-surgical discussion with Dr. White Knox in a semi-lay publication, yet, as one of the prime movers in in this question, I hope Dr. vVhite Knox will 110t take it amiss if I show some fallacies in both his experiments and add some comments of my own.

My re g ret is that I was not at Copenhagen as an interested party and a keen first aider so that I could have pointed out to him these fallacies before he read his paper.

LIFTI G A SKELETON FACE DOWN AND FACE UP.

I submit no useful information can be got from such exper iments as Dr. \Vhite Knox describes.

A dried ske leton has no ligaments fastening the various bon€s together. They are strung together by either an iron rod running through the spinal canal, fastened above to the base of the skull and to the sacrum below, or by a stoutish piece of rope, or some such thing, fastened in similar manner top and bottom.

I n the first case any bending that takes place will entirely depend on the rigidity of the iron rod. If the bones are strung tightly together there will be little or no bending.

In the second case there will be bending in all directions according to the slackness or tightness of the rope.

The results of such bendings in a skeleton can be of no use for arriving at any sound conclusions as to what happens to a normal man. How much le ss than to one with a broken back?

The same applies 1;0 the experiments carried out on a healthy man with no broken spine.

The state of affairs is in no ways parallel, any more than the abnormal bendings that take place in a fracture dislocation at the knee, hip or shoulder, is comparable to the bending that takes placce in a normal undamaged joint.

In the one case normal movements take place at a normal joint; in the other, abnormal movements in an abnormal one and, so I say, no reliable data can be got from these experiments

You cannot build up reliable conclusions from unrel iable data.

Dr. White Knox goes on to say that in cases of damage to the spine, high up in the cervical region, where paralysis of the intercostal muscles is present, "there a ddinite disadvantage in

breathing in the face down pOSItIOn. The heart's action is also impeded and both tend to exaggerate shock and increase the discomfort of the patient." Now, is there?

If all these conditions are encountered by ly1l1g on the face when breathing has entirely ceased and the intercostal muscles are not acting at all, why are we taught to place the patient in this very position before we attem pt artificial respiration?

Nay, more, to persevere with it for hours and that in face of these very dangers Dr. White Knox suggests.

According to his views Textbook is all wrong in recomm ending this position. But I contend the Textbook is right, and Schafer is right in teaching this prone position, for in my opinion none of the dangers suggested by Dr. White Knox are exaggerated.

So again Dr. White Knox and I disagree. Furthermore, if the intercostal muscles are paralysed, the patient breathes most comfortably in a semi-sitting posilion supported by stiff supports on either side. He can scarcely breath at all lying down on either his back or his face.

After Laminectomy (an operation designed to remove bits of broken bone to prevent them diaging into the spinal cord and to remove them if they have, or even to remove them if they are unduly pressing on the cord) there is considerable shock. Yet many, I will not say all, surgeons prefer the patient to lie on his face for many reasons.

For instance, the wound can be exposed without turning the patient over. Bladder troubles are easier to manage. There is less risk from bedsores The sheets can be kept drier, and so no necessIty for frequent movements to chanae sheets that are saturated. 0

All these are serious enough in such cases but not so serious as impeding heart's action and exaggerating shock.

I have never yet seen in the cases of Laminectomy I have done any reason to suppose that lyin g on the face did any of the things suggested. If I had I would not be advocat in g face position.

As he says the most frequent displacement in these fractu res is a forward one, and if the arch is broken or crushed the bits are very liable to be pushed forward against the spinal cord wi th the danger of puncturing, nipping or tearIng It.

An y pressu re, therefore, exerted ina forward direction will add to the danger.

Lying on the back and being carried ever so carefully must mean pressure forward on to that vital area. The result will be very grave danaer that the broken bits if they have not alre:dy damaged the cord will be pushed forward and do it.

This is the very thing the first aider must, if

1uly, 1934. possible, prevent. His duty is to prevent further damage to injured parts.

Lying on one's face produces pressure in the very opposite direction and will preven t additional damage-which is the first aider's job.

I could go on indefinitel y but yO"..l must be tired of this already.

Finally, there is only one way to settle this poin t. Go to the College of Surgeons' Museum see actual conditions in actual specimens and be gUided by what the st.ate of affairs is.

. I aI? sorry, but I cannot see any useful InformatIOn can be got from experiments on healty men or on dried skeletons.

Of course, no first aider must attempt to reduce a dislocation here or anywhere else. if the textbook says" face up" face up z.t must be; unless a surgeon is present when his directions must be implicitly obeyed.

.1 am in hopes the textbook will one day alter Its Views, but we must wait and see what we shall see.

The question is one of vital importance to the unfortunate man or woman who have fractured their spine.

The method of transport means life and death. If life even for a few months, let us all of try that it will not be that of a bed-ridden paralysed man in full possession of his senses waiting for the inevitable end.

By transport of the proper kind we may be able to hand over our cases to the surgeon with a reasonable chance that he may be able to make him a relatively useful member of Society.

I am sure Dr. \i\Thite Knox is as anxious as I am to arri ve at this ideal. We differ, but we both have the same object in view-to deal with such cases in the safest and best method and to teach the first aider which is the best and safest. In my view face down is the correct solution.

The telephone number of the D evo n County Centre, S.] A.A of Grenfell, Venn Crescent, Plymouth, is now Crown hill, 20.

1\ new 23 h. p. A u st in motor ambulance has been purchased b y the Coventry A utho rities to supplement the thr ee amb ul ances of the Coventry Fire Brigade

Th e portrait by J ea n Voill e of the Emperor Paul of Russia the only Or t hodox Grand Maste r of the Sovere ig n Order of Malta, h as bee n pre se nted b y Viscount Wakefi eld to the Ord er of St. John of J erusa lem. Viscount Wak efiel d is a Knight of] ustice of the Order and has on many pr ev ious occas i ons added m ate ri a ll y to the museum of the Order.

"THE PLUMBER & JOURNAL OF HEATING,' I s. monthly) is THE paper for all progressive trades men Publishing Office: .. 6. CaoDoo Street E.C.4.

The S.J.A.B. Drill Manual.

S UGGESTED REVISIONS AND ALTERATIO:\'S.

By P. T. E.

(Continued h'om jJal?,e 30f.,'.)

LO ADING A D UNLOADING STRETCHERS. S ECTION 6S deals wi th this subject, and in the main the instructions given are perfectly clear and We note that on page 90 instructIOns read " ... assisted, if necessary. by No.2 Bearer " This, we sugaest should read" assist ed, if necessary, by 2 'and the other bearers " Also on paae 9+ the inare by the No.4. \Vhy does the Instructor not gl ve the order to unload as given in the amended R.A. 1.C orders?

SPECIAL EXERCISES.

This Section of Chapter I I I would be made more useful by inserting a description of the Carr ying Sheet, and also describe fully the method of use, especially in carrying cases down awkward staircases, etc.

'V!e would refer our readers to the January, 1918 Issue of FIRST AID, wherein a Carrying Sheet, wh ich may called the "Bournemouth" pattern, is fully described, and which Dr. F. C. Bottomle y, at one time Hampshire Assistant Commissioner of the Brigade, incorporated in his little bookl et entitled "Ambulance Transport in Civil Life. "

Also, under this heading should be incorporated the Naval Cot and its method of carrying fully described.

Under the general rules on pp. 106 and 107 we suggest a s li ght al teration in the second line on page 107. There it states" a pack or other article " This would be much clearer if the words "a support" were inserted to take the place of the five previous words.

HOR

SE A1IBULANCE \V EXERCISES.

The whole of Chapter IV, we suggest, should be entirely revised and redrafted, having in mind civil accident and invalid transport work, and not R. A. M. C. service, which mem bers of the Brigade are called upon to do. In these mechanical days, horse ambulance wagons are almost obsolete and extinct, therefore fresh instructions, together ,vl(h new illustrat io ns relating to motor am bulancesnot" wagons", should be incorporated. Adm itted, there is one section (No. 73) relating to motor ambulances in the present book, but against this

nine pages are devoted to the horse ambulance wa g on!

MOTO !\ Al\lB U LAN C E EXERCISES.

This, we su gg est, should be the title of a new Chapter IV. Most Brigade units deal with street a ccidents, remo v al of patients from their bedrooms downstairs to the ambulance and conveying them to the hospital. In the latter case, patients may have to be carried to the bedside and lifted on to the bed. Yet no instructions are included in the book as to how this should be done. Definite rules should be laid down to cover this contingenc y

To load an am bulance the instructions given in the 38th edition of "First Aid to the Injured" s hould be incorporated. Further, we consider the instructions on pages 206 to 208 in the same book on improvising a stretcher, crossing a ditch, and a wall would also prove of greaL assistance if included.

Mention should be made, in loading with a Furley Stretcher, that the runners are placed 2 ft. 3 in. from the end of the poles, therefore we s uggest that it is best to rest the end of the poles in the runway and then lift the runners onto the runwa y Also, after loading, No. 1 Bearer should be detailed to secure the stretcher by whatever method available and place patient's effects in the am bulance.

The whole of the text comprising, Chapter IV should refer to motor ambulance, with particulars of the foregoing items.

Here might also be included illustrations and descriptions, together with dimensions, of the various t y pes of stretchers, and a photograph of the interior of a t y pical ambulance used for civilian work.

Further, to make the book more useful and complete, instructions should be included on loading and unloading stretchers with 4, 3 or 2 Bearers; loading from bed or operating tables; unloading from stretcher to bed, and the loading a nd unloading of an ambulance when only 3 or 2 Bearers are available. Particulars of these can be found 111 Dr. F. C. Bottom ley's booklet 'I Ambulance Transport in Civil Life," and should prove of great value to the ambulance man.

(To be cont£nued).

Found in Eastleigh, S. R. Carriag-c Works enclosure, large s ilv er m E' da lli o n No. 3348 16- Willi a m Shelton. Owner ca n obtain same o n applicati o n to Mr. A. F. lllston , 61, The Crescen t , Eastle igh , H a nt s.

When you write to any of our Advertisers kindlv mention FIRST AID. It dosen't cost you anything and it pleases the Advertisers, and Us

Cumberland Motor Services Ltd. Ambulance Section.

TH E team represen ting the Worki ngton depot of the above company was successful in winning the "Dr. Isaac Fletcher" Ambulance ChCl;l1enge Cup Competition, held at Workington.

Eight teams entered from the local mines, steelworks, railway and transport workers.

Dr. Fletcher presented the cup for competition to stirn ulate in terest among first aiders who have no other trophies to compete for.

The judges were Dr. 1. Fletcher (team), Dr. Adam Brown (oral ) and Dr. IIod g son Fletcher (individual).

I n the team test competitors had to treat a boy who had been knocked down by a heavy

July, 1934. FIRST AID.

The St. fohn Ambulance Brigade Dzstl'zct Reports.

No. I (Prince of Wales's) District.

We extend to Captain W. G oo dley, M.C., Commiss ioner No. 1 (Prince of W a l es's) District, our heartiest congratulations on his promo tion to Commander of the Order of St. John.

As is well-known, Capt. Goodley has been engaged in first aid work for fo rty years, having- risen from the ranks and gained numerous h onours in the competition arena He capt a in e d the March G.E. Rail way team which captured the In te r -R ai lway Shi eld in the years 1903, 1904 and 1907.

Capt. Goodley is a l so the Centre Secretary of the Great Central (L.N.E.R) Ambulance Centre.

NORTHERN AREA.-On Sunday, July 8th, Northern Area held its Annual Church Parade at Trinity Presbyte rian Church, Hamp stead, by kind invitation of the Rev. J. Chalmers Lyon, the minister, and of the Church Sessio n.

The para de, which numb ered some 165 members of Ambulance and Nursing Divi sions, 'assembled in the playg round attached to the Headqu arters of the H ampstead Division.

L ed by Capt. A. C. White Knox, M.D., the Assistant Comm i ssioner for the Area, and accompanied by the Dis trict Band, the parade marched to the church where it was joined by Dr. Corbet Fletcher, the Assistant Surgeonin-Chief, District Officer G. C. Green, representing the Commissioner; La dy Di strict Supt., Miss Rideout, County Surgeo n Captain W. A. Rees and other members of the Distric t Staff.

Th e minister arranged a bright service; and after ex tending a cordial welcome 'and voicing- the thanks of the general public to the Brigade, h e preached an inspiring sermon which was much appreciated by all ranks.

which in turn was f?l1owed by the Bournemouth Corps, the fourth corps bell1g from Aldershot. These were followed by the separate divisions in order of seniority, and the Cadets

The sermon was preached by the Lord Bishop of Portsmouth (Dr. Neville Lovett), who dwelt on the great work of the Brigade.

After the service in the Cathedral the parade marched to the Grand Parade ground and was massed for inspection by the County Commissi.oner (Lieut.-Colonel W. E. Pittard), who afterwards took the general salute. The Salvation Army band played selections during the inspection

The assembly then proceeded to the assembly rooms where tea ,\vas provided

Major C. G. H. Morse, 1\I.RCS., Assistant County Commissioner, was in command of the parade and was assisted by l\Iajor F. O. Chappell acting County Adjutant. Other County Officers on parade were Dr. H. E. Rawlence, M.D., F.RCS., ::\1rs. Hayes and the Hon. Mrs. \ Vhitaker.

No. III. Oistr-ict.

"Dr. Is aac Flet cher " Ambulance Challenge Cup.

The Workin g-t on D e pll L of the Cumberland Motor S e rvi ces, Ltd., winners of the Lr o phy. Seat ed: Dr. I

motor c y cle. Bleeding from the right armpit and left leg and a severely damaged right foot were among the injuries.

The resul twas: 1, Cum berland Motor Services (Workington), 199; 2, St. Helens Coli iery "A", 188; 3, L.M.S. Railway, 185.

Mr. A. Hill, manager of St. IIelens Colliery, presented the awards.

Dr. Isaac Fletcher has worked among first aiders for over forty years; is a Serving Brother of the Order of St. John, and has been an examiner for over twenty years. He has adjudicated on many competitions, including Railway, Mine and Quarries, and Boy Scout contests.

After the service the par ade was drawn up in vViUoughby Road and inspected by the Assistant Surgeonin-Chief who congratulated the members on their smartness and effici ency, while he thanked them for turning out in such pleasing numbers on so h ot a morning. L ater h e took the salute at the church doors when the parade, again led by the Assistant Commissioner, proceeded on a sho rt route march through the Borough.

Much of the credit for the su cc ess of the parade was u ue to the strenuous effo rts of Di v Supt. W. G. Warrell of the H ampstead Division

No. II. District.

O ver 1,000 members, Ambulance, N urSillg and Cauels, of the Hamp shire Divisi o ns, paraded on St. J oh n's Day for the Annual County Insp ection and Church Parade.

This year the event took place at Portsmouth, and so large was the p a rade that th ere was barely room for the members in the Cathedral where the service was h eld

The parade assembled in the United Services Ground and, led by the Southsea No. 1 Salvation Army Band (Bandmaster, Councillor J. E. Smith) , marched to the Cath e dral, b ein g watched by crowds of interesed sightseers.

Then cam e the Portsmouth Corps , h eaded by a contingent of police, followed by the Southampton Corp s,

The Annual Inspection of the various divisions comprising the North Worcestershire Corps took place on Saturday, June 16th. Excellent weather prevailed and there 'was a good attendance of the general public to witness the parade and inspection, which was conducted by the Assistant Commissioner for vVorcestershire (Mr. F. F. Ie Souef Simpson), who was assisted by Corps Lady Supt. Briggs, of Birmingham. There were five Divisions on parade, the total strength being 150. Corps Supt. D. M Chapman (deputy mayor of Rowley Regis) was in charge of the Corps; other officers present included County Surgeon H. Christopher Darby, Div. Surgeons A. D. 1\lcQueen (Stewards and Lloyds), J. A. Came:o!l (Rowley Regis Division), D. G Roulston (Langley Dlvlsion), Supts. F. Lightfoot (Lench's Division), H. C Bennett (Rowley Regis Division), ]. Greaves (Langley Diyision), D. H. vVilliams (Stewarts and Lloyds Di-:ision). The parade assembled outside Rowley Regls :;.nd Blackheath Railway Station anel marched to the ground. After the usual ceremony of hoisting the flag, 1\1r. Simpson conducted his inspection and later took the salute f?r the march past. Subsequently the men took part 111 yarious drills, and the Assistant Commissioner inspected the books

At the close of the inspection he presented long service medals for 15 years' service to Ambulance Officer H. Rose and Private G. Davis, of Langley Division; "vhilst an additional bar for 20 years' service was presented to the following : Supt. J. Greaves, Sergts. J Bridge, O Hall, and Corpls. J. Haycock and G .Langley Division, CorpI. Tromans. Rowley RegIS DlvlslOn, and Serrrt. Dixon Lench's Division. He also presented to Lench's team for winning the Corps Cup, the team being Corp!. 1 icklin, Ptes. Bate, \Vooton, Taylor and Edwards The members the team also received miniature cups in recog111tlOn of theIr success in the county competition

Subsequently the members adjourned for tea.

saac Flet c h er and In s pecto r W. C. Hamill (Chairman); s tandin g: H. Gale, J. Bell, \11/. Davidso n and J. "Vhalley.

LEICESTER -An i n spectio n an d demo n st r ation of fi r st aid work was gi\"en by membe rs of t h e L eicester Co - operative .\mbulance Division on the Employees' Spo r ts Groun d on Saturday, J une 16th.

The parade, under the command of Supt Gibbes, consisted of the Co -operative Am bu l ance D IVISion and sections of the Sargent 1 ur si n g Division and the Cadet Boys' Division

Most types of everyday acci d ents and occ u rrences were dealt with, the men performing the first-aid part of it ; the nurses redressed cases and occassionally p u t the patient into bed.

Co r ps T r easurer, G. O Dobson, and Corps Secretary, J. \ N. Farmer, were the Inspecting Officers, both of whom expressing themselves as being thorough ly satisfied as to the smartness and efficiency of the various Ut11ts on parade.

The company afterwards sat down to tea in the Pavilion, and the day's events concluded with a dance at which over 100 attended, the music being supplied by the Cliftonians Dance Band.

J ORTIIAMPTON.-The Northampton Corps mustered on the Market Square on Sunday, June 24th for a Church Parade. Headed by the Bugle Band under W. George they proceeded to all Saints Church where the Service was conducted by the Rev Canon J. Trevor Lewis, M A., assisted by the Rev. A. Davis, D S.C, AK.C, and was a most impressive one.

.

Canon Lewis preached a very forceful sermon, tak1l1g for his text "Other men laboured and ye are entered into their labours" (St. John 4, verse 38), urging on all M em bers of the Brigade, especially the younger ones, the importance of their loyalty to the Order.

The total on parade was 250, Corps Supt W. E. Edwards, M.B.E., being in charge.

A detachment of the Borough Police attended the Parade under Inspectors Goodwin and Spence.

Amongst the visitors were Lady District Supt. Mrs. W. H. Reeves, AR.R.C, Lady District Officer Miss L. Mawby, M.B.E., Supt. W . H. Afford representing the Chief Constable, Mr. G Philpot and others

After the Service Tea was provided at Headquarters, King Street, for members from the Country Divisions, by Mrs. H. Bland, assisted by Mrs. W. E. Edwards, Miss Edwards, Mrs. Elliott and Mrs. J. Bland

W ALSALL.- The hope that before l ong the drivers and conductors on the Walsall Corporation 'buses would be efficient ambulance men, was expressed by the Mayor of Walsall (Councillor S. E. Edge), when,"on Wednesday evening, June 13th, he attended a social organised by the Walsall Transport Workers to mark the formation of a S.].A B. Division in the Transport Department. A large company included Alderman W. D. Forsyth, Councillor T . E . I-Iaden, Mr. 1\1. J. Somerfield (Transport Manager), Mr. J. B. Gill (Traffic Supt.), Dr. F. L. Richard (ambulance lecturer) and Div Supt. G. Staniforth, L.M.S Ambulance Division, who has given valuable assistance to the Transport Workers' new venture. In the examination 90 out of 94 were successful.

The Mayor made presentations from the Transport workers to Messrs. Staniforth, A. Bradley, G. A. Holt and ]. Horne, of the L.M.S. Division; thanked them for the assistance they had given and expressed the hope that the Transport Committee would give every possible support to the movement. During the evening- Alderman Forsyth presented the Transport Workers' Club with an en l arged photograph of the traffic staff, which was taken at \he Birchills depot some time ago. The L.M.S ambulance team gaYe an interesting demonstration of an ambulance test.

A I D. July, 1934.

No . IV. (Lancashire) District.

BURY.- The ambulance display 0n the occasion of the S.E. Lancs Review and Competition, in which nearly 2,500 ambulance Men, Nurses and Cadets took part was remarkably success1 u1. It is seldom that the public has an opportunity of seeing the high standard 01 efficiency demanded by the Brigade Regularly, but some h ow unostentatiously, its members perform exce ll ent work in which the thoroughness of their training reveals itself. Demonstrations of the more spectacu l ar side of their work were given and the crowd both enj oyed and admired th e aftemoon's programme.

Two features of the programme which thrilled the crowd were the "1\Iine Explosion" and the "Aeroplane Disaster." A miniature mine's surface gear had be en erected on the Reyiew Ground, and ambulance men of the Colliery Rescue Brigade, who are also members of the S.].A.B., took part in the rescue ·work after a realistic explosion had taken place in the pit. The latest methods of resuscitation from gas poisoning by the application of oxygen and carbon dioxide were demonstrated, after which the "Gassed" men were removed to await th e arrival of the ambulance carriage.

A large wooden model of an aeroplane was used during the air disaster, and after the plane had crashed to earth, flinging out the pilot and half a dozen passenger s, ambulance men treated the inj ured for fractured collarbones, fractured legs and ribs, and head injuries.

DrosBURY.- Didsbury Section, S.J.A B., has been in existence almost a year, and has done va l uable work in the area during that time. The members are working enthusiastically and are desirous of making the section one of the smartest and keenest in the 1\lanchester district.

RAwTE STALL.-Labels, pendants and certificates gained in recent examinations were presented at a social organised by the Rawtenstall and Waterfoot Ambulance and Nursing Divisions at Spencer's Cafe, presided over by Sergt. F. Sunderland. Dancing was interspersed with items by Miss B. Sadler (Soprano), Mrs Lonsdale (Elocutionist) and Pte. R. Taylor (Baritone), and the music was provided by Rothwell's Dance Band. The presentations were made by the President, Councillor J as. Barritt, J.P., who also pinned on the breast of Pte Ashworth, the Service Medal of the Order for 15 years' efficient service.

ROCIIDALE.-Throughout No 4 (Lancs) District the usual custom is for the units to aJtend Divine Service on St. J 01111'S Day, or the Sunday nearest the festival. An excellent parade was held this year at St. Martin's Church, Castleton, attended by the Rochdale units, and conducted by the Rev. P. Burnett, who preached a sermon on the paral1 le of the Good Samaritan, a story familiar to everybody, but, as he thought, especially applicab l e to a service of that character. They could quite properly use the framework of that story, and by a different settil1g of new pictures bring it up to date. The eternal va l ue of the parables was that they were right fo r all time Instead of the man by the wayside who fell among thieves, they could substitute a motorist, who ha d skidded, hit a tc1eg-raph pole, and had been flung half dead by the roadside. Let them assume that the vicar and his c u rate came along and passed by the inj ured man without oflering assistance. One could imagine the outcry if such a thing happened, hut he was taking it for g r anted that all professing; Ch ristians wou l d not pass by, and in that connection it was inclined to be forgotte n by some p eop le t h a t th e duty

Jul y , 1934.

FIRST

to help the injured, sick, aged and infirm, was as much the duty of the layman as of the cl ergyman. That this was recognised by some people was illustrated by the existence of the St. John !Ambulance Brigade and similar organisations which were the outcome of Christianity. The parable of the Good Samaritan had a universal application, and the St. John Ambulance Brigade set a good example to others to " go and do likewise."

No. V. District.

The four teams of the Brigade in Lincolnshire left in the County Competition for the "Lambert" Shield, met at Lincoln on Sunday, June 24th. They were Stamford, Spalding, Tew Holland, and Oeethorpes.

The test was in a large factory, where, in attempting to turn off gas, which v,:a s escaping from a cylinder, a man was overcome and fell from a ladder. His head struck the ground, and his mate, holding the ladder, got his fingers trapped as the ladder fell on him. On exam ination the man who had fallen from the ladder was found to have a dislocated cervical vertebra, a large bruise on forehead; face was of a bluish nature, also lips; breathing deep and rapid

No team attempted artificial respiration to assist the patient's breathing, which the doctor-judge wanted. results were as follows: 1 Stamford, 155 points; 2 Spald1l1g, 154; New Holland, 153; Cleethorpes, 146

The judges were Dr. J. A. Hadley and Dr. Billcliffe of Lincoln.

The shield was presented by Lieut-Col. F. S. Lambert, and the prizes to the two first teams by Mrs Lambert.

Among those present were: Col. W. H Fisher (Asst. Commissioner, North Lincs), Capt. G. B. Armstron o Spalding (Asst. Commissioner South Lincs). b'

No. VI. District.

BISHOP AucKLAND.-The Bishop Auckland Ambulance Brigade held a flag day on Saturday, June 9th, and as a result £13 was collected. This is being devoted to the equipment fund.

Members of this Division are doinR road patrol duties each week-end on the main roads on their bicycles under the supervision of Div. Supt. S B. Paydon.

D \RLINGToN.-A new ambulance Division has been at and is known as the New Friendly SOCIetIes DIVISIon for members of the Friendly Society Organisations. A prime mover in its establishment has heen 1\1r. A. E. Thomas, \\"ho is the well -known secretary of the Friendly Societies Medical Association and a hiO"h office-bearer in the Ancient Order of Druids. The sian 11<1S also the support of other prominent officials Since membership of the Division is restricted to those who belong to Friendly Societies there is no encroachment in the recruiting ground of the older DarlingTown Division and the two units are working together 111 the real Ie help-all, help one another" St. John Spirit.

The present member-in-charge is Mr. Robins, who was decorated with the Military Medal as a Sergeant in the Northumberland Field Ambulance; and he has a fine body of men, both old stagers in first aid a n d young begInners of the right type Dr. P Da l ey i s the Divisiona l Surgeon a n d the DiviSIOI1 has recently been favoured with a lecture by Capt. Norman Hammer, who has recent ly been posted to the North Riding County Staff as Supernumerary County Surgeon, as transfer from the Centra l Area of No. 1 District.

MTDDT.ESBROUGIT.- The lVIayo r of l\ I idcl le broue:h. COl1nci ll or A. Cooper, ope ll ee] month the First Aid

A 10. 7

Post, on a dangerous cross-roads, on the new trunk road to Redeal': This is the second First Aid Hut provided by the Middlesbrough Central Division and is on land put at their service by lIIr. Tyreman, of Bramble Farm. County Commissioner F. P. 'Nilson in his remark" when inviting the lIIayor to perform the opening mony, mentioned that this was the eighth hut in this District provided, equipped and staffed by members of the Brigade. These huts, were opened ea.ch week -e nd and holiday and on other occasions when necessary and arrangements \vere made that they were easy of access at any time in case of need.

The County Commissioner read a letter from Chief Constable Heald congratulating the Division on opening another valuable hut at a dangerous point.

The Mayor spoke of personal experience of Voluntary Aid Services during the war and said that he had a verY :varm corner in his heart for the Brigade, and conside red :t an honour to be allowed to p erfo rm this pleasing openlll g ceremony. The hut would stand as a \yarning to passers -by and tend to reduce the number of accidents and thus, with the treatment, serye a double purpose. His vVorship then presented to Ex-Supt. Wheeler awl Supt. 1\IcCallum, of Eston Division) the Long Service Medals of the Brigade and congratulated on their long and efficient seryic e.

On the motion of Supt. McArthur, of the Middlesbrough Central Division, the I\Iayor was thanked for his valuable assistance.

The yisitors, the County Commissioner) County Surgeon Hammer, the officers and members of the ursing and Ambulance Diyisions were then conveyed by buses to partake of light refreshment, thus rendering aid to the inner man as efficiently as they would have to the outer should the necessity haH arisen.

No . VIII. (Duke of Connaugh t' s ) D is t ric t.

KEXT b"SPECTIOX.-The annual reyiew of the Kent Units was held at :l\Iargate) by kind invitation of the Mayor and Corporation, on Sunday, June 17th, and an excellent parade was witnessed by hundreds of yisitors of that popular seaside resort.

The inspecting- officer \\"as Brigadier Jam es L. Sleeman, C1\I.G., CB.E., 1[.V.O., 1\1.A.; Chief Commissioner S.].AB. OYerseas. On his arriYal at l\Iargate station, he was met by :l\1r. E. A. Richards, Commissioner No.8 District. and members of his staff. The Brigadier was accompanied by Col. G. A. 1\1oore, Cl\I.G., D.S.O., Assistant Chief Commissioner; Dr. N. Corbet Fletcher, Assistant Surgeon-in-Chief; Capt. \V. Goodley, 1\1.C, Commis ioner o. 1 District, and others

The 1\Iayor and ::\1ayoress of 1\Iar O"ate (Alderman "ne! 1Irs F. L. Pettman) together with members of the Corporation were al 0 on the station Lo meet the Inspectin g Officer and ailer introductions had been made they proceeded to the station yard and inspected the guard of h onour composed of members of the l\Iargate Ambulance Corps

After a visit to the l\Iaro-ate and District General Hospital, the In pee ti ng Officer, the Commis ioner and Olher \'isitors, proceeded to the orfolk IIotel for lunch. This o'atherin o was presided over by the 1\1ayor, who the'" Brigade to l\Iargate. He hoped the members would have an enjoyable day and that they would return at their leisure for furtner pleasure.

Bri o'ad ier Sleeman expressed pleasure at yi iting the town which first introduced the ambulance movement ') England. lIIargate had the first in England and for that reason he wished they were 111 the St. John fold for the Brigade had many adnntage which could not 1)e enjoyed by independent organlsatlOns.

COlllmissioner Richards said they fclt they hau re-

turned home in coming to the town which gave birth to the Ambulance Movement. He also hoped the local Corps would become attached to the St. John organisation. He thanked the Corporation for their invitation, which was greatly appreciated.

The gathering then proceeded to the Royal Esplanade where the memb ers were drawn up for inspection This ceremony was followed by the march past Brigadier Sl eeman taking the sal ute.

The whole parade then proc eede d to Holy Trinity Church for a short service, after which the Inspecting Officer placcd a wreath on the War Memoria l on behalf of the Order of St. John.

T ea was served in the "Casino" and so brought to a successful close the annual inspection at which nea rly 2,000 m em ber we rc presen t.

Among those present not already mentioned were Lady District Supt. Mrs. Falwasser, Major W. H. F. Noble, Asst. COlllmissioner Capt. E. A. Chill, Asst. Commissioner Dr. F. C Cozens, County Surgeon; District Officer H. J. Wrigglesworth who was responsible for the parade, District Offi·cers T. Potts and E. J. Prew, Lady

A I D Jul y , 1934.

ess (Mr. and Mrs Dye), Mrs. E. Dunn (President of the Railway Division), Officers, Men and Women of the Brigade were present

The Rotary President 0. BEnko) said that the C l ub in giving the hut wished to show their approva l in a practica way of the work so continuously carried on by all members of the Brigade.

The Club felt that the hut should be as much for the urses as for the men, that all three Divisions, Town Railway and Nur ing, should have equal right of entrance and ownership. The deed of gift handing it to the Superintendents was read and duly signed by them.

The Rotary Tnner Wheel very thoug-htfu ll y gave th e St. John Flag which the Mayoress (Vice-President) brok e at the mast head.

The Vicar then invoked the Divine Blessing on th e work of th e Brigade and dedicated the hut to the service of the sick and injured.

The three Superintendents each thanked the Club and the hut was inspected and nurses and men took on their first duties.

The hut is conveniently placed near the bathing station on a site kindly permitted by the management o'f " Merrie Englanel."

It quickly proved its usefulness, no less than eleven cases (mostly minor injuries) being treated before nightfall.

No. IX . District.

COUNTY OF CORNWALL.-This year's venue for the Annual County Parade was Penzance and on Sunday, June 24th, some 500 men, women and cadets paraded under County Officer S. M. Landrey (Bodmin) with SllptS. J. B. Gilbert (Helston), F Graae (Truro) and W. VV. Hearn (Bodmin) as company commanders. Lady County qfficer Ml:S. E. Townsend has charge of the Nursing Divislons, whIle the Cadets were under Cadet Supt. C. G. Martin (St. Stephens-in-Brannel).

Local arrangements were made by Supt. D. McIntyre and members of the Penzance Division.

Th e parade assembled on the promenade where the v were inspected hy Colonel C. r. Ellis, CM.G., D.S.O. (Surgeon-in-Chief) who was accompanied by Lieut. -Co l. W. Blackwood, D.S.O., M.B. (County Commissioner), Ex-Commissioner E. Troun on, Assl. Commissioner W. W. Johnston and District Officer Dr. C. Symons.

Col. Ellis pr ese nted service medals to Supt. J. B. Gilbert (Helston), Cadet Supt. C. V. Holland (Red ruth ), Lady Supt. Alice Strongman (Falmouth), and Pte. W. B. Rady (Bodmin).

Jul y , 1934.

FIRST

ance of Drs. Crockford and Storr, the Matron of the Hosp ital, and the Sergeant of Police, accompanied by members of the Axminster Division It was ascertained upon enquiry that a report had been re.ceived by the local police that an aeroplane had crashed 111 the fields at the rear of the Public Assistance Institution

This was the occasion of an outdoor practice of the Brio-ade and it was assumed that an aeroplane had and that four persons had been inj ured. The four" patients" were scattered in the vicinity of the supposed aeroplane.

One patient was suffering from a fractured spine, one from a fractured skull, another from a complicated fracture of the ribs with serious internal hcemorrhage , and the fourth from fractures of both legs.

The injuries were promptly treated by the ambulance men, and the inj urecl were r emo:,ed across the fields and stiles, etc., to the Drill Hall , whIch had been adapted to represent a temporary hospital.

The final case was that of a small girl who had been an interested onlooker during- the proceedings. She was supposed to have eaten poisonous berries, and, with her mother, was promptly conveyed to the hospital with all speed in a private car which was commandeered for the occasion.

The whole of the tests were arranged by County Officer E. J. Moors and Div. Surgeon A. L. Crockford, and the practice was carried out under the direction of Div. Supt. B. H. Harris. The judges complimented the members on their work and noted that there had been a distinct improvement in the detail work during the short space of time since the Brigade Division had been formed.

EXETER.-Lacly Clinton p erfo rm ed the opening ceremony in connection with the Bastin Memorial Hall ; Exmouth, which will serve as headquarters of the Town Division of the Brigade.

The hall has becn erected to the memory of the late Police-Inspector John Bastin, who was prominent1:y fied with the formation of the local ambulance DIVISIOn.

Sir Thomas Garbutt Knott, one of the co-founders, was unable to' be present at the ceremony, but sent a cheque for £100 towards the building fund.

The cost of the building is about £1 ,20 0, of whIch £500 remains to be raised by public subscription.

The main hall is 46ft. long by 26ft. wide, and th.ere is also a lecture-room. Later it is proposed to add a kttchen and garage.

AID 9

a framed etching of the hall, recording the work done by her late husband.

Col. H. Spackman, County Assistant Commissioner asked Mr. Perriam to accept from Ambulance Headquarters a framed vellum and vote of thanks in r ecognit ion of his services as Hon. Secretary.

Lady Clinton was thanked by Mr. C M. P. Wright, seconded by Dr. R. de Glanville, and the proceedings with benediction by the Rev. N. Ives, Baptist Mll11ster.

No . X. Di... trict.

BEccLEs.-Members of the Beccles Division held a drumhead Service in the Old Market, Becc1es, on St. John'S Day.

Supt. W. C. Walls was in charge of the proceedings, with the nurses under Lady Supt. Mrs. Self, the Boy Cadets under Cadet Supt. R. W. Clarke, and the Girl Cadets under Lady Cadet Supt. tIiss L. Robinson. The Bec c les Di vision Cadet B 1nd was under Bandmaster Davenport, and, with the Salvation Anny Band, under Bandmaster Clarke, provided the music. There was also on parade the Halesworth Division of the B.R.CS. under Commandant C W. F1axman.

The service was conducted by the Rev. H. L. Birch (rector of Beccles), and the address was given by the Rev. II. H ardy Holder (Congregational). Supporting them were the Mayor of Beccles eMr. \V'alter G. Roberts), President of the Becdes Division, with which h e has been closely identified since its inception, and 11:r. H. Copeman and Mr. C L. Hamby (vice-Presidents).

Among the hymns was that of the St. J olm Ambulance Brigade, "Holy Father, King EternaL" and the prayers included those for Ie the members and associates of the Order of St. John," for Ie all who wear the White Eight-Pointed Cross," ancl for "the sick and all who minister to them." The service concluded with tIle ational Anthem, the unpiling of drums, and the dismissal of the parade.

Colliery News.

\VARWICKSIIlRE COLLIERIES LEAGUE.

Mr. A. E. Harding, who, as reported in last month's issue, has been compe ll ed to resig-n the positicn as Divisional Superintendent of the Newhaven Division and han. Secretary of the Newhaven Centre of the Southern Railway.

District Officer Miss H. May, Capt. W. J. H. Pontin, R.A.M.C, Col. C B. Palmer, CB E., Sir Byron and Lady Peters, Sir Charles and Lady Igglesden, the Rev. and l\Irs. E. A. Cook, Mr. Grove (Town Clerk), and Mrs. Grove, Dr. and Mrs. W. G. Sutcliffe and others

The weather was very hot indeed and we cono-ratulate all ranks on their splendid bearing throughout the long parade.

RAl\1SGATE.-On Sunday afternoon, July 1st a First Aid Hut provided by the Rotary Club of Ramsgate was handed over to the St. John Ambulance Brigade and dedicated for services by the Vicar of Ramsgate (the the Rev. W. A. R. BaJl)

Several Members of the Club, the Mayor and Mayor-

After the inspection the parade, headed by Marazion, St. Just Boys' and Heamoor Bands, marched in procession to St. John's Church, where an impressive service was conducted by the Vicar (the Rev. E. Vernon Shaw).

Th e procession was joined by the Mayor and Mayoress of Penzance (Ald. and Mrs J. W. Mcek) the Deputy Mayor (Ald. C. Tregenza), members ancl officials of the Corporation, and Mrs. A. M. Blackwood.

In an address, the Vicar dealt with the origin of the Order of St. John, the most ancient order of chivalry, and said that magn ificent gathering was another witness of the fact that the age of chivalry had not yet pas'se d. Penzance had a direct connection with the Sovereign Order of the Hospita l of St. John, for in 1198 Henry de Pomeroy gave Landithy and Trengwainton and the patronage of the parish church of Madron to the nights who continued to own their rights there until the Reformation

After the service the visito r s were entertained to tea In St. John's Hall.

AXMINSTER.-On Tuesday, June 5th, much excitement was caused in Boxfie l c1 Road, Axminster, by the appear-

Members of the ambulance DlVlsion and local V.A.D. formed a guard of honour, and selections we.re by Exmouth British Legion Band, when Lady Cl1l1ton arrived to perform the opening ceremony. She was by Mr. H. A. Law, Chairman of the Ambulance CommIttee, and prescnted with a bouquet of carnati?ns by Miss Crystal Perriam, daughter of Mr. W. J. Pernam, the H on. Secretary.

Div. Supt. H. Southwell handed a key to her with which she opened the c100r of the hall. InSIde there was a large assembly for the dedication ceremony, over which Capt. C. P. Shrubb, Chairman of Exmouth Councd, presided.

The Rev. T. G. Shelmerdine, Vicar of Littleham-cumExmouth, dedicated the hall, and said it seemed app:opriate that a building of that kind should be opened wlth re l igious ceremony.

Lady Clinton congratulated all who had asslsted 111 the provision of t11 e hall, and said it must have meant a lot of determination.

Mr. Law, reviewin g the work of the moycment in Exmouth, mentioned tlle fine example set by the late Dr. H. P. Hodgsoll, who started ambulance classes in the town.

Inspector R. Holmes then pr ese nt ed LO Mrs Bastin

The third annual competition for the \\ Telfare Challenge Shield of the above League, was held on Griff and Caton sports ground, NUlleaton, on Saturday, June 23rd, when H collieries competed.

Teams composed of fi\'e members were eng-aged from Ansley H a ll, Arley, Badd es.ley, Glas.coLe, Kingsbury, Haun chwood, Blt1ley, Birch COPPI.ce,. Newdlgate, Pooley Hall, Tamworth and CO\:entry Collienes.

Dr. \\'. Da vison and Dr. E. \\Tll son, of Ashby-de-laZouch, were the judges, the officiating. at .the practical test and the latter conducting the oral

The practical test related to runaway tub It1 which a man was pinned agalt1st a prop and reeel\'ed internal injuries and a fractured right leg,. thp wounds aggravated by acid through a battery of a pit lamp. There was a pOSSibl e of 320 pOints. The awards \Vere as follows :-

1 Kino-sbury Colliery, 310 points ( hield and gold medals) , (captain and in structor), ]. H. Taylor, A. Passey, S. Wood, A. C. 'Voodward (rese:\'e) 2, Baddesl ey Colliery, 297 (slh'er Colliery last year's winners, finished third With 288 pOl.nts. !\Ir. W.' T. Hartley, H. 1. Di\'isional In spector c: f i\lllles and President of the League, presented the shield and medals,

Przory for Wales.

VISIT OF TilE CIITEF Co:.li\IISSIO;\ER.

Over three thousand members ot the Brigade in the Glamorgan County Centre assembled at Marga'Tl Park, at the kind invitation of Captain and l\lrs. Talbot Fletcher, on Saturday, May 12th, \vben vVales was. honoured. the second time by the presence of the Chief CommisSIOner, Major-General Sir John Duncan, KC.B., C.V.O., D. S 0., as Inspectin g Officer.

As a social event, the occasion was an outstanding success, glorious sunshine prevailed throughout the day, and a representative gathering of about two hundred guests were entertained to tea in the Onngery, aften\-ards witnessing a parade which could not fail to inspire anyone connected with the Movement. The stately background of trees, through which a glimpse of the Tudor Castle could be seen, formed a picturesque setting for the uniformed ambulance personnel and the Commissioner for Glamorga", :\lr. D. :\1. E,-ansBevans, had good cause for pride in the fine body of \'oluntar), workers under his command.

A number of distinguished visitors watched the Inspection by the Chief Commissioner, who was accompanied by the Hon. John H. Bruce (Commissioner for Wales), 1r. A. G. E. J. Fudge (Assistant Commissioner for \Vales), Lieut.Colonel J. E. H. Da vies, D.S.O., l\l.R.C.S. (Surgeon-inChief for Wales) , Dr. D. Rocyn Jones, C. B. E. (Assistant Surgeon-in-Chief for vVales), and Lady Lewis, O.B.E. (Assistant Lady upt.-in-Chief for Wales).

The Commissioner for \Val es extended a welcome to Major-General Sir John Duncan, who "vas, he said, one of the most distinguished Generals in the British Army, noted tor his defence of the Internatiol lal Settlement in Shanghai. He was also gradually strengthening their first line of defence against the growing forces of accident. Ir. Bruce thanked the Chief Commissioner and congratulated Jlr. D. M. Evans-Bt>van on the splendid response his members had made to the call which they had received for that afternoon's inspection.

Major-General Sir John Duncan expressed his delight at the progress and efficiency of the movement in the county, which, he saiJ, was the more remarkable having regard to the depression which had affected South vVales. l\lr. Bruce had apologised to him for the number of men \\,'ho had appeared on parade without uniforms, but he thought thuse men deserved greater credit for having turned out at all. The usefulness and efficiency of the Order was increasing throughout the country. 0 less than 540,000 cases of accident were d ealt with last year, and in addition they had 16,000 cases of motor accidents where first aid had been rendered, often with the result that lives had been saved.

In extending the thanks of the Order to the host and hostess at the close of the proceedings, Mr. Bruce had much pleasure in asking the Chief Commissioner to present the Insignia of Officer (Brother) and Officer (Sisler) respectively to Captain and Mrs. Talbot Fletcher, whose personal interest in, and generous support of, the Ambulance l\Iovement has contributed in a large measure to the development of the Brigade, particularly in the Aberavon Sub-District, with which they are closely identified as Honorar y President and Lady President.

"CNYEILlNG OF l\IDlORIAL.

Advantage was taken of the Chief Commissioner's visit to Glamorgan in arranging the :\1emorial Service at Sl. Clement's Church, Briton Ferry, on the afternoon of Saturday, May 12th, when the Credence Table, purchased with

the balance of the "Sir Herbert Lewis" i\lemorial Fund, was unveiled by Major-G e neral Sir John Duncan, K. C. B., C. I.G., C V.O., D.S.O. Born in Briton Ferry, Sir Herbert Lewis was the elder son of the Reverend D. Lewis, l\I.A., who for 37 years was Vicar of Briton Ferry and it was this fact that led the local Ambulance Divisions, \"ho were consulted by Lady Lewi s on the question of the disposal of the balance, to perpetuate his memory in the church he attended in his youth.

Headed by the Briton Ferry Town Sih'e r Band, officers and members of the Briton Ferry Cnits paraded from the headquarters to the church, where the congregation included Lady Lewis, O. B. E. (widow), the Hon. John H. and irs. Bruce, Lady Blythswood, l\lrs. Talbot Fletcher, Sir vVilliam Jenkins, M.P., Ir. D. 1\1. Evans-Bevan and Dr. C. Armstrong. The service was conducted by the Vicar, The Reverend Lawrence Thomas, D.D., the Reverend L. H. vValters reading the lesson and after the ul1\'e iling by the Chief Commissioner, the Right Re verend the Lord Bishop of Llandaff dedicated the memorial, which, he said, was a more intimate one than that unveiled by H. R. H. the Prince of \Yales, and the country owed much to men like Sir Herbert Le\yis, whose memory they \"ere glad to honour.

NEW ApPOINDJENTS.

The appeal of St. John ideals and traditions is such that some of the most distinguised public leaders and benefactors find time and inclination to hold offices within the Order of St. John. The Priory for \\' ales owes its success in no small measure to the example and influence of many notable vVelshmen who have undertaken responsibilities of not merely a nominal character and so demonstrated the value and worth of the Mo\'ement. The retirement of His Grace the Archbishop of vVales from public life owing to advanced years severs a link with the Priory, the Chaplaincy of which he held for the past seven years, although the Meetings of Chapter and Grand Assembly in 1930 was the last occasion on ,,,hich His Grace personally of11ciated. ] t is certainly satisfactory however that one so eminently able as the Lord Bishop of Llandaff should have agreed to accept this office-the appointment having been appro\ 'ed by His Royal Highness the Grand Prior.

Other appointments recently approved by the Sub-Prior (the Earl of Plymouth, P.C., acting on behalf of the Pri or) include that of the present Viscount Tredegar, who will succeed his father, the late Vis co unt Tredegar, C. H.E., in the Executive Office of Almoner and as President of the l\10nmouthshire Centre and so maintain a valuable connection;

Mr. James Griffiths, the new President of the South \\'ales Miners' Federation, as Director ot Ambulance in s uc cession to the late l\Ir. Enoch Morrell and Sir Henry E. E. Philipps, Bart., who formerly occupied the A.ssistant Executive Office to the Commander of Slebech (the late Sir Leolin Forestier-vValker, Bart., K.B.E., M.P.) and now assumes the principal title. It is very appropriate that Sir Henry should hold tbis office as he is President of the Centre, within which are the ruins of the olel church attached to the Commander), of Slebech 'which for four hundred years flourished as one of the most important Establishments of the Order.

MERTIIYR lEMBERS INSPECTED.

Divisions of the Brigade in the Borough of ]\[erlhyr Tydfil Centre were inspected by the Hon John H. Bruce, Commissioner for Wales, at the Show Ground, Pcntrebach,

July, 193 4. F IRS T where four hundred members were on parade, in charge of Mr. W. H. Jones, Assistant Commissioner of the l\Ierthyr Cenlre. The Inspecting Officer was accompanied by the Hon. Mrs. John H. Bruce, Lady (Herbert) Lewis, O. B. E., Assistant Lady Superintendent-in-Chief for "Vales; :\lr. \Villiam Powell, Deputy i\1ayor for l\ferthyr :\lr. D. l\1. Davies, Chief Constable and Commissioner for the Centre; Dr. R. S. Ryce, Centre Surgeon, and l\1r. W. J. Canton, Chairman of the Centre.

After the inspection, the Hon. John Bruce, who al 0 distributed long- service medals, congratulated thp. parade on its smart appearance and efficiency, and said that the progress made by the Movement in the l\1erthyr area was extremely gratify ing in view of the depressed condition North Glamorgan was experiencing. He appreciated the diftlculty of procuring uniforms and appealed to the members to carryon the work irrespeclive of whether they attended in uniform or mufti.

Treharri s Cadets, as winners of the" C. JI. Ri chards0n\Vhite" Shield, received medals at the bands of l\Irs. Bruce.

The Ord e r of St. J o hn.

THE Annual Festival of the O rder was held on Monday, June 25th.

The Duke of Connaught, the Grand Prior, inspected d guard of honour com posed of members of the X o. 1 District of the Briaade accom- b pan led by the Earl of Scarborough, Sir John Duncan and others.

The Grand Prior and Chapter General walked in procession to attend divine service in the Priory Church of St. John, '."here the Rev. H. G. Hastings Shaddick, O.B.E., T.D., a Chaplain of the Order, preached the anniversary sermon.

ImmedIately before the commencement of the service the Grand Prior recei'.Ted the following as

P/zotogrrzph by courtes)']

[TIle .lJad and outlz TTTales \Te'Ws

Inspection at JIargam Park.

Included in he front row are the Hon. John H. Bruce (Commis ioner for \\Tal es ), Captain Talbot Fletcher, Major-General Sir John Dun ca n, K.C.B., c.Y.O., D.S.O (Chief Commissioner. Mrs. Talbot Fletcher, the Lord Bishop of Llandaff, and Lady Blythswood.

OPE

.\;o,lBUL\l\CE COi\JPETITIO

The Trellarris Division are organising an open ambulance competition for the "Leigh" Challenge Cup and monetary prizes at the ;\,mbulance Hall, Treharris, on Saturday, September 22nd. Teams s hall consist of n"e men:bers holding recognised first aid certificates, and entnes, accompanied by a fee of DVC shillings, must be sent Ir .-\, F. Hunt, Bank House, Treharris) not later than 18th. On the same date there will be a Boy Cadet competition for a cup and prizes, entrance fee bein o · two shillings and sixpence per team. b

The " D E CORATORS ' « PAINTERS ' MAGAZINE " 8 d monthly) is THE trade paper for all Interested.Office: 46, CannoD Street , E.C 4

Bailiffs Grand Cross :-The Duke of Portland, Lord Rockley, Lord Onslow and Lord Shaftesbury. Robinia Lady was received as a Dame Grand Cross. Then the following were in vested as Knights of Justice and received the accolade, with the s'.Yord of the Order, from His Royal IIighness:- Lord Leverhulme, Lord Plender, Lord :\loynihan, Lieutenant-Colonel II. F. Barclay, Dr. A. :\1. \Vare and Sir Harr, Luke, Lieutenant-Governor of During the service, which was conducted by Prebendary L. J. Percival, Precentor of the Chapels Royal and a Chaplain of the Order, Bishop E. J. Palmer, a Sub-Prelate of the Order,

dedicated the new organ, which was played for the first time on this occasion. Latter the banner as a Bailiff Grand Cross of the late King of the Belgians was removed from its place in the church and laid on the altar.

After the service the Grand Prior,\vith the Chapter-General, returned to St. John's Gate and presided at the General Assembly. At this MajorGeneral Sir Percival Wilkinson, Secretary-General and Director of the Ambulance Department; Col. J. T. \V. Perowne, chairman of the Order's Ophthalmic Hospital at Jerusalem; Colonel E. ]. King, librarian; Major-General Sir John Duncan, Chief Commissioner of the Brigade; and Colonel J. L. Sleeman, Chief Commissioner of the Brigade Overseas, gave accounts of the work of their respective departments during the year.

From this it was apparent that there had been very satisfactory progress in all forms of the Order's activities, including its Ophthalmic Hospital in Jerusalem, its St. John's Clinic in London, and its new Commandery in Canada. Of its first aid work at home it was reported that 470,000 cases and 17,000 motor accidents had been dealt with by the brigades, and an immense number of patients carried by the motor ambulances; oversea, 47 new divisions had been formed, and valuable help had been given after the earthquake in Bihar and Orissa and in the fighting in China.

The Grand Prior, in conclusion, commented on the reports, and the Sub Prior referred to the hopes entertained by the Order for next year.

Seventy Years of Red Cross History:

186 3- 1933.

i863-February: Foundation of the International Red Cross Committee.

October: Meeting of an International Conference in Geneva. Wurtemberg (i) Red Cross Society foundeu.

i864-August: First Geneva Convention "For the Improvement of the Position of Wounded Soldiers in the Field."

Foundation of Red Cross Societies in Belgium, France, Italy, Spain, Prussia (i), Hesse (i).

186S-Foundation of Portugese, Swedish and Norwegian Red Cross Societies.

i866-Foundati,m of Red Cross Societies of Saxony (i), Baden (i), Switzerland.

i867-1st International Red Cross Conference (Paris). Foundation of Austrian, Russian, and Netherland Red Cross Societies.

1868- Foundation of Bavarian (1) Red Cross and Turkish Red Crescent Society.

1869- 2nd International Red Cross Conference (Berlin). ---1870-Foundation of British Red Cross.

1876- Foundation of Red Cross Societies in Denmark Serbia (2), Montenegro (2), and Roumania.

i877- Greek Red Cross founded.

(1) Since incorporated in German Red Cross. (2) Since incorporated in Yugo-Slav Red Cross.

A I D. July,

1934.

1879 - Hung arian and Peruvian Red Cross Societies founded.

1880-Argentine R e d Cross founded.

1881 - American Red Cross founded.

1884-3rd International Red Cross Conference (Geneva).

1885 - Red Cross Societies founded in Bulgaria, Costa-Rica and Salvador.

1887 - Japan ese Red Cross founded.

4th I nternational Red Cross Conference (Carlsrube).

1892-5th International Red Cross Conference (Rome).

1893 - Siamese Red Cross founded.

1895-Foundatiol1 of Venezuelan Red Cross

1896- Canadian Red Cross founded.

1897- 6th International R ed Cross Conference (Vienna)

1899-Foundation of Red Cross Society in Uruguay. Hague Convention" for the adaptation to warfare at sea of the principles of the Geneva Convention of 1864. "

1902-7th International Red Cross Conference (St. Petersburg).

1903-Chilian Red Cross founded.

1904- Hague Convention concerning Hospital Ships. Red Cross Society of Cbina founded.

1906-2 nd Geneva Convention.

1907-2 nd Hague Convention" for the adaptation to warfare at sca ot the principles of the Geneva Convention of 1906."

Hague Convention concerning the laws and customs of land warfare, and the rights and duties of neutrals. Foundation of l\1exican Red Cross Society.

8th International Red Cross Conference (London).

1908 - Brazilian Red Cross founded.

1909 - Cuban Red Cross founded.

1912 -9t h International Red Cross Conference (WashiJ1gton) Egyptian Red Crescent founded.

1913 - South African Red Cross founded.

19H - Foundation of Australian and Luxemburg Red Cross Societies.

1915-Colombian and New Zealand Red Cross Societies founded.

1917- Red Cross Societies founded in Bolivia and Panama.

1818- Latvian and Lithuanian Red Cross Societies founded.

1919- May: Foundation of the League of Red Cross Societies.

Red Cross Societies founded in Czecho-Slovakia, Estonia, Poland and Paraguay.

1920-First Meeting of the General Council of the League of Red Cross Societies (Geneva).

Foundation of the Finnish and Indian Red Cross Societies.

1921 - 10th International Red Cross Conference (Geneva).

1922 - Second Meeting of the General Cou ncil of the League (Geneva).

Transfer of League headquarters to Paris.

First Oriental Red Cross Conference (Bangkok). Danzig Red Cross founded.

1923 - 11th International Red Cross Conference (Geneva).

Foundation of Ecuadorian and Guatemalan Red Cross Societies, and of the Persian Red Lion and Sun.

Firsl Eastern European Red Cross Conference (Warsaw).

Firsl Pan-American Red Cross Conference (BuenosAires).

1924 - Third meeting of the General Council of the League ( Paris).

Icelandic Red Cross founded.

1925 - 12th International Red Cross Conference.

Alliance of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies of the U. S.S. R. founded.

Second Eastern and Central European Red Cross Conference (Vienna).

1926-Second Pan-American Red Cross Conference (Washington).

Second Oriental Red Cross Conference (Tokyo).

July, 1934. FIRST

1927 - Foundation of the Dominican Red Cross Society. International Relief Union Convention.

1928 - 13th Intern ational Red CrossConference(The Hague). Stalutes of the International Red Cross adopted.

1929 3rd Geneva Convention.

Code of Prisoners of War adopted.

1930-14th International Red Crose Conference (Brussels). British Empire Red Cross Conference (London). Balkan Red Cross Conference (Belgrade).

1933-First meeling of the General Council of the Intcrnational Relief Union.

Third Eastern and Central European Red Cross Conference (Prague).

-Issued by the League of R ed Cross Societies.

------.--.------

A Competitor's "Grouse" and Suggestion.

WE have just completed our competltlOns for another year. In the first round of one big national competition our team was not supplied with marking sheets. In the second round, after completing our tests we were marched out of the competition room and not allowed to witness other teams at work, thus being deprived of the opportuity of comparing work done. After the result was declared, no mention was made by the judges as to the patient's injuries or what was actually required. Marking sheets were again withheld.

We returned home, a distance of seventy miles, a very disgruntled team; not because we had been unsuccessful in winning the shield, which to my mind is purely a secondary matter compared with the opportunity of gaining knowledge and improving one's efficiency, but because we were depri ved of the opportun i ty to learn from our mistakes and scores of hours of practice and time had been completely wasted.

I am quite aware that in congested areas such as mining and foundry districts where accidents occur with great frequency an abundance of practical experience is gained, but in our area, an outlying district, where accidents are less frequent, competition work becomes a boon to first aiders, simply because they are allowed to practice, and learn, on persons with supposed injuries.

No competition, however, can be complete unless the judges' marking sheets are supplied to competitors after the result has been declared. Then and only then can teams see for themselves where they went wrong and, consequently, future practices and studies become a pleasure in trying to rectify one's inefficiency.

Much has been said about the poor display given by teams from our district in the finals held in London and to my mind much of this is due to the fact that competitors are not given the marking sheets at the various competitions whereby competitors could rectify mistakes made and the

Al O. 13

knowledge gained would stand them in good stead another time.

r would, therefore, suggest that at all prelim inary com petitions the judges' marking sheet be handed, or sent, to the captain of the team so that teams, such as ours, the members of which live in a semi-isolated spot, can bring their knowledge up to the required efficiency for competition work. The eight-pointed cross should be placed first; honour and glory a bad second. -

J. A. B.

Rail Conveyance of Stretcher Cases.

To an employee of the Great Western Railway is due the production of an improved type of stretcher, primarily designed to facilitate the conveyance of invalids by train, and known as the " Parratt" stretcher. By its use it is possible for patients to be conveyed in the compartment of an ordinary railway carriage. The ordinary stretcher being wider than a compartment door, it has hitherto been necessary for it to be placed in the guard's van, an arrangement which has its disadvantages, but the new appliance, which is provided with telescopic handles, can be accommodated lengthwise upon the seat of a modern rail way carriage, and will provide stretcher patients with a greater degree of comfort than has hitherto been possible. They can be accompanied by their relatives or attendants in the carriage.

The inventor, Mr. T. Parratt, of Taunton, is a keen first aid worker, and his invention is the outcome of his experience in connection with the transport of patients. The Great Western Railway Company has arranged for the patenting of the appliance, two of which will be retained at Paddington, while one will be available at the headquarters of each of the other traffic divisions of the railway.

The stretcher is fitted with a Sorbo bed, a comfortable and hygienic provlslOn, as the mattress can be easily rendered antiseptic. The appliance can be fitted on to a motor for road transport by being placed on an ordInary stretcher.

The invention marks another step forward in comfort facilities for rail transport for the disabled, and at last makes possible bed-to-bed transport. It will be found invaluable in cases of transfer to hospital, or from hospital to home.

l\lembers of the 1 o. 1 District S.J.A.B., accompanied nearly 1,000 members of the St. Martin's of Limbless Ex-Sen ice l\Ien 011 their annual excurSlQn, \\'h1ch this year was to Folkestone and Canterbury, and took place on June 17th. The Folkestone Division assisted during the rest of the day on the arrival of the party.

Ra tlway Ambulance News .

Inter .. Railway F inal , 193 4.

The individual tests of the competitions (fully reported in the June issue) were as follows :-

Nos. 1 AND 2.-A porter is unloading packing-cases from a van when two large cases overbalance, falling on top of him. There is another porter standing by. There is a doctor half a mile away, hospital and ambulance 4 miles away, and a telephone and first aid material in the refreshment room. Act as you would. Time allowed, 8 minutes, beginning when you receive this card.

NOTE FOR JUDGE.-Patient lying on platform on his back with eyes closed, one large packing-case across his chest, another across his right leg. One porter to act as " Bystander." (Faked Compound Complicated Fracture on right leg).

Compound, complicated fraclure of the right leg and asphyxia. Patient now breathing and conscious

Total

5 100

No. 3.-You are walking behind a very rowdy individual, who is shouting and throwing his arms about. While still some distance from him you see him pitch forward on the pavement full length. A doctor lives half a mile away. Act as you would.

Time allowed, 8 minutes, beginning when you receive this card.

NOTE FOR JUDGE.-Accident happens opposite a cottage with a woman standing in the doorway. Patient lying on face, eyes closed. R

is the colour vf his face (flushed)

Speak to patient (no answer)

Is he breathing (yes, shallow)

What is colour of his face (pale)

Lay head and turn on one side

Undo tight clothing at neck, chest and vvaist

Test pulse (fast and feeble)

Examine pupils (equally dilated)

Ask woman for blankets (yes, two blankets provided)

Also hot water bottles (no)

Has she any bottles she can fill with hot water (yes)

Ask her to do so

Cover patient above and belovy

Apply bottles when they arrive

After testing and covering (patient begins to groan, after three minutes)

Ask patient question as to whether he understands (he nods his head and groans)

Where is the pain (he points to his jaw) .. .

Any other pain (he shakes his head)

Can you move your arms and legs (he docs so)

Caution him now to lie still

Test pulse again (better, but still feeble)

Inquire 1'e respiration (normal)

Examine pupils again (react to light and dilated)

Examine jaw, any irregularity of teeth (yes)

Bleeding from gums (yes)

Ask woman for two strips of cloth or bandage, iodine and clean handkerchief (two triangular bandages, iodine, and clean handkerchief provided)

Iodine own fingers and graze

Clean handkerchief on graze; place palm of hand below injured bone

A I D. 15

Carefully remove coat and examine arm 2

Is there any wound (no)

Examine for swelling, irregularity and deformity (ye s , middle forearm)

Carefully draw arm into as near normal position as possible

Place forearm at right angles to arm, thumb uppermost

Padded splints inner, and outer sides for earm, elb o w to fingers 2

Narrow bandage above fracture, figure of eight r o und wrist and hand 2

Apply large arm sling 2

Rapidly examine for other injuries (none) -J.

Decide remove patient to first aid room by human crutch 1

Method of support and walking -J.

Lay patient down, cover with rug and keep warm 2

Give sips hot tea 2

Telephone doctor and am bulance 1

1

3

artificial respiration (if correctly applied patient breathes in one minute)

Judge: Breathing now commenced patient now conscious. Speak to patient, ask where pain is felt (right leg only) 3

Turn patient on back, one member still supporting leg 2

Undo tight clothing at neck, chest, and waist 3

As k bystander to go to refreshment room for hot water bottles and blankets 3

Apply blankets above and below 4 Hot water bottles, covered and tested 3

Remove temporary dressing 2

Iodine fingers 2

Iodine wound and round about 4

Fresh light absorbent dressing on wound 2

Bandage lightly 2

Apply splints inner and outer side of leg (if extension applied-minus 5) 2

Above knee to below ankle 2

Five bandages correctly applied 5

Ask bystander to telephone hospital and ambulance... 2

And to notify stationmaster

Judge; Doctor now arrives. What is the case?

Ask woman at door of house for coats or blankets (t wo blankets providEd)

Ask woman at door of house for hot \Vater bottles to be prepared (two hot water bottles provided)

Cover patient above and below and apply hot water bottles after testing

What is the pulse, after testing (quick)

Exclude head injuries, after testing (none)

Exclude bleeding from the nose and mouth (nolle)

Examine pupils (equally dihted and fixed)

Are the eyes bloodshot (yes)

Temperature, after testing (lowered)

Are the lips burnt (no)

Does the breath smell of anything, after lc<>ting (y\:'s, whisky) 2

Ask woman is she has a telephone (yes) ; ask woman to phone for doctor 2

Stating diagnosis: Unconscious, suffering from alcoholic poison 3

Has be been sick (no) 2

Ask woman for mustard and warm water (1 tablespoonful to t pint) or salt and warm water (2 tablespoonfu l s to t pint) hold in readiness 3

Make efforts to arouse patient by slapping face, neck, chest and waist with wet towel, and watch carefully until arrival of doctor 2

Total 50

r\o. 4.-0n a nice summer evening YOLl are down in the neighbourhood of the docks, when you see two men fighting. As you approach you see one of the men fall as t h e res ul t of a blow. He is kicked by his opponent who runs away Act as you would. Time allowed, )3 l1linutes, beginning when you receive this card.

NOTE FOR JUDGE.-The nght takes place opposite a cottage, with a women standing in the doorway. Patient ly ing on back, eyes closed, graze marked on right jaw (lower).

Run to patient's assistance

Any visib le hccmorrhage (no, small graze on rig-ht l ower j aw 2

Press gently against upper jaw

Apply centre of narrow bandage under chin, carry both ends upwards, and tie above the forehead, including in the bandage the clean handkerchief on graze

Apply centre of narrow bandage in front of chin, carry both ends backwards and tie at back of neck; tie ends of both bandages together

Judge: Patient begins to vomit.

Ask woman to get a soap-dish or any other suitable dish

Loosen bandag-es

Turn head to sound side

Support jaw with palm of hand

Inquire re DoctJr (two minutes' distance away)

Ask woman to go for doctor Judge: Doctor has arrived.

Report to Doctor giving diagnosis: Fracture of lower jaw '"",ith slight concussion Patient still being sick.

No.5. - Wh ile hastening to tIle scene of the aeroplane accident a man slips on the grass and falls headlong. You are watching from the first aid room and go to his help. No assistance is available, but a doctor and ambulance can be summoned by telephone. Act as you would. Time allowed, 5 minutes, beginning when you receive this card.

NOTE FOR JUDGE.-Palient (marked with simple fracture of left forearm) lying on right side.

Take haversack and hasten to scene of accident 2

Speak to pat;ent ; does he respond (yes) 1

Warn him not to move and use encouraging words 2

Is there any sign of hzemorrhage (no) 2

Ask patient if he has pain (yes, left forearm). 2

Immediately ask patient to steady and support hIS left forearm. Gently turn him on to his back 2

Is face pale (yes) ; keep head low and to one 2

Undo light clothing about neck, chest and wa ist 2

Identify patient and arrange for ta c tful m ess a g-e to friends 2

Method and efficiency 5 50 Great W e stern.

NEWPORT -Members of the Ne w port comb in ed ambulance classes and their wives, h a d an enj oy ab e outing at Porthcawl on the 17th Jun e, wh e n a sp e ci a l excursion train was provided , bearin g on th e sm ok e-b ox of the engine the symbolic cross o f the m ov em e nt. T he

The'decorated engine used on the occa s ion of th e Newport Class Ambulance Outing

members of the party amused th e m elv e s ill vari o;ls. w a y s, and the majority met at tea at Cafe 111 t h e evening. The gathering was una111mousl y Y O te d a g r eat success.

STOURBRIDGE.-The Stourbridge J ullction class ha s sustained a tragic loss in the sudden d eath of Dr. J: R. Dallow of Riverside, KiIlYer, who was M edIcal Offic e r for the Kinver district, and has a.cted for many y ea rs past as lecturer. Dr. Dal.low dls1?layed conSId e rab l e interest in the clas es, and hIS loss \vl11 be grea t ly f e lt.

ORDER OF ST. JOIIN.-Among recent acJl11i si o11s. to the Order of St. John of J em alem arc the f ollmnn g' members of the Great \Ve tern Railway staff, all of

whom had a long and meritorious service in the movement, and whose membership has been the result of recommendations made by the Central Ambulance Committee-

Serving Brothers.-Mr. J. Lewis, Sig11alman, Abercanaid; Mr. F. T. Ball, Signalman, Pontypoo1 Road; Mr. D. B. Thomas, Signalman, Barry; Mr. A. W. Scott, Fitter, Bristol; Mr. W. R. Minns, Sergeant, Newport Docks; Mr. A. W. H. Cook, Engine Erector, Swindon. In addition, the Vellum Vote of Thanks of the Order has been awarded as under:-

rvIr. J. Mullins, Engineman, Cardiff; Mr. G. Couzens, Inspector, Bristol; Mr. S. James, Coach Painter, Os\,,'estry.

\iVEY1IIOUTTT.-The annual smoking conccrt and distribution of awards in connection with the Weymouth Am bulancc class took place at t.he Queen's Hotel on J Ul1e 15th, whcll Mr. R. A. Sims, Goods Agent, presided, and was supported by Dr. F. H. Rodier Heath, S.J.A.B. County Commissioner for Dorset, Dr. R. V. S. Hooper, Lecturer, and Mr. G. S. Hodder, Divisional Ambulance Secretary. An interesting feature in the proceedings was the presentation of the Company's gold bar for 20 years' First Aid efficiency to Mr. T. J akeman, station master, who had for many years rendered excellent assistance to the movement. The Chairman referred to the valued as istance given to the class by Dr. Rodier Heath, who had acted as Examiner for the past 22 years and coached for competitions. The presentations, which included pnzes to the Weymouth No. 1 and No.2 Teams ami Efficiency Awards, were made by Mr. Sims, and a t;'ibute to the good work of the Class Secretary, Mr. H. Vim's, was paid by Mr. Hodder.

London, Midland and Scottish.

M.S.J. & A. AMBULANCE CLAss.-The members of the ambulance class spent an enjoya.b1e eveninO' recently on the occasion of the distribution of the class Mr. T. Fallas presided, and in the course of his remarks said how glad he was that the class had been reformed 'after 20 years. The ambulance movement helped to brinO' the men and the officials together in the spirit of

The awards were presented by Mr. J. R. Oarke, who expressed the hope that the men would not be content with passing one examination but would go on each year.

The awards gained were as follows :-12 certificates five vouchers, one medallion and ninc labels.

MARKET HARBoRoucn.-The Annual Prcscntation of Awards of the .above class was held on July 1st. Mr. W. F. and Dr. S. P. Stoker presented the awards. fhe Cha1rl11an expressed appreciation of thc work of the class.

Dr. Stok.er hoped that many more new members would take up thIS valuable work.

After the presentation of awards, Mr. E. H. Jones Class. Secretary, proposed a vote of thanks to Dr. for hIS presence and for his services to the Oass

The awards were two First Year two medallions, and 12 labels.

ROCTTDALE.-About two hundred members and friends of the ambulance class enjoyed the outing to Hereford recently.

The party left at ?.15 a.m. and partook tJf breakfast on the t.ram. On arnval at Hereford, a fleet of buses took the party through the beautiful countr,Y-

AID July, 1934.

side. Lunch was taken at Symonds Vat. Mounouth, T!ntern Abbey, Chepstow and Ross comprised the ltmerary of the remainder of the day.

Dinner provided on the train home was heartily enjoyed, and brought a happy day to a most satisfactory conclusion.

WOLVERTTXMPTON.-A very enjoyable smoking- concert was held on June 13th, when 50 students received their awards for successes gained in the examinations.

Mr. P. L. Gold, Assistant District Manager prein the unavoidable absence of Mr. S. Dlstnct Goods Manager. He was supported by Messrs. H. E. Frost, G. H. A. Atkinson and G. Maycock. Tn making Lhe pre cnLations, Mr. Gold spoke of the excellent results achieved. He welcomed students from th.e lYlidland Tar. Distillers Ltd., Jenks & Cattell Ltd., DJrll1lng-ham & Mlclland Red Omnibus Co. Ltd., Bayliss Jones & BaylJss Ltd., and W. Buller & Co. Ltd. He paid L.rihl1te to the splendid work of the lecturer, Dr. T. C. WIlson (Tettcnhall Road), and the instructor Mr. H. T. Williams, and presented these gentlemen w'ith gifts from the class. Mr. Gold also stresscd the good work of the Class Secretary, Mr. F. Humphreys.

Mr. G. Wilkes was the recipient of a long service gold. bar for 25 examinations, and Mr. R. Clayton receIved thc St. J Ohll Ambulance Brigade sil"cr medal for 15 years' service.

The Typhoid Carrier.

THE term" carrier" is appl ied to the person who harbours the germs or infective virus of a disease, but has no other sign or symptom thereof. In the case of the enteric fevers, which include typhoid and paratyphoid A and B, the carrier state is most important. The evidence is overwhelming that human beings constitute the sole source of these germs. Typhoid and paratyphoid germs may, it IS true, occur in sewage and elsewhere; but they do not reproduce themselves except in the animal body. There is, in other words, no intermediate host, and no independent life cycle outside the body.

A typhoid carrier may never have suffered from a definite attack of typhoid or paratyphoid fever. There are, however, some carriers whose condition dates from a typical attack of fever. About 2 to 5 per cent. of all cases of typhoid fever become carriers. In cou ntries where typhoid feve: is still. comparatively common, typhoid carners constitute 0.1 per cent. or more of the total population. The total number of carriers in the world must reach enormous figures.

Each carrier may be responsible for scores of new cases. A case has been recorded of a sailor who transm itted typhoid fever to 30 other men on board the ships in which he worked; 27 of these men were infected ina period of four years. Another carrie r has been credited with 150 cases in the course of five years, the infection in this instance being conveyed through handling of milk.

July, 1934. FIRST

The carrier may not only be dangerous by direct contact but, and this is more important, by indirect means, such as the contamination of foodstuffs. He may also cause the pollution of a water supply. The danger is greatest in country districts where hygiene is at a comparatively low level. At the present time thousands of towndwellers make weekly excursions into the country by car, and are in the habit of using any wayside source of water for drinking purposes. Hence the special danger of the rural carrier and the need for an educational campaign.

The germs may lodge in different parts of the body. There is the carrier who harbours them in the gall-bladder, whence they are discharged into the intestines. Other carriers may house the germs in the intestines alone without the gallbladder being infected. Other carriers harbour the germs in the urinary tract. There are other parts of the body which may occasionally be infected, but the fceces and the urine are the most important sources of infection.

Carriers are always apt to be depressed and melancholic. The necessity of keeping them isolated and under strict supervision for long periods tends to react harmfully on their mental state and bodily health. The carrier of to-day is in fact only a little better off than the leper of the Middle Ages. But there was no Red Cross in the Middle Ages!

What are the risks to the neighbours? The persons most likely to contract the infection from a carrier are those who have only recently come into contact with him, or with foodstuffs handled by the carrier. On the other hand, those in close touch, such as members of the carrier's family, tend to escape. It would seem that their natural resistance become enhanced as the result of repeated doses of the infective agent.

It is a curious fact that there are many more female than male carriers, four or five females to every male. The female carrier is usually middleaged or elderly, and she often also suffers from gall-stones.

Typhoid fever may be avoided by appropriate vaccination. It should be possible to vaccinate against the enteric fevers everyone like.!y to come in contact with a carrier, whether he be a member of the same family or a near neighbour, or the inmate of an institution, particularly if it be an asylum for the insane or a hospital for infectious diseases.

When a carrier has been recognised as sllch, the first step concerns the disposal of his or her infective excreta. In this connection the importance of simple cleanliness can scarcely be exaggerated. Furthermore, it is necessary to keep the carrier under supervision and to make sure that they have nothing to do with the handling and sale of food.

AI D. 17

Many different devices for the disinfection of the chronic carrier have been devised. Various drugs, including intestinal disinfectants have been given in the hope that they would kill fhe germs. But hitherto this line of treatment has proved most disappointing. Much more encouraging results have been .obtained by removal of the gallbladder. Accord1l1g to the most recent statistics this operation is successful in about 75 per cent. of all cases. But it must be remembered that the is. not altogether free from danger, particularly In the case of elderly carriers with weak hearts, and the gall-bladder may be difficult to remove, because repeated attacks of inflammation have plastered it down to the neighbouring structures. Every case must therefore be considered on its own merits before an operation is undertaken.

---._.--British Industries House.

FULL-SIZED HOSPITAL VVARD A TD OPERATING THEATRE TO BE BUILT.

GREAT progress is being made at British Industries House, Marble Arch, London, where, thanks to the financial aid of a group of insurance companies, a wholesale buying centre for goods of British manufacture has been formed.

A very interesting section in the vast building is the Medical Centre, which is to be officially opened on July 19th, to coincide with the annual conference of the British Association.

Medical officers of health in all parts of the Kingdom have expressed their intention of using this Centre, and important bodies who have written to welcome the establish ment include the British Hospitals Association, which has a membership of over 1,100 voluntary hospitals.

The interest shown in the Medical Centre has resulted in a recommendation of the Advisory Council, backed by the directors of British Industries House, to construct in full detail the layout and complete equipment of the most up-to-date operating theatre suite and hospital ward on 12,000 square feet of the ground floor.

The plans of this work have been entrusted to the eminent firm of hospital architects, Messrs. Adams, Holden & Pearson, of Knightsbridge, and the \vhole scheme will be carried out by them and their sub-contractors in coIlaboration with the Advisory Council and with the active co-operation of a number of eminent surgeons.

The most modern materials will be used in the construction of this novel suite, and the equipment and maintenance will be carried out under the best surO'ical advice. With the ever continuing progre';s of science, improvements will be

evolved from time to time and as some of these advancements will be the results of practical experience and research in countries other than our own, it will be essential in the oper::.:lting theatre suite to obtain some articles of foreign origin in order that the display and demonstrations rna y be the most complete and desirable in the world.

The theatre, ward acd associated rooms at British Industries House will be kept thoroughly up-to-date to be available at all times to those who are interested in the building, equipment and maintenance of hospitals and public institutions at home and abroad. ------.--.-------

fetters to the &ditol'.

We are in no way responsible for the opinions expressed, or the statements made, by Correspondents.- EDITOR.

B R.C.S. BLOOD SERVICE.

DEAR SIR,-

In reading the June issue of FIRST AID, notice a ref erence to the Blood Transfusion Service in thc account of the B. R. C. S. Ann ual Report.

I should like to emphasise the fact that, a lthou gh the Blood Tra nsfu sion Service is a B. R. C. S. movement, any reader or any body ,,;ishing to ioin are welcome for this wonderful service, a nd that quite a large number of S.J.A. B. men and women are members, some of whom have gained the Medal for giving ten services.

Full particulars may be obtained from Mr. P. L. Oti\'cr hon. secretary, Blood Tr ansf u s ion Sen-ice, 5, Colyton-road, S. E. 22. T elephone-Syde nham 2264.

Yours faithfully, T. II. STERRY. London, S. E.1.

NATIONAL CO 1PETITIONS.

DEAR SIR, -

It. is with more than a passing interest that I read your Edltonal co lumn on the val u e of Ambulance Competitions.

Although comparatively young, I have had experience in Mining and open Ambu lan ce Competitions, and cunslder that a well-conducted and well-stag-ed compet iti on has a n un s urpa ssab le value.

I quite agree that it is rath e r surprising that there arc not more international and national ambu la n ce compeLiL io n s other than the" Dewar" Shield, the Inter-Railway and the National Police Competition. The Police COIllI;etition is co mpar atively young, yet the Police ha\ e made tremendous strides in amb ulanc e work these last few yea r s

In addition to the competition that now takes place in London, I would like to see a National t\mbul ance Competition held for Mine a nd Quarry workmen and Road Transport workers, Tramwaymen, Busmen, Drivers, elc.

Another disturbin g feature, to my mind, is the lack of to big competitions. I always think it distln cL ly unfalr that the announcement of the winnincr teams in the big competitions are gIven a few lin cs in an hobscure corner of some big daily papers, while some merchant with an unpronounceable name, who happens to be the winner of a winkle eating competition or the record breaker of a po le-squatting contest, is gi ven a page full of " bunk."

All .these national competitions present and propo sed I would lIk e lo see take place in one wee'k. Vt;ry often

A I D. July, t934.

people are interes ted in more than one com p et ition, and ""ould like to see the Ilnals of each; but wh e n one is hcld in one month and one in another month, it is very often impossible to make the two journ eys to see the contests.

I would suggest so mething like this for example-

l\Ionday, June 25th-0l'ational Minining Competition

Tuesday 26th-Brig-ade Final s

vVednesday" 27th - National Police Final

Thursday 28t h -Spec ial Constabulary Competition

Friday 29th - Inter Ra ilwa y Final

Saturday 30th-National Road Transport Competition

and the ambulance competition week advertised a nd given the publicity it deserves.

Our Nurses' P ages.

COMPILED BY AMBULAN CE SI S TER.

DARLIN GTON NURSING DIVlSION, S.J .A. B.-By special invitation, Captain Norman Hammer, R.A. M.C., T.A., County Surgeon, North Riding of Yorkshire, paid a visit to 1 hi s Di v ision, and gave a lecture on "The Role of the V. A. D. and St. John Nurse in a Poison Gas Attack bv Air."

Yours faithfully.

FRANCIS E. VVINNIATT, Hon. Sec. Aberdare Amhulallce Transport Class.

In co nclusion, now that this subject ha s been opened, I h ope that yo u will not the mattel- rest until some object has heen ach ieyed SIR,

H aving read the Editorial on National Competitiol1sin the l\lay issue I should like to make a suggestion

In place of all these separate compe itions, organise one to cover P olice, Corporations, Rail ways, Collieries, Brigade, and any other interested bodies. Run it on championship lin es, letting- each area arrange its own preliminary competition and send the \-vinning team forward to the final.

In this \Yay I think we should gain far more interest and general effic ency, with each team trying for premier honour.

May I further if this is not workable, the judges be asked to build their tests on the lit tl e black book, not trying to make a trap, and finish by making a complete farce of them, like so many of our tests are. - l remain,

'( REG UL,\R RE.\DER."

Th e inaugural meeting of the Florence Nio hl ilwale Tnt ernat ional Foundation, h e ld in London all J LIly 5t h, Sir Arthur Stanley being in the chair.

A new hut, which has been erected for the usc of the' ambu ance men and nur ses on duty on the Paignton (D('\ 'o n) sea front, was ofitcia ll y opened by ]. S. Hug-g' ins, cha i, man of the Paignton U.D.C., on Sunday, Jun e 2-1-th.

The presentation of certificates to the nur ses who h ave successf ull y co mpl eted the International Courses for 1Q3.1-.H offered by the Provi sio nal Committee for the Flor e n ce Nightingal e International rOLlndation at Bedford College, in conjunction with the College of Nursing, was held at Bedford College on July C)lh Sir Arthur Chairman of tho Provisional COt11l11illee and Member of the Board of Governors of th e League, presided. Th e cert ifi cates were presented by l\!i<;s Ll oyd Still, Presid e nt of the International Council of 0l'urses. Among- the speakers were Lord Cecil of Chelwood, Mlle. Odier, Member of the Int e rnational R ed Cross Commillee, and Miss Jebb, Principal of Bedford College.

Every penny spent on advertising creates prestige, standing and reputation for the firm that spends it. It may not be discernable in immediate results, but the effect is certain and the power cumulative.

The l ect urer pointed out that, although his were primarily addressed to the V.A.D.' s, whose syllabus included Anti-Gas du t ies, every St. Jo]-.n member, of either sex, whether a V.A. D. or not, might be called upon to deal with patients s uffering from the effects of poison gas spread by an enemy.

Capt. Hammer divided his subject under five beadings -Ca use, Effect, First Aid, Secondary Aid, and Nursing Duties.

At the close, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the l ect ur er, this being proposed by the Lady Di v isional Supt. and seconded hy a senior member of the Division.

A visit to the M ed ical Comforts Depot, which is run hy the Division, was subsequently p a id by Capt. Hammer, who com m ende d the members on the usefulness of such work and the efficient manner in which it was carried out, and said that from personal experience he knew how valuab le such depots were to the sick and needy.

BUCKIIURST HILL V.A. D. -A n inspection of this detachmentoftheB.R.C.S. was held on June 12th at South Woodford, and was made an occasion for two presentations.

A Cu p for the best attendance and all round work was won by Miss Bartlan.

The other presentation ,vas to the Commandant, 1\1rs. Tubby, who is obliged to resign from that position owing to moving to Grea t Missenden, Bucks. On behalf of the officers and members of the detachment, Dr. Rutler Harri s, the County Controller, handed her a travelling tea case.

The new Commandant will be Miss Parsons, of Bu ckhurst Hill.

THE STUDY OF HYGIENE.

Bya member of the Institute of Hygiene.

One of the subjects recommended for study by the St. John Ambulance Assor.iation, and in which examinations are conducted and certificates issued by that body, is Hygiene.

H yg ie n e is the study of Health, and covers a ,,,ider lield than mi g h t at first be imagined. Thus it concerns human beings from their earliest days right through lifetheir well-being as regards the home and surroundings, habits, cleanliness, food, clothing, conditions under \"hich they work, recreation, and everything appertaining to present-day life that might have a bearing on healdl.

The home of to-day is a far healthier place than that of our grandparent. The advantages of an abundant supply of fresh air (the ever open windows), sur·light (windows free from heavy curtains), and spacE', witb fewer dust - collecting articles in the rOOI11S, are now better understood True there is still rool11 for impro\ 'e 1llent ; tilt:re are even now many homes which are unhealtby places becau se of the ignorance or illuifference of the hom ema kers There are still large slum areas in our cities, but these are gradually being reduced in size, although it is a stupendous task; for n o only has accommoda t ion to be found suitable to the size of the families to live therein, and wi t hin reach of their in-

3 e comes, but also it must be near to the work of the breadwinners. On e is apt to be rather hard on the slum-dweller for lack of cleanliness a nd tidyness and accuse him or her of as to how he or she lives, but when a fami ly has to 111 .one or two rooms, where everything has to be kept '.n thIS sa.me sl1'all space-food, clothes, cooking and clean1l1g utenstls, etc.-and every drop of water probably fetcbed from Ooor of the building, the hopelessn ess of the task of trying to keep clean and tid\' soon leads to the effort being gi\'en up altogether. -

Out s id e the home, much is being done by the various authorities for the health of the general public. As far as possible, even in the cities and factory towns, air is kept free from pollution by smoke and fumes; streets are kept clean' open spaces are provided where possible. All these tend produce a happier and healthier nation.

De cent habit anc cleanliness of person, clothing and surroundings are necessary for health. Both should be taught a child from its earliest years, and parents have therefore, a responsibility in this direction. The play a large part also, and it is submitted could do even more if hygiene were a recognised su bject in the curric ulum.

The study of food is an interesting one, and is necessary too, if the body is to grow and be maintained in a state of he a lth. A mixed and well-balanced d iet is essential to well being, and should include proteins, fats, carbo-dydrates, albumen, mineral salts, water, vegetable acids, and those necessary food factors -vi tamins. \\,ith regard to the latter, n ot much is known by the average person, but the "alue of milk, butter, fish, fat, fresh ,-egetables and fresh fruits (especially the citrous fruits) is now generally recognised.

The first aider learns that food must be digested, absorbed, and assimilated. The student of hygiene discovers which foods can be digested by persons of various ages and conditions of he alth, ho\\' to render them digestible, and which are capable of 3.bsorption ,,,hen digested. The income of the family must necessarily hm'e a bearing on the amount and va riety of the food purchased, but a knowledge of the needs of the human body- taking into account such factors as age, sex, climate, season of the year, and occupationthe composition and classes of yarious food-stuffs, and the bE'st way of cooking them that they may be at the same time nuitriti0us and appetising, is of far-reaching importance

Much has been done of late years that food sold may be clean and of a high standard. The packing of food in containers and cartons, various markings, and supervision of factories, storehouses and shops, provision that milk and water be clean and free from harmful germs, have all had a great inAuen ce on the health of the nation. 1n this respect, the In st itute of Hygiene has played a great part, not only in bringing before the parties concerned the need of reforms in certain directions, but by examining in the laboratory and under practical conditions articles a nd products submitted by manufacturers, issuing certificates for purity, quality and merit, and checking samples of certil1ed article.:> irom time to time to ensure that the original standard is being maintained.

In the matter of clothing, it is impossible to ascertain the full beneht gained by women and cllildren during the last 30 or -1-0 years from the revolution they have brought about in dr ess. \ Vhile a man remains faithfu l to his thick, lined clothing, hi . collar and his tic, women refuse to

m u rRe lheir necks any longer. Their clothes are m u ch l ighter and more porous, and allow lhe r3)'s of the sun to filter lhrough. No longer is the 18 111. waIst to be attained at all costs. Children on the whole are dressed with an equal desire tor ensuring good health. Garments from early infancy are such that, "while sustaining body warmth, they are light, airy and give plenty of freedom of movement. How many anaemic women and girls are seen to -day? Compare this with the slate of things 30 years or so aao and the revolution in dress is more than justified hours of each day are spent by the majority of people in earning their daily bread. If health is to be ma i ntained, this period should be passed in hygienic s u rro u ndings under the best possible conditions, and the hours sho u ld not too long. Since supervision has been instituted, factories and workshops have had to conform to a standard of cleanliness and size according to the number of workers Children are no longer allowed tv work for long hours, and young people entering factories have to pass a medical test if they are to remain. vVorkers are not allowed to continue for long periods without a break for food and rest. Hours of work are now fixed in most trades and thus the labourer has a chance of recreation and rest afte r his work is done. Laws passed, the study of the type of employee and his work, have done much to eliminate or minimise disease due to the nature of the employment and accidents due to machinery, etc., thus assisting the worker to a better standard of heal til.

Recreation is necessary for all, especially that which can be enjoyed in the fresh air. The child learns to play games at school, is taught gymnastics, both of which develop his body and mind; the sportsmanship, the give and take, this taught early should enable him to go through life with a healthier outlook.

There are other forms of recreation, however, indoor occupations, at home, where a favourite hobby occupies spare time, or reading, or visits to the theatre, cinema or other places of amusement.

Everyone should have a hobby, especially in this machine-minding age. It makes for happiness and contentment. Reading matter , amusem e nt shows, should be clean and wholesome, and in this respect the law does its best that the mind should as far as possible maintain a clean and healthy outlook. Bad literature, immoral spectacles corrupt the mind, and an unhealthy mind cannot make for a healthy body.

The Government and public authorities do all they can to maintain and improve the health of the nation. Research and the promotion of the welfare of mothers and infants have brought about a continued fall in infantile mortality. Welfare centres, clinics, periodical examination of children at school, outdoor and special schools of particular cases, improved sanitary conditions, have all helped in the cause of hygiene, and made for a healthier and longer-lived people. But not all thal can be done from outside can benefit a person's health without he or she co-operating; and without an elementary knowledge of hygiene this is impossible The first aider, who is trained to help the sick and injured in time of need, is the right person to assisl in spreading a !m?wledge of this subject both by precept and example, and it lS hoped that the above notes, although sketchy, may stim u late those who already give up so much of their time to he l p others to take up this interesling study of hygiene also

The St. John Ambulance Association, as already slated, recognises the importance of the subject. The Institute of Hygiene, a voluntary health society formed in 1903, has a la r ge membership of men and women interested i n health subjects. Twice a year it holds examinations, and successful can:lidates are awarded diplomas and certificates . Lecand cook.ing are given regularly at the InstItute, and it. also mall1tall1es a permanent hea l th exhihil io n open on weekdays to the public free of charge he m

AID. Jul y , 1934.

9.30 a. m to 5 p m. ( S at urd ays 1 p m ) a 28 , P o rtl a nd-place , Lo nd o n , W 1, a v s i t t o w hi c h will pro ve bo t h int e r es tin g' an d u sef ul to a ll t h ose w h o are k ee n fir st a id e r s

Items (Di isional news and social, interesting du ies, lectures, e c.), for this page should be sent to Ambulance Sistel' , c/o The Edit o r, FIRST AID, 46, Cannon St., London, E.C.4

eorning g"ents.

The Ed ito r will be p lease d to receive p a rt c ul a rs o f fo rth · coming events fo r inclus ion (free of c h a rge) und e r this he a din g

J ULY.

21.-Manc h ester and Salford C orps (No 4 ( L ancs .) Di s h -ict)

S .] .A B., A n nua l Inspectio n

28.-Bolton Corps (No. 4 (Lancs.) D ist r ict) S J .A.B., Ann u a l I nspectio n

28 -An nu a l Stretcher Compet i t o n of the Bri sto Ce n tre, S. J .A A , i n the Zoo l og ica l Ga rd ens, C l ifto n

28 -A nn ua l Open Competitio n s fo r the "Tunsti ll " Memor ia l Shield and the "Mrs. R ose Bowl, Br ie r fie ld AUGUST

-+ to H.-Northern Camp for Nurses of the S. J .A.B., at Rossall Schoo l, near Blackpoo l.

5 to 12 -Gloucestershire Mens' B. R. C. S D etac hm e n ts Annua l Training Camp at Sidney Ha ll , Weymo u th

17 to 27.-Southern Camp for N u rses of the S J .A .B. , at Herne Bay

18 -Bilsthorps Ambulance Cha ll enge Cup Competition an d Gala Day

22-23.-Fun Fair and Carnival in aid of S. J .A f und s, at Grove Park, Weston -super-Mare SEPTEMBER.

2.-Annual Church Parade of the South Metropo l itan Gas Co., St. Alfege Church, Greenwich.

18. -Cinematograph Lecture on "The Bony Frame w o r k," "Carrying t h e Injured," arranged by l he Dage nb a m Division, S. J .A. B , Outpatients' Department, K i ng Geo r ge Hospital, Dagenham

Two Useful Timekeepers.

Two inexpensive watches of good appeara n ce w hi c h m ay prove useful to the medical man and t h ose e n gaged in ambu lance work, both in private practice and for ge n e r a l use are as fo ll ows :-

The first is a 30-hour stop watch with lever moveme n l which is guaranteed for two years. The d ia l is g r a du ate d in one - fifth seconds, distinctly marke d , and h as a lo n g second hand by means of which acc ur ate p ul se rea din gs ca n be take n. T he watch is made in a form s u ita bl e for pl aci n g on t h e cons ul ting - room tab le or for ca rr ying in t h e p ocket, as we ll as for wear i ng on t h e wr ist; t h e prices a r e iS s ea ch T he secon d s an a p poi n tme n ts a a r m wa l c h , a lso w ith lever move m ent, and a be ll i n s id e the b ack of t h e case w h ich rings for some twenly seco n ds an d ca n be eac; il y se to "go off" al any time by m ov i ng a p o in ter to the h o u ireq .l ired A rem in der can th u s be obta in e d of a n app o in tm :!'1t o r of anyt hi ng which r eq ui res to be d one at a n a ppro x ima :! y fixed time. Th is watc h is g u a r antee d for thre e ye'l r s and is so ld at 25s .

[ he watc h es ca n b e obtai n e d from Mes sr s A rnold a nd Co :) f 1 22 , S l. J ohn-s t ree t C le rk e n we ll - r oa d , L o ndon E ,C.

Jul y , 1934. FIR S T

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" ueries and J\nswers to eorrespondents.

Queries will be dealt with under the following rules;-

1. -Letters containing Queries must b e marked on the top left hand corner of the envelope "Query," and addt-essed-FIRsT A I D 46, Caunon-street, London, E. C. 4.

2. -All Queries must be accompanied by a "Query Coupon" cot from the current issue ot the J(lurnal, or, in case of Queries fr vm abroad, from a recent issue.

3. -The Textbook, to which reference may be made in this column is the 38th 1928) Edition of S.J A.A. Manual ofF irst Aid.

TREATMENT OF FRA CTURED FEMUR.

A.O. (Adelaide, Australia).-With reference to the treatment of Fractured Femur, you will remember that the 37th Edition of the Textbook told us to use an inside splint reaching from crutch to just ahove knee, whereas the 38th Edition does not say anything- about an inside splint.

Australia and Ta s mania the inside splint, as described, was not taught by our medical men. Instead, they taught usfO?' squad to apply an inside splint reaching from crutch to heel. Consequently, it is now a question as to whether or not the inside splint should be used.

If you are working under the authority of the Tex tboo k, then you should not app ly any in s ide splint for Fracture of Femur because, as you right:!y explained, this is no longer specified in the instructions of the Textbook - N. CORBET FLETCHER.

EXAMINATlON HOWLER.

G.c. (Redhill).-In a recent examination the doctor asked a candidate if it is possible for a man to commit suicide by holding his breath. He was much amused when the candidate replied -It Yes, if he holds it long enoltglz ,I"

Good! Next, please! !-N.C.F.

CAUSATIOl\' OF FRACT URES

P. B. (Hammersmith).-An amazing case occurred here recently. A young \yoman, in trying to open a window, and fell 40 feet on to a concrete floor. She .dled fro.m shock shortly after the accident; but at the It was stated that she had not broken any bones 111 h er body. Your comrnents will be much appreciated.

There is an old saying It Providence protects children and drunks." other words, the child and the drunken man often fall without any attempt to save themselves' and con.sequently they .may escape fractures and other injuries which a tull1 conSCIOUs person sustains through his struggles to protect himself.

It is. how some individuals fall from a height without lOJuryand how others will fall a few inches and

bl-eai< their necks. Thus, I remember a man who fell 0[[ the roof of a three-storied house, sat on the roof of an out house and thence bum ped off on to a C,)J1crete paving in the area-also without fracture or other injury except profound shock.-N. C. F.

TREATMENT OF HEAD INJURIES.

A B. (Coventry). - Recently we discussed the tre:'ltment of H ea d Injuries; and one of us claimed that we should not apply s melling sa lts to patient' s nostrils. 1£ this is true, please be good enough to explain.

Smelling salts have a true stimulating effect on the Brain Centres through the nerves of smell. Consequently with Head Injuries, in which hccmorrha ge of the brain may or may not be present, they should always be withheld because they will certainly cause a rise of pressure within the skull and they might ag-Rravate (or even cause) Compression of the Brain. - N.C.F.

AN UNF,\lR 'lARKING SIlEET.

R.N. (Yorkshire).-I enclose the detailed sheet of a team test u sed in a I-e cent competition. This, as you will see, was more of a test for young detecti\'es than for first aiders, because, out of a total of -+0 marks, it allows 30 for "holding automatic in handkerchief to avoid dam ag ing finger prints" and 12 for" not tramping round scene ot accident and interfering with foot prints." Surely detailed marking sheets should be based on the Textbook.

Detailed marking sheets should be marked strictly in nce with the T ext book, as you suggest; and no Judge of any experience ever prepares his tests unless he has the Textbook open before him. Still, inquests on competitions lead nowhere. So, wby worry?

Wha t interested me, however, was that, from the newspaper cutting which you supplied with your detailed marking sheet, I earne d that a Brigade team won, although among the other cOffipeting teams were two composed of policemen !-N. C. F.

TREATMENT OF FRA CTURED LE G

E. D. (Christcburch).-At a juvenile competition held recently, the case given was a boy who had fallen 0[[ his bicycle and sustained a compound fracture of leg (site of fracture not given). One team treated by tying both legs together with all other pre ca utions, such as 'phoning doctor, keepin g patient warm, etc. Two teams treated one kg and elevated it as for fractured patella, while the remaining team treated one leg only. Please pass your criticism to satisfy a great number of d i fferen t opin ion s.

On your statement of facts, the first team would appear to be the only one which treated the patient more or less in accordance with the instructions of the Textbook.N.C.P.

We are prepared to supply Ambul a nce S e cretari e s a n d o thers with specimen copies of this J o u rnal for d istri bution among their members A ppl y to the Publishe rs, FIRSr AID 40 Ca nno n St. , London E. C . 4

Post fr'!e, 8d. orderly Datles 51rnplllled aOIl Tabalated, with A!ds to .emory. A most compa t 07'oclttl cONta;"J ffltlch tH,/tI1 j,./or",atiQ1I - PRBSCRIBR

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EDITORIAL.

ALTHOUGH the Annual Report I NC R EASED of th e C hief Commissioner of A CT I VITY OF t h e B r igade is not yet published T H E S .] .A. B. we can r eveal that, during 1933, incr eased act i v i ty was recorded in all b ra nche s u n de r h is contro l.

Th e p e r so nn e l i nc reased by 4,909 men, wom e n a nd c adets, which br i ngs the strength of the Bri ga d e a t h o m e to 6 1, '570 men and women , a nd 10, 5 26 b oy and g irl cadets. New Divisons numbere d 1 26; 5 1 bein2' Ambu lance. 36 Nursin cr '-' 1'::>' 2 1 C a det Ambul ance and jt) Cadet Nursing. An e loq u ent te sti mony to the value of the w ork carri ed o ut b y me mbers of the Brigade is the f a ct th a t las t yea r t h e enormous number of 471,731 cas es o f a c c id e n t and sudden illness were attend ed. T hi s is an increase of 11,478 over 193 2 . Att en d a nc es a t H ospitals, Clinics, and other such ce ntr es, by members of the Nursing Division s c o ntinu es t o in cre ase.

The Roa d Serv ic e a lso cont i nues to increase, there now b e in g 1, 0 6 1 p osts as against 1,02 1 in 193 2 , whilst 17 ,0 41 ro ad accidents were treated by members. T h e Ambulance Transport Service has shown consi de r e b le extens ion, 252 motor ambulanc e s b e in g o perated by Corps and Divisions.

The Medic a l C o m fo r ts Depots now number 109, as c ompared w i t h 74 in 19 3 2, and the va l ue of Depots can be ga in ed b y the fact that 34 Depots in Wal e s is s u e d o ver 5,000 a r t icles during the year.

The Ro ya l N ava l A ux i lia r y Sick Berth Reserve ha s been mai n ta in e d a t i ts fu ll st re n gth of 1, 2 75 memb e rs , a nd 50 p e r cent. of that numb e r complet e d a cou rse o f seve n d ays' tr aining at the Royal N a val Hosp ita ls .

The Militar y H os pi ta l Reserve showe d a

slight decrease in numbers, but here aga in 50 per cent. undertook a seven days' course.

Voluntary Aid Detachments now number 265, with a personnel of 8,899, of which 1919 are mobile members.

The Overseas Chief Commissioner also reports continued increases. The number of Divisions has now reached 493, with a personnel of 14,444; in addition, the Cadet strength is 113 Divisions with a membership of 2,533. The net increase during the year was 1,513 senior members and 660 Cadets.

St. John J\mb ulance J\ssociation.

BRrsToL.-The annual stretcher competition of the Bristol Centre was held at the Zoological Gardens, Clifton, on Saturday, July 28th.

There was a record number of entries, 61 teams entering, composed of Raihvay, Brigade, Port of London, anu numerous other first aiders.

The Judges were Doctors H C. Kyle, Hall Batson, A. P. Gorham, N. S. B. VintEr, J. Hort o n Evans, A. J.

A I D August , 1934.

Mr. Bush, a Knight of the Order, said that during the past year 2,500 accidents had been attended in Bristol, 5,000 invalids had been removed, and 40n fires attended, whilst a large number of men had attended sports and carnivals.

The prizes were presented by Irs. R. E. Bush, the results being :-

"Beavis" Cup.-t, G.\V.R. Pilning 10 .2,183 marks; 2, Bristol Docks TO. 1,175; 3, L.M.S. Loco, 174 "lVIrs. Squire's" Cup.-Bristol Docks No.1, 191 marks; 2, L. M. S. Lo co , 188; 3, Fishponds Division, No. 2, 177.

"HoracevValker" Cup.-1, L.M.S. Ladies, 2+5 marks; 2, [ ursing Division, 237 ; 3, Wells-road I nstitute, 224.

" Mather" Cup.-1, Netham, 155 marks; 2, Bristol Docks 10 3, 152; 3, Clifton Division, 149.

"Cyril Lavington" Cup.-1, G. vv. R. PilniIlg No.2, 186 marks; 2, Packer's "A," 181 3, L. r. S. Lac!ies and Bristol Docks K 0 1 tied, 179

"Novice" Cup.-1, J. S. Fry & Sons, 163 marks; 2, Netham, 157; 3, Clifton Division, In " i\lrs. Squire's" Cup competition, the winning team obtalOed full marks in the team test, and lost only nine in the viva voce. The L. 1\1. S. Ladies' team won the " Horace Walker" C up for the fifth yea r in succession.

The General of tbe Order has awarded a Vote of Thanks on Vellum to Mr. George Hawkins, the bon. treasurer of the Bristol Centre, for services rendered. It bas also been announced that the King bas been

August,

1934

A I D. 27

definite that the air passages may remain free, and that In this position pressure made over the lower ribs causes the abdominal contents to up diaphragm and cause expiration. Th iS IS entirely a mechanical act and the patient is not breathing but being made to breathe.

Bristol Centre, S.J.A.A., Annual Competition s Mrs. R . E. Bush presenting the" Walker" Cup to the L. M.S. Ladies Team. Struthers, C. Lavington, J. A. Lawson Roberts, C. Balch Green, H. H. Kettlewell, and H. Melhuish Golding.

Dr. H. G. Kyle presided at the presentation of awards, a nd was supported by Mr. and Mrs. R. E Bush, Mr. and il1rs. A. A. Allen, Dr. Norman Burgess (Police surgeon), Dr. A. P. Gorham, Supt. Cotton (S.J.A.B.), Mr. Frank Brown, "J1r. H. T. Jefferies, Mr. A. Day, Mr. E. A. O. Webb (hon. secretary, Bristol Centre, S.]. A.A.), Mr. W. G. Hawkins (hon. trea s urer), and others.

pleased to sanction the promotion of Mr. E. A. O Webb to Officer of the Order.

CAPT. A. C. WHITE M.C., M.B., REPLIES TO MAJOR

J AMES HOSSACI'::, F. R.C.S. (EDIN.).

My paper, on the method of transporting a patient suffering from suspected fracture of the spine, was given with lhe definite hope that it would be criticised by those who believe in the face downwards method, and that out of this criticism would eme rge some usefu l information.

I am sorry that Major Hossack in his criticism can find no good at all in my paper. This depresses me somewhat, because I spent a good deal of time on the subject, and had gone into it very carefully both with first aiders and orthopcedic surgeons and had hoped that at least there might be a modicum of useful information in it.

Regarding Major Hossack's remarks that he is sorry he was not at Copenhagen to put me right bef01"e I read my paper, I feel somewhat like the naughty schoolboy, but must point out that there are still quite a number of first aiders who believe in the face upwards method of our manual.

Re the experiments done on the skeleton and human body, it is naturally impossible to experiment with real cases of fractured spine, but anyone who understands mechanics and who cares to take the trouble to try those done, will find a lot of useful information in the study of the opening and shutting of the front and back of the vertebrae in the var ious parts of the physiological curves.

Museum specimens have naturally been carefully examined.

Regarding Major Hossack's remarks on Laminectomy, may I simply say that the operation can naturally only be peformed in the face downwards posit ion and, providing the operation is successfu l , the after-treat m ent has no comparison whatever with first aid treatment.

This is the great stumbling block which surgeons never seem to be able to get over; before treatment, not after treatment!

I do not think that these two criticisms lead US very far, but the third one, the imputation that from my a r guments I cons ider the Schafer method of artificia l respi r ation a wrong one, I really must disagree with.

After the patient commences to breathe by hi.msel£, there surely cannot be any doubt that he Will breathe more comfortably on his back.

Let. Major Hossack,. or any other enterprising First Alder, sleep on hiS stomach for a niO'ht or two and tell me how they enjoy it. to>

I find two things in favour of the face downwards position:

(

1) There is no weight on the spinal cord (an excellent point).

(2) There is the cushion ing effect of the soft body in front (providing bodies are normal in shape and how frequently does this happen ) Apparently the h y per extension method is being dropped by the F. D. 's, as this method undoubtedly causes the maximum movemen t in the fracture, and Major Hossack says quite riO'htly that our duty is to prevent further damage the in jured parts.

These are the two points I can find in favour of. the face downwards position, and these, in my mind, are more than offset by the incre ase in movement of the injured parts b y transport in this position.

However, there is always something to be said on both sides of an argument, otherwise we should never reach perfection.

I have a perfectl y open mind, and if more real arguments in favour of the face downwards position come forward, I may yet be converted.

I hope, as Major Hossack remark ed at the beginning of his article, tbat he also will not take it amiss that I have criticised some of his remarks. We are both aiming at one end, the best method, and maybe we are both wrong. If we had 1!0 arguments we should have no progress.

------.--.------

FOUND .-Bronze med a lli on 1\0.291701; sih er miniature medallion TO 2 6653. Owners can obtain same frol11 COrDS Supt. R. H. B a ker 47, Har o ld-str eet, Burley, Lecds, 6.

LI nder the auspices of Dr. and :\lr s \\' elch Bro\\'n, the Eastbourne D e tachmen t of th e B.R.C.S., winners of the County Cup, gave a first aiu di s pl ay on the Tye on \Vednesday evening, July 25th, under the dir ectio n of Commandant R. H. Parsons The Seaford British Legion Band played selections during the e\'ening a nd also provided music for a dance which followcd the display.

We are prepare d t o supply Ambulance Secretaries and others with s peci m en copIes of this Journal for distribution among th eir m embers. Apply to the publishers FIRST AID, 40 Ca nn o n 5t., London E.C.4·

The S.J.A.B. Drill Manu a l.

SUGGESTED REVISIONS AND ALTERATIONS.

By P. T. E.

(Con t in u ed h 'om p age 1 .)

HAND S EATS.

CHAPT ER FIV E is devoted to hand seats, which are most useful way s of carrying a patient. How man y instructors, however, practice the exercises given, with patients? So m a ny students are told t o clasp their hands, or the hands of their assistants, in such and s uch a wa y , but very few have actually c a rried a " patient " by an y of the given seats until an actu a l emerg ency arose.

I n th e Two-Handed Seat we would suggest a more cl ea r e x planation of the instructions. It w ould, w e think, be better in place of the second se ntence in paragraph I, to include " The bearer on the ri g ht of the patient passes his left forearm acro ss the p a ti e nt' s back, just below the shoulders, and , if po s sible, t a kes hold of the patient's clothing round th e w aist on the left side. The other bearer, on th e le ft of the p a tient, passes hi s right forearm a cro ss th e pati e nt ' s back, just b e low the shoulders, and , if pos s ible, tak es hold of the patient's clothin g round the w ai s t on the ri g ht side." The pla c in g o f a han d kerchief to pre v ent bearer's fi n ge r nails p e netratin g into their hands is a good ide a, but th e re is often no time to spare to find a h an dk e rc hief and we su gg es t alternatin g this in str u cti o n wi t h th e interl oc kin g of the fingers. No me n t io n is m a d e in thi s e x erci s e of making the p atie nt co m fort a bl e a nd we su ggest after t he word " toge th e r " in in st ruction 2, th e following words s h ou ld b e a dd e d -" adjust th e patient comfortably, etc."

The res t of this chapter is, we consider, exce ll ent ly s uit e d fo r the purpo s e with the exception of two thin gs One, the illu s trations should s ho w S t. J o hn m e n a t w o rk, a n d two, a footnote s houl d b e add e d a s f ollo ws : "E x erci s es with p a tient s s h o uld be h el d frequ e ntl y The TwoI-landed S ea t is th e most u s eful means of conv eyance o f a p a tient in crowds, o ff football fields, &c., and pra c tical trainin g is essential. "

LIT TE RS

T h ese a re full y ex plain e d in Chapter Six, but w hat t e rrible drawin gs are included. Surely it is po ss ible to obtain the service s of an expert draftsm a n, or be tter still , wh y not reproduce actual photo g raph s in place of drawings? That point is certainly worth considering.

AID. August, 19 3 4. CAMPING.

Part II of the present book comprises some 55 pages on tent pitching exercises, water supplies, field cooking and sanitation, all of which we consider outside the province of the ambulance man. All that an ambulance man should be required to know is how to pitch a tent to be used on public duty and instructions regarding this could easily be placed in the appendixes o r he could be referred to the R. A. M.C. Manual.

STRETCHER EXERCISES, SHO ULDER CARRYIN G

Appendix I which is primarly for members of the M.H.R. deals with shoulder carrying. Is this method of carryin g to be recognised for civilian purposes? Instructions on this point would be of interest.

SYLLAB US OF TRAININ G IN CAMP.

Appendix II requires revising, or perhaps omitting altogether. Most officers in charge of camps can be relied upon to draw up their own time-table whilst at camp.

The last five pages of the Manual are devoted to plates which describe the positions of officers, N. C. O.'s and men on various parades. There is little to find fault with here, except that it would be an advan tage to insert the plates at the end of Chapter Two which deals with inspections and the like, and to which the plates refer. Further, positions of two officers, District and Transport, are not marked. The first should be inserted between the District Surgeon and Corps Surgeon, and the latter before the District Sergeant-Major.

(To be concluded.)

._ . -

On e hundr ed c hildr e n wh ose ph ys ica l d e fec t s pre vent th e m fr o m be ne fitin g- by ordin a r y h olida y a rran ge ment s a r e be in g ca r ed fur by t h e Red Cro ss S oc e ty a t Northw oo d P a rk , Win c h es te r. Th e a rr a ng em e nt s ar e in th e h a nds of th e Co unty of London bra n c h, a nd th e littl e g u es t s ar e bein g lo ok ed a ft e r by London a nd Hamps hir e V. A D .'s.

;;, e

A cla ss for in s tru c ti o n in Fir s t Aid fo r M e n will comm e nce on Tu es d ay, S e pt e mb e r 18 t h, a t 7. 30 p. m., at th e Ald e r sga te W a rd S c ho o l, 181, Ald e r sga t e-s treet , E.C .1. Th e co ur se will co n s is t of 12 Le ctures of which 6 will be g- ive n by a s ur ge on. F ce for the cour se, includin g text bo ok a nd exa min a tion 5s . Appli cation to be mad e t o Amb. Offi ce r F. W. Bi s hop, 208, Downhill s Park- ro a d, N.17.

F OR SALE :- Roll er Bandges B.P.C. Quality (W.O.W.), 1 in x 6 yards, 7/ 6 gross. Good Quality (W O. W.), 1 in . x 6 yard s , 6/- gross. Other sizes in proportion. Al so g ood quality Triangular Bandages at 4/- per dozen, samples 5d. each. Boric Lint (B. P. C ) 1 oz. pa c kets, 2/ - per dozen; Hospital, 1/ 9 per dozen. Cotton Wool (B. P C) 10z. packets, 1/ 10 per dozen; Hospital, 1/ 8 per dozen. All post free. Cash with ord er. -Asepto Bandage Co , 46, Cannonstreet, London, E. C. 4.

August, 1934. F1RST AIO.

T he St. 10ltn Ambu lance Brzgade Dzst'J'z ct R eports.

No. I ( Prin c e of Wal es's) Di strict.

B ARNE T.-On S un day, Ju ly 22nd, members of. the Barnet Di vi sion, toget h e r w it h r ep r esentatives from neIghbo uri ng D iv i s ions, h eld a Ch ur ch Parabde at the Barn<;t Co n grega t iona l Chur ch. Ove r fi fty mem el'S were Th e pa r ade assemb l ed on Had ley Green u nder Amb

O ffi ce r F M. Martin-Sm ith, and, headed by the band. of t h e Chur ch L ads' B r igade, marched through the HIgh St r eet to the c h urc h.

T hose p r esent at t h e service, whic h was conducted by th e mini ste r, the Rev . R u sse ll E. Thomas, 111cluded Mr. H e rb e rt G r ace, J .P. (Chair m an, Barnet U.D.C.), who wore h is ch a in 01 office, Cr. Miss I;. E Scarborough, C;:r. J. W. Cla rk , and Mr. Alfred (Clcrk to the Counctl). The spec ia l h ymn 01 t h c B n gade was. sung.

Tn an interesttng address the Rev Russel.! E Thomas spo k e of the sp lendid .work vvhich _was be1l1g done on be h alf of the commu11lty by the :::'t John Ambulance

Bri gade

Afte r the se r vice the men paraded 111 the grounds of

m arched via Hendon Lane, Gravel Hi ll and Regents Park Road to the Presbyte ri an Church Among t.hose on parade we re Asst. Comm iss ioner Captain A. C. WhIte Knox,. M.e. (i n command), District Officer C. T. Osborn, Officer G. C. Green, Supts. J. VI. Tayle r and J. Stand1l1gford, Lady District Officer l1rs. l1acFadden, and Lady Supt. M. A. Vicar)!.

The Mayor) who is PreSIdent of the Dn lslon, Inspected the pa r ade in Reclbourne Aycnue after the serVIce, and received the salute at the top of the avenue as the ambulance men and women marched to Tally Ho, where they dismissed

No. II. District.

ALvERsTOKE.-1\Iembers of the and Gosport Ambu l ance ur ing and Cadet DI\']Slons were inspected by C/Lt.-Col. W. E. PIttard, County CommlssiOller, at a parade held recently in the Rectory Gardens. Lt. - Col. Pittard, who had the support of the Hon.

th e c hur ch and w ere inspected by the Ar;L of th e Northe rn A r ea] Capt. A. C. \ t\T1Ite nox" ""

Di s t r ict Office r C. T . Osbo rn , and t I r. He r be r t G r acc, J,P Th e assemb ly th en ma r ched to H ad ley Green y ia W oo d S tr eet a n d H igh St r eet). g iving the salu te as t h ey pa s s ed t h e B a rn e t W a r M em OrI a l.

FINCIlL Ey.-'J:!1 e Mayor of (Cr. H

W ell s) accompa l11 ed by t h e Town Cle lk (t Ir. ' _ B a rt er') a tt en ded th e ann ua l Ch ur ch Pa r ade of the Fll1ch. , d Fi n chl e' a n d So u t h gate ur Sll1g

I De'1 1\m b ul1a nlcde th a l l1 s yea r at Ma r g'aret's Presbyter ia n IVlSllon s, l e Church Finchl ey. 1' bl d at 100 took pa rt in t h e parade. ley e d St. Mary s S ch ool, a nd, l ed by th e L ond on Dl st nct Ban,

Secretary of the Centre .'vV. Huskisson) COl:o-rat ulated the Diyisions upon theIr u on thcir o-eneral bearing, whIch \Vas up to t e for the The coullty strength was nearly 1 500 and the casualties attended 111 the course of last year thousands

Demonst r ations of various phases of first a Id n ur sing work were gi\'en by all Divisions, and as sl?e s h ow a display was made of the" med.lca l comforts dISt r ib u ted by the Cadets from the Depot at Dolman

After di trib u ting 123 ce r tificates, 10 I I d 11 ' s:75 labels and eio-ht pendants gamed 111 eleycn h eld during th<::Oe yea r the I S 'tl J P) paid a hwh tribute to the work Barnarc 111 1 1) ". l? of th e B r igade and 1 ur sll1g D IVISIOns

OlTice rs of th e W atfo rd Di visio n, S.J. ,\ .B

FIRST

MAIDEmIEAD.-There was a good attendance at the headquarters of the Maidenhead Division on Monday, July 23rd, when the Countess of Mayo distributed Ambulance and Tursing'awards.

Dr. W. S. Wood presided, supported by the l\Iayorcss (Mrs. E. B. orri s), Acting Supt. W. H. Light, and Hon. Sergt. H. Tomalin.

The Chairman expressed pleasure at the good attendance and heartily welcomed the Countess of Mayo and the l\Iayoress.

Following the presentation of awards, Acting-Supt. Light thanked the members for their int e rest and the assistance they gave him in carrying out his duties.

The Countess of l\Iayo was presented with a bouquet of carnations by l\Iiss Rita Smith (this year's Maidenhead Civic-Empire ,,ve ek Carniyal Queen).

At the r equest of the Chairman, the Countess of Mayo then presented to ex-Supt. elms, as a small token of appreciation from the Brigade on h is retiring after many years' faithful serviee, an eight-day striking clock and a

A I D. August, 193 4

vised by Corps Supt. vV . F. Blay, Corps. Secretary Edgar M Mears and Amb. Officer G. A. Holt.

The total strength on parade was 395 men , 22 nurses, and 2-1- cadets.

The Divisions fell in in Midland Road and headed by the band of the 51:'h Battalion, South Staffs. Regt. (by kind permission of C. A. B. Lindop and officers), marched 10 the Arboretum extension, where they formed up in close column, and as the inspecting officer appeared, they gave the general salute.

Following the inspection there was a marcl1 past, headed by the band, and from a saluting base, over which waved the flag of the Brigade, Major Orton took the salute. Individual exercises, as ordered by the inspecting officer, followed, teams from tlhe various divisions, and the nurses , showing their expert knowledge and speed in rendering first aid to different types of cases.

The Divisions then formed a hollow square, and were briefly addressed by Major Orton. "vVe have had a record parade to-day," he said, "and I am very proud, and I know Dr. McColl is, too, of the splendid way you have turned out. It 1S a very great credit to South Staffordshire, and Walsall is to be congratulat ed 011 having this year the biggest parade we have ever held."

When Maj or Orton took over some 'seven years ago there was only about 200 members in South Staffordshire. N ow the strength was between 700 and 800.

The parad e then reformed and marched to the Kenmare Cafe for tea.

Dr. :.VlcColl expressed appreciation of the presence of the Mayors of Walsall and Tamworth. He congratulated the members on the great increase in their numbers and on the quality of their work.

August, 193 4. F IRST

Ground, the In pecting Officer being Lieut.-Col. Norman Maclaren, Asst. County Commissioner. The men were under the command of Supt. L. Stamper and Officer R Leslie, and the nurses were under Lady Supt. Mrs. D. Thomson, of Alstonby Hall, and Ambulance Officer Miss H. Stein.

The strength of the Divisions are about 60, and there were on parade for the inspection 32 men and 21 women. They presented a smart appearance and, following the inspection and ambulance tests, there was stretcher drill.

The Inspecting Officer expressed his sa t isfaction with the work, l10t only on that occasion, but also with what had been undertaken during the past year.

WORKINGTON -vVorkington Division held their Annual Inspection on Saturday, July 7th, on Ellis Sports Ground.

In brilliant sunshine 75 per cent. of members were on parade; a very good muster indeed for a division recruit ed mainly men employed at the steelworks, many of whom bel11g at work over the week -en d.

The Inspecting Officer was County Officer John Kerr, who was among those instrumental in starting the Division, just over two years ago.

The report of inspection 1S very gratifying to the

A I D. 31

was held on Wednesday, July 25th. Alderman T. H. C. Derham, M.B., C.M., J.P (Corps Surgeon), presided, supported by members of the Corps and subscribers.

Corps Supt. E. F. Millington presented the annual reports of Corps, Corps Surgeon, and Lady Corps Supt. Mrs. A. Howard, RRC

It was pleasing to learn of the increased memb ership, the total strength now being 324, Oasses had been held at Preston , Longridge and Leyland for members of the Ambulance and ursing Divisions. It is hoped to form a new division at Bamb e r Bridge, where a new class has been started.

The Roadside First Aid Outfits have been maintained, along with the Roadside Hut on rhe Blackpool Road. Through the kindness of Mr. J. T. Swarbrich a further o utfit has been fi xed on the main r oad at the dangerous corner at Lea.

:\1ention of numerous events and Divisional items are also included in the report. Th e Corps Surgeon thanks all offieers and members for the good work accomplished and services rendered to the public during the past year.

Lady Corps Supt. Mrs. Howard gives particulars of various inspections parades , competitions, etc., and also Cadet work.

Ambulance Officer E. A. O. Webb, Secretary of Bristol Centre, S.].A A., recently promoted to the grade of Officer of the Order of St. John.

si lv er pencil. Her ladyship, in handing the recipient the clock, humour o usly remarked, " l\Iay you never be late! " Ex-Supt. Nelms, taken by complete surprise, said h e t!1anked eve ryon .e most heal-tily lor the gifts. If at any time he could give the Bngade any assistance the would help them he could.

No. Ill. Oi s tt-i ct.

-r:he annual inspection of the South Staffordshire Dlv1slons was Sunday, July 22ml, in the Walsall Arboretum extenSlOn The Inspecting Officer was Major J. ,Orton, l\LD., of Coventry, Commi ssioner for No. 3 with whom was Dr. D. McColl (Asst. CommlsslO.ner), !amworth, who commands the South Staffordsh1re D1v1s1ons. Among those present were the l\Iayor and Mayoress of Walsall (Councillor and :Mrs. S. E. the l\Iayor and Mayoress of Tamworth (Councllior and Mrs. A. vVheale) the BoroLwh Member (Alderman J. A. Leckie), the Chief Constable (Mr. T. Mark Watson), and the Chief Constable of Wolv e rhampton. The local arrangements for the parade were super-

. The inspection of th e Bedfordshire units took place 1n Russell Park, Bedford, on Sunday, July 22nd. Maj or Darvil Smith, C.B.E., Commis's ioner for Bucks and Bedfordshire, was the Inspecting Officer. The parade was under the command of County Officer W. T. Knight, with Supt. W. C. Knight as Adj utant. The following Divisions were present: Luton (Supt. Weatherhead ), Bedford (Supt. Parsons), Lavendon ( upt. Holmes ), Carlton and Harrold (Supt. Lilley), Stewartby (Supt. Hartwell). The CommisSlOneI' dunng the inspection was accompanied by the (Mr. H. R. Neate), the Chief Constable (Mr. E. N. Ohnstle), Corps. Supt. C. Ingall and Mrs. Creswick Atkinson (British R ed Cross Society). After the inspection l\1aj or Darvil Smith addressed the men and C011O'ratuthem their smal-t turn out. The march pa;t was earned out 111 good style. The parade afterwards marched f1:om. the Park to the Market Square, where they were dlsmlssed.

BUSHBURY. - Thc Bushbury Division held their Annual Flag Day in the Bushbury Area of Wolverhampton 011 Saturday, July 28th. The event proved successful over £31 being collected.

LAvENDoN.-Thanks to the initiative of Dr. Round, DlV. Surgeon, the members of the Lavendon Division under Supt. S. C Holmes, held a demonstration at the ring-ton Cross Roads on Sunday, July 29th, from 9 a.m. to 9 p;m. Large posters were placed on the various roads askll1g for support on behalf of the local division. The we're on duty in relays, from passing motonsts. Altogether the Sum of Just over £7 was co llected

No. IV. District

CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORLAND.

CARLISLE - The Annual Inspection of the members of the Carltsle Ambulance and Nursing Divisions was held on Tuesday, July 31st, on the Carli'sle Rugby Footb.a ll

Workington Divisioll, S.]. A.B.

Front row, fro111 left: CorpI. H. Daglish, Div. Secretary D. D. ;\IcKenzie, County Officer ]. Kerr, Div. Surgeon I. Fletcher, Di\'. SupL. D. Mortol1, Amb. Oflicer ]. Whalley, Corp!. R. Smith, Corp!. E. Bell.

DivisiOJl, especially as t he Inspecting Officer had beC'n, previous to his present appointment, a member of the Workington Division and knew of the faults and shortcomings of the members.

L. \NCASIIIRE

BOLTO - The Annual Insp ect ion of the Bolton Corps was helel on July 28th. The Insp ect in g Officer was the Commissioner of No. -I- (Lancashire) Dis t rict, Vi. G. Smith , Esq., O.B.E. accompanied by Co l. Trimble C.R CM C., V.D , T.D., Inspecting Officer, No.4 District, VV. Maxwell Reekie, O.B.E , st. Commissioner, and District Officer J. H. Oeal and F. Lomax, M.B.E.

MANCIIESTER.-The Asst. Chief Commissioner, Col. G. A. Moore, CM.G., D .S.O., l\1.D., inspected the Manchester and Salford Corps at Belle Vue on July 2 1st, 568 being on pal'ade.

general meeting of the Preston Corps

The report concludes with thanks to subscribers for thei r continued h e lp and to the colleagues of the Co rps Supt. who has so ably assisted him during the past year.

No. V. Oistrict.

The Divisions in the North Staffordshire Area paraded for their Annual Inspection at Burton-on-Trent on Sunday, July 15th. A civic reception was given by the l\Iayor (Councillor \lV. Hutson, J.P.), at th e Town Hall.

The parade, "hich llumbered o me 1,000 members, representing 21 Division, was und e r th e command of As L. Commissioner R H. Read , M.RCS., L.R.CP., assisted by District Officer E Dudley.

Headed by the Burton Excel ior Band the parade marched to t he Meadows, where the inspection was carried out by the Commissioner, S. W. l\Ialkin.

Demonstrations were given by members of the Shelton Division uncler Amb. Officer Williams, following which the Commissioner took the salute at the march past. Tea was served at the Drill Hall.

The Mayor voiced his welcome to the members. He felt the general public did not appreciate to the full the large amount of good work clone by members o£ the Brigade.

Asst. Commissioner Read hoped the work would be extended in the Area.

The Commissioner expressed his gratitude for such an enthusiastic welcome.

Supt. \\T. R. Thompson, of the Burton Division, was responsible for the local arrangements.

A collection taken along the route of the procession, and on the inspection ground, realised just over £5.

BULLCROFT 1\L\IN.-The eleventh annual competitions and garden fete organised by the Bullcroft 1\lain Corps drew a large crowd on Saturday, July l-+th. Competitions were open to teams of men and nurses and individual.

The "William Humble» Challenge Shield (men's team test) was awarded to Barmborough No.1 team, who scored 391 points out of a possible 432. Denaby Main' were second with 364.

The "Mrs. Humble" Challenge Cup was won by H.otherham No. 1 Nurses team, Denaby 1fain being runners-up.

l\Ir. R. 1\1. Hargrayc (Barmborol1gh) was successful, after a tie, in the men's individual test, whilst Miss II. Jarvis (Rotherham) received the nurses' individual prize. 11rs. Allcock, wife of Corps Officer J. H. Allcod:, manager of Bullcroft Colliery, presented the awards.

The judges for the events were Dr. F. O'Gorman (men) and Dr. Denham Young (nurses).

PONTEFRAcT.-The Annual Demonstration of <the members of the Pontefract Corps was held on Sunday, July 15th.

Representatives, including men, nurses and girl cadets, attended from the Pontefract Corps, Armley and Wortley, Crofton, Norton, Stanley, West Melton Thorne Askern S?uth Kirkby, Dewsbury, Goldthorpe, 'Wath, Goole and Bmgley, but the total muster of some 800 was considerably below the numbers of previous years.

Corps Supt. T. C. Amery was in charge of the parade an.d after a march round the town, the procession was JOIned by the Mayor of Pontefract (Alderman J. J. Frain), the Deputy 1\1ayor (Councillor C. Sainter), and other members of the Corporation; the Rev. C. C. T. Naters (Vicar); Police Supt. R. J. Coates and Inspector H. Graham.

The p.rocession proceeded to the Castle, where a drumhead servIce was held, conducted by the Vicar. Corps Supt. Amery. iI?troduced the Mayor, who, he saId, was one of the ongmal members in Pontefract of the Brigade.

The Mayor regretted that many more Divisions were not represented, appreciated the continued interest and support of those 111 attendance. As an old ambulance man he sai?, he used to look forward very much to gathenngs.

The Vicar took his text the worrls, "That he who Goel, loveth ll1S brother also," and preached an J11splnng sermon.

Later the parade were entertained to tea in the Rooms of the Town Hall, where they were J01l1ed by the Mayor and members of the Corporation.

Rotherham Corps and the Rotherham Nurs1l1g- DIvISIon were inspected in Clifton Park Rotherham, 011 Saturday afternoon, by Asst. Commissionel: O. F. Buxton (Sheffield)) assisted by County Surgeon II. K. Beverley (Wnrsborou.Kh), Asst. Commissioner J. J. (l\Iexb?roug-h), and DlV. J. D. J ockel. The jl.t 1adc WilS 111 charg:e () r ])1\'. T. n. Martin (Th1,.lr

A I D. Augus t , 1954.

eroIt)) with District Sergi.-Major J. W. Gilling as adjutant.

\tVith the Kursing Division were Lady District Officer Miss Ashberry, Lady Div. Officer Miss A. J. Buckl e, Miss Garrard, who was in charge of the Rotherham Division, Mrs. Dean (Thurcroft)) Dr. H. R. Elliott) Mrs. Knight and illiss Fawcett (Secretary).

Mrs. Wright, Vice-President of the Thrybergh Nursing Division., was presented with a Vice-President's badge by Mrs. K11Ig'ht.

N o . VI District.

l\llDDLESBROUGIl. On Saturday, July 28th, 1\1 idd lesCentral Division took a.dvantrrge of the flne weat h eand the shortage of calls upon theil- services, to inv ite the Darlington Di\ ision to cricket and bowls matches at Smith's Dock Park, Norl11anby.

By the kindness of Captain Tee, the \Velfare Manager of Smith's Dock, the beautiful playing fields were placed at the disposal of the Divisions, together "vith the necessary equipment; therefore, leaving their splints and bandages these brave men essayed to show their skill in sport.

Darlington Division, who batted flrst, \Von the cricket match (alLhough it "vas hoped that the generous tea ,>;,'hich was partaken of during the interval would interfere with their Ilelding) by three runs, the score being Darlington 52 runs and 1\1iddlesbrough 49 runs.

The position was reversed in the bowls match, which was held afterwards, even though Darlington had the assistance of their Superintendent, l\lr. Fletcher, who had gained experience of this great game with the Brinkburn Dene Bowling Club. Judging from the play several members of Middlesbrough Division had also played bowls before but they kept their guilty secrets and proceeded to beat Darlington by 82 points to 48

Although during the competitions to represent this district for the "Dewar" Shield, these Divisions are, one might say, deadly rivals, a most enjoyable day was spent by all. Everyone was so delighted that it is intended to make this meeting an annual event. The sporting spirit was very much in evidence and was particularly pleasing.

The success of the occasion was assured by the presence of County Commissioner F. P. Wilson who assisted the Middlesbrough Division at bowls, and of County Officer J "Walker who played in both games and held his wicket for quite a long time against the Darlington bowlers.

All are eagerly awaiting the next meeting.

N o . VI I. Di str ic t .

IIEREFoRD.-At the invitation of M r. and Mrs. R. II. Murray, the annual inspection of the Hereford Divisions were again hcld in the beautiful grounds of Dinmore Manor, on Sunday, July 15th.

A service was conducted on the lawn by the Rev. D. E. Rowlands, Vicar of Marden.

Mr. Murray addressed the gathering, expressing deep sympathy to Viscount and Viscountess Hereford on the death of their son and heir, Mr. R. G de Bohun Devereux. Viscount and Viscountess Hereford had always been great workers for the Brigade. A message of sympathy was sent from the gathering to them and also to Amb. Officer G. N Bullock, who is making recovery fr.om a serious illness.

The inspection was carried out by Dr. R. L. E. Downer, Commissioner {or the No.7 District. He congratulated the Divisions as a whole on their smart appearance and drill, and said how pleased he was to see SUCll a great success had been made of the Brigade work at Tests which he had vvitnessed had delighted hl111.

The para(lc was ttlldC'r th(' <;01ll1ll;l..lld 0 f Div. Smg'coll

Au g us t, 1934. FIRST

J. W. MacGregor. Other officers present included Amb. Officers W. J E. Hawkins and W. Scrivens, Lady Supt. MISS E. Long, O.B.E., Nursing Officers B. Jones and W. Pntchard, Cadet Supt. V E. Edwards.

The display of ambulance work was on this occasion staged in an original manner, with' the aid of M / R. R. W R. Trafford, who flew over the Manor in his aeroplane as if with intent to bomo the neio·hbourhood. The effects of a bombing raid were admirably bstaged, and members of the Hereford Rover Scouts acted as the cr victims" of Mr. Trafford' s proj ectiles, and the objects of the ambulance men's rapid and skilful attention.

No.

VIII.

(Duke of Conn aught's) District.

CfTIPSTEAD VALLEY.-The first Church Parade of the Chipstead Valley (S.R.) Division was held on Sunday, J 111y 29th, at St. Andrew's Church) Coulsdon.

Div. Supt. H. G. Brooks was in charge of the Division, whilst District Officer J. Flavin was in command of the whole parade) which included contingents from Addiscombe, Caterham, Godstone and Victoria. A detachment of nurses .from the Redhill-Reigate Corps were also present.

The parade formed up in \tVind e rmere Road and, headed by the Gravesend and Northfleet Division Band, marched to the Labour Hall for tea.

This was presided over by Commissioner E. A. Richards, who was accompanied by District Officer E. J. Prew

The Commissioner presentee! to Div Surgeon J. A. MacMurtry a vellum vote of thanks of the Order, also awards gained during the past year.

Following tca the parade re-formed and marched to the Church) where an impressive sermon ,"vas given by the Vicar, the Vv. C. Campling-.

After the service the whole of the parade, which numbered some 120 members, was inspected by the Commissioner, accompanied hy the Vicar. This was followed hy the march past, at which Commissioner Richards took the sa l ute, parade being dismissed after a short march along the main road.

DovER.-Coloncl G. A. Moore, Asst. Chief Commissioner, was the inspecting officer at the Dover Corps annual inspection held in the grounds of Dover College on Wednesday evening, July 11 tho

Corps Supt. G. Gore was in charge of the parade, the various divisions being under the command of their officers as follows : Town Division, Supt. G. Rea son; S.R. Division, Supt. J. R. Wi11ter; S R. Cadets, Cadet Offi'cer E. S. McKeen; Town Cadets, Cadet Officer A. E. Williamson; Nursing Division, Lady Amb. Officer Mrs. Edser; Girl Cadets, Cadet Officer NIiss Fielder.

District Secretary H. J. W rigglesvwrth and Lady Dist r ict Supt. Mrs C. A. Falwasser came to Dover for the occasion, and othel's on parade were Dr. A. B. McMaster, Asst. Commissioner, Corps Surgeon Dr. T. J. Nichol, Div. Surgeons Dr. D. L. Hamilton and C. Toland, C01-PS Secretary F. W. Fox, Corps Transport Officer G. Vl. Ma r sh, Corps Inspecto r 'Of Stores W Abbot.

Members of the pub l ic were also present to sec the insp.ection, which was watched with interest by the Mayor and Mayoress (Councillor and Mrs. MorecroH), Alderman Russell, Councillors Donald, Fish, Brisley, Mrs. Langley, Mrs Boy ton, Ma j or F. W. and Mrs. Foster, M1'. and l\Irs. T. Francis, Mr. and Mrs. W G. Jeffrey'. Mr. VV. J. Bailey (Supt., Ti l manstone Colliery and NIr. \tV. Caddick (Supt., Snowdown Co l hery DIVJSIOn).

Fo ll owing the march past C<?l. Moore addressed the pa r ade T h e Dove r Corps) he saId, had a very fine name for k<.'e llll (,:;s nll<1 S1l1(lrtJlCSS and for fcadinC'ss to tltrll out,

A I D. 33

even at inconvenience. He thankecl the mcmbers for their attendance on paradc.

The Mayor the thanks of the Corps to Colonel Moore for com1l1g that evening. He often wondered how many people in this town owed their liyes to the men on parade.

No. IX . District.

CARNMENELLIS AND STITHIANs.-Monday, July 16th, was a red letter day for the Carnmenellis and Stithians D1VJSIOn, which has been in existence only three years. Soon after be1l1g formed the tin mines closed down some of members becoming unemployed, whilst .thcn who had been the mainstay of the DiviSIOn, reslgned, having obtained a post abroad.

However, it was decided to carryon. The Lord LIeutenant the County (J. C. 'Williams, Esq.), learning that the DrvJslon had hopes of one day obtaining: uniforms, generously sent a cheque for £30. Sir Edward icholl (Patron C?f Stirhians Centenary Show) also sent a cheque for a sJmllar a.mount. The Di:visional Treasurer, Capt. \t\'o MIlls, was reJ uvenated by thIS and an order was placec1 [or uniforms and paid for.

On the afternoon of i'.Ionday, July 16th, the members parade.cl !or the first time in their complete uniforms at the StIthlans Show and were inspected hy the County CommlssJOner, Lt.-Col. \V. Blackwood, D.S.O., M.D He was accompanied by Commander Agnew) M.P., PresldeI?t of the Supt. \tV. Lanyon (Red ruth), ::'1r. J. S. RIchards) PreSIdent, and Messrs. E. Tresidder and \V. J. Andrew, Vice-Presidents of the Division.

After the inspection, Col. Blackwood said it \Ya a pleasure to see the members appearing- in uniform and to know that the moyement was going on well. 'f'hc CommlssIOner presented badg'es to the President and Vice-Presidents. also labels) medillion and "ouchers to the members of the Diyision.

Supt. S. T. Ro\Hlell, who \\as in charge of the parade, voiced the thanks of the Diyi ion to all who had helpcd to equip the members.

The Diyisional Secretary announced that the directors of Porkellis Tin l\rine, which has re-opened, had handecl him a cheque for fi\'e guineas toward Divisional funds.

No. X. District.

PLY11OUTII.-The Chapter General of the Order has conferred 1!he distinction of Grand Prior's Cacletship Oil three young Plymouth t. John members. They are Nursing Cadet Margaret Grice (Sher\\'ell Cadet Di\'ision), and Ambulance Cadet Sergeants R. 11. \iVarr en and J. H. Vlilliams (Plymouth Public Central School C Division).

The honour is all the more creditable when it is borne in mind that, although instituted in 1928, previoLls to the recognition of these thi-ee cadets, only three Grand Prior Cadetships were gained in the British I 1es.

Several years intensive training lies behind this honour to Plymouth Ambulance cadet, and all three passed examinations in the following subjects, in addition to holding first-aid qualifications: Elementary home nursing, hygiene, nature study, and fire-fighving.

There we re also examinations taken by both the girl and boys in knowledge of the 0 reler of t. J Ohll, practical cookery, handicrafts, clerical ability, phy ical training, and public service.

Cadets R. M. \ iVan'en and J. H. \tVilliams also passcd examinations in elementary signalling and camping, while -;\Ii s 1\1. Grice completed her twelve qualifications by Sllccesses in h0111ecraft and child welfa re.

V.,Te should like to add our congratlllntiollS (0 (hese Cadds 011 their splendid effort.

Przo ry for !/Vales.

OPEN COMPETITJON RESULTS.

The past month has been one of importance in ambulance circles in North and South Wales by reason of the competitions which for many years have been a regular and attractive feature of the Royal National Eisteddfod and the Royal Welsh Agricultural Show.

L1andudno was the town selected this) ear for the Show which was held on July the 25th, 26th and 27th; and although South Wales is the stronghold of the movement the competitions, organised as usual by the Priory for \Vales, were a marked success. The contests were held on the final day, and Dr. S. B. Turner, Assistant Commissioner Caerphillv Sub-District, and Dr. J. Reay, Surcyeon to the L1an"'dudno Division adj"dicated. In the contest for the" Lady Lynn-Thomas" Cup, the Denbigh A team, B. R.C. S., was successful; and the Monmouthshire Police team secured the "Sir John Lynn-Thomas" shield for a further year.

The Hon. John H. Bruce (Principal Secretary and Commissioner for "Vales) who acted as in former years in the capacity of Honorary Director of Ambulance, presided at the presentation ceremony subsequently held; and the winning teams had the pleasure of receiving the trophies at the hands of Lady Penrhyn, an Officer (Sister) of the Order and wife of the Chairman of the Caernan onshire Centre of the Priory, who congratulated the competitors on their work. Reference was made to the value of the first aid provisions in the grounds, one tent being staffed by St. John members and the other by nursing- members of the B.R.C.S. and a l;.trge number of cases received treatment. The -Hon. John Bruce expressed thanks to the Royal vVelsh Agricultural Society and Captain T. A. Howson, the Secretary, for the valuRble opportunity afforded by the Show to ambulance competitors to stimulate their interest and maintain their efficiency.

The \·enue of the Royal National Eisteddfod held at Neath during August Bank Holiday week was sufficient to e nsure satisfactory ambulance competitions-Neath having a strong corps of the Brigade, while Mr. D. M. EvansBevan, the Commissioner of the Glamorgan County Centre of the as President of the Eisteddfod was duly mindful of the claims of ambulance workers whom he is ever ready to support. The success achieved in the ambulance section, however, was unprecedented and ex all expectations not only as regards the numerous entries, but also the high standard maintained.

The competitions occupied the whole of the first three days. On l\londay, Augus t 6th, no fewer than 29 teams, who came from all parts of Wales, competed in an open contest for the" Lady Lewis" Cup of the Priory for Wales and _medals, seven nursing teams took part in the open competition for the "Lady Bute" Cup; and seventeen teams of boys entered for the" Isca " Shield. The trophies and awards were presented by \1rs. Theodore Gibbins to the winning- teams, viz., "Lady Lewis" Cup, Macsteg Central team; II Lady Bute" Cup, Abertillery Nursing team; '( Isca" Shield, Treharris Cadet team. The Hon. John H Bruce was chairman of the presentation ceremony and Major C. R. Atlee, who was introduced to the audience by Sir William Jenkins, M. P., congratulated all concerned on the splendid work done.

!he arrangements for ambulance service on the g'round and 111 the streets were very effective. A large wooden temporary hospital, erected through the generosity of Mr.

D. 1\1 Evans-Bevan, was formally opened by Alderman J. Cook Rees Chairman of the Eisted:lfod Ambulance Committee paid hiah tribute to the services rendered in this A 200 men and women were on duty in reh ys during the week.

The "Trevethin," "Silurian" and "Gwent" Shields were cvmpeted for by teams of men, women and girls respectively 011 Tuesday, August 7th. There were lar.ge entries and the winners were the Poltce team, the Llonelly Nursing team and Caenarvon Girl Guides, the latter securing the "G"vent" Shield for the second year in succes s ion. The trophies were presented by Alderman J. Cook Rees and the medals by Mrs. Rees; and the Hon. John H. BI-uce referred to the splendid work done for the competitors by the Ambulance Committee of the E istedd fod.

On the final day of the competitions, local teams took part in contests for the "Cook Rees" Cup for men, which was won by the Cwmgwrach team, the" P. D. Keep" Cup, for individual competitions, awarded to T. H. Berry, Kenfig Hill; and the "D. M. Evans-Bevan" Cup for individual competition amongst boy and girl cadets, the winner being l\liss F. Phillips.

JOINT INSPECTION AT CHIRK CASTLE

The beauitful grounds of Chirk Castle, Denbighshire, lent by Lord and Lady HO'v"ard de Walden, was the splendiu setting for the inspection of the No. 7 District of the St. John Ambulance Brigade in (comprising Shropshire and Herefordshire) and the Denbigh hire, Montgomeryshire and Flintshire Centres of the Priory for Wales, which was conducted bv the Commissioner for Wales (the Hon. John H. Bruce)' and Mrs E. R. Andrew"', Lady County Officer, Shropshire, on Sunday, 29th July.

The adll1irably organised gathering of ambulance units presented a wonderful scene testifying to the tremendous growth and popularity of the movement. Those taking part were divided into battalions and having marched past the saluting base the assembly was called to attention by County Commissioner Dr. R. L. E. Downer. The general salute was sounded, the Brigade A2 f!: was broken and the salute taken by all officers on parade. The inspection of each of the companies was done with considerable thoroughness, the inspecting officer being accompanied by Lord Howard de Walden, the Earl of Powis, Dr R. L. E. Downer, Lieut.-Col. C. W. Eames, Salop; Dr. R. D. Thomas, Welsh pool; Dr. C. E. Salt, Mr. W. Bald wyn Yates, C. B. E., Flint; Col. J. E. H. Davies, D. S. 0., M. R. C. S., Wrexham; Assistant Commissioner G. T. Guest and Staff Officers David Jones, W. H. Morris and W. W. Vaugban.

The Hon. John H. Bruce, addressing the parade, stated he considered it a great honour to have been invited for the second year in succession to conduct a joint inspection of Welsh and English Units. He put the We lsh first because they were on Welsh ground and the glorious surrounding-s were the scene of many stirring historic associations. In former times that part ot the country had seen some fierce border clashes between the Welsh and English and it was significant that in the 20th century men and and women on both sides of the border should join together to serve life rather than to destroy it. He referred to the generous hospitality of Lord Howard de Walden and regretted the enforced absence of Lady Howard de Walden.

August, 193 4. FIR S T

The inspecting officers took the salute as the parade marched passed and when a square had been formed an impressive drum head service was conducted by the Vicar of Chirk, the Reverend J. Walter Lloyd, an appropriate address being given by the Reverend E. M. Darling, Vicar of St. Chad's, Shrewsbury. At the close of tht: service the parade was brought to attention and the rally was concluded by the playing of the National Anthem. All taking part in the parade were afterwards entertained to tea by Lord Howard de Walden, who was cordially thanked for his hospitality.

-------. .------

Thoughts for the Winter Programme.

ALTHOUGH these lines are appearing in what is considered the holiday month, the thoughts of secretaries will be planning for the winter months and all they bring forth in the way of first aid.

Now is the time for those responsible to set to

lectures will be supplemented by addresses on other su bjects such as gas warfare, blood transfusion, etc.

Visits are arranged to such places as the Royal College of Surgeons, and the London hospitals, \','hilst the socir:tl side is catered for by visits to museums where most interesting lectures can be heard

Towards the end of the year the Corps competition takes place and this necessitates more practices and talks.

The New Year is ushered in by the ann ua I general meeting which gives the member an opportunity of suggesting ideas for the furtherance of our work.

Then comes the preparation for the ann ual course of lectures, the lectures themselves, the practices and also the examination; and lastly, the

The

and endeavour to arrange a programme of work that will interest and hold the members of a Division together. ...

For this reason the programme of my Dlv1slon may be of interest to those of other Divisiol:s.

Our winter proaramme commences With the b arrival of September, and the first ttem IS an individual competition. The 'winner is awarded a cha ll enge cu p, to be held for one year; also prizes are awarded to the best 1st, 2nd, and 3rd or more, year man ' ;V eekl y practices are arranged lllcl.ude fi rst aid tal ks, practical work and certa! n dnIls. For those who wish to attend, a course of home nursing or hygiene is also

At monthly intervals the DlvIswnal Surgeon wi ll deliver lectures on some part of the Textbook.

a

enrollment into the fold of the new and successful candidates.

During the whole of this time members will be attending public duties such as football matches and other outdoor and indoor sports in addition to theatres, pictures and any other functions at which our services are required.

Also, social events, such as dances, whistdrives and the annual dinner, are arranged. These functions have been proved a very factory means of obtaining funds and publicity for our movement.

In conclusion, I would urge all those whose job it is to arrange the program.me, to make the list as varied as possi ble. ThiS does much to interest both old and new members.--A.E.T.

l\lid Rhondda Corps Inspection, Tonypandy.

Commissioner for \Vales (the Hon. John H. Bruce) is seen in the centre with the !or. t he Rh o ndcl

(Captain T. E. Richards, J. P.) on his right, the Hon. Irs. Bruce and Co mlllis s ion e r George Payne on his left and other .Officers who accompalll,ed hll11 at th e Inspection conducted by him on the 21st July, 19 .)-L

Rat/way Ambulance News.

Great Western .

Secretary, S.] .1\..1\.), t:ogcther with the d octo r s \",ho had acted as uclges

Forty Yea rs Ag o.

In this column we are publishing short extracts from the corresponding issue of FIRST AID of 40 years ago.

AlD.

L ocate irregulariLy of right tibia

And dampness; s lit outer seam of trousers

.:\sk characLcr of wound (slIlalllaceraled)

c\. sk of b ood (red) ; iLs flow (oo;;e)

If protrudes through \\'ounc! (110)

lnJury Lo right Gbula (110)

DeCIde treat as compound fracture tibia

,\.sk colour of face (pale) ; breathing (slwllow)

,\est pulse at wrisl (weak) skin (cold)

GLOUCESTEH

-For valuable se r vices rendered to the ambulance mOI'C!l1cnt ovcr a long perjod o£ years Mr. C. T. Drink\vater, Lo comotive Department, Gloucester, has rcccntly becn recognised by his promotion from the grade of Serving Brothe r to that of Officer in the Order of St. John. 1\1r. Drinkwater, who is among the vctcrans o£ the movemcn t on the Great \ iVestern R a ilw ay, gained his first aid certificate as long ago as 189+, and \\as awarded the Company's gold bar for 30 years' efficiency last year. He was one o£ the first of the Company's emp l oyces to be made, in 19 13, an Honorary Serving Brother of the Order for exceptiona ll y valuab le services, and since that date has continued to further the amb ul ance cause as class illStructor, competition coach and as a membe r of various committees, both on the G rea Western Railway and in connection with numerous classes in the vicinity of Gloucester.

The ambulance year in connection with the Great \ Vestern Railway Ccntre closed on the June 30th l ast, and reports on the ycar's work a r e now coming in from the sennteen divisions into which the li ne is divided fo r ambulance organ isation purpo'ses. It is anticipated that the examinat i on results ',vi ll show some advance over those Jor the previous year) and alt h ough all the figures -are not yet available, there is keen speculation as to the probable winners of the "Ath one'.' BowL This trophy was g iven to the Great Western RaIlway Ambulance Centre in 1927 by the Rt. Hon. the Earl of Athlone, with a view to encouraging an increase of recruits to the movement and is awarded to the Division securing the l argest percel;tao-e of certificates to tota l awards ga ined during the yea/'

Lond o n, Midland a n d Scottish.

The sixth International Ambulance Competition between the leading teams in England and Scotland of the L.M.S .R. was held in London, the judges being Dr. J. Mandall Coat.es (team), D r. J\rthur D. Brigg-s (individual) anel Dr. J. L1l1dsay Boyd (v1Va voce).

F?r the tcam test the following card of instruct,ion was glVen : -" No. 1 or 4 in command. Form and prove squad. Supply stretcher and ambu l ance materials.

.1\<.!yal:ceon who is lying on station platform, sllffcrmg from a sIl11[?le fracture o£ the right thigh and the fracture beIng through the middle of the shaft.

I reat and COll\'ey to the Cottage Hospital which is 50 yards away, and place in bed "

There was need, therefore, for competito rs to ask questions of the judge.

A very keen contest was witnessed hy a number of officia!s of the. Company. Dundee West and Crewc l\Iach1l1e Shop t1ed Jor first place, hut the former team :\'as place(.l having ohtained a higher number of marks III the Im11 \'ld ual tests. :l\1r. y\!. E. C. Lazen_by (.1\sst Chief Officer for Labour and Establlshment) ?ve r the presentation meeting

Among those support In g hIm was L ady Hartley who kiI:dly presenteel the prizes, :l\1 r. Char l es Ker, Ll.D ,' GA., Mt. G. H. I:OftllS Allen, ::\1r. ]. II. H. p enderso n (Asst. Secretary, S.!\.!\.!\.) M r. D. G. Monheth (Competition

Mr. L aze nby in hi s remarks said that am bulan ce work was a most important feature of railway life. The ChaLrman a nd Directors and puticularly tlhe Chief Offic e r for a nd Establishment, take the k eenes possible interest l!J the work.

Mr. Ker, Chairman of thc Scottish Committee of Directors, p ropos.ed a vote o[ thanks to L ady Hartl ey, who, 111 r ep ly, saId how much s h e had en joy ed watching the work of the teams. l\1r. Henderson proposed a vote of t h a nk s to the jud ges., to WhLCh Dr. Mandall Coates a nd Dr. Lindsay Boyd r eplied Southern.

At a recent meeting of the Southern Railway Centre Comm itt ee) the Meritorious First AI d Certificate was to U. W. R. C.ouch, .of CamelEord, in r ecog111tlOn of exceptIOnal promptltude 111 rendel'l11g first aid to occ upan ts of a motor car who had received seriolls IllJ lin es as a result o£ a co ll ision in the neio-hbourhood o[ Camclfo rd Station. b

y'EOVIL.-The annual presentation of awa rd s o th e Yeovl1 Ambulance C l ass took place r ccent ly in the r;:oresters' Hall. The Mayor (Alderman A. preSIded and the Mayoress kindly presented the awards

Amon g those present were Mr. A. E. Earle Edwards Asst. Di v Supt., Dr. Gee, medical lecturer, and Mr. F. l Ha11cock, Ambulance District Secretary.

Mr. Edwards thanked Dr. Gee 011 behalf of the members of the class for the va lu able assistance o-iven as l ect ur er to both t h e Yeovil and C hard J un ctio n C lasses H e stated that there were now 470 members 0 r sta ff 111 the W este rn Division qualified in first aiel, and It was hoped to reach a ve r y much hIg'her figure in the ncar fu ure

Among the awa rd s to be presented were 14-year meda l s to Messrs. S FrIend, .1\. Gooding, A. Lazenby and C. Parker.

Mr. Edwards afterwa rd s presented Mrs. Gee with an epe r g n e "'."Ith sweet peas, as a sma ll token of the r ega rd wh i ch Dr. Gee is 'held by the cla ss members.

Dr. Gee, 111 r etUr11111g thanks, congratulated the class on the fact that a ll t h e m embe r s had passed their exa minatIon. Mr. Hancock than.ked t h e MayoT [or pres-idin o and the Mayoress for the awards, and the C l ass Se.cretary S. Madge, Y eov il ), 011 his recent appoll1tment as Se r v ll1 g Brother of the Order of St. J ohn.

For the quarter ended Jun e 30th, 193 4, t h e De VO ll Sl. J o hn Ambulance Services, comprisino- 22 motor conveyed a n d 431 r oa d 219 o th e r aCClcle nt s, 73 fir es and 35 other serV Ices.

O[ this numb e r Plymouth an d District Service ca rri e d uut the JOllOWI,t1g: Jn va lld sc01:veyed, 7,151 (this includcs 1he cJ1lpplecl chtlclrcll); road aCCIdents, 227; other accidents 172; fir es 5.5; o,tlher. se rvic es, 5; whilst the Cit; of ilnd D lsl n ct Se rvI ce were responsible for th e Invalt0: _c? nvey e d, 234; road accidents, 96; othet aCCidents, 11, fit es attendec1, 14; other services, 23.

" To ourselves, as earnest supporters ot th e F i rst Aid Movement, it is most gratifying to see the progress that is being made with the work on all sides. On looki ng at the Report of the St. John Am bulance Association for 1893 we see that 30,761 'Fi rst Aid' and 'N u rsi n g' Certific ates were issued in the past year against 23,563 g ranted in the previous year, showing an increase of ove r 7,000 -a n encouraging sign.

" We a Iso see in th e Report that classes are be ing held under the auspices of the Technical Instruction Committee of some of the County Councils. Surgeon Major Hutton, the organisinO' Commissioner, says that 'every effort has made during the year to promote work in this direction, and with some success '-from which we gather the success has not been g reat. "-Edziort"al.

Detailed Ma rking Sheet, No. 43.

T EAi\l TEST.

CARl) OF INSTRUCTIONS. - You four are working too ether in a raihvay goods station. A co ll eag ue runs up a nd tells you that a man h as fallen frolll a 'vvagxoll and cannot 11l0\·e. You know that on yo ur way to the accident, you will pass th e a mbul ance hut, where there is full equipment; that a do cto r li\ 'es h a lf a mil e from the yard; ami h at the local :lOspital, where the amb ul ance is ava il able, is two miles away Ac t. Tim E' limit 18

ST AGING Ol' T EsT.-A rr ange scene a:, gOl)ds yard \\'ith wag-gon a nd r a ilw ay lin es and with ambulance hut in which pla ce full eq uipm ent including two poles and tranS\'erse boards for stretcher a nd telephone.

Place man on his back across a line, with large piece of co rk strapped to hi s spi n e in lumb ar region and small riece, covered with r e d r ag, ove r right tibia in middl e ot its s h aft. Wet clothin g over tibia.

IMM IWIATE ACTION

Captain promptl y k eeps messenger as g uide

Asks if he can giye further d etails (710)

Instru c t s team to pmc eed forth'Nith

Detailin g two bearers to s t op en r o ut e And collect all equipment U IIIWS.)

E XAM INATION OF PATIENT

On arrival ask if visible blood or deformity (Ita)

If any furth e r risks to patient (110)

Cover wit h blanket at outset; lo osen clothing

Speak to patient (rephes prolllptly) ; enco ur age

Ask if in pain (luII/bar r9{/on) ; if elsc wh ere (/lu)

Ask if h e ca n move lower limb s (no)

Test fo r sensation by tou c h a nd paill (1I01le)

E xa m i ne spine and lo ca e irregularity

Decide treat for f ra ct ur e d s pin e

Exclude other injuri es to he a d , upp er limb s

Chest, abdomen, pel v s, lower left limb

ow 'phone doctor (not at home)

l\'ext 'phonc hospital: report full ddails

.\.sk for doctor (no) ambulance (ro mins.)

TRG:AT:\IG:NT OF PATIENT.

Decide treat without further delay

Detail bearer to hold foot and ankle

Do not let go till limb is splinted

-\.pply iodine to own fingers and \\'ound

c1ea.n elry dressing; bandage lightly

Apply splll1ts on inner and outer sides

From above knee to beyond foot

Fix bandages ",bo\ e and below fracture

Above knE'e ; round both ankles

And broad bandage round both knees

Phone if doctor now at home (no)

Decide remO\'e to hospital fortlw.'ith

Ask if there is shutter, door or board (no)

Secure trans\'t:'rse buards for stretcher

Fold blanket smoothly over boards

\\'i thout jerk slip bro.-ld bandage under head

Scapul<:e, buttocks, thighs and cal\:es

Tie free ends on each side of long pole

Load Stretcher, 2 bean:rs 011 each side

..\.sk it change in face, pulse, breathing (lIO)

TRAl':SPORT A1\'1) AFTER-CARE OF PXflG:NT.

Lifting, carrying and lowering stretcher

l\Iethod of loading the ambulance

A.rranfS-e tactful message to relati\'es

Watchful care during transit

Report to docter (lu'stOJ]', /njllries, treatm e nt) Efficiency and co-operation of bearers

Tl)tal ISU

Colliery News.

N.-\\ IGATIO T \l\'l) COLLIERIES ('\IUU\,TAIN -\.Sll) AillBUL\t-\CE CL\SS President: \\' \.. ;\[organ, :\1. E.-A \ er) pleasant e\'ening was spenL at Bethania Vestry (.\ Iountain .\sh) on Saturday cn'ning, July 14th. the occasion being tile fifth annual soci,tl and presentation of certificates and medallions, etc.

After a sumptuous repast had been partaken, \Ir. Theophilus Jones, M.E. (in the absence of the president, \Ir \\' \.. '\ Iorgan, .\1. E., agenL tLl L1e\\cll)11 :\ixon's Collieries) presided o\ cr the proceeding:,. .\fter a lengthy and inspiring address on the \ alue of llrst aid practice, ,\1 r. Jones congratulated the class, together with their lecturer, Dr. J. F. Scales, and their instructor, J. H. Thomas, on the high standard attained at their ha\-ing this yea r again obtained olle hund red per cenl. passe. !\ I rs. Dr. Scales then presented the ccrtiflcales and vOllchers, whilst Dr. J. F. Scales (Iecturlr) presell1ed the medallions and labels. 111 so doing he staleJ ho\\ pleased he \.vas to have the honour of presenting thcm, also how pleased he was to be their lecturer. He paid great tribute to the interest taken by the class tilllS making- his \\-ork so l11uch eas ier; particularly did he wish to pay tribute to the sec r etary a ncI in s tru ctor, \Ir. ]. H. Thal1las, \\ hose en-ices

had certainly been the means of keeping the class together and helped very much in bringing them to such a h igh standard.

!\Ir. Theophilus J ones (who is also chairman of the Com mittee), on behalf of the class then presented Dr. Scales with a beautiful mahogany coffee table in appreciation of his services as lecturer; and to Mr. J. H. Thomas a fine oak writing desk and electric standard reading- lamp for his services as secretary and instructor. Mr.]. H. J ones was presented with a book shelf and Mr. George Way with a mantle clock for services rendered to the class. All suitably responded and te!1dered their th;:tnks.

Votes of thanks were proposed to Mr. 'V. A. Morgan, M. E for his wholehearted support to these classes; to the Deacons of Bethania Church for the use of the Vestry; to the ladies for so ably attending at tables, and to the chairman for so ably presiding through the evening-.

Since the formation of the class the passes have been reg-istered,-46 certificates, 25 vouchers, 19 medallions, 20 labels, a total of 110-a wonderful record.

A:nbulancc Sunday at Southampton .

SOUTHAMPTON'S third annual' 'Ambulance Sunday" brought together various sections of St. John Ambulance Brig-ade and Association and the British Red Cross Society, who assembled at the forecourt of the Civic Centre in perfect weather on Sunday, July 15th.

Led by the Docks and Marine Band, under Mr. S. G. Wilson, they marched to the Above Bar Church, where they were received by the Southampton Brotherhood. After the usual service, an address was given by Dr. E. Croft Watt s, of the British Red Cross Society, who is Medical Officer of Health for Farnborough.

Mr. C. HedRer said the Brotherhood were speciaIIy glad to welcome ambulance men and women, who showed the true Brotherhood spirit in their activities.

Dr. John Clayre (Corps Surgeon, S.J.A B ), chairman, was supported by Cadet-Lieut.-Colonel W. E. Pittard (Hampshire County Commissioner, S.J.A. B.), Mrs. Dora King, R. R. C. (B. R C. S. and Matr()n of the Hampshire Home of Recovery), the Rev. Canon R. B Jolly (chaplain, Southampton Corps, S.].A.B.), Mrs. J. Clayre, Mr E. Uzzell (chairman, Southern Rail way Centre, S.]. A. A.). Commander W. A. Graham, O. B. E., Mr. T. C. R. Orme O.B.E., Mr. E. Treacller (London), Mr. Robert ham (chairwan, Redbridge Centre, S.].A.A., and founder and hon. organising secretary of Ambulance Sunday).

Dr. Clayre expressed thanks for the hearty welcome All members of the units, he said, were volunteers-men and women who gave their spare time and money in the service of humanity. He regretted the absence of Mr. S. R. Newpresident of the Southampton Brotherhood, who was mdlsposed.

MORE VOLUNTARY AID DETACHl\IENTs .- Latest official returns in connection with Voluntary Aid Detachments show that 133 Men's and 961 Women's Detachments with a tolal membership .of 27,489 have been recognised 'by the War Office. Dunng the past year there has been an increase of 33 detachments and 973 members; 6,400 members have und.ertaken the "mobile" oblig-ation - an increase of 166 dunng tbe past year. " Mobile" members undertake to serve abroad if required.

The " DECORATORS' « PAINTERS' MAOAZI l'c V' 8d. monthly) Is THE trade paper for all InterestetJ.Publtabin&, Office: -46. Cannon Street,

What Blood Transfus ion Means. *

I T has occurred to us that members of the Red Cross, having heard of the creation of our new B lood Transfusion Service, might be interested to learn something about the technique of blood transfusion.

Transfusion, as you all know, is the introduction into the blood stream of one person of a certain quantity of blood from another, w ith the object of cou n teracti ng the weaken ing effects of hcemorrhage or of meeti ng deficiencies in the patien t's b lood structure,. This procedure is often adopted in cases of chronic ancemia or to minimise the danger of operations on persons of lowered vitality, such as cancerous subjects or patients whose blood congeals too slowly. In certain well-defined cases, striking results have been achieved through transfusing to a patient the blood of a person who has recovered from the same disease.

DIFFERENT ,\1 ETHODS OF TRANSFUSION.

The idea of extending the use of blood transfusion had long- been cherished by med ical men, for no artificial medicament can provide the patient with living elements directly assimilable by the organism as this natural process does The most i m portan t obstade to be overcome is that of preventing the blood from clotting before it has been absorbed into the patien t's system; this phenomenon occurs very shortly after the blood has left the vei n of the donor. Two methods are em ployed to this end: the first consists in adding an anti-coagulant (citrate of soda) to the blood as soon as it has been drawn off The second is to hasten the operation by means of apparatus interposed between the blood streams of the the donor and the receiver, to enable the blood to pass rapidly from one to the other before it has time to congeal. J n both cases, the operation consi,:;;ts in puncturing one of the donor's veins with a special needle and drawing off the quantity of b lood required (50 to 500 grammes), which is then injected into the patient's veins

QUALIFICATIONS OF A BLOOD DONOR.

It goes without saying that only persons in perfect health and free trom any active or laten t symptoms of disease can serve as blood donors. This does not mean that persons of florid comp l exion possessing a superabundance of blood are a l one qualified to be considered as good subjects. Any normally healthy adult can undergo the operation without the s l ightest personal risk. The sac r ifice of small quantities of blood, providing it is not too often repeated, is not only completely

* Reproduced from the May, 1934, issue of the Monthly Review of the BeJgian R ed Cross

August, 19 34. FIRST harmless but actually beneficial to health, often resulting in an increase of weight.

Candidate donors, before being accepted, are required to undergo a thorough medical examination. Samples of their blood are taken and are su bmitted to the Wasserman n reaction (for syphilis) ; the number of red corpuscle are counted and the hcemoglobin test applied (for ancemia), and finally the white corpuscles are counted and a globular sedimentation test made to detect the presence of any other morbid conditions.

BLOOD GROUPS.

Early experiments in transfusion made with the blood of animals proved disastrous because of the bndamf!:ntal incompatibility of human and animal blood which, when mingled, undergo radical cbange and become clotted under tbe influence of substances known as " agglutinines." This resulted in a condition akin to phlebitis in tbe circulatory system of tbe patient, whicb sometimes proved fatal.

\\Tben transfusion with human blood began to be practised, it was observed that similar phenomena occurred in certai n cases, \vhile in others tbe operation was entirely satisfactory. It was not until 1907 that the existence of several blood groups was discovered, and it was realised tbat the accidents were due to " incompatibility" amI to the action of agglutinines.

There are four of these groups. Persons belonging to groups I, II and III can give their blood onl y to patients of a corresponding g roup, whereas those under group IV are " universal donors," tbat is to say tbeir blood can be transfused without risk to patients in any of the four grou ps. Con versel y, patien ts belonging to Group I are" universal receivers" and can safely assimilate blood from any of the other g-roups.

For the pu rposes of blood transfusion, the population of \Vestern Europe may be divided up as follows :-

43 per cent. in Group IV (Universal donors).

10 " " " III.

45 " " " 11.

2 " " " 1 (universal receivers).

I t is essen tial, before each transfusion, to ascertain the g roups to which the parties belong. Groups are determined by m eans of standard serums, derived from persons al ready classified, to which are added a drop of the blood to be identified.

PRA TICAL CO TCLUSIONS

As wi Il be seen from what precedes, before the operation of blood transfusion can be performed, three essential conditions must be fulfilled:

1. The immediate availability of a donor.

A

10.

The quandary of the doctor sudden l y faced with the necessity of practising an urgent transfusion and having no volunteer at hand for this purpose can readil y be imagined. \N"ith such a service as that just set up by th e Belgian Red Cross, it will be possible to place suitable candidates at his disposal with the minimum of delay. In extremely urgent cases, universal donors only will be utilised in order to save the time involved in identifying the patient's blood group. The donors will be medically examined every three months, and tbey will be enrolled in sufficient members to obviate any individual member being called upon more tban four times a year.

It would be wrong to suppose that the creation of a corps of donors is liable to detract from the beauty of the gesture of he who g ives his blood to save the life of another. It is surely a sign of progress to replace by a number of isolated acts of human kindness, devoid of risk, an attitude which was rightly considered as heroic when performed continually, and often far too frequently, by the same persons.

By the mere fact that it enables the operation to be performed inti me, the rational organisation of a blood transfusion service makes it possible to save the lives of at least ten per cent. more patients than heretofore. - DR. A;\TET.

eoming g"ents.

The Editor will be pleased to receive particulars of forth· coming events for inclusion (free of cbarge) under this heading.

AUGUS T.

17 to 27.-Southern Camp for Nurses of the S.].A B. at Herne Bay.

22-23.-Fun Fair and Carnival in aid of S.].A. lund, at Grove Park, vVeston-super-lVlare.

SEPTEMBER.

1.-Annual competit ion for the" Club Union" Trophy, at the City of Leicester W.I\1. C.

2.-.-\nnual Church Parade of the South i\letropolitan Gas Co. Ambulance Di"ision, St. Alfege Church, Greenwich.

18.-Cinematograph Lecture on "The Bony Framc\"ork," "Carrying- the Injured," arrang-ed by the Dagenha1l1 Division, S.J.A.B., Outpatients' Department, King George Ho spita l, Dagenham.

22.-0pen ambulance competition for the "Leigh" Challenge Cup, Tr eharris.

23.-Western Area, No. 1 (Pr inc e of Dist:ict, Annual Church Parade, St. John' s Church, \\ e t Eal1l1g.

29.-An nual Open \ll1bula nce Competition of the Ffaldan Institute and Carw Division, Prior ), for \Vales , at Pontycymmer.

fetters to the

We are in no way responsible for the opinions expre s sed, or Ihe slatements made, by Correspondenls.- ElJT1 OR.

RED CROSS HISTORY.

DEAH SIR,-

On p. 12 of the] uly issue of FIRST ,\m, under the heading "5eventy }'ears C!! Rea Cross HiJtory," there is a chronological inexactitude.

The article gives 1870 as the year of the' Formation of Lhe British Red Cross, 'vvhereas all the world knows that this date was, in fact, 1905.

Further, in Dr. Corbet Fletcher's excellent IhslO1J' tlte St. john Ambulance Assoc/ation and Brigade we learn, Jirsf, that on August 7Lh, 1870, the British National Society for Aid to Sick and Wounded was formed, and "composed largely of mem bers of the Order of St. John»; and, secondly, that on July 17th, 1905, the British Red Cross Society was formed as the result of "the fusion of the British National Society (founded 1870) and of the Central British Red Cross Council (founded 1898)."

History, therefore, gives the year of the birth of the BriLish Red Cross as 1905, or possibly 1898, when the British Red Cross Committee (afterwards called Council) took oria-in and consisted of "representatives of the British N Society, the St. John Am bulance Association, and the Army Nursing Service Reserve and the Secretary of State for \Var. "

In the !ntercsts of truth I ask you to publish this letter, more espeCially as some people do not know, while others :vish to ignore the strenuous efforts of the Order of St. John In favour of the past, present and future progress of the British Red Cross.

Yours faithfully, AUGUSTUS BROWNE.

,\TION1\L RO \l) TRANSPORT Al\lBULANCE.

DEAR Sm, -

\\lith reference to the correspondence in FJRST .\IU concerning National Ambulance Competition'>, I thouo-ht that your readers would be interested in the National Ambulance Competition, which was held 111 Blrmll1gham on Sunday, July 1st, 1934.

This competition is open to any road passeno-er undertaking i.n Great Britain, and is held under the of the .NatlOnal R.oad Transport Association. The affiliation fee IS 2 6, and IS governed by a committee consistino- of a President,. Vice-President, .Secretary and Treasurer, one of each undertaking. J. H. Stirk, Esq. (Chalfll1an of the East 11dland Traffic Commissioners) has presented a for annual competiLion. This the f.orm of a sJlver stretcher supported on a black plinth, u:ld IS awarded to the undertaking whosc team obtains the highest number of POJl1ts, together with a gold medal for each member of the team. The team adJ'udged rUI1l1erS- l' '- up receive a so some SUItable souvenir, and the general mana of the winning the trophy becomes the Assoc latlon for the ensuing year.

,. for the present year's competition werc Dr. SJIlclalr (VIva Voce), Tullis (Stretcher Test), and Dr. Wells, of .Hcreford (1ndlvluual Practical Test) Entries received from fourteen undertakings, the tests given bCll1g as follows ;-

VJ\'i\ VOCE.

t\o. 1. posed of?

\\111at is. the sympathetic nen-ous system C0111vVhat are Its functions?

Ai D. August, i 93 4 .

No. 2. - Give the circulation of the b lood from the left temporal artery to the aorta.

1\0 3.-What is a rupture? Give the treatment of a rupture.

No. 4 -How would you treat a ruptured varicose vein 111 a man?

No. S. - Describe the skin and statc its functions. PRACTICAL TESTS.

,Nos. 1 and 2. - You two are coming out of a tobaccoillS s shop when you hear this man scream He fal ls and becomes ; face be.comes livid , A car pa<;'ses over both feet and drives on. Right foot is badly crushed and a spouting vessel is seen on top left foot. One bystander. os. 3 and 1-. man J u I11I?S frol11 a moving bus. slips tnes to save himself and falls, strikinghIS head With some force on the of the kerb.

No 5.-:-This patient has been bitten by an adder just above the nght ankle.

STI<ETCIlER TEST.

Your is waiting in a Transport SLation whcn a man rushes In and tells you that his brother has fallen from a first Hoor window, and that he apparentlv struck a wooden fence in his fall. The station is fully equfpped with ambulance matenal.

The result announced by the Association Secrelary was as follows ;Points Corporation Tramway & Omnibus Dept. 289 v\ est Brolllwich Transport Dept. 2851,

N otis Corporation Passeng e r Tran s port 263 Corporation Transport

MIdland Red Motor Omnibus Co., Ltd.

Bartons Motors (Beeston) 1

Huddersfie:d Corporation Tramways

Shellielcl Corporation Tramways and :\lotors 191

Leeds City Tramwa) s 1851

T 2 rent Motor Traction Co., Ltd.

Burton-on-Trent Corporation Transport 1751,Corporation Tramways

Leicester Corporation Tram ways 163*

Cardiff Corporation Tramways and 1\1otors

] L been decided by the c('ll1l11illee to divide the !nto four for next year's competition and to conduct ellmlnatl11g contes ts in each, the final to be held on Sunday ]ul?, 7th, 1935. and the \ enue decided by the cOlllmittee their .next meeting in Birmingham in February. It is hoped by thiS arrangement that more Road Passen<Yer Transpon Undertakings will enter teams, and I shall pleased to forward a copy of the rules to any undertaking interested in this competition.

Yours faithfully, D. HJ\IWY,

J Ion. ,\)ecretary.

August, 193 4 F IRS T

Pioneers of Medicine.

STR JAMES MACKENZIE (Born April 12th, 1853-DiedJanuary, 26th, 1925)

EACH of the three greatest things Sir James Mackenzie did during his long and useful life would be sufficient to place him among the leading pioneers of medicine. He showed in the first place that even in th is age of specialisation and of highly technical apparatus, a general practitioner or "night-bell doctor," working with the most elementary of tools, can advance the science of medicine by large strides. Secondly, in an age when physicians and surgeons devoted themselves almost exclusively to objective signs in the diagnosis and study of advanced disease, neglecting what patients themsel ves observed, he showed that by listening patiently and attentively to their complaints many symptoms hitherto overlooked can give invaluable clues to the beginnings of disease. Thirdly, he advanced the study of heart disease to such an extent that many, if not most, of the orthodox teachings before his ti me had to be revised in the light of his observations and concl usions.

Mackenzie was born at Scone, Perthshire, in Scotland, of old Highland farming stock. He was educated at the Perthshire Academy and the U niversity of Edinburgh, and like most other pioneers of medicine, including Pasteur, he was quite an ordinary scholar. Indeed, he confessed in later life that what he remembered most clearly about his school education was that he had the reputation for being a dunce in most of his classes. The only subjects in which he did well \vere those in which understanding rather than memory was called into play. At the age of 15 he left school at his own earnest desire and was apprenticed to a chemist in Perth, with whom he worked until he was 21 years old, when he began to study medi cine at Edinburgh.

problems of medical practice upset the equanimity of the most self-confident and theoretically wellinformed young doctor.

The text-books published at this time dealt for the most part with diseases that had already exte.nsive in the human body. LIttle attention was paId to the beginninO's of disease - doubtless because little was known b thereof. For, while it was com paratively easy to diagnose, for example, an advanced case of heart disease and to the gross morbid changes after de.ath,. !tttle was then known of the beginning of thIS disease and of the signs and symptoms which the patient had shown when he first began to feel unwell.

One of -;\lackenzie's earliest patients was a young woman who died of heart failure in child birth. Why did she die? Could her death have been preven ted had he known more of the events which ultimately led up to this catastrophe? Mackenzie sought answers to these and other perplexing questions in the text books in his small library. They were ingloriously mute on such essential and elementary points, and garulous on matters of comparatively trivial importance. It has been said of some gifted persons that their writings say nothing and that they say it brilliantly. But Mackenzie was not to be put off by the ingenious theories and philosophies of text book writers altogether out of touch with realities; he did not suffer fools gladly, not even in print. And he was driven to the conclusion that if he was to acquire useful information he must get it himself. He did this in two ways: he listened patiently to the patient's accounts of their own sensations instead of brushing them aside in order to make his own observations and in the second place he devised, in collaboration with a local \vatchmaker, 1\1r. Shaw, certain simple instruments for the observation and recording of the action of the heart.

All this patient and laborious research was carried out in the rush of general practice, and only those who have themselves been general practitioners will understand fully what this means.

87, Clodeshall-road, ,:\IUIll Rock, Birmingham, 8.

I I L is pleas.ing to learn of the activities of this .\ssQciatlon, and we Wish them well for the futurc. - EUITOR.J

Licut..-Gcncral Sir I:arold B. Fawcus(Dircctor-General)

Lady Paget, M ISS M. M. Simmons, ancl Mrs: Rome will repJ.-esent ;he Bnttsh Red Cross Society at the ked Cross Conference to be -held i n fokyo dUring October 20th to 29th, 193'-1-.

After qualifying as a doctor in 1878, Mackenzie was a house physician at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. He studied for a short period in Vienna and then settled down to general practice in Burnley, an industrial town in Lancashire, as an assistant to a Dr. Briggs, who taught him the im portance or clinical observation. He soon found that much of what he had learned as a medical student was so elementary or inaccurate as to be worse than worthless. Like most young graduates in medicine he had come away from his studies imagining that they had more or less fully prepared him for the work of his daily life. But it was not l ong before he realised that however wise and we ll informed a medical student may feel in his last year in hospita l , the crude [acts and

I t was not till 1907 that the patient work in the obscurity of Burnley had become sufficiently recognized by the outside world for 1\Iackenzie to venture to leave Lancashire and settle in London as a consulting physician and research worker and teacher.

Mackenzie was very revolutionary in his outlook and it was therefore well for him that he was liberally endowed with the quality of combativeness. His book, "The Future of l\Iedicine," published in 1919, raised a considerable amount of discussion. On sLlch an important question as the staffing of a general hospital he was most unorthodox. He disapproved of the accepted tradition of appointing junior physicians in charge of out-

Mr. William E. Bell, President of the Bootk S.] A B c1led on .\ugust 1st at his residence ill Bootle. "

A I D. August

August, 193

patient departments and senior physicians in charge of in-patient departments and wards. In defence of what his colleagues considered a most heretical attitude, he argued that in the out-patient departments, patients were seen in the earliest stages of the disease when it was as difficult as it was important to make a correct diagnosis. On the other hand, the patients admitted in the wards were, in his opinion, those in whom the disease had already reached an advanced stage. In other words, the disease was easy to detect, and comparatively little could be done to restore the patient to health. Hence, his suggestion that the difficult out-patient work should be given to men of ripe experience, while the easier work in the wards should be allotted to the budding physician and surgeon.

'

,r , r Another matter on which he was quite unorthodox was that of special isation in su rgery. He considered that the taking of surgery out of the hands of general practitioners was a great loss to medicine, and he maintained that if practitioners could not themselves perform an operation on a patient they should at least be present at the operation to find out the explanation of the sym ptoms.

One of the rules adopted by Mackenzie at the Mount Vernon Hospital was not to give any drug to a patient whose heart was being examined, till the pulse rate had remained stationary for several days. He thus gave himself the opportunity to study the effect of rest alone on the heart. By this practice he also avoided the error of crediting certain improvements in the action of the heart to some drug given as soon as the patient had entered the hospital. The drugs he tested were for the most part those which had already been in general use as cardiac remedies, but in many cases their employment had hitherto been on an entirely empirical basis. VJith the help of Professor Cushny, Mackenzie tested physiologically the properties of drugs in health and in disease, working out the most suitable dosage and analysing minutely the relative therapeutic value of each drug.

In 1913, Mackenzie was appointed physician to the London Hospital where his cardiac clinic and out-patient department became a world-renowned centre to which medical men and women of all nationalities flocked to sit at his feet and to contribute from their own store of wisdom to the common fund. During the war a special military hospital was opened for soldiers invalided for heart complaints, and here Mackenzie again found a most useful field of activity. He was honoured both at home and from abroad. In 1914 he was knighted, and a few years afterwards he was appointed Honorary Consulting Physician to the King in Scotland.

In 1915 he finally made up his minc1 to put into practice a plan which had been in his mind

for many years

It was the foundation of an Institute of C l inica l Research for the study of symptoms and of the development of d isease from its earliest phases. To look for the beginning of disease and to prevent l ittle ailments from becoming serious seemed to him much more rational and economical than to endeavour to cure or check diseases which has long been established. He chose St. Andrews, a small university town in Scotland, for the site of his institute which he largely financed himself. He even returned against his inclination to consulting practice for some years, giving his professional earnings to the Institute. He carne to St. Andrews unknown to all but a few of his medical colleagues and began in the Cottage Hospital a series of clinics in the out-patient department to which he soon attracted all the practitioners in the neighbourhood. These clinics produced the desired effect, arousing in his audience the spirit of team work and research. After working for several years at the Institute, training those whom he had chosen as his disciples, he gradually withdrew from active responsibility. He had no respect for opi n ions and statements founded on tradition and unsupported by the logic of facts, Though he was competent in argument, trenchant and acute in criticism, he was nevertheless open to conviction on all questions withou t reserve. AI though his au thority in clinical medicine was regarded by many as supreme, he was never afraid to say" I don't know." It gave him little satisfaction just to affix a diagnostic label to a case it was the patient and all his individual problems that continued to interest him. A friend who knew him well wrote: ".:\1ackenzie's mind cou ld not rest on the known, but strained incessantly, at each and every hour of the day, to the unknown, and in perceiving and defining the unknown he displayed a masterly power. To know Mackenzie intimately was to im bibe independency of thought none could go to him seriously to discuss and, surviving the brusque shock of that first interview, return without a growing inspiration and stimulus. For he possessed the skill of stimulating others in an unusual degrt:e. As a man he was hard-headed and warm-hearted, quick in temper and in sentiment genial and hospitable."

As so often happens in the medical world, the disease which Mackenzie had studied so closely for many years was to prove his own undoing. Within a year of his first com i ng to live in London he had his first attack of angi na pectoris. He fought on bravely for many years, but no one knew better than himself that he was fighting a losing battle.

When correspond ing w it. h adve r t isers kindly men ti on " FIRST AID ."

j\mbu\ance News euttings ft'o m the

The Editor invites Readers to cuttings on matter of general interest for mc1uslOn m thiS column.

TIlE COUNTER-CRASIIER.

When Robelt Marsh, an Ilfr3.combe (Devor;) hotel porter, was cycling in Highfield-road, llfra,combe, the machine skidded through the plateglass wLndow of a draper's shop.

Mr. Marsh landed unhurl behin:l the counter, and at the feet of an astonishing woman assistant.-Evening News.

ELECTROCUTED IN HIS BATH.

Constable King, attached to \Vandsworth Common Police Station, was electrocuted in his bath last night at his home in Low Tooting. He is believed to have grasped an electric light lead while in the water. .

King was 48 years of age and three had more than 20 years' service LI1 the police, -Evenmg ,\'ews.

A schoolcrirl's death from eating twigs of horse chestnut was at an inquest here to-day on Marjorie Martin, aged 10, of Kirkgate, Bridlington.

The mother of the child said that her daughter went to school on May 18th in good health. She returned home feeling ill and went to bed. During .the night she became worse, and died before the doctor arnved.

M iss Elaine Lee, a school teacher at the Burlmgton Council School, said that the school broke up on l\lay 18th, and Bowers and such like were given to scholars to take home. She did not know that the twigs were poisonous.

Dr. L. A. Watson slated that an analysis showed that part of the child's organs contained young twigs of horse cbestnut, He ·was satisfied that death was caused by alkaloid poisoning from the young leaves and juice of horse chestnut twigs.

A verdict of death by misadventure was returned. The coroner warned all school teachers to impress upon children the danger of eating wild flowers and twigs,-Da/ry Teleg1'aph.

Death from E le c tri c Sho c k

THE risk of dying from passage of electric through the body is numerically small; the Registrar General during the last few yeCirs records only 50 to 60 violent deaths a year from electricity ( l ightning excepted).

It is a curious thing that in spite of the widespread use of electric current for lighting in the horne and as a source of power outside, the number of fatal accidents from its use is not on the increase, a tribute no doubt chiefly to the efficacy of means taken to safeguard the current, but

partly, one may hope, to increasing efficiency in dealing with accidents when they occur.

One result of the fewness of such injuries and their wide distribution is that only rarely does the practitioner meet with a case of unconsciousness from electric shock. But although their number may be no more th::l.l1 one a week, each death is a tragedy, for the victims are mostly young men in the prime of life, and it is a fact on which too much emphasis cannot be laid that in these cases more than in any other kind of accident survival depends on prompt aid.

More than twenty years ago Dr. Reginal Morton, then president of the electrotherapeutic section of the Royal Society of Medicine, wrote a letter to our col u m ns in which he that with the prompt application of first aid practically every victim can be revived, and of these nearly all will make a com plete and permanent recovery, provided they were previously in a normal state of health.

A current of 1,500 volts is not necessarily fatal Dr. .\Iacdonald Critchley tells the story of a boy who clim bed a pylon and touched a wire carrying 11,000 volts with no untoward result other than some superficial burns and transient loss of memory. recently Dr. Blake Richard who enunciated a new theory of lightning stroke confirmed the observation that the survivors of eledrocution rarely have any permanent damage of the nervous system.

Dr. l\lorton affirmed two fu ndamen tal facts: the first that death from electric shock is at first only an apparent death the second that whatever the conditions or severity of the accident there is a period varying from a few minutes upwards d uri n 0" which artificial respiration will resuscitate o the victim. So important is it, he remarked, to com mence artificial respiration quickly that it is the bystander'S first duty to see to this before doing anything else; he mus.t not leave the victim to summon medical aid, for It might be too late to render effective help by the time the doctor arrives. Of course he should send for medical assistance if there is anyone to send.

Artificial respiration may revive the victim of electric shock within a minute or two on the other hand, it may not, and there may be a long period during which artificial. is continued without any apparent sign

A recent circular (Form 1/0.), November, 1933) from the Factory Departme?t, Home tells us what was actually done In 50 fatal accIdents reported to the department. In 15 of these

POISON IN HORSE CHEST UT TWIGS.

artificia l respiration was carried on for an hour or l onger, i n some instances under medica l supervision; in 10 cases for h alf an hour, in 8 for 15 m i nutes, in 2 for 10 minutes, and in 1 for 5 m inutes . I n 6 of the 15-minute cases it sef: m s that the doctor who was called in pronounced life extinct at the end of that time . In 4 cases it is definitely recorded that no artificial respi ra ti on was tried. In 11 of the cases, indeed w h ere a doctor was on the scene within a few minutes of the accident, practically no attem pt was made to revi ve the patien t.

The circular is quite definite in asserting t h at if a doctor on his arrival finds artificial respiration being practised he should not, because the heartbeat cannot be detected, presume life to be extinct but should advocate perseverance in artificia l respiration. Evidence in the hands of the department makes i t all too clear that the importance of immediate application of artificial respiration in cases of apparent death from electric shock, a n d of persistence in applying it, although generally appreciated now by electrical engineers, is not adequately realised by factory occupiers or, the circular adds, by mem bers of the medical profesSIOn.

Both the Silvester and Schafer methods of resuscitation are app l icah le, the important thing being to apply one or other of them without a moment's delay. Artificial respiration should be combined with the inhalation of oxygen carbondioxide mixture as in the first aid treatment of persons overcome by gas -Reprinted from Tlze Lancet.

Sir Claude H. A. Hill, Director-General of the League of the Red Cross Societies, 1920-1926, left £16,795.

The No.1 (Prillce of District S.J .A. B. held a nag day throug-hout the District on Saturday, July 28th.

Members of the Loughborough Division of the Leicestershire Constabulary, presented Sergt. ]. W. Collins of the Loughburough S.J \. B., with a timepiece as a small appreciation of his services as ambulance coach.

The L. C. C. has refused a request for a site on Clapham Common for the erection of a hut by the BritIsh Red Cross Society. The proposed hut would have been used as the headquarters of the Battersea and Clapham Divis ion of the Society.

The Royal Sc?ttish Club, in conjunction with the Automobtle ASSOCIatIOn, has arrano'ed ",ith the Perthshire of the British Cross Society for a Red Cross first aid box to be p aced In the porter's house at Dalnaspida l Station, on the main road cross ing- the G r ;;tl1lpians fronl Perth to I 'Wl(rlless, -

3lractical 3loints.

T he Edi to r invi tes N ote s o n act ual C ases- wilh refe r enc e to and bad po in ts in Tr ea tm en t-fo r in cl us ion ,n lh s Co lumn

ALSATIAN SAVES WOMAN.

Th e sagacity of anima ls is wo n derful and is proven by thiS recent case. An A l satian dog saved the life of its m ist r ess when fire d estroyed a grocery store at Chetnole, Dorset T h e dog awoke her j u st before t h e roof cras h ed into the bedrool1l, by bar k ing and tearing the bedc lothes frOI11 her bed.-l\1 N. Blandford

TRAGEDY OF r\ Toy.

A seven -years - old boy reco;:;ntiy swallowed a toy ba ll oon, and was dead before he could be rushed to hospital. He had been p laying with. the ba ll oon, and \-"hen 112ving inadvertent ly swa ll owed It, he commenced to choke, the bal loon lodged in his Lhroat and could not he extracted in time to save his life.-l\1.0" NeWG1Slle.

A MIRACULOUS ESCAPE.

Recently, Mr. W. B. Cooper, a member of the Fell and Rock Climbing Club, accompanied by Mr. Clive DowLhwaite, was climbing Mouse GhyII, on Blea Crag, just behind Grange-in-Borrowdale in Cumberland.

Mr. Cooper, who was leading, had reached nparly the top of the Ghyll and was reaching up for a hand-hold when his haversack swung round and unbalanced him, so that he slipped orf the rock. He fell the full length of the 90 ft. rope, bounced off a ledge half-way down, missed a hug-e piece of projecting rock by a hair's breadth and landed on his hack on the scree

His fall was partly broken by the rope going taut, but he owes his life to the fact that he fell on his back with his haversack, in which there was a loaf of bread, underneath him This kept his head up and undoubtedly proven ted his neck being broken.

Ir. Dowthwaite had tried to hold his colleague and his finge r s were almost cut through to the bone by the strain. Luckily he had the rope on a good "belay» or he would have been dragged off the ledge. Without delay he climbed do\vn to Cooper and then went for help.

Local climbers and ambulance men went to the top of the 2,000 ft. high crag and with a rope cradle hauled Mr. Cooper up 100 ft. to the top of the crag-a very d ifficu l t task.

Mr. Cooper is now in Keswick IIosp ital with one ank le broke n , the other badly sprained and a broken rirrht fOI-earm.-O. P., Keswick.

Dr. M IIunter, of C h i lton, who for n:any yea r s h as bee n associated wit h the St. J o h n ,\ mbu lance Associat io n c asses as lectu r er at Chi lto n and Wind lestone, h as bee n appo inted a Serv ing Brother of the Grand Order of SL. J ohn

Every penn y spent on adverti s ing creates prestige, standing and reputation for the firm that spends it. It may not be discernable in immediate results , but the effect i s certain and the power cum.ulative .

Our Nurses' Pages. COMPILED

No.1 DISTRICT,

S. J .A.

B. EASTERN AREA. - Wa lthamstow Nursing Division arrang-cd a soc ia l evening in honour of Lady Ambulance Officers Mrs. F rman and Mrs. Violen, who have been placed on Reserve, the event being held on July 10th at the Ambulance Station.

During the evening presentations -were made to both officers by Assistant Commissioner Capt. G. '1/. Kendall on behalf of orficers and members of the Division. The presents consisted of a handsome tea waggon and a set of cut glass jug and goblets to Mrs. Firman, and a very nice arm-chair, a c u shion and a handbag to Mrs. Violen. In addition both ladies received a book containing the names of the donors, each vo l ume being beautifully illuminated and inscribed by Mr. l\ l ountfcrd, Mrs. Firman's son-in-law.

Returning thanks for their gifts, the recipients expressed their great appreciation and seemed very much o\'ercome at (he affection shown tlwl11.

Certificates gained by members of a first aid class recently held were presented to the successful examinees by Lady District Officer l\liss Curtis, following \\'hich the Assistant Commissioner handed the" Webb» challenge cup for first a id to Ambulance Sister Miss Loveday who haJ won it previously.

Those present were entertainad during the evening with clever recitations by Ambulance Sister l\1iss Lawrie.

Grays ur ing Division has lost a \' alued orticer by the death ot Lady Ambulance Orficer l\liss Julia Gwynne, which took p lace at Dollis Hill Nursing Home on July 8th, after a short illness.

The deceased lady was loved and esteemed by the officers and members of her Division, and will be sadly missed by them all.

CENTRAL t\REA. - A course of lectures for women in I-lome Kursing will commence on Thursday, September, 6th, at 8 p. m. at Grove Walk Schools, Shoreditch, 1.1. Fee for the course, inr.luding the examination for the S.].A. B. certificate, 3s. 6d. Will those intending to enrol or requiring further information kindly apply to Lady Divl. Supl. Miss Cotton, 45, Leith-road, Wood Green, N.22.

The honorary lecturer will be l\1iss Ballard, Sister Tutor, St. Leonard's Hospital, ShorediLch.

WESTERN AREA.-Major Atkinson, R.A. LC., on behalf of the vVar Office, paid a visit to the Richmond V.A. D. last month, h is inspection taking place in the out-patients' department of the Royal Hospita l Richmond, on vVednesday, July 11th. Lady District Officer Lady I ountgarret,O.B.E., was a l so prese n t.

Eac h member of the detachment was subjected to both ora l a n d practica l tests, and they were congratulated on the ir efficiency by Major Atkinson.

T he Inspect i ng Officer said it was his first inspection since hi s recent r et u rn from India, and he \\ as "ery glad to thin k t h at h e had h ad the advantage of seeing at his first inspection such a satisfactory un it.

T h e pres ident of the Richmond Nursing Division, A de r ma n G l adwe ll expressed his thanks a n d apprec iation on be h a lf of the Division to Major Atkinson and Lady 1o u n tgnr r C't, n n cl a t t1,e s",me t i(ll(, I hanl;:ed Lad)' Div l. Supt.

Miss West and Lady Divl. Surgeon Dr. Trevithick for the work they had done during the past year in making the D ivision so efficient. •

He was glad to think that at last Richmond itself was showing renewed interest in such beneficial work; and more particularly was he pleased to see the number of cadets present, and expressed the hope that each one would au t omatically join the Nursing- Diyision when she passed out of her cadetship at the age of eighteen.

He wished also to thank the authorities of the hospital for their kindness in allowing the use of that department on appropriate occasions for this kind of work

Prior to the inspection of the detachment, Lady lountgarret inspected the Nursing Cadet Division attached to th e senior Division, there being about 25 cadets present.

Tests in practical work as \yell as oral examination s were given, and Lady lountgarret congratulated the cadets on such a good demonstration of knowledge, and Lady Divisional Supt. Miss West and Lady Divisional Surgeon Dr. Trevithick, to whose great care in traininO" the success of the girls ",'as in great measure duE'. D

No.4-DISTRICT, S.J.A. B.

BIRKENHEAO CORPs. - This Corps feels justly proud of the honour paid to its Lady Corps Officer, 1\Irs. Blair, on her promotion last month to the rank of S e rving Sister of the Venerable Order of the Hospital of Sl. John of Jerusalem.

Irs. Blair, who already holds the Service Medal for 15 years' efficient service in the Brigade, is the first woman in Birkenhead to receive this distinction.

She has been a member of the Birkenhead Corps for nearly 20 years, and in 1916 founded the Birkenhead i\ursing Division, for which she acted as secretary and treasurer from 1916 to 1920. She .vas then promoted to Lady Corps Officer, a position she still holds.

In 1917 1\1rs. Blair founded V.A.D. Cheshire 166, and sen'ed as a section leader. She was attached to the Lady Carter Hospital at Bromborough from 1917 to 191 9, and when the V. A. D. was reformed she became Assistant Commandant.

In October, 1925, with the co-operation of the Birkenhead Nursing Division and the Hamiltonl\lemorial Nursing Division, Mrs Blair was responsible for starting a 1edical Comforts Depot, since opelled each Ionda)' and Thursday evenings in the crypt of St. Paul's Church, Argyle-street, where medical comforts are issued at a small charge or free to the poor of the to\\ I1. The depot has proved of inestimable value, and has always been self-supporting. Up to date it has raised over £200, which has been expended on increased equipment for the depot. For this 1\1rs. Blair holds the position of treasurer.

For many yoars Mrs. Blair has lectured on nursingsubjects to classes held in Birkenhead, and is an equally enero'etic worker for other charitabls causes. For many she has been hon. treasurer of the Birkenhead Charities' Ladies' Committee, and is chairman of the women's branch of the Birkenhead British Legion, in addition to being a member of the Legion Benolent Committee.

No. 9 DISTRICT, S.].A. B.

(,(H1NTY (W DI\\'o - The Chid COllll1lisc;iCl(1ef of the

St. ] o hn Am bulance Brigade, Major-General Sir J ohn Duncan, has appointed Dame Georg-iana Buller, of Exeter, Area Lady Vice-President of the Nursing Sen'ices of the Brigade in East Devon, which includes the City of Exeter.

Dame Georgiana Buller, who is the well-known c h airman of the Devonian Association for Cripp les' Aid, rendered out,;tanding \tVar sen'ice as an administrator ot h ospitals under the "Var Office, being the only ,,,oman t(' h o ld such a post.

She is a Dame of the Order of the British Empire, a J ustice of the Peace, and has beell decorated with the Royal Red Cross.

v"omen members of the Brigade in Devon r ender a great deal of voluntary assistance to the various Orthopc.edic Clinics under the jurisdiction of the Devonian Association for Cripples' Aid, so that this appointment is a veryappropriate one.

FIRST AID NURSING YEOMANRY.-H.R. H. Princess ;\Iice, President of the First Aid ursing Yeomanry Corps, accompanied by the Earl of Athlone, visited the Command on Thursday, July 26th, and inspected some 80 members of the Corps at their annual training camp at l'lytchett.

Princess Alice was received by General the Hon. Sir Francis Gathorne-Hardy, K.C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O. (General Officer Comm :iI1ding-in-Chief, Aldershot Command), and in camp by Lieut.-General Sir Hugh S. Jeudwine, K. C. B., K. B. E. (Chairman of the Advisory), amI Evan Gibb, C.B., C.;\l.G., C.B.E., D.S.O. (Hon. Colonel of the Corps).

The unit, a small, well-equipped body with mechanised ambulances, was drawn up in lin e under the COl11mandant, Miss Baxter Ellis, and received the Royal yisitors with a salute.

AftE'r inspecting the parade, Princess Alice took up a position, and then \\ atched the Corps march past i n slow tillle and quick time in fours, and finally re-form line in review order.

Drill-Sergeant W. L. Bray, 1st Grenadier Guards, who trained the ClJrps, was presented to Her Royal Highness, and was congratulated. The officers of the Corps were also presented to Princess Alice.

A. particularly interE'stinR display of different branches of tr.lining was given, including a realistic demonstration of first aid work a gas attack. A very smart piece of work was provided by the Mechanical Sq u ad, four of whom, by means of pulleys, lifted an overturned lorry into position.

A.t the conclusion Princess Alice inspected the camp and had tea in the officers' mess.

Among those present were L ady Isabel Gathorne-Hardy and the Viscountess Hailsham, hon. treasurer of the Corps.

Music by tIle drums of the 1st Scots Guards en h anced the interest of the occasion

V.A. D.-At the of the Rhyl Councd, arrangements have been made for the openinO' of a Station at Rh y l, the personnel to be supp li ed by the Fl1l1tshlre V.A. D.

Not only \vill accidents and injuries recei, e atte n tio n here, but a specia l department attached to the First Aid Station will take care of ost c hildr e n until claimed by their parents or guardians.

Th e statio n was opened for the August Bank Holiday weekend, and V.A. D.'s have taken duj y since then, between the hours of 11 a. m. and 9 p. m.

Thus a long-felt ,vant at th is popular seaside r esort h as now been satisfied.

ARBRO \TlI V.A. D -i\ team frolll this d etac hment won

A 10. August, 1934.

the Ca ledonian Shield last spr in g, a trophy for which British Red Cross Society detachments from <t Il OVC )- Scotland competed.

Having won this compet iti on, the team e n tered fo r the final round of the Stan ley Shield Compet i t ion, an d were placed third, while its lead<::r, Miss Hendry, Coml11andant of the detachment, won the' Evelyn Wren" Cup for t h e IllOSt elTic ient officer.

To give the people of the co unl y an opport unit y of showing their appreciation, the Dowager Co un tess of Ai rli e, President of the Angus Branch of the British Red C ro ss Society, and Lieutenant-Colonel Carnegyof Lour, County Director, arrang-ed an in spection of, and display by, all the Angus B. R C. S. Voluntary Aid Detachments at Gayfield Football Park, Arbroath, on Saturday, August 4-th. Th e in spection was carried out by the Lord Lieutenant, the Earl of Strathmore.

DEVOl': V.A. D. COMPETITJON. - A cOJ1lpetition for V.A. D.'s, organised by l\liss Boggis, Assistant Co unty Director, and Col. P. C lark, was held at S\'denham, near Tavistock, 011 Saturday, July 21st, in t h e loaned by Miss Tremaync, Vice-President of the Tavistock Division, \vho also gave the II Sydenham " Cup for which the entrants competed.

An air liner crash was the test, the accident cases from the liner having- a variety of injuries, and the competicors a busy time dealing with them.

Those who kindly acted as judges weJ-e Dr. Iichael Gray, R.A.M.C, First Aid; l\liss E. M. Fowler, Nurs ng Sister, Royal Na, al Hospital, PI) mouth, Home Nursing; Mrs. "Vilmot, County Secretary, B. R. C. S., Cniform and Drill; l\lrs. Galbraith, COJl1mandand, V,, \ D. 18, Launceston, Equipment.

The competition was \\'011 be Devon 10, Ta\'i tack (Commandant l\1iss Essery), ,\·ith mark. De\ oll 128, Holsworthy (Colllmandant Mrs. Hynes) WR5 second with 275, and DeVOll 118, Yeh'erton (C ')Jl1m:lndanL Irs. l\larshall), third with 257 marks.

BRITISH RED CROSS SOCIETY'S COM PET ) nONS AT NEWPORT. -The grounds of the Coldra made a very su itable setting for the County First Aid COJ1lpetitions which were held on Saturday, July Hth. l\Iany people g-athered to see the competitors at work, including- Dr. and Irs. G. Ingram, Dr. l\Iargaret Basham (County Director), 1\1 rs. W. H. Williams (Chairman, County Executive Committee), and Mr. ]. H. J ones (County Secretary). Dr. P. C. p. IngraJ1l presided.

Thc tests were judged by Dr. Mary Gordon, Dr. B. L. McQuillan, and Dr. VI.,!. R. ash, and the re sults were as fo ll o,,\'s :-

II Lady Treowen " Cup for V.A. D.'s. - 1, Newporl, 10 2, 333t marks; 2, Monmouth No. 10. The winning team consisted of Miss Rideout (captain), l\1 iss Bunce, Mrs. Peters, Miss Halhway, Miss Ir s. Osmond (reserve).

A medal for the best individual marks in the above competition was won by Miss Hathway, of Nev.ort.

" Lady L1angattocl{ " C u p for Juni or Lin k s. - 1 , EvesSchool, 254 marks; 2, Maindee Sch06J, 24-4-.

A medal, presented by l\liss Esther Nicholas, of M O Ilmouth for the best individual performance was gained by J oa n Dunk of Maindec.

The prizes were presented by Dr. P. C. P. Ingr a m, who referred to t h e useful work done by the B. R. C. S. both during a nd s in ce the Great War.

Items (Didsional news and co mpetition!', social, interestiT'g duties, lec t ure s, etc.), for this page should be sent to Ambulance Sister, c/o The Editor, F1RST AID, 46, Cannon SJ., London, E.C'.4

They zn an THESE

invested Austin FOR REASONS

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ambulance. Austin ambulance suspension is designed for smooth riding. Loading is quick and convenient, and cleaning easy. The framework is of best English ash and oak. Walls are aluminium panelled. Triplex glass is fitted throughout. There are four types of Austin ambulance ranging from 12 h.p. to 20 h.p.,

and any of these can be specially equipped. The smallest model is as dependable as the largest. All four are built for long years of hard service. Costs of running and maintenance are kept to a minimum. Those are some reason s why yo u should write for the illustrated Austin Ambulance Catalogue

SPECIFICATION OF 20 H P. MeDEL: Length overall 17 6"; width overall 5 9". Int e rior dimensions; lengt h 7' 11"; width 5' 2". L07v-loadillg body lvithframework of best E11glish ash alld oak ) alljoinls l ea d ed. Aluminium panelling. Upholstery English leather. Rubber floor coveriJlg. Air 1111lnel f01' regulated ventilation. S em i-elliptic springing. H)'draulic shock absorbers front aud 1·ear. Engine (R.A.C. ratillg) 23.5 h.p. Eight-bearillg crankshaft 1vith vibratioll damper. Gem'box four-speed a nd reverse. 15-galloll petrol tallk. 12-volt elecu'ic lighti17g alld starting. Triplex glass throughout A S DEPENDABLE A S A N AUSTIN J.

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eueries and J\nswers to eorrespondents.

Qu eries will be dealt with under the following rules:-

I. -Letters containing Queries must be marked on the top left hand corner of the envelope" Query," and addressed-FIRsT AID, 46, Cannon-street, London, E.C·4·

2 -All Queries must be accompanied by a "Query Coupon" cut from the current issue 01 the J(lurnal, or, in case of Queries from abroad, from a recent issue.

3.- The Textbook, to which reference may be made this.column is the 38th 1I928) Edition of S.J.A.A. Manual ofFmt Ald.

ETlncs OF FIRST AID.

J. L. (Bearpark). - Recently, 'w hile bathing- in a river near our village, a young man div ed, struck tbe bottom and fractured his spinal column in the cervical region. "Vhen I arrived, I found our own doctor in charge of the patient, who has since died. The doctor ordered me to go for the ambulance, and I obeyed.

Now the secretary and instructor of our Association class tells me that I did wrong and I ought to have ignored the doctor's orders and to have proceeded to the patient on the grounds that I should have been of more service at the place of accident.

As I am a member of the Brigade with three years service and also hold the home-nursing certificate, I maintain that was right and that I, by obeying the doctor, was ca{rying out the instructions of both Textbooks. However, I am content to leave the decision to you; and I thank you in advance for your reply.

On your statement of facts, you were true to the Principles of First Aid and Nursing when you obeyed your doctor's orders. It appears to me that, knowing what you could do, he picked you out as a responsible person on whom he could rely to s ummon the ambulance. At any rate I know what I should haye said and done if any trained first aider, known to me, did not at once obey any command of mine. So that's that! !-N. CORBET FLETCHER.

EXAMINATION HOWLER.

D. S. (East I-Iam). - In a recent examination the doctor asked a candidate what he would do in the case of a patient suffering from Fracture of the Spine. He was visibly shocked and surprised when the candidate at once replied :-' 'I would carry patient to a bone sette?' I"

Good! Next, please! !-N.C. F.

MORE ETlIICS OF FIRST AlD.

H.W. (Lowestoft). - Jn a recent test case for members of a Nursing Division at a Field Day Demonstration, the ladies found a lad with a clot of blood on his left leg below the knee. They asked the boy if he could move his foot; and, on receiving an affirmative answer, they treated for punctured wound as result of running through a wood.

Then up came the stretcher squad, the corporal of which exposed the wound by iemoving the dressings, examined the leg and proceedeu to treat as for a complicated fracture.

Now I want to know if, in your opinion, the corporal was justified in interfering and if he exceeded

his duty by exposing the wound to the entry of more germs.

On your statement of facts, the te<;t being !or the members of a Nursing Division and the squad be1l1g,there for transport duty only, it was no part of the corporal s duty to take upon himself the duties and responsibilities of tbe Examining Jud ge who was presumably on duty as a doctor at the place where the patient was to be taker.. At the same time the method adopted to exclude the presence of an associated fracture seemed, according to yo ur story, to have been deplorably weak and not in any way in accordance with the Textbook. -N.C. F.

CREOSOTE IN EYE.

W.F. (Wallingford). - Recently 1 was asked what was the correct treatment of Creosote in the Eye. As the Textbook does not refer to this injury, I welcome your suggestions.

If, applying the treatment for Quick Lime and Vitriol in Eye as set out on p. 135 ot the Textbook, you wash the eye freely with warm (boiled) water and tl:en .treat. as for foreign body embedded in the eye, you wLlI 111 thiS way render good llrst aid for Creosote in Eye.-N.C.F.

FRACTURE OF FOREARM.

"V. F. (Wallingford).-On pp. 15 and 16 of the July issue of FIRST AID you publish the marking sheet for the InterRailway Final. In the test for Bearer No.5 the sheet reads-" Padded splints inner and outer sides forearm, el bow to fingers." I suggest that the instructions in the Textbook on this point are incorrect when we bear in mind the" frent " position as given in the Frontispiece. Am I correct, please?

Yes. To avoid the charge of inconsistency, the text should be altered to "front and back" of forearm.-N.C.F.

TREATMENT OF SUN ·BURN

W. F. (Wallingford). - Recently I was asked what. is the correct first aid treatment for Sun-Burn. I replted that I should apply the treatmellt laid down in the Textbook for Burns caused by other forms of heat. Please tell me if I was correct.

Mild soothing lotions are used for Consequently your suggested treatn:ent .was qUlte correct, even if, in the absence of danger to life, lllnb or part, there was no indication for first aid! !- N.C.F.

TREATMENT OF BITES BY RABID ANIMALS.

N.T. (Hemel Hempstead). - Under lreatment of Bites by Rabid Animals the Textbook (p. 132) tells us that the first step is to apply a constriction as near trunk as possible. It seems to me that the better plan would be to grasp the affected limb at once above the bite and then to apply the constriction. The thumb and fingers of the of the first aider offer an immediate intrument whereas the" piece of cord or tape or handkerchief," may take some moments to locate.

I agree entirely with you and teach this in my aidbooks. - N.C.F.

TlIOMAS'S SPLINT DRILL.

L. D. (Gillacker).-Please give your usual kind help and answer the following :-

Under the Thomas's Splint Drill the B. R. C. S. Manual in Section VII. reads :-" The whole Gooch splint is now retained by two narrow-fold bandages carried round the bars of the splint." The S.J.A.A.

August. 1934. FIRST

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Textbook, on the other h and, in the samc Section reads: "Round thigh and up outside the sp lint bars."

Am 1 correct in taking it that the B. R. C. S. Manual means tbe same?

Yes.-N.C. F.

ACTION OF

U. 1. (Coventry).- Please exp la in the difTerent ways in which the emetics named in the Textbook act wh en adm ini stered for the treatmcnt of poisoning.

Salt and mustard act 10caIly, irritate the stomac h an d SO cause vomiting. Since, howe\ er, in cases of poisoning this may be difficult to accomplish owing to the partial para lys is of the patient's throat, stomach and brain, successful results depend on the draught being copious in quantity, nauseous in taste and rapidly s\\·allowed. Tickling the throat, on the other hand, acts ctntrally through the stimulation of the sensory nen es of the throat and so causes \ o.niting. -r\. C. F.

TREATMENT OF HAi:MORRHAGE.

j \. r\. (Essex).- I am employed at a factory where cut fingers and other minor injuries are quite frequent. On several occasions has been rather troublesome, owing to some of the patients being slightly hccmophilic and although the injuries were not of a serious nature requiring a doctors's attention, there was considerable delay in the arrest of the bleeding.

Throughout the Text-book there is not any mention of a h<.emostatic. So could you kindly state whether there is one that can be safely used by a firstaider, in cases of superficial cuts and woun d s?

Personally, I find hot sterilized water at tem perature of 130 degs. to HO degs, gives the best results; but it is " going against" the Text-book.

Your letter suggests that you have not yet mastered the Principles of First Aid (Textbook p. 18-21) ; an d until you have done so! I advise you not to interfere with any wound. MeanwhLie read, mark, learn and inward ly digest the following t'1ree points :-

First, HGemophilia (being a congenita l and often inherited disease characterised by a tendency to imm ode r ate bleeding) is very rare. So your difficulty in contro llinc bleeding would arpear to be due to Meddlesome First

Second I)" as patients have died from the prick of a lhorn, I wonder where yo u got the idea that any wound was" not of serious nature requiring a doctor's attention."

Thirdly, the Textbook is deliberately si lent abo u hcemostatics. So the less you know about them the better it wi ll be for your unfortunate patients. Certainly I condemn your treatment of wounds "with hot sterilise d water al temperature of 130 degs. to 140 degs. "

So quit apeing the doctor; and mastered the Prin.ciples of Aid, be content to be a good, honest and effiCIent first alder and stick to the instructions of the Textbook.-N . C. F.

TREAT:VIEl'\T OF BAT BITE.

L.M. (York).-Though 1 have never heard of anyo n e being bitten by a bat and I ha\'e never h ad to treat s u c h a case, 1 am wOl:dering if such an injur y would co m e the of wou.nds or bites by poisonous lI1sects. Your rul1l1g- on thIS point will be apprec a ed

A bat, being a wing-ed animal with a body lik e that of a mouse, I am puzzled to know w h y yo u compare it with a poisonous you, I have never heard of or treated fnr a : but, If I had to treat suc h , I would carry out the ordmary treatment for wounds as l aid down in Chapter VII of the Textbook. -N. C. F.

ARTIFICIAL R ESP IR ATION

W.F,(Wallingford).--Ourexamining surgeon t hi s year aske d me wh y the Brigade religiously observed the m od ifi ed Sch a fe r Method of Artificial Respir at ion H e sa id t h at, while on holid ay in Scotland h e li stene d to a Coast Guard who reproached the Brigade tor doing so

The m et hod t h e Coast Guard advocated was s imilar to How ard's method apparent l y performe d with the patient lyi n g face downwards. The l1l et h od app li e d pressure upw ar d s on the di ap hram . H e said it was less tiring to th e p erforme r a nd also more effect i ve

I s hould be very glad to receive yo ur vi ews o n the matter a?d I will forward them to the s u rgeon. Do yo u know 1£ that method is common to a ll Coast Guards?

vVith regret I can n ot tell yo u why the Revision Committee adopted their own modification of S chafer's i'1ethod Artific ia l R espiratio n though yo u l1lay take it that they did so bt..cause they thought it the best of a ll methods. For myself, I hope that tlwre will come a day when, like t h e ir co llea g ues in the American Continent, all teachino- authorities on this side of tile At lant ic will comb in e togethe r to teach o n e a nd the same method of artificia l respiration, and also t h at t h e selected method will be Schafer's.

With reference to your second query, I was not a"yare that Coastguards also have a special modification; and r a lw ays thought that they used the original Schafer method, which to me is sti ll the best. - N.C.F.

STRETCIIER DRILL.

D. D. (Gorto n , M j C).-At a recent team practice two members of the team expressed an opinion that, before loading a patient into the ambu lance, the bearers (1 and 3) sho uld be ordered to ]O\,\'er stretcher and about t urn before standIng to stretcher, preparatory to 10adinO'.

Their content ion be in g that the Textbook, "'page 209, d oes not state whether N o.'s 1 and 3 should be on tile left of the patient, or left at the strelcher and as the stretcher when being loaded, will move i:1 the reverse to that in which it was originally can-ieu, assuming It was carr ied feet first, No. 1 and 3 a ft er turning abo u t, will naturally stand to stretcher on the right of the patient.

Will you please settle the above discussion. We shoul d also lik e to know whether No. -+ kneels on his right knee, when assisting to li ft a patient into bed in which .necessitates the remain ing bea:ers bell1g placed on the right of the patient.

In loadin g a Hor sed Wagon, the stretcher squads will halt ten from the tail board of the wagon (see page !08 an d page 109 of of Drill and CamplI1 g for the S.J.A.B,) and a r e ll11medlately ordered to l ower position of eac h bearer i s very c lear ly 1I1dI::ated 111 thIS diagram and again on page 113.

It is not: clear in the r ead in g in this m.anual but is partly diagram, that the stretcher on reach1I1 g the pOSItIon ten paces from the ta.il board after r et i rin 0on the wagons, resume their original front before tile stretc her s The o nl y difference in Loading a H o r sed Motor Wagon is that ill a Horsed WaO'on the stretche r s qu a d load in s u ccess ion , are ordered by No.4 bearer in turn to wheel round as s h own o n page 113, but in the case of Motor Wagons are loaded in without wheelino- round. No definit e drill is set for t h e No.4 bearer in a patient from th e st r etcher to a bed. I ass um e he ""ould follow the usu a l plan of kneeling on his l eft knee. Th e for st ipulatin g a c h ange when o n the right s id e of patlent for the 1, 2 a nd 3 bearers w ill be o b vio u s when th e position is considered. The bearers woulJ h e th e better ahle to s upport the weight of th e patient's h ea d and buttocks with their l eft knees. -S. J, W

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CONTEI\ T 5 OF THIS N UMBER.

Sl. John Ambulance As;;ocif'ltion

St. J o hn Ambulance Association

Forty Year s

The S.].A. B. Dril l Manual

The Universal Stretcher Sheet

S. J. A. Distr ct Reports

Dpta il e d l\larking Sheet, No. H

Priory for Wales

Railway Ambulance News

The Romance of Vaccination

Co lli e ry Ambulance Nevvs

Home Service Ambulance COlllmittee

Lincoln and District Ambulance Soci ety

Our :-.: urses' Pages

Police Ambulance News

Rcsusciation

Letters to the Editor

City of London Special Constabulary

QUERIES AND A N SWERS TO CORRESPONORNTS-

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Examinat ion Howle r

An U ntair Marking Sheet

Action after Arrival in Hospital

/\mbulance Acti\'ites at vVedding

Dangers of Gas in Bedroom

Eating and Drinking lhough Un co nsiolls

Compression of Carotid Arteries

Co ming Events. "

THE work of the St. J oh n A mbulance Association is often overlooked by first-aiders, and also by the ge neral public. Seldom do we hear of th e excellen t achievemen ts of th IS Assoclation al thou O'h 1"> each year thousands of first aiders receive the certificates, medallions, labels, and other awards issued by this Depattment of the Order of St. John. Each y ear, moreover, sees an increase in its acti vities.

According to the Annual Report for the year ended 30th September, 1933, the numb er of certificates issued for first aid, home nursing and other subjects, male and female, In England, Ireland and \Vales totalled +5,+30, whilst 1+,561 medallions, 42,683 labels, and 5,059 pendants were issued, in addition to 8,082 due to students of classes held by the Priory for \Vale s. These figu res, wi th the exception of those for the Priory for \Vales, are for awards actually issued, and not the number of succesful students, some of whom, although entitled to an award, have not claimed them.

Retu rns from Overseas show the n urn ber of certificates issued to be approxi mate] y 32,5+0.

One noteworthy feature in connection ,vith the issue of certificates is the awards ga ined at classes for unemployed. These were arranged by the Association free of all cost, including textbooks, lecturers, instructors and examination fees, and quite a number of classes were carried to a successful conclusion.

The Ambulance Service of the Invalid Transport Corps has been re-organised. The cars have been overhauled, but there is am pie scope for a further ambulance. During the year under review, 2,80+ patients had been carried, necessitating 2,164 journeys, with a mileage of 71,625.

St. John J'mbulance J'ssociation .

MURTON. - There was a large gathering at the annual competition for the ambulance challenge shield of the Durham County branch of the vVorking Men's Club and Institute Union held at Murton Democratic Social Club on Saturday, August 11th.

Dr. J. Steedman, Medical Officer of Health, Blyth, adiudicated, and he was assisted by Mr. W. Bell, Sanitary Inspector for Blyth.

The successful team, "vhich scored 202 points out of a possible 360, was from Ferryhill and District Working Men's Club.

New Hesledon and Dalton-Ie-Dale Social Club, last year's winner of the Shield, were second with 290 points

Each member of these two teams received a gold medal.

NELsON.-The annual competition organised by the Nelson Centre for the" Wilkinson" Trophies were held in

AID . September , 193 4.

during August were: 76 road accidents, 117 other accidents alld sudden illnesses.

The greatest number of accidents necessitating the use of the ambulance occurred on Wednesdays, ane1 the fewest 011 Mondays.

Nine road and eleven other accident cases were dealt with between the hours of 6 p.111 and 7 p. m. Only four accidents were reported during the proposed "Silence Zone" period, and these happened between 11 p. m. and midnight. ------.--.------

Forty Years Ago.

In this column we are publishing short extracts from the corresponding issue of FIRST AID of 40 years ago.

"As the number of words in the English language seems to be increasing, and this appears to be an age for coining works, I may be forgiven for adding one more to the list.

September 193 4 F I RST

The S.J.A.B . Drill Man u al.

SUGGESTED REVISIONS AND ALTERATIONS.

By P. T. E

(Concluded from page 28.) CONCLUSION.

HAVING quickly run through the present manual what suggestions can be made [or

The folllJwing are our suggestIOns whIch we gladly offer to those in authority for future reference.

Issue a Drill Manual for members of the Brigade, applicable to the work carried out by them and not, as at present, copied wholly from the Military Authorities' Manual.

The book should be written for the Divisions having a small membership and also small headquarters. For those fortunate enough to have a membership of a hundred or so and own commodious buildings, instructions can easily be ada pted from the former.

The present Chapter II. to be disc?ntinued, with the exception of SectlOn 45, whIch deals with marching and ceremonial drills. Also plates XXX to XXXIV, now placed at the back of the book be brought forward and placed at the end of Chapter II.

The word It wounded," at at present used in Chapter III, be substituted bf the word." patient." Squads should be instructed In the vanous means of Transport. Knee-caps should be introduced and widely made known.

Under the head i ng "Special Exercises" should be inserted the Carrying Sheet with full instructions for use, and the Naval Cot in addition to the" Lowmoor ] acket " and the" Neil-Robertson" stretcher.

Chapter IV requires to be entirely revised, the motor ambulance taking the place of the now obsolete horse ambulance. Instruction should here be inserted as to how patients should be lifted from ambulance to the bed. Ambulance loading as given in the first aid Textbook should be incorporated as also the instructions given on pages 206 to 208 in the same book on the improvisation of a stretcher, crossing a ditch and a wall. In loading a Fu dey stretcber it should be stated that the runners are 2 ft. 3 ins. from the ends of the poles. It is also suggested that illustrations and and dimensions of various types of stretchers and the interior of a typical ambulance be included. Also instructions for loading and unloading stretchers with 4, 3 or 2 bearers; loading from bed to operating tables, unloading from stretcher to bed, and the loading and unloading of an ambulance with 3 or '2 bearers.

Chapter V dealing with hand seats is, on the whole, suitable with the exception of the instructions ai ven for the two-handed seat. This should b be made clearer.

The first Appendix should include a chapter on how to pitch a tent to be used on public duty and the present 56 pages included in Part II of the present book, deleted.

The present Appendix I would be Appendix II, whilst the present AppendIX II to be omitted altogether.

!he above illustra.tion is new a "Talbot" Ambul3.nce recently supplied to Royal avy. It IS an 18 h.p. ?-cylll1der L.C.C. tpye low-loading "specialised" ambulance, with absolutely ; that is, two stretchers or alternatively one stretcher and one seat for Sltt1l1g patIents. It has the usual hot - water system; L.C.c. type carrying-chair; an additional seat fitted between the stretchers, and a drawer for first aid materials.

the Stanley-street Methodist Schoolroom on Saturday, August i1 tho

There was an interesting demonstration of competitive ambulance work, when teams from all over the country

The winners were-i, Brierfield "A" 2, Brierfield B ; 3, 4, Foulridgej 5, Read and Simonstone; 6, Warnngton ; 7, Ulverston, ?he judges were Dr. Sykes (viva voce), Dr, Whittle (1I1dlvldual), and Dr. Quinn (team).

The winners in the" Mary Wilkinson" trophy for indimembers of Nursing Divisions were: i, Miss Swarbrick (Blackpool); 2, Mrs. Lambert (Bacup) ; 3, Miss L. Osbourne (Burnley) ; 4, Yliss Rothwell tTodmorden).

There were seventeen competitors, and after a tie for place, Miss Swarbrick was adjudged the winner. The JudgerS Nurs,e Ou.nsworth, Queen's Nurse (nursing), Dr. N orm1l1gton (hrst aId), and Dr. Armstrong- (viva voce).

PLYJ\.IOUTIJ.-Cases dealth with by Plymouth, S.lA.A ,

" I have noticed that a word has been wanted to replace the ugly expression' ambulance man,' 'ambulance pupil,' etc., so I have ventured to coin a new word' First-Aider' to supply the want.

"The definition of this word is-A person who has received a certificate from an authorised assoc iation that he (or she) is qualified to render first aid.

" Let the re be no mistakes--I don't say that a first - aider means a reader of FIRST AID--a lthough I hope that every first-aider wi II become one.

" Editors of dictionaries p lease note the word , First-Aider' and its meaning. "--From notes by " TOURNIQUET."

Instructions 1'e Formation, Section 47, should be more definite.

The forming of squads as detailed under Section 48 should be adopted to the R.A.M.C. amendment of December, 1928, paragraph 57, which is a much s i mpler method. The following dealing with this matter would of course be altered to conform to the amended orders.

Section 55 be altered to suit the size of room in which members have to drill.

Sections 57 to 65 dealing with exercises with prepared stretchers shou l d be slightly altered. The words "grip-plate" should be alt.ered. to " buck le" and instructions on stretcher drdl out use of slings inc l uded. SiI?plified instructl?nS shou l d be given for exercIses for lowenng stretchers.

All orders should be based on the am .ended R . A.M.C . orders to which we have prevlOllsly referred.

Throughout the new book new and up-to-.date illustrations are suggested, and, where pOSSIble, actua I photographs to be reprod uced. ------.--. ------

To increase the new ambulance funds, the Caterh a m Division, S.] A. B., held a flag day on September i5th.

M Grahame wife of Dr. E. YV. Grahame, DivS rs. ented'the annual awards to me!,nbers of the ur o eon, pres :\ 28tl and Sompting' DlVlslon .J.A.B., on • ugust 1.

TI County of London branch of the British .Red le I' ear staffed and equipped 11 dlspensan es SOCIety h?-:l t 'tile Tonbrid<re and 1\laiustone areas of for hop-pIC {el s 111 ..., the Kentish hop gardens.

1\11' and !\Irs. Edward Henry Green, of CoaI Hvill:, '. dd' on Sel1tem ber 8th. e I celebrated theIr golden we d 1t of the is i3 and his wife 71. 1\1r. (.reen IS su penld l edl1 tel11e British bIB 'unde and was awar e Coah'llle Am u ance rIb'.' f I able services Red Cross Society's medal ll1 recog l1JtlOn 0 <1 U during the war.

The Universal Stretcher Sheet.

By ERNEST COWELL, Surgeon, Croydon GeneraL Hospital.

Turs can vas sheet, which is readily fitted to a loaded or unloaded stretcher of the Standard Army pattern or the St. John type, permits of carriage of the in any position, in comfort and with a feeling of security.

It was originally designed by Mr. Basil Monk to load casualties into aeroplanes, where the door is narrow and space is limited. Later the universal

one of the lateral supports is removed and placed in a special compartment provided on the other side, to prevent its getting lost.

The head and feet straps are identical, to allow of the sheet bei ng applied, with the buckles to either side of the patien t, as required.

The illustrations show a few of the possible positions. The stretcher can be turned completely over, even with the patient in a Thomas's splint.

The sheet is readily detachable from the stretcher and can be removed in a few seconds.

The apparatus weighs about lbs., and may be either rolled up in the closed stretcher, or clipped on ready for use, the whole being inside the closed stretcher and secured by the three body straps.

A conscious patient can release the straps and get off the stretcher, if his injury permits.

CrvlLIAN USES.

Numerous exhaustive tests have been c::nried out, and it is found that a number of different carries can be safely and comfortably done with the sheet attached.

September, 1Sl34. FIRST

tions has been carried down a seventeen-inch corridor.

The stretcher has been lowered from an upper storey by ropes attached to the runners, and there is no danger of the patient falling off.

If it is necessary to transport the case in the Fowler's position, this is easily done in the motor ambulance by raising the head-end as required.

The stretcher sheet is extremely useful in cases of fractured spine. A splinting effect is obtained, and the man can be transported, either lying on his back or face, along narrow passages and round corners and without further damage.

In cases of delirium or violent struggling of an unconscious or drunken man, the sheet gives perfect control, and only one attendant is needed to hold the man down on to the stretcher, instead of four or more.

few aeroplanes allow of an ordinary pattern stretcher being loaded. It has been the custom to drive the motor ambulance alongside, off-load, carry the patient into the aeroplane on a TeilRobertson (Naval pattern) or rope stretcher, and place on a bed inside the. machine.

The stretcher sheet is fitted on when the patient arrives, and his stretcher can be loaded by the use of the lateral position, without loss of time and disturbance to him.

1\lARINE USES.

Occasionall y it is necessary to bri ng a casualty from the sick bay of a ship to hospital ashore.

The problem is to carry along a narrow gangway, lower over the ship's side into a boat, land at the quay-side, and load in to a motor am bulance. The use of the stretcher sheet readily overcomes all these difficulties, and no further descri ptlon of details need be given.

:\IrLlTARY USES.

The sheet was shown at the Inte rnational Red Cross Meeting at Geneva this year, and aroused considerable interest.

usc was discovered, and has already proved of great val ue.

DESCRIPTIO T OF ApPARATUS AND METHOD OF ApPLICATION.

A strong waterproof can vas sheet stren athat. its sides by two removable me'tal is htted With three metal clips, which fit on to one pole of the stretcher.

The sheet is throvvn over the patient and secured by three" body straps." The lowest one passes straight round the paticnt, and is buckled off ?ver the clip, while the upper two are passed the st.retcher, through the can vas loops at the Side and In the centre of the sheet, and cr;ssed to buckle off at the same side.

The" loop straps," shown in Fia. 3 secures h ., k b t . e pa.tlent s nee and feet, and prevent his slipping either upwards or downwards. Fin'lily t "" \Vo run ner straps fasten the sheet to the ends of the stretcher (Fig. 2).

The patient is now perfectly secure, and the loaded stretcher can be carried in any position whatever.

If more room is required to allow of a Thomas's splint, with or without other splints,

Since the stretcher can be moved into any position, it is possible to take a man up or down a winding staircase.

To get past a narrow corner, the stretcher is up-ended and swi veIled round on the ends of the poles.

To go down a narrow corridor, the stretcher is turned on to its side, as shown in Fig. 1. A fourteen stone man of broad propor-

The sheet provides protection ill wet weather and helps to keep the patient warm, thus preventing shock.

\Vhere a casual ty has to be carried across country, as in a hunting accident, or down a steep mountain the use of the sheet allows the party to proceed a greater rate than otherwise, and the patient cannot fall of[.

A six-foot 13 stone man has been carried vertically up a narrow ladder.

Am. TRA)..ISPORT.

The practice of conveying medical or surgical cases by air is becoming more general. Very

It is at present being tried out by our own Military Authorities. Ail the advantages claimed for its use in civil work, appl y to s t retch e r transport in the field, with perhaps additional benefits to the patien t.

The Universal Stretcher Sheet is n o w b e ing made, and may be obtained by writing to the man u facturers, l\Iessrs. Trojan Ltd., of Croydon, Surrey, who will be pleased to f orward further particulars to any reader of this Journal.

Being easily adaptable to any this this sheet should be added to the equipment o f all ambulance stations, more especially as th e sheet is a means of reducin a shock which, as first aiders b are well aware, is a most serious In any accident. Further, its uses 011 occaSlOns where space is strictly limited is a great advantage and one which readers will quickly realise.

SU ;\[T\IARY.

1. A simple method has been devised of adapting the ordinary stretcher to a patient in safety and comfort to any POSition req u ired.

2. The application of sheet is qllick, and easy to learn.

3. The extra protection provided is beneficial in preventing shock.

4. The fitted stretcher can be used for transport of casualties by land, sea or air.

FIG. 1. - Lateral position of loaded stretcher for passing through narrow gangway.

FIG. 2

The St. fohn Ambula1!lce Brigade Reports.

No.

I (Prince of Wales's) District.

Captain F. E. Bendix) M.R.CS., L.R.CP., has been appointed Assistant Commissioner of the Southern Area o f No. 1 District.

Captain Bendix became the Surgeon of the East Ham Nursing Division in 1925; in February, 1930, he was appointed County Surgeon to the Eastern Area, and, in August, 1932, was promoted to District Surgeon.

Throughout his associations with First-Aid, Captain Bendix has given over 300 lectures and is well-known to the L. & N.E. Railway (G. E. Section) Ambulance Centre, as for some years now he has adjudicated in the preliminary and final competitions of that Section.

In 1933 Captain Bendix was awarded the insignia of Serving Brother of the Order of St. John; a well merited award.

No. 22 (HOSPITAL SATURDAY FUND) DIVISION.-The result of the "Florence" Trophy has now been announced.

The winner is Pte. R. R. Stead, who will hold the trophy for a year, Pte. W. H. PeteU being placed second.

No. III. Disttict.

BIRMINGIIAM.-An innovation was introduced into the activities of the Birmingham N .CO.' s Club on August 25th and 26th. This took the form of a week-end camp on the outskirts of the City and was \:l-ttended by 26 members under the command of Sergt.-Major Drew.

A convivial evening was spent on the Saturday but Sunday morning, at 6.45 a.m., found all ready for a route march with an hour's drill on the parade ground before breakfast.

After an appetising meal the members did practice work during which a visit to the camp was made by the Birmingham County Staff.

During the afternoon a surprise visit was made by the County Commissioner) Capt. Henton White, M.D.; who expressed his satisfaction with the arrangements.

The duties of camp Quarter Master were carried out by Sergt. Lowe. The event having proved such a success it has been decided to hold more such camps next year.

The Club wishes to thank Capt. Anderson (President of the Birmingham Boys' Brigade) for the use of the camping ground.

On September 8th a tour of inspection was made by members of the Club to the "Princes" Power Station, Birmingham. Thirty members were present and an inleresting and instructive afternoon was spent.

No. IV. District

Two members of the Accrington Corps, Corps Officer r. Grecnwood and Lady Ambulance Officer Mrs. E. Slattery-have been honoured by their admission to the Order of St. John in the grade of Servin o Brother and. Serving Sister .respectively, in recognitio; of their serVlees to the AccrJl1gton Centre and Accrington Corps.

BURNLEY.-1About 800 members of the No. 1 Area, 500 men and 300 nurses, were present at a review by Colonel Trimble and the dedication of the new Ambulance of the Padiham Ambulance and Nursing Divisions, held on A ugLfst 25th.

From the Burnley Barracks Railway Station the men marched to the grounds of Gawthorpe Hall) kindly loaned by Lord Shuttleworth) whilst the nurses proceeded from Habergham School.

The march past was taken by Colonel Trimble, Inspecting Officer for the No.4 District) who was accompanied by Assistant Commissioner, Dr. F. E. de B. Pim and the Mayor of Nelson (Alderman Helliwell).

Prior to the march past the members were inspected hy Colonel Trimble. The Accrington Pipe Band, Colne Bugle Band, and the Bank Hall Colliery Band, by permission of Colonel Bolton, took part in the parade and march past.

Colonel Trimble presented two long-service bars, one to Supt. Nuttall, for thirty years' service, and the other to Sergeant Trickett, for twenty years' service. Both men are of Crawshawbooth.

During the afternoon the new ambulance van of the Padiham Ambulance and Nursing Divisions was dedicated by the Vicar of Padiham) the Rev. F. Wilkins, M.A. The ambulance van was handed over on behalf of the public by Mrs. Worswick, and was received on behalf of the Brigade by Major Dr. Mackenzie.

After the review and dedication ceremony the members took part in demonstrations on the field of almost every branch of ambulance work, including the erection of different types of tents) bandaging, first-aid and stretcher work.

iAmong the many well-known persons present were Nlf. Linton Thorp, Member of Parliament for the Nelson and Colne Division, Lady Alice Reyntiens, J.P., of Dyneley Lodge, Mr. J. H. S. Aitken, of Nelson) Mr .W Hyde, J.P., of Colne, Mr. W. Landless, J.P.) of Burnley, and Mr. F. Crossley, J.P.

PREESALL.-The lovely Parrox Hall enclosure at Preesall was the parade ground for the Annual inspection of the local Divisions of the Brigade.

Fleetwood, Preesall, and Thornton-Cleveleys Divisions attended and displays of the various tasks which fall to the lot of the man given following the march past and 1l1SpectlOn by DIstrict Officer W. H. Gastall, D.CM., B .Sc. Music was played by the band of St. Edward's Orphanage, Liverpool.

PRESTON.-The annual competition for the "Galloway" Cup was held at the Headquarters, Chapel Walks, on Saturday, September 1st. Teams from the followin o Divisions of the Preston Corps Headquarter:' Frenchwood, Leyland and Longndge. The Cup was presented by W. W. Galloway, Esq., to raise the efficiency of the members of the various Divisions.

There was also a competition for the "Smith" and " Johnstone" Cups for Boy Cadets.

The adj udicato'f was Dr. W. H. Pimblett, who made the following awards:

September, 1934. FIRST

" Galloway" Cup: - 1, Headquarters 167 marks' 2 Frenchwood, 165 ; 3) Leyland, 162; 4, Langridge, 146. , Boy Cadet Competitio n :-1st and" Smith JJ Cup, J. Singleton (Frenchwood), 71 marks; 2nd and" Johnst one" Cup, F. Salthouse (Langridge), 64.

PADIHAM.-The second competition of the Padiham and District Corps, for the" Sir William Brass" Ambulance Shield was held at Read Hall, by permission of Mr. Fred Thornber.

Majo.r .J.. A Mackenzie, M.A., M.B., 1l1spectl11g the vanous DIVlslOns. Re·ad and Simonstone Divisions were winners of the Shield and Padiham Division were second. '

An individual competition for members of the Tursin?," Di,:jsions held on the sa1:ne day for the" 1Iary Agnew Nurs1J1g Trophy, and MISS Roberts of Sahden was the winner, with Miss W ells and Mis' Stan worth (Sahden) second ancl third respectively.

AID S9

Following the service the march past took place, Corps Surgeon Dr. Boyd taking the salute

.Dr. Boyd the.n conducted an inspection, being accomby Counclllor B. Park, senr. (chairman Standish Dlstnct Council), Corps Supt. H. Potter, officer in command of the parade, and Rev. G A. Maland. Adclressinothe parade at the conclusion of the inspection, Dr. Boyd congratulated them on their smart turn out.

NORDEN.-Recen.tly the Norden Division held a very first-ald cltsplay and village fair on the Nonlen Cncket e.nclosure) kindly lent for the occasion.

Speclal features in the first-aid display were as follows :-rescue from a burning building; accident supposed tc? have been caused by an aeroplane falling; and a smart dIsplay of stretcher work.

The proceed of the effort amounted to about £ 13.

WICAN.-Corps Officer 'vV. Tickle, Bolton, Secretary

STANDlsII.-The Standish Division, together with ne?g'hbouring Divisions from Wigan, Ince, Orrell and Hll1dley, held their annual service and parade on Sunday, September 2nd.

Members paraded in Green Lane and marched to the Counci l Offices where Cot.mcillors Dr. J. Boyd (Corps Surgeon) and Rev. G. A. Maland joined the parade. A halt .wCl:s made at the local War Memorial) where a short serVlce was held, Dr. J. Boyd placing a wreath, which took the form of the Ambulance Cross, at the foot of the Cenotaph

The whole parade, headed by the Standish Band) then proceeded to the Wigan Old Boys' Rugby Union football ground, for a drum-head service, the Divisions being formed into a square facing the pavilion) which was crowded with spectators.

The dedication of the Colour) recently presented to the Standish Divisi on, followed the singing of the opening hymn, and in dedicating it to the use of the Division, Rev. G. A. Maland hoped it would always fly triumphantly over them, and be an inspiration to greater service. Corps Surgeon Dr. Boyd then hoisted the flag, after which the ,. General Salute" was given.

of the Wigan Corps, has received a very fine letter of appreciation and thanks fr0111 the Rector of 'vVigan (Canon C. C. Thicknesse) for the services rendered by the members of the Wigan Corps on the occasion of the Wigan Church Schools' Association Annual Carniyal.

No. V. District.

On Sunday, August 12th, members of the Peak Dale, Glossop, Buxton ancl Hope Valley Divisions 'were inspected by Assistal1t Commissioner H. C Else, in the War Memorial Park, Chapel-en-Ie-Frith.

In the park the men "fell-in JI under the command of District Staff Officer J. H. Goodwin, of Chesterfield, who l ed the march past, Assistant Commissioner H. C Else, Chief of Staff for the County of Derby, taking the salute. He was accompanied by Assistant Commissioner H C Chambers.

Following the inspection each Division was called upon to give displays of first aid work) stretcher drill, hand seats, and company drill.

As istant Commissioner Else expressed satisfaction

Standish Division being inspected by Dr. J. Boyd, Corps Surgeon. and Councillor B. Park, after the open air Festival Service held on Sunday, September 2nd.

FIRST

with all he had seen. Although young Divisions their first-aid work was very satisfactorily done.

In presenting the Individual Efficiency Cup for the four Divisions to Private P. Needham., of the Peak Dale Division who lives at Chapel-en-le-Frith, :A.ssistant ComElse suO'o'e sted that he mi g h t be th e very person to start a Divi ion, and by. doing that he would be gaining greater honour than wlnn1l1g the cup which he was that day receiving.

ThankinO' Assistant Commissioner Else for hIS attendance Commissioner Chambers said the parade that day was the first to be held i.n. orth Derbyshire. It was the first time that the four Dl\TlSlOns had met. They were doinO' work in the isolated parts of Derbyshire that was j ust important as the work being done by the larger units in the more populated areas.

ARMLEy.-As in previous years the Annley and Wortley Division erected an ambulance station at the Armley Feast.

Thirty-six members were on duty, work111g 111 relays, from August 30th to September 4th. !he were carried out-for the 14th succeSSIve year-by DIV. Supt. E. D. Glover, assisted by Amb. Officers W. E. Pemment and P. J. Moreton with Staff Sergt. R. M. Wilkinson, Sergt. V. C. Goodison being in charge of the stores.

During the busiest days 16 nurses from various Divisions of the Leeds Corps were on duty.

The Ambulance station was inspected by Divisional Surgeon J. E. Rusby, who expressed satisfaction and approval of the excellent arrangements made.

PONTEFRAcT.-Assistant Commissioner O. F. Buxton was the inspecting of:fiJcer at the annual inspection of the Pontefract Corps held recently at Carleton Park.

Supt. T. C. Amery was Officer Commanding the parade, which numbered 367 officers, men, nurses, and cadets, with Corps Officer C. Hornby as second in command, Corps Officer W. Banham as adjutant) and Corps Officer W. Wigglesworth as Quarter-Master. Corps Surgeon T. C. IA. Sweetman) M.D., was officer commanding the medical staff.

The Inspecting Officer was accompanied by County Surgeon Dr. K. Beverley (Worsboro) and Lady District Officer Miss Ashberry.

At the conclusion of the inspection Capt. Buxton presented second bars to their lon g service medals to Corps Supt. Amery and Amb. Officer Gawthorpe (Pontefract), and a first bar to CpI. G. Kirkham, Pontcfract). Efficiency badges were also presented to Cadets T. Galloway, C. Waites, E. Brightmore, R. Cooke, S. Rollinson, J. Murray, and J. Hutchinson) all of the Featherstone Division: The r ecipients have passed tests in home nursing, hygiene, fire-fighting, and swimming. Amb. Officer G. Read (Hemsworth) was added to the Corps Staff for road patrol work; and the Pontefract Division Girl Cadets, commanded by Lady Supt. Miss Mary Cawthorn received a handsome silver trophy for being the most efficient C.adet Division of the year. The trophy is a new one, g Iven by the Pontefract Industrial Co-operative Society, Ltd.

Assistant Commissioner Buxton congratulated Pontetract on hav'111g a complete corps. It was gratifying to find the doctors so willing to co-operate, and also to find that the Cadet .Divisions were so strong in numbers. He extended hiS thanks to Dr. Beverley and Miss Ashberry for the help which they h ad given to him.

Dr. Beverley declared that he had found the Pontefract Corps to be advancing year by year, not only in

A I D. ?eptem ber, 1934.

numbers but in its efficiency in first-aid work and in knowledge.

Corps Supt. Amery briefly responded, and extended thc thanks of the Corps to the inspecting officers for their thoroughness, and helpful suggestions.

No. VI. District.

HETToN-LE-HoLE.-The Hetton -Ie -Hole Ambulance and Nursing Divisions held their a nnual garden party on Saturday, August 18th, in the grounds of Hetton House, ow n ed by Dr. A. S. Watson, who presided,

During t h e past year t he Division's standing has been e nhanc ed by the competitive work of the Epp leton D., and the He tton Collieries Ambulance teams) who are a ll members of the brigade.

The principal contest of the day, for the" Sir Lindsay Wood" Challenge Cup, attracted four teams, including the two teams that have proved so successful during the past season. The r esu lt was as follows :-" B " team, well-known as Eppleton D.) gained 146 points out of 150; D team were second with 133; C team third with 122 and A team fourth with 105. Dr. Kelly, of Philadelphia, set and judged the test.

Tn a competition for first year students) judged by Mr. T. W. Thompson, T. MacDermott was placed fi rst, followed by R. Dinning and R. Wortley.

Mr. T. Mills, of Easington, judged the Boy Cadet competition, the awards being, 1st, M. Day; 2nd, J. Carter; 3rd, A. Laverick.

There were also competitions for Junior and Senior Girl Cadets with the following results: Juniors , judged by Lady Div. Supt. Mrs. Waddell; 1st) 1. Hickman; 2nd, L. Dixon; 3rd, F . Gray. Seniors, judged hy Dr. M. A. Watson; 1st, Julia Carr.

Nursing awards were presented hy Mrs. M. A. Watson, whilst Mr. J. F. Bell, of Eppleton Hall, presented the ambulance awards.

BISHOP AucKLAND - Two members of the Socia l Serv ice Division (Ptes . W. B. Potts and F. Flynn) were recently able to render prompt and efficient first aid to the victims of a serious road accident. They .vere on duty at a local Carnival, and, whIlst assisting the doctor who had been called in to a serious case arising there, were summo ned to the road accident which had occurred near by, in volving two yount; women, one of whom had sustained a fractured skull and fractured thigh, and the other a fractured thio-h and internal injuries. '" treatment, were conveyed to hospital.

ThiS DiViSion IS one of the most recent additions to the strength of the Area, and the work of these two "first yea r" members augurs well for the effic ient work of the Division.

We are on the threshold of a new Competition seasonAmbulance and Nursing. Entries are due to be in the hands of the Competition Secretary, 2, Osborne-terrace, Newcastleon-Tyne 2, not later than October 6th.

No. VIII. (Duke of Connaught's) District.

ADDIscoMBE.- There is li ttle doub t that the toll of the road is becoming an eve r increasing menace to the publtc, even the most car·eful of motorists tendino' to become involved in calamity occasioned by or thoughtlessness (or both) on the part of other road users and pedestrians. Serio1!S as are the figures of injured and ktlled, few people realtse that) but for the services of voluntary concerns, these figures wou ld be far hI g her,. and there is no doubt that the public owe a debt of gratitude to the thousands of vo lun tary members 0.£ the St. JOhl1 Ambulance Brigade who, trained in rendering

September, 1934. FIR S T

skilled first aid treatment to the injured , are equally adept in not on ly preventing minor injuries from becoming complicated, bUl in the more important service of prcventingaccide nts whcrever and whenever possible.

Many Divisions are possessors of Motor Ambulallces and the continuous us e of these for tlle removal of pati ents assists towards relieving local authoritics of a considerable amount of .work in this thercby releasin g theIr own vehic les for aCCIdent and emergency call s. Moreover, thc St. John authorities know no boundarie s, so that patients can be transported to any distance.

One of the ear li est Divisions to und e rtake this work was the IAddiscombe Division (Surrey), vvhich holds a very interesting record of cases dealt with during many years past, and which has without doubt proved a very va luable asset to the Borough. A is usual with the typ e of men who elevote themselves to ambulancc work th ere is no desire on the part of the members for personal rcognition, but the realisation that their ser 'vices are recognised is naturally a source of satisfaction.

The Officers of the Division ha\'c learned of the intention of a well-known Croydonian , 11r. John Park er , of Northampton Road, to present it ncw Ambulanc e to

A I D. 61

on its excellent record for the past year, during which it h as been augmented by twelve recruits. The Division had entered for t he County Championships and had done much good work in the district.

EASTBOURNE.-On Sunday, August 26th the Mayor of Eastbourne 0A ld e rman R. G. Thomton) J.P.), in the presence of a large gathering formally opened a first-aid hu.t presented to the Eastbourne Divisions by Mrs. and MISS E. J. Sydney Smith.

Members of the Divisions paraded outside the hu t und er Supt. A. J. Burnage. Dr. Sydney Williams and Dr. Daphne Dear were also on parade.

The Vicar o.f the Rev. Francis Hughes, dedicated the bUlld111g, which was then pr ese nted to 1\1r. John Slater, M.P.) as president of the Division.

Mr. ex pressed warm thanks for the generous glft, mentlOn111g that the donors had also contributed handsomely towards the cost of the Division's new ambulance.

The Mayor said the opening of the hut on that day was 111deed a happy choice, for it was Hospital Sunday, which was why the Corporation had accompanied him to his parish church of St. John for morning service. The

the Trustees of the Addiscombe ::'I1otor Ambulance Service, for he feels that the work undertaken by the men is onc that merits practical assistance. 111'. John Parker' s munificence is timely, and moreover can rightly be regarded, not only as a gi ft to the Division but also as tho ughtfulness for his fellow townsmen, ,;vho are fortunate in havin g in their midst a gentleman whose generosity is directed towards so worthy a cause.

Philanthropists in other towns would do well to follow Mr. John Parker's l ead in encouraging: the work of the BriO'ade, and by so doing, assist in benefiting the" Juan in the street."

CATERlIAM - The annual inspection and parade of the Cate rham Division was held on Monday evening, August 20t h. The Division rrat h ered on Timber Hill Recreation g round anel were there inspected by Dr. A. E. Porter.

Others present included the President of the. Division, Mr. J. c. Gardner; the Surgeon, Dr. V. C. Lc\Vls; Secretary, Tran port Officer A. M. Worfolk) and Mr. A. G. Ryder.

Alto get her t here were prcsent four .CO.'s and twenty-four privates

In his speech Dr. Porter congratulated the Division

work of the Brigade, h e continu ed, was well known and appreciated.

Supt. Burrage thanked tho e concerned at the opening cercmony.

RAMSGATE.-On Wednesday, September 5th, Sergt.Major W. H. Underdown was the recipient of a case of pipes and an addrcss from the members of the Ramsgate Town Division on the occa ion of his retirement.

He was one of the original members of the first Division formed in Ramsgate by Dr. Cotton in 1891. He served through the South African vVar and in the Great War, 191-+-1 918

This summer Sergt.-Major Underdown has been looking after the First Aid Hut on Ramsgate Sands, keeping sto r es r ep lenished and accounts in order.

Since the hut was dedicated on July 1st, over 1,300 cases-cuts, sunburn, tings. bites, abrasions, etc., have bcen dealt with.

The addrc to Sergt.-Major Underwood was as follows :-

"The Officers, men and nurses of the Ramsgate Town Division St. John Ambulance Brigade, ask your acceptance of the accompanying token of their affection ancl regard) and in appreciation of the help

Dedication of the new ambulance of the "\Tare Division, S.].A.B.

FIRST

you have so generously given during your 43 years' of splendid service in the Brigade.

" They all very much regret that advancing- years have led to your resignation, and all sincerely hope that you may be spared many happy years of good health to enjoy your well-earned retirement."

No. X. District.

WARE.-On August 26th, a new ambulance was dedicated and present ed to the Ware Division.

Dr. W. G. Stewart opened the proceedings by relating the facts as to the purchase of the new vehicle.

The ambulance was bought primarily, he said, as a memorial to the late Superintendent of the Division, Mr. Charles J. Dcwhury. It was almost his last wish that the Brigadc should hayc a new ambulance.

Funds, Dr. Stewart continued, were practically noneXIstent. Howcyel:, by means of a grant from the Headquarters, and ccrta111 other grants, and as the result of an appeal issued to the people of Ware, £674 had been raised. It was, thcrefore, dccided to buy the best possible ambulance. In describing the vehicle, Dr. Stewart said it had an Austin chassi with a body manufactured by Messrs. Lomas, of

The dedication was performed by t he Rev. Lloyd Phillips, Vicar of St. 1\Iary's.

The Chairman, Dr. Stewart, declared the ambulance ayallahlc for use and it was formally accepted by 1\1r. H. Langley J OllCS, thc County Commissioner.

i\lr. Langley Jones, speaking o.n behalf of the Brigad e, saId the Ambulance woul.d be of lIttle usc without trained

,,:hlch the Bngade provided. One of the most l111portant thIngs taught was the correct handling of the Injured person. He thanke.d Dr. Stewart and Superintendent T. C. Forbes for the time and care spent on the purchase of the ambulance, and for the help give n by Mr. L0111as.

Detailed Marking Sheet, No. 44-.

INDI\ 'IDU AL TESTS.

BEARER. No 1. - You have been cutting a slice of bread and the knife slIpped causing a seyere cut with arterial on the fleshy part of the left thumb. Act as you would In such a case.

pressure with right hand

Get assistance of resronsible person

Ask f(1r material for bandao-es

Tell helper ho"v to make pad

" to fold a bandage

" ." "to firmly

Explain what you would do 1'e doctor

re stimulants when hremorrhage

Total... 16

No. man has slipped on a piece of hanana sInn and complains of pain in the right knee. Give the necessary and afterwards tell me how YOLl would arrange hiS removal to a house 100 yards away.

Warn patient not to move

Examine patella carefully

Ascertain swelling irregularity

." possible gap

Raise head and shoulders

Splint at back of leO'

From buttock to

Support foot ofr ground

Secure ends of splints

Bandage round patella (figure 8)

Cold water dressings over patella

Remove on stretcher

Improvise with coats and poles if necessary

Two strong bearers ... ..

Obtain medical help

Total 16

BEARER No. 3.-State the rules for treatment of venous

Place in suitable position

Elevate the part unless fractured

Expose the wound

Direct digital pressure

Remove constrictions on heart side

Firm bandage near wound on distal side

Remove foreign bodies

Wash wound if obviously dirty

Sterilic;ed water

Apply iodine on and around wound

Cover with absorbent dressing

Pad of wool over dressing

Bandage firmly unless fracture or forein-n body

Support to injured part ,..., Treat for shock

Total '" 16

BEARER o. 4.-This man fell heavily outside the door of hiS own house 0\V1l1g to the pa\'e l11ent beino- slippery lIe complains of pain in tbe left elbow; and on find swelling, consequent on which it is dIihcult to dl8gnose the injury. Treat the case.

vVarn patient against movement

Handle patient very carefully

f\lalce right-angled splint

Armpit to elbow; elbow to finger tips

Apply to side showing less injury

Bandages round arm, forearm and hand

Support limb in small arm slinO'

Take indoors properly helped

Remove splints and bandages

Place on couch or bed

Place limb on pillow comforta'bi y

Apply cold water dressings

Treat for shock-give details

Get medical assistance

Use encouragi.ng words

Total 16 No 5.-What are the special treatments for the follow1l1g pOIsons :-(a) Lysol, (b) Corrosive Sub!' t (c) rodine, (d) .Opium, (e) Alcohol, (f) Strychnine, (0-) nlde of Potasslum. , Lysol Epsom or Glauber salts

Tablespoon to tumbler

Corros. Sub!. White of egg with milk or water

Iodine Opium Alcohol

Strychnine

Cyn. Potass.

Unlimited quantities and water freely '"

Or tll111 cornflower or arrowroot

10 grains permanganate of

Or 2 tablespoons of Condy'S in water

Give hot strong coffce '" '"

Promote warmth of body.

Hot strong coffee

Emetic

Artificial respiration if Artificial respiration '"

Brandy or sal volatile diluted

Cold water to head and spine

Total 10

Przory for f///ales .

NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN NORTH AND WEST WALES.

Gradually, but surely, ambulance work is extending its foothold over the agricultural counties of North and West vVales ; and while instances proving the value of a knol,Yledge of first aid are less numerous than in the industrial and thickly populated areas, it is easy to visualise the more serious consequences likely to arise from accidents occurring in isolated parts where access to doctor or nurse is by no means certain.

Accordingly, it is found that once a First Aid or Home Nursing Class is formed in the county districts, it rarely lapses; and the continued progress in Pembrokeshire illustrates the possibilities in this direction. The recent annual meeting of the Pembrokeshire Centre Committee, held at Ffynone, Boncath, at the invitation of the Commissioner, Mr. Daniel Daniel, J. P., provided an opportunity for recordingthe extension of the work in that The chair was taken by the President, Sir Henry E. E. Philipps, Bart. ; and the Hon. John H. Bruce, Principal Secretary and Commissioner for Wales, addressed the Committee .

In his report, Mr. Daniel reported the annual increase in the number of successful examinees in classes held in the Centre. The total for 1933 being 313, 297 in 1932, and 208 in 1931-an increase of over one hundred in three years. He stressed the absence of classcs for women, and em phasised the importance of women receiving training in First Aid and Home Nursing.

Thecompetitionfor the PembrokeshireCentreAmbulance Shield took place on the same afternoon in the grounds of Ffynone, Mr. Charles Lawrence, Supt. of the recently revived Haverfordwest Division, acting as Competition Secretary. Neyland G. W. R. team proved the winners for the sixth time, followed closely by Fishguard and Good wick team. The presentation by Mr. Daniels of a cup for Cadet competition provided a welcome innovation; and several teams of boys belonging to the Fishguard and Good wick Cadet Units competed for the privilege of becoming the first holders of the trophy. The honour was secured by the" A " team, captained by E. Collins and including A. John, A. Langham, J. Ford and B. Pointer, and it is interesting to note the last named is following in the footsteps of his father, Cadet Supt. G. H. E. Pointer, who may take credit for raising a strong and very promising Cadet Unit, some the members of which have succeeded in obtaining Cadet efficiency badges for as many as six subjects laid down in the Cadet Curriculum.

The question of motor ambulance transport was raised at the Centre Meeting, as a result of which arrangements are now in hand for the setting up of a Home Service Ambulance Station at Ha verfordwest. The W elsh H. S. A. Committee, which is accommodated at Priory House, has been able to lend a car while the necess a ry preliminaries are settled.

In Merionethshire the first Centre Competition for the " Lord Harlech" Shield and " frs. Inge)J Cup, were held on September 1st, for teams of men holding St. John First Aid certificates, and Boy Cadets respectively, at The Plas, Tan-y-Bwlch, the residence of Mrs. lng-e, Lady President of the Centre, who very kindly entertained all the competitors and a number of interested persons to tea. Subsequently, the Commissioner for Wales inspected the Blaenau Festini(1g and Penrhyndeudraeth Divisions.

A similar move is being initiated in Flintsllire, where the first County Competition will take place on October 7th, in conjunction with the inspection of the Flint Division.

AMBUL,\NCE SERVICES AT SEASIDE RESORTS.

High tribute was paid to the services of the Barry Divisions by the Right Han. the Earl of Plymouth, P. c., at the annual inspection of the Barry and District Corps at Barry Island on 19th. It was the first inspection L ord had had opportunity of witnessing since hIS appomtment as Sub-Pnor ; and his Lordship expressed h is desire to take every opportu nity of meeting the Brigade U nits in the various Centres

The parade was in command of Assistant Commissioner F. R. Hortop, and marched to the athletic ground headed by the Barry Town Silver Band, the salute being taken by the Commissioner for Wales, who, in addressing the units after the inspection referred to the wonderful services rendered year by year at the first aid station erected on the Island. In the summer of 1933, 2,421 cases were treated, while 1,270 children lost on the sands were carG'd for by nursing members at the creche, until restored to their parents. Already this season, 2,186 cases have been dealt with; and the station is staffed daily from 9 a. m. until after sunset by voluntary workers. The claims upon the times and energies of the Barry personnel have been in creased by the opening of a further hu t at Sully, ,,,,here good work i's being done. The appreciation of the Barry Urban District Council was recently convc) ed in the following resolution:

"That the Council place on record their deep appreciation of the excellent \York carried out by the Brigade and tender their thanks to its Officers and members for tlleir valuable sen-ices."

The presence of 1r. F. Cook, J.P ., Chairman of the Barry U.D.C., and Ir. T. D. Ho\\'ell s, the Clerk, was a further indication of gratitude, and the Commissioner for the City of Cardiff Centre, C;:hief Constable J. .-\. \Vilson, O.B.E., expressed his thanks- to the repre sentative members who were present.

At Ogmore-by-Sea, the erection and equipment of a First Aid Hut by the Penybont R. D. C. at the instigation of the Priory for vVales, has fulfilled a long-felt need, as the somewhat dangerous coast at this increasingly popular reo sort has been the scene of many bathing tragedies. The official opening of the Hut was performed by lr. Hubert Taylor, the member for the area of the Penybont Council, on August 19th. Other speakers included Lady Lewis, O.B.E., Mr. Ted Williams, J.P., !\Ir. Dapho Powell and Mr. T. E. Morel.

The Hon John H. Bruce explained that the staffing of the hut and another in course of erection at outherndown W.1S being undertaken jointly by the local units of the British Red Cross Society and Divisions of the St. John Ambulance Brigade, and offered a welcome opportunity for co -operation between the bodies, a view expressed also by Sir James German on behalf of the Society.

Ai\IBlJLANCE BAND ACCO:VIPANIES PARADE.

Twelve Divisiuns of adults and boy and girl cadets, comprising the l\1 id-Rhondda Corps, were inspected by the Hon. John H. Bruce at Tonypancly.

The outstanding feature of the parade, \\'hic h marched through the town, was the Sil\'er Band in attendance for the t1rst time and the conductor, l\lr. C. vVoosnam, was warmly congratuiated by the inspecting officer on performance while the Commissioner, Capta1l1 r. E. Richards, J. P., M. E., was commended on the enterprise of the Rhonc1da Centre in having raised the band, .every member of which had qualified for enrolment in the Bngade.

FIRST

The Commiss ioner for Wales, who was accompanied by the Hon Mrs. J. H. Bruce, presented Warrants of Appo intment and Service Medals to several officers, an d referred to the active interest which Colliery Companies were taking in ambulance work.

ROAD PATROL AT CAERPHILLY

During the August holid ay week the Penyrheol Division had a mobile dressing station and road patro l on duty. On all main roads where traffi c was heavy patrols of ambulance men were on duty and communication was maintained with the dressillg station in such a manner that in an emergency twelve men could be summoned immediately to deal with any serious accident.

Ambulance Officer T. Thomas was in charge of patrols under the supervision of Acting Supt. W E. Hyatt, who was also responsible for the dressin g station.

umerous accidents of a minor nature were dealt with and only one of a serious nature. Dr. Watson, of

A I O. September, 19.34.

573 to 594 (inclusive of 14-+ junior c lasses) a nd 304 reexaminations, as compared with 271 in 1932.

Sixteen grants of free textbooks, eq uipm ent a nd occasional examination expenses were voted by the Amb ulan ce Committee tor the promotion of first ai d and home nursin g among the unemployed. Employees of road passenger transport undertakings are taking up the work in large r numbers, and to encourage interest, regional com petit i o n s, cu l minating in a Welsh National Transport Amb ul ance Competition, are proposed to be organised as an ann u a l event.

There is also an increase in the Brigade personnel, there now being 11,425 all ranks, including Cadets. This is an increase of 1,246 over 1932. Th e big rise in the case of the men is largely due to a new accession of strength in the form of Colliery Units.

The Military Hospit a ls Reserves has increasec;l by 23, whilst there is still a waiting list for enrolment in the R.N.A.S.B. R eserve

Treatmen t of cases of sickness and accident numbered

Ratlway Ambulance News.

London, Midland and Scottish.

The Chairman and Director s o£ the London Midland and Scottish Railway have presented a new Shield to the L.M.S. Ambulance Centre, to be awarded the winning team at the final competition between teams o£ England and Wales.

The accompanying photograph fully illustrates the new trophy which is of oxydised solid silver, mounted on a dull Jacobean oak base and bears the arms of the Company and of the St. John Ambulance Association, beautifully enamelled in their respecti ve colours.

We anticipate an even more enthusiastic and keenly fought final next year for the honour of being the initial holders of ,this magnificent trophy.

DERBY.-The presentation of awards to members of the St. Mary's Goods class took place recently, when 1Ir. Fred Brooks, Goods Agent, presided, and presented

Derby, at a mess room at the Loco Works on August 22nd.

It was announced that 125 men passed the examination held in April. They comprised 20 first-year men, eight second-year) 12 third-year, and 85 label candidates.

Dr. VI. A. St. John was the lecturer, and Dr. J. W. King, the examiner of first-year men, and Drs. St. John and Leetham, the re-examiners.

Messrs. Bayliss and Waters were the instructors.

Gold bars were presented to three members who aggregate 70 years' service with the corps. They are Mr. Fred Grice, Supt. Derby Diyision S.J.A.B., who has 30 years' service, and 1Iessrs. W. E. Jay (hon. secretary), and W. Deacon , each of whom has 20 years' service.

A gold medal was presented to Mr. T. Williams for 15 years' examinations.

Captain G. S. Bellamy, the Works Supt., made the presentations. He was accompanied by NIr. F. G. Chambers, his assistant, and Messrs. L. G. B1rd and A. J. Daykin , foreman of the erccting and boiler shops respectiycly.

Captain Bellamy said that the strength of the Corps was now 165, and he warmly congratulated those ',,:ho had succeeded in passing examinations. The award hst was the highest since 1929, and 100 pcr cent. had passed.

Tribute was paid to the lllstructors by Captalll Bellamy, who, v"ith :i\1r. Chambers and others, were thanked by Mr. Jay ancl 11r. Grice.

LONDO I .-The efforts \\'hich 11r. A. L. Castleman has recently made to increase interest in Ambulance work at the stations in the London Goods Dlstnct have been remarkably successful.

[Wes fem Mail and Soutlz Wales Echo.-

The Right Lady Penrhyn presenting the "Lady Lynn Thomas" Cup to the Team at the Royal Welsh Agricultural Show, Llandudno.

The group mcludes the.Right Hon Lord Mostyn, ?tanding in rear, and the Hon. John H. Bruce, who acted m the capaCIty of Hon. DIrector of Ambulance, accompanied the Hon. Mrs. Bruce.

Abertridwr, made a surprise inspection and complimented the .officers and on their smart appearance and effiCIency, and on theIr voluntary service in the interests of the public.

CONTINUED PROGRESS OF THE PRIOR Y FOR WALES.

The sJxteenth annua l report of the Priory for Wales has r: ow been Issued, an? once aga i n a higher number of AssociatlOn awards were Issued l ast year than in a ny previous twelve monlh.s, thus a sequence of in creases from the first year of the Pnory's establishment is mainlained

During the year under review, 16,389 certificates and awards gained in a ll subjects, which included first aid home nurSlllg, marine, mining, sanitation, etc. Of total 3,439 awards were Rained by members of the Great Western and the London, Midland & Scott ish Railway s Centres. This was a drop of nearly 200. The number of examinat ions arranged during the twelve months rose from

whil st 333 attendances were made at hospitals and c11ll.lcs by members of the Nursing Divisions. R oad attended, total 679, there being 39 Roadside First AId Station s and Posts.

Inspections and competitions, were, as usual, held on numerous occasions, with in c r ease d activity and e nthu siasm.

_ The Motor.Ambulance Transport Service comp leted its flfteenth With 16 stations. During the year, Y,105yatlents were carned, t h e tota l mileage being 1 83,8 11 t -an II1crease of 1,035 cases and 17,365t miles on the fi<Yures for 1932. ::-, activities incorporated in the report deal with the MedIcal Comforts Dep ots, of which there are 34, Stores Department, a nd the Centre Reports.

When you write to any of our Advertisers kindlv mention FIRST AID It dosen t cost you anything and It pleases the Advertisers, and Us

By [LMS Magadne.

awards as follows, viz. :-1 Long Service Bar; Medallion; 11 Lab els.

The IC Berry" Cup was won by Thomas Dunn.

In congratulating the class upon its continued enthusiasm and success, the President remarked upon the unavoidable absence of Dr. St. John) and desired to put on record the Company's thanks to the Doclor, the w.arm appreciation of the members of the class for hI S services.

The Vice-Presidents were r epres entd by Mr. Hall and M r. Spinks, who ably expressed their.inter.est in the Ambt;lance movement o-enerally, and especIally 111 the St. Mary s class. The Cla;s Secretary, Martin G Berry, whose retirement from the Company's service is imminent was a lso thanked fo r his work.

The value of ambulance work, especially in a big works was st r essed at the annua l presentation of medals, bars, certificates to men of the CM.E. Department,

Additional classes have been held and greater cnthusiasm has resulted. At the Annual Competitions for Go c ds Department teams, there was a record the number of individual competitors being 84. A hIgh standard of efficiency was attained and the Doctors were kept f.ully occupied during the tcsts. Very congratulatIOns to C J. Kirkland of Camden who obtal11ed per cent. of the possible marks in the individual competltlOl1. Long experienced Ambulance wor.kers who present cannot remember such a result havlllg been obtallled before.

In the team contests the winners were Broad Street followed by Camden and Hayden Square.

11rs. Castleman very gracefully presented prIzes and afterwards was hal1ded a bouquet by the Whltecross Street Goods Agent, Mr. Eato.n. Mr. A. L. Castleman took the chair at the presentatlOn.

LOSToCK HALL.- The awards gained by the members of the cia S were presented by 1\Ir. W. Ya.tes. class has had a very successful season, whIch the Preston and District Co-operatIve Society s Challenge Cup for Ambulance teams was won. The presented were: Certificates 3, Vouchers 1, Medallions 1, L abels 16. .' I d

1'1L Yates spoke of First m. hoped that all members would ma111ta1l1 thea 1l1terest ill the same. S

A small silver cup was presented to the Gass ecretary for services rendered.

lIANCHESTER.-On August 10th the of the ambulance rawards took place at Hunt s Bank, H. G.

Humphreys, Esq., District Goods Manager, presiding, supported by the General Ambulance Secreta r y, Mr. G. S. Hill.

Mr. Humphreys, before presenting the awards, paid a warm tribute to the work that had been and was being done by the ambulance movement. He drew the members' attention to the fact that the Secretary had been informed by the examining- doctor that the dass was one of the best he had examined. Such reflected the greatest credit on Mr. Player, the Class Instructor. J list prior to the examinabion, continued Mr. Humphrey, the Audit Office had been transferred to London and this had resulted in a loss to the dass of some twelve members, including Mr. Walker, the Class Secretary.

Mr. G. S. Hill paid tribute to Doctor Lakin, the Class Lecturer, and expressed the wish that the class would get a team together. He hearbily endorsed Mr. Humphrey's remarks concerning the results of the examination, and the work done by Mr. Player and NIl'. Walker.

After the awards were presented Mr. Allen asked the Chairman, on behalf of the students, to present to Mr. Player a fountain pen set as a slight token of their esteem and admiration. Mr. Pl'ayer thanked all those present for the kindly thought and said that so far as he was concerned no stone would be Jeft unturncd to further the ambulance movement.

silver challenge cup, known as the "Arthur Cannon)) Commemoration Cup, awarded for competition amongst L.i\1.S. Railway ambulance workers, was handed over to the South end and District class recently.

The cup was named after Arthur Cannon, who is at present the oldest and longest serving member of the Southend class, as a mark of appreciation of his services to the ,ambuJoance causes in Southend, and especially to the local railway ambulance men.

Great Western.

ANNUAL REPORT, 1933-4.-lAs foreshadowed in our previous issue, the return in respect of successful first-aid examinees in the Great 'Western Railway Centre for the twelve months ending June 30th last discloses a small increase which, in v.iew of all the circumstances prevailing dUr1ng the year, IS regarded as very satisfactory. The following table gives the figures of first-aid awards gained under the Centre year by year during the past decade:-

A I O. Se ptembe r, · 1934.

Road as runners-up, whi le the Butt Bowl for the best Beginners' team on the line was awarded to Bourne End.

Doubtless the movement derived some stimu l us from the fact that the Great Western Railway for two years in succession have been successful in winning the InterRailway Challenge Shield, which was this year won by the South Lambeth team.

The" Harry Webb" Cup, the Welsh Inter-railway trophy, was won by the Cardiff Newtown team

In the matter of actual first aid rendered, a very large number of reports have been received, many of which bear medical testimony to the efficiency of the treatment afforded. The Company made its usual award of gold, si lver, and bronze medals and a number of special certificates in cases of an exceptionally meritorious character, as selected by the Company's Chief Medical Officer.

That the efficiency of trained ambulance men is well maintained is evidenced by the fact that during the past twelve months 178 gold mcdals for 15 years' effilciency, 127 gold bars for 20 years' efficiency, a record total of 385 awards. The total number of efficiency awards issued since their institution is 15 year gold medals, 1,580; 20 year gold bars, 795; 25 year gold medals, 280; 30 year gold bars, 62.

As a result of applications made through the medium of the Central Ambulance Committee nine members of the staff haye been awarded the Vellum Vote of Thallks of the Order of St. John and eleven others elected Serving Brothers of the Order, while one, whose service dates from the earliest clays of the Centre, has recently been promoted from the grade of Serving Brother to that of Officer.

The year has been an unfortunate one in that the Centre has lost by death some of its most valued supporters, Viscount Churchill, who was President of the Centre from 1923 until his death in January last, Mr. ]. c. Lane, Secretary 01 the Gloucester Division from 1916, C. H. Overbury, Secretary of the BirmingIBm Dlvlslon from 1928. Lord Churchill took the keeninterest. in m?vement, and attencled many functions 111 connectlOn WIth 1t, and his loss will be sincerely felt and the elevotion anel self-sacrifice of Messrs. Lane and O\ erbury for the cause they had so much at heart will long be an inspiration to others.

Sir Robert Horne, G.B.E., K.C., M.P., Chairman of has accepted the Presidency of the Centre 111 sllccesslO.n ,to the. late Lord Churchill) and presided at the wh.lch followed the Final competition at Padd.lJ1gton 111 Apnl last. Mr. W. E. J. Perks has been apPo1l1ted to succeed Mr. Lane in the Gloucester Division and it is pleasing. to reco.rcl that Mr. F. Overbury taken over the dutIes of h1s late brother as Secretary of the Birmingham Divison.

The continued success of the movement is in no small measure due to the members of the medical profession who act as competition lldges and examiners the yanous class committeemen, and dIvlslonal secretanes, who gIve such enthusiastic support to the work.

Septem b er , 193 4 . FIRS T

1924. The honour conferred upon him is in recognition of his valued services to the ambulance movement. ---.

London and North Eastern.

N ORTH - EASTERN A REA

The annual report of the North Eastern Area reveals that the strong interest which has) in the past, been sho\\'n in am hulance work on the part of the employees of the L. & N E Railway is being maintained.

During the year ended June, 1934, the number of ambulance classes formed 111 the North Eastern Area was 120, K ewcastle district leading the way with -1-1, followed by York 21, Darlington and 19 each , Leeds 11, and Hull 9 The membershIp of all the classes totalled 2,300.

The competitions held in the several dlstncts were well supported, and SO teams competed for the "Wharton" Shield, which was won by the Tyne Dock team

As the result of the local eXamll1atLOns, 388 certlficates for first year, 313 vouchers for second year, 356 medallions for third year, and 1,523 labels for year, or more, successes \v.ere awarded. Examll1atLon successes extending over perIods from 15 to 30 years wcre recognised by the award of fiye gold medals and 11 bars.

The Romance of Vaccination. *

By EDWARD E LONG, C B.E

RO MA CE l urks in many a strange place, yet it may seem odd to encounter it in connection wi th vaccination However, read the story of the dIScove r y of vaccination by that great man Jenner and see for yourself if it is not one well worthy of the t i t Ie.

I noculation, after great opposition, spread rapidly in England and undoubtedly it softened the virulence and diminished the dangers of smallpox, but unfortunately, by being contagious, it made each patient a source of infection and in this manner it became a remedy worse than the disease.

Evidence was given before a Parliamentary Committee in 1 that during the thirty years before inoculation, the death rate from smallpox averaged seventy-two per thousand; juring the thirty years after, it rose to eighty-nine, and at the end of the eighteenth century we find thai one child in fourteen died of small pox, while the average an n ual death rate for Europe \vas 214,000.

It was evident that a really efficacious method of lessening the ravages of smallpox had not been discovereu. Then came Jenner. Showing scientific bent as a child, he studied medicine for a career, at Sodbury, ne:u Bristol. There, one day, a young countrywoman came to seek advice. Smallpox happened to be mentioned, when immediately she exclaimed "I cannot take that disease, for I have had the !" It should be mentioned that this appears to have been a belief in some ,Parts of the country, and it brought about the case known of vaccination in this country, when, 111 the year 1774, Farmer Benjamin Jesty of in Dorset alarmed for the safety of hIS famIly during an' epidemic of smallI?ox,. inoculated with the vacci ne of his own Co\VS, hiS wIfe and two sons.

The words of the young countrywoman set Jenner thinkina and then experimenting. In 1780 b' "h d he confided to a friend, Gardner, that he a great hopes of being able to extirpate smallpox by vaccinating cow-pox."

The Bowl the trophy awarded to the dl\'lSlOn gall1l11g- the highest proportion of certificate awards to. tolal examination awards, has ao·an been won by the SWIndOll Division, with a percentage of 16.06

The usual series of competitions was held in the spnng the year, and prizes and challenge trophies awarded 111 each of the 17 amhulance Divisions. At the Final competition at Padding-ton the Directors' Shield was won by the South Lambeth team) with Pontypool

Among- recent admissions to the Venerable Order of St. John J in England, in the grade of Servillg Brother, IS Mr. WIl lI am G Randall, of Gloucester. Mr. Randall commenced his ambulance activities under the " q- r eat Railway Centre, when he gained h is certIficate WIth the Gloucester class in January, 1897 He has been secretary of the Gloucester Centre of the St. J ?hn Brigade since 1924, and has given conslclerableassls.tance to the Gloucester G.W.R. Ambulance Corps, of whIch he has been Vice-President for many years. M r Randall was formerly a Signal Inspector ill the emp loy of the Great Western Rai l way, and retired in

Two hundred years ago, smallpox was taking a ghas tl y to ll of the people of this. country. Thousa n ds died from it every year, whtle tens of thousands yearly were shockingly disfigured often b li nded by this l oathsome disease. Notb1l1g was dev ised to mitigate its effects until the. year 172 1 when the p r act ice of innoculation was 1l1trod uce d. This h as been p ract ised in other countr ies, pr in c i pal ly in the East, h u ndreds of years t h is-in I ndia it was known before the ChrIstIan era and knO\v l edae of first came to England in 5 l' h 17 17 i n a letter trom that remarkable Eng ISwo m a n trave ll er, Lady Wort l ey Montagu, then .in Co n stant i nop l e, to a f ri end in this country, MISS Sara h Chiswe ll. Lady Wo r tley Montagu descr ib e d h ow th e T u rks opened a ve i n and i nserted t h e r e in " as muc h of the m atter of the best sort s m a ll pox as can li e u pon the head of a need lp: " and th en bo u nd u p the wound, w ith the resu l t that t h e pat ien t co nt rac t ed sma ll pox in a mil d way and ge n era ll y was l eft unma r ked

* Repr i nted from l.Vew Health.

In 1789, most courageously, he experimented on his eldest son, only one and a half years of inoculating him first with swine-pox, and then With smallr ox , and to the smallpox he wa.s to be immune. But this was only the beglnn111g of the battle. In 1796 J en ner inoculated a heal thy boy about eiaht years old with cow-pox taken from a sore on rhe head of a dai rymaid, and a few weeks l ater, inoculated him with smallpox, and he was found to be immune.

Sure of his ground , Jenner now sent a on the su bject of vaccination to the Royal which that august body returned daunted, however, Jenner made addltlons to .It, and published it privately, then to vaccination and became its recognIsed chan:PlOn. At first the opposition was tremendo.us; It \vas c laimed that vaccination produced all k111ds of new and r epulsive diseases and actually that some chi ldren had" become ox-faced" as a result of the cow - pox d P r

But Dr. Jcnner went ahead, ar t t "arant him such remuneratIon for hIS men 0 b II t" d discovery as to their wisdom sha seem mee an

t o eve rl asting credit h e g o t £30,00 0 . T h e report of the Parl iamentary Committee was emp h atic as to the value of vaccination; in the yea r of his petition 100,000 people were vaccinated, and within a few years vaccination had spread over the whole world with inestimable benefit, and the name of Jenne r had become known as that of one of the greatest benefactors of mankind

• Colliery News.

NORMANToN.-The annual competllLon for colliery ambulance teams in ormanton district took place at the Drill Hall, Nocl11anton, on Saturday, August 18th. Fifteen teams took part, this being an increase of four over last year's entry.

A typical mine accident was taken as the team test, Dr. Bottomly (Outwood) and Dr. H. Scholefield (Altofts) being the judges.

With a n aggregate of 299 points out of a possible 404, POPe and Pt>arson's TO 1 won the senior cup, \Vat e r Haigh No. 1 (272) being runners-up. Whilwood No. 1 (the holders) and Pope and Pearson No.2, were third wi lh 265 poillts. Four junior teams competed for the (. Pickersgill" rose bowl, ;:!nd Newl a nd No.4 were the winners. T. Coulson (Whitwood) headed the list for the individual test.

Mr. D Harrison presided at the presentation ceremony. Mr s. B. Harrison distributed the trophies and individual prizes.

The secretarial arrangements were carried out by 1\1r. B. Addy (J\lethley).

SHEEPBRIDGE - Langwith o. 2, with 1-f8 mark s, gained first place for the third year in succession at the "W. B. M. Jackson" shield competition recently held at Sheepbridge. Eighteen teams competed and a high standard was reached in individual and team work. Dr. J. Beverley, Worsboro' Dalp., and Dr. H. Hemmingway, Worsboro', were the judges.

The winners were followed by Newstead No.1, also for the third time, with 133 marks, and Sheepbridge Stokes with 132

Mr. W. B. M. Jackson, who was the recipient of a gold pencil as a mark of appreciation from the competitors presented the trophy and prizes

Mr. J. T. Goodwin, District Officer, S.J.A. B., was the chairman of the organ ising Committee.

Amongst those who witnessed the competitions were Councillor E. Haslam, Secretary, Sheepbridge Coal and Ir.on Co., Mr. J. A. Tankard, J. P. (Agent for LongWith and Glapwell), Mr. A. Nay l or (Shirebrook) and Mr. S. Thorneycroft, J. P.

Home Service Ambulance Committee.

According to the Report for the quarter ended Ju ne 30th, 1934, there were 154 ot the Committee's ambula n ces in country and 183 affiliated stations, making a total of 337. During the quarter 34,342 patients were carried, as compared with 28,168 carried during the same quarte r last year. The total number of patients now carried is 1,370,881, with Devonshire heading the list with 281,869, followed by Lancashire "vith 212,629.

Reference is made in the Report to the lost Amendment mo ve d by Colonel Cruickshank, whereby when a person required emergency treatment a certain sum should be paid to the Ambulance Associati :m by the user.

It is further pointed out that voluntary organisations such as the Order of St. John and the British Red Cross Society is to supp le ment the activities of State Departments and not to replace them. The Committee cannot u ndertake the transport of infectious cases.

The expenses incurred o n the work of the removal of accident cases from the roads are still heavy.

Though accident cases figure large in the operations of the Home Ambulance Service, the transport of the sick sti ll forms the main feature of tbe work of the cars. I t is encouraging to hear on all sides of the \'ery great value that 113s accrued to the medi ca l work of the country from the facilities that the Service has afforded for the safe and comfortable movement of patients for diagnosis or treatIllent. There can be no doubt that it is the linking of the \\"ork with the s killed first aid organisations of the Order and the Society which has raised the Ambulance Service to its presen t satisfactory status.

Lincoln and District Ambulance Society.

This Society reports continued progress. The interest 'lnd general e[heiencyof its mel1lbETs is being maintained, a large number of fresh recruits having recently joined. A series of" Ho rne Nursinf'"" lectures the B R.C.S. are now almost completed and it is hoped the examination wi ll bring a good result. A First Aid class fo r recruits and a reexamination for ohler members, is shortly to be held.

Amongst the re ce nt outstanding events, speci'll mention must be made of the Society'S Fl'lg Day. Quite a stir was made by the unemployed members, who had previously prepared a tableau, and this was on view in a large s h op window in the main street of the City of Lincoln, for a week previous to the Flag Day , held on September 8th.

The tableau consisted of a life-like representation of a stretcher case, with nurse and ambulance man standing by; tailor's dummies (kindly lent by Co-operative Society) being used. The stretcher case repre se nted a lady with fractured skull, fractured patella and injuries to thumb and finger Crowds gathered outs ide the window every day it was on view, and much publicity was given to it by the local press. This was all very helpful as the result of the Flag D ay proved, no less a sum than .£ 104 15s. 9d being- coJlected

Our Nurses' Pages.

COMPILED BY AMBULANCE SISTER .

No. 1 DISTRICT, S.].A.B.

A co ur se of lectu r es for women on Home Nursingwi ll commence at District Headquarters, 10, Berkley Street, Clerkenwe ll) E.C.1) on Thursday, October 18th, at 7 p.m. The lectures will be given by Dr. Mary Helli e r. Fee for the course, includin g the exa mination for th e S.J .A.A. certificate, 3s. 6d. Applications for enro},ment should be made to Lady District Officer Miss Walk e r , I I , Acol Road , W est Hampstead, N W.6.

No. 5 DISTRICT, S.J.A.B

GARDEN PARTY AT H AUGH E;.JD.-Thwugh the kindness of Mrs. ]. S. Rawson, the d eli g htful s urroundings at Haugh End , near Sowerby Bpic1ge, were the see.ne of a garden party and bazaar un Saturday afternoon) Au gust 28th, the effort being in aid of the V.A.D. associated with the S.J.A.B.

The Halifax and Calder Valley Area had been askecl to raiso. £25 for general headquarters. This money is to be used mainly for training Voluntary Aid Detachments for senice in nation a l emergency during peacc tIme as well as for mobilisation. Headed hy Mrs. H. R. Holdsworth, repr ese ntatives from vari o us local detachments as istecl in the effo rt, the g reater part of the quota being rai ed thereby.

Mr. F. P. S Rawson pre idec1 at the o p enin g cerem o ny, and. he llltr oduce d 1\1r. H. Sagar, Presid ent , Sowerby BrIdge Centre, S.].A.A., who had kindly consented to open th e proceedin gs

Mr. Sagar spoke of the g reat value of the Voluntary Aid Detachments, and gave a survey of the work which they were called upon to perform. He also promised to add 5s. t o e\'Cry £1 which was raised for this special fund.

Councillor Mrs. V. Astin, Commandant, Hebden Bridge, moved a vote of thanks to the chairman and opener, and to Mrs. Rawson for the use of her grounds. Mrs. Ingham, Commandant, Sowerby Bridge, seconded, and Mr. Sagar responded.

A variety of stalls wcre ill charge of numerous members and friends.

In the even i ng a Whist Drive took pl ace in the hall.

No.8 DISTRICT, S.J.A.B.

BRIGHTOl\ URSING DIVI SIOl\ .-The new First Aid Station on the beach immediately east of the Brighton Palace Pier was offioially inau g urated on Tuesday e\'ening, August 28th.

It had been intended that the ceremony shou ld take place at the hut but torrential rain made this out of the and the proceedings were accordingly carried out 111 th e restaurant on t h e Aquarium terrace.

The hut, which replaces one washed away in a vio l ent storm some time ago, is the gift of Councillor O l iver. Dalton his brother-in-law and partner) Mr. I t wlll be staffed by the Brighton Nursing DIVISIOn of the S.J.A.B., and that there is urgent need for it will be realis ed when it is aid that 400 casualties have been treated on the beach at the Brighton and Hovc Stations this year.

Th e ceremony of taking over the hut was [Jerformed by the Councillor Miss l\largaret Hardy. 1\I.B.E., J.P. To r eceiYe h er a lar ge number of members of the Brighton, H O\ e and Pre ton Tursin g Di\'isions paraded, together with a small party of cadets fr0111 the Brighton Division, who w e re their first appearance in uniform. 1\1iss H. Theobalds, Lady Di\,. Supt., was 111 command.

The occasion wa honoured by the presence of Mr. E. A. Richard s, Commissioner of 1 o . 8 District, and among a numb e r of other officers pre ent were District Officer H. J. Wrigglesworth, of Croydon) Dr. A. E. Drynan, Corps Supt. and Surgeon, and Dr. G. Wauchope, Div. Surgeon Councillor Dalton was una\'oidabJy absent, but 1\1r. and lVIrs. Meiklejohn were present, and Meiklejohn had the pleasurable task of presenting the key of the station to Commi ioner Richards. In doing so she said the donors had given the hut with the greatest pleasure, as they knew the neces ity for it, and had seen the useful work which 1\liss Theobalds and the members of the Brigade had done on the beach.

A course of lectures and practical instr u cLion for men on first aid, will at No.1 District Headquarters, St. J ohn Ambulance Bngade, 10, Berkley-street, Clerkenwell, E.C:1, on Wednesday, October 10th, at 7.30 p. m., and c;;ont1l1ue on subsequent Wednesdays. Honorary lectur er, Lt.-Col. F. A. Brooks, M. D. Fee including exam1l1atlOn for the St ] ohn Ambulance Association Certificate, 3/6 Application for enrolment to be made to the Honorary Class Secreta ry, District Officer W. A Rushmere, 10, Berkley-street, E.C.1.

The committee are very grateful to all who assiste d ill allY way, and especia lly the unemployed members who 'lr r anged the tableau. At the same time they are glad to pass on the idea to FIRST AID reajers for future conside r ation, hoping it wi ll help them or their Societies as it d id the Lincoln and District Ambulance Society

Duties 'lnd practices are, of course, being carr ed o u t regu larly and all the members evidently realise that the a im of the is to be a real ive one, and he lp according l y, With credIt to all concerned.

HUDDER SFIELD CORPs.-Lady Amb. Officer l\liss A. Addy will be admitted as a Serving Sister of the Venerable Order of the Hospital of SL J ohl1 of Jerusalem at the Investiture which takes place in London on November 16th, in recognition of many year' devoted work in connecbon with the St. John Ambulance B r igade and Association

.M iss Acldy joined the Centra l Nursing Division 011 Apn l 30th , 1904. Dunil1g the war she assisted with convoys ·and rendered va l uab l e assistance at headquarters and vo l untary hospitals. For the past twelve years she has given instrucbion at First Aid and Home Nursing classes, and acted as Lady Divisional Superintendent from J anuary, 1925 to March, 1926, and again from November, 1928 to November, 1931. Thus she has well earned the dist inction w h ic h ,is short ly to be bestowed upo n her.

Commissioner Richards accepted the key with \yarm acknowledgments of the ge nerosity of Councillor Dalton ancl Mr. Meiklejohn. It would hav e given him much p leasure, he continued, to ask the Mayor officially to open the hut, but as, owing to the state of the weather) that was out of the question, he proposed to hand the key to the Mayor with the request that she would in her turn convey to the members of the Bnighton ursing Diyision her desire that the station should be efficiently staffed and worked in the best interests of those who required to make use of it. He was ever mindful, and he knew the Mayor and donors of the hut were also, of the real service performed by the men and women who wore the uniform of the St. John Ambulance Brigade. He sometimes wondered whether the very efficiency of the work performed by them did not lead the public to have the impression that it was a State-aided service. It could not be too widely known that every man and woman in the B r igade gave their servlices ClJbsolutely without any hope of fee or reward. The only satisfaction-and it was a very real satisfaction-they obtained was the knowledge that they had been able to render some service to their s uffering fellow creatures. He ventured to suggest that

FIRST

that sen,ice was worthy of the support-finanical and uther\\'ise-of a ll ri g h t t hinkin g people.

Accepting the key, t h e Mayor said she would hav e been very pleased h ad it been possible to ope n th e hut. A it \\'as, she would take an ea rl y oppo rtunity of v is itin g it. S h e thanked Co unci ll or Dalton and 1\Ir. 1Ieiklejohn for their valuable gift, and trusted the consciousnes of the service thcy wcrc rendering to humanity would be their rewa rd and compensation. Speaking of the service rendered by the St . J ohn Ambulance Brigade, s he sa id it \\:as.a \'ery grcat joy to sec the cadet, who were ea rly beglJ11llng to tread the path of us ef uln ess, a n d she was sure the senio r memher had joy a nd happiness in t hinking- of what t h ey had done for sufferi n g men and \A 'Ome n. ":\Iany will come to this hut,," cont inu ed Miss Hard y , .. children will come \\'ho have been c ut by the g lass carclessly left on the beach; children of :1 n older g ro\-\ th will come after incli cretions which I need not particularise; tnpper dO\\'I1 for the day will come, and from time to time there will he residents. To a ll you will o' iv e the and efficient sCrYice yo u have g iv en ot h er cilrectlOns. "

After a dedicatory p r ayer had been offe r ed by t h e Re\ T. VV. Hart (Mayor's Chap lain), Alderman F. G. Beal, J.P., Hon. Corps President, moved) a nd Dr. Drynan seconded, a yote of thanks to the l\layor and to Commissioner Richa r ds. The Corporation were also thanked for proyiding the cement base for the hut.

S .J. A.B. CAMP .\T RossALL.-The Second Northern Camp v\'as held at Rossall School, Fl eetwood, from Au gust -lth to 11t h, and was a g r eat success. Some 60 members attended from all parts of En g land and Ir ela nd , and the camp was lmder the comma nd of Lady D ist rict Supt. Mr s. T\\'eedale, CB.E., A.R.R.C, J.P.

On Sunday, August 5th, a Drumh ead Service was held on the foreshore at Blackpool. Those in camp assembled at the Central Station, and were join ed by members of neighbouring Divisions. Headed by Lad y DIstrict Supt. 1\1rs. T\\'Cedale, and the Roche Ambulance Cadet Band, about 300 nurses marched to the foreshore where the Re\'. J. Barr, Vicar of B1ackpool, conducted se n 'lce. The collection, w h ich realised ove r £12, was In the Opht h a lmic Hospital at ] erusa l em, which is mall1tall1ed by the Order.

After the sen-ice, the parade was inspected by L ady Perrott, RR.C , Lady Supt.-l11-Chtef of Tur sin o Divi sions of the Brigade. '.\'ho took the sal u te at the past.

Col. C J. Trimble, CB., Cl\I .G. , Inspectino- Offic e r 011 the Staff of the Chief Commissioner, y isittd the camp on Augus.t 9th, and l11spected t h e temporary h ospita l with its receptlOn room-w!1ere accident case h ad just arrived ward) IsolatIon and observation wards and operatl11g theatre, and a l so the kitchens where the cookinO' demonstrations were held. H e was acco mp an ied by 1,Iay or and 1\Iayoress of Fleetwood (A ld erman G. M. h.o))ertson, J.P., CC) and 1\Irs. Robtrtson), Mr Clarke (\\'lfe of the Headmaste r ), and L. A. B a mpfield , Esq. (Bursar of Rossall Schoo l). Co l. Trimble expressed his satisfaclion with the arrangements and camp o r ga nisation, and befor e he left took the sa lute at the march past.

A I D . Septem ber , 1934 .

Mrs. Henderson then presented 10 firs t and 3 second Cookery Certificates; also Three Years' Service Badges and bars to :-Five bars-Miss E. Turner) Mrs E. Brocket, Mrs. O. H. Creasey, Miss A. Newton, Miss C M Sellars; Ten bars-Mis A. Harm sto n ; Second barsfiss E. ] ones, Mrs. R. Blanchard, Mrs. E. Rudkin, Miss P. Greenland, :Mr s . P Sentance) Miss C Re et, Mrs. A. Thompson, :NIiss ]. Pape, Mrs. M. Carpenter.

Competitions and tests for the various sections followe d, the examiners being Dr. H C Aslett, team test; Dr. H. A. Pim, First Aid; Mr. H eat h Hom e ursin g F o r other members and probationers, bandaging (roller and triangular) and oral, Mrs. M Spyv ee

At the conclusion of the tests, t he detachm en t and friends were ent e rtained to t ea by Mrs. Hcnderson . Aftcrwards the r e ult of the competitions were mad e known. Section B (leader 1\1rs. Woodhead ) onc e again secured the hi g hest number of points, 8H out of a possibl e 96. Section C (l eade r Miss Harmst on) second with 18}, and Section A (l eade r Mrs. Carpenter) third with 7-H.

The Commandant thanked Mrs. Hend e rson and h e r help e rs for all they had done to make the event a success, and the varioLls se ctions were warmly con g ratulated on their work by the jud ges

The presentation of a hand-ba g w as made by the Vice-President to 1\1rs. Heath on behalf of the Detachment as a small token of appreciation fo r many yea r s of willing seryice in connection with R ed Cross work. Mr s Heath will be leavi n g Sl eafo rd at the end of this year, a nd will c a rry with h e r the b est wishes of V.A.D. Lincs 38.

A1t e t · th e presentatioll, the com p a ny took p a rt in sporls, etc., the winners afterwards receivin g prizes from Mrs. H ende rson.

Thr ee h ea rty cheers for the h ost a nd h o tes' brought to a close another en joyabl e field day.

SCOTTISH V.A.D.s CAl\JP -Some 2 15 officers a mi members of the B.R.CS. who came f r om a ll parts of and are members of Voluntary Aid D etac hm e nt s, were ll1sp ect. e d on August 10th, at Craigendinnie, near Abo y n e, where .they h ad been in camp. The In p ecti ng

Offi cer was MaJ or-General Sir Jam es Burnett, Bart., of Leys, and h e was ac compani ed by Colonel Miller, Depu ty Dlrector of l\I ed ical Services, Scottish Command.

. F ollowin g an in sp ectio n of the members drawn up in 11l1e und e r the Camp Commandant, Mrs. J. F. Erskine,

:.\Ia jor -Gene ral Burnett took the salute at the march past.

DJ.spl ays we r e given in st r etcher drill, gas mask doll, and fire doll. Tents and buildings were also insp ected

In his address to the parade) General Burnett comth e Coml:nandant on th e very efficient display gIve n after a fortl11g'ht's trainin g and disciplin e

Among those who attended the insp ect ion were the Marquess of Aberd ee n and Temair, Lord-Lieut e nant of the County ,and the Marchioness of Aberd een a nd T emair' Ishb e l, Marchioness of A b e rde en a nd Tem a ir' Dowage r Lady Glentanar; Lady Penlland; AdmirJtI Sir Arthur and Lady Farquhar; Colonel Carnegie of Lour' and Dame Beryl Oliv e r.

3lo\ice J\mbulance News.

CHERTERFIELD BOROUGH POLICE.

We must congratulate Mr. Thos. Wells, the Chief Constable of Chesterfield, for the very practica l way he h as s h own his interest in first aid work. Mr. Wells has insisted that eyery member of his Force shall be a qualified ambulance worker, a nd he has realised the importance of getting the public lo take an interest in this work.

In order to foster interest in the work, Mr. Wells was instrumental in organising an anrcual competition open to a ll comers There we r e two competitions, one fo r team work an<i one for individual work Both com pet i tions were held in the Queen's Park, Chesterfield, on September 5th, and both competitions \-"ere a great success. The weather was glorious, and throughout the whole of the team test great interest was shown by hundreds of spectators.

Twenty teams competed, and they represented th e cream of ambulance workers. Police, colliery and work s teams all pitted their knowledg-e against each other, a nd i t was a pleasure to note the high standard of work attained by them. The interest shown in the test by the spectators was also very gratifying.

The team test was set and judged by Dr. McKay, of Bol sove r, and the staging was perfect. Th e" accident" was staged in a quarry, a nd in order to gi\'e the test a touch of reali s m 6 ton s of s tone were obtained amI two tons of sand.

One patient was trapped under the stone, whilst the other patient was buried under the sand. No stretc:h of imagination was needed on the part of either the competitors or the spectators, as the patients 'were act ually trapped an d buried.

The patients, Mr. Gregory and Ill'. Coe, of Bol sove r, were all that any team could de s ir e in the way of patients, and th ey had a g-ruelling afternoon.

In the case of the patient trapped by stone, there was a touch of gruesome reality. Owing to the war injuri('s this patient had had his lower leg amputated, and Dr. Kay wry cleverly strapped a portion of pig's leg on to the patient's amputated stump. Real blood was poured over thIS stump for each team, and several of the spectators were heard to remark - C That C blok e ' lIZust be in/('restrd in ji.1'st (l/d to ld them tak e Izt's l eg oj/ja r a fest."

1'\ one of the com petitors were dismayed by the gruesome reality, but it seemed to inspire them to greater things. Even a local doctor, who was present a t the test as a spectator assisted one team in the treatment of shock

The captain of the team in que st ion saw the cc terrible" i njuries of the patie n t whose foot had been he t u rned to the judge and said c. I would give thiS patien t a c igarette, if 1 had one, Doctor." The interested d octo r turned round and gave the patient a cigarette, who appeared to enjoy his smoke very m u ch. ., Dr. Hurst, of Tibshelf, was in charge of the 1l1dlvldual test, w h ich was pu re ly oral, and a lthough it did not the interest amonast the spectators that the team test did , it certa i n ly caused com pet itors to snatch .thei.r head s.

Individual. - 1, A. Thomson, Glapwell ; 2, W. Knight, Hardwick; 3, E. Hu gg ins, Sheapbridge tokes.

The prizes for the team competition were th e" King" Shield and a first, seco nd and third prize. The prizes for the individu a l competition be ing the (C Hill" C up and a first, second and third prize.

Resuscitatio n.

By FREDERICK P. MILLS, M.I.M.E., F.S.I., M.I.FIRE E. (Ch£ej

Officer, DU1'!zam and N01,tlwmbedand Collz'erz'es Fz'1' e and Rescu e Brigade, England.)

INTRODU CTION

MUCH concern has been shown of late owin g to the larae proportion of men who have died after being from coal mines in Great Britain, due to gassing by carbon monoxide gas. During the last two years out of a total of 62 persons rescued a l ive after colliery explosions, 45 or practically 75 per cent. of them subsequently died from the effects.

After the gallant and determined efforts of the rescue parties have, in a measure, succeeded, the loss of life in this way is particularly distressing. In the British mining industr y the co-operation of medical men, mining authorities, rescu e men and the miners themselves is being sought in an attempt to reduce the loss in this way.

EARLY METHODS OF RE SUSCITATION.

From the very earliest times, many and varied methods have been devised to resuscit ate the apparently dead. Even. when the. gas carbon dioxide was unknown, or Its controllin g on r espiration understood, were deVised had this function for their baSIS. For example, In placin a a cloth over the open mouth of a person dead and breathing the "bre ath of li fe" in t o them from a live person, these early attempts at resuscitation were unwittingly administering a 5 per cent mixture of carbon gas which undoubtedly stimulated the respiratIOn.

" RED CROSS FIELD D.\y AT R.\UCEBY.-The Annual J'tdd Day Competitions in connection with V.A.D. Lincs 38 took p lace at Raucehy Hall on August 16th. The paraded and were in specte d by the Henderson) who awa rded mark s for ul11iorm and gene ral smartness.

I t em s ( Di' isi onal news .a nd competi t on !': , social, in er esti ng d u tIes , l ect ure s e tc ), fo r t hI S pa g e should b e sen t to A mb ul a nce S ist er, c/ o The E d to r, F IRS T A ID 46, C a nn on St., Lond on, E.C. 4

The "DECORATORS' &. PAINTERS' MAGAZINE" 8d. monthly) Is THE trade paper for all interestecj.Publlshinr Office: 46, Cannon Street, E.C 4

T h e who le of the afternoon was filled With ll1terest for t h e spectators. There was, besides t h e ambulanr.e competit ions a cricket matc h between Leeds City Polic and Chesterfie ld' Boroug h Po lice, and a fire-fig-hting display by the C h esterfie ld Borough Police Fire Brigade. I nspector O live was the secretary for the General Organisin a Committee and Detective Officer James \Vas th e t") secretary for the :\m bu lance ectlOn.

The results were as fo ll ows ;Team. - 1st, Ireland Colliery, 130 2nd, Glapwell Colli e r y A, 125 Markham Colliery, No. i ) 122,

Another very early method consisted of p l acin a the aassed person face downwards With t h e i; a hollow dug out in turf. There aaain any carbon dioxide exhaled by the shallow r;s pi ration accumulated in the and was reb r ea th ed thus stimulating the resplratory centres.

Yet 'another method practised for many years at iron works, consisted of burying the apparently dead person in sand. This may seem a method, yet the heat from the comb1l1ed With the accumulation of carbon dIOXide gas exhaled, met with success in many cases ,

RESPIRATION.

Twenty-six years ago Haldane, Priestley and Douglas began their work on the part by carbon dioxide in respiration. Their observations led to the value of carbon dioxide in the treatment of functional depressions of the respiratory system.

I t may well be said that "O:,er the supply of the body, carbon dioxide spreads Its protecting wings."

The cessation of the function of respiratIOn IS a gradual process. \Vith a decrease of the oxygen supply to the lungs there is a decrease of the energy of the heart muscles. The blood vessels also contract and support the circulation and finally [he veins cease to contract and the heart as a whole ceases to function. Until this of events has been completed, there is a possibility of a transient revival.

How long a period elapses in an individual before life is extinct, we are unable to ascertain and until the critical moment has arrived or has passed, it is imperative to continue with artificial respiration and the administeration of oxygen or a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide, until a medical man has found unmistakable signs of death.

When a mixture of oxygen and 5 to 8 per cent. carbon dioxide is administered after a short but intense asphyxia, the effects are truly extraordinary. A patient may not be breathing, and pulseless. As soon as the carbon dioxide reaches the lungs, natural breathi ng quickly returns and after 10 or 15 minutes the patient is not only resuscitated but feels well again. Another effect is of great importance, in "that the subsequent development of pneumonia is prevented.

AR TIFICIAL RESPIRATION.

Numerous methods of artificial respiration have been tried each with a measure of success. Many of the methods such as Marshall-Hall, Howard, Sylvester and Schafer consist of a rythmic pressure on the body adjacent to the lungs and are the most commonly used methods since they require no mechanical assistance and can be applied impromptu by any person with the necessary knowledge of the method. Labordes method which consists of extending the tongue and releasing to normal has been suggested where injuries to the body render the other methods impracticable. The McLeods method which consists of an attempt to massage the heart muscles has been considered satisfactory in cases where electric shock has caused the heart to cease to function. The Eves method, which is of recent origin, consists of strapping the patient to a stretcher which when rocked about its centre causes the diaphragm muscle to rise and fall thus expelling and drawing in air to the lungs.

As this method appears to have a promising

future a full description of the method is given in the appendix of this paper.

Several devices which act on a pumping principle consist of forcing air into the lungs and withdrawing the waste products through the patient's mouth. The medical authorities of Britain are, however, strongly against this procedure they aver the principle is both undesirable and dangerous. Personally, I am of opinion that the less one has to depend on mechanical devices the better, as they are probably not at hand when required, and, further, since they are not being used frequently, they will probably cease to operate when called upon to do so.

The most reliable method of resuscitation is to carry out the artificial respi ration by some reliable man ual method such as Schafer, and assist the function of respiration by stimulation with the inhalation of a mixture of oxygen and 7 per cent. carbon dioxide.

Greater percentages of carbon dioxide are not desirable as they may be supplied for periods over which the gas becomes a detriment rather than an assistance. Most of the appliances for supplying oxygen for resuscitation purposes are now being converted to supply the carbon dioxide mixture.

TREATMENT OF GASSING IN MINES.

Gassing in mines due to insuff1ciency of oxygen or excess of carbon dioxide is very rare, and comparatively not dangerous compared with the effects of gassing from small percen tages of carbon monoxide. The gas being cumulative in its effects soon robs the blood of the power of carrying oxygen to the tissues, and a cycle of physiological changes are set up which soon lead to cessation of the respiration.

The treatment of gassing in mines has received considerable atten tion from the British Mines Department, and circulars have been issued emphasising the importance and method of proper treatment.

The application of artificial respiration by some manual method combined with the administeration of oxygen and carbon dioxide mixture forms only part of the proper treatment, and unless the other part is assiduously carried out the patient may still succumb.

The shock to the nervous system must be fully considered if success is to be met with. Warmth and rest and stimulation of the heart must be given. Even in cases where there appears to be little effect of gassing the treatment should be given in detail and continued after the patient has been removed home or to an hospital.

It is important that a person suffering from gas should be transported, underground and on the surface, on a stretcher. The preservation of his ent'rgy helps to the recovery of such a person to normal condition.

(To be contz'nued).

UNIVERSAL

ST ETCHER SHEET

This simple attachment can be fixed in a moment to any standard stretcher. Loaded stretchers thus fitted can be easily conveyed through narrow doors or passages, down winding staircases, or into ships or aeroplanes.

It enables stretchers to b e held at any angle to ,the ground; at the same tl,me aivino- the patient the feelm g security, without discomfort.

Further Particulars frolD:TROJAN, Ltd., CROYDON.

PRICE £2 10 0

fetters to the t;ditor.

We a re in no war responsible fo r the oFin ions expr essed OJ the statements made, by Co rr espondents. - ED!'} Oil.

PARTICULARS WANTED

DEAR SIR,

In connection with the Jubilee of the St. J ohn Amb ulance Brigade, which 1 understand takes place in 1937, it has occurred me tl:at it would be very interesting if we could ascerta1l1 definItely who is now the Father of the Bri gade. By I mean, is living to-day and can clalill to have J01l1 e d the Brtgade ilL Lhe earliest possible date.

Sim.ilarly it would be interesLing tv know who clalill Lhls re co rd the Nursing" Divisions Perhaps some of our I urslng SIsters or Officers Illig-ht ik e to clailll this honour. '

Whilst on this it might possibly be of great lI1terest to your readers If ,ve could ascertain the same information as regards each separate District of the Brigade, not only at home but also Overseas, such as Canada, Austra l ia, New Zealand, etc.

I am also wondering whether amongst your many any o.f them have any photographs of the Brigade and Its the very early days, and, if so, whether they would be Willing- to loan them to me for a short time in order that they may be looked through to see whether any u se. ca n be made of them in connection With any reference whI ch may be made at a little later date as to the work of the Brigade in its infancy.

Hay Tor, Higher Drive , Cuddington, Banstead, Surrey.

Yours faithfully, W. GEO. PAPE.

i\'ATIONAL ROAD TRANSPORT

DEAR SIR,

I was \"ery in te rested in the Report of the 1 ational Road Transport Competition which appeared in FIRST AID.

Whilst appreciating the efforts of the Association

I. consider it can only be called a "National" competitIon If, and when, the proper authorities namely St. John Ambulance Association, take over the' competition and the arrangements as done for the Railwa'·men and Pollee. J

To me, it ;:ems. an. outside organisatIon ca n run a National co mpetItIOn 111 the strict sense of tbe ,"vord, and I, for one, look forward to the time when the Order .of St.. John extends to transport employees the same .conslderatlon as that enjoyed by those C'mp loyed b the raIlway companies and tbe police. y

Yours faithfu ly, , , G REEl LINE.

WHY

DEAR

SIR,

NOT A IN

PRESS CORRESPONDENT EACH CORPS?

Each Ambulance Unit, Corps or Society, should appoint press correspondent, \.vho shou ld be a person of fair ed u catIon and ore who has at least some s l i(Yht knowled,re f reporLer's style. ] n the>:> case of my whl.ch has adopted this course from the actua .It has proved very helpful indeed, and has st imulate? lI1terest among-st those Nho are not activel engagee! In ambulance work. y

The should be sent to FIRST Am and to all newspapers 111 the same district as the Corps is Thev should be made as illterestinrr to the O'ene I b l' <:> ,., ra pu IC as

I D. S eptember, 1934.

and s h o uld t h e r efore n ot in cl ud e unn ecessa r y t.ec hlHca l terms T h ey s h o ul d b e wri tte n o n o n e s id e of tb e paper on l y, a n d made as br ief as possib le by e limi nat in a a ll unnecessary "padd i ng" o r waste m atter, beca u se h e e.d i tor or pu?l sher rece ives a ot of t hi s, h e ca nn ot spa r e th e Ime to e lI minate, or t h e space to p u b li s h I fee s u re t h at if the above s u ggestions we r e carr ie d out, Cor p s or Societies wou ld benefit. - Yo u rs fa t h f ull y,

A.F S

D EAR S IR,

S. J .A. B. D RIL L MANUAL.

I h ave read w i h great i nterest the art icles on t h e above s u bject a n d wo ul d congrat ul ate the wr i ter o n h is exce ll ent cr i t ic isms and sugg-est ons a rev s ion is a n ecessity a n d I h ope h e arLlcles will be the mea n s of ens u r in g an ea rl y response o n the part of the autho r ities conce rn ed.

Yo u rs faithf ull y, \ V SECCOMBE

City of London Special Constabulary.

The new headquarters of the above having been deopen by the Lord l\1ayor, mem bers of the A id and Ambulance Section are again continuing their studIes.

The meetin.g- was held on Wednesday, Aug-ust 15t h , when the ChIef l\ I edlca l Officer, Capta i n A. C. 'W h ite Knox M C., gave an intereseing lecture on his recent trip as the representative of the St. J ohn Ambulance ASSOCiatIOn at the Fourth Internationa Life Sav nU" Congress. Although ho lida) s interfered with the attend;l1ce of many members, those who were present greatly appreciated the lect u rer's story.

On September 8th some serious practice was done a n d severa l new members joined the c lass.

The Section will be meeting every first an d th rd \Ve din each month, and non - members are conl ia ll y In v Ited to h e c ass.

ERRATA.-In the august issue under No. X D istrict of S t. J ohn Ambulance Brigade, page 33, appeared a repo r t from. Plymouth. Th s should have appeared under the headll1g of No. IX District.

Fout-:D -Silver meda l lion, No. 309750, w th fo u r abe l s attached, has .bee n found in Durham. Ow n er ca n obta in same on appltcatlOn to the County Secretary, 2, Osbo rn e Te r race, N ewcast le - on-Tyne, 2.

A co u rse of lectures o n first aid for men w ill co mm e n ce o n vyednesday, Septembe r 26t h , at T oy n bee Ha ll Co mmerc la l- slreet, E. 1 at 8 p.l11 Fte, in cl u d in cr exa mi nat io n 3/6 F ull can be h a d o f T. W : Tr u ss ler, 1 0 -1 , WIlto n -street, E.8.

We are prepared to supply Ambulance Secretaries and others with specimen caples of this Jourllal for distribution among their members. Apply to the Publishers, AID, 4 6 Cappon London E.C 4.

Septem ber , t 93 4

SEND

COUPON FOR BELOW (OR A PDSTCARD) FREE BOOKLET.

HOUSEHOLD PHYSIC I AN

describe s in simple lan g ua ge w ith h e l pf ul colo u re d pl a te s and dia g rams

The Diseases of Men, Women & Ch ildr en, their Cau s e , Treatm en t an d Cure,

A FEW OF JHE SUBJECTS TREATED:

First Aid

What to do in E merg e ncie s

How to Treat Accidl:nts

InfJuen z a, C o lds , et c Measles , Mum - s

Herb Root and Salt Remedi e s

Corns a a d Wa r ts

Diseases of Children

Treatments of Beauty

Ph),sical Culture

Exercises fOf all Purpo s e s

The Eye The Ear

The Throat

The Nose

The Chest T he Heart

The Stoma c h

The Liver

The r e etll

The Muscles

Infant Welfar e The Exp e ctant Mother

Hom reo pathy

Neurasthenia

The Lungs

Pleurisy

Treatment for all Skin Di s eases

Hygiene, Anatomy , Ph armacy

The Prindples o f Nur S ing Invalid Cookery

surgical Diseases

Brain and Nerve Disease s

Diseases of Old Age

Disea s es of In fancy

The Principles of phren olo gy

Shingled and Bobbed Hair

Diseases of Hair and Head Adenoids, etc., etc

WiTH COMPLETE PRE VENTATI VE

HYGIENE,

IN S TR UC TIO N S ON F IRS T AID, MEDI C I NE, TH E SC I EN C E OF PH YS IC AL C U LTURE, e t c FI RST AID has never been expected to take the place of the doc t or. I t is designed to prevent the ill -effects of accidents being more serious than the accident warrants. So it is with The Household Physician. I t is not published with the aim of making every reader his own doctor, but rather with the aim of givi ng every reader sufficient knowledge to allow him to act in the absence of a doctor.

The 5 00 illustrations and full-page Plates and the Anatomical 10dels showing the Organs of the Human Body exactly as they overlay each other make the reading- ma t ter more easily understood.

PRESENTED TO CUSTOME RS

A Co m plete Treat ise on Birth Con tr o l by a Lo nd o n Do ctor.

THE C AR E OF I N F AN CY and C O M P L AI NTS OF are described in plain, straightforward language by Eminent fpecialisrs, Practising Physicians and Surgeons.

TH E YOUNG WIF E and the experienced married woman will find all they want to know made clear.

M OT HERS who wish their daughters to develop naturally will find exac.ly the teaching they need.

WOM E ROVER 40 will find their difficulties regarding health flankly discllsssd.

Thele are hundreds of subjects of value to all. The muscle>, teeth, digestion, hair, food value, Ju-Jitsu, phrenology. Ilow diseases, from appe.nance of head, face, tongue, throat, chest, perSpIT::.tlOn, etc.

Messrs VIR TU E & C O., Lt d. , F.A. Dept., 1 9 2 0, 2 1 T ha v ie s In n, L on do n , E C. J.

AN INVITATION

to you

to send this coupon or a postcard

Please send me FREE Booklet on "TIlE IIO USE HOLD PIlY3ICIAN," Two "\ 'o lum es, staling cash price, also l\lo nth'y terms of payment, v, ithout obligation Lo purchase.

(Send this form in el1\'elope, !>tamped halfper,I1).

ADDRESS

and J\nswet's to eot't'espondents.

(Jueries will be dealt with under the following rules;-Letters containing Queries must be marked on the top left hand corner of the envelope" Query," and addcessed-FIRST AID, 46, Cannon-street, London, E. C. 4.

2. -All Queries must be accompanied by a "Query Coupon" CUt from the current issue 01 the] oumal, or, in case of Queries from abroad, from a recent issue.

3.-The Textbook. to which refeJence may be made in this COIUlllll is the 38th (1928) Edition of S.].A.A. Manual of First Aid.

INJURY TO IL\J'w.

P.L. (Rhondda). work in a mine where a boy to me the other day for treatment. He had had IllS hand on a roulld stick on the g round and a stone fell from the roof and struck the b a ck of his h a nd. There were slight injury to th e "kin, a hug-e swelling, and a loss o f power of the fingers.

I pla c ed a well padded splint to the palm, tied this ill po s ition with a figure-or-eight bandage and supported th e limb in a large arm sling, I ha ve since been told that 1 should ha\ e placed a la rg e ball in the boy's c len c h e d hand and b a ndaged in thi s po s ition. Please tell me which is the right tr ea tment of such an injury for futur e information and a c tion.

As your treatment was stri c tIy in a ccordance ,vith the instruction s of the T e xtbook, you can ignore the advice of your unfri e lldly criti c whose sug g ested treatment is not recognised by the T e xtbook and might (o r might not) have arforded r e lief to th e patient. - :"\!. CORB ET FLETCIIER

EX l\llNATION IIOWLEI{

C. R. (Bunhill Row ) - In a recent examination a mell1ber of our class wa s asked how he wot.:ld treat a young lady wh ose dr ss wa s o n fir e lIe e le c trified us all by his- prompt and c onlld e nt a n s wer: "J should lmo cl.' h erdo 11l 1l."

Good! Ne x , ple as e! !- l\.C.F.

\.'1'. (Birkb)) be gra te ful if y o u \\'ill allow 11lL: spa ce t o repl y to " R.:"\!. (York s hire)," whose query with r e fe r e n c e to un fair marking she e ts and budding d e tectives w as published under the abo\'e heading in the July ss u e of FlRST \10. I do so fortwo r e asons :-

(1) b ec au s e it is not playing the game to critici s e th e do ct ors who so unstintingly give their till1C, and take s uch inlere s in fir s t aiders and a III bulallc e c om peti tiOll S, many o f th e m withou l thou g ht of remuneration, but sol e ly for the good of the ca u s e;

AI0.

September, 1934.

yo ur correspondent, sawall the 20 teams compete, and heard many remarks that it was one of the bcst tests on Chapter I of the Textbook in their exper ience. Dr. Corbel FleLcher rightly says "no jud ge of a ny experience would make a test without the Textbook open before him" and 1 do not blame " R N." for holding an inquest on the marking sheel. B ut I d o ask him to remember that in an actual case failure o discover and remo\'e the cause, might mean a n inquest on the patient or helper. I-Ience the need for " observation. II

The cause, in this case, being the automatic pistoJ, the question arises as to whether it was attempte d murder, suicide, or accident, thus bringing into play both ee discrimination" and (' resourcefulness." Marks ,vere awarded for observing the pistol, and for preserving finger prints and foot prints; and many g aring mistakes were made in this direction. The qua li ties required to deal with this fully deserved the marks allotted. I could speak about" tactfulness" in using bysLanders. Out of 20 teams, only two made full use of this point; but I hope I have said enough to show both the fairness of the test and of the judging Lo be of benefit to "budding first aiders" no less than to " budding detectives. "

Your request is gran ted and your letter of protest is duly published; but I repeat that inquests on compet iti ons lead nowhere. I wonder, however, if it is g-ood for the doctor-judge to be loaded with !latter)" espccjqIIy as, after all, he represents only one link in the competition c h ain At any rate, I remember that in my early days as lecturer and competition judge reaped much benefit frol11 friendly 'lay criticism whereby I qui.: kly acquired a sound knowledge of the requiremcnts of ambulance work. - N.C. F.

A CTION AFTER ARRI\ 'A L IN HOSPITAL.

T.T. (Bristol). - I \-,'as recently called to a Road Accident Case in which the patient (a young girl of 17 years of age) had sustain e d an extensive injury to her leg. No fl actures were present, but an artery and two muscles were severed.

After arrival at hospital and while awaiting the s urgeon' s arrival, the patient complained of pain in her ba c k. There wa s no injury here , and on sitting up the pain disappeared entir e ly. 1 fe lt rather timid, however, of allowing her to sit up for long- for fear it might have s larted th e bleeding again, which we had had some dilfLculty in stopping.

I am wondcring if a hot water boWe under the s illall of the pati e nt' s back would have relie\ ed this and if the c ondition wa s entirely due La shock or Joss ur blood (or perhaps both). Being comparative ly a beginner at ambulance work, I "vould greatly appreciate any sugges tion s in ca s e of future emcrgency, and to avoid a possible mistakc in future

You set me a dinicult problem; and in the absence of further details I can orrer no suggestions a s to diag-nosis or the efrects of the application of a hot water botLIe. Since, however, the IYltient was actually ill hospital, you had no cause for worry Jecausp you had CO III plekd your task. Further action wou ld depend on the decision of the resident doctor or, ill his absellce, of the sister in charge of cas u a lt y warLi. - N.C .F.

September,

same lim{" that it increaSeS your ht!i!!ht.

GEN1'LEMEN.-li you WIsh to be L,II get to know "II abo ut the Ross \I ethod of H eig-ht TO-DAY. Th e is nO onger n U\' need to be short. and overlooked. Y ou \\111 dcye ol) your p hy:sica a.nd po wers t.o an c:\.-tent that will slIrpriqc .ro u. r uches ca.n be added to your h Clght within fe w weeks without trouble or of a.ny kind.

THE ROSS SYSTEM NEVER FAILS

FEE £2: 2 0 COMPLETE JUST A FEW QUITE USUAL REPORTS OF ROSS PUPILS

,. .:.: f: :i£f :.: i \ :: my own hp;aht· to 6 it. :l1IDS.

1l1onial! open for inspe c tion under a Pella lty 01 £ 1. 000 iI not True.

G.l\.£. wonderful Course. 1 'A fte

(

2) b ec ause after 20 year s experience of firsL aid and a illbulance competitions, I am out to help the" budding first aider," as w e ll as the" budding detecti ve. "

1 was pr e sent at the competition referred to by

AMBULANCE ACTIVITIES AT WEDDING, L.G. (Leicester). - On Julv7th the members of the Le i cester Ambulance Corps had to deal with a couple of eme r ge ncies when they attended the wedding of one of their

membe rs-Pte. Frank Leeson-to ,Mi ss Eleanor Fish. Outside the church they formed a guar d of h ono ur; and as the b rid a l pair were passing und er t h e a r chw ay of splints and bandages, a sma ll boy was hurt in a road mishao. So two members promptly dressed the boy's wounds and returned to the wedding ce eb r ations, ollly to be disturbed a few moments later when a motor cyclist came to grief ill the road outside the c hur ch. Once again the ambulance men left t he weddin g to the patient, \>vho fortunately was not senously lI1Jured. This done, they were able to join ill the wedding celebrations without further disturbance.

Well done, Leicester! Please convey our best wishes to the bride and bridegroom. - N. C

F

DANGERS OF GAS IN

T. P. (P l ymouth). - The dangers of gas in the home were illustrated bv a r ece nt occurrence which nearly resulted in the of three young- girls who were as leep in their beds. The gas from the slot-meter had been used; but the tap of the burner was l eft turned on.

Early in the morning a member of the house put SOllle pennies in the meter downstairs, with the consequent escape of gas into the girls' bedroom. Fortunately the elder girl woke up, staggere d to the door, and s umm oned help. She then collapsed; and all three were subsequently removed, in an unconscious condition, by ambulance to hospital, where they subsequently made comp l ete recoveries.

Thanks for report which, as you say, illustrates the dangers of coal-gas in the home and stresses the need to ens ure that all taps are turned orr, especially in the bedroom. - .C.F.

EATING AND DRI KING THOUGlJ UNCONSCIOUS

J . L. (Rhondda).-As a converted reader of FIRST Am, enclose a news cutting taken from a Sunday newspaper and ask the favour of your comments. The story is that a man wbo was shot in the head, continues to eat and drink although he is totally un co nscious. The do cto rs are apparently puzzled o'/er the case; but they claim to ha ve eliminated malingering as the explanation of a very unusual condition.

In the absence of fuller d eta ils it is impossible to be dogmatic about this case In fa ct, as your news cutting states, the doctors in charge of the patient are themselves mystified.

One can only assume that the bullet , with which the man shot himself, has destroyed that part of the brain associated with consciousness, .vhereas the parts controlling eating and drinking have escaped injury.

I ncidentally, I am wondering why you call yourself" a converted reader of FIRST AID."-N.C. F.

this is not first aid; but , as' it is a n interesting p o im, we were unable to answer, and I was as ked tCJ r e fer it to you. W e unanimou s ly agreed it was the best way of sett lin g a query.

vVith regret I ca nnot give a ny definite period; but I take it that, if both Common Carato id Arteries are completely obstructed, it is only a matter of a few seco nd s before in sens ibility develops and that death will follow in as Ill any minutes, unless the obstructio n is removed. - N.C.F.

eoming guents.

The Edito r will be pleased to re ce iv e p art iculars of forLh· oilling eyents for inclusion (free of c har ge) under this headin g.

SEPTEMBER.

22.-0pen a m bu lance competition for the "Leigh" Cballenge Cup, Treharris.

2J -Open Amb ul a n ce Competition for the "Carver" Cup, R oya l Engineers and Signals Barracks, Hull.

23.-Western Area, No. 1 (Prince of \ Va les's) District, Ann u a l Ch ur ch Parade, St. J ohn's Chu r ch, West Ealing.

29.-Annua l Open ,A mbulance Compet ition of the Ffa ld an Institute and CRrw Di\'ision, Priory for Wales at Pontycymmer.

29.-Birm in gham Corps N .C.O.' s Club Concert at Headquarters

O CTOBER

7.-First County Competitions of Flintshirc, Priory for Wales.

16.-Cinematograph Lecture on "The 1usdes," arranged by the Dagenham Division, S.J.A.B ., Outpatients' Department, King George Hospital, Dagenham.

20 -Sixth Annual Amb ul ance Competition for the "S. Wright" Memorial Cup, Clowne, near Chesterfield.

20-29.-XV International Red Cross Conference at Tokyo.

27 -Annua l Ambulance Competition at Holmewood.

27.-NortllUmberiand and Durham Area, No.6 District, S.J.A.B., Offi ce rs Conference and Dinner, NewcastlE'.

30.-Western Area, o. 1 (P rin ce 0 1 Wales's) District, Annua l Social, Caxton Hall, Westminster.

FOR SALE, MO RRIS AMBULANCE.-G u aranteed in good condition, carries two stretche r cases, wilh accommodation for six s itting. Full eq uipm ent. Any trial, w ithin reasonable di stance Supplyi.ng latest Aust in Twenty, in place. Particulars tr om Robert Stonehouse & Son, Th e Garage, Carlin How, Yorks.

ST. JOHN UNIFORMS AMBULANCE BRICADE ARE OUR SPECIALITY. Regulation-Right! Quality-Right!

COMPRESSION OF CAROTID ARTERIES.

F.B. (Clapham).-The famil iar eight-pointed cross drew together chance-met members of the Brigade on a pleasure trip. As is usual, a younger m em ber of the party was boisterous; and the query arose as to h.ow long it would be necessary to keep up pressure on the Carotoid Arteries to kill a person I am aware that

FOR SALE :-Roller Bandges B.P.C. Quality (W.O.W.), 1 in. x 6 ya rds, 7/6 g ross. Good Quality (W. O. W.), 1 in. x 6 ya rd s, 6/- gross Oth e r sizes i.n proportion. Also good qu a lit y Triangular Bandages at 4/- per doz en, samples Sd. each. Boric Lint (B. P. C.) 1 oz. packets, 2/- per doz e n; Hospital, 1 /9 per dozen. Colton Wool (B. P.C) 1 0z packets, 1 / 10 per dozen; H osp ital , 1/8 per d oze n. All post free. Cash with order. -Asepto Bandage Co., 46, Cannonstreet, London, E.C.4.

TH E ST. JOHN AMBULANCE ASSOCIATION, ITS HISTORY, AND ITS PART IN THE AMBULANCE MOVEMENT, BY N. CORBET FLETCHER, M.A., M.B M.R.C.S.

"As a work of referen ce, the book will be excremely useful and should be in the library of all amhulance workers. "-FIRST Am. PI'ice, 3/6; pest free,

THE ST. JOHN AMBULANCE ASSOCIATION, St. John's Gate, LONDON, E.C.1.

UN

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AMBULANCE TRANSPORT IN CIYIL LIFE,

By p, C. BOTTOMLEY, M.D.

A booklet to aid those interested In Ambulance and Stretcher Work. Price 2d. each, post tree. First Aid," 46, Cannon Street, London, E C 4. FIRST AID QUERY and COUPON.

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By J. M. M.R.C.a.Bn"

FIRST AID till FlEW WOROa. (20mb tboosand] Revised. WIth C olourtd Diagran,s.

HOBSON {/ SONS (LON DON), Ltd., Manufaoturers of UNIFORMS, HEADDRESSES and ACCOUTREMENTS

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Telegrams-"Hobson, Boroh, London."

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The stimulating extractives of Beef which OXO presents speed up the vital processes and thus produce warmth and wellbeing. OXO a valuable remedy in cases of shock and extreme exhaustion.

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NOTICE TO READERS.

FIRST AID is published on the 20th of each month. The Annual Subscrip t ion is 3.5. 6d. post free; single copies 3d.

Its aim and object being the advancement of Ambulance Work i n all its branches, the Editor invites Readers to send Ar ticl es and Reports on subjects pertaining to the Movement and also welcomes sugg es tio ns for Practical Papers.

All Reports, &c., should be addressed to the Editor at the add ress below, and should reach him befo re the 12th of each month and must be accompanied (not necessar£ly l or I!ubl£catio n) by nam e and address of the Correspondent.

Subscriptions, Advertisements and other business Communica ion s conne cted with FIRST AID should be forwarded to th e Publi sh ers, DALE, REYNOLDS & CO., LTD , 46, CANNON STREET, LONDON, E.C 4. 7 elegraphic Address-" Twenty-four, London ."

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EDITORIAL.

Having referred to the annual S.J . A.B. reports of the various departOVERSEAS. ments at Home, we now come to the St. J oh n Am bulance Brigade Overseas. \Ve, at IIome, hear very 1ittle of this part of the Order's \\'crk, and we can only have a ve ry vague idea or the difficulties which some members overseas have to overcome. Journeys of ten or more miles are but one of the many trials which beset our overseas brethren. But in spite of their difficulties it is pleasing to note that membership continues to increase.

Brigadier James L. Sleeman, the Chief Commissioner, in his annual report for 1933, gives the number of divisions as +83, a net increase of 33, whilst the personnel in creased by 1,513 to a total of 14,444.

The Cadet movement, too, shows a splendid advancement, there now being 113 divisions "with a membership of 2,535, which is an increase of 28 divisions and 660 mem bers over 1932.

The annual report also contains particulars of the work done in each Dominion.

Thus we find everywhere that the ambulance movement overseas is carrying out more duties, attending more cases, and experiencing an increased activity in all departments.

The work of the Ophthalmic Hospital of the Order at Jeru salem continues to expand and to increase its great useful ness and work of mercy.

Owing to heavy pressure on space it has been found necessary to reduce in length the numerous reports v"hi ch have been sent in, and in some cases to \"ithold publication. All reports omitted in this issue will, howe," e r , ha\'e atte nti on in the No\'cmber issue.

St. John Ambulance Association

BURLEY.- The annual competition organised by the Wharfedale Ambulance Trophy Association was held on Saturday, September 15th, and for the second successive year Otley were the winners of the "Wharfedale" Shield. The runners-up were Guisel)" followed by Yeadon and Burley.

Keen competition marked the contests for nurses, there being 17 entrants. The winner was Mrs. Elsie Barker, of Burley, who obtained 91 marks. Mrs. Brayshaw, of Otley, was second with 90 marks; whilst l\liss A. Braithwaite, of Yeadon, was third, one mark behind.

Seventeen cadets entered for the "Mrs. ArnoldForster" Rose Bowl, the winner being Miss E. Lupton, of Yeadon. Miss Colling- and Miss Bean, of Yeadon, ""ere second and third respectively.

The judges were: Dr. Stansfield, of Clayton (men), Dr. Dore en Tillotson, of Menston (nurses), and two sisters from Leeds Infirmary examined the cadets ,

The trophies were presented to the winners by Mrs. H. Stirk, wife of the Chairman of Burley U.c.

CANTER BURY. - An ambulance competition, held under the auspices of the Canterbury Centre, was held at the Drill Hall, Canterbury, on Saturday, September 29th, for the " Evans" trophy.

The trophy had been presented by the Misses Allardyce In memory of the Rev. 1. F. Evans, Vicar of Thanino-ton for 21 years, and of their sister Mrs. M. G. who was for many years Hon. Secretary of the Canterbury Centre.

The competition was open to first year ambulance men the object bein g- to stimulate interest among the members.

Th e teams had flrst to deal with a street accident case Dr. Evers, of Favershal11, being the examiner and then tested individually by Dr. R. H. Lucas, of Canterbury. The result was: 1st, Folkestone, 173 marks; 2nd, Canterbury, 163; 3rd, Tilmanstonc Colliery, 158.

CO VENTRY, -At a meeting- of the Coventry Centre held 111 the l\.layoress's Parlour, on l\Ionday, October 1st, attention :vas paid to ways in which the movement locally could make better known with a view to the financial position being ullproved.

!he l\layor (Councillor T. ]. Harris), who presided, It was not to the credit of an important city like Coventry that there should still be a deficit in the accounts for the building- of the new ambulance headquarters. He thought steps should be to the Coventry public more aware of the facIlItIes provided by an enthusiastic band of men and women.

D.r. J. Orton agreed. The movement did not seek publIcIty at the same time there had been occasions publIc c;upporL was not forthcoming on the scale one mIght expect.

The meeting accepted with regret the resignation of the .Secretary, Mr. H, M. Belhell, who intimated that he IS leavlO&, Coventry for Worthing-. Mr. Bethell has been engag-ed 111 ambulance work in Coventry for about 22 years and. has held secretaryship of the Centre for ten years: He IS a dlstnct officer for the county. Miss]. Holder was app0111ted to be Mr. Bethell's successor.

HULL. - Originality was the key-note of the tests given 111 the annual competitions for the "Major Carver'" C held by the Paragon (Hull) Class on Saturday,

A I D. October, 1934.

24th. All the tests were based on reports given in the local press and scarcely any alteration was made in the wording.

Eighteen teams entered and were judged by Drs. ]. E. Crooks and. F. Deacon and Drs J. G. Lindsay, A. W. Mac Quarrle, L. F. WIlson, C. A. Dean and C. Simpson (individual).

Among the interested visitors were 1\1 r. W. T. Atkinson County Commissioner E. Riding, S.].A. B.; Mr. G. Edwards: County Secretary Capt. S. T. Nicholas, County Treasurer' Dr. J. M. Hermon, County Surgeon; ex -Corps Office; Corps Officer T. Lamb, Supt. Huddlestone, Deputy ChIef Constable; Supt. Thompson, E. Riding Police' Mr. -J. S, Harper, District Supt. L. N. E. R. ; and other of the L. N. E. R. including M r. S. Cooper, N. E. Area General Am.bulance Secretary, and Mr. Geo. H. Oakes. Mr. W. E. TW1l1ham was the energetic Secretary.

The result was announced as follows: 1st Hull Police L. N. E. R., marks; 2nd, Dock Enginee;s "A," 259 3rd, York C. & W, V\Torks, 255i-, .Highest Individuals: 1, W. Wright, Parkhill CollIery; No.2, C. Stainton, New Holland Stores' No.3 W. Angel, Parkhill Colliery; No.4, W. Bromfield, Holland Ferry; No.5, J. H. Smith, York C. & W. Works.

Special prize for captains (box of 550 first aid questions) presented by Mr. W. E. Twinham, was won by Blackburn, Parkhill Colliery.

Mr. W. T. Atkinson, in proposing a " Vott' of Thanks" to the Doctors, Major and Mrs. Carver Territorial Army Association (for the use of the Barracks) helpers spoke of .the splendid assistance of the Doctors and of debt whIch ambulance men owed to the Medical Profession. He also spoke of need for greater unity amongst Ambulance men, Bngade and otherwise, and appealed for a greater of the Brigade. He applauded the efforts of Major Carver and the competitors, in their endeavours to increase ambulance efficiency in the District He that the Order of St. John had the Mr. A. O. Sayner, by his appointment as Servmg Brother of the Order.

Supt Huddlest.one, Deputy Chief Constable, speaking for the ChIef. (unaVOidably absent in London on duty), spoke of very need for ambulance work in these days of e ver 1l1creasll1g road accidents. He welcomed the CompetitIOn an? the practical of the tests and urged upon the competitors the neceSSIty of competitions for improving their work. I;Ie appealed to the lo.werteams to keepup their practice by more practIce and competitions, to increase theIr effiCIency.

._.-

A whist drive, organised by the members' wives on behalf of the Thurcroft Division, S.J.A.B., was held in the ambulance room, Colliery Institute, on Monday, October 1sl.

, At first annual meeting of the Central Ambulance CompetItIons Association at Barnsle;:- on Saturday, September 29th., Mr. Ernest Butler, of SIlverwood Collier" was re-elected secretary. The Association was formed a ago t 0 the clashll1g of dates of various ambulance competItIOns.

Miss Stoney Smith, Commandant of V.A. D. London / 150, has recently appointed honorary collector in Hampstead for. the Red Cross Society and Order of St. John Hospital Library. She will be pleased to rec e ive books and magazines sent to Iter at No.6 Crossfield Road N. W.3, or if the number is large she will make for their collection if notified.

October, 1934.

Resuscitation.

FIRST

ApPLIANCES FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF OXYGEN AND CO MIXTURE.

By FREDERICK F.S.I., P. MILLS, M.I.FIRE E.

M.I.M.E., (Chief OlJicer, Durham and Nortlzumbe'tland Collzeries Fire and Rescue Brigade, England).

(Continued front page 72).

THE ADMINISTRATION OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE MIXTURE.

IT has been known since the beainnin a of the . h b b nmeteent century that respiration, under normal conditions, is regulated by the concentration of carbon di.oxide in the blood. The respiratory cen tre. which. controls the function of respiration acts With a high degree of regulation to maintain a fixed percentage of carbon dioxide in the blood.

When, through the influence of carbon monpoisoning, the tissues of the body become sefl?usly by want of oxygen the deficiency beglns to Influence the nerve centre to stimulate the respiration. .During the course of poisoning by carbon monoxlde the rate of breathing tends to increase , which further increases the rate of saturation of the blood by the gas and which in consequence increases oxygen want. Also, as a consequence, the carbon dioxide in the blood becomes gradually reduced.

Until recently, the treatment for a person suffering from CO poisoning has been artificial respiration combined with the administeration of T?ouf.{h this has been fairly satisfactory, It fads to prOVIde for the decrease in the CO content in the patient's blood. The treatment had to be applied in some cases for fairly long periods, the lowering of the CO, content tending to slow down the respiration rate.

I t has been known for at least twel ve years that carbon dioxide when added to the inspired air augments the respiration in persons where the breathing has become almost stationary. The resultant action usually increases the depth of the breathing without increasing its rate

Experiments have been carried out which prove the efficiency of a mixture of CO and oxygen. Taking figures from these experiments it appears that the CO saturation of the blood is reduced by 2 '2 per cent. when breathing air for 20 minutes. The equivalent figure when pure oxygen is inhaled is 5'5 per cent., while with the CO mixture it is almost 16 per cent.

The lung ventilation of a person at rest is on the average 7 litres per minutes with pure oxygen and 17 litres per minute when breathing 5 per cent. CO 2 mixture. It may be even increased to .30 litres per minute.

Much advance has been made in the constructIOn of the appliances used to supply oxygen to persons who have been gassed.

. The first oxygen revivers consisted of a of oxygen usually containing from 4 to 6 2 cubiC feet of. gas at 120 atmospheres pressure. To prevent aCCidents arising from the use of high pressure oxygen and to control the supply, a regulated control or reducing valve was fitted aiving .3 to 4 litres of oxygen per minute. The b mask was of a .crude metal type making in most cases an unsatisfactory joint with the face. Later, a fine control valve was substituted for the reducing valve and a pneumatic face mask attachment was used. In 1928 regulations were issued to British mines stipulating that the cylinder must contain 10' 5 cubic feet of oxygen at 120 atmospheres pressure, as from experience it had been found that the smaller cylinders were soon emptied.

. A much improved vulcanite mask was supplied fitted with efficient valves and a good face fitting.

A 10'5 cubic feet cylinder of oxygen would last about .35 minutes. Owing to the increased volume respired with the CO 2 mixture such a cyl!nder WOUld. last only 11 minutes, and larger cylinders were mtroduced containing 15 cubic feet of th.e C:02 mixture. O\Ving to the increased lung ventdatlOn caused by the inhalation of CO 2 the breathing bag and supply tube on revivers were increased in capacity and a rubber face mask of improved design added.

In some types the bag contains a lung governing valve which automatically regulates the supply to the requirements of the patient. Instead of being carried in heavy wood boxes the new revivers are housed in light metal cases or a paper mach6 case of light and strong construction. These apparatus are made and supplied by Messrs. Siebe, Gorman & Co., of London.

A reviver for use in mines where it may have to be transported for long distances in low roadways underground, has to be compact and light in weight. Steel cylinders are now being introduced by Messrs. Vickers Armstrong Ltd., Tewcastle-upon Tyne, which are only 40 per cent. of the weight of the steel cylinders generally in use.

In these notes I have purposely dealt only with the aspect of resuscitation from the viewpoint of one who has to act impromptu until the arrival of a medical man.

The value of subcutaneous and intracardiac injections of adrenaline, lobeline, coramine and other drugs, although in many cases giving relief are not to be depended upon or compared with the value of the treatment which I have described.

(To be concluded.)

The Earliest Day s of the St . John Ambulance Associ a ti on .

By N. CORBET FLETCHER, M. A ., M.B., M. R.C.S.

TUE St. John Am bulance Association was inaugurated on 1st July, 1877, "as pm't of tIle VoLuntary A z'd ./Ifovement and as a czvzlz'an 1'ese1 ve for the Army JJedz'cal Department." A preliminary meeting was held at Woolwich; and Surgeon \Iajors Peter Shepherd, l\1. B., a nd Francis Falwasser, F.R.C.S., were detailed as instructors to the Association by the War Office which, eighteen months later, recalled theni both at the outbreak of the Kaffir War. It also gave permission for the Associarion to pu rchase stores from the Ro yal Arsenal.

The foundation of th e Association was largely due to the effo rts of :\fr. (later Sir) John Sir Edmund Lechmere and Major Francis Duncan with Professor (later Surgeon General Sir Thomas) Longmore and Dr. (later Sir Edward) Sieveking as " zea lous friends and professional (medica l) advisers" ; and this step was only taken after the British National Society for Aid to Sick and \V ounded had definitely deciined to undertake the duty of training civilians (men and women) for the benefit of the sick and wounded, " 'wh ich the COUllciL of the Society consz"de7'ed too g7'eat an enterprise. "

The decision to found the Association was taken at the General Assem bly of The Order held on June 24t h, 1877, "as a step towards the revival of the Hospzialler Work of The 01'de1' on a some'what extended scale and ztl!de7' the supe1'visz"on of a Central A mbulance Committee composed exclusz"vely oj z"ts membe7's ." The As socia tion, therefore, at its origin was supervised b y the Director of the Ambulance Department (:\Iajor Francis Duncan), who was also Deputy Chairman of the Committee; it was under the control of the Central Executive Committee of which Sir Edmund Lechmere was Chairman, and this system of government has continued to the present day. The first Director of Stores of the Association was John Furley, and the first Chief Secretary was Captain (later Col. Sir Herbert) Perrott, who retained this office until hi s resignation in 1915.

The Central Ambulance Committee which originated in 1873 to control the Ambulance Service in the Potteries, and from which the Ambulance Department took its origin, was in 1874 concerned with the purchase of stretchers. It was in 1879 renamed Central Executive Committee, by

which name it was known until 1916 when it reverted to the title (and is still known as) the "Ambulance Committee."

The Association was formed" as the direct outcome of enthusiasm evoked in 1870-during the Franco-German war - and of the efforts then made on a stupendous scale in favou[- of the sick and wounded in time of war, which it was thought should be sustained for the benefit of ci vi lians in time of peace" (Furley).

The two main objects of the Association from its origi n were; " (1) £nstructz'on of pupzls £n first treatment of persons, and (2) spnad of useJu l ambulance materzal." From its inception the Association has sought (and still seeks) to establish itself throuGh recognised Centres and Detached Classes. In its earliest days the Association appealed more to women than to men in the proportion of 4 to 1 ; and first aid was ridiculed" as an ephemeral fem£n ine fashz"on," while the medical profession as a whole was not friendly towards its objects.

Starting with one triangular bandage and one stretcher purchased in Germany and with one litter bought in France, the Association at once introduced lectures on "A£d to th e lnjzwed ," which were based on a Syllabus of I nstruction prepared by Dr. Frederick Falwasser, awarded certific:,).tes to those successful in its examinations, and quickly became a deposiwry for all varieties of ambulance material. At the start the Association recommended its members to read for private study the Manual of Instruction of the Army Hospital Corps, though in the following year it brought out its own first aid textbook, of which Dr. Peter Shepherd was the author; and it introduced into England the triangular bandage which it included in its syllabus as more suitable for improvisation than the roller bandage.

Incidentally, the triangular bandage was invented in 1831 by Dr. Mayor, of Lausanne, Switzerland, and popularised by Dr. Esmarch, of Kiel, who, in or about 1875, taught its usefulness to the German Army and whose name was at first, and, perhaps unfairly, linked with it. Within six months the Association registered twelve Centres with more than 1,100 women and men as students: who became skilled in handling the injured. Its first Centre was at Woolwich, where

October, 1934 . FIR S T

the mixture of civilian and military elements offered special advantages and where Surgeon Major Peter Shepherd gave its first course of lectures and, like many of the early lecturers, was a member of the Army Medical Department.

Other Centres quickly followed in the Metropolis, Sevenoaks, Maidstone, Worcester, Southampton and elsewhere. Some degree of the early success 'was due to the link established with the members and staffs of the London Teaching Hospitals, with which the Central worked in close collaboration and from which It obtained many of its original lecturers..

Previous to the start of the ASSOCiatIOn the use of a stretcher was practically unknown except in the army and in the hospitals. In this tion the files of the Association show that from Its inception to 30th ber, 1 8,. it a:varded 104 certificates for passing examll1atlOns In first aid and from 1st October, 1878, to September 30th 1879 a iurther 428 certificates. Reference to the Mi'nute Book of the Central Executive Committee, however, confirms the impression that these figures are incorrect and that in the early days the records were not kept accurately.

Funds to carryon the work of the Association and especially to provide free amongst the poor were raised means of donatIOns a?d annual subscriptions whIch were collected ma1l11y from members of the Order and their friends. The first list was opened on 1st July, 1877, and headed by The Order which, in addition to a gIft of £20, allowed the use of premises, rent free, and also paid the cost of clerical assistance.

From the start a donation of ,£5 and upwards constituted a Life Member, while an Annual Subscription of 5/- and upwards constituted an Annual Member. A feature of the Annual Reports of the Association !or. many years was a list of donations and subscnptlOns from Centres and individuals.

Forty Ye a rs Ag o.

In this column we are publishing short extracts from the corresponding issue of FIRST AID of .40 years ago.

" OUR esteemed contemporary, The In referr i ng to the want, of an am bu.lance vehIcle. at Sta l ybridge, says;- The C.ommlttee the Slck Nursina Association are deSirous of ralslllg a fund for the b purchase of a tricycle ambulance conveyance of cases of accident to the dIstnct infi r mary. Doubtless the idea will commend itself to many liberal people as soon .they u p on the unnecessary amoun.t of 1I1filcted freq u ently during the translt of the 1I1Jured by u n suitable conveyarnce.' Now, with all deference

A I D.

to our contemporary, we may venture to express the hope that the idea will not commend itself to many liberal people until the apparatus has been submitted to and approved by some competent authority. A good cycle ambulance has yet to be designed."

T he Ho spitallers' Cl ub.

THE opening meeting of the session was held on Friday, October 12th, at the Bonnington Hotel.

The President (Mr. G. S. Pasco) welcomed the members after the summer recess. After the business of the meeting had taken place, Mr. Pasco introduced Captain A. C White Knox, M.C., M.B., as the speaker of the evening.

Capt. White Knox gave a brief account of his visit to Copenhagen for the International Congress. One of the difficulties of such gatherings, to the speaker's mind, was that of the language, and he suggested that more _ demonstrations and less speeches be more beneficial. The methods of first aid given by the Danish Red Cross and b y the Falck's Life Saving Society were ably described. In Denmark the patients are treated in a quick method, and conveyed to the ambula?c.e station for a more advanced treatment, thus m1l11misin a the effects of shock. The method of faking b injuries was excellent, and also the ambulances used in that country were far advanced to those used in this country. Stretchers, too, were of an advanced pattern, being much lighter than th.ose used in England. They had springs for the patient to lay on with a moveable head and foot.

The speaker gave man y other interesting examples of the work done at the and concluded his lecture with two demonstratIOns of faked injuries done by the same as the Danes. Captain \iVhite Knox that the box containing his paraphernalta was made by a friend of his (Mr. C. G. Emery), who had gone to a lot of trouble to make a case, of which he was proud.

The meeting closed with a vote of thanks to Captain White Knox, with the hope that h.e would again visit the Club on some and a ive further demonstrations of fak1l1g InJunes. b The next meeting will be held on K ovem bel' 2th at the Cora Hotel.

W hen you write to any of our kindly m en ti o n F IRST AID It dosen't cost you and it please s th e Advertis e rs, and Us ·

October, 1934.

The St. fohn Ambulance Brigade Dzst"zct Reports.

No. I (Prince of Wales's) District.

DAGENIIA:M.-On Tuesday evening, September 18th, a Cinematograph Lecture on the "Body Framework," arranged by the Dagenham Division, was given at King Hospital O.P. Department, and it was very gratifY111g to have so many members from other Divisions present. The lecture was given by Dr. W. S. Ghai, who stressed many of the interesting points shown on the film. The subject not only covered a description of the bones, but also dealt with the composition of bone and the mechanism of bone repair after fracture.

As a preliminary to the main film and lecture, other films were dealing with the Annual Inspection in Hyde Park 111 June, 1934, the Dagenham Division in Camp at Easter, 193-+, etc. A short talk was also given by Supt. on "Transport of the Injured," illustrated by a c1l1ematograph film .on methods of carrying.

At the concluslOn of the evenina thanks were expressed to Dr. Ghai, and a collectionn was made for the Hospital, amounting to lOs . 6d.

The Competition for the Dagenham Cadet Cup was held at the Divisional Headquar te rs on Thursday, Sep20th. Twenty Cadets entered, the judges being DlV. Supt. A. J, Ash for the Viva Voce, and Amb. Officer Winfield for the Practical.

Cadets R. A. Addison and A. D. W. Magson having gamed equal at the head of the list, a supplementary test was glVen to these two on Hcemorrhage. On this supplementary test the judges were unable to deduct a mark from 'eithe r Cadet, so that it was finally decided that the Cup should be jointly held for the year.

At the conclusion of the Competition Supt. Ash expressed his at the degree of knowledge shown by and made a yery able and useful cntlclsm of then work. The proceedings closed with a hearty vote of thanks to the Judges.

Mrs. D. B. Howard, the donor of the Cup was able to be present in time to hear the result and to cono-ratulate the winners b

[Tf7est Middlesex Gazelle Heston SectlOn (Southall Division), St. John Ambulance Brigade

: Cpl. W. Cotton (N.C.O.-in-Charge), Supt. J. E. Taylor (O.C.), Mr. A. Gilbert' (Social Events M.C.).

Counctllor W. H. Langlois, Chairman of the Dagenham UD.C., presented at a display given by the T C12 (Dagenham) Cadet DIVISlOfl at Five Elms School on hursday, September 6th.

Squa?s of Cadets gave displays in First Aid, banda _ 111g, dnll team games and at the Counctl10r LangloIs after presenting the a d g ratul t d t1 b' " war s, cona e 1e mem ers In his opmion the displa h· d pr?ved that the efficiency of the Brigade in Dag ; ct, being well maintained. en am IS

of the Borough o£ Lewisham paraded on Sunday, September 16th, for morning service at St. Mary's Church.

About 40 members were present, together with a contu-:g.e1-: t of nurses from 69N (Southern Railway Corps) DlVlslOn.

Supt. W. H Smith was in char ge of the parade others present be111g Div. Surgeon Lieut.-Col. S A : Ruzzak, Ambulance Offi C IJ 'cers arpenter, .-.la merton and

FIRST

Symonds. Lady Div. Supt. Miss Pearce was in charge o[ the nurs es.

The Mayor of Lewisham (Alderman A. E. Webb, J.P.), with the Mayoress (Mrs. Webb), attended the service ,and were supported by Alderman W. Jerrard, J.P., Alderman and Mrs. E. W. Hayes) Alderman H. J. Furneaux, J.P., and Mrs. Furneaux) and other members n r the Borough Council.

An address was given by the Vicar (the Rev. C. R. Cntter).

After the service the Mayor inspectecl the parade.

SOUTIlALL.-The seventh ann ual open air service organ ised by a joint committee of the Southall Division and the Southall Lodges of the R.A.O.B.) "vas held in Southall Park on Sunday afternoon, September 16th.

The parade, which numbered about 450, marched from Adelaide Road to Southall Park, accompanied by th e hands of the Salvation Army o. 1 Southall Corps and the Gas Li ght and Coke Co Priz,e Band, Southall Works.

Those present included Asst. Commissioner S. J. Warren, District Officer F. Claridge, Officers and members of the Southall and neighbouring Ambulance, Nursing and Cadet Divisions, Provincial Officers E. ]. Saund'e rs, G. P., and E. Martin, Deputy G.P. Grand L od ge Officers, also Officers anel members of the Southall Lodges) R.A.O.B .; representatives were also present from the Anti-Aircraft Searchlight Coy., R.E., Old Contemptibles , Royal Artill e ry , British Legion, Forresters) Odd fellows) Druids, Church Lads' Brigade, Scouts, Fire Brigade , etc.

A combined choir of the local churches and the clergy met the procession at the entrance to the park, where Counci ll or G. F. Collins (vice-President of the Division) and other members of the local Council joined the proceedings.

The Rev. Harrington -Evans (Vicar of Holy Trinity) ) in his address, spoke of service as the common bond which united all those taking part in the parade. The spirit of se rvice bo und together those different societies who aimed at relieving trouble, illness or sorrow.

After the service) the parad e returned to the First Aiel Station for dismissa l, the visitors being entertained to tea at the British Legion Club, en'ed hy t he refreshment committee of the vVomen's Section. The British Legion Silver Band, under Bandmaster Mr. Pitt, played suitable selections) many of the -vi itors to appreciate the programme.

An inspection of the First Aid Station and lledical Comforts Depot was also made, and commen t was passed by those present from the visiting Divisions on the excellent equipment of the station) and the Southall Ambulance and Nursing Diyisions were congratulated on receiving such splendid co-operation in their work from the local Co uncil and public.

Bro. VV. Bousfield was Chairman of thc Committee, and also Chief Marshal, assisted hy Bro. F. Gohl11, K.O.M., and Bro. E. :\ifirams, K.O. :M.

Supt. J. E. Taylor) Officer-in-Charge Southall Diyision, was Organising Secretary.

N o. I I I. Distt-ict.

BIRMINcrrAM.-Thc indoor social actl\'ltl es of the Birmingham Co rp N.C.O.'s Club c01111l1cnccll on Saturday, Septemhcr 29th) when a concert was held at Headquarters.

A large gathering of members, accompanied by their wives, and fricnds, were present and enjoyed an exce ll ent programmc.

A surprise item was the pre entation 0 E a Gold vVatch to Sergt. W. P. Lowe, who had acted as Sccretary to the Club for the past 12 ycars. In makIng the presentation Div. Supt. Baguley spokc of the efficient way Sergt.

A I D. 87

Low e had performed his duties and asked him to accepl the gift as an appreCiatIOn from the members of the Club for his se rvi ces.

Sergt. Lowe suitably replied wiLh a short speech of thanks.

You are returning home from a competltlOn when you are called to an accident in 'A'hich a carying a pillion passeng'e r came into colo. Itslon With a motor car. "

How many times ha\'e competitors been hal1l1ed a card similar to the above? On Saturday) September 15th, how ever, members 0 f the vVellingborough HeadquCl r tns Team were called to an actual case under the circumstances statcd in the card

The team had been successful in winnin<Y the" Forcl" Cup at Finedon and were r et urning home ;hen the real accident occurred. The pillion passenger receiycd head injuries whilst the driyer of the motor-cycle escaped with bruises and shock.

It is further interesting to note that whilst members of the same team were awaiting the arrival of a " patient" for practice purposes on the Thursday before the competition, they were called to a serious accident and their practice hecame an actual ca e instead of a make-helieye one

VVOL\TER II.\1IlPTON.-At a private meeting CJf the \Volverhampton Borough Council a unanimous im'itation was extended to Councillor I\lorris Christopher to allow his name to go forward as :\Iay o r for the ensuing year.

Mr. Christopher is well-known in the I\Iidlands for his ambulance work, in which he has been interested for 40 yeats. He is one of the foundation members of the Dudley and vVolYcrhampton Brigades. Last I\Iay he was admitted an Officer (Brother) of the Order of St. John. Durin g the war he did a great deal of organising in connection \\ ith amhulance \York and was Secretary of the \Volverhampton Patriotic Committce.

No. IV. (Lancas hire )

CONFERENcE.- At the annual confer enc e of the No ..j. (Lancashir e) District h eld at Bolton and addressed by the Commissioner for Cheshire, the announcement was made that a generous henefactor, ,\'ho wished to remain anonymous, had giyen £200 to form the nucl c us of a fund for the erection o£ a suitable Headquarter for the I\Ianch ester and Salford Corp.

ACCRINGToN.-The second annual picnic. organised by the N.C.O.'s of the Accrington Corps, S.J,A.B., was h eld on Saturday, September 8th) by way of a motor coach tour. The fir t stop was made at Gishurl1) where the beautiful entrance gates and wonderfully caned Gate House of Gisburn Park, Lord Ribblesdale's e. tate, were noted. and the n the route followed wa through Settle and Kirby Lon dal e to lIilnthorpe and andside, ,,,here a short halt was made. eyeral of the party yisited the farm where the Corp wa in camp at \Vhitsuntide, 191-L The party afterward proceeded by Arnside) Silverdale and Carnforth to Lanca ter where tea was sen'ed at the King's Head Hotel. Th e jonrney was t hen continued by Cockerham Sands and Pilling' through Poulton-le-Fylcle to Blackpool, where the e\'ening was spent, home being reached in the early hours of the morning after a most clelightful clay. Corpl. \Yri ght, the organising secretary, was heartily thanked for the excellent arrangements made.

BURNLEY.-Thc following extract frol11 the Burnley Express is well worth reprintino·. To further comment will be necessary.

"Few people think of the work of the St. Tohn's Ambulance Brigade other than when they have just

received attention at its members' hands, but after seeing the rally at Gawthorpe Hall, when about 800 members turned out, it is obvious eyen to the casual observer that enthusiasm is one of the biggest features of the movement, and that efficiency is its watchword. The members present at the rally had come from a large number towns and villages in East Lancashire, and gaye the 1mpressiol1 of cool and unconcerned effiClency as they gave clemonstrations of the various branches of their art. The Ilumber of very young members was, too, rather surprising, ancl those people who stoutly maintain, with true Victorian prejudice, that the youth of to-day cares for nothing but pleasure and empty pursuits will quickly have to revise their opinions.

"There was an almost military smoothness about their work on the field, and their smartness in the .i\f arch Past was most impressive. \Vith organisations of this dcscription to attract the young people of the age, there need he little fear that alien movements ,vith a definitely militaristic, but entirely useless, trend, will flourish and prove a menace to the country. The youth of to-day may he more materialistic, but it recognises that service in the cause of humanity is better than scnice in the cause of unrest and disillusionment."

INCE.-At a social arranged by the members of the Ince-in-Makerfield Division, Coun. G. Foster, J.P., presented the" Derbyshire" Cup and other awards to StlCcessful memhers. Corps Officer W. T. Bolton referred to the good work done by the Division, and mentioned their pride in the fact that Sergt. Seddon and Pte. N. Alker had given blood transfusions twice at the Wigan Infirmary, thus helping to save life. The Cup winner was Pte. Hinley, and the runner-up, Corpl. George Jacobs. •

LYTII.\M-ST-ANNEs.-An Ambulance Road Hut has been placed on the main Preston-Lytham road at Warton by the members of the Lytham Divisions. This was made possible through the cost bcing defrayed by a fund collected by 1\Irs. Eastham and -:'I Trs. l\Tarsden, who have been connected with the Lytham T ursing Diyision for many years. The hut was opened by the Mayor of Lytham-St.-Annes (Coun. C. D. Sharman), who afterwards presented a Service medal to Amb. Sister Miss Cubbins, and a 30 years' bar to Lady Amb. Officer Mrs. -:'IIa rsden.

OLDlLUof.-Dame Sarah Lees, Dame of Grace of the Order of St. John, very kindly loaned Werneth Park to the. 9ldham Corps for the annual Shield and Cup CompetltlOn, wh1ch resulted in Division winning the "Ro\: an" hield, the Central Nursing Division, the l11'Sll1g Corps. and the Equitable Nurses the Nursing Squad Compet11.1011. The Cadet Trophy was ohtained by the Central C<l:dets. Commissioner W. G. Smith, O.B.E., Asst. .Comm1ss10ner W. Maxwell Reekie, O.B.E., J.P., and D1stnct Officers Capt. Poston, and Col. Redmond attended the competition.

SOUTHPORT.-At the Southport Corps Inspection conducled by Col. C:B., C.M.G., the Mayor, Counclllor Dr. E. W. Levlls, sald that it was the first occasion that he seen so many ambulance workers gathered smce the olel days of 1914-1918, and he could still ;ecogl11se some of the faces he used to see at the Grange a1:d \tyoodlands Hospltals. That brought three things to h1S first the perseverance of the BriO'ade and 1t must he a difficult thing to keep tn it ,; Second, the self sacrifice shown; one saw more in 'a .hyoral year than during an ordinary year, and he bethat what had been done, in the way of public would always be appreciated. And third, his aclmlratlOll for the way in which th('y had t urnt:'d nut for

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October , 193 4

the inspection; uniforms neat and tidy, and everybody spici< and span. "Southport should be proud of the Corps," he statecl, and concl uded by wishing them every uccess in the good work.

Col. Trimble expressed the pleasure that Lhe presence of the -:'ItJ:ayor and and Chid Constable, who is Hon. President, gave them) and after complimenting the Corps, and pointing out the minor faults, particularly requested the Surgeons to make a point of teaching artificial respiration during the Winter.

Commissioner VV. G Smith, O.B.E., thanked the Mayor, Mayoress and Inspecting Officer, and referred to the increased efficiency expected to-day, owing to new duties and new demands in every direclion. Every man and wearing the uniform of the Brigade reprcented the Brigade itself in the eyes of the public, and the public looked to the Brigade for a o'!'eat deal, therefore we must be ready, in all respects at all times.

Corps Supt. G. A. Holt also expressed appreciation of the support of the Mayor and Mayoress, and the presenc.e of Col. Trihmhle, for who111 three hearty cheers were gl'ven.

No. V. District

ARMLEY.-On Wednesday, October 3rd, the Arm1cy and Wortley Di,Tision held a Social Evening. 1\Ir. Walter \tValker (Divisional President) presided, supported by Dr. J. E. Rusby.

An excellent programme, giyen hy numerous artiste " was greatly appreciated.

During the evening several presentations were made. Amb. Offi'cer W. E Pemment, recei\ ed a Westminster Timepiece, suitably inscribed as a recognition of fifteen years efficient service. Private H. M. Tailford, who has also completed fifteen years with the Brigade was awarded a barometer. Because of the unfortunate illness of Mr. Tailford, his son accepted the gift with the best wishes of the Division) and the personal congratulations of the Chairman. Sixty other Examination awards were nresented during the evening, to members of the Divis"ion, who had successfully passed various Ambulance Examinations.

As an encouragement for efficient service, Div. Supt. E. D. Glover, presented a Silver Medallion to Pte. A. E. Fergusson, and a book" History of the St. John Ambulance Association," hy Dr. N. Corhett Fletcher, to Pte. H. Hodgman.

The Chairman, 1\1r. Walker, in a very appropriate address, congratulated the Division on the work done referring to the untiring activities a f their Divisional Sup·erintendent which resulted in the men studyino' First Aid, Nursing, Hygiene and Sanitation, kecping: them always ready and prepared to render "First Aid to the Injured," which was essentially the whole ohject of that wonderful organisation, the Brigade

Since the re-organisation of the Division in Septemher, 1919, nearly 8,000 cases had receivecl attention.

NOTTINGIJ j\ L-Smartness on parade and efficiency in stretcher dnll were two of the noticeahle points in the Annual Tnspection of the Nottingham Corps; held in the grounds of Wollaton Park, on Sunday, Septemher 30th.

The inspection was carried out by Asst. Commissioner A. B Gibson, who was accompanied by the Sheriff (Mr. E. Purser) ancl Mrs Coulby. A good mllster of the general public watched the demonstrations hy the Amhlllance and Nursing Divisions.

The parade was in charge of Corps Supt. A. C. \,ye ll er.

Following dcmonstrations, stretcher drill, etc., the Corps fignrccl in a March Past, the Asst. COl11missioncr tonk th(' a( (he March Past and afterwards con-

O c tob e r, 1934. FIRST

gratu l ated the officers and the Corps genera ll y upon the good standard they had maintained in another year of p r og r ess.

SPALDING.-On Sunday, September 30th, the new motor ambu l ance was dedicated in Spalding Market Place hy the Vicar of Spalding (Canon B. G. Nicholas).

Before the dedication members of the Brigade altended divine service in the Parish Church. Supt. A. H. Mo l son was in charge of the men, assisted by Amb. Officer C. Wheatman, whilst Lady Supt. Miss H B Harvey and Lady Amb. Officer ;'1iss Griffill were in charge of the nurses. The who l e parade was under Capl. G u y B. Armstrong, Asst. Commiss.ioner for South Lincs, accompanied hy District Officer G. A. Enderby and Div. Surgeon E. Ashworth . Many members of the Urban and Rural Counci l s were present) including Councillor W. A. Atton, J P. (Chairman of the Urban Conncil), Councillors J Waterfall, J.P (Chairman of the RUllml Counci l), and Mr. Edmund Fisher (hon. Clerk of the Joint Committee).

The Vicar said it gave him great pleasure to ded1cate the ambulance. He was sure they were all very conscious of the magnificent work done by the Brigade.

Capt. Armstrong, Chairman of the Joint Ambu lance Committee, announced that they had been ab l e to purchase a really good ambulance, thanks to the generous response from the Urban and Rural Counell and the Holland County COlU1cil.

In addition to the cost of the ambulance about £40 ,vas req ui red for furnishing, stretchers, etc., and, following an appeal, a number of gifts, or promises had heen received.

No. VI. District.

DURJL\M -A large muster of ambulance menand nurses attended the Annual Church Parade of the -:'I11d-Durham Corps at Durham Cathedral on Sunday, September 23rd .

The parade marchcd from the Durham County led by Corps Supt. J. H . Pigg and Dr. (D?v. Surg-eon, Langley Park). The follow1l1g D1.vlslOns w1th the officer in charge, were on parade: Sa-cnston (Sergt. Clark), Brandon (Supt. G. Dob on), Spennymo·or (Supt. Teasdale), Craghead (Staff Sergl. J. Hall), Tanfield. (Supt. G. Robinson), West Pelton Officer T. Rob111son), Langley Park (F1rst Officer South 1\loor Officer J. Simpson); and Cadet Dl\'ISlOnS were: Sacnston (Cadet Supt. T. B. Fishwick), Tanfield (Cadet upt. YellowJ.ey), Craighead (Cadet Supt. E. Nattrass and Cadet Officer C. Collingwood). The Durham Shakespeare Band headed the march. "

The Corps were met at the Cathedral by urS111g D1Vls,iOons from Durham, Sacristan, Craghead and Spennymoor unde r the Lady County Officer Irs. J R. Ritson and Corps Offi-cer Miss Robson.

The Dean (Dr. Alington) wclcomed. the members. The work done hy the Brigade wa , he sald, a most truly (hri tian kind that any work can he.

SOUTn SmELDs.-St. Michael's Church, Westoe, South Shie lds, was filled on Sunday morning, September 30th, for a combined Church Parade of Ambulance and Nursi n o' Divisions in the Tync-side area.

I:> T h e County Commissioner (Mr tan ley Embleton) commanded the parade, in which over 300 officers. and men, inc l uding a detachment from the outh Sh1el.ds P ol ice Division took part. Lady County Officer liS M. A. Batey had charge of 4-1- m ll:scs.

A procession was formed ouls1de the Town Hall, and headed by the -outh Shield' People's Mission Band marched to St. Michael's via Wcstoe Road.

T h c Vica r (the Rev. T-T. C. II aSlings Shadd ick) con-

A I D. 89

d u cted the servioe The preacher was the Rector of Stanhope (the Rev. C. J. Shebbeare), chaplain to the King. The l essons were read by the County Commissioner.

After the service the County Commissioner presented se r vice medals to Ambulance Sister ]vIrs. Leyden (South Shields Nursing Division), and Ambulance Officer R. 'y\,. Dixon, M.M., (South Shields St. Hilda Division).

The Mayor congratulated all on their smart appearance.

Mr. Emb leton refcrred to Soulh Shields as a tronghold of the ambulance movement.

No. VIII. (Duke of Connaught 's ) District .

For the second year in succession Brighton welcomed the members of the Sussex and Surrey Units for the Annual Review and Church Parade which was held on Sunday, September 16th. Fine weather prevailed and an inspiring parade ,,,,as witnessed by hundreds of visitors.

The Inspecting Officer, Lt.-General Sir Alfred H. Bingley, K.e.I.E., e.B., Knioght of Grace of the Order of St. John, was welcomed at the station by the Mayor of Brighton (Councillor Miss Margaret Hardy) 1.I.B.E., J.P.), who was accompanied by the acting Mayoress (Mrs. Lord Thompson) the Deputy Mayor (Alderman Frank G. Beal, J.P ), Commissioner E. A. Richards and the District Staff.

The Guard of Honour was formed by members of t:<hc Brighton Ambulance, Nursing and Cadet Divisions, and it may here be mentioned that Brighton possess perhaps the only Brigade Division throughout the country composed entirely of members of the Special Constabulary. The District Band (Gravesend and Torthfleet Division ) played. the General Salute after which the Guard of Honour was inspected.

The civic party then proceeded to the Royal Sussex County Hospital where brief visits were made to the various departments including the new casualty \yard.

From the hospital the party drove to the Royal Payilion ground for a short service, conducted by the R ev. H. A. Eyton-J ones) 1\l.A., and attended by the Brighton Corps, and representatives of the Old Contemptibles, British Le-goion, ra'l'y League, Sea Scouts and Cade t and the Boys' Brigade. During the service Sir Alfred Bingley placed a wreath, fashioned to the eig ht-pointed cross of St. John, on the War Memorial. The "Last Po t" and " Reveille" being sounded by Brigade buglers.

The official luncheon followed, oyer which the presided. Among the guests ,vere Sir Alfred Bingley, the Commissioner Assistallt Commissioners Major \V. H. F. Noble and Capt. E. A. Chill, Lady District Supt. l':f.rs c. Falwasser, District SurO'eon Dr. A. E. Porter, D1stnct Officer H. J. \tV rigo'les\\'orth, who workcd hard to make the whole parade such a success, District Officers \\'. Bryce, C. Milton and J. P. Flavin, Lady District Officers Miss H. May and Lady Peters, A.R.R.c., Capt. \\ T Goodley, M.e. (Commissioner No. 1 Di trict), Capt. W. J. H. Pontin, Corps Surgeon, A. F. Drynan, Corp Supt., Lt.-Col. C. H. James. .,

The Mayor proposed the toast of the Bngade and Its departments, coupled with the names of ir Alfred Bingley and Cammi sioner E. A. Richard. ;'Iany conferences and deputations came to .Brio·hton, Her \tVor but rare ly had he been gwcn bhe pnvl1ege of enterta1l1111g an o rganisatioll of such an tiq lli ty and fine tradition as the Brio·acle. Referring to the work of the Brigade in Sussex anl'Surrey Her Worship pointed -ouL that 2,2-1-5 accidents had been dealt with necessitating the ambulances travelll11g 10,-1-93 miles; cases remoyed numbered S,lOI, and the grand lotal of 11 0085 miles had been covered hy the ambulances. Miss Hardy tre ed the importance of obtaining an ambulance for Brighton

Si r Alfred Bingley, in response, spoke of the Order's t r ad i tions as one of the oleic in the world and suggested

FIRST

that rhe majority of the public accepted the services of the Brigade as a mailer of course.

Mr. Richards also responded and contended that the growth and value of the movement was due entirely to the dt'votion, self-sacrifice and courage of the men and women who form the Units of the Brig·ade.

The Madeira Drive was the scene of the inspecti on. Here thousands of visitors watched with interest as Sir AI fred Bingley carried out his inspection, followed by the " March Past," at which he took the salute.

The parade proceeded to the Dome for a special service conducted hy the Rev. H. Arthur Eyton-J ones, M.A. This was preceded by the piling and dedication of the drums of lhe Gra\ esend and orthfleet Division.

Tea was served in the Royal Pavilion and the whole of the parade were the guests of the l\Iayor. Speeches were given by Sir Alfred Bingley, who congratulated t:he parade on its splendid turnout; by the l\Iayor, who commented on the enthusiasm of the cadets; by 1\1r. Richards, who thanked the members for their presence; and by Capt. Goodley, who paid tribute to the smartness, keenness and enthusiasm of the members of the No.8 District. the whole proceedings went with a swing from to end speaks well of the very fine orgallisation reflected great credit on District Officer H. J. W ngglesvYorth, Corps Officer T. E. Uarsh and others who assisted.

ADDISCmIBE.-County Surgeon A E. Porter recently 111spected the Addiscombe Division. There was a record attendance. The parade \\"as under the command of District O.fficer Drew and Dr. Porter congratulated the Officer-111-Cha1:ge, Amb. Officer Scott, N.C.O.'s and privates on the hIgh state of efficiency.

Porter,. who has recently returned from visiting umts 111 Australla and ew Zealand said he had seen none better than the Addiscombe

The c, John Jetton" Dressing Station at the Divisional was also a subject for commendation, and Sisler Gertrude Prew (recently awarded a lono' serYlce medal) was complimented both on the ments in the room and on the long record of cases with "vh1ch she had dealt.

instructive and enterlaining display ". as glVen by memhers of the Chertsey and District DiYiSIan on Monday, September 24th, at the Drill Hall Chertsey.

Dr. F. Sheerman Thornton, the Divisional Surgeon and Supennlendent, was present) whilst Amb. Officer R. J. Gnstock was IJ1 charge of the programme. _ ul1iforme? men and eight recruits to'Ok pal t 111 ell.splay and dunng the evening District Officer J. P. Flav1I1 mspected the members.

District Officer Flavin the display gave an insight mto some of the whlCh the members were doing. He. then gave particulars oE the Order and birth of the Bngade.

The display was repeated on TuesdaX evening in the 'YeYJ?ann Hall, Addleslone. The gathenng ,on this occasIon mcluded Corps Supt. Chaplin and Corps Supt. Wells.

HASTINGs.--:-On September 24th the Commiss ioner (Mr. E. A. Richards) IJ1spected the Hastings Divisions. The of parade was over 120 strong. The Town DIVISIon was 111 command of Supt. G. H. French and TSransport Officer Coleman) the Railway Division under upt. VV. G. Amb Officer Spencer, whilst Miss Coxeter and MI.ss. Inkpen had charge of the nurses CommlsslOner) who was accompanied by Lad, Dlstnct Supl. rVI.rs. Falwasser) Officer Capt. W. d. and Dl. W. E. Peck) after 1I1specting the parade WItnessed some excellent demonstrations in first aid.

A I D. October, 1934.

Addressing the members Mr. Richards said how pl eas,ed he was to inspect them. There was hard ly a t h ing he cou ld find fau lt with. He congratu lated them and the Borough of Hastings all having such an effic,ient service

R\Y.-The annua l inspection of the Heme Bay ])lvlslOn Ambulance-Nursino-, Boy and Gi rl Cadets-was held on Thursday, October -J.th.

The inspecting officer, Dr. N Corbet Fletcher, Assistant Surgeon-in-Chie£ of the Brigade, was reoeived at t h e Grand Pier Pavilion by the Cha,irman of the Urban D istrict C'ouncil (ICouncillor E. R. Pitt) supported by Lady ])Istnct Mrs. Falwasser, Asst. Counly Surgeon, and Actll1g Dw. Surgeon Dr. F. C. Cozens, Lady District Officer Miss May) Div. Surgeon Dr Hamerton, Lady Supt. Miss Reynolds) Amb. Officer A. Keeler, Lady Amb. Officer frs. Honey, Transport Officer A. R. J. Creasey, Boy Cadet Officer W. Smeed) Girl Caclet Officer M iss Councillor G. Cursons) Councillor and Mrs. W. S. Pulll11ger, Inspector H. Quested and others.

Following the inspection practical demonstrations were giYen, Dr. Corbet Fletcher testin o the members' capabilities by questioning them whilst :t work .

The Inspecting Officer congratulated the parade on theIr perfor:mance. Keen Sll rgeons, support of C{)uncil and the polIce were essential if Divisions are to flourish. He wa.s .pleased to find they had tlhe backing of the local authontles and the police.

Councillor E. R. Pitt said the Inspecling Officer's rewere encourag-111g. The town was proud of the DIYISl0nS and he would take the opportunity of thanking Dr. F. C. Cozens and Dr. J. R. Hamerton for their interest Miss A. Reynolds for her hard work, Ambulance and Transport .Officer A. R. J. Creasey ancI all the members of the D rill s lOn

Dr. Corbet Fletcher later inspected the motJor ambulance and, havi!lg been driven in the vehicle, 'he remarked favourably on ItS equ1pment and condition.

HORsHA:M:.-Dislrict Officer J. P. Flavin inspected the Horsham Division 011 Tuesday, September 25th. There were about 40 members on parade under Supt. B. W. Jarrett and Amb. Officer F A. Trott.

The Inspecti.ng Officer, who was accompanied by Distnct 9ffic.er DaVId Bryce, ) .P., a former Superintendent of the DlvlslOn) expressed pleasure 'On his initial visit to Horand congratulated the members on maintaining the hIgh reputatlOn they had attained

The first intimation that the Horsham Division has a scheme hand to provide its own headquarters was gIven by Supenntendent Jarrett, who said that the Division was cramped at t.he Town Hall) but it was hoped acqulIe a more commodlolls headquarters of their own III the near future.

A new amhu lance was also to be purchased.

No. IX. District.

A conference of the Area Staff and Divisional Officers of the orth Devon Area was held at tihe Castle Barnon Saturday, September 29th, when the Divisions wete ful ly represented This is the flrst of a series of conferences wit h a view to bringing into t h e closesl co-operatlOn the North Devon Units.

Tl;e Asst. County Commissione r , Major S. R. Gibbs M.C.) .f D ) welcomed the delegates ancl O'ave a brief of the duties o[ the new Area Staff and of made for dealing with all matters affectinot e 1V1Slons .

E County Slll-geon, gave an interestinoand 111st r ucbve address on a1rcraft accidents and a.re now in hand f'or the fo rmation of an A ll- Duty D1vlslOn and an invitation, very

Oct o b e r, 1934. FIR S T

muC'h appreciated and readily accepted, to visit the aerod r ome has been received from the Heanton Aerodrome ancl Divis'ions are lo make visits in lhe ncar fUlure.

Earnest conside r ation was given to the importance of detailed arrangements being made for a District Call, should the necessity arise, and il was agreed lhat the Area Staff should formulate a plan to be brought inlo operation at once. Another important subject considered was measures for protection against gas attacks.

It was agreed to hold an annual competition open to Divisions in the North Devon Area, and to be held as soon as possible after Octoher 1st in each year.

LISKEARD.-Liskeard Division, which now includes the newly-formed Sections at Looe, Callington, Pensilva, and St. Neat, underwent their annual inspection on Sunday afternoon, September 23rd, when 71 officers, men, and boys paraded in the Fair Park.

A 1 [) 91

Speaking of some of the Division's activities since the last annual inspection, the Superintendent stated the motor ambulance had lravelled 2,835 miles. T11e Division had removed 10-J. cases, attended 25 accidents, and 18 public duties. In addition, there was a first aid post at Looe Mills in. charge of Pte. H. Copplestone who, since January 1st lhis year had atLended 12 accidents. Since the post was established; a tOlal of 48 cases had been attended.

The County Commissioner said it was a great pleasure to inspect the Liskeard Division, because they were old friends. It was the first time, however, he had seen the three new Sections and he was very pleased with the turn-out. He congratulat.ed Supt. Wenmoth on his Division, and the borough in having such a fine 1\Iayor for its civic head) who was also the head of the local ambulance movement.

The l\Iayor observed that the community as a whole owed an enormous debt of gratitude to the ambulance moyement. Its members did valuable yoluntary work

[Her/s. Call1bs. Rep01'teJ Photograph of the Royston Division taken at the first annual inspection.

In the cenlrf', front row, are Dr. A. D. Skyrme, Asst. Commissioner H. Langley Jones (Inspecting OfJi.r::er) and Amb. OIEcer R. D Fairs

The inspecting officer was the County Commissioner (Lt.-Col. W. Blackwood, D.S.O., l\1.B.E.), \\'ho was accompanied by Asst. County Commissioner 'v\!. 'v\!. Johnston and County Officer S. 1\1. Landrey.

The Division was drawn up in sections, Liskeard being in command of Supt. H. H. Wenmoth and Amb Officer T. L. Plper; Looe, Cpl. A. ing-leton; Callington, CpI. J. E. Fletcher; Pcnsilva, Cpl. P. Geach; Liskeard and t. eot Cadels, Cadet Officer S. Sanders.

Among those present were the Mayor and l\Iayoress (Alderman and 1\lrs. W. F. Young), Dr. l\I. C. Cooper, Lt.-Col. F. tIackenzie, Mrs. Blackwood, the Rey F. E. and Mrs. Trelawny, Mr. F. Temple Roberts, 1\Ir. A. Hugh, and COl1noi ll ors E. Spurway) 1'. S. Dodd and Vv . J. Holloway.

Following the inspection and "March Past," Col. Blackwood presented the awards before the parade marched to the Public Hall, where the Mayor and Mayoress entertained the members to tea.

which required great skill and knOWledge, such as " as only acquired by hard study. •

Twenty-six entries were received for the Bilsthorpe .\mbulance competition. v\'ath Main were first follo"'ed by Kirkby TO. 2 and Bestwood Colliery.

l\lessrs. R \. Smith & Co., the makers of the" Rasco" (regd.) Bandage Fastener have removed their offices in City Road to 63, Hatton Garden, London, E. C. I.

The fifteenth annual church parade took place at St. Lukes Church, Cheltenham, on Sunday, September 30th, and was attended by members of the St. ] 01111 Ambulance Br igade and British Red Cross Society.

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Supt. Wen moth moved a vote of thanks to Alderman and Mrs. Young [or their hospitality. The Mayor, he said, was Chairman of the Ambulance Centre and the members of th e Division

Ever y pe nn y s p e n t o n a d vertising creates prestige , sta ndin g a nd re putation for the firm that spends it. It ma y no t be d i s c ernable in immediate results , but the eff e c t is certain a nd the power cumulati v e .

B rz t z"sh Red

CITY OF LOXDOl .-The Acting Lord 1ayor (Alderman Sir Kynaston Studd) Bt.) and the Lady Mayoress entertained the members of the City Branch at the Mansion House on Wednesday, October 3rd.

The annual ceremony of transferring the colours from last year's winning detachment to the new champions, No. 16 (Prudential) was performed by the Lord l-1a),or, who also presented long-service medals and A demonstration was given, showing the evolutJOl1 of (( first aid" from its earliest beginnings; and the Lady Mayoress then presented the shields and cups.

Colonel Evans, the County Director) speaking of the work done by the City Branch, said that three new detachments had been added during the year. The Lord Mayor, in replying to a vote of thanks proposed by Col. Sir Stuart Sankey, Chairman of the Branch) spoke of the work done by the members behind the scenes.

The winners of the awards were:

"Perks Shield," No. 16 Detachment; City of London Territorial Association's Shield) No. 10 Detachment; " Sankey Bowl/' Miss Muriel Barnes, No. 1-1- Detachment; "Crosby Cup," No. 16 Detachment; ., Gollin Cup," Miss Gladys Tritton, No. 24 Detachment; "Frances" Cup, l-1iss Noreen Tyler, No. 10 Detachment; and "Evans Cup," Miss Frances Smith,

CROYDoN.-A realistic display was given by the Croydon Men's Detachment at Heathfield Farm, Addington) by permission of Mr. R. F. A. Riesco) on Sunday morning, September 23rd, before a large assembly of spectators.

The first part was staged in a large gravel pit in \\'hich an explosion was supposed to have occurred.

Col. E. 1\1. Cowell, County Director of the Surrey Branch, who watched the demonstrations with close interes t, expressed his satisfaction at the excellent manner in which the work had been carried out.

Among those present were Miss F. H. A. Turner, County Secretary, Mr. D. O. Rawling, Hon. Divl. SecreMrs. Chiles and Miss Hodges) Commandant and Assi tant Commandant of Purley \i\Tomen's Detachment, and Dr. G. O. l\1ontgomery , the Medical Officer of the :\1en's Detachment.

To the spectators, Commandant G. E. hes explained the work as it proceeded under the supervision of Assistant Commandant Mr. H. F, Jones.

Head Section - Leader J, T. Quarterman was in charge of the party at the quarry, assisted by Section-Leader E. U. Greenleaf, Asst. Section-Leader R. W. Milner and members Dunnett, Gilroy, Johnson) :\1ansfield, Osborne and vVhibley.

?ectiol1-Leader A. E. Gray was in charge of the nllrsmg party at the camp, assisted by Asst. SectionLeader R. G. Dixon and members Cross, Tutt and Wicks.

STR ,\TFoRD.-Two "accidents" were staged in the Drill Hall ) The Green, Stratford, on Monday, October 1st, for the benefit of Detachments of the Becontree Division, who wcrc taking part in the annual competitions.

In the men's competition, teams were presented by the Rev. P. D. Beckwith) Commandant of Essex/59 (East Ham), Dr. Poots,. Commandant Essex/55 (vVest Ham), and J?r. D. H. Essex/57 (Wan stead) ; and 111 the women s competItIOn the following detachments teams, Essex/130 (West Ham) (Miss J. McKcchl11e); Essex/56 (Wanstead) (Mrs, Turner);

Cross News.

Essex/138 Becan tree) (Mrs. l\1alone) ; and Essex/68 (East Ham) (Miss Reddell).

After an interesting competition it was announced that the men's cup had been won by Essex/55 (Vi est Ham), and the women's trophy by (Wan.stead),

The following kindly undertook the dutIes of Judges, etc.-Women: Judges, Miss F. Fairbairn (Matron) King George Hospital), Mrs. Morrish (Lady Supt. S.J.A.B.); inspection of uniforms) Miss Brent (King George Hospital, Ilford).

Men's teams: Inspection of uniforms, Col. H. Jolly, T.D., D.L.; judges, Dr. F. J. Oxley, O.B.E., Miss Christine Lawrie (Examiner to Girls' Life Brigades).

SUFFOLK.-The Annual Meeting of the Grand Council of the Suffolk Branch was held on September 27th at Brettenham Park, by kind permission of Sir Courtenay and Lady Lellcha Warner.

As County President, Lady Lcucha presided and welcomed those present.

Lord O'Hagan, County Director, reviewed the 2-1-th annual report. General progress had been maintained. The membership at December 31st last was 465. Two new detachments had been formed at Brandon, Suffolk, represented by Woodbridge, Suffolk 2, won the intercounty competition at Ely,

The number of cases carried and the miles travelled by their motor ambulances continued largely to increase.

As to the two stationed at Bury St. Edmunds, so far this year, 544 patients had been carried, as compared with a total of 492 in the first eight months of last year, while the mileage had increased by nearly a thousand miles.

The use of the ambulances at 1\ ewmarket and at Southwold had also increased. The function of the Red Cross in the county for the service of the public was both appreciated and increasing every year. The road scheme did good work, and danger points on the highways were staffed by several detachments. Suffolk 46 was the only Women's Detachment which helped to patrol the roads, and at holiday time they were to be seen complete with motor-car fully equipped with first-aid stores.

EAST Li\NCi\SIlIRE.-At a mceting hcld by the East Lancashire Branch in the Manchester Town Hall on October 9th, a Women's Auxiliary Committee was formed to assist in raising funds for the Branch.

Sir William Coates gave an outline of the Red Cross work of East Lancashire, which, he said) had always been to the fore) but people did not come forward so much nowadays to help, Lady Stanley of Alderley spoke of the various sides of the work of the Red Cross, and mentioned that among their needs was the building of huts on the beaches of seaside resorts for Fi rst Aid in cases of drowning accidents.

Dr. T. Wheeler Hart said that there was all idea current that the Reel Cross had large funds tucked away in London which it could bring out if it needed them. This idea was erroneous. The money which had been collected during the war for people injured in war servicc could only be used, under Act of Parliamcnt) for exservice men. These funds were therefore not accessible for the ordinary peace-time work of the Society.

Przory for //Vales.

AM.BULANCE WORK AMONG ROAD TRANSPORT WORKERS,

It seems that with the very inadequacy of the Koa,d Traffic Act, in-so-far as first aid are concerned, IS proving the means of creating dnvers of public service vehicles a keen deSire obtam mst.ructlOn in ambulance work. While certain a,re oblIged to carry first aid equipment, .is obltgatlOn to ensure that someone is able to utlltse It, .the :esult .that the attendants, realising the helpless pos.lhon in which they would find themselves in case of aCCident, feel a personal responsibility for acquiring a Im.owledge of ald, The majority of passenger tral1spo;; vehicles c?me the category of what the Act terms stage carnages ,and

among whom the idea has been generally approved in principle. While negotiotions are therefore In hand for a ment on a large scale, definite steps are being taken 111 several localities; and large classes of transport workers are in being at Cardi ff, Aberdare, Swansea, Porth, [ ewport and Haverfordv"esL Cardiff has gone a stage further and following successful classes held during the past two sessions, the membership of which increased Irom18 11.8. in twelve months, oyer forty employees of the Ca:d'A Corporation Transport Department have, been enrolled mto a Division of the St. John Ambulance Bngade.

In connection with this Unit a meeting of the Cardiff Corporation Transport Committee was held recently to mark l TVestem Jiail Plzotogmplz by ('mt1'lesy] d tl e " Isca " Shield which . d T 'tl C del Supt B Jones an 1 The Treharns Ca et eam WI 1 a :'. ddf d i\ eath, they won at the Royal N atlOnal Elste 0,

1 lot l'equired Lo carry equipment. Experience lese are I 1'1 I t b es however that the liability to aCCident IS I y 0 e pro v f' el1t o'n omnibuses which stop at short Intervals, more requ I " ess , verino' lon()' distances stage by stage,. t 1':11 expr co l)roceed direct to destll1atlOns seldom carnages slo Jping along the ltne of route. , I The eml;loyees concerned are lhems.elves beconung d I conscious of their need and there IS. an ,expressed leep y. nTales for develolJment in this dlrectlOn. The uCSlre In vv 'd f T L' , Prior for Wales is expected to give proVI. e aCI lies for and a means of sLimulat1l1g' the sl:;te f a Na tional Transport Ambulance CompetlllOn, 1e old tl p , c'pal Secretar)' 'bTt' s bave been explorec an le Iln I .' the matter wiLh the TralTlc Coml:llSSlO n er, Proprietors' Association and others lI1terested

1 I 'eVCl11ent at which Councillor Henry]ohn \\'armly De ac 11, . 1 I , d oluntaril)' mmended the men on the obligatIon t leY]a \ co dertaken his remarks being heartedJ): endorsed by other uCn '11 " resel1t \Yarrants of apPoll1tmenl were pre- ounCI ors P dE' d 'vV Forbes General Manager an ngll1eer, sente to 1 \ d 'Hon P;esident in recognition of his wholewho was e ec e t. ] 'vV Dunning , Traffic Supt., as hearted s,uppor , _. 'H 'L 'c lLhard as Di\ SUf!"con ; V'ce-Presldent; DI., OU d

D 1 Dyke as Div, Supt.; Inspector S. ConnOL '- an rn er . n." 0 l' Cd-tor T C

D D] Baker as Amb, [Icers: 011 UL " rt\'er .' C \V t " H \Vookey S.

PI '\t'ps as Sero'eant ; Dnyers . a er ,. H' J)

I'd D P terson as Corporals; Conductor . , an a 'd 1 ectJr \\' J Conway as L " as Di\,. Treasurer, an nsp ,e\\ IS, TI' the onl) Transport Dl\'lSIOI1 dt Div ecretary, llS I .' d' Ll e Reo'ister of the Bngade In vVales, an lt 15 present on 1 <.

FIRST

hoped it will have more lasting success than one or two similarly recruited Units which have had but a short existence.

EWPORT MEi\IBERS ON PARADE

The Newport (Mon.) Corps turned out in good num,bers for the annual inspection which was conducted by the Commissioner for \Vales on the Newport Athletic Grounds on Sunday, September 23rd. Pointing out that Newport ha.d been pioneers in many phases of ambulance work parucularly in the raill,vay world, the Hon John Bruce referred to the smartness of the parade, and said he looked to Newport, Cardiff and Swansea to set the pace in efficiency as an example to the valleys. The Commissioner for Wales, Assistant COll1missionE:r for Wales (Mr. A. G. E. J. Fudge), Assistant Surgeon-in-Chief for Wales (Dr. C. Rocyn Jones, C. B. E.), and Commissioner for the Newport Centre (Dr. S. McCormac) took the salute at the march past of 168 members on parade. which was in chqrge of Corps Supt. ]. Barber. Officers present includedAssistant Coml11issioner G. Campbell Oliver, Staft Officer G. j. Rowlands, Corps Treasurer H. S. Lyne and the Corps President, 1\lr. W. J. T. Collins.

The Corps and visitors were subsequently entertained to tea in the gymnasium, where the proposed thanks to the visitors to which Councillor C. T. Clissitt and Dr. Rocyn J ones res ponded.

CADET PROGRESS IN WALES.

Brigade Officers in "Wales will need to tap all their resources to continue the splendid progress .vhich has been ll1ade in \Vales over the past three years by the aid of the stimulus of the Pilgrim Trust Grant. ILwing at December last reached a Cadet membership of 3,380 - almo:::.t one-thit-d of the total Cadet strength of the Brigade at home-Wales has a high standard to maintain both as regards numbers and enthusiasm. The opportunity of sending a large party to camp aL St. Athan for one week was therefore eagerly welcomed as an incentive to interest, while it can be regarded as an indication of the popularity enjoyed and high estimation in which the St. John Cadet movel11ent is held, that the Ocean Area Recreation Union, through the good offices of its Secretary, Captain J. Glynn-Jones, M.C., should have invited the Priory to arrange for 120 Cadets to spend a week at the ideally situated Camp at St. Athan free ot all cost to themselves.

Great credit is due to Assistant Commissioner J. H. Davies who undertook the responsibility of Camp Commandant, in which capacity he was ably assisted by Corps Supt. John Thomas and Div. Supt. E. I. Emery, both of the Borough of Rhondda Centre. On the Sunday following the day of their arrival, the boys attended a Service in the Camp Concert Hall, where they were addressed by the Rev. E. J. Blythe of Barry; and thruughout the week they entered thoroughly into the Camp spirit taking part in all the games and preparing for the Ambulance Competition which was held on the Friday when six teams competed and were iudged by Dr. R. Baird 1\Iilne, Bridgend.

Taking advantage of the provision of a swimming pool at the Camp, six boys were presumed to be apparenLly drowned, and had been brought out of t.he wat.er. T\\'o boys were instructed to rush to the competing teams nearby, and the Captain and No.1 of each team were hastened to the spot to render "First-A.id," while the other members were sent to assist afterwards.

Following the competition, an inspection was conducted by the Commissioner of the Rhondda, Captain T. E. Richards, J.p., who was accomranied by lr. W. Mabon Abraham, Brigade Secretary. Captain Richards in a subsequent report to the Commissioner for Wales, wrote "The whole function was a credit to the Corps Commandant, Assistant Commissioner J. II. Davies, Corps Supt. ]. Thomas, Div. Supt. E. 1. Emery, and the Sectional Officers. I heartily compliment them on the excellent manner in which the Camp arrangement.s had been carried out, and the

A 10. October, 1934.

manner in which competition had been planned. The Priory for Wales is indeed deeply indebted to the Ocean and National Colliery Authorities and to Capt. Glynn-Jones with his Staff for the excellent opportunity given to our Cadets of enjoying camp life under such delightful conditions . "

The Prize Silver Cake Basket, was awarded to Cadet Officer J. Rowe, Maindy and Eastern Division for the smartest Sectional Leader, and the efficiency of his Section; and the Commandant adds to his interesting account a warm tribute of praise to the cam p organiser whose general manner and inspiring presence helped everyone to live up to the camp motto, viz. "Play the Game." The permanent staff of the camp" he continues, "were most courteous and entertaining. It is no wonder the St. .\thFln Camp is so popular. "

An interesting iLem in the week's programme was the reception of the Treharris Cadet Team, victorious from the ROy'll National Eisteddfod, Neath, where they won the Isca Shield; and no pains were spared to attach due honour to the occasion. Through the generosity of the Organiser and Camp Commandant, each cadet was presented at the end of the week with a print of a photograph taken of the 120 Cadets and their Officers, which will no doubt be treasured by the boys as a memento of a delightful week's camping under the most favoured conditions and inspiring influences.

Pract ical Po in ts .

The Editor invites Note3 on actual Cases - wilh reference to gO:ld and bad points in Trt'atment-for inclusion ,n this Column.

KILLED BY GUST OF "VIND.

How trilling may be the cause of an accidenL was pro\'en by a recent fatality in which a gust of wind blowing the kitchen door on a frail old lady (aet 71) knocked her down and broke her leg. She died from shock four days later.C. Y.-East Sheen.

DIED AS RESULT OF TRIVIAL \VOllND.

An injury, so tri\'ial that a husband did not know how or when his wife received it, was stated at. a St. Pancras inquest recently to be the cause of death from Septicxmia of a lady (aet 41).

At the inquest her husband said that his wife's finger became swollen and inAamed while they were camping in Devon. His wife did not even mention how and when she got the wound.

This case seems to me to stress the teaching of the Textbook, that no wound is " too t.rivial " to require medical aid, as some first-aiders are so fond of suggesting. - M. H.Highgate.

REMARKABLE RO.\D ACCIDENT.

Hampsllire police are inquiring- into a remarkable road accident in which a mother lost her lite and her two-l11onthold baby had a wonderful escape. Mrs. Vera CrelJ0, of Southampton, left home with her baby in a perambulator to visit her parents at Shirley.

M r. V. A. \Villiams, of Southampton, was motoring along the Romsey road when he dimmed his lights to allow an approaching car to pass. He felt a bump, pulled up and found Mrs. Crebo lying unconscious in the road. He stopped another motorist and they took the injured woman to hospital, where she died.

October , 193 4

The Little

Bei ng extracts from lectures to the First Aid Class at Faverdale, Darlington, by Captain Norman Hammer, R.A.M.C., T.A , Principal Medical Officer of The Legion of Frontiersmen at Home and Overseas, Lecturer in First Aid, Home Nursing, and Hygiene to the L.C.C., etc.

THIS is the time of the year when First Aid classes throuahout the country are starting their winter's work,b and the Editor has suggested that in place of the usual articles on First Aid subjects, we should publish these talks on the St. John First Aid Course.

We are studying First Aid with the intention, firstly of passing an examination, and secondly of putting into practice what we have learnt. Vje shall be examined on the St. John Textbook NOTHING ELSE; we shall put into practice, if we are wise, if \\ e are content to be good, useful, honest Pirst Aiders, and not presumptuous and dangerous quacks, NOTHING BUT \iVHAT THE BOOK TEACHES US.

We must know what we mean by the term " First Aid." The book says that" First Aid is a special branch of practical medicine and surgery, by a knowledge of which persons are enabled to afford skilled assistance 1Il cases of accident and sudden illness." I prefer to follow myoId teacher, that great Professor of .f:\ Nigel Corbet Fletcher, who holds that Flfst AI? IS a specz'aZ sc't'ence, z'nclud£nl{ certai n of medicine and surgery, by the practice of trained persons, medical and lay, can suffering, assist recovery, and even save lIfe, 1Il these cases.

I t is a mistake to thin k that a doctor, by reason of his medical training, is ipso facto a good first aider, or even what is easier, a good teacher of First Aid. Medical and lay, we must all of US approach First Aid as a new subject, and it, as we mean to practice it, thoroughly and deJmztely. By the word "definitely," I mean that we must realise that it is a science that has well-marked boundaries, outside of which it is unsafe to go ; we must realise, also, that it is sufficiently comprehensive to cover both the recognition and the adequate treatment of every conceivable emergency of accident or sudden illness.

A I D. 95

Black Book.

ounce of good out of that miracle of concise, compressed, safe, sound First Aid information.

When we are faced with a case, we tackle it in three stages.

1.-We "determine the nature of the case so far as is necessary for in telligen t and efficient treatment." In other words, we decide in what condzlz'on our patient is. How to make this '( diagnosis," how to recognise various abnormal conditions, we shall see later.

2.-Having determined the condition, w.e ha:e to fit to it the appropriate treatment, beanng In mind that the appropriateness of the treatment falls under two heads, firstly, the kz'nd of treatment, secondly, the extent of the treatment. By this the Book means that in some circumstances It may be right to carry out a treat.ment of the case on the spot and Without help; In other circumstances, it may be wiser to do that 'which is urgently needed, such as the stopping of severe bleedin a or the fixing of a broken bone, b' and then remove the patient to shelter, or await the arrival of doctor or ambulance. It means, too, to remind us that a First Aider must keep within the limits of his subject, and not stray half a st<:p into the danaerous territory that lies just beyond the frontier ;E his training and qualifications.

3.-Having decided on what to do, we have to do it-calmly, correctly, efficiently.

Observe that of the three parts of our method of dealing with a case, tz'()o (and the first two) are processes of thought, based, I agree, on the use of our faculties, our five senses, and our hands, on occasion. The last involves the use of our hands, directed by our brain. As a First Aid motto" Thin k first, then act." Don't be in such a hurry to do something that you forget to .THINK FIRST. The most thorough treatment IS if it's the wrong one. Make sure of the condztzon you are dealing with; decide 'what you d?, and how much; then do it, in the way descflbed 111 the Textbook.

(( Everything that has any bearing on the case should be considered." I n other words, we arri ve at an "appreciation of the situation ". on facts observed, facts elicited by questlOn1l1g patient or bystanders, facts to us. Our" appreciation" is a fitt1l1g together. of these facts to aive US a diagnosis, a re.assured. 11l1e of treatment, :nd an indication of speCial modifications of that treatment.

We obser'lJe

The pat£ent, how he looks, how he lies, how

he breathes, does he move, is he vomiting, etc.all SIGNS.

The surrozmdz'ngs, kicking horses, escaping gas, a blizzard, hot burning tropical sun, moving machinery, an approaching train, material for improvising First Aid appli::tnces, or means of transport, e.g., hedge stakes or hurdles, rolled newspapers or wheelbarrows.

We elz"cit by questioning, or have volunteered to us, the patient's account of how he feels, what occurred, what has occurred in the past (" sym ptoms" and" history"), or the last two may come from bystanders or relatives.

SIGNS. By jJJzysz'cal sz'gns we mean ,( any differences from the normal condition of the patient, e.g., is he pale, is there swelling, is there deformity? Signs are observed by using the senses of sight, feeling, smell, hearing, taste."

The First Aider observes signs: the patient tells him of" Symptoms," which are what the patient FEELS, re faintness, pain, cold, sickness (nausea), giddiness, and so on. Symptoms alone are not of very great use in making a diagnosis, but they are useful if they dove-tail in with sz'gns and / or lzz'St07Y.

Shelter. I n every emergency of acciden t or sudden illness, the onset of shock to a greater or less degree is to be expected. Shock can kill. It should never be forgotten that measures to prevent and counteract it are an essential part of all First Aid treatment. Shelter, in which term we inel ude the lee-side of a wall, extra wraps, blankets, and coats, not only a roof and four walls, is an important part in the treatment, preventative and curative, of shock.

It is worth while to take the Principles of First Aid (p. 18) very seriously.

(1) "Death is not to be assumed because signs of life are absent" is the first one and we will discuss this, and the others, next mo'nth.

ell riosities of Arsen ic.

By A :MEDICAL CORRESPONDENT.

ARSENIC is so extensively used in the industries and arts that it is belived that there are few of us who have not a little of it in our bodies.

Formerly a go?d. deal of chronic poisoning :esult.ed arsenIC 111 wallpaper, the poison beIng. gIven off In powder, and also as a gas, in warm, mOIst weather. wallpapers still contain very small quantities of the poison. It is also presenc in some artificial flowers, in carpets, furs,

dress fabrics dyed with aniline dyes, and in b lack stockings.

It has been found in many cosmetic preparations which women use to improve the comp lexion and brilliancy of the eyes, accidents from these preparations being on record.

Dr. Murrell examined a number of co loured tobacco and cigarette covers and found arsenic in one-third of them. Used as an insectitide for spraying fruits, it remains on the skin, and is some times eaten.

Glucose very frequently contains arsenic, and thence it finds its way into jams and beers. Many persons were poisoned in Manchester some years ago by arsenic in beer made with glucose, and the analysis of the Government analyst show that the poison is present in small quantities in many samples of beer.

Of course, these minute doses seldom do any harm, but in some people they produce chronic poisoning, with loss of hair, neuritis, and other evil results.

This drug is poisonous to all animals with a central nervous system (brain or spinal cord) and to most of the higher plants. Mice show the greatest resistance, and next come hedgehogs, rabbits, dogs and cats.

I t is believed that the smallest fatal dose for adult human being is two grains, but people have taken a very much greater quantity and recovered By practice one can get used to large doses; the mountaineers of Styria eat as much as eight grains two or three times a week and find the dose a good tonic.

Long ago arsenic was extensively used for the purposes of murder, and Mme. Toffania, an Italian, has become immortal in the annals of crime from her preparation, the' ( Aqua Taffana," made from animals poisoned with arsenic.

Although many deaths still occur by accident or suicide, arsenic is seldom used for criminal poisoning by inteIligent people now, because the analyst can find it in the body for years after death. It has a peculiarly preservative effect, and in one case of exhumation after 37t months' burial (that of John Flanagan, of Liverpool, in 1884) the face and body could easily be identified.

There have been great epidemics of accidental arsenical poisoning. The most remarkable case was that in Paris in 1828, when 40,000 people were poisoned. Also there have been manyacciden ts from weed-killers, and in 1903 an analysis of sweets in the Isle of \Vight revealed the presence of 1-15th of a grain per pound.

A curious fact is that when a person takes arsenic it finds its way into the hair within about two weeks and stays there for years -Daily Mail.

Rat/way A m bu l ance News.

London, Mid l and and Scottish,

ACCRINGTON. -M r. Michael IVlorley Harwood, a prominent worker in the ambulance movement, h as retired from the cmploy of the Company, after nearly 44 years' serVice.

Mr. Harwood took a keen intcrest in the mutual improvement classes, and was presented with a silvermoun ted ebony walking stick for services rendered, from 1903 to 1922. H e has also been a devotee of the L.M.S. ambulance movement) having passed the annual examinations since 1907, and has acted as instructor to classes held in the locomotive departm ent. For his services in the movement the honour of Serving Brother of the Venerahle Order of St. John was conierred upon him in 1928. His colleag-ucs in railway and ambulance \vork \\"ill wish him well in hi' retirement.

EDGE HILL L oco - The presentation o£ the cup and prizes, along with the vouchers and labels gained at the rec ent examinatio n , took place on September 7th.

Mr. Highet took the chair) and 11r. Elliott (District Loco. Superintendent), in presenting thc awards, very strongly stressed the importance o£ First Aid work and asked for a higher percentage of entrants for the classes and cup competition next year.

The cup was won by T. Crook, followed by L. E. Knight half a point behind, and B. Richards, third.

A handsom e clock was handed to the winner, and a suitable prize the runners-up.

A "ery enjoyable musical e\'ening was arranged by the Class Secretary, 11r. J. H. ·Wileman) and the company was delighted with the high standard of the ntertaillment.

LIVERPOOL. -Seven ambulance teams competed on Scptember 8th, at 1\Iessrs. J. Bibby & Sons rooms, Great Howard Street, L il'erpoo l, when the silver challenge cup, presented by Dr. D e Vere Shortt, was won by Edge Hill Goods team, who were runners-up last year.

The competition was judged by Drs. T. J. Coakley and P. L. Reg-an, who made the following awards:1, Edge Hill Goods, 2071; 2, Liverpool D.G.M.O., 192; 3 Liverpool Exchange (No. 2),

LONDON.-The annual presentati on of awards to members of the London, orth Section traffic and goods department took place at Broad Street Station restaurant during an interval in a very enjoyable concert.

Major G. M. Ford (late North London Supt.), presided, and with Mrs. A. L. Castleman (wife of the District Goods Manager), di tributed 85 a wards to the Bow (Traffic) Section and 43 to the Broad Street (Goods) Section.

Amono·st tho e present were Mr. C. Peck the new District Mr. J. A. Pickn ell (District Controller), Dr. A. A. Gateley (Ambulance Classes Lecturer )) 1\[r. F. Jordan (Secretary of the Bow Amhulance Section Clas ,), Mr. W. J. Edgson (Secretary of the Street C;:;oo.d Ambulance Section Clas) and Mr. Mdlburn (DIstrict Secretary).

Special bars for long servIce 111 ambulance work went to Mr. J. Rogers (Dalston Signals), who has completed

-1-1 years' service; l\Ir. F. Jordan (DalsLon Permanent Way), 32 years; ).1r. George Beer (Dalston Ticket Collector), 30 years) and 1\lr. H. Bateman (District Traffic 1n.pector), 27 years.

The :N auticals Concert Party and the Cosmo Orchestra providec.l a pleasing and varied mlertainmenl.

Coming Events.

The Editor will be pleased to receive particulars of forthcoming evenls for inclusion (free of charge) under this heading.

O CTOBER.

27.-Annual Ambulance Competition at Holm e\\'ood

27. - Northumberland and Durham Area, o. 6 District, S.].A. B., Officers Conference and Dinner, 30.-\Vestern Area, o. 1 (Prince of \Vales' s) District, Annual Social, Caxton Hall, 'Westminster.

N O\'El\1BER.

3.- No. 39 (Temple) Nursing Division, S.].A. B. Dance, \Ve stm inster Cathedral Hall, Victoria.

9.-Meeting of the Hospitallers' Club, Cora Hotel.

10. -Heston Section (Southall Di\' ision) S.]. A. B. Dance, Heston Senior Schools.

16.-Investiture of the Order of St. John, at St. John's Gate.

17.-Eastern Area, No.1 District, S.].A.B., "Edith \-Vard" Shield Competition (preliminary for" McFadden" Cup), Latham Ro a d Schools, East Ham.

20.-C inematograpb Lecture on "The Skin,". arranged by the Dagenham Division, S.]. A. B., OutpatIents' Department, King George Hospital, Dagenham.

24.-Suffolk Count)' Competitions of the British Red Cross Society at Bury S,t. Edmunds.

2-+.-Eastern Area, No.1 District, S.].A.B., "Statham" Trophy Competition (preliminary for " lasse y-Main\\·aring,") Latham Road Schools, East Ham.

28. -.\nn ual Red Cross Ball in aid of the B. R. C. S. Clinic for Rheumatism, Gros\'enor House, London. DECEM BER.

1. -Annua l ODl.cers' Dinner of the No.1 (Prince of 'Vales's) Distri ct, S.].A.B.

3.-British Red Cross Society Bridge Tournament, Admiralty House, Whitehall.

Does your colleague read FIRST AID, if not, send us his address and we wiJl post him a copy.

Co lli ef'Y N e w s. CANNOCK CHASE.

The final round of the Cannock Chase Colliery Ambulance Competition was held on Saturday, September 15th at the Cannock College.

Of the thirty-two teams ""hich had entered the competition, six finalists competed for the championship shield and the judges being Drs. J. R. Eden and D. T. McAinsh

Tbe result was: 1st, Littleton C, 153 points 2nd,

Police Ambulance News . CITY O F LONDON SPEC I AL CONSTABUL\RY.

On Sunday, September 30th the annual inspection was held on the gro u nds of the Honourable Artillery Company. As IS the usua l custo:l1 first aid certificates, vouchers, medallIOns and labels gamed at the examination in April last. were I?resented Over sixty sLlccessful candidates received t h el : award s from Lady Studd

T he ActIng L o r d Mayor (A lderman Sir Kynastol1 Studd) tl:e "Sir William Smith" Challenge Cup to "B " DIVISIOn, Wll1ners of the team competition and the" McRea" Cup to Sergeant A. C . Churchill, of "G" Company who was the successfu l competitor in the Individual Cha'mpion event.

The usual classes and practises are being held on the first and third Wednesdays, at the Headquarters.

November" the Chief Medical Officer, Captain A. C. White Knox, M.e., M. B., w ill be giving two lectures on " The D efe.nce against Gas Attacks" and non-members of the first aid and ambulance section of the Special Constabulary are invited to attend these and subse uent lectures. q

CHESTERFIELD BOROUGH POLICE.

In the September issue of FIRST AID it was mentioned that the Chief Constable of Chesterfield, Mr Thomas Wells,

O ctober, 1934 . FIRST

Police competition team were successfu l in winning the " Raynor" at .open competit ion, organ ised by t h e Bolsover Colliery DIVISion S. ] A. B. Moreover it was the first open competition the team had entered. Great cred it is due to Mr. Wells for his encouragement.

Twenty-eight teams entered for the competition wh ich was held on October 6th., Dr. McKay of Bolsover being the judge, assisted by Amb. OrEcer Godfrey.

I.t an excellent test, the staging leaving nothing to (magmattOn, and thronghout great enthusiasm was shown by the many interested visitors.

Prizes were presented by Mr. Hesketh, Manager of the Bolsover Colliery, himself a keen ambulance worker.

STALYBRIDGE BOROCGH POLlCE.

The Iayor (Alderman G. Potts, J. P.) presented the awards to members of the above: Force and congratulated them on their efficiencv.

Alderman T. B.' Williams, Chairman of the 'Watch Committee, said that the total number of awards held by the Force was 28 certirlcates, 27 vouchers, 21 medallions and 18 labels. For the fourth year in succession a ll members passep the examinations.

Letters to the Editor.

We are in no way r esponsible fo r th e opinions e x pressed, or the statements mad e, by Co rr espondents.- EUITOR.

"OUR VISITORS."

DEAR SlR,-

I am taking this liberty of writing to you with respect to a matter which, in the opinion of the members of the Hamilton No. 1 Division, is deserving of attention" Visiting."

A I D . 99

so to speak, and left this island without regrets had he nol met our men .

It was unfortunate that he arrived on a niO"ht when the D ivision was not meeting, and it is possible many other men of the White Cross will arrive under similar circumstances; but the ambulance movement is now well known in Hamilton, and all the Police in the City have passed the Associ.ati?n examination, that it would be very easy to locate the pr1l1clpals of the Division at any timc by a s king these men.

The point is that the St. John Ambulance BriO"ade is an Empire wide institution, existing for the service otmankind. Let us extend this service a little further, and be glad to welcome in our immediate circle members from other parts. Visiting St. ] ohn men will find a warm welcome awaiting them in Bermuda if they ,",,,ill only make themselves known.

On behalf of Hamilton 1 Division, ]. FRAY, Divisional Supt.

[It is very pleasing to receive such a friendly letter from our brother first aiders from Overseas. Friendship between Home and Abroad does much to cement the goodwill b etween members of the Order of St. John. We are sure that divisions in other countries would also welcome the tra ve ller and endeavour to make his stay one of interest and pleasure - EDITOR. \

NATIONAL ROAD TRANSPORT COMPETITIO DEAR SlR, -

With reference to the letter of "Green Line" in the September issue of FIRST AID, I should like to inform him that I sent a letter to the St. John Ambulance Ga :Je lle suggesting a National Tramway Ambulance similar to Police and Railway Competitions. I also stated that the management of the varioLls Tram way 0 ndertakings, if approa c hed, would no doubt presen t a trophy for su c h a competition. This letter was published in l\lar c h, 1 9 30, and the editor' s remarks were as follows :-

West <:annock Yard,.! 151 ; 3rd, West Cannocl-{ No.1, 140 4th, Littleton A, 131 ; 5tb, Littleton B 126· 6th Brereton No.2, 125. ,

Mr. Jonathan Hunter (Chairman of the Cannock Cbase Coalowners' Association) presented the awards and conthe successful teams. Presenting the runners up With the cup presented by 1'.1r. J. Pavton of the Mines' Station, Mr. Hunter said there- wa; no man in the nelghb.ourhood who took a greater interest in first aid work than did l\Ir. Payton.

NEW

LAMBTON.

The. results at the recent examination of the new Lambton Colltery show that the whole of the candidates have passed. The examiner was Dr. W. A. IcKellar, of ChesterThe lect.urer was Dr. F. ]. Boyd, of HoughtonIe-Spong, an? 1l1structor and secretary was Mr. T. W. who IS m charge of the ambulance work at the colliery; he had a calJahle assistant in Mr J R Y It . f oung IS satJs actory to notel:lat many of the candidates boys who have recenlly gamed their safety in mines certificates and medals.

The "DECORATORS' & PAINTER S ' MAGAZINE" 8d. m o nthly) Is THE trade paper f or all interesteli.Publlsh inr Office: 46 Can no n S tre"t E C.4.

Chesterfie

To the members of England this mayor may not appeal, because Divisions of the Brigade in nearly every town and village, but with Divisions Overseas visiting is apprecialed, and the first aider who travels over the world, whether it be as a passenger on some great liner or a coal trimmer on some tramp steamer, the badge on the policeman's arm or in the coat of some local ambulance man, stimulate old memories. He may so rusty on the question of first aid that he shrinks from making himself known

This is a great pity. If he holds the certificate of the Association, irrespective of belonging to any Division of the Brigade, he will, I am certain, find friends who will turn ""hat to him is a foreign port into a home from home may be that the people he will meet are native people of the particular country, but there are many divisions overseas where he will find Englishmen, Welshmen or Scotchmen. \ ,\Ihile thinking of the latter nationality one is tempted to tell a story told by a lawyer. He was telling friends that he had travelled pretty well around the globe, and that wherever he went he always found Scotchmen. A Scotty being in the party replied, ,. Yes, that is so. I have heard it said that there is a Scotchmen in heaven, bt.:t they have no lawyers to eject him." However, the visitor will find plenty of friends if he will only make himself known.

"A ational Tram\\'t'l)' Competition will doubtless arrive when Tramway Di\ isions are sufficiently numerous. You must rem ,., m ber hat the first Poli c e class " as formed in 1878 and to-day practically ev e ry Police Force in this country holds class es. ational competitions are of use only when entries are very numerous, especially as they Entail Great Expense and require Intensi\ e Organisation. "

It is pleasing to note that the 1'\ ational Road Passenger Transport Ambulance Association has been formed and have surmounted these obstacles; also that a trophy has been presented for an anr.ual competition, " hich is open to all Road Passenger Undertakings - tram wa )'S, omni buses, etc.

As fourteen entries were recei, ed for the present year's competition, it is sufficient proof that the National Road Passenger Transport Ambul a nce Association has filled a long felt want, and it is interesting to note that more undertakings are becoming affiliated to the Association. note that "Green Line" appreciates the efforts of the Association, and suggests that the Competion be organised by the Order of St. John. As a member of the Brigade, I ha\'e waited in vain for this to materialise, and as a competitor I am most grateful to the National Road Passenger Transport Ambulance Association, which I sincerely hope will continue to Aourish.

had

?e.en trying to furthe r ambu ance work in the district, and It IS n oteworthy that members ofthe Chesterfield Borough

On September 7th, the 8S. "Camito" arrived in Hamilton from Engl and, and one of the crew, aNew Zealander, spent several hours in the company of members of Ham ilton No.1 Division. He expresscd his great pleasure at finding men of the St. J ohn Ambu ance B r igade in Bermuda, and his visit was appreciat€d by the members themselves. On this occasion, it was rather unfortunate that he came ashore after business hours, and the writer therefore did not have the pleasure of seeing him, but he saw the Ambulance Officer and Sergeant of the Division, t'lnd between them they spent a pleasant evening together, whereas the man from "down under" mig h t have been at a loose end,

I n conclusion, "Green Line," why wait any longer for the proper Authorities? Why not become to th; N R. P. T.A.A.? Get your team Logether and enter the 193;, competiliOn. A copy of the rules will be sent t3 you on app ication to the hon. secretary, l\1r. D. Hardy, 81, Clodeshall - road, Alum Rock, Birmingham, Yours faithfully, IOTORi\(AN 2823. Birming-ham Corporation and Tramvray Omnibus Depts.

Littleton" C" team winners of the Cannoc1{ Chase Colliery Ambulance Competition.

Left t? right: S. Brown, K Woodall, J. Woodall (captam), A. Hall and \N. Stephen; also in rear, Instructor R. Walmesley.

ld Borough Police Compelition Team.

Standing (left to right) : Sergt. Hood (instruclor), P. C Powe ll.' P. C. LUl1b and P. C. Ellis (reserve) ; seated: Detective Officer T urner, the Chief Constable Mr T We ll s with "Raynor" Cup, and Detective' J ames (Captain).

Our Nurses' Pages.

No. 3 DISTRlCT, S.J.A. B. LUTON AND DUNSTABLE 1 URSING Dl\ ISION.-Major

P. G. Darvil-Smith, C. B. E., County COlllmissioner and Chief Secretary of the S.J.A.B., inspected this Di"ision at the Scouts' Hall, Leagra,'e-road, Luton, on Saturday, September 22nd.

The 16 members were drawn up under the commancl of Lady Div. Supt. Miss H. 1\1. Brown, assisted by Lady Amb. Officer Miss Cole, and all looked very smart. Follm.ving drill and inspection of ranks, demonstrations were given in practical first aiel, including arresting of hLCmorrhao-e and handseat drill. to>

In his remarks to the Division, Major Darvil-Smith said, "I am more than satisfied with what I have seen ot your smart turn-out and general knowledge. This is the second occasion on which I have had the pleasure of inspecting you in accordance with regul3.tions. I am more than satisfied. Naturally there is room for improvement; that .comes with time. I wish to congratulate you on the admirable work you are doinO' in connection with the Comforts Depot. It is very useful service, and is appreciated by the population that needs such assistance.

" .1 am glad are your turn to maintain duty at \Vhlpsnade. It IS all experIence, and while sometimes you may not ha\ e anything to do, on other occasions your help may be very valuable. I congratula e liss Brown."

Among' those who attended the inspection were Mrs. Darvil-Smith, Lieut-Col. W. Archibald, Div. Surgeon Ambulance Division, and Div. Supt. W. H. \Vetherhead.

The Luton an? ursing Division is doing much good work In the dlstnct. The Medical Comforts Depot in Gorton Street. has loaned out 283 articles during past year. At Wlllpsnade many cases of a c cident and Illness have been treated-heart attacks falls abrasions and inj.u:ies giving the' mem bers scope put their tramll1g mto practice, t"yO members of the Division being in every Sunday during the summer months. holIdays also always find members on duty. the recent examination in home nursinO' six examinees attached to the Di\' ision gained

No. 8 DISTRICT, S.J .A. B. FOLKESTONE NURSING Dn IsION. - An inspection of the ursing and ursing Cadet Divisions was carned out by Lady District Officer Miss L. May, on Wednes.dayafternoon, September 12th, in the gardens of White I3roadfield Road, by kind permission of llss E. Hopkms, Hon President of the Di"isiol1.

The members of the Senior Division were under the of their , ursing Officer, Miss Curzon-Smith, the ,Cadets were under Acting Officer Mrs. Weaver. lVIlss E. G: Craw.ford, the Lady Div. Supt., was unavoidably absent oWll1g to lll-health.

After the inspection, Miss May addressed the officers and members, and later Miss Hopkins entertained all to tea The N u.rsing Di vision has now 26 mem bers, and are 16 N urSlI1g Cadets.

ST. JOlIN .\MBUT.ANCE ASSOCIATION AT DERBY. - Miss Margaret Darhy, M. B. E., has resigned the treasurership of

the Derby Branch of the St. J ohn Ambulance Association a p0sition she has held for some 50 years.

Miss Darby has been connected with the Centre since it was inaugurated in 1884, when she was appointed treasurer. In 1920 she became Lady Superintendent of the Nursing Division, suc€eeding Mrs. G. K. Smiley, from which she resigned last year.

The daughter of the late Dr. G. V. Darby, her earliest ambition was to be a nurse, her interest in this wock havinO' been inspired by an article in Chambers's Journal. parents, however, would not allow it, and she regretfully gave up the idea of a nursing career. She welcomed, however, the formation of the Derby Centre of the St. John Ambulance Association, and entered into the work with enthusiasm. She attended courses of instruction in first aid and home nursing, and later classes were held at her home in Wilson-street.

During the war, Miss Darby was Commandant of Derby V.A.D. 18, and was in charge of a ward of wounded soldiers at the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary. For her services she was a warded the 1\1. B. E.

At the committee meeting at which her resignation was regretfully accepted, it was decided to ask her to continue ht::r connection with the Association by becoming a member of the committee.

A Serving Sister of the Order, Miss Darby is also in possession of the Service Medal and Bar awarded for efficient service in the Brigade.

ISLE OF \VIGIIT BRA TCB, B.R.C.S.-H.R.H. Princess Beatrice visited the old Royal Naval College, East Cowes, on September 26th, and graciously presented her Challenge Shield and the medals and certificates won by members ot the Isle of Wight branch of the British Red Cross Society.

The principal awards were :-

" Princess Beatrice)) Challenge Shield.-Shanklin De(Miss D. PB:rkinson, officer commanding, and MISS R. Holloway, 1\1ISS K. Gould, Miss E. Reynolds, Mrs. V. Trickey and Mrs. Arnold).

"Wais!ell" Cup - Detachment (Miss C. QUinton, officer command1l1g, and Mrs. N. S Busk, Miss M. Saunders, Miss F. Cowdrey, Miss D. Scott and Miss M. Alabone).

" Guise-Moores" Cup-Miss E. Whee ler, a member of the team from the West Wight

Life Membership of the British Red Cross Society, certdlcate aud badge-Miss Le Bihan and Mrs. H. Y. Mansfield.

Clasp to 15 years' service meJa l , making a total of 20 years' service-- Mrs. N. Atkey, Mrs. M. Francis, :\1rs H. Gnst, Mrs. H. May, Miss L. Nichol ls and Mrs. Williams (Cowes), and Miss C. Smith (Ryde). F ifteen years' service medal-Mrs. Cheek (East Cowes).

Service badges and bars, and First Aid and Home Nursing proficiency certificates were also awarded to members West Wight, Cowes, East Cowes, Ryde, Newport, Shanklin and Yaverland districts.

Captain J. Ward, County Director, thanked Her R oya l Highness making the presentations, and called upon h e parade to gIve three cheers for the Princess.

Others l?resent on this occas ion were Lady See ly (County PresIdent), 1\1 rs. Rusk and Mrs. Ward (V ice- P resi-

Oc to b e r , 1934 FIR S T dents), Co lone l d e la P rynne (Secretary of the V.A D. Co un c il , L ondo n ) and Mr S. W.Ibbotson (County Secretary).

V.A D. INSPECTION AT HCLL.-:'I1ajor W. Moore Cameron, O. B. E., York Military Hospital, visited the S. ] .A. B. hea d quarters, Hull, on Tuesday, September 25th. for the purpose of inspecting the Brough, Hessle and Hull Voluntary Aid Detachments. He was accomanied by Col. Vi. A. Thompson, A D M. S T. D., County Controller, while Drs H. P. M ill igan, N. A. Rymer and R. H. Hermon Me d ica l Officers of the detachments, were also present.

Th ere were 8-+ members present under their respective Commandants-Mrs. C. Harrison (Brough), Miss A. Smith (Hessle), and Miss Abbott (Hull); 30 of the V A.D.s beingattached to the mobile section

STAFFORDSIllRE VOLUNT r\RY AID DETACIDrENTS. - The Mayor of Smethwick Councillor G. Hewitson, presided at the Counc il House, Smethwick, on Saturday, September 29th at a meetinO' of the two local dp,tachments of the B.R:C.S., at which 250 awards gained by members were presented by Dr. C. Reid, County Controller for Staffordshire.

There was an imposing parade of officers and members of the two detachments-V.A.D. Staffs 2 and V.A.D. Staffs 22-and an inspection was carried out by the l\layor of Smethwick who was accompanied by Dr. Reid, Lieut-Col. C . V.,1. commanding 6th. Royal Warwickshire Regiment, Major and Mrs. S. N. Thompson, and Dr. and Mrs. Pollard.

The outstanding presentation of the day was that of the " Harrison" Cup, which was one by V.A. D. Staffs 2, whose members secured the highest number of points of any detachment in the county, in the national competition for t.he Stanley Shield. The was o.f 11ss l\ L E. Keeling (capta1l1), 1\11SS J. h..eelil1g, ;\llss N. Smitherman, l\Irs. Birt, Miss M. Dawes and :\liss C. vVyall.

Reports presented by the Commandants eXl?res.sed the excellent \'lork which is being done at the Blrmil1gham Hospitals and at the school clinic and infant welfare centres in Smethwick.

Members are now attending a course of lectures in First Aid in Chemical Warfare, the Commandants having gained the instructors' certificate during an officers' training week in London.

Lieut-Col. Barnes commended the work of those wl:o had brouO'ht the Smethwich detachment up to strength In numbers ""and efficiency. The British Red Cross Society, a long with other such bodies, was not given the measure of support that was due in these days. It was an essential service. I

Dr. Reid said that much stress had been laId by t le vVar Oilice upon the training in First Aid in Gas 1t was a matter of great satisfaction that he ofter thanks to Major A. J. Adams, the O C. for rr v i no instruction to the members iI1 thIS essentIal subn ject.

CAMP DUTY AT VVALBERSWICK.-" Please Nurse, you anyth i ng for nett l e stings? Peggy and I were sltd1l1g dOvv n a haystack and we s l id into a bed of nettles."

" I had been in camp about five minutes, and had Just had time to dump my l uggage in a newly-pitched tent when m y first two cases arrived.

"Qu i ck y go in g my luggage, I canl.e my stocl<: of bott les, d r essing and bandages, and two I11lnutes l ater wit h a gasped' Oh, ever so l11uch belter,' my two pat ients sped away to theIr patrols.

AID 101

"I looked proudly round my tent. This was my first duty alone, without the safe guidance of officers or senior members. The health of he camp was my responsibility! True it was but a small camp of only 2-+ members, including myself, but that was sufftcient for a beginning. With a willing heart, I tackled the job of unpacking and arranging the interior of the tenl.

" By 7.30 p.m. e\'erything was straight, and the hospital tent neat and tidy, all my dressings stored so as to keep them sterile as far as possible. By 10 30 p.l11. the camp was silent.

"The next day, Sunday, began with Church Parade. All except two of tIle Guides were Rom::tn Catholics, and therefore began their day by attending :\1ass, the lWO Guides and r remaining- behind Lo prepare breakfast.

" Having- cut bread and butter till my arm ached, killed six wasps while trying to spread it with marmalad e , and chased a chicken that was calmly marching off with some bread and butter, I sat back and glan ced at my watch. It was 10 a.m. and by 10.15 a.m. the party would be back from Church, having walked three miles each way.

" Rest hour in the afternoon came as a g reat relief. tent seemed to attract the Guides, for it was occufied every' day, and since I would not allow too many inside,. the oth e rs put their palliases on the ground and stayed outSIde.

" Camp life was a great experi e nce. I attend e d courts of honour, inspected hands, faces and knees, and w a lked from tent to tent at night, complete with flask, lamp , medicine bottle, and vrderly.

" My orderly was a tr e asure. She \,v a s genuinely k e en on ambulance work and no matter what the case whether hot fomentations needed for a septic bite, or a child who had eaten too many plums needed attention, or s unburnt limhs called for treatment, my orderly was at my elbow with dressings, bandages or receiver..

" So mu c h happ e ned during my stay 111 c amp that It IS impossible to record everything, but.the sports and Fancy Dress Cam p Fire are worthy of menti on.

"The most amusinO' e'v-ent of the sports ,, as the obstacle race which finished witll the competitors eating buns dipped in tr'eacle in the same fashion th a t one pl a ys bob-apple. \Ve officers our sides with laughter as ea c h girl dived for her bun, daubing her face with thick, st!cky bla c k treacle. One O'irl went so far as to bury her fac e In a bed of jumped at her hun so wildly that knocked It there; apart from this there we.re no casualties. .

"The Fan cy Dress Camp FIre took place on the Saturda) before camp broke up. The costumes. showed great originality. Two girls wen.t as Cnme No.1 o ne O'irl dressed as a man carrpng a SUlt case suppos e ? to conthe limbs, and the other, completely s wathed In brown paper, represented the dismeillbered.trunk. There :, ere also a Zulu, a bride and bridegroom, a Jockey, an producer, and many others. \Ve had a good consisting: of recitations, songs, an extract I e ter and a bu rlesque entitled' .-\ Spanish Tragedy. The GUIdes proved themselves versatile and able entertall1ers.

" On the next and last day, Sunday, all the IpSWiCh Guides joined in the Dunwich tl;ose ,from South Croydon con t enting themseh'es WIth 11 0 clo.cK :\1ass Southwolcl. The pilgrimage cO\ ered a distance of L miles, and that niai1t one of the Guides suJlered badly from exhaustion. I had one or two cases of blistered and swollen feet to treat.

"Throughout the whole of tl;e camp the maJonty of my pa.tients suffered from mosquito bites.

"1 thoroLlO'hly enjoyed my duty, and three or four guide me that as soon as. they they aoin')" to join the nearest Nurs!l1g Cadet DI\ 1 felt 1 b;en of some use to the Brigade 1 was we rewarded for my week in Camp when the Capta1l1. a ked for my Superintendent's address, so that she mIght w:lte and ask for me to take duty ",ith 1hem next year, confeSSIng

hat in previous years she had always laughed at the idea of needing a qua lified first-aider. In future she wo u ld never be in camp without one. "-D. J. S.

I tems n ews an d competit iom, social, in t erest i ng d u ties, l ecture s, etc.) , fo r this page sho uld be sen t to A mbu lanc e S ist er , c/ o The E ditor , FIRS T AID, 46, Cannon S r. , L ondon , E. C. 4 ----.

Reviews .

FIRST AID IN DEFENCE AGAINST CHEMICAL WARFARE.

By Major General D. J. Collins, C. B., M. D., and Major H. Stuart Blackman, O.B.E., M.R.C S.· London: Cassell & Co., Ltd.

Pn'ce 6d. net; by post 9 d

This little 60-paged book has been written to place before the of the British Red Cross Society in simple and easIly understood form the main facts in connection with Chemical Warfare as they are formed in the textbooks and official manuals at the present time. It is well time.d ; and its usefulness is the greater since the subject has m recent years become one of considerable importance in view of the g-reat increase in aircraft and of the which different nations of the world are devoting to it.

In Its 8 the ?ook details clearly, and yet concisely, the chemical ag-ents, and classifies them accordmg to their effect on lung-s, eyes, skin, throat, nose and chest. It goes further, and includes a Chapter devoted to gases not used for offensive purposes; and it ends with a Chapter on Gas Exercises, including the care of the respIrator. In addItIOn, there are 3 most useful Appendices, wh:ch set ou.t the age?ts, their method of employment and their appropnate first aId; and to complete the usefulness of the book, there is a good index.

GUIDE TO THE DEPUTIES' EXAMINATION CERTIFICATES. FOR

By Captain F . P. Mills, M . I.M.E., F.S.I. Newcastle-on-Tyne: ]. W. Hindson & 50ns, Ltd. Price IS. net.

This is second of the Guide to the Examinafor CertIficates required under Section 15 of the Coal Mmes Act, 1911 ; and it has been thoroughly revised and brought up to date. ts .usefulness to students rests on the facts that every detaIl IS carefully explained and h- 'll' , w ele I. by diagrams and sketches Indeed, it IS most mterest:ng book and will prove a great help to an) one employed In a coal mine who wishes to acquire accurate knowledge of. the d angers round him in his daily work and ?f the ways In whIch he may best provide for the safety of hiS fellow workers and himself.

cc • WAN 'l: ED -Has any reader a Pathescope fi m on the B t.he Blood," he wo ul d loan a member of the ngade. ThiS IS a 30 ft. which was issued some years ago. Please address repItes to The Editor, FIRST AID 46 Cannon Street, London, E.C.4. '

'3' E

A gold ml?lature iedallion No. 235996 has been found

Htll and returne.d to the St. John Ambulance 5 ssociatlOn. If the Owner wIll communicate with the Chief ecretary, St. John's Gate, Clerkenwell, E. C.1., giv i ng t h e name engraved on the medallion, it will be return'ed t o him.

"F IRS T AI

"FIRST AID" WALL DIACRAMS

on tough cartridge paper, with Roller, 42 - net; or mounted on Linen, 70 /· net. Postage 1 3 Adopted by the War Office , the Admiralty, and the British Red Cross Society, etc. Br£tisl. Medical Joul'"al."Will be found most useful. The diagrams are clear and good and the subjects have selected with judgment. May be confidently recommended." Hospital.-"'Vell selected for their purpose will ce rtainly save the Lec turer much rouble. "

RECENTLY PUBLISHED.

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WITH DIRECTIONS CONCERNING THE IMMEDIATE TREATMENT OF CASES OF EMERGENCY.

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Revised by A J. COKKINIS. M B., F. R.C.S., Asst. Director Surg"ical U"it St Mary's Hospital.

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the Ross System IT NEVER FAILS! No discomfort or dang€'J to heanb IS mvoked and thousanus of testimonials frorn clients of every a.(t"e and part of the world prove ita abso ut.e efficacy. The System unproves )rour heait.h, phYbique and personality the sa.me time Lhat it increases VOur beight GENTLEMEN.-If you Wish to be t"U get to know ali about .the Ross AI ethod of If eight Increase TO-DAY. There no longer any need to be short and overlooked.

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and years of service te ll

Au sti n de p end ability tells in t he stress of ambulance of the four models may suit your requirements, you work as n ow here else T h at is the reason why the will find the greatest possible riding comfort for the Austin Motor Co mpany has been supplyin g its larger patient ensured by the smooth-running engine and ambul an ces t o so m any of t he leadi ng hospitals for so scientifically designed springing, easy entrance and ma n y years. Austin leng th of service t ells equally in exit for stretchers, and a wealth of officially approved cases wh ere economy and safety must be com bined. equipment. Special fittings, of course, may be added T h at is why so many private hospitals and nursing to order. Write for the Austin Ambulance Catalogue h omes use the smaller Austin am b ulances. Whichever giving full details of the range.

THE AUSTIN TWEl Vi: H P. STANDARD FOUR-CYLINDER AMBULANCE (as illustrated) £426 IDs. (Chassis, £190) 16 h.p. standard six-cylinder Ambulance, £462 IDs (Chassis, 20 h.p. standard Ar;zbulallce, £710 (Chassis, £385.) Private Saloon 20 h.p. six-cylinder Am bulance 011 speciallow-Ioadmg chasns, £785 (Chassls, £385.)

GE N ER AL SPeCI FIC A TION O F 12 H. P. AM BU LANCE: Wheelbase 9 ft. 4 t'll. 10 -gallon petrol tank. Semi-e lliptic and Zt'IlCinterleaved springing, having Silent bloc n on-lubricated shackles. Hydraulic shock absorbersfront and rear Triplex glass throughout.

READ THE AUSTIN MAGAZINE: 04d. EVERY MONTH.

T HE AUSTIN MOT OR CO LT D ., LONGBRID G E BI RMIN GHAM SHOWROO MS 479-483 OXFORD STREET, LONDON, W.I

Queries and Ans\Ners to Correspondents.

(2ue ries will be dealt with under the following rules:-

I -Letters containing Queries must be marked on the top left hand corner of the envelope" Query," and addressed-FIRST AID

i6, Cannon-street, London, E. C. 4·

2 -All Queries must be accompanied by a "Query Coupon » cut from the current issue ot the J ()urnal, or, in case of Queries from a broad, from a recent issue.

Textbook, to which reference may be made in tbis column is the 38th \1928) Edition of S.J.A.A. Manual of First Aid.

TII ;\NK:, TO TilE DOCl'oH.

On behalf of our readers and ourselves we take this opportunity of again extending to Dr. Corbet Fletcher our most sincere thank for his kindness and his willinaness to assist first aiders as our Honorary Medical Corres;ondent.

Thirty years ago the late Dr. Heaton Howard did what was necessary; but queries were then very few and it was not until 1910 that the Query Column, under the jurisdiction of the late Dr. Frank Christian, became a regular feature of this Journal. At his lamented death in October 1915 we were most fortunate in obtaining the services' of Dr: Co:-bet Fletcl:er who, to-day, deals with a vastly augurnented senes of andhas introduced some interesting features, among whIch can be mentioned "Pradical Points" and " News Cuttings," and the monthlv "Examination Howler" which provides amusement amidst" educational problems.

So for our readers and ourselves we offer our best thanks to Dr. Corbet FletEher for the many benefits received in the past and we look forward with added interest to the future.-EDIToR.

EXAMINATION HOWLER.

lB. (WLlnganui,. New Zealand).-Gre etings-and with these a genUlne howler! In a recent examination the doctor asked a candidate what he would do for a man who had fractured his femur. To his amazement the candidate replied -" Co'ver warml), and f1'eat hUll /01' flatulence! "

. The examining- doctor told the story afterwards to the who laughed and said that when deallI1g With fractures, he had warned the class not to get " wind up ,"

Good! l'\ext, please! !- N. CORBET FLETCHER.

FH.ACTL RE AT TIP OF SHOULDER.

G.C. (Didcot). - Kindly describe the correct treatment of a fracture at tlw tip of the shoulder. Our difficulty is whet.her this should be treated as for Fracture of Clancle or for that of Humerus

The term shoulder" refers to a relrion of tile b 1 C tl " aLly. y your tIP of shoulder" is too vague for a definIte rulll1g. In actual emeraenc)' therefore ld t f' "'" you wou as or ll1Jury to ?ne of the two bones of the shoulder regIOn-namely, or scapula, and you would apply the treatment which seemed the more suitable and aave the ease to your patient. - N. C. F. ;-:,

A 10. October, 193+.

USE OF PICRIC ACID GAUZE.

'v\!. r\. (Bu l well). -Since Picric Acid Gauze is oft en to be found in first a id outfits, please tell me if it should be moistened or if it should be app li ed dry. Also, what is the composition at Picric Acid and what adva nta ges ha s it over the alkali treatment of burns, as detailed in the Textbook? Your help on theSe points will be much appreciated.

These gauze dressings are usually applied after being wrung out of warm and recently boiled water; but this presupposes all the facilities of a properly equippe d ambulance r00111. In most emergencies opportunities for ste rilisation are absent; and consequently it is safer to app ly a dry dressing to wounds and burns.

Picric Acid is a bright yellow crystalline powde r and was once strongly recommended as the specific remedy in the treatment of burns, just as Tannic Acid is to-day. It has, however, the disadvantage that it may ca u se a severe inrlammation of the skin

The Textbook (I belieye) recommends the alka l treatment for burns because it has prO\ 'e d its value in emergency and because bicarbonate of soda is more likely to be avai lable in such circumstances. The old adage-" Many roads lead to Rome " - applies in a peculiar way to medicine.N .C. F.

\\!.S(Greenock, N.B.), - In an examination a member of the. class askell the examiner what would a person suffer from who had swallowed the contents of a tin of metal polish.

After the examiner had given answers the candidate amused us all by saying that he was wrong, and that the person would suffer from Bright's Disease.

Good! ext, please! !-N, C. F.

TREABIENT OF FRACTURED S \ CIWM

Vi.B. (Liverpool). -. \t a recent practice two men were told to treat a man who had sustained a Fracture of Sacrum' and they commenced by for a Fractured Spine. The instructor told them that they were wrong and that they should have treated for a Fractured Pelvis because, he said, the sacrum forms part of the pelvis: He added that the signs and sym ptoms present would denote injury to that part, and that the spinal cord and nerves .issuing from it would not be injured because they ended 111 lum bar .r egion. A discussion took place; and we deCided to wnte to you for your opinion and to ask you to tell us also how you, as a first aider, would treat it.

Your instructor is right; and all that remains for me to do is to endorse his decision. - N.C.F.

COilJPOUND FRACTURE OF CLA\·JCLE.

E. C. (South Moor). - (1) Please tell me wbat is the correct treatment for Compound Fracture of the Clavicle (bone protruding),

(2) The Textbook (Rule 5, p. 57) tells us not to attempt extension with a compound fracture when the bone protrudes. Please tell me if there are any cases of compound fracture when this Rule does not apply.

(1). It is dif(icult to be dogmatic about this injury because so much depends o n the actual circumstanr.es, Clearly, howe\,er, your firsl duty is to expose th e injured part a nd to dress the wound. Your next in treatment

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would depend on the degree of shock present. If it were mild and if you could fix up the fracture in the ord in ary way without disturbing the protruding frag-ment, then yo u would do so. If, however, shock were marked or increasing, ) ou would be better ad\ ised to keep patient recumbent with upper limb secured in a comfortable position to the body and to concentrate on the treatment of shock.

(2). o.-N.C.F.

ALCOIIOL AS STIMULANT AND N ARCOTTC.

J.Y. (Sileby). - We are told on p. 20 of the Textbook that it is incorrect to suppose that alcohol is the only form of stimulant, and again on p. 171 we find Alcohol classified as a narcotic producing sleep which may end in coma. Looking- up "narcotic" in my dictionary, I find that it is " something \\'hich produces sleep, drugs or deadens."

If, therefore, the effect of alcohol is to drug or deaden, how can it at the same time be a stimulant? \Ve shall appreciate your explanation of this difficulty.

'With most narcotics there is usually a preliminary stage of stimulation or excitement before sleep is produced. Consequently, alcohol is only true to type; and its effects depend on lhe dose administered - if moderate stimulation' if excessive, sleep and e\ en coma.- C.F. ,

TIlE DOCTOR'S LAPS E

G. G. (HulI). - Have you heard this one before? Should one call it "the Doctor's Lapse" or merely a "lapsus linguae? "

A lady was very ill. Her doctor brought a specialist to see her. She had warned her sister to hide behind a screen in the drawing-room, so as to overhear their opinion when in consultation after examination. came into the drawing-room the speCIalist saId: .Well, of all the ugly-looking women evcr I sa.v, that one's the worst."

" Ah," said the doctor, "but wait till you see the sister. "

Good! Next, please! - :oJ. C. F.

SAVED FROM DROWNING.

].F. (Hamilton, Bermuda) -Herewith a r-ewscuttin<y which proves that first aid is worth while and will probably interest all readers of FIRST AID

"They hauled little Stanley Kadluboski, age 10, out of Manhasset Bay, L. 1., drowned - dead as a co ld and blue, last evening.

Stanlcy had been under water 10 minutes' and Dr. David Guri? confirmed what everyone on the 'dock knew as a certa111ty- that when you have been und er water that long you are dead beyond recall.

"Coroner Egbert Lecluse arrived, made out the papers and called the undertaker. While they awaited the hearse, up spoke patrolman John Symes of the Nassau County police.

". 'I'll show y.ou fellows ho"v they taught us to save lIves at the po li ce school,' sa id Symes 8.nd went to work. on Stanley with approved pumping of arms and push l11g of chest.

"Suddenly Stanley winked his right eye. It was n't much of a '"vink but it served as a hint to Dr. Gunn, who now got out his tool bag and went to work in dead earnest.

'( Tw? hours after he had been officially pronounced dead and In the presence of the undertaker Stanley sat up and shook hands with the coroner."

Thanks for newscutling w hi ch is most interestinO'b'

DEAD OR DYIN' G TE AM T EST.

T. J (Chirk).-In a recent compet ition the teams h a d to treat a man w h o was s uppo sed to be s uffer in g f rom (1) a sev.ere w ound in the l eft temporal region which was bleedl11g profusely, (2) a simple fracture of the third afld :ourth ribs, (3) compoun d fracture cf the left leg 111 to .Insensib le and asp h yxiated through belllg Il1 a room which was burning.

T o some teams the judge sa id that the b eed in g was profuse, to others he sai d that it was s li ght. To some teams the judge sai d that the bone of the fractured l eg was protruding, to others that it was not. L as tly \yhen the result was known, the judge remarked that the teams which had performed the Schafer Method would have killed their patient instantly and that they sho uld have treated the patient by Laborde's Method.

We wish to ask (1) if we s h oulc! stick to the T extbook and apply Schafer's Method wben there is a fracture as high as the third or fourth rib, or if we sbo uld ado,Pt ot.her methods of artificial respiration; (2) if the patlent. In such c ir cumstances would be bleeding profusely Jl1 VIew of the fact that th e Textbook in Rule 3, p. 163.teaches that he will not; and (3) if we may apply extensIon wben the wound leads down to seat of fracture and the bone does not protrude.

Lastly, it is absolutely no use for us as Officers of the Brigade to preach to our Divisions to " stick to the Textbook" if we depart from it in Competition work

Inquests on competition tests lead nowhere, and acceptlng you: stateme.nt of facts correct, I will say nothing about .th ls one whLch speaks for Itself; but I \-vill conten( myself WIth answers to your specific questions.

(1) If the competition is cOLlducted on the Textbook, you: tests n:ust be set and solved strictly in accordance with Its LnstructlOns. Consequently it was wrong to ask for Laborde's Method which is no longer taught. The Textbook Revision Committee has rul('d that such cases the movements of the St. J obn Prone Pressure !\fethod (it is not Schafer) must be performed in sucb a way thal there is no pressure on any fractured ribs. ". (2) patient would not bleed profusely while he is I11 senslb le and asphyxiated."

(3) Yes.

And astly, a competition test should be set, staged and Judged as far as possible" as in actual So your differentiation between competition work and real accidents should not apply. - N. C. F.

TI-IE CONDI TION KNOWN AS SIIOCK. ].Y. (Sileby) -T h e Textbook teaches us that Shock is a sudden depression .of the nervous system, and gives u s the causes.; but It does not explain what act u ally h.appens wlthll1 body to bring about this depression. Now I wonder If you would enlighten us on this and a lso please tell us what causes the patient suffering from Fractured J aw to vomit.

In the con di tion known as Shock the b lood in h e b lood vesse ls of the body and espec a ll y of the ab d omll1alorgans. Consequently there is ess blood c ir oulating thro u gh the rest of the bod", thel-e s disturbance of b r a in an d heart through their starvation of blood, and the lack of ,.auses the skin tespecially that of-the face) to assume ItS tYPIcally pale co our.

The act of vomiting is likely to in the early stages of recovery from Shock and is not peculiar o cases of FracJ aw, a l though with this injur y it is by the risk of conve rt in g a s impl e i nto a compo und a nd or fracture. Hence the warnl11g on p. 60 o f T extbook.-N . F.

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NOTICE TO READERS.

FIR5T AID is published on th e 20th of each month. T he

Annual Subsc ription is 3s. 6d. post free; single copies 3 d •

Its aim and object being the advancement of Ambulance Work in all its branches, the Editor invites Readers to send Articles and Reports on subjects pertaining to the Movement and also welcomes suggestions for Practical Papers.

All Reports, &c. should be addressed to the Editor at the a ddress below, and should reach him before the 12th of each month, an d must be accom panied (not necessarily tor publicatio n) by the name and address of the Correspondent.

Subscripti ons, Advertisements and other business Communications connected with FIRST AID should be forwarded to the Publishers, DALE, REYNOLDS & CO., LTD., 4 6, CANNON STREET, LONDON, E.C.4·

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CONTENT5 OF THI5 NUMBER.

EDITORIAL-

First Aid Lectures

St. J obn Ambulance Association

\rnold Watches

Resuscitation

New Ambulance Hall at Whitby

S.]. A. B. Overseas ..,

The Earliest Days of the St. John Ambulance Brigade

Letters to the Editor

Forty Years Ago ."

S.J.A. Brigade District Reports

Priory for Wales

Railway Ambulance News Port of Bristol Authority Our

EDITORIAL.

\VITH the advent of "long" evenings, the study of first aid is now to the fore. New classes are being formed for the recruit and also for the present member.

FIRST AID LECTURES.

Lectures have to be arranged and it is these which make or mar the success of the class. For a successful class a good lecturer is essential. Often we hear members complain that the lectures are dull; but do we stop and consider why such is the case?

It is a well-known fact that some lecturers, excellent though they may be in the medical profession, do not make good first aiders; there are also those who do not even trouble to study the Textbook. They do not realise that first aiders are not medical students, and indulge too freely In technical terms which com plicate rather than make clear the subject. Fu rther, they do not real ise that their particular job is to make clear the instructions given and not just read page after page of the Textbook , which any student can easily do in his own time. Is it any wonder, therefore, that the student tires, becomes uninterested and eventually ceases to attend the class?

A lecturer, however, who is an enthusiast, a master of the subject and who has the Textbook in front of him for reference only, does much to hold the interest of the first aider, and to increase the ranks of the ambulance workers' army. He demonstrates the various points as he procedes and when his lecture is finisheJ, the student is eager to attend the following week to continue his study.We do, therefore, appeal to the doctor-lecturer to study the Textbook before attends the room. Let him place himsE'lf In the same pOSitIOn as the layman, who, with the knowledge gained at lectures, has to render first aid and not act as a medical student.

St. John Ambulance Association

Ex:.rol'TH. -The establishment of a first aid hut at Dawlish Warren, as suggested recently by Sir James Owen, was difcussed at the annual meeting, on October 10th, of the Exmouth St. John Ambulance Association.

The hon. secretary, Mr. W. J. Perriam, in the course of the annual report, said the classes for instruction in first aid, held during the autumn, were well attended, and thanks were due to the hon. lecturer, Dr. L. R. G. de Glanville, and the hon. examiner, Dr. W. H. l\Iacpherson.

The beach hut was now in its second season, and was staffed by the Exmouth Town Division and the Red Cross Society. Sixty-two cases had been dealt with in this hut, which had been open every day, including Sundays, from "Vhit Sunday to September 23rd, inclusive.

The e\'ent of the year had been the opening of the Bastin Hall, of which the Association had been very proud. The sum of £1,000 of the £1,400 had been raised and paid oR', and the Association was now indebted to the Midland Bank for the remaining £400.

The next objective after the debt had been cleared was the provision of a motor ambulance, and it was suggested this might well be provided as a memorial gift to the brigade.

During the year the members had dealt with 189 cases, as well as attending football matches, fetes, swimming galas, sports a nd other functions. 1\1em bers were also in attendance on every occasion of the launching of the lifeboat.

"Ve are pleased to announce that since the above meeting the debt on the Bastin Hall has, through the generosity Sir Garbutt K.nott, Bart., been completely wiped out .Sir Garbutt, who IS Patron of the Exmouth Association and an Officer of the Order, visited the offices of the hon. solicitor, 1\1r. H. Lunford Brown, and inquired the amount owing. On being informed, Sir Garbutt wrote a cheque for £365 3s. 8d. The bank paying-in-slip was sent to the hon. secretary who, as may well be expected, received one of the of his life. Mr. Perriam the secretary, stated that Sir Garbutt has constantly shown the utmost generosity from the formation of the Association. This last donation will clear the way for an appeal for a motor ambulance.

KETTERING.-The report of the Kettering Centre, presented at the annual meeting, showed that the past year to have been one of steady progress. The classes in ambued uca tional work were successful in obtaining 99 only tw.o c.andidates having failed to pass their respective exam1l1atlons

The chairman expressed the opinion of the meeting on the necessity of keeping in practice with the ambulance :v ork of the Brigad.e Divisions, and the danger that existed 111 persons attempt1l1g to deal with accident cases without having had experience with the Brigade work in order to keep up-to-date after having obtained the ce rtificates.

The two am bulance classes organised by the Association and held at Stamford-r?ad ?chools were attended by 50 stu dents, and gene ral sabsfactlOn has been expressed with the results. The Committee have decided to continue both male and female ambulance classes this year

The financial statement showed a balance of £32 in hand.

The meeting, which was presided over by Mr. T. Seddon, M. B. E., expressed a vote of thanks to Miss F. Tinkler for 11;r as class secretary to the Headquarters ursll1g Dl\'IS10n.

The members present. were; Dr. C. B. IIogg, :\11'. vVhitLlestone, Lady Di". Supts Mrs. Phillips and Miss "Valson, Miss Bagshaw, Lady Corps Supt. Mrs. Wills, Corps. Supl. Dyson and Mr. C. B. Tult, han. secretary.

KIN CSB RID CE. - The dedication of the new motor ambulance of Kingsbridge Section of the S.]. A. r\. took place at Kingsbridg-e on Sunday, October 14th.

A service was held in St. Edmund's Church, Kin gsbridge, intoned by the Duncombe lecturer (Rev. C. G. Powell), and attended by Kingsbridge Urban Council, headed by the chairman (Mr. H. Ant.hony H ea d), Ambulance and Nursing members of the Brigade, Kingshridge Silver Band, Nonconformist ministers of the tOWI1, and Guides and Cubs.

The Rural Dean (Rev. G. E. J. Porter, vicar of Kingsbridge) acted as Bishop's chaplain, and the Bishop of Exeter,

After

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Tbis firm also supply improved lever stopwatches, suitable for laboratory workers and medical practitioners, and sold at correspondingly low prices. The pocket-type 30-hour stop-watch has an enamelled dial graduated in one-fifth seconds, and a side lever projection which stops and starts the centre hand it costs only 15s., and is guaranteed for two years.

A very neat centre-seconds wrist watch, operated in the same way and complete with strap and un breakable glass face, is sold at 15s., and with a guarantee of three years is remarkable value for the money. Each of these watches has also the hour-hand and minute-hand of an ordinary time piece; the cases are of chromium nickel.

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Every penny spent on advertising creates prestige, standing and reputation for the firm that spends it. It may not be discernable in immediate results, but the effect is certain and the power cumulative.

November , 1934.

Resuscitation.

By FREDERICK F.S.I., P. MILLS, M. LFIRE E.

FIR S T M.I.M.E., (CIz£ej Officer,

Durham and Northumberland Collzerz'es F£re and Rescue Brigade, England).

(Concluded from page 8.7).

TIlE ROCKIN G STRETCIIER METHOD OF ARTIFICL\L RESPIRATION.

UNTIL recently no system of artificial respi ration could cq ual inefficiency that known as Schafer's method, and there was none so simple.

There is now, however, a rockil1g stretcher which does the work much better.

According to "Gas Defence" (British Fire Service Textbook), the rocking stretcher which was described in The Lancet (Sept. 30th, 1933), consists of a light metal rectangular frame, the length of a tall man's body. At the upper end is a padded groove into \oVhich the patient's face fits; at the other end is a number of bars, any one of which is for the} reception of the front portion of the boot heels. The patient is held in position and rocked by the rescuers until four straps are adjusted, a very simple and speedy task, and the see-saw process then continues uninterrupted.

AID. 111

The frame, or bascule, is balanced on a metal pyram idical frame, and the process of resuscitation consists of rocking the patient up and down, through an arc of 100 degrees. When the head is lowered, the abdominal contents press on the diaphragm and lungs and cause expiration; when the feet are lowered the diaphragm falls back and expiration ensues. Ten to fifteen of these see-saw motions per minute induce an exact imitation of natural breathing.

The tongue cannot fa1l back and, in the case of a person suffering from immersion, the water or other fluid drains from the lungs and passes

through the padded groove. If posa mask for the administration of oxygen and carbon dioxide should be supplied to the patient, and this is easily done through the padded groove. The patient is kept warm by hot water bottles during the process.

Among the advantages claimed for the rocking resuscitation stretcher are that by its use rib fractures cannot be caused by misadventure; fractures of the bones are no im pediment to the process; warmth can be freely applied during the operation; the operator does not become exhausted and he need not be skilled. A mercury timing device prevents the patient from being rocked more than 15 times per minute and it is so set that the time allowed [or inhalation is greater than that for exhalation.

Dr:;. Killick and Eve have care-

in an address, said the Association were doing great work in teaching people first aid.

the service a procession was formed to t.he quay, where the Bishop dedicated the ambulance, prayers heing said by Rev. A. E. Adams (Kingshridge Baptist).

fully tested in the Leeds Laboratory the effects induced by the rockIng stretcher, have found that at 10 to 15 rocks per minute an adequate- gaseous exchange is obtained.

This rocking stretcher (manufactured by Siebe Gorman & Co., London) has much to comm'end it for use in mines and factories. It is light in weight and packs flat [or .and marks an advance in the science of resuSCItatIOn.

This most useful appliance does not, however, relegate the Schafer method to category of things past. A manual method without the use of any mechan ical device cannot be and must be considered as first place In the methods and appliances of resuscitation.

Ne w Arnbulance Hall at W hi t by.

On 'Wednesday, October 17th, the new headquarters of the \Vhitby Ambulance and Nursing Divisions, S.].A.B., were officially declared by Dr. N. Corbet Fletcher (Assistant Surgeon-in Chief).

Previously the building was a Congregational 1\1 ission Hall. In February last, when the property came into the market, Supt. \V. R. Knaggs secured the property for £600. Only half the purchase money was in hand, but strenuous efforts were made to raise the funds. Donations \vere generously given a flag day was held and, with the results of past functions, the mem bers at last in possession of £680. The amount raised in so short a time speaks volumns for the enthusiasm the Brigade members have for the movement, and they are proud of the fact that the building was opened free of all debt.

Prior to the opening, Dr. Corbet Fletcher inspected the Divisions. On parade were Div. Surgeon R. N. P. \Vilson, Div.-Supt. Knaggs, Amb. Officer C. H. Hood and Lady Supt. 1\lrs. E. ]. Mitchell, ]. P. County Commissioner F. J \Vilson, ]. P., was also present.

There was a large and representative attendance for the openir.g ceremony, at which County Commissioner \Vilson presided. The Chairman, without minimising the arduous work of others, considered the credit of the successful occupation of the premises was due to Supt. Knaggs, who originated and was the mainspring of the enterprise. Others also spoke of the enthusiasm and hard work done by Supt. Knaggs and his members.

1\lr. \Vilson calling upon Dr. Corbet Fletcher, referred to the great honour it was to have a visit from him .

Dr. Corbet Fletcher congratulated \Vhitby on the work it had been carrying on for twenty years. He had been instructed by the Chief Commissioner to tender his thanks for the W'ly in which the vVhitby Divisions were carrying on the work. He wanted to see a complete St. John family in Whitby and emphasised the importance of boy and girl Cadets. In conclusion he thanked them for their invitation and wished them well for the future.

Supt. Knaggs in proposing a vote of thanks to Dr. Corbet Fletcher, said that f\1r. Hood and himself had always worked side by side and that any praise given must be shared. Mrs. E. 1- Mitchell seconded the vote of thanks.

Cheers, at the call of Dr. Corbet Fletcher, were criven in rousing fashion to Supt. Knaggs and Amb. Officer Hood.

AID. November, 1934

St. John Ambul a nce Bri ga de Over seas.

BERM UDA DISTRICT

On Tuesday eYening-, October 16th, a pleasant ceremony was enacted in conneclion with the Hamilton No.1 Division, when His Excellency The Governor of Bermuda, Sir Thos. Astley Cubitt, presented the Sen'ice Medal of the Order of S1. John to the D / Supt. ]. Fray, by request and in the unavoidable absence of Dr. Curtis the District Surgeon j Supt. who was out of the CoJony on business.

1\1r. Todding-s, B. A., the president of the Division extended cordial greetings to His Excellency and other visitors amongst whom were noticed Sir Henry \Vallington, l\layor of Hamilton, The Lord Carew, A. D. c., 1\11'. 1. H. 1Stourton, Chief of Police, 1\Lr. J. D. B. Talbot, Secretary of the Corporation of Hamilton.

The President spoke of the great efTorts made to establish the Brigade in Bermuda by Supt. Fray, and positive evidence of his labours was present in the forms of the large number of certificates and other awards. He expressed further pleasure in the knowledge that the Superintendent was to receive the Service medal for honourable and efficient service which had been recognised by the Order. "Two years ago" he said, "your Excellency decorated :\11'. Fray with the decoration of Serving Brother of the Order, and tonight it will be a further joy to present the medal for longservice. "

The President then called upon His Excellency to distribute the certificates and the medal. 42 members of the Bermuda Police Force had passed for the certificate, voucher, medallion or label; 14 members of the Division received a wards for re-exam., and 14 cadets recei \ ed their preliminary certificates some of which were for first aid, and some for signalling.

His Excellency then presented Sup1. Fray ""ith the Service medal. He said it was a grc2t pleasure to present the medal; he remembered decorating l\lr. Fray two years ago with the decoration of Serving Brother, and he had observed the work of this officer since that time, in fact it was his business to observe these things and he was conversant with the great work which was done by 1\1r. Fray.

After congratulating l\Ir. Fray on his magnificent efforts, and wishing- him every success in his work, the Chief of Police, on behalf of the members of the Force, thanked him for the labour expended in instructing them in filst aid. He stated that without making disparaging remarks about his men, he knew that it must have been a great task, but one in which the results testified that the labour bad not been in vain. The Chiet of Police then presented 1\Ir. Fray with a silver cigarette case as a token of appreciation from the members of the Brnnuda Police Force.

Mr. Fray expressed pleasant surprise after receiving the token, and in a fevV well chosen words thankec.lthe members of the class for their kindness.

Sir H. WaLlington spoke of the good work done by the Hamilton No.1 Div., and expressed the opinion that the senior scholars in the schools should be taught first aid.

fIlr. Fray, it is interesting to note, commenced his activities with the S ]. A. B. in Eng'land, taking his first certificate with the Radcliffe Division, l\' o. 4- District, in 1908. He was a member for some time of the Bury Division and transferred, about 1912, to Clitheroe. In 1914 he joined the Heyv"ood Division. Ir. Fray served in BE'rmuda during the war and later resided there. [n 1928 he formed the Hamilton No.1 Division, Hamilton Cadet Division and the, now disbanded, St. Georges Division. Ire is also the hon secretary for the Bermuda Branch of the St. John Ambulance Association

The Earliest Days of the St. John Ambulance Brigade.

3: e

By N. CORBET FLETCHER , M .A ., M .B., M .R.C.S.

THE St. J ohn Ambu l ance Brigade was established on the 24th June, 1887, through the combined efforts of laymen-John Furley (Director of t he Ambulance Department. and Hon. Manager of the I nvalid Transport Corps of the Association), \i\Tilliam John Church Brasier (Deputy Man3.ger of the Invalid Transport Corps) and Sir Edmund Lechmere Bart. (Chairman of Central Executive and of medical men-Sir William MacCormac, Bart., F.R.C.S., Samuel Osborn, F.R C.S., and Edmund Owen, F.R.C.S. (Hon. Surgeon of the Invalid Transport as. a voluntary c£vzl£an organ£sat-ion for rendenng asszstance in civilian

The Margate Corps, which was establ.ished by Church Brasier in January, 1879, prOVIded the model on which the component units of the BriO'ade were founded. ThiS Corps-the first estabblished by the Association-took origin because (1) Church Brasier and his workers, as certificated pupils of the AssoclatlOn,. became expert in the use of materIal realising the value of co-operatIon and combined efforts, not only sought but were also in cases of emergency to place thel r skilled knowled O'e at the disposal of the public; and because (2) John Furley was to the possibilities of the idea, to test It early In 1879 by forming other Ambulance Corps (Ashford and Sevenoaks) and to impress on the Central Com, C . ") mittee (to-day called "Ambulance. ommlyee at St. John's Gate its practical value In keepIn.g up a knowledge which otherwise would be qU ickly forgotten.

As with the Association in 1877, so with the Br igade, the idea spread with all the of a reliO'ious mission, and caused the formation of and similar Ambulance Corps up and down the country. Then, when it had bee n well tested the Central Committee this day carned the Gene/a l Assem bl y wi th them in their dec.ision that "the various Corps of certificated puptls of the Associatz'on should be banded together as a Bnga.de" whence arose its name. The Centra l Comm Ittee pub li shed its decis ion in its Annual Report of the fo ll owing year, rul i ng (1) that no. Corps of Association members wo u ld be recognised except as part of the Brigade, a ,:d (2) that all mez:n bers must be certificated p u pIls of the AssoclatlOn

whose names would be entered in a register subject to annual revision.

Prior to the appointment in 1893 of Colonel E. T. Thackeray, V.C., as its first Officer-in-Command, the Brigade was adminstered by successive Directors of the Ambulance Department, the first being John Furley who held this office and was given the title of "Hon. Director, St. John Ambulance Brigade" from 1897 to 1900 when he resigned. Subsequent Directors of the Department continued the ,:ork of contr?lling the Brigade, with the acti ve of Chief Superintendent \i\T. J. Church BraSier.

The Brigade in London at its origin clearly consisted of the volunteer section of the Invalid Transport (at its origin sometimes called politan) Corps which was registered as the (later No.1) St. John'S Gate Division on the 1st. June, 1887 and possesses an un broken record of service to present day. Church Brasier was its Superintendent and A. Symons Eccles, ItS first Hon. Su rgeon. This, however, was soon found to be insufficient for the numbers of men who qualified as first-aiders and wished to joi? the BriO'ade. Within two years, therefore, the list of Divisions had increased to 10 and these grouped toO'ether in June 1889 as the MetropolItan Corps of the St. John Ambulance Brigade. \V. J. Church Brasier "vas promoted as the first Chief Superintendent of the Corps and was succeeded by F. D. Mackenzie for one year and after this by E. R. Goodwin as Superintendent of No.1 (St. John's Gate) Division.

At this date (1877) in Kent, in the Midlands and in the Northern Counties there were scattered here and there more or less prosperous Ambulance C the former of which owed much to John orps, I· H Furley and the latter to Surgeon-J\ aJor litton and his Ambulance Crusades on behalf of the Association; but the most prosperous of the Provincial Corps were Northampton (formed +th M 1886) Leicester (formed 14th November, and (formed l.st January, 18!9). At first divided into two sectlOns-l\IetropolItan and Provincial, of which the named Corps were its earliest Divisions-the Bngade was later ( d d ally as the movement extended through- an gra u , .' d out the United Kingdom) split up In a groupe -

County basis into twelve Districts which system holds to the present day.

During the first ten years while the Brigade was being consolidated the mem bers of the :\Ietropolitan and Provincial Corps worked together in close co-operation-the former proceeding to the Provinces for Ambulance Duty at exhibitions and agricultural shows, and the latter sharing responsibility for public duties in the streets for processions and on open spaces such as Ham pstead Heath and Blackheath. Discipline at first was somewhat lax; and in the early days there sprang up here and there Corps and Divisions which on their own responsibilty and without reference to Brigade Headquarters adopted unrecognised ranks with high-sounding titles, such as captain, lieutenant and so on.

-The Ambulance Movement was closely associated 111 its origin with other voluntary organisations from which, however, it differed in that it received neither State assistance as did the Army Volunteers nor Municipal aid as did the Volunteer Fire Brigade. Consequently, the St. John Ambulance Brigade is unique in that, unlike its fellow institutions, it has throughout maintained its voluntary principles even to the present day. Further it has been (and still is) prepared at all times to place its services at the disposal of the State through its lJilitary and Naval Reserves and of the Police and other com petent authorities without payor financial reward.

Afterwards at the International Red Cross C?nference held at ,;Vashington in May, 1912, SIr John Furley declared that the formation of the St. J ohn.Ambulance Brigade was favoured ojjicz'ally as an mducement to those who had obtained Association certificates and badges of proficiency (especially. those whose lives were spent in places where aCCIdents were not of daily occurrence) to keep up the knowledge which they possessed in the that, should war arise, the military authorItIes would accept with gratitude (as indeed they did at the outbreak of the South African War) the assistance of those who were com peten t to be enrolled as a supplement to the Royal Armv Medical Corps. -

At th.e annual meeting of the St. Helen's Centre, S .J ,A.A., It was reported that 163 awards had been issued dunng the past rear. Col. C. R Pilkinaton D S 0 re-elected pre sid en t. I::> •• was ->--+-E-

HOlVJE NURSING FOR 1EN.-A class of instruction will be held at the Aldersgate Ward School, 181, Aldersgatcstreet, E. C. L The course will commence on Tuesday January at 7.30 p.m., and consist of 12 lectures: 6 of ,,:,dl be given by a surg-eon. The fee for the course, 1l1clud1l1g text book and examination for the certificate .of St. John Ambulance Association, "will be 5/ -. ApphcatlOn to be made to F. W. Bishop, 208 Do\vnhills Park-road, N. 17.

Letters to the Editor .

We are in no way respons ible for th e o pinion s exp r essed or the statements made, by Co rr espondents - EDITOR

KS TO THE DOCTOR.

DEAR SIR,-

lay 1 olrer my praise and thanks for Dr. Corbet Fletcher's "Answers to Correspcndents.!' The last five years I have been saving them, also the tests, which makes a fine collection and settles many arguments.

I paste them on an 81110 t sheet and that keeps them uniform and easily tabulated.

To use your words "of looking forward with added interes t and enthusiasl1l to the future. "

Yours respectfully, JOlIN \ VlI EELEY Highams Park.

PARTICULARS

DEAR SlR,-

I ha\ 'e just seen the letter frol11 11'. Pape in your September issue. I think that I must be one of the oldest members of the St. John A.mbulance Brigade- certainly in No.1 District. I joined as a pri\'ate in December, 1890, No.1 Division, Corps (as it was then called), and was an acti\'e member till 1926, since when ha\"e been on the reserve.-Yours faithfully,

'vV. D. LIDDELL.

District Ol1i ce r (Reserve).

[\Ve have often published re:.:ords of first aiders' lOll" service. In our January (1932) issue a reader ( Ir. L. t Jarman, ot Cambridge) stated that one of his members \Va s an orig-inal member of the H.g. Deta chment at St. ' John's Gate and took his first certificate in 1887. This was followed ?y Mr. Alfred Whitworth of the Carrington Division, who ll1formed us that he took his first certificate in 1 8-+ ; \vhilst " Lady Ambulance Officer" capped this by taking her first certificate in 1883, and her Home Nursing in 188-+.

'vVe shall, however, be pleased to receive further particulars from our readers in an endeavour to establish the oldest member of the Brigade. - EDIToR.]

FOl"ty Ye a rs Ag o.

In this column we are publishing short extracts from the corresponding issue of FIRST AID of 40 years ago.

"THE Directors have decided to grant a sum annually to provide a number of gold and silver medals, to be awarded in recognition of specia l skill shown by ambu lance men in the emp l oy of the Midland Railway Company, in rendering first aid, and a committee consisting of representatives of the principal departments has been appo i nted to award the medals annually to those who render prompt and efficient aid in severe cases of accident either by saving life or relieving sufferina"-From aDistrict Reportof the Mid land Ra il way Company.

Th e 5 t. ! oh n Ambulance

Brigade Dzstrzct Reports .

No I ( Prince of Wal es's ) Di s t ric t

Members of the Eastern Area attended the Annual Ser\'ice in commemoration of the Blessed Gerard held at the Priory Church, Clerkenwell) on Sunday, 7th.

The Amb. Diyi ions headed by Asst. Commissioner Capt. G. \\'. Kendall, :'l.D., and Di trict Officer Fitch mar.chcd into church and follO\\"Cd by the T Llrsing Dn'lslons headed by Lady DI trict Officer Iiss Curtis.

The Sen-ice \\"a taken by Prebendary Perci\-al whilst the \ r e ry Re\,. the Dean of Bocking, preached the

The parade, which numbered 266 all ranks, ",as 111spected by 1Iaj or General Sir Perciyal \Vi lkinson after the seryice. ir Percival expressed appro\"al of the smart tl1rn-out.

E.o\ST The annual competition of the East Ham and Inter-Di trict Challenge hield and il\"er Cup, \\'a held on aturclay, October 20th.

Supt. A. E. A, Ambler, officer in charge of the competitions, announced the result a follo\\'s: lst, Ea Ham, -371 marks; 2nd, \\' est Ham, 52n; 3rcl. Beckton. 509.

The award were presented by the re pective donor, and also Divisional Awards of the East Ham Di\"i ion. Capt. Goodley add res ed the gathering and emphasi 'ed the importance of competition. It ,va much better. he said, to enter for a competition and be placed la t. than not to enter at all. He also thanked the judge for their sen'ice ] and cono'ratulated the area on haying uch enthusia tic member.

The judaes briefly replied, pointing out mi _ takes or omis. ion made hy the competitors.

D.\GE:\"IIA:-I DIn IOx.-Dnring Octob er. an additional dut\· has been undertaken at Central Park on atnrda" afternoons, thu increa in?; the hour of \oluntary en'ice

Officers and l en of the " Tatford Divi ion.

Eight teams presented themselve before the judges, \\'ho were: Capt. F. E. Bendix (Asst. Commissioner, Southern Area); Dr. IcKettrick and District Officer C. J Fitch (team); Capt. G. 'vV. Kendall (Asst. Commissioner, Ea tern Area) (individual practical), and District Officer Bower (viva-voce). Asst. Commissioner S. J. Warren (\Vestern Area) \Va prevented taking an active part in the competition owing to illness.

An enthusiastic and large gatheri11O' witnessed the team test, the setting of which represented a dark road. and a hous e with a nearby A.A. Box. The" patients acted their parts with commendabl.e excellence, and competitors had to work hard to complete their test in the a ll otted time.

At the conclusion of the tests, Ir. 1Iark Harri (President of the East Ham Divisi on) presided over the presentation meeting'. He was supported by the Commissioner, Capt. W. Goodley, 1I.C. the judges/ and numerous officers and well

to nearly 600 per month by the member of the senior clivi ion, with a omc\\"hat lower total for the Cadet. OYer sixty ca e of injury have been dealt with, including he in ,yhich the municipal ambulance had to be called for remoyal of the patient to ho pital for medical attention.

The cinematograph lecture on .. The l\Iu des," held on October 16th, ,,,as well attended. and much useful information was im.pa rted by Dr. P. T. Dayidson, \\"ho kindly gave the talk.

The Divisional Competition for the" D. B. Howard" Trophy was held on October 30th, Dr. \V Ghai ta king the Viva Voce ection and Di trict Officer C. T. Fitch judo'ino' the Practical section. H, \Y . Blower ,,,as placed fir f thus holds the trophy for the second year in Sllcces ion. H. F. Mulligan was runner-up, closely follow ed by F. J. Beckett.

On ovember 3rd a team of foul' members of the Pivi ion visiteq outhenq and took part in the Competi-

tion for the "R A. Jones" Challenge Cup, and were placed first. The Division was repr esented by Ptes H. W. Blower (leader), L. A. Heath, F. H. Roberts and T. P. Finn.

SOUTHALL.- There was a good attendance of mcmbers and friends of the Heston Section (Southall Ambulance Division) on Saturday, October 13th, at a dance arranged by the Entertainment Committee, held in Heston Senior Schools. The Section was \-vell supported by member of the Southall Ambulance and Nursing Divisions.

The London Glenthorne Orchestra was engaged, and under the direction of Mr. A. J Gilbert as M.e.) an enjoyable evcning was spcnt.

Refreshmcnts werc sened by ladies assisting; the Commi ttee, Mrs. Cotton and Miss Phippen undertaking; the arrangements.

On Sunday, October 14th, an inspection was made of the Ambulance Division and Cadets by the District Surg;eon, Capt. Fenton, who was supported by Capt. A. B. Brook, Dr. MacCarthy, Dr . Flynn and Dr. Arnott, Divisional Surgeons, District Officer F. Claridge) Councillor e. F. Collins, JP , Vice-President, and Mr. A. J. Gilbert, M.e., for S ocial Functions, at the Featherstone Road School, Southall. Awards were presented by the District Surgeon.

Unfortunately throug;h sickness Asst. Commissioner S. J Warren and Mr. L. A. Harrison (President of th e Division) were prevented from attending. Capt. Fenton, after the inspection, said he was pleased to hear that next year the Division would celebrate its 25th year as a Division in Southall, and he hoped they would continue to do the good work they had done in the past

Supt. Taylor thanked the District Surgeon for his remarks; the Division appreciated his attendance with District Officer Claridge, the Divisional Surgeons and the other ge ntlemen, for making the inspection and felt sure the work that had been carried on for so many years would be continued by the members of the Division and Section.

SouTHE;-,rn.-The Annual (( R. A. Jones" Challeno-e Cup Competition was held on Saturday, November 3r b d. Eleven teams from Essex competed, the Judges being Dr. W. Gordon Masefield (first aid) and Sergt.-Major J. Elan (uniform and drill).

The setting of the test was for that of a road accident in country surroundings; a motor-cyclist havino- collided with a young boy.

After an test Dagenham Division were ad] udged the wmners with 143! marks Ilford and Harwich Divisions tying for second place 133

The judges expressed their satisfaction at the genera l of work of the teams, Dagenham especially on the cool and s te ady manner in whIch they carned out their work.

A good crowd witnessed the competitors at work and one was pleased. t.o no t ice Mr. H. Langley J ones (Presi d ent of. Comp e tJtIOn), Captain F. E. Bendix (Asst. CommlsslOner), and other interested visitors

.NIr. W. T. Ellingford was the Competition Secretary

No. 107 (YORK RO I\D, L.N.E.R) DIVISION.-On Saturday, October 6th, members and friends of this Division spent an enjoyable Socia l Evening at Divisional quarters, Sebright Hall, Finsbury Park. Despite the inclem ent weather, there was a good audience amono' the g uests District. Officer and Mrs. Gre'cn, and the H on. DlVlslonal P:-esldent.' T. Smith, Esq., also officers and members of neighbounng Divisions

The musical programme was in the able hands of the XL Concert Party, arranged by Messrs. A. and J. Acrell,

A I D. November, 1934.

and the entertainment they provided was much appreciated by the audience.

No. II. District.

Box.-The fourth Annua l Concert, organised by Supt. Pepler and members of the Box Division was held in the Bingham Hall on Wednesday, October 17th.

The programme was presented by Mr George Taylor's Concert Party, who accepted a donation to the " Helping Hand Fund" for Widows and Orphans of the G.W.R Servants, in stead of the ctlstomary fee

During the intcn'al Mr. E. W. Oatley presented awards to t hos e men who had passed at the recent examination. Mr. Oatley spoke highly of the work clone by the members of the Division) their free and excellent service and their willingness to help at all times. The public owed them a debt of gratitude and he hoped they would continue to show their appreciation.

Supt. Pepler thanked the audience, the artistes and :Mr. Hatley for their support. Amb.-Officer John King seconded the proposition, after which the second part of a most enjoyable concert was given.

HIGH WYCOMBE.-On Saturday afternoon, October 27th, the Mayor o£ High Wycombe, Councillor W. S. Toms, received the new ambulance, generotlsly subscribed by people of the town, and formally pre ented it to the St. John Ambulance Brigade.

Lieut.-Col. S. ]. e. Holden, RA.M.e.(T.), County Surgeon, expressed on behalf of the Joint Committee their great appreciation of the people of High 'Wycombe in so generous ly coming forward and helping the ambulance service in the county.

The Mayor said that for a lon g time the need of a new ambulance had been Clipparent. The magnificent result of the appeal to residents was seen that day.

Dr. e. A. Parker, Supt. and Div. Surgeon of the High Wycombe Division, in receiving the new ambulance said he and his colleagues were intensely grateful for the ,e.·ift. The Wycombe Division provided the personnel for running this new, and the old ambulances and he appealed for inc reased membership. Dr. Parker expressed appreciation of the services of the Mayor and Councillor A vey's support. He also paid tribute to the work done by Transport Officer R J. Goves.

The Vicar, the Rev. W. L. P. Float offered the dedication prayer after which the new ambulance was open for inspection.

LINSDALE, LEIGHTON AND WING DrVISloN.-On Sunday, Oct ober 29th, the Vicar of Linsdale (the Rev. Lydcher, dedlcated the new ambulance of the The under Supt. D. Davies, assisted by Sergts. Chlvers and Collett (Div. Secretary), marched from headquarters to the Recreation Ground where the ceremony took place.

Among those present was the County Commissioner Major P. G. Darvil-Smith, e.B.E., Mr. Scott Evans and Supt. Brown (Bletchley).

.The Band of the. Army accompanied the S1l1g1l1g, the gIven by the Rev. L egasuck. AlthoLl.gh thiS DiVISIOn has o.nly been formed just over tw.o years It has made great stndes; the above ceremony be1l1g a red - letter day. The arrival of the ambulance has fi ll ed a long-ne eded want in the district. It was purchased by. funds collected by members in various ways, grants be1l1g made and obta1l1ed from local Rural and District Councils and from County H eadqua rt ers.

Within a week of the arriva l of the new amhu lance it was used four times.

November, 1934. FIR S T No. III. Oisti-ict.

NUNEATON.-The annual presentation of awards to members of the Nuneaton Ambulance and Nursing Diyisions was held on October 18 th.

The Mayor o£ Nuneaton (Councillor W. T. Smith, J P.), presented the awards to the men which inclu de d lab e ls for 16 20, 21 and 25 years. Tn addition 18 home nursing awards were presented. The Mayor also presented bars to the long service meda l as follows: Supt. vV. Harris and Pte. H. J. Smith (first) , Sergt. A. Boyer (second).

Mrs Robinson, wife o£ Dr. N. S. Robinson, Div. Surgeon, Nursing' Division, presented the Nurse's awards.

Dr. Robinson presided over the function, which was attended by the Mayor and Mayoress, Corps Officer J. Bonham, Supt. W. H. Harris, Lady Supt. Mrs. E. Henley.

The Mayor, in response to a vote of thanks, proposed by Corps Officer Bonham, said it gave him and th e Mayoress, great pleasure to be associated with th e Brigade. He was an old ambulance man, and was keenly interested in the movement.

Supt. Harris proposed a vote of thanks to Dr. Robinson, and spoke of the ent husiasti c way in which the doctor carried on his duties

RUGELEY.-The Town Hall, Rugeley, was filled to its fullest capacity on Tuesday, October 19th, when members of the Rugeley and District Division held their annual dance and presentation of awards for 1934 Charlie Handley's band was in attendance, whilst the duties of M.e. was capably discharged by Mr. W. Roberts of Cannock.

During the interval, the awards were presented by the Matro;l of the Rugeley and District Hospital.

Supt. S. Evans said he was privileged that evening; to thank all who had as isted the Division during the year. They were helping; a very worthy considering the loss of life, produced by recent on !he road, many could certainly have been aVOIded by the 111ter\'ention of the ambulance man. He would ask the Matron to present the awards which were 22 in number.

After the presentation, Div. Surgeon White ide thanked the Matron for her kindness.

Dancing then proceeded until 2 a.m.

STOURBRIDGE.-The annual competition for the " Worton and Christopher" Cup was held at the headquarters of the Stourbridge Division, Brotherhood Hall, on Saturday, November 3rd. Four teams from Dudley (holders of the trophy), Stourbndge, Lye and Kinver Divisions. Dr. e. J. Murphy, Surgeon of K1l1ver Ambulance and Nursing Divisions, officiated as jud ge in the team and viva voce tests The r,esult was announced by Corps Supt. A. Win bow as follows :-Stourbridge, marks; Kinver, 154; Dudley, 151; Lye, 114. silver cups were presented to the members of the W1l1nmg' te am as follows :-Ptes. F. Bowen (leader), S J. H Martin, J. Hill and A. H. Jones The competltlOl1 was restricted to members who had passed not more than three re-examinations. Silvcr medals were also presented to the members o£ the Stourbridge team who won the Dudley and District (" Ollis") Shield in February last.

Eloquent tributes to the valuable .Ex-Supt. H. Baker has rendered to the Stourbndge DIVISion, pa id on Tuesday, October 30 th, when he the r eCIpIent of a beautifully cut and engraved Stourbndge g}a s rose howl. The inscription r eads "Presented to Dl\T S.upt. H. Baker, S.B. by officers and members,. S .J. A.B., on his resignation and 111 appreclatlOn of 17 years' valtlable service. October 1934,"

A I D. 117

Div. Supt. e. Davies presided over the ceremony, SUPl rted by Corps Treasurer J. A. Harris (Dudley and District Corps), Amb. Officer F. V Smith and Div. Secreta:')' A. E.

Mr that ex-Supt. Baker join ed th e division from t,- (: Snow Hill Division (Birmingham Corps), which he joined in 1902, in 1917. He was promoted to Ambulance Officer in 1921 , and to Divisional

By Coudesy]

[CounfJl Express Ex-Div. Supt. H Baker, S. B. (Stourbridge Division ).

Superintendent in 1928, the latter position he held until his recent resignation. He \vas invested as Serving Brother in 1926. As secretary to the G.W.R Ambulanc e Class and instruc to r to the Midland "Red" Omnibus Competition team, and the Stourbridge Divisional Police; he had done a great amount of useful work. r-Ir. Bak er was a member of the successful Snow Hill team which won the "Dewar" Shield in 190-1-. Corps Officer Harri paid a high tribute to ability of tIr. Baker, and asked him to accept the gIft from the officers and men of the Stourbridge Division.

Mr. Baker in response, thanked the pr ev ious speakers for their too flattering remarks. H e was more than pleased with the beautiful gift which would treasure. He asked the members to gl\'e to thelf new superintendent the same assistance as he had received.

No. IV. District.

CHESHIRE.

The annual conference of the Cheshire District wa held at Macclesfield , when about 200 delegates were accorded a civic welcome by the Mayor (Alderman T. 11. Abraham) . . . The Mayor entertained the pnnClpal officers to lunch, and also presided at the opening of .Conference. H e was supported by the County CommlsslOner, LIeut.-Col. W. Chaloner, O.B.E., T.D.) J.P. , Col: e. J. Trimble, e.B., e.M .G., V.D., T.D., Asst. CommisslOner e. H. FowlerJones COLUlty Officer J. A. K. Ferns, Supt. Clarke Rev. T. Paxton) Mr. Chaloner, Mrs. Fowler-Jones, Mrs. Capt. Rea, Dr. and Cran (Macclesfield), and Mrs. Moore (Hull).

In extendinO' a civic receptlOn to the delegates, the Mayor said it ;as 30 years since a Brigade Conference was held at Macclesfield. He spoke of the excellent work

FIRST

being done by the Brigade and of the co-operation which existed between the Brigade and the pollce.

Col. Trimble thanked the Mayor for his welcome, and also associated the name of the Mayoress. The work of the Brigade was purely voluntar.y, .an? its success was entirely based on the rock of Chnstlamty.

County Officer Ferns supported the proposition to VI hich the Mayor replied.

Following the presentation of accounts, Commissioner Fowler-Jones addressed the gathenng on " Organisation."

The Commissioner in his remarks, saId progress had been maintained not only numerically but in efficiency. Three new divisions had been formed, and he referred to the achievements of Crewe in competitions. A second ambulance had been acquired by the Cheadle Heath DiviS1On. During the coming season there were to be competitions for cadets. The Commissioner had been promised a cup for the boys, and later he was able to announce that the Mayoress had generously offered one for the Girl Cadets.

AID. November, 1934.

Mr. ]. S. Collinge received at the hands of Mr. W. Bradley, L.M.S. Loco Dept.) the gold medal g'iven by the Railway Co.) for long service in the Ambulance Dept. In making the presentation, Mr. Bradley said that the importance of Ambulance work had been brought home to everybody by the recent colliery and railway disasters, and in both instances the only bright spot was the ambulance work.

LITHERLAND.-Over 150 members and friends attended the second dance of the season, organised by the Lith erland and Ford Corps in St. Phillip's Hall, Litherland. Mellander's Dance Band played fo r dancing, and struck a new note among local dance bands by including in their programme vocal selections by Miss Lily Harris.

PREsToN.-Commissioner W. G. Smith) O.B.E., was the inspecting officer at the annual inspection of the Preston Corps. Over 150 members were on parade under Corps Supt. Capt. E. F. Millington.

November, 1934. FIRST exceptionally large gathering, especially for dancing. Dr. Murray, the Divisional Surgeon, was present with Mrs. Murray, who presented the prizes She was supported by Supt. Mrs. Dyer, Mrs. S. F. Stansfield, and Sergt. N. H. Cooper.

SOUTIIPORT.-The Southport Flower Show Committee has decided to give a donation of ten guineas to the Southport Corps, S.].A.B., in recognition of the services performed at the recent Flower Show. No. VI. District.

NORTH UMBERLAND AND DURHAM AREA.

An Officers' Conference was held in Newcastle on Saturday, October 27th.

The County Commissioner was in the chair) supported by members of the County Staff, and over 120 Officers and Divisional Secretaries attended. Some most useful discussions of matters affecting- the Brigade took place.

The Conference was followed in the evening by an Officers' Dinner, at the Royal Station Hotel, to which about 115 sat clown. Amongst the guests were The Lord Mayor of N ewc.astle) the Deputy Lord Mayor and D ep uty

A I D. 119

the subj ects faken. Others included practical work and artificial respiration.

The Commissioner oongratulated the members upon their Public Duties.

No. V II. District.

LUDLow.-Presentation of awards, Association and Brigade, was held recently in the Council Chamber. The Mayor o£ Ludlow (Alderman R. Poyner) presided and made reference to the loss of Mr. John Palmer the President of the Division.

Mr. A. E. Harrison (class secretary) stated that 20 students passed the examination, and he was grateful to Dr. J. Egan for his assistance, and to Div. Supt. \,yhittall for his painstaking training.

Div. Supt. \Nhittall in his report said the numerical strength was now 30, and during the present year members had performed 617 duties and artended 85 cases. The formation of a cadet division was under consideration; the training would be in the capable hands of Mr. T. VV. Barnard.

Presentin g the awards to the Brigade members, Dr. Egan paid eulogistic tribute to Supt. Whittall and spoke

Members of the Fa\'ersham Di\'isions, together with their two Ambulances.

Lady Mayoress, Sir Thomas Oliver) Mr. J. T. Batey, Mr. Ridley Warham) the Chief Constables of ewcastle and Gateshead, and Supt. Rogers (L.N.E.R. Pollce).

Col. Trimble presented a shield, given by the Auto Cycle Union, to the Macclesfield Division, who are to hold it for twelve months, after which it would be competed for by other divisions.

LANCASHIRE.

BACUP.-The Mayoress of Bacup, Mrs. W. Marshall, presented Ambulance and Hom e Nursing awards to members of the S.J.A.A. and Brigade, at a meeting presided over by Mrs. ]. McDonald, J.P. The awards wer e:-

3rd bar to Service medal (30 years) Corps Surgeon J. P Brown; 2nd bar (25 years) Sergt. F. Hanson; 1st bar (20 years) Pte. W. G. Blythe, and Service medals (15 years) to Ptes. H. Ashworth) and J. T. Greenwood. Vouchers were awarded to Messrs. D. MacNamara, ]. Howard, A. N unn, and W. Bell; Home Nursing Certificates to the Misses A. Marshall, G. Bibby, M. Croat, H. HouchEn and J. Law, and Nllrsing Pendant to Miss E. Casson.

The inspecting officer congratulated the Corps on a splendid turnout. Anti-gas drill and instructions on how to act in cases of aeroplane crashes must, he said, be part of the future training of the Brigade. It is necessary for members to know something- about aeroplane construction. As regards anti-gas drill) headquarters are issuing a manual which every member will have to study.

The Mayor of Preston (Alderman Mrs. A. M. Pimblett) distributed awards gain by members. These included the "Galloway" Cup to Headquarters teRm; " Smith" Cup to J. Singleton; "Johnstone" Cup to F. Salthouse; also various badges of appointments.

Commissioner Smith was accompanied by District Offic er W. H. Gastrall; others present included Lady Corps Supt. Mrs. A. Howard) Mrs. Derham and the Chief Constable (Mr. ]. P. Ker Watson).

POULToN-LE-FYLDE.-In aid of the uniform fund the members of the Poulton-le-Fylde Division held a Whist and Dance iq Ma:;onic Hall. There was an

The company also welcomed the presence of MaJorGeneral Sir Percival Wilkinson) whose health, proposed by the Chairman (County Commissioner Stanley Embleton) was accorded musical honours.

The toast of "The Brigade" was proposed Sn Thomas Oliver) and County Commissioner W. T. Atkmson (E. Riding of Yorks) replied. County Officer H. S. Crace proposed the loast of the" Civic Authorities" for whom the Deputy Lord Mayor replled, and County Officer G. R. Curry proposed "Our Guests/' Rev. H. G. Hastmgs Shaddick replying.

An exccl lent musical programme by "That Certain Trio" greatly added to the enj oyment of a most successful evening.

BISHOP AucKLAND.-The annual in spection of the Bishop Auckland Social Centre Division, held on Sunday, November 4th, by the Cou.nty CommIss1Oner.

Drill under the command of Dlv. Supt. S. B. Paydon, stretcher drill under Sergt. W. H. Lurton) also hand-seat drill under Amb. Officer G. W. Spooner, were some of

of the fine performance put up by the Ludlow Division in the County Competitions.

The Chairman proposed a vote of thanks to Dr. which VlaS seconded by Mr. H. Hodnett (the new PreSIdent of the Division). Dr. Egan suitably replied.

A vote of thanks was also accorded the Mayor for the interest taken in the work.

N'o. VIII. (Duke of Connaught's) District.

FAvERsHA1L-The members of the Faversham Divisions, a photograph of whom appear this month, are the proud possessors of two ambulances.. The saloon ambulance is rather unique, inasmuch as It IS a cOlwerted saloon car fitted with a stretcher on the near side, and is loaded via a let-do'vVn door in the back. The squat seat and occasional seat 011 the off-side have been left unaltered for the accommodation of attendants or relatives of the patients. The ambulance is specially suitable, and pleasant, for long distance transport.

No. IX. District.

EXETER.-The secretary of the Exeter Division reports that the strength of the Division is now 58, and

Commissioner W. G. Smith inspecting members of the Preston Corps. District Officer "V. H. Gastall, Supt. Hibbert, the Chief Constable of Preston, (Mr. J. P. Ker Watson) and Corps Supt. Captain F. E. Millington are also in the photograph.

an immense amount of work has been done under Supt. E. A. Bowden, M.B.E., supported by Amb. Officer W. E. Williams, during the past 12 months. The ambulances have attended 938 private removals, 388 road accidents, 91 road illnesses and 55 fires, covering 12,2 13 miles.

The Division is fc;rtunate in having the services of County Surgeon T. M. Preece (Exeter and East Deyon), Div. Surgeon R. Gray and VV. J. Walter. At Dr. Gray's wedding a guard of honour was formed by members, and a barometer was presented to Dr. and Mrs. Gray from the officers and men.

The Competition team gained first place in the (. Marcus Hare" competition, Sergt. Green, captain of the team, accrued the highest individual marks and ,,"as awarded the "Pengelly" Cup. Exeter also secured place in the "Smerdon" Shield competition.

Mrs. Harold Rowe presented a silver Challenge Cup for open competition in the City, with the objec.t of fostering proficiency in ambulance work, and at the initial competition, judged by Dr. Morton Palmer, the Exeter team were the successful competitors. Other tea.n:s 111cluded Great Western and Southern Railway, BntIsh Red Cross and City Police.

The Recreation Club of the division is now o'oin u strong. During the year a Billiards table had and a combined outing of ambulance and nursll1g members was organised during the summer.

EXMouTH.-Sir Garbutt Knott, Patron of the Exmouth Section, and a generous patron of their work in the town was acc.orded musical honours when he rose to the awards at the inspection of the Town Division and Cadets by Lieut.-Col. H. Spackman. )

Sir Garbutt has recently been made an Officer of the ene.rable qrder of St. John) and wore for the first time, hIs Maltese Cross.

Following an announcement by Colonel Spackman to thIS effect,. the Patron was accorded musical honours and three rOUS1l1g cheers.

The practical side of the inspection took the form of an Imag1l1ary aeroplane disaster, in a field occupied by a nUf!1ber cadets, who were supposed to have been senously 111J ured by the wrecked machine.

The Ambulance Units-going through their weekly dnll not away-were rushed to the scene and set about rendenng first-aid to the injured.

Another test, on a smaller scale, was organised by Supt. when two labourers with a knowledge of first aId, happened to be first on the scene of a bicycle smash, and dId some smart work with an improvised stretcher,. composed of two h.oes and a piece of sacking. The comIC element was ,proVIded by amusing dialogue.

Col. Spackman (Asst. County Commissioner, Exeter and East Devon Area), congratulated the Division on its smart turn-?ut and the capable manner in which the unirs had dealt WIth the.supposed casualties. The drill had been well up to the hIgh standard expected The examiner drew the rr:embers' to the question of possible e.nr?lment 111 the Milltary Hospitals Reserve. The age bmit from. 18 to 45 and a medical examination respect111g phYSIcal was an essential. Within a year a was obllged to obtain a nursing certificate and a propo.rbon. of the w?uld be called up each year to receIve eIght tral1ung 111 a Military Hospital. Those enrolled were lIable for service in the RAM C the event of a war.

Announcing Sir. Garbutt Knott would present the the exam111er saId that among them was a Ion ._ serVIce medal.-the first that had ever come to for Sergt. HIll

No. X. District.

a r ecent meeting of the Harpenden Urban CouncIl, Mr. F. W. Griggs, Chairman, presented awards to of the Harpenden Section the members of the Brigade) Mr. Griggs exp la111ed that the work was entirely voluntary. It was a work he could, without hesitation, commend to the interest, sympathy and personal and practical support of every resident. He wished the members every success.

Section Secretary, Mr. H. V. Scott, thanked the CounCIl for the help they had given.

Mr. H. Langley Jones, Assistant Commissioner thanked Mr. Griggs for presenting the certificates. knew the hard work Mr. Scott and those associated wiih him. had put He hoped to raise enough money to a first aId post and put every man into uniform. WIth regard to an ambulance he would do his be t to secure a grant, as a representative of the Home Service Ambulance Committee, when the time arrived.

IpSWICH.-:-The distinction of being the first town a speCIal ambulance division fitted to give expert first aId treatment to the vicbms of aIr mishaps has fallen to Ipswich.

.The division, known as the 1st (Ipswich) Air DutIes DnTls 1011 consists of 21 men and 15 nurses. The members wear a uniform based on that of the Brigade but men and women wear berets.

Thc origin of thc Division took form some three years ago and Lt.-Col. M. MacEwen ) D.F.c. (Asst. C.Ol:nmisslOner of Suffolk), \\ as asked to form such a dlvlslOn. He got together a number of men and women and began training. some t\\'elve 111011ths ago. Both men and WO?1en were glVen. the same training as is necessary f.or. Bngade The men then had a prellml11ary course on all'craft construction, and this was followed by study of the various types of crash and thc :9rt of InjUry to be expected., and ill fire-fighting.

I he .women h.aye courses 111 home nursing and hospItal surgIcal nursmg at their o wn model hospital. Men and women have yet to become proficient in hyo'ienc and field sanitation. ;0.

A first aid .h?spital has equipped at the Ipswich All'port, contal11111g that can possibly be by the new DIVISIon in carrying' out its duties I he .meml?ers of the new Division will be posted at the IpSWIch AIrport \\·hencver it is thought nece sary.

By means of a successful jumble sale, .£21 was added to the funds of the New Forest (W) and Rin gwood Di vision B.R.C.S. ., 3 """

Twenty men, members of the British Legion Car Park Attendants, were recently presented with first a id certiucates by tbe Chief Constable of Le eds, Mr. R. L. Matthews at the Town Hall, Leeds

The No.2 (Hagg-erston) Division in conj un ct ion with No. (Haggerston) Divi s ion, S.J.A.B., held a dance at Sho:-edltch. Town Hall, London, on October 11th, in celebratIOn of ItS 45th anniversary.

We are prepared to supply Ambulance Secretaries and others with specimen copIes of this Journal for distribution among their members. Apply to the Publishers, FIRST AID, .. ri Cannon St., London E.C .•.

Przory for [/Vales.

FIRST AID AT GRESFORD COLLIERY DISASTER.

Su ch unf ortu nate occurrences as the disaster at the Gresford Colliery, Wrexham, invariably provide evidence of the remarkable ability and readiness of Brigade personnel to offer their services not only for first aid duty but for any task however disagreeable or hazardous requiring a total unconcern for personal consideration. The Wrexham Division of the Brigade, a keen U nit estab li shed in 1927 largely at the instigation of the Chief Constable of Denbighshire, Mr. G. T. Guest, and now responsible for the maintenance and running of two motor ambulances, proved to be no exception to this rule, as may be seen from the following report submitted by the Superintendent, 1r. P. R. Kent :-

" The explos ion occurred at the co lli ery at approximate y 2.0 a.m. on Saturday, September 22nd, and members of the Wrexham Division were called out by the Police between 3.0 a. m. and 4.30 a.m.

"Amb. Officer T. C. Benbow left for the scene at 3.20 a.11l., taking- o. 1 ambulance with him, No.2 ambu-

laying out of the bodies and washing ready for identification. Sergt. Morris then remained on mortuary duty, being relieved by Ptes. P. G. Dodd and J. V. Lewis, after 18 hours' continuous dnty.

" Although no men ""ere rescued from the mine during the time we were there, a numher of rescue workers and helpers were brought up injured, more or less seriously, and were treated and conveyed to their home or hospital by our ambulances.

" The men working- under me did everything they were called upon to do, filling sand bags, carrying fire appliances, and all kinds of sundry work whether clean or dirty, in an effort to assist the Collier y people in their anxious time.

" I am sorry to report that Pte. 'vV. Penny. a \'ery able member of this Division, employed as an ambulance man by the Colliery Company, lost his life in the explosion. Also, that Pte. D. Jones lost his father.

"Tuesday, September 25th, at 1.45 p.m. Amb. Officer T. C. Benbow received a call to the Colliery for a further

lance arrived at 3.45 a. m. in charge of Pte. H. 'vVilliams with t\\·o nurses and two cylinders of oxygen.

"I was called at 4.20 a.m. and arri\' ed at the colliery at 4.45 a.m. By that time about 9 members of the Division had reported for duty, the remainder of the Division reporting at va riou s times up to 8.0 a. m.

" By 9.0 a. m. six bodies had been recovereu and taken first to be examined by the doctors and then to the temporary morLuary. I learnt at 10.0 a. m. that three members of a rescue party were missing; and at 10.30 a.m. news was conveyed to me that two of them had been recovered and were beina sent to the surface. At the ambulance room, artificial of various methods was applied on two men, but without success. The members aSSOCIated with me in this \-vere Amb. Officer T. C. Benbow, Cpl. R. E. J ones and Pte. G. S. Davies.

"Between 11 a. m. and 12 nOOI1, Sergt. \V. Morris vith Pts. R. Thomas and S. Hughe s took over the work of

surface explosion which had occurred. One man had been seriously injured and conveyed by us to hospital, wl?ere he died from his injuries. Amb. Officer Benbow remaIned at the Colliery until 8 a.m. the next morning, 181 hours' duty, when he was relieved by Transport Officer Eaton and Pte. H. Brooks, who, in turn, were relieved by Amb. Officer Benbow at 4- p.m. At 6 p.m. it was decided to withdraw e\ eryone from the danger zone, and ambulance services were no longer required. During the 18t I:ours' duty. of Amb. Officer Benbow, a seconu and more serIOUS explOSIOn occurred and he had a narrow escape from gas and fall ng debris. 'A number of cases were treated after the explosion, for g-rit in Lhe eyes, one being COl1\'eyed to the hospital for further treatment.

"The following members of the Diyision worked down the mine after the :-Ptes. S. L. \\:illiams, S. J. Marsh and D. J ones, all employed by the Colliery Company as ambulance men; Storekeeper A. Jones, as shot firer, but

Lower Rhondda Corps Cadets at the Annual Inspection.

d id rescue work; Pte. R. J. Lloyd, rescue work; Pte. J. Parry, member of the Llay Main rescue party.

" Hours of duty performed by members, showi n g number of hours of continuous duty is as follows. Div. Surgeon Dr. 'vV. G. Evans was at the Colliery at \'a rious times both days.

"Supt. P. R. Kent, 38t hours, 27t hours continuous; Amb. Officer Benbow, 38t hours, 28t hours continuous; Amb. Officer A. Trueblood, 23 hours, 16 hours continuous; Transport Officer Eaton, 18 hours, 9 hours continuo u s; Sergt. VV Morris, 35 hours, 27 hours cont inu ous; T ransport Sergt. R. Tipton, 12 hours, 2 turns; CorpJ. G. O. Williams, 2-+ hours, 15 hours continuous; CorpJ. R. E. J o nes, 26 hours, 16 hours continuous; Ptes. ]. W. Jackson, 1-+ hours, 2 turns; R. Thomas, 22 hours, 11 hours continuous; G. Vizor, 16t hours, 2 turns; J. R oden, 26 hours, 18 hours continuous; P. G. Dodd, 22 hours, H hours continuous; ]. V. Lewis, 18 hours, 2 turns; J. H. Brooks, 12 hours; C. Edvvards, 26t hours, 21t hours continuous; A. Edwards, 26t hours, hours continuous; H. Williams, 33t hours, 18 hours continuous; R, Morton, 29 hours, 23t hours continuous J. Davies, 22 hours continuo u s; R. Williams, 29 hours. 23t hours continuous; ]. T. SmiLh, 29 hours, 23t hours continuous; H. Groomsbridge, 28t hours, 22 hours continuous;]. J. Morris, 23t hours, 18 hours continuous; R. Evans, 26 hours, 20 hours continuous; S. Hughes, 33 hours, 25 hours continuous; H. Davies, 25 hours, 19t hours continuous; G. S. Davies, 31 hours, 23 hours continuous; R. J. Lloyd, 3-+ hours, 20 hours continuous; P. 'vVilliams 31 t hours, 22 hours continuous; Storekeeper A J ones, 20 3 turns; Ptes. S L. Williams, 25 hours, 17t hours cont1l1uous; D. Jones, 2+ hours, 3 turns; J. Parry, 20 hours, 3 Lurns; S. J l\Iarsh, 20 hours, 3 turns; F. Roberts, 20 hours, telephone duty.

"Every member of the Division did duty with the exception of Pte. W . Penny, who lost his life."

MOTOR AMBULANCE TRANSPORT SERVICE.

Year by year the l'.1otor Ambulance Transport Service initiated by the Priory for Wales shortly after the Great is providing increasing facilities for the remova l of the s ick and injured in South Wales Starting in1919 with a co u ple of cars the first report showed a total n umber of 1 000 cases car ried; and following a continued annua l inc;ease, the of rer:,ovals dealt with in the year 1933 was 9,105, co.venng a mdeage of 183,811t- 1,035 cases and 17,365t mt1es more than the figures for the previo u s twelve months

The present year will mark a considerab le advance as removals for the first nine months, viz., 8,261, show an 1I1crease of 1,669 cases and 24,485 mileage on tIle tive period of 1933.

the Ser vice .is well supported by the Co lli e r y COlllpaI1JeS, who subscnbe the rate of one shilling per per annum to cover theIr statutory ob li gations regard109 t he of sick or injured employees to home or hospItal, It IS very popular among Colliery L odges and other bodies of workmen who for a conlribution at the rate of one penny per week have a free calIon the service for themselves and dependents in case of accident or s ickness. It speaks we ll for the advantage derived from the sch eme, that large numbers of those who s ubas of Colliery Lodges desire to continue their subscnptlO.ns as private individuals on becoming unemployed; and It has been the custom of the Priory to grant such men a call on the Service for a period of six months, after which they have continued to pay thO! penny per week.

is now being given to various methods for easmg th.e incidence of am bulance costs to this section of community, which can least afford conveyance in case ot Illness. An unlimited ca ll would overtax the capacity of any

AID. November, 1934.

service; and it is invidious to draw too dr astic a di sti n ct ion b etween the un emp l oyed and those in r eg ular em pl oyme nt at present day wages. But a humanicarian o r ganisat ion h as the du ty of passing on benefit derived from stro nger and more fortuna te mem bel'S to those weaker and less fort unat e through no fault of their own.

It has been the policy of the Priory in recent years to er:ect s u ch reduction of charges as wi ll compare fa vo urably With any other amb ul ance serv ice, whi le offering distinct advantages through a widespread co-ordination of stations.

To the non-subscriber the cost of conveyance is at the rate of 1s. 3d. per mile up to 100 miles, and 1s. for excess n:i leage, sympathetic consideration being given to long distance and other remov cds on compassionate grounds. The Transport Committee at its meeting on the 23rd O ctobe r granted the following concessions :-

(1) That the excess mileage chargeable to subscribe ! s be reduced from 9d to 6d. per mile.

(2) That no excess mileage charge be made to subscribers requiring remo va l to South Wales sanatoria.

(3) That the subscription to old-age rensioners alld w id ows of subscribers be reduced to d. in stead of a 1d. a week, with a proportionate concession in the method adopted to safeguard the Priory against entry into the scheme for the purpose of immediate removal.

WELSH INTER-RAILWAY COMPETITION.

A car incident at a level crossing was staged at the City Hall, Cardiff, on Friday, November 2nd, ,-,vhen Lhe annual for the "Harry Webb" cup organised by the Pnory for vVales for teams representing the railway companies operating in Wales.

The individual and practica l tests were judged by Dr. J. W. Cooper (S ur geon, Kenfig Hill Division) and Dr. Emrys D. Owen (Surgeon, South Wales Transport (Neath) Division) ; and the follow ing marks were awarded to the six competing teams :Team. Company. Marks.

1, Barry Loco. G.W.R. 262

2, Abergavenny Junction L.l\I. & S. 248

3, Barry Docks G .W.R. 203t

4, Pontypool Road" A" G W. R.

5, Bangor Engineering L. 1. & S. 188

6, Swansea Victoria L.M. & S. 15 6

Thus the Great Western Railway Company again hold the trophy, which since the competition was instituted in 1923, they have secured on nine occasions; and it happens that this year's winning team, viz., Barry Loco. was successful in 1929.

A large number witnessed the competition; nnd follow1I1g tea the presentation ceremony Look place in the Assembly R ooms, the Hon. J ohn. H. B ru ce (Principal Secretary and Commiss ioner for Wales) presiding. Alderman G Fred EVnns expressed the apo logies of the Lord Mayor of Cardiff who had looked forward to making the presentation but was unavoidably prevented, and referred to the public indebtedn ess to the Priory for Wales for its great services in promoting t he study of first aid and am bulance work. M1'. J F. Lean (Pr in cipal Assistant. to the General Manager, Paddington) presented the cup to the winning team, and cases of cut lery to each member of this and the Abergavenny L.l\1.S. team who sec ur ed second place. Mr. C. H. Tait (District Goods and Passenge r Manager), congrat ul ated the winning team a nd thanked the Priory for arrangi n g the contest.

Among those present were Miss C. A. Ault, G. W. R. Ce ntr e Se.cretary, the Hon. Mrs. J. H. Bru ce, Mrs. Tait, Lady Stan Officers Mrs. Hurry Riches, Miss M. L. Hann and Mrs. S B.. '!'urner, Captain T. E Richards, J. P., ASSistant CommissIOner Mr. F. R. Hortop, M1'. T. E. Smith, M 1'. Trevor Rob erts, M1'. ]. F. Lean, Mr. C. T. Hurry Ricbes, Captain S. T. Beard, O.B.E., Mr. J. Storey, Mr. H. Owen, Mr. J. White, Mr. B. Board, M1'. G. H. lI es, M1'. W. Mabon Abraham, the Competition Secretary, a nd ot hers

Ratlway Ambulance News.

Great Western.

CARD1FF.-Members of the severa l G.W.R. ambulance classes at Cardiff held a comhined concert and presentation of awards at the City Hall on October 11th, when the Lord Mayor (Alderman A. E. Gough) presided, and was accompanied by the Lady Mayoress. Sir William James Thom as, Bart, Director, presented Mr. J. Mullins, instructor of the Queen Street class, with the Vellum Vot.e of Thanks of the Order of St. John, awarded in recognition of his exceptional services, whilst gold medals and bars for l ong service were distributed to eleven members of the class by Lady Thomas. Mr. H. E. Craclmell, District Goods Manager, presented a cup to Miss Cameron, a member of the ladies' class, for obtaining full examination marks, and other awards were distributed by' officers of the Company. E. J osty, received a special presentation at the hands of Mr. W. E. Baines, Diy Supt., to mark the appreciation of the Canton 10comotiYe class on his completing 21 years as their Secretary.

Ei\LING.- The twenty-second anniversary of the Ealing ambulance class v-;as celebrated at the Dra) ton Court lIolel on oycmber 1st, when the awards for the 1934 session were disl rihuted by 1\1r. H. D. Anderson, Asst. Div. Supt. Among others present \\'Cre Mr. R. H. Nicholls, late Supt. of the Line; 1\I1'. C. T. Cox, Diy. Supt.; 1\Ir R. F. Borroughs, Div. Amb. ?ecretary: local officer. Presentations were made durll1g the evelllng to the Class Secretary, 1\1r. Goode) and the Lecturer, Dr. Selby. An enjoyable concert ""as rendered.

B,\RRY DOCKS ambulance class held their Annual Concert in the Railwaymen's Institute on October 6th, when 1\1r. E. V. Swallow, Dock 1\lanager) pre ided, and amono' those present were 1\Ir. 1\1. C. Harrison, Di\'. Docks Supt. Johnson, Chief of Docks 11r. C. H. Des) Diy. Amb. Secretary; and other officers ot the Company Sixty members 0 f th.e class .(reprcsentll1g 100 per cent. successes) 1 CeelY d thelr xam1l1atlOn award. at the hands of M1'. Harrison, and in addition four g-.')lcl medals fori 15 years' efficiency, and gold bar for. 20 years' efficiency, were presented. An musIcal programme was rendered.

BRIDGEND.-Thc ,111nual distribution of awards gained by members 01 the Thiclgencl class was made on October 14th by Mr. T. W. Smith, Stationmaster, when }.II'. \V. J. Pope presided. 1\11'. Smill-: emphasised tl!e value of ambulance \\'ork 111 radway practlce, and palel tribute to Messrs. E. G. Daycy and G. \i\Ti ggins. Class Instructor and Asst. Instructor. Mr. B. Curtis. a class member, received a gold bar for 20 years' fi rst aid cffi1ciency

The Addi on Road ambulance class has recently lost its enthusiastic secretary owing to the retirelnent of i\Ir. J. Clarke, who has .that for the 28 years. Mr. Clarke IllS first ald certdicate as long ao'o as 1899 and now holds the Company's gold bar for 30 years' aid efficiency During his secretarnhip no

f ewer than 602 candidates have passed a satisfactory examination, and among the class members are 13 gold medallists ( 15 years' efficiency), one man with 20 years' efficiency and six with 28 years' efficiency. He was instrumental in obtaining, by public subscription, the competition challenge trophy which is the pride of the class. For his exceptional services for the spread of the movement, 1\11'. Clarke was some years back elected a Serving Brother of the Order of St. John.

The Mayor of Newport) Councillor F. J. Humphries, J.P., and the Hon. John Bruce, Commissioner for \lVales of the Order of St. John, were among the guests of the Newport High Street class at their annual function at Fearis's Cafe. 1\11'. 'Y'. E Baines, Diy. Loco. Supt., presided, and among others present ",ere 1\1r. A. G. E. C. Fudge, Deputy Commissioner, and Dr. S. l\Iacormac, Commissioner for ewport. Class awards \\'ere distributed by E. H. Stibbs) Asst. Div. Supt., and 1\1r. E. G. Ireland, late Loco. Supt., while special medals anel bars for long service were presented by the Mayor. The Hon. John Bruce referred to the alarming toll of accidents on the roads, and said that the Order of St John assisted in some 500)000 cases of accident and illness each year.

londoll, Mid land and Scottish.

ABERGAVENl\'Y.-" In England and \Vales close on 9,000 members of the staff sit for an ambulance examination each year, and about 1)00 of these are first-year students."

This information ",as giyen by illr. C. H. Tait, Dist. Traffic Supt., at a social gathering of AbergayenllY L..l\LS. Railwaymen held recently.

.l\Ir. Tait, who emphasised the importance of the ambulance movement, pointed out that nearly 500 teams took part in the district competitions each year. He COl1oTatulated Abergayenny Junction team on the year's and on winning the district competition. He hoped that next year they \\'ould make as good or eyen better show in the diyisional competitions as Knighton had done. The teams in South \V ales had as much ambulance knO\vledo'e and skill as any team in the system.

The"" Mayor of Abergayenny (Councillor ilIax L. Be\'eridge), who presented the paid a to the ambulance men for their efficlency, and emphaslsed ho\v the prosperity of Aberga\'enny was inter\\'oyen with the railway community of the to\\'n.

Among the award \\ as a bar to the gold Ion;.; ser,,:ce medal presented to ),11'. C. MeaJe) and gold long sernce medals for 15 years' service were presented to 1\Iessrs. T. Luscott and R. Haney.

Doctors G. 'V. Parry and A. Fryer, Lhe Lecturers, on behalf of the class, \\'ere thanked by 11essrs. Luscott and Thomas.

Mr. C. Tait, who made a special journey from Swansea to attend was thanked on the proposition of 1\1r. Rees, Brecon Road, Station. In reply, 1\lr. Tait said he thought just as much of Aberga\'enny as eyer he had.

1\11'. Tait \\'a supported by l\Ir J. Story, Asst. Traffic Supt., Abergavel1ny, and Capt. S. T. Beard., S D. S. James anel E. O. \Villi ams) Class Secretanes, anel 1\lessrs . C. 1\leale and \IV. Hall made the arrangements.

HELLIFIELD AND GISBURN.-On October 3rd members of the above classes met for the Annual Social and presentation of awards. The numerous awards wel-e presented by Dr. E. R. B. Murray, of C1itheroe, who pressed members to retain that interest and active work in the movement, stressing (with reference to recent accidents) the necessity for ever-ready and efficient first aid on both railway and roads. The Chairman (Mr. Cowlishaw, Burnley), sympathetically referred to the necessity of Mr. Fairbrother's resignation as Class Secretary, out was pleased to know that he would retain office as committeeman, and as circumstances would allow him to do so, he would still attend and give all assistance possible to the class. Mr. Fairbrother replying, urged the class to respond to his successor, Mr. Earnshaw, as loyally as they had to him in the past.

Mr. J. Nightingale, Motive Power Supt., Hellifield and Skipton, was presented with a 3D-year gold lon g service bar.

NOTTTINGIIAM.-The Nottingham L.rvI.s. ambulance class (which includes all departments except the CM.E.), held a Smoking Concert at the Queen's Hotel at Nottingham, under the Chairmanship of 1\1r. H G Draycott (Goods Agent), supported by Mr. E. H. Garfield (District Controller), Mr. Beswick (District Engineer), l\lr. Kendall (Detective Inspector), and Mr. C Jarman ( elY Class Supt.).

The Chairman stressed the necessity for keener support to the praiseworthy and self-sacrificing work of the ambulance men) urging more of the younger men to come fonyard in the mOl'ement) and also for present members to continue in thei r efforts in order to keep in line with ne,,,, methods and keep fully efficient. As an encouragement silver spoons were presented to members of the team from the class who were successful in competing against the L.XE. Railway Company's team at Bu1we11.

Mr. Garfield in presenting the awards, which included 3 fi rst year, 8 second., 1 third and 22 labels, strongly supported the C1nirman's remarks.

The members taking an opportunity of showing their of their Class Lecturer, Dr. Bell, prescnted h1m \\,lth a set of golf balls. The presentation was made by Mr. Shive, the retiring' Class Supt., and whose membership dates back to 1888) a wonderful record of devotion to the service of his fellow-men.

Dr. Bell replying, stated that ,;vith painstaking e n.deavour on the part of members, they should be able to WlI1 the cup from Derby.

The thoroughly enjoyed by all, was prOVIded by MISS Oglesby and Messrs Armstrong, Fell, Ocke, Strong, Toft and other local artistes, Mr. Allen at the piano.

Fifth Annual Dinncr and presentatlOn of awards of the Peterhorough ambulance class was held on October 8th.

Am o ngst the 110 persons prcsent were His Worship the Mayor, Mr. VV. M. Sangster (District Loco. Supt.) and l\lrs. Sangster, Dr. J. E Allan (Class Lectur er) and 1v1rs. Allan.

"Following the dinner the President proposed the to ast o [ The Peterborough Ambulance Class" and spoke of the obtained in various competitions, members be111g holders of the L.lVI.S. No. 4 District Division II Cup, .the Peterborough and District Individual Cup and the) umor Challenge Cup. The Mayor said that of the events he had been ilwited to attend none g'ave hIm more pleasure than to be present at such a function and he congratulated the members on their enthusiasm in the am hul ance moyement.

The awards, \\hich were pre el1tcd hy Mrs. Allan,

A I D. November, 1934.

consisted of 4 first-year certificates) 2 second-year certificates, 1 medallion and 34 ba r s.

In thanking Dr. and Mrs. Allan, Mr. Clark and Mr. Shaw spoke of the services rendered to the cause and to the Peterborough class in particular, and of the popularity of Dr. Allan among the members.

Mr. Loveday, on behalf of the members, presented Dr. Allan with a gold "Eyersharp" pencil, the Class Secretary, Mr. F. G Waite) with a clock, and the Social Secretary, Mr. G. F. C Sharp, with a cut-glass r ose bowl. Dr. Allan, in replying, thanked the members for their kindness, and commented on the assistance given to the medical profession by ambulance workers.

london and North Eastern.

SOUTHER AREA.

G. C. SECTION

The preliminary competitions for the G C Section Shield were held at Sheffield during the week-ending N oycmber 3rd.

Forty-three teams competed and the work donc was well up to standard Judging was in the hands of Dr. K. H. Beverley, who placed the first five teams as follows: Dukinfield Works, 272; Gorton Works, 26n; ew Holland Stores, 25..j.; Langwith Loco., 253; and Deansgate 2S2§-.

These teams will compete in the final competition to be held on Thursday, December 6th, in the Board Room at Marylebone.

G. E. SECTION

The Annual Social and presentation of a \\'a rds 0 f thc L.N.E.R. Printing \V orks Division was held on Saturday, October 20th. Among those prescnt were :.'Ilr. and Mrs. David KinK, the Printin g Works 1\lanag-er; Capt. F. E. Bendix; Capt. W. Goodley, 1\1. C.; T. O. Mein, Esq., G.E. Centre ecretary; and 1\1r. R. L. Taylor, First Officer of the Diyision.

The work and record of the Division was commented upon by Mr. King who pointcd out that its fivc y:cars' existence, 45 certificates, 23 vOllchers, 19 mcc1alhons, and 22 labels had been awarded, \\ hi1st in c o mpetition work last year first and third places were won in the Stratford Officers Shield and this year second and fifth in the same event were secured, and second in the preliminaries and fifth place in the finals of the Directors' Shield Competition.

The a\vards for the year were presented by Mrs. King, and Captains J3endix and Goodley and Mr. Mein offered their congratulations, and expressed their hope of further successes to the Division in the near future

I?ancing occupied the remainder of the evening, the Alph1ans Dance Band supp lyin g the mnsic. The Clas Secretary, Mr. H. C Stagg, acted as l\I.C, and the successful evcning was lar gely clue to his untiring energy.

N ORTII EASTERN AREA

The presentation of awards for the 1933-34 Session to the members of the Walker Gate Ambu l ance C ass took place at a social evening held in the vValkerville Residents Assoc at ion Sucial Hall, Walker Gate, on October 25th

Mr. C. Mu rray, Works Manager, Walker Gate, preSided, and admIrably fi ll ed the role of Chairman. Dr. Stainthorpe, the class l ecturer, extended words of encouragement to the members and congratulated them on all passing the examination.

The awards, wh ch we r e kindly presented by Mrs. Stainthorpe, consisted of 4 cert ifi cates, 10 vouchers and 31

November, t934. FIRST

lab e ls. Mrs. Stainthorpe a l so presented the" Stainth or pe" Cup to the winning- team in co nn ect ion with the compet ition whi,h is held annua ll y by teams composp.d of m en emp oyed at Walker Gate Works.

Mr. S. Cooper, Centre Secretary, York, presented the Railway Company long service gold medals, for successfu ll y passing 15 exam in ations in first aid, to A. N. Davidson, S. J Gibson and F. Lillico. Mr. T. S. Haugh ab ly carried out the secretarial duties.

Th e presentation of a wards for the 1933-34 session to members of the Newcastle Railway Police Class, took pl ace at a socia l evening, concert and dance, on Wednesday, October 31st., at which Inspector Charlton presided.

Mr. S. Cooper, Centre Secretary, York, gave an intereSling resume of the activities of the ambulance movement in the North Eastern Area during the last session, and also of the bright outlook for the coming session, and he stated that six new classes had already been formed in the area.

A I D. 125

A supper fo ll owed, at which the Chairman of the Port A uthority, Alderman Edward M. Dyer, J. P., presided. He welcomed the g-uests and presented the cup and medals won in the competition room, and also awards gained by s uc cessful st ude nts at the examination held at the close of the lasl session.

Alderman Dyer in the course of his remarks referred to the good work of the First Aid Committee under the cha irm anship of Mr. Frank Brown, the Assistant General Manager of the Docks; to the services of Drs. A. P. Gorham a nd Norman Burgess, each of whom gave eight lectures during the session, and to the zeal of Mr. A. E. B. Hitchin, the H ono rary Secretary. Alderman Dyer also expressed his appreciation of the kindness of Dr. J. A. Lanson Roberts who judged the competition for the second time.

All of the seventy-seven members who presented themselves for examination were successful and at the Bristol S J.A.A. Centre's annual stretcher competition the Authority's o. 1 team (1\1r. A. E. B. Hitchin, captain) was

:'Ill'. Cooper presented the awa rds to the members as fo llows :-1 voucher, 2 medallions, and 14 labels. Superintendenl Rodgers congratulated the members of his staff on their success, and hoped they would continue in the good work of first aid for many years to come.

There was a very l arge and representative gathering 1\11'. G A. Fullerton, Class Secretary, was respons i ble for the arrangements which were ab ly carried out.

Port of Bristol Authority.

ON Saturday, October 6Lh, members of th e first aid classes were entertained by the Port Aut h ority. The proceedings opened wit h a com petition for the c up and medals presented by the Authority; five teams competed. No.1 team, consisting of Messrs. A. E. B. Hitchin (capta in), C. Williams, L. Garrett, T. F Evans and S. Harris (patient), were adjudged the winners with 114 points No.4-team (Mr. H. Crabb, captain) and No.2 team (Mr. G. E. Russell, captain) we r e second and third wit h 104 and 102 points respecti\'ely.

At the conclus ion of the tests a filtll, depicting t h e work of the Authority'S first aid classes, was ex hibit ed.

successful in winning the" Squire" Cup, came second in the "Beavis" event and also tied for third place in the " Lavington" event. Te am No.3 (l\lr. R. Boscombe, captain) was second in the" Mather" event.

P resentations were made to the honorary lecturer to the classes, Dr. A. P. Gorham, and to Messrs. A. E. B. Hitchin (Hon Secretary and Instructor), H. Owen (Hon. Instructor) and S. J. Austin (Assistant Hon. Secretary). Dr. orman Burgess was unable to receive his presentation, illness preventing him from being present.

The seventh session is about to commence, and a a rge number of men have intimated their intention of joining the classes --.--.------

Th e annual meeting of the Isle of vVight Branch

B. R. C. S., was presided over by H. R. H. Beatrice, President of the Branch. A year of satisfactory progress was reported.

When you write to any of our Advertisers kindiv mention FIRST AID. It dosen 't cost you anything and it pleases the Advertisers, and Us

The Port of Bristol Authority Competitions in Progress.

Our Nu rses' Pages.

COMPILED BY A MBU LANC E SISTER.

No.1 DISTRICT, S.].A.B.

EASTERN AREA. EAST HA:Vl NURSING CADETs.-Since the formation of the East Ham Nursin < r Cadet Division in May 1931, the following Proficiency have been obtained by the members, in addition to First Aid and Home Nursing awards.

Nature Study.-E. Co o mbes, P. Beckett, E. Appleby, .--i. Tassell, 1. Miller, D. Wallis, ]. Woolford.

Homecra.ft. - P. Beckett, E. Coombes, J. Gallant, E. Malden, 1. D. Wallis, A. Tassell, ]. Woolford.

Clerical Ability.-E. Coombes, F. Beckett, A. Tassell,

D. Wallis, J. Woolford, L. Blitz.

Public Service.-E. Coombes, ] Gallant, A. Tassell,

D. Wallis, I. Miller, J. Woolford.

Child Welfare.-E. Coombes A. Tassell, J. Gallant,

D. Wallis, ]. vVooltord, 1. Miller.

Swimming. - K Collard, E. Coombes J. Gallant, V. Mizen, D. Wallis, J. Woolford.

Knowledge of the Order.-E. Coombes A. Tassell, D. Wallis, 1. Mill e r, J. Woolford.

Physi c al Exercises.-N. Bax, J. Bush, A. Collard, E. J. pod well, ]. Flint, J. Gallant, E. Gould, 1. Idler, V. l\l lz en, M. Read, A. TasselJ, ]. Sillience D Wallis, J. vVoolford, H. vVoO'ihouse.

Cooking. - E. Coombes, J. Gallant, A. Tassell, 1. D. Wallis, ]. Woolford. '

Sea and Boat Training.-E. Coombes A. Tassell, J. Gallant, D. Wallis, J. Woolford, 1. liller.

Camping and Rambling.-J. Gallant, 1. Miller, A. Tassell, D. Wallis, J. Woolford.

Coombes, A. Tassell, J. Gallant, D Wallls, J, Woolford, 1.

Applications have been made for second Proficiency Badges for 1 Cadets J. Gallant and 1. Miller and for the Grand Prior's Badge for Cadets E. D nrall' J 'AI If d vv IS, 00 or ar:d A. Tassell. These cadets will be the first In No. 1 Dlstnct to .earn the Grand Pri o r's Badge. The cadets been t.ramed by their Officer, l\Irs. Woolford, M. 1. I:., m all except swimming, and have been exammed by speclaltsts 111 the particular subjects.

PROTECTION OF THE CI\ IL POPULAT10N IN GAS WARFARE.-The Lady Div. Supt. of West Ham Nursing Division has .arranged for a course of four lectur e s to be delivered Whitehall-place School Forest Gate E 7 com ne' a T d 8 ' ., I ncmg on ay,. th. January, 1935, at 8 p.m. The instru2tion wIll be by l'vlr. S. J. Fisk, who will have a supply of manuals, Defence aga1l1st Gas," ,vhich will be obtainable at 2d. each.

As the course is highly concentrated in characte II members should endeavour to make full should have notebooks with them.

The of Eastern Area hopes that thiS OppOI tunlty of gall1Ing more knowledge and e tl fl· I xpenence 111 le use 0 gas mas {s wtl be taken by as many as poss'bl e\'en those who .have already attended lectures on most Import.ant subject. Members of other Divisions will be welcome If they care to attend.

Will thos: who contemplate joining the classes please notIfy Lady Dlv. Supt. Miss Strathern, 6 & 8 London-road Forest Hill, S. E. 23.

CENTRAL ...No. 1 (STOKE NEWINGTON) URSING

DIVISION.- ThIS DIVISion held its First Annual Supper on vVednesday, October 24th., at Di\'isional Headquarters when v;as a goodly muster of officers and members of the DIVISIOn, together with officers of other Divisions and friends. Among the guests were Dr. K. L. Lund A B., Assistant Con;missioner in charge of the tl :ct T. lcBnde (who was invited to the Chair), Lady Dlst:lct Officer Miss Walker, and the Hon. Lady Div PreSident, Mrs. Agar.

A very enjoyable evening concluded with a musical programme contributed by friends of the Division.

V. A. RE-UNION. - At the invitation of Mrs. Aubrey RIchardson, O. B. E., a re-union of V. A. D. mem bers was held on the verandah of Dollis Hill House on Saturda October 6th. },

In spite of the stormy weather there was a large gathering, and som!' happy meetings took place among those who h.ad served together in nursing the sick and du.nng the war years, but whom the circumstances of hfe had Sll1ce separated.

Among the guests were Lad} Pentland D P E M' Harvey, Mrs. vVestell and Miss Collins. .:> ., ISS

After tea, .which was served in the cafe, J\lrs. Aubrey Richardson saId she was glad to have been able to arra 0tl t tl I1 h e la g..l lenng 111 to the request of some of the p.ast members, also In recognition of the kind expressIOns of and handsome presentation that she had receIved on her retIrement from" active seryice" in the St. John Ambulance Brig-ace and V.A.D. last spring. After 15 years complete re-union was far from possible, and they were .senslble of many gaps. In particular, they were all of J\1 rs. Clayton, whose "aluable work for the pat.lents and staff of the war hospital could never be overestImated. They were also thinking of one venerated b all who been present at the opening of Dollis House HospItal, and their Clinic in Willesden Lane and t many subsequent functions-:the Bishop Perrin; D. them to contll1ue. 111 paths uf religious and SOCIal servIce 111 the years of coming peace.

were glad that in Dollis Hill House - although desr:oded of much g:lory as a country home of a noble famtly, and a hospital for Sick and wounded soldiers-useful work for the community was still being carried on. There was a real need for such a refreshment house in Gladstone Park. They were glad, too, to have Lady Pentland with them. She had so much of her childhood in that and was dOll1g wonderful hospital work in India at the tIme the V.A. D. was working at Dollis Hill.

It also a cause for that their Detachment stdl flounshed, and as the Willesden Division of the S.J.A. B. carned on wo:ks of m.ercy, for so they might term their ambulanTce d.utles, their classes in First Aid and Home N and the actiVItIes of their Surgical Clinic and PhYSical Treatment Centre.

In proposing a vote ot thanks to Mrs. Aubrey Richard-

N o vember , 1934. FIRST son, Lady Pentland said she would have pleasure in telliflg her l:nother, the Countess of Aberdeen, of that interesting llleetll1g-. She had many pieces of furniture in her own house that had once slood in these rooms, and her parents had always loved to be at Dollis Hill, but never more than when they were entertaining Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone.

Mrs. Westell seconded, saying that although not herself a V.A.D., she knew many who had worked in the hospital, and had heard from the men themselves how well they had been looked after at Dollis Hill when they attended the "Home from Home" Club founded by her sister and herself for the wounded.

Announcements were made that the Divisions would parade for the Armistice Night Service at St. Catherine's Church, and that a course of first aid lectures by Dr. Matthias would be held at the Clinic on Friday evenings, to be followed next February by Dr. Kathleen Frazer's course on Home Nursing.

All present were asked to sign their names in the V.A. D. Visitors' Book. which contained, among others, the signature of H. R. H. Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll.

No. 2 DISTRICT, S.J .A. B.

FIRST AID HUT, SOUTHSEA.-The First Aid Hut on Southsea Beach, which was opened on May 19th, ",-as closed on October 1st at the end of the season. It had been staffed throughout this period by officers and members of Portsmouth, Portsea, Southsea and Milton Nursing Divisions, and 585 cases were treated, 20 of which were serious, and ""ere sent to hospital for further treatment after first aid had been rendered.

Although the majority of the cases were of a minor character, some of them were brought all the way from Eastney Beach and beyond the Clarence Pier, and there is no doubt that the hut has supplied a long-felt need on the beach.

The Lady Supts. of the Divisions who undertook the duty hope that next season will see an extension of their work and that there will be more than one hut on the beach.

No. 9 DISTRICT, S. J A. B.

PAIGNTON NURSING DI\'lSlON. - A recrultll1g meeting organised by this Division was held in the Public Hall on October 5th. Those present were very glad of the opportunity of hearing Col. C. l. Ellis, C. 1. G., T. D., Surgeon-inChief, who spoke of the various International Conferences he had attended. At the last Congress he had seen demonstrations of Life Saving in all its branches-in the air, on the mountains, on the earth, under the earth, on 'water, under the water, and from fire.

Col. Ellis mentioned that on the Continent all ambulance workers were referred to as Samaritans, a name of great significance. All in that hall must have felt inspired to further this great humantarian work for which the Brigade stands, and he hoped they would feel that they belonged to a world-wide brotherhood.

Lady County Officer Mrs. Bell was also present, and spoke of the value of a knowledge ot First Aid and Home Nursing in the home and elsewhere. She very strongly urged all those who had no such knowledge to commence studying the subjects at once and then to join the Brigade where they would have an opportunity of keeping up and turning to account their knowledge.

Particulars of forthcoming- classes were announced and names taken of all wishing to attend. As a result, it is expected that the class will be a large one.

At the close of the meeting votes of thanks to Col. Ellis and Lady County Officer Mrs. Bell were proposed by Assistant County Commissioner Vick.

No. 10 D1STR1CT, S.J .A. B.

IpSWICH V.A.D. - At the annual War Office inspection of Suffolk 24, the only S.].A.B. V.A.D. in Suffolk, thirty members were on parade under the Commandant (:'lEss Hossack) and :\Ie?ical Officer (Dr. Yate Edwards). After the 1l1Spection an 1l1teresting display demonstrated the variety in the training, and the readiness of the detachment to deal with various emergencies.

A well equipped theatre was shovvn, the use of the Thomas's splint and its application was the work of another squad, while individuals treated fractures, did rolled bandaging and made beus. An appetising lunch for a convalescent child was another exhibit.

A more novel display was that of a gas decontaminating centre, the patients being most realistically scrubbed whil e in their baths by safpty-c1ad V.A. D. 's Major Shakespeare, R.A. 1.C., the inspecting officer, cross-questioned the operators on their treatment and knO\dedge of the subject, and was interested to hear that gas masks had been loaned by the military authorities earlier in the year and that all th e V.A D.'s had worn them and learnt their use. One member has been through the gas chamber and it is hoped that all will have done so shortly.

In conclusion, M a jor Shakespeare congratulated the detachment, commenting on their obvious enthusiasm and high state of efficiency. The number of mobile members was most creditable.

Amunp- others present were Col. Lord O'Hogan (County Director), Mrs. Copinger Hill (Asst. County Director Red Cross), Major Hos-ack (District Commissioner, S.J,A.B., and Asst. County Director), and Corps Surgeon Dr. \-Veiner.

S.j.A. B. IN IRELAND.-At a meeting of the Central Workroom Committee of the S.J.A. B., held at H, square, Dublin, on October 10th, appeals for clothing for the poor on behalf of a number of Welfare organisations were made.

?\liss E. F. Blandford, who presided, stated that there was a real need for material. \\'001 and money, as well a s personal service, were n e cessary o the successful operation of the scheme. She added that where there was inadequate income in a home there was great distress caused not only by lack of food but by insufficient clothing.

The hon. secretary, Mrs. J. 'V. Heney, said that sinc e the central workrooms were opened in january, 1933, 6,-+75 garments had been made, colle c ted and distributed.

A creJit balance of only £-+ was shown in the statement of accounts SublIlitted by Mrs. Sayer, hon. treasurer. Others who addressed the meeting, acknowledging gifts of clothing and requesting still further support for their res pectiYe organisations, were :'Iris Barrington (S. J. "--i. B. \Velfare Department), Miss Kane (Emergency Help Committee), Lady Moore (Dudley and Jubilee Nurses' and Irish Distressed Ladies' Associations), 1\1iss Colburn (Queen's Institute of District Nursing in Ireland), and 1\1r. I'd. R. Lalor (St. Vincent de Paul Society).

Thanks were expressed to l\liss \Vhite, l\liS3 D. Shea and the V.A. D. Club staff for organising entertainments on behalf of the funds.

ALTON V.i\..D., B.R.C.S. - This detachment will be alad to welcome any women interested in the work of the Society, of which particulars can be from the local Honorary Secretary, 1\1 iss H. ?II. Lam pnere, I\Iarelands, Farringdon.

The season commenced on October 11th with a course of lectures on first aid, and this will be follo\yed, after Christmas, by classes in home nursing and other special suhjects.

The detachment does much useful work 111 hospitals and the members keep up their knowledge

by attending lecl.l.!reS a.nd p.ractices. so that they may be ready to give their services 10 any time of national emergency.

B. R. C. S. IN STOCKPORT. -A social function in the form of a meeting and concert was held at Grundey's Cafe, London-street, when 1\1rs. Barclay Urie presided.

Miss Fay, Hon. Di\ . Secretary, presented a report of the work of R: C. S. in the district, especially referringto the hospital duties undertaken by its members. Miss \VeJch, Vice-President, Hyde Division, spoke of the work in the home. Having travelled in Australia and New Zealand she was able to spe?-k of the work there, iil the hospitals and the welfare services among the children.

It was announced that first aid classes would commence at .Grundey's Cafe on Thursday, October 25th, tile lecturer being .or. Walker. ?\1rs. Cragg (the Commandant) would ?e dehghted to hear from any lady over the age of 18 Interested in the Society.

Votes of. thanks were accorded to the speakers after WI:ICh a vaned concert and admirable tea were much enjoyed.

(Di visional news and competitions, social, interestIng duties, le:tures, etc.), for this page should be sent to Ambulance SIster, c/ o The Editor, FIRST AID, 46, Cannonstreet, London, E. C. 4.

Police Ambulance News. CITY OF LONDON SPECIAL CONSTABULARY.

The first of the chief M.O.'s lectures on the important subject of protection against gas attacks was O'iven on ovcmber 7th, by Captain A. C. White Knox 1\1 C M B before a crO'.vded audience. .., ..,

The was of the opinion that the defence of the CivIl populatIOn against warfare would fall on the Home Office and therefore on the Police Forces throuo-hout the The I.ecturer described the varying type; of gases theIr properties, also those known as the lrntant and not Irntant types. Training- of Police Forces, the St. John Ambulance Brigade British Red C F' AmI I d T ross, Ire, )u ance an ransport services would be an important Item On them would fall the duties of caring for those overcome by the gas, and the de-contamination of areas property, clothes, etc. '

members of the Special Constabulary present hstened With the greatest interest to the lecturer's words and the Commandant, Mr. G. T. Faxon, on behalf of those present, the Doctor for his talk. They would look forward With 10terest to the next lecture to be held NO\'ember 21st. on

Red Cross Leaders.

THE HON. SIR ARTHUR STANLEY, G.B.E ., C.B ., M.V.O., Hon. F.R.C.P. (Scotland) D L J P (Lancs.), Com mander of the of is a county with a large number of famIlies of ancient lineage and of th k h · ,ese none ran s Igher than that of Stanley Th b' f h' e su Ject o .t IS Honourable Sir Arthur Stanley third son of the 16th Earl of Derb His actiVIties cover a wide field In th bY" world h' D' . e uSlness e IS a lrector of Westminster Bank and of

A I D. November, 1934.

number of City Companies, including British Insulated Cables, Bryant & May, Ltd., Argentine Great Western Railway Company, Anglo-Portuguese Telephone Company, etc.

The early years of his distinO'uished career were spent in the Diplomatic From 1898 until 1918 he was a Member of Parliament for the Ormskirk Division of Lancashire when his philanthropic duties obliged him to relinq uish his seat.

At the outbreak of the \Var, Sir Arth ur Stanley accepted the Chairmanship of the British Red Cross Society, a position he held durinO' the \Var.and still retains. He devoted all his to thiS work, and and efficiency of work of the Society under hIS able leadership IS well known. The onerous labour of his office duri?g the \iVar cannot well be realised by anyone the Red Cross organisation.

SInce the War the work and influence of the British Red Cross Society continues under its extended Charter to be directed towards the relief of and the health of the people. One of the most Important activities of the British Red Cross Society to-day is its Clinic for the treatment of Rheumatism, which Sir Arthur Stanley was the means of establishing at Peto Place, Regents Park, London.

. Sir.Arthur has always taken a great interest In N u.rsl founded the College of Nursing, ?f he chairman-and has always been Indefatigable In hiS efforts to improve the working conditions of Nurses.

In 1917 Sir Arthur Stanley was appointed Treasurer of St. Thomas's Hospital. I n this and as .President of the British Hospitals i\ssocla.tiOn, he IS able to appreciate the ?Ifficultles through which the Hospitals are passIng, and the many problems with which they are faced.

In .1918, the French Government conferred upon him the. of the Legion of Honour-a dIstInctIOn he shares with five of his brothers, which is a record for any fam ily not French.

Sir Stanley. is also intimately conWIth the motorIng world, having been chairman of the Royal Automobile Club' with a short break, since 1902. '

. those who have had the pleasure of hearSIr Arthur speak, whether at business meetIngs or at social gatherings, must have been impres:,ed by his easy and graceful delivery. He is speCIally good when making after-dinner speeches, when hIS pleasantries are punctuated and illuminated by that gen ial sm ile which captivates al I beDespite his many interests, Sir Arthur IS. always. master of his subject, and he marshals hiS facts In a manner which makes them easy to understand and delightful to hear.

First Aid Treatment of Wounds in Civil Practice. *

By ERNEST COWELL, D.S.O., D.L., M.D., F.R.C.S., County Direclcr, B.R.C.S.,

INTRODUCTION.

THE subject of first-aid in civil practice needs only to be mentioned, for its importance to be agreed by all. The daily papers are full of arLicles on road accidents. Counting all accidents in this country-road, industrial and home-there is one death every half-hour, and one accident every halfminute.

Every surgeon is interested in first-aid. Appropiate preliminary treatment largely determines the success of his operative interference. This was shown so well in France in the Great War. I n the early days the men used to come into the Field Ambulances and Clearing Stations suffering from such severe shock, infection, and I'JSS of blood, that they could not be operated on. When shock was better understood, and the technique of first-aid and splinting was improved, men used to come in fit and ready for immediate operation, even when suffering from severe wounds. The discovery that shock, that is, wound or traumatic shock, is largely preventable, was one of the great surgical advances of the War. The institution of the Shock Committee by the Medical Research Committee, in 1917, eventually resulted in the saving of countless lives. At the present time I do not advise or expect each serious accident to be attended by a doctor himself. My view is that sections of the public should be so WE'll trained in first-aid that, except in rare instances, treatment will be rapidly and efficiently carried out, and the patient evacuated without waiting for the arrival of a doctor.

First-aid principles will be discussed in various details, which I hope will be of value both in practice and teaching others.

HISTORICAL.

I find the first book written on first-aid in London, was published in 1633. The author, Stephen Bradwell, entitled his book: "Helps in Suddai n Accidents Endangering Life." Ambroise Pare had described only a few years before first-aid treatment as he had seen it carried out on the battlefield in the case of very badly wounded. An old sergeant in charge of several hopeless cases in

* Reprinted by kind permission from The Iedicnl Press and Circular.

a barn simply cut their throats to prevent further suffering. In olden times accidents chiefly arose as the result of military proceedings. From the beginning of history, military surgeons have existed and excelled. The middle ot last century saw the rise of the first-aid movements in this country, and now thousands of skilled voluntary workers are doing splendid work on the roads, in factories and mines.

SAFETY FIRST.

I have devoted considerable time and energ y since the War to the training and organisation of first-aid personnel. As county director of the Surrey branch of the British Red Cross Society, I have been specially concerned in dealing with road acciJents on the bye-pass roads. A motor cycle patrol was established, and functioned each week-end for three months. A hundred casualties were treated. Then the local authorities made some regulations at the dangerous points, the accidents ceased, and my work was no longer needed. This has given me the clue to the solution of the problem for road accidents- prevention. We have found that in Croydon there are 800 street accidents every three months. The interest of the Mayor and Council has been aroused, and a local branch of the National Safety-First League formed to study ou r own local problems, and make recommendations to the proper quarters. May I suggest that in those towns of inhabitants or over, where such an organIsatIOn does not exist, the Headquarters of the Tational Safety-First League, 52 Grosvenor Gardens, London, S. W.1, be immediately approached and asked for information on how to proceed.

OBJECTS

OF FIRST-AID.

These are the saving of life and limb. A doctor should certainly be interested in first-aid. He cannot expect to be on hand to treat all cases in his district but he should consider it his duty to instruct ;s m2.ny members of the special societies as possible. Lives are still lost of lack of efficient first-aid. In the less senouS type of accidents, avoidable complications, due to sepsis and faulty first-aid, still occur. Loss. of time in convalescence results, with accompanY1l1g economic loss to the individual, his family and the State.

PRINCIPLES OF FIRST-AID.

The British Red Cross Society have devised a First-Aid Dressing for motorists. It is hoped that just as everyone in the front line in the War carried a "shell dressing," so each car will have at least one dressing. A small card is issued with this dressing which gives briefly the simplest principles of first-aid.

FIRST-AID INSTRUCTIONS.

The person most experienced in first-aid work should take charge and direct. Examine the casualty thoroughly, disturb the clothing as little as possible, and remember there may be morc than one injury. If there are several casualties. deal with the severe bleeding first. If a serious injury be found, send the first available messen aer to telephone for an am bulance. Bleeding be checked, shock prevented, and splints or dressings rapidly applied Remove to hospital or nursing home as soon as possible.

Bleeding. -Pressure over the wou nd by appl ying firmly one of the genera lly suffices. Arterial bleeding may require pressure by the fingers on the main artery above the wound until the dressing is in position. In rare instances only an improvised tourniquet may be required.

Slwck.-Reassure the patient, keep him warm, apply hot-water bo.ttles. If. possib!e give a h?t drink unless there IS abdominal pam. Speed IS Do not expose the patient more than necessary. Do not lose time in trying to disinfect the wound. Stop bleeding and make patient as comfortable as possible ready for removal.

Splints and Dressings.-All wounds, including burns, should be ?ressed with the dre.ssing provided. Apply spllnts before removal m all fracture cases. Fix a temporary splint, improvising, if necessary, by a walking stick or a piece of wood, before moving a patient with a possibly broken limb.

Removal to Hospital. - Do not remove patient until reasonably sure that is safe to do so. Send for an ambulance, and notify the hospital that a casualty is on the way, stating the nature of the injuries. Removal in an ordinary car should only be carried out in exceptional circumstances when an ambulance is not available.

Police.-N otify the police in all cases of road accidents.

N OTE.-If first-aid is efficiently applied, and early removal arranged, it is not necessary to wait for the arrival of a doctor.

DETAILED STUDY.

Having discussed the general principles we may now turn to the study of the subject by some detail.

Arrest oj Hamzorrlzage.-Members of a class on first-aid m llst always be told to look for and stop bleeding first. In the case of multiple casualties, the most profuse bleeding must obviously be dealt with immediately. In anyone individual it is not always easy to locate the site of hc:emorrhage. In the wet and rain, on a muddy road, on a dark night, I have seen a tourniquet put on below the knee when it should have been above, and the man died.

Application of a pad and pressure will generally stop bleeding. I have seen several cases of wounds of the femoral vessels, where the patient survived after operation fifteen to twenty-four hours later.

The tourniquet may still be used, but its use is dangerous. It should be relaxed every fifteen m in utes to see if the bleeding has stopped. When applied, the fact should always be clearly noted. For reasons that will be seen later, if the question of amputatio n for the injury arises, the tourniquet should be applied as near the wound as possible, and left zn situ till a second one is applied higher up the limb, at the operation. In sending in a bad hc:emorrhage to hospital, a message to that effect should be sent ahead, so that preparations for a blood transfusion may be proceeded with.

(To be conhnued.)

The Lytham St. Annes Divi s ion, S.].A.B., will be holding a Sale of vVork, on Saturday n e xt, November 24th.

3 ::

The first inspection of ambulance men in Harworth was held on October 7th, when Assistant Commissioner A. B. Gibson inspected the Harworth Corps, S.] .A. B. :3 e

Assistant Commissioner Dr. K. F. Lund and his staff were present at a social evening and dance of the Hospital Saturday Fund. held on October 20th. He presented the " Florence" Trophy to Pte. R. R. Stead.

The result of the" C. Wright" Memorial Cup, held at Clowe on October 20th., was :- 1st. Langwith Colliery, 116 points; 2nd. Wath 1ain No.1, 114 points; 3rd. Barnboro' Main, 111 points. Thirty-three teams competed.

The annual inspection by the War Office of Walthamstow V. A. D., Essex 60, took place on Tuesday, October 9t h at the Ambulance Station, Willow Walk, WalthamMajor W. K. Campbell was the in specting officer.

At a recent meeting of the vVarrington Women's Cooperat iv e Guild, Mrs. Cotton gave an en li ghten in g address on the St. John Ambulance work. She offered helpful advice on first aid treatment of everyday accidents in the home, and appealed to members to join the Brigade or to interest themselves in the noble work.

November, 1934. FiRST

Coming Events.

The Editor will be pleased Lo receive parL.ic ulars. of forth· coming events for inclusion (free of charge) under thIS headlOg.

NOVEMBER.

24. - Suf[0Ik County Competitions of the British Reel Cross Society at Bury St. Edmunds.

24.-Eastern Area, No.1 District, S.].A.B., "Stathan:" Trophy Competition (preliminary for "Massey-Mall1waring,") Conference Hall, West Ham Lane.

27. - Melropolitan PoliCl "Parson" Shield Competition, Peel House.

28. - Annual Red Cross Ball in aid of the B. R C. S. Clinic for Rheumatism, Grosvenor House, London.

29. - Leicester Co-operative Division, S.].A. B., Dance Co-operative Hall, Leicester.

1. - Annual Ollicers' Dinner of the No.1 (Prince of Wales's) District, S.]. A. B.

3.-British Red Cross Society Bridge Tournament, Admiralty House, Whitehall.

6. - Final of the Great Central (L. & N.E.R.) Centre Competitions, l\larylebone.

9. - "ervice at the Priory Church of Sl. Clerkenwe,lI, for Olllcers and friends of No. 1 (Pfll1Ce of Wales s) District.

H.-Meeting of the Hospitallers' Club, Bonnington Hotel, Southampton Row.

1S.-Cinematograph Lecture on "Breathing," by the Dagenham Division, S'.]. A. B., OutpatIents Department, King George Hospllal, Dagenham.

Voluntary Aid Oetachlnents.

THE following Voluntary Aid Detachments have been registered at the War Office :No. 232 Yorkshire, West Riding (Commandant Mrs. S. Horner), or:ganised by the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, and No. 112 Middlesex (Commandant Mrs. A. I. \i\Tasbrough), organised by the British Red Cross Society.

The following detachments have received official recogn ition under the new scheme :No. 12 Middlesex (Commandant Mrs. S. I-Tomer), organ ised by' th.e Order of St. John of Jerusalem; No. 2b City of Lo.ndon (Commandant Miss G. Bedloe), organised by the British Red Cross Society; and No. 6 Angus (Commandant Mrs. E. D. Garthwa!te), by the British Red Cross Society (Scottish Branch).

The "DECORATORS' « PAINTERS' MAGAZINE." 8d. monthly) Is THE trade paper for all Interested.Publlsbinz Office: 6, Cannon Street, E.C.,c.

AiD. 131

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Queries and Ansvvers to Correspondents.

Que ries wi ll be dealt with under the follow ing ru les : -

I. - Le tt er s containing Queries must be marked on the top eft hand c orn e r o f the envelope" Query," and a d dressed-FIRsT A D 46, Cannon·street, London, E. C. 4.

2 - A ll Queries must be accompanied by a "Query Coupon 'cut from the current issue 01 the J (lurnal, or, in case of Queries fr om ab road, from a recent issue

3. -T hri! T extbook, to which reference may be made in this column is he 38th (1928) Edition of S.l.A.A. Manual of first A i d.

ESSENTI,\LS OF FIRST AlD.

Vi. R. (Glenneath).-In a competition recently I set this question, which was based on the last three paragraphs of p. 11 of the Textbook-" What are the three most important things in First Aid?" Please let us know your opinion on the question, the answer to which is on the same pag-e.

The Textbook reads "essential." So, as what is " essen tial " must also be "most important," your question is strictly fair. At the same time, I confess that having- read the first half of your letter I applied the test to myself and missed the point badly In short, when you take a sentence out of its context, you can read all sorts of meanings in it, unless it is particularly clear. So, in the circumstances, had I chosen this item for a competition I would probably have set my question as ,r \\'hat things are essential to First . \id ?"-N. CORBET FLETCIIER.

HO\\·LEH.

P. B. (Stoke a recent examination, a candidate was asked what he would do if he had to treat a patient suffering- from Bleeding from the :'Ilouth. He electrified us all when he replied-" Plug d witlz sterzle gause,l"

Good! N ext please! !-N .C.F.

REA cnON OF PUPILS IN

D. D. (lnverness).-In the Dewar larking Sheet published in the July issue of The St. John Ga:::ette I see it stated that in stupor the pupils do not respond to light. The Textbook (p. 155), however, says that they do. I take it that the statement in the former journal is a misprint. Am I right, please:'

Yes. - N. C. F.

FIRST \ID IN I NOUSTR\,.

.c. (Uxhidf{e)-ln the June 1932 issue of FIRST ATil you WIth a correspondent that you did not know what the term" Firstt\id in Industry" '11eant. Neither did until rece.ntly when a book, so entitled and recently published, fell II1tO m)' hands. Now I kno\\', that First A id in Industry is not of any interest to first aiders who must deal with accidents on the spot and without any

AID. N o ve mb e r, 1934.

equ pment if necessary , b u that i t consists of a se ri es of hints i ntended for t h e benefit of tra in ed n u rses i n c h a r ge of f u y eq u ipped ambulance rooms. If yo u li k e, I w ill gladly lend you my copy of this book.

Thanks for your offer. As a fact, I have rea d t h e boo k wIJich you name, and I agree wholeheartedly w ith yo u r conclusions -N. C. F .

ST. JO[[ PRONE PRESSURE l\ I ETIIOO .

D D. ( I nverness)-Further to your stateme n t in yo u r a n swe r to query on "Dead or Dying- Test," p u b l ished in the October issue of FIRST AlD, please be good enough to explain the difference between the St. J o h n Prone Pressure and the Schafer l\lethod of Artificial Respirat ion

I n the Schafer l\1ethod pressure is made on the l oins, whereas in the St. John l\1ethod it is made on the thorax. In the former the hands of the operator are placed, with palms on lo\ver ribs, one on each side and thumbs nearly touching one another in the small of the back; in the latter the hands are placed ovcr the 10\\'er ribs, with fingers s l ight ly open and pointing towards the s:10ulders, so that the tips of the fingers just touch the lower angles of the scapulaeC.F.

HUMuUR IN FIRST \1L).

C G. (Edgware) -In a recent issue of the E7'ening- -,Yews I read a good ambulance story which will amuse reade r s of FIRST AID.

At a certain football match there was a sudden cry of (r Ambulance" from a far corner of the field One of the St. John men 011 duty responded to the call and ad\'anced, briskly but not precipitably, in the direction whence it came. As he reached the place of the emergency, however, a wit in the crowd called out" 1'ou're too late, mate,' 'we'z'{' j1lst burt'ed ht'1Il ,I " Good; Next, please!

TREATi\IENT OF FHAcTuREo 1, El\lUR.

C. V.,T. (Garnant).-Please tell LIS why in the latest edition of Textbook the internal splint has bcen omitted in the treatment of Fracture of Femur.

The Revision Committee decided to simplify the work in this instance by treating both sexes alike, on the gro u nds that, if it was rerfectly safe for a first aider to omit the inner splint in the treatment of a woman suffering from Fractured Femur, there could be no more dange r if a man was the victim and in need of the same treatment-No C. F.

COl\IP[{ESSJON OF RADT,\L .\ND G LNAR .\R'I'EIHES.

D D. (Inverness).-vVhen we have to compress the R a di al or Ulnar Arteries, may we use a whole corle for eac h vessel? Personally, I find it most diffic ul to c u t a cork into two pieces lengthwise

The i mportant thing is to apply the rounde d part of a cork to the pressure points of these arteries . So you can certainly can use two corks, if you not wish to be economical, as the Textbook suggests (p. 107) and to cut u p o n e cork tv serve for both vessels. You may, howeve r , h ave difficulty in keeping up sllch instrumenta l p ress u re , whi c h wou ld be avoided if your \.\'ere app l ied to t h e nat surfaces of the ::ut cork-N . C.F .

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\VIIY A 0 WHEREFORE IN FIRST AID.

l\1.S. (Colling-hal1l). I shall be obliged if you. will t e ll me if Lhere is any book written on the subject of Homeon similar lines to your and TVlt e1'el.ore t"n F/rst lid which is IllOst interesting and In str u ctIve \Vith reget I have to inform you that there it no such book, as far as I know.-N .C. F.

OF ARTERY.

L. D. (Wick, Caithness).- vVhen we have to compress the femoral artery should we knee! on the same side of the patient as the artery. It appears so fr0111 the wood cut on p. 109 of the Textbook. Please advise.

Yes - because in this position it is easier to obtain and 1l1ainlain digital pres sure on the artery.-N.C.F.

OF DIRTY WOUND

L. V. (Wick, Caithness).-The Textbook (Rule 8, p. 96) tells us to wash an obviously dirty wound with sterile water if surgical a id cannot be procured at once. As, howev e r, it is often not possible to obtain sterile water in an emergency, I wonder if it is sufficient to paint the w o und and surrounding skin freely with iodine and to let t dry, of course, before applying a dressing. Please advi s e.

In the circumstances named it wou ld be s uffi cient to do as you sugg-est. I ndeed in any emergency the danger of infecting a wound are far greater than the possibilities of cleansing it with ordinary or even sterile water. I note with joy that you paint your wounds with iodine and do not apply t , a s suggest e d (three time s) in the Textbook. - C. F.

TRE /\TMENT OF INFANTILE COX' ULSIONS.

E. S (Johanne s burg) -In a recent competition the teams had to treat an unconscious woman on a kitchen floor with a ba by in convulsions in her arms. There was a bath available and plenty ot hot and cold water.

Three of the teams placed the baby immediately into the bath of hot water and applied ctlld to the head, 'v"hereas the fourth team undressed the infant first. One ambulance s ister only could be spared to attend to the c hild, a s the woman was supposed to be suffering from Concus s ion as the result (probably) of Fractured Base of Skull, and also from Fractured Tibia with arteria l bleeding.

There is no mention in the Textbook about removal of clothing- in such cases. Consequently, considerable discussion has arisen as to which is the better method.

In an actual case circumstances such as the severity of attack, and the ease or otherwise of removal of clothing, would be a guide; but in a competition with a slippery celluloid doll as patient, J take it that we should assume that the case is serious.

We feel that the ideal way wou ld be to plunge the baby into the bath, and, as the convu l sions subsided, to try to remove the clothing; but we realise the diffities, and should very much appreciate your opinion. You raise an interesting poinl which has not previously been discussed in this column. Its solution depends on the action which should be taken in the treatment of an act ual case; and due cO'1s id cration ought to be given to this fact by any judge preparing his detailed marking sheet for a modern competition

A I D. November, 1934.

Of course it is abs urd Lo place a f ully dresst!d infant s uffe ring fro 111 co nvul sio n s in a b at h of hot water; an d, if I had set the test, I would have given marks for rapidly undressing the infant. I cannot believe that a s lip[1 c:y luid doll would be more difficull to handle than an II1fant 111 c('nl' ul sio ns.-N.C. F.

liSES OF RING PAD.

W. S. (Wi ll esden).-Can the ring-pad be used to advantage on any part of the body other than the forehead or scalp? I recently heard it suggested that it oug-ht to be used for arterial hccmorrhage from the palm, when a foreign body (broken glass) is suspected in the wound.

The ring pad is peculiarly usefu I with head in juries because of the free circulation (and inter-colllmunication between the vessels) of tIlt' scalp. 1 cannot think of iLs val u e in ot h er parts of the body; and 1 should not like to u se it for wounds of the palm, complicated by arter ial bleeding an d presence of fragments of glrss.-N.C.F.

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MANUALS

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FRA CTURE AT WR1ST.

1\1. B. (Darlington).--I shall be grateful if you will tell me what is the function of what is often called the "little knob JJ of the wrist, if it can be knocked of[ and if it can be put on again. I have seen three cases of this inj ur y in my 25 years of experience as a first-aider, and the last patient told me that this injury does not matter and ca nn ot be rectified. Please accept my thanks for all the valuable help which I have received through the Query Column of FIRST AID.

The only thing which answers to your description is the lower en d of the ulna, which forms a prom inence at the wrist. Though I have never seen such a case, I do not doubt that the lower end of the ulna may be broken and the en d" knocked off JJ and tbat, as often happens, some degree of deformity may result at the wrist. - C.F.

FRACTURED CLAVICLE AND DISLOCATED ELBO\v.

M. G. (Ontario, Canada. ).-The members of my Division have asked me to secure your opinion as to the armsling which they should use if they have to treat a patient suffer in g from Simple Fracture of ClaviclE', complicated by Dislocation of Elbow (both injuries on tbe same side).

The majority favoured the large arl1lsling , with the knot tied on the opposite side, while the minority voted for the large armsling with knot on injured side. All agreed that the knot should be placed on a good sized pa d to miminise any pressure on the broken clavicle.

The answer depends on the position assumed by the deformed limb. Personally, I do not like the idea of the large armsling, so if the deformity of the limb a ll owed, and if it gave ease to the patient, I would apply the St. J 01111 s lin g modified to actual circumstances. If, howeve r this proved impossible, would dispense with an armsling and I would content myself by removing the palif'nt on a stretcher, which wou ld probably be a lso indicated by the degree of shock Further, to minimise allY jolting durin g removal, I w.ould place the upper limb in close oppos i[i on to the body, and I would pin the clothing of the forearm to t h e body <l.S best I could in the cirCLllllst<l.I1CCsN.C.F.

"As a work of reference, the book will be excremely useful and should be in the library of a11 ambulance workers. "-FIRST AID. Price, 3/6; P0St tree,

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CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

EDITORIAL-

EDITORIAL.

We take this opportunity of GREETINGS. extending to our readers, at home and abroad, to our contri butors and to ou r advertisers, heartiest greetings for the festive season now upon us. May the New Year hold for each and everyone increased and good will one to another.

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Upper Arm;

Greetings

The SLudy of Signs and Symptoms

Letters to the Editor

S.J.A. Brigade District Reports

Coming Events , Ambulance N ews Cuttings from the Press

Priory for Wales

Reviews

Railway Ambulance News

police Ambulance News

Forty Years Ago

Practical points

Our Nurses' Pages

First Aid Lecture')

First Aid Treatment of Wounds in Civil Practice

Durham, Cleveland and Westmorland Districts Ambulance League

Looking back over the events of the past year one is struck by the enormous increase of activity in first aid circles. Duties, mileage and, what is more important, personnel have all greatly increased in number. Numbers, however, are not everything, and efficiency stands first and foremost. In this respect we have no in stating that first aiders throughout the country are indeed more efficient now than they ever were. One has on I y to attend com petitions, whether Brigade, Railway, Police or of any other organisation, and note the enthusiasm with which competitors deal with the supposed cases. Judges invariably acknowledge that the work done is definitely of an improved nature.

A special word of praise and encouragement should be extended to the mem bers of the J uvende organisations. It is to them we look for the ambulance men and women of the future. \Ve have no fear for the steady progress of the ambulance movement, thanks to the boys and girls who are taking such a great interest in ambulance work.

We can only urge all members of the great army of volunteer ambulance workers to carryon th is good work and foster the spirit of goodwill among all men.

Once again, a Iern ' Christmas to all and a prosperous New_Year.

The Study of Signs and Symptoms.

By H. A. DUNLOP, M.D.

THE way in which alterations in the patient's sensations and feelings (sym ptoms) and in his objective state as determ i ned by an observer (signs), are brought about by injury or disease has been a matter of speculation from the earliest times. Primitive tribes attributed, and still attribute, the phenomena of disease to magic or devils which had to be cast out before cure could be attained. Many of the signs of disease were known to the Hippocratic physicians who practised about 400 B.C. It is, however, to the relatively modern developments in biological science, and in chemistry and physics, that a rational, if as yet incomplete, explanation of signs and symptoms owes its existence.

Among the biological sciences, anatomy and physiology are specially important in the study of symptoms and signs, but, naturally, occasional reference must be made to plthology, or the science of disease itself, and to bacteriology or the study of microbes. Indeed, in cases of hysteria, psychology has to be called in before even a rough idea can be formed of what is happening beneath the surface ot the patient's mind.

The object of the present series of articles is to take some of the main symptoms and signs of injury or disease, as described in the "Black Book," and interpret them more fully than is therein done. The first aider is not a doctor; but, on the other hand, he study the book intelligently, and not learn it parrot-fashion. The more he thinks the more will he, for example, wonder 'vhy the face is flushed in apoplexy and com pression of the brain, pale in concussion.

It will be seen that for the moment we are considering the scientific aspect of first aid: we hope that this will hel p us in the practical duties which we have to perform.

SHOCK.

Shock is a result of injury. The man who has a broken thigh has not merely a mechanical break in the bone, but his system is severely disordered through shock. Lives are every day lost through shock due to injury, and with the terrible road accidents, which are feature of modern civilisation, few of us escape witnessing its effects on the sufferer, or even experiencing it in some degree ourselves. For these reasons generous marks are often awarded in first aid competitions for the diagnosis and treatment of the condition.

What is shock? It is to be understood that by shock is meant the condition described under that name in the text book, and which occurs immediately after injury has been sustained. This condition is the" primary wound shock" of surgeons, and is to be distinguised from collapse into which, however, the condition of shock, especially if severe, may merge. Collapse is a more insidious condition than primary shock, and is often spoken of by surgeons as secondary shock. For the present our remarks will be confined to pri mary shock:

The book says that" shock is a condition of sudden depression of the nervous system resulting from and occurring immediately after injury, or hccmorrhage. It may last only a few moments, or may develop into collapse." How is it that depression of the nervous system is able to bring about the severe enfeeblement of the blood circulation, which occurs in shock of in tense degree?

The answer is that the nervous system regulates the action of the heart and blood vessels.

An outstanding feature of shock is a fall in the arterial blood pressure. As we shall see, this fall in pressure results from the nervous effects of injury: a severe injury causes an abnormal stimulation of the sensory nerves of the injured area. This effect is transmitted to the brain via the spinal cord, and the delicate controlling centres in the medulla of the brain are thrown out of gear.

(In concussion of the brain the centres are disturbed in a more direct way; and in syncope, due to an emotional upset, the higher parts of the brain send down disturbing impulses to the medullary centres). As a result the circulatory system is disordered, and the blood pressure fails.

Now, it is well known that when the blood pressure falls to a certain level, the blood flow through the brain becomes inc:.dequate, and the nervous functions are disturbed; in fact, if the fall of pressure is big enough, consciousness may be lost. \i\T e have, in a sense, a circle; the nervous disturbance causes the feebleness of the circulation, which in turn causes further nervous sym p_ toms. Nevertheless, the poor circulation through the brain and the low blood pressure in the carotid arteries and aorta set up compensatory changes; for example, a defective blood supply to the brain excites the centres in the medulla, and so tends to neutralise the baleful effects of shock. Moreover, the medulla is directly connected with the aorta.

ber, 1934. FIR S T

and carotid arteries by nerves which, so to speak, inform it of the state of the .blood and help it to regulate the circulation accord1l1gly. .

We may now enquire in detail how the fall 111 arterial blood pressure in shock is about. The blood in the arteries exerts conSiderable pressu re on the walls of the arterIes; every first aider knows how the blood spurts when an artery is punctured. The pressure is maintained by the fo110wi ng factors: (1) rate and force. of the heart beat; (2) the elastiCity of the arteries; (3) the peri pheral resistance the The small arteries called artenoles which lead Into the capillaries are in health maintained a state of partial contraction, and act as a species of. floodgate which prevents the bloo? escaping too rapidly through into the capillanes and (4) the volume of the escaping blood.

The rate and force of the heart beat is controlled by the nervous system. In .the medulla the brain are special centres which exert control by means of the vagus and es The action of the vagus nerves IS to slow nerv h'l h the heart beat and render it feeble, .w let e sym pathetic nerves ve an opposite effect. Normally the brain ma1l1talns a balance between the two. If, as already explained, the centres are disordered by the effects of an Il1Jury to the body or through an emotional upset, or are concussed by a head injury, the beat of the heart may become weakened and frequently slowed. syncope the pulse .is often but In shock and concuSSIOn It may be as well as weakened; the reason for this will be discussed later. . I

The tonically contracted state?f the arteno es which constitute the peripheral resistance or floodgates of the ci rcu lation is also regulated by sym pathetic nerves. Close to the. ng centre in the medulla of the hes .the vasomotor centre which sends via the spll1al cord nervouS messages (nerve impulses) the sympathetic vasomotor nerves. In thiS :vay. the contracted state of the arterioles is mal.nta1l1ed. If, as in shock, syncope and conCUSSIOn, the vasomotor centre is, so to speak, knocked out, the small arteries relax and the pressure falls. This statement applies with speCIal force to the blood vessels in the abdominal organs,. so the blood tends to accumulate in the capIllanes a.nd veins of these, and to be withdrawn the sk1l1. We can easily understand how Withdrawal of blood by hc.emorrhage tends t? lower the. blood

The bo dy resists thiS as far as It can, pressure. h by acceleratin a the heart beat and contract1l1g t .e . b t if the blood loss is too great, thiS artenes, u f II t adjustment is inadequate and the pressure as. 0 a dangerously low level. Thus. we why cases of hc.emorrhage the pulse. I.S rapid, and 111 addition the heart muscle is sensItive to the lack of

the heart and blood vessels) and defective b lood flow through the breathing centre in the bra i n . The hurried laboured breathing seen in cases of severe hcemorrhage will be considered in a later article.

(4) The face is pale because there is no blood in it, or at least a diminished amount of blood. The blood is so to speak pooled in the interna l organs of the abdomen . Actually in cases of hcemorrhage the pallor of the face is exaggerated by the contraction of the little blood vessels in the skin, as part of the body's effort to maintain a supply of blood for the vital organs, such as the brain and heart. The bloodlessness of the skin is responsible for the cold feel of the surface of the body; in severe cases the coldness of the skin is increased by a fall of internal temperature, due to depression of the metabolic processes in the tissues. Normally these processes, which are associated with the using up of oxygen and production of carbonic acid, cause the production of heat and if they are slowed down the heat prod uction is diminished. Thus we see the importance of keeping the pltien who is suffering from shock, \varm.

(5) The skin is clammy because of sweat. In health insensible perspiration goes on all the time, the sweat evaporating as rapiJly as it is poured out. I n shock the sweat does not evaporate freely on the cold skin. l\loreover, sweating is controlled by a centre in the brain. This centre is sensitive to various changes in bodily condition.

First and foremost it is sensitive to alterations in temperature of the blood; when this rises the heat regulating mechanism excites the sweating centre and perspiration ensues to cool the body, drops of sweat becomillg visible (sensible perspiration).

I n shock, however, the heat regulating mechan ism is in obeyance. Secondly, the centre is sensitive to defective blood flow to the brain and in shock the clamminess of the skin is in part an expression of this. And thirdly, pain is frequently associated with an increase of sweating.

In a publi c notice the Commissioner of No.1 (Prince of \Vales's) District stated that the proceeds of the fiaa- day held on July 28th was £2,756 16s. Sd., and the ex;enses £230 19s. ?cl., Ipaving a balance of £2,525 16s. 10J. for Brigade lUllds.

,,'elfurc of the :'>luLual Property Life and General Insurance Co., Ltd., of 15, W'hitehall, London, S.\\1.1, in collaboration with the Company's Chid Medical OfTicer, have issued a series of folders 011 "How to Keep Fit." o. 5 of the series deals with" Exercise and Recreation," and gives numerous useful hints on the subject. of the leaflets will gladly be forwarded to anyone a request to the "\1elfare DeparLment, mentioning 1 : RST ALD. folders are passed and approved by the Central Council for Health Education

Letters to the Editor.

We a r e n n o way r es p onsib le for the opinions explt:ssed , 01 the stateme n ts made, by Co rr espondents - EVI1 OR.

PARTICULARS WAr\TED.

DEAR SIR,

The correspondence which appeared in thc November issue of your Journal, follovving a desire expressed by Mr. Pape to obtain information as to the oldest serving mem ber of the Br igade, has interested me for the reason, if no other, that I think that I can claim this honour for one of the members in my district.

Ambulance Officer MuffeLt, of the Tunbridge Wells Division (incidentally the Tunbridge Wclls Division is the second oldest Div:sion in the Brigade) obtained his first certificate in 1881, joined the Division the same year and has never missed taking his annual He is the possessor of Ambulance Medallion No.1 ++ , is perfectly fit, and is as keen as ever to rcnder service on behalf of the Order.

There cannot be many still in the Brigade who can equal Mr. 1uFfett's record-let alone beat it.

Yours faithfully,

E. A. RICIIARDS, Commissioner, No.8 District.

DEAR SIR,

Congratulations to ResE'rve District Officer VV. D. Liddell, re his remarks in your N ovem ber issue. r think it may interest you to learn thaL a member of our Division can beat Officer Liddell's record.

He is PriYate Franklyn Cordingly, who joined as a a Private in the Brigade in 188-+ and is still in active service. lay r say that Private Cordingl), very seldom misses a Brigade practice or committC'e meeting. He also takes his full share of public Juty, and holds the position of Divisional Inspector of Stores. Private Cordingly has no intention of retiring; he says he will stay in the Brig-ade as long as he can breathe. (How'S Lhat for a record, Mr. Editor).

It may also be interesting to learn that we have two more members worthy of a word of praise. They are Private Albert Denton and Reserve Corps ODicer Alfred CrabLree, \yho passed thei r first aid certi ficates in 1886 and joined the Brigade in 1890. PrivaLe Denton is also still in regular active service.

Yours faitbfully, JOSEPII F. CARDWELL, AssisLanL SecreLary, Heckmandwike & Li\ ersedge Di\!.

"OUR VISITORS."

DEAR SIR,

It was a great pleasure to me to read the letter published 111 your esteemed paper under Lhe above heading in the October issue I is my duty as a reader as well 'as a member of the Association to thank you hearledly for giving publicity to such an article which will help to cemGnt the friendship between the Home and Overseas members. T h e objecL of the St. John Ambulance Association is to serve mankind withoul distinction of class or creed. I wish to bring to the notice of a ll thaL the Whitc Cross Man is a brother to one but friend of all. He should he welcomed whenever he is met with by the l\ssocirLLiol1 or Brigade members.

Yours truly, RAMRAO D. KII,\DE, Hon. Secretary, S ion Centrc, Bombay.

December, 1934. FIRST AID.

The St. fohn Ambulance Brigade

Dzst1'zct Rep orts.

No. I (Prince of Wales s) District.

Over 300 Officers and guests were present at the Officers' Dinner and Dance, held on Saturelay, 1st, at the Hotel Great Central. The CommlsSlOner, Capl. W. Goodley, M.C., preSIded over the gathenng.

A fter the Loyal Toasts, Capt. A. C. White Knox, Assistant Commissioner, Northern Area, posed "Our Guests." Time would not permit an ll1 Ch.VIdual mention of all the guests, and the proposer, whIlst we1comin n' them especially mentioned the Earl of (Su'b Prior), Sir Percival (Secretary General), Sir John Duncan (<;:hlef CommlssIOn.er) , Lieut.-Col. P R. Laurie (representll1g the Metropohtan Police Force) and members of various departments of the Order of St. John.

Major-General Sir J ohn He thanked the o. 1 District for tllelr kl11d hospltahty During the past month, he had l)een greatly struck WIth t.he high stand of efficiency shown b!, the member, and.wIth the confidence the public had 111 the ot the Brigade in London. During the numerous lmportant duties in London completed last month, he had taken the opportunity of observing first hand .work done. HIS confidence in the members had been J and he C011oTatulated them on their excellent effiCIency. The mor e he saw of the Brigade the more he ,vas struck by the wonderful work of the members. London had. set standard to the rest of the country. Tn conclUSIOn, Sll' John wished No.1 District all success 111 the Lieut.-Col. P. R. Laurie, Assistant Commlsslone:-, T\Ietropolitan Police, also replied. He expressed hIS gratltude for the assistance given by the men and women of the No.1 District on every occaSlOn they had been asked to cover a duty. "

The Earl of Scarborough proposed the Prince of Wales's District and the Chalrman H1S Lordship congratulated the Chairman <?n tl:e able and smooth way in which h.e had taken up of office, and also on his completIOn of 18 months serVIce as Commissioner. The events of the week (the Royal Wedding) had meant increa.sed on behalf of the Brigade. Thirty-six first ald .had been manned by men and nurses of the No.1 DIstnct, and on. of the Order, he thanked the members .for then e:' e! willino'ness to uphold the name of the Bngade. Duon b next another exceptional call would. be on the occasion of the Silver Jubilee of Then 1\1aj estles. the KinD" and Queen. In conclusion, Lord Scarborough stated that the voluntary spirit of the members \\'a the mainstay of the Brigade.

On rising to reply, Capt. Goodley was recelyec.l \V It.h ovation and musical honours. He expressed hi thanks for the kind words given by the Earl of Scarborough to himself and the District. They would act as st1l11l1lant to ca r ryon the wo r k for the honour of the. He was pleased to see V1Sltors present, represcnting orga11lSatlOns WIth which members of Lhe Brio'ade work in close harmony.

b The number of duties carned out thIS year, COl1tll.luecl the Chairman was 90,125 (excluding the Royal vVedcllng). The strength' of th e District now totalled .81197, whIlsL att e nded numbered 16,617. In adcl1tlOn, on. the . f tIl e Royal Weddino- 1 275 cases recel'\'ec.l OCcaSlOl1 0 b'

attention. Reference had been made to the call to be made for next year. He was pleased to say that No. 1 District could and would respond to any call made upon them and in the same spirit as in the past. The Commissi'oner concluded hi s reply with sincere thanks to t he members of every divis io n for their work and support and self-sacrifice; to his Assistant-C o mmissi o ners, Area Staff and District Officers, for their loyal support.

The gathering then to .the Winter Gardens, where dancing continued untll mId11l g ht.

The guests of the eyeni?g, in add ition to alr ea dy mentioned, included Bogadler J. L. Sle eman ( C hief Co mmissioner, Brigade Overseas), Col. G. A. 110 0 re, (Asst. Chief Commissioner at Home), Lady Perrot.t Supt.in-Chief), Mrs. Lancelot Dent (Lady Supt.-111-Chl e f O ye rseas), Dr. N. Corbet Fletcher (Asst. Surgeon-i?-ChIef) Lieut.-Col. F. A. Brooks (Inspecting Offic e r C ommissioner's Staff), 11r. E. A. Rich a r d s N o VIn District), Capt. A. N. Cahusac CC;:hlef Secretary, S.J.A.A.), Sir Walter Allen (Commander-111-Chlef, Metropolitan Special Constabulary). a nd o th e rs. .

District Officer Capt. L. L. Franks wa s th e D1l1n e r secretary, whilst District Offic e r Burt on a ct ed as 1I. C. for the dancing.

EASTERN AREA.-The annual f ?r h e "Charles Statham" Trophy, and th e pr e h m 1l1 a ry to r t h e "Massey Mainwaring" Cup, was held at t h e Conf ere n ce Hall West Ham Lane, Stratford, the headquart e r s o f the West Ham Division, on Saturday, 24 th.

Ten teams competed, the judges bem g Ca pt. ,F. .E. Bendix (A sst. Commissioner, Southern Are a) an d Dl st nc t Officer C. J. Fitch (team); Capt. G. W (A ss t. Commissioner, Eastern Area 111dl\'ldu a l ) ; Dr. W D Neill (viva voce), and Dlstnct Offi ce r. ( "f' ) Supt A E Ash of the West Ham DI VISI o n, unI orms .., was responsible for the arrangements.

The team test represented a quarry was well staged. Each team and skillfull y examined he pati e nt who suff e nng f r o m a a ld complicat ed fracture of oght humerus w lt h . wound, and a \\ o lmd on left scapul a lllYO ]Yln g h;:emorra o' e from lungs. '. 1 a large crowd wi t nes? ed t he competI tlO n, at t com letion of which, the follow111g r esult \vas ann o ullc e d . 1st, PGrays, 4481; 2nd, \Vest Ham, 446!; 3rd) E a s}. H a m , 42U; 4th, Beckton, 41n; .5th, Da g enham, Southend, 40B; 7th, ·Wool:.vlch, 382: 8 t h, oJ- I -±, 9th Vlalthamstow \Vest , 32):I; 10th, B e nfleet, 'The C ommissi o ner, Capt. \V. qoodley , 1I.C CO\11)limented the teams on their lk'l! and expressed his pleasure 111 the eff o lts o f all Dnl s. 't make the competitions so successful. sJOnsC 0 t Goodley then presented the tro'phy and medal , d 1ap 'tlle " Jac1 so n " Cup which is for t he \Y c s t Ham an a so \. .'. Th' , p e tJt lO l1 Divisional individual compeltlItl°1dn. b I.S D o nniresulted in a draw, the dua 10 ers el11g thorne and A \Vinfield. d 1

A vote o'f thanks t o the CommisslOncr, .1 u aIlL all who had made the competiti o n so b\,as < d 1) District Officer R o w e r, s ec on e) pose Y D ' Howard of the Dagenll<lm 1\,!:,wn. 1\' ( voI'I R oad , L. I .E.R. ) CENTR.\L ARE \. -l O 1.

S T

Division. The fourth annual Divisional competitions were held at Sebright Hall, Finsbury Park on Thursday and Saturday, November 1st and 3rd.

The individual viva-voce and practical tests for junior members for the" Massa" Challenge Cup, were completed on the former date, and were judgcd by Dr. A. L. Banks, Corps Surgeon, Post Office Corps.

On the Saturday, the individual viva-voce and practical tests for senior members for the" Mailer" Challenge Cup were held. These were judged by Capt. R V. Steelc, County Surgeon, whilst, at thc same time, Dr. W. Mailer, Divisional Surgeon No. 13 (King's Cross, G.N.R) Division, adjudicated on the team test for the "Robbins" Challenge Shield.

Mr. P. Syder, City Manager, L.N.E.R, presided over the presentation meeting and welcomed Lady Mountgarret, O.B.E., who, for the third timc, had honoured the Division with her presence.

A bouquet was presented to Lady Mountgarret by .Miss Dorothy Barnes.

Div. Supt. H. H. Dye announced the results, which wcre :-

" Massa" Challenge Cup-Pte. G. A. Cakebread.

(( Mailer" Challenge Cup-Pte. H. S. Barnes.

"Robbins" Challenge Shield-No. 1 Team, No. 3

A I D. December , 1934.

Southall Division, held a carnival dance on Saturday, November 10th, .and judging by the large attendance, the pub lic appreciate the work being done in the district by the Brigade.

The band was under the direction of Mr. Georgc Gilbert (an ex-Brigade member), whilst Mr. A. J. Gilbert carried out the duties of M.e. Dancing continued from 7.30 until midnight.

Members of the Southall Ambulancc and Nursing Divisions and the orwood Green Residents' Associatio;l gave their support by attending in force.

During the evening- novelties were distributed and prizes awarded for spot dances, etc. Refreshments werc served under the management of Mrs. Cotton, assisted by l\Iiss A. Phippen, Miss E. Tasker abd Miss Thane.

In the unavoidable absence of Supt. J. E. Taylor, Ir. Gilbert thanked those present for their support.

No. III. I -isttlct.

Annual Competition for the "Marquis of Northampton's" Cup took place at Headquarters, King Street, on Saturday, December 8th.

The cup, which was given by the late Marquis 0 Northampton, is open for competition by teams from thc

Members of the Southall Division. Seated, centre, is Captain H. A. Fenton, District Surgeon. Section, comprising Ptes. Cheek (Captain), W. G. Horgan, A. Moore, A. C. Bloomfield and e. H. Grege. Mountgarret presented the trophies and also dlstnbuted awards gained by members in examinations held during the year

A vote o.f thanks was enthusiastically accorded the Judges, who, 111 reply, gave their comments and criticisms of the work they had judged.

Mr. F . e. Robbins (G:o?ds Agent, Kings Cross, and a vIce-PresIdent of the DIvISIOn) proposed a vote of thanks to Lady Mountgarret whilst Supt. Dye extended thanks to the Chairman.

Mr. Syder, in acknowledging the vote of thanks said that if another cup or trophy was desirable he would "ery pleased to give it.

Among the interested audience was Dr. K. F. Lund Asst. .Commissioner, District Officer McBride, Mrs: W. Maller, Supt. Herbert and Mrs Herbert, Mrs. Robbins and Mr. and Mrs. E. W. Marshall.

WESTERN AREA, SouTIIALL.-The Heston Section of the

N including the Borough Police and County P?ilce wlth1l1 the area of the Northampton Corps.

The Judges were :-Stretcher Test-Major G. F. e. GIbbons, O.B.E.,. M.B., M.RC.S.) L.RC.P., Corps Su rgeol1, Kettenng; IndIVIdual and Viva Voce TestDr. H. F. Percival, O.B.E., County Surgeon for ortham ptonshire.

Seven Teams. from Headquarters, onc from Weedon DIVISIOn, two from Borolwh Police onc from County Police, and one from Towcester Police.'

The Test was as follows :-" On your way to a competItIon you came upon the scene of an accident. An open two-seater car is lyin g on its side in the road. The two occupants are lying one on each Iside of the car. Act. Time-lO minutes."

Upon examination, it was found one man was unconscious but bleeding freely the left axillary artery; tl:e other man, a!though cOmpla1l1111g of pains on the lef t SIde below nbs and also from the right clavicle, was ahle to expla111 that. the man who was unconsciolls was the drIver of the vehIcle, and gave him (a workman carry-

December, 1934. FIRST

ing his tools) a Ii ft; suddenly the driver became overcome with diabetic coma and before he could stop, lost control of the car, which skiddcd and overturned, th rowing both men clear and in falling thc workman's pick pierced the driver's arm-pit causing the bleeding. Almost immediately he also became faint and developed signs and symptoms of internal hcemorrhage.

After a most interesting competition) the teams wcre placed as follows :-lst, Borough Police, o. 1 Team, marks; 2nd, Headquarters Division No. 1 Tcam, 198; 3rd, Borough Police No.2 Team, 176. Then followed Headquarters Division No.2, Northampton County Police, Towcester Police and Wecdon Division, in that order.

The individual prize was won by Pte. Cluc of the Headquarters Division No. I, after tying with Pte. Stonc of Borollgh Police, and P. e. Clifton of the County Police.

A large number of visitors watchcd the competitions,

A I D. 143

Kettering, 173 marks; 2nd, Northampton, 3rd, Towcester, 4th, Wellingboro,

No. IV. District

LANCASHIRE.

Ho;-,;ouRs.-Lady Amb. Officer Mrs. Slattery, Brigade Reserve, who has been a member of the Accrington Corps for years, was inl'ested as a Serving Sister of the Order, on Friday, November 17th) by the Sub-Prior, the Earl of Scarborough, at St. John's Gate. Amb. Officers T. Ashworth and J. Heap, of the Oldham Central Division were invested with the insignia of Serving Brother at the same time. Both officers are well-known in Oldham, the former joining the Equitable Diyision in 1908 and the lattcr the Crawshawbooth Division in 1902, late; transferring to Oldham in 1910. The recipients are

Competition Team of the Exeter Division.

Standing: Sergt. J. Green (captain), Pte. Thorn (reserye), Hon. Sergt. C. Wood, Ptes. Tapp, Foster and Barber.

Seated: Trophies: County Surgeon T. Preece, Div. Supt. E. A Bo"vdcn, 1\1. B. E., Div. Surgeon R. Gray, District Shield, " Pengelly" Cup (Devon Individual, ,;roIder Sergt. Green), "Marcus Hare" Cup and" 1\Irs. Harold Rowes Cup.

including the Mayor and lvlayoress, Alderman and 1\Irs. A. Burrows.

At the conclusion, the re ult was annou.llced by Corp Supt. Vv. E. Edwards, and the Cup and Pozes were. sented by the Mayoress, who congratulated the W1l1nCI and spokc words of cncouragement to those who had not won.

Major Gibbons addresscd a few words to the competitors, pointing out where they]had lost marks aile! explaining what should have becn cone.

The arrangements were made by Corps Supt. 'N. E. Edwards, M.B.E., who was assisted by Supt. Lloyd and members and cadets of the Headquarters D1V1 IOn.

Tca was provided for the teams, helpers and visitors; arrangements for this were madc by Mrs I?lancl, who was assisted by membcrs of the ursl11g DI\' IS1011.

At thc same time, four teams ?f. thc County" competed in the eliminating competItIOn for the P1111 Cup, and were placed by thc Judges' as follows .-lst,

to be congratulated on their. admis ion to the Order after such long and yaluable SerYlce.

ACCRIXGTOX.-The .J.A.B. Pipe Band, members of the Accrington Corps, and retired members the funeral at Accrington Cemetery, NO\'ember 11th, of taff Sergt. Georo'c Ra\\'cliffe, who passed a" ay, after C3: long illness at the aO'e of 65. The late Staff erg-eant the Brio'ac1c ill 1899 and served in both the South vVar the Great War. Our sincerc sympathy IS extcnded to his relatives.

BARRow.-Therc was a good attendance at. the meetino' of the t. John Ambulance ASSOCIatIOn held 111 the t. chool, presided over by 1\1r. VV. J The balance sheet and auditor's report submltted and a balancc of £-+ announced. 1\Ir. G. the Se{:retary, prescntcd his annual report and paId tobute to the

FIRST

work of Mr. J. Ramsden who had resigned the office of Treasurer owing to ill-health, after twenty years' service.

BURNLEY.-First Aid work in Burnley was reviewed at the annual distribution of prizes and certificates in connection with the Burnley Corps, S.JA.B.} under the chairmanship of Dr. Slane. l\lr. John Thornber, JP., in making the presentations referred to the long connection with the work, as Hon. President, of Lord Shuttleworth} who had occupied that position for 51 years.

Since the formation of the Burnley Centre in 1883, the number of certificates obtained was: -First Aid, 4,526; Home Nursing, 1,592; Vouchers, 833; Medallions, 850, and Labels, 640.

The" Dickinson" Cup was won by Corporal Shackl eton's team and individual prizes were obtained by James Slater and Pte. James Marshall.

District Officer Dr. R. Clegg, proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Thornber, which was seconded by Diy. Surgeon Davidson.

LYTHAM-ST.-ANNEs.-A Sale of Work opened by Mrs. Clifton, of Lytham Hall, was held at the new S.JA.B Headquarters, St.-Annes-on-the-Sea, on Saturday, November 24th. The buildings have been acquired from the Lytham St.-Annes Corporation, and the Sale was organised to raise funds for the completion of purchase and fittin o out of the building. The Mayor and Mayoress Clll?r and l\Irs. Hope), were present at the opening, at whIch A:-Id. c.. F. Cntchley, J.P., c.c., presided. Lady Supt. MISS SmIth presented a VIce-President's bado-e to Mr. VV. H. Ingham. The receipts amounted to

MANcHEsTER.-The ex -Lord Mayor, Ald. Joseph Bums, on the eve of the expiry of his term of office e?<pressed to a gathering of Press reporters his tlOn of the courte.sy and help given. to him throughout the year by all sectIons of the commumty. He said he had been greatly impressed by the charitable institutions of Manchester, and spoke with warm appreciation of the unse}fish services of the "\Tooluntary helpers. He made specIal reference to the members of the British Red Cross and the St. John Ambulance Brigade, more than 900 of whom were on duty on the occasion of the recent Royal visit to the city.

NORTH MANCHEsTER.-A new Comforts Depot was opened by Lady District Supt. Mrs. Tweedale, C.B.E., A.R.R.c. on Saturday} November 24th, and in honour of the she was presented with a silver key by the Lady Div. Surgeon, Dr. Harriet Reid.

POULTON-LE-FYLDE.- The members of the Poulton-IeFylde ,Ambu lanc e Division were entertained to supper at Booth s Restaurant, Blackpool,. on Wednesday evening, !'Jovember 21st} by Mrs. Dyer, wife of the Superintendent m honour of the Poulton team winning the Fleetwood CO-?p. Cup, a trophy presented by the Fleetwood Co-op. SOClety Ambulance teams in the Fylde. Mrs. Dyer presI.ded and was supported by District Officer W. H. Gastall, DlV. Surgeon Murray and Div. Supt. A. Dyer.

PREsTON.-At the annual meeting of the Preston Centre, S.JA.A., Saturday, Decemb e r 1st, a very satisrepor t was submitted by the Secretary, Mr. H. B. Bnerley. It was announced that Dr. Hugh Riddell of for the past fifteen years had that hIS serVIces were to be recognised by his admIttance to the Order as a Serving Brother and also that Dr. J. P. O'Kane and Dr. M. Denman 'have

A I D. Dec e mber, 1954.

elected Hon. Life Members of the Order. In 19 30 Dr. Riddell received the Vellum Vote of Thanks.

WIGAN.-Corps Surgeon J. Boyd gave a most interestmg lecture on Surgical Operations to the members of the \iVigan Corps. He explained the common ailment requiring attention. and the preparation necessary, as regards both. the patIent and surgeon, as well as the appliance used m the theatre. Questions were invited, and explanatJOns given by the lecturer.

No V District.

The half -yea rly conference of the Midland Area (West Riding of Yorkshire) was held at Ilkley. Dr. I. R. Dobson, chairman of the Ilkley Urban Council, warmly welcomed the delegates who numbered about 80 Assistant Commissioner Dr. W. N. West-Watson who presided,. in response to the welcome, said it was n'ot 12 month Sll1ce an Ilkley Division was formed and when at the last conference} Ilkley representativ es thei; hosP.it.ality f?r the next conference, he could not help admumg: theIr bravery and enterprise.

Dunng t he proceedings a certificate of honour was presented to Div. Supt. J Barker, of Burley-in-Wharfedale, who rescued a. man affected by gas fumes in a tank at Greenholme Mllls, Burley, in November, 1933.

Hu & HOLBECK DIVISIoN.-Corps Supt R. H. Baker paId splendid tributes to the members of the Ambulance and Nursing Divisions when he presided at the annual dis t ribution of awards. In a pleasant speech Corps Supt. stated how pleased he was with the progress dunng past year and paid particular tribute to the mauguratlOn of Boy and Girl Cadet Divisions. Th e number of treated by the Leeds Corps during 1933 was ?,2J2, bemg an average of 17 per day. He especially mentlOned the splendid work done at St. George's Crypt by the members of the Nursing Section and conO'ratulated the members upon their efficiency and . Div. Supt. G. Daccus said the presence of the DivisN;mal Drs. Hollis, Adams and Moore, together w1th then WIves, was much appreciated.

Lady St:Pt. endorsec.l the previous remarks makmg speCIal mentlOn of Mr. Briscoe and Miss for the formation of the Cadet Divisions. FIfty-two ambulance and thirty nursing awards were by Mrs. Hollis} Mrs. Adams and Mrs. Moore the WIves of the Divisional Surgeons.

CQrps Supt. Baker presented Mr. Mark Bogg with hi s warrant of Ambulance Officer. were made by the Divisional Surgeons who also paIc.l trIbute to the efficiency and smartness of the members.

A was given by the Boy Cadets th e work bemg very efficiently carried out and greatly applauded.

Further tributes were paid by the Vicar of St. Edwards.

Votes of thanks to the Chairman, the Doctors and others for their presence and kind assistance were accorded with acclamation.

No. VIII. (Duke of Connaught 's ) District.

ASHFoRD. - The annual inspection of the Ashford Corps took on November 14th, at the J:?nll Hall}. the mspectmg officer being Assistant CommisSI?ner MaJ ,or W. H. Noble, who was accompanied by Distn.ct Officer P?t.ts: The Corps paraded under Supt. F. ]. MIles, the DIVISIons being in the charge of : - Willesborough, Supt. P. Jackson Town, Supt. A. Bunting;

Dec e mber, 1934. FIR S T South Ashford, Amb Officer A. Holton; Station, Supt. A E. Long; Works} Supt. A. Staples. Other officers present included Corps Transport Officer C. Hayward, Corps Officer S. Marsh and Corps Secretary and Corps Officer Henniker. Lady District Officer Miss May inspected the ursing Division under Supt. Mrs. Partis.

The Corps gave displays of foot drill, stretcher drill and bandaging, a nd Major Noble congratulated them upon their smartnes. Private Gammon was presented with the m eda l.

F ,\RNT (;TT ,\M.-The Farnino'ham Division has estahlishec.l a recorel for the number of cases treated in one yea r, as up to the end of September ove r 370 cases had been treated.

Approximately 2,600 hours are given each year by the 24 memb e rs of the Division to road duty and removals to and from h osp itals. The ambulance service is grad u ally being developed into a well organised system so that all calls during the night as well as the day will not go una nswered. A rota of drivers and men within telephone call has h ee n arranged to do night calls and during the past season this arrangement has tested. No. X. Di.strict.

NORWICH.-The Norwich Lads Club Division h as sustained a great loss hy the death of Dr. Ralph Henry Morley , who died on Thursday, November 10th, at the ea rly age of 30.

Sin ce 1931 he had acted as Divisional Surgeon to the Division. He was particularly int erested in work connected with the welfare of children and filled the post of clinical assistant at the Jenny Lind Hospital. He was also a member of the Norwich Medieo-Chirurgical Society.

The funeral took place in all Saints' Churchyard, Munc1es ley, the service being conducted by the Rector o f Munclesley (Dr. T. J. VVilliams-Fisher).

In addition to the family representatives the congregal ion included many representativ es of Norwich organisatio ns, including Mr. J. H. Dain (Chief Constable, Chairman o( the o rwich Lads' Club ane! President of the 1 orwich Corps S.].A.B.), Corps Supt. S. E. R. Scott.

Coming Events

.

The Editor will be pleased to receive particulars of forth· coming events for inclusion (free of cbarge) under this heading.

DECEMBER

25.-Christmas Day: A Greeting to All.

JANUARY.

i.-A Happy New Year.

18. - Annual General Meeting, Hospitallers' Club, Bonnington Hotel.

22.-Cinematograh Lecture on "The Blood," arranged by the Dagenham Division, S.]. A. B., Outpatients' Department, King George Hospital, Dagenham.

22.-No. 9 District (London) "Pim" Police Trophy Competition.

23.-Dance, Southall Division, Ko. 1 District, S.J.A.B., Fairlawn Hall, So u thall.

26.-Durham, Cleveland and W estmorland D istricts Ambula n ce League "Dona ld Bain" Divisional Competitions.

FEBRUARY.

I. - Annua l Social, Central Area, No. 1 District, S.J.A. B. Shoreditch Tow n H all.

9.--Annual Dinner, Hospitallers' C lub, Connaught Rooms.

9. - D urham, Cleve land and Westmorland Districts Ambulance League, "E lizabet h Bain ,. Divisional Competitions is.- I nvest iture of t h e O rder of St J ohn of Je r usa lem.

Ambulance from New s Cutti ngs the Pre ss.

Th e Editor invites to send newspaper cuttings on matter of gene r al mterest for inclusion in this column.

SA\,ED FROM BURNING HOUSE.

At a fire in a house in Leicester a young police C,)J1stable rescued a mother and her three chi ldr en. The officer smashed a downstairs window and ran upstair s, but was unable to get d own again because of the smoke on the staircase

He knotted sheets together and lowered the three children to safety. The mother and the constable escaped with the help of the fire brigade.-E'l'enil1g IVews.

GASSED WIIILE PREPARING

A verdict of accidental death from coa l gas poisoning was returned at an inqu est at Orpington yesterday on a London bank clerk (aet 30), \.\'ho was found gassed in the kitchen of his hou se on Friday night whilst his wife and family were at the seaside.

The doctor said that, in his opinion, the deceased had taken no food for seven hours pre\'ious to his death, and that he faint ed as he was about to prepare a meal at the gas stove. A Police Inspector stated that the body \",as six feet away from the gas stove and that the controlling tap of the stO\'e was open. -11Iorning Post.

ASPIlYXIA.TED BY POISON FU;"I!Es.

Six people lost their li\'es and two others are dying as the result of a remarkabl e accident in a Rome street. " orkmen had dug a deep pit in the middle of a street and had left it covered merely with boards. A child fell into the pit, but a passer-b y at once went after it.

He did not reappear, and a man in the crowd who called to him received no answer. Another volunteer then went down, with a similar result. H e was followed by another and yet another, till seyen people had offered the ir lives to this pit of death. One of the volunteers "'as a 16years-old youth, another an old man with a wife and six children Lorries full of firemen Fascisti called by telephone arrived. They found the pit full of poisonous fumes, but, wearing gas masks , they dragged out the victims .-Dailv Mail. •

The annual competitions of the London Post Office Ambulance Centre, S J.A.A., were held on No\'ember 20th, when a larg-e and appreciatiye audience, including many chiefs of the P. O. Departments, attended. Sir Edward Cam pbell, Parliamentary Secretary to H.]\1. Postmaster General, presented the prizes.

The National" Safety First" Association h a\'e issued a circular drawing attention for care during the Christmas season. Everyone is urged to take precautions against the possibility of A.re or other mishap. The circular also draws attention to various decorations which may easily catch fire and also the advisability ot warning those partaking of Christmas pudding in which has been placed coins, china, articles and the lil{e,

Przory for /Yales.

SERVICE AWARDS.

!'Jo decoration is worn with greater pride than the Service of the Order, which is issued by command of the SovereIgn to those who com plete fifteen years' efficiency as members of th.e S!. John. Ambulance Brigade; and each year adds a steaddy Increasing number to those entitled to this distinction in Wales. Following the meeting of ChapterGe.neral on November 16th, His Royal Highness the Grand Pnor has approved the award of the Sen'ice Medal to the following members of the Brigade in Wales :Monmouthshirc Centre.-Staff Officer William Penberthy, Corps Supt. David R. Davies Corps Secretary Walter Price, Div. Supt: Charles R. Lee: Sergeant Albert J. J Fredenck G. Henry, Private William D. J enk1l1s, Pnvate Urban L. icholls.

Glamorgan County Centre.-Staff Officer (retired)

Glamorgan County Centre. - Assistant Commissioner Andrew \V. Anderson.

City of Cardiff Centre.-Assistant Commissioner Frederick R Hortop, Corps Supt. Charles Lennox, Corps In. Stores Thomas Morris, Ambulance Officer J ohn L. Collins, Sergeant William H. Adams. Borough of Rhondda Centre. - Corps Superintpndent John Thomas.

PROGRESSIVE REPORTS TO AMBULANCE COMMITTEE.

.Reports pr;sented by the Principal Secre ta ry and COlllI1llSSlOner for \\ ales to the Ambulance Committee at which Colonel H. E. M. Lindsay, C.B., presided on November 23rd, revealed good progress in Association and Brigade work in Wales.

A new Division ot the St. John Ambulance Brigade was

December, t 93 4. FIRST notab ly that of Cardiganshire and more recently Anglesey, where a number of classes are in formation.

A further development in Brecknochshire is the establshment of a Medical Comforts Depot by the Clydach Nursing Division, whose members will be responsible for the issue and return of medical requisites and invalid comforts, which are loaned at nominal weekly charges to the sick and needy. This brings tile number of Medical Comforts Depots now operating under the Priory to 35, from which well over 5,000 articles are issued annually.

For long services as Honorary Lecturer to First Aid and Home Nursing Classes, Dr. John Rpay, surReon to the Llandudno Division, was elected an Honorary Life Member while he and Dr. E. L. Phillips, surgeon to the PenalIta Nursing Division, were appointed to the examining staff of the Priory.

Reference was made to the great part played by the medical profession in the de ve lopment vf ambulance work, the extent of which is limited only by the measure of gratuitous services doctors are prepared to give; and the opening up of fresh areas and establishment of new units makes a very heavy tax on the va luable time and energies of the medical men, quite a number of whom are le ctur ing to three and four classes concurrently. Thanks were awa rded to Dr. C. G. Mackay, Blackwood, Dr. J. W. Cooper, Kenfig Hill and Dr. E. D. Owen, Neath, tor gratuitous services in judging the Welsh Inter-Railway Ambulance Competition for the "Harry vVebb" Cup on November 2nd.

Good progress was reported in co nnection with the inauguration of a Wel s h National Ro ad Transport Ambulance Competition, which the Priory is organising in respons e to repeated requests from the employees concerned; and the majority of the undertakings are prepared to s upport t he proposal, while the Motor Omnibus Proprietors' Association had generously uffered to present a suitable trophy. .A nU.m.ber of classes for road transport workers are already In trall1l11g in several areas; and arrangements are being made for regional eliminating competitions to be held at Cardiff and Aberdare early in the new year, prior to the National Contest which is likely to take place in February.

THE

Rev iews . K IGHTS OF BRITISH ST. JOHN El\IPIRE. IN THE

A I D. 147

the ignominous surrender by Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch. Th e concluding two chapters of this part tells the story how the Grand Priory in England came to be and how in these later d ays it has spread its 1I1Ruence through o ut the Dominions and is actively engaged wherever the British nag flies. We note with int e re st that the Duke of ran chester is ca lled "The Grand Prior of England, 1 861- 18 88," a lthou gh we had thought that his title was" Lord Prior," and that the former title only came into being when the late King Edward V iI, as Prince of Wales, became the active head of The Order in England. The second part of the book relates the origin and development of the three great Foundations of the revived Grand Priory in England-the Ophthalmic Hospital in Jerusalem, the St. John Ambulance Association and the St. John Ambulance Brigarle. It devotes one chapter to the first-named and another to the last two, showing clearly how at the beginning the Brigade was an offshoot of the Association; and how it gradually established itself as an independent organisation which in time was divided into two separate sections-the Brigade At Home and the Brigade Ov e r seas. In this connection we note three slips which we name only that they may be corrected. First, the nam e of Surgeon-General (later Sir Thomas) Longmore is in cGrrecdy g iven as "Laymon," wh ich is unfortunate because his address, to which reference is made, represents the first definite step of The Order towards interest in first aid; secondly, the alternative title of 1 o. 1 District of the Brigade is Prince of vVales's and not as shown on p. 181, and thirdly, the Duncan Memorial Station-which on p. 180 is made to appear of greater importance than the St. Paul's Station though the latter (established January 1890) was the first permanen t stat ion in the Street :\mbulance Service of the Association and has an unbroken record to this day-is now in charge of the \Val tbamstovv Corps an d not, as stated, of the Acton Di vision.

Th e book is splendidly equipped with some 50 illustrations, mostly reproductions of actual photographs; and it closes with 8 appendices, which, chiefly of historical importance, go to prove, jf such evidence were necessary, how enormuus must have been the labours undertaken by the autho r. Truly, as we have said, we have read the book with int 'Orest and pleasure, and we cannot imagine how anyone co uld read it without having his (or her) interest excited, without deriving pleasure therefrom and without assimilating some of the enthusiasm which inspired its compilation. So in all sincerity we commend it to o ur fellow enthusiasts and co -w orkers.

Welsh Inter-Railway Ambulance Competition.

1\lr. ]. F. Lean (Principal Assistant to the General Manager G W R Padd' t) " Harry Webb" Cup to the Barry Loc;. G'. W·. R ·.' on presentIng the Included 111 the picture also are (from Mr. Trevor Roberts, the Hon. John H. Bruce 1\11' G H Talt and Dr. C. G. Mackay.

]. Esmond, Sergeant George R. Black, Corporal Cynl Rogers.

Carmarthenshire Centre.-Div. S Thomas. upt. William G.

G RBorough?f Rhondda Centre.-Corps Secretary David

osser Dlv Supt Luk Tl S

Be P .' E' e lomas, ergeant Walter van, nvate -< van Morgan.

Aberdare Centre.-Abulance Officer Alf d T M Sergeant J L' C re organ

Th eWlS, orporal William Meyrick Corporai

omas WIlliams

of Cardiff Daniel L Jones

DL\. Supt. I vo r A. Private Thomas Hughes.' , 1 Second Bars for addItIonal period s of five years' effi lave been awarded to the following s ffi clency whom has twenty-five years' service to each of

sanctioned .at. Flintshire, where the widow of the !ate LlCut.-CoI. E. H. W. Williams D S 0 IS presentIng. the Unit with a number of Vale, 111 the Monmouthshire Centre a Nursin D"SlOn has been formed. ,g IVI

Two further units have been registered at Hay and Penderyn 111 Brecknockshire, which is becoming a stronghold of am bulan ce. work through the enthusiastic of the CommiSSIOner, Lieut.-Col. C. G. ColeC. M. G., D. S. 0., the Chief Constable who has lI1splred the whole of his Constabulary with ; desire to a of first aid and home nursino- over agncultural and lI1dustrial districts arll{e Th ? f I CI' e assIstance o t le C:0nstable 111 breaking fresh ground has been found of lI1estlmable value in a number of Centres in Wales,

By Colonel E. J. King, C.M.G., A.D.C., l\1.A. (Oxon). London: St. John's Gate, E. C.1. Price 7/ 6 net.

We have read with much interest and pleasure this book which brieRy and eloquently tells the of t.he rise and fall of the Sovereign Order of St. John With speCial reference to the lives an d works of the English Knights of The Order and of the resurrection and triumphant progress of its Langue in England. In point of fact, it is the second and much enlaro-ed edition of Colonel King's The KnigMs of St. john in England, which was publ.ished in 1924' and the alteration in title h as been necesSitated by consequent on the Third Royal Chart.er, in 1926 converted the English League from a natIOnal ll1to an imperial organisation.

The book is divided into two parts, the first of whIch deals with the History of the Order from it s .to its dispersal in 1798 by Napoleon Bonaparte, and 111 ItS several chapters sets out facts and dates connected with the fall of Acre and the loss of the Holy Land, with the start and the burning by Wat Tyler of the Priory in England, with the two sieges of Rhodes, \vith the siege of Malta and

Bi nd ing Copies of "F.A."

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Rat/way Ambulance News.

Grea t We st e r n.

GLOUCESTER.- The seventeenth annual competition for the "Vassar-Smith" ambulance shield was held at the Prince's Hall, Gloucester, on Saturday, November 10th, when seven teams from the G.W.R. competed. The adjudicators were Dr. F. H. Sprague and Mr. F. J. H Sta1lman. In addition to the team individual prizes were offered for ro1ler bandaging and first aid work.

Mr. S. Morris, Div. Supt. and President of the Gloucester Ambulance Corps, presided over the subsequent presentation proceedings and was supported by the Mayor of Gloucester (Mr. W. H. Nicholls), the Mayoress) Mr. L. ]. A. Calloway, District Goods Manager and other officers of the Company. The result of the contest was announced as under: -" Vassar-Smith " Shield-Team test. 1, E team, E. ]. Colley (captain), T. Gwynn, B. Hawker, E. E. Townsend, 83 points; 2, F t.eam) W. C. Drinkwater (captain), 73.

Roller Bandaging-I, ]. Mumford) 29 points; 2, W. Flew, 28.

Individual Contest (non-Gloucester members)-l, F. A. Drinkwater, 34 points; 2, L. G. Robinson, 33.

The shield was presented to the winning team by the Mayoress, and individual prizes by Mrs. S. Morris.

An interesting feature in the proceedings was the presentation of a cheque on behalf of the officers and members of the Gloucester Corps to Mr. C. T. Drinkwater, Corps instructor, to mark his forty years' ambulance activities, which had recently been recognised by the Order of St. John of Jerusalem by his promotion as Officer in the Order. Mr. Morris congratulated Mr. Drinkwater on his long ambulance career and on the training he had given to hundreds of men not only in the G.vV.R. Corps but in outside organisations in the City and on his valued services on many occasions of accident.

PADDINGToN.-At the luncheon following the winter Conference of Divisional Ambulance Secretaries held at Pad.dington on November 9th, Mr. ]. F. Lean, Principal ASSIstant. to thc General Manager, who presided) made a presentatlon to Mr. S. ]. Ball on the eve of his retirement f rom the Company's service. Mr. Ball has represented the Superintendent of the Line on the Ambulance Committee since 1916, and has rendered invaluable assistance to t.he movement.

In asking his acceptance of a fitted dressino- case and suitcase as a mark of appreciation from of the Central Ambulance Committee and Divisional Conference J\1:,r. Lean said he would be greatly missed on both lTIlttees, and thanked him on their behalf for all he had done to further the cause. He carried with him their best wishes in his retirement. Mr. W. G. Chapman, late Centre Secretary, also paId tnbute to Mr. Ball's untirin<Y energies the cause, as did Messrs. Ashley G. Hunt and w. ]. WaIte on behalf of the respective Committee,s Mr Ball's services were honoured by the Order of St.' J of Jerusalem 111 1932, when he was admitted into the Order as a Serving Brother.

BRISTOL.-The Bristol ambulance class, the second largest on the Great Western Railway system, held its annual concert and supper at the Cadena Cafe on November 29th, under the presidency of Mr. R. G. Pole, Div.

Supt., who was supported by local officers of the Company. Mr. J. F. Lean, Principal Assistant to the General Manager, distributed examination awards, 224 in number, and sixteen long service medals and bars. He congratulated the elas s on its continued progress, and upon the fact that no fewer than 150 of its members were in possession of the Company's gold efficiency awards. Presentations were made during the evening to Dr. T. Fleming, lecturer, Mr. E. E. Jakeway, secretary and other officers of the class, and an excellent. musical programme was contributed.

BARRY.-The twelfth Annual Dinner and presentation of awards to members of the Barry Station ambulance class took place at the Barry Hotel on November 17th, when Mr. F. G. Wainwright, Div. Supt. presided, and among those present were Mr. C. Morgan, vice-President, Mr. A. Mason, late Stationmaster, and Mr. B. Board , Div. Amb. Secretary. Mr. Wainwright, who distributed the awards, complimented the class particularly on the fact that the Barry team had won the Welsh Inter-Railway Cup. Ambulance work was) he said. one of the finest philanthropic organisations in the world and an indispensable one.

He also presented to Mr. D B. Thomas, class secretary, his certidlcate of election as Serving Brother of the Order of St. John, an honour conferred upon him for his exceptional services to the mo\'ement. Present.ations of of t.he Company's gold efficiency awards were made to five members of the class.

At a dinner held at the George Hotel) Penmacnpool, on November 23rd, awards gained by members of the Dolgelley ambulance class were distributed by lVIr. R. E. Lampitt, Asst. Div Supt., Chester, who referred to the good work done by the class in rendering assistance. Mr. Robert Vaughan, J.P., presided oyer the gathering, and Mr. R. Jones, Chief Constable of the Merionethshire Police, also attended. Miscellaneous items of entertainment were contributed by members of the class and friends.

London, Mid land and Scottish.

BRISToL.-The Bristol Loco Ambulance Class recently held its 11th Annual Concert and Dance. In the of the President, Mr. H. Whitaker, the chair was taken by Mr. G. Cole) district controller, supported by Messrs. W. G. Peet, Packs, Moore, and Kemp, also Supt. Cotton, S,].A.S , Bristol. The awards were presented by Mr. S. Sealy, district controller, Bath. Mr. Cole commended the men on their efficiency, length of service and their value to the Railway

Mr. J. Slocombe, Oass Secretary, is to be cong'fatulated on the excellence of the arrangements.

BURToN.-The ambulance class held its Annual Social on November 14th. Mr. F. Edwards, Goods Agent, welcomed about 200 members, their wives and friends, and the evening was devoted to a Wh ist Drive, Concert and distribution of awards and prizes.

Mr. John F. Gretton, Director of Messrs. Bass & Co., Ltd., fulfilled a promise made a year ago and presented the awards , A gift from the class was made by Mr. G. Smith, the District Secretary, to Dr. F. C. V. Thompson,

December, 1934. FIR S T

Class Lecturer, as a mark of esteem and in appreciation of his services to the Class

Other visitors present were Dr. L. PIckett, Councdlol Whetton and Mr. B. Carfoot, of Messrs. Ind, Coope & Allsopp, Ltd., and the Chairman was by Messrs. Muggleton, T. Leach, Harper and F. W. HIll.

CAl\1DEN AccouNTs.-A presentation of awards was made by Mr. Castleman to members of the Accounts Department Staff.

Before the presentation} Mr. Richardson out1111ed the ambulance activities in the Accounts Offices at Camden and St. Pancras since the Classes commenced at the end of 1933 also mentioning that three teams had taken part in the District Competition at Headstone and th:ee members of the teams had been successful 111 seCUrlng individual prizes.

Mr. Castleman, in all those v.:ho had assisted in the revival of interest, paId a warm tnbute to the work that was being done by all over the system and instanced the recent aCCIdent 111 the North of to emphasise the need .of a knowledge of First Aid for the alleviation of suffeflng, and perhaps saving of life. The Gold Bar to the London Serylce Medal was presented to Mr. W. C. Softly for 20 exam111ations.

DUDLEY PORT.-The annual presentation of awards to members of the Class took place. recently, Mr. Arthur Hastilow (Director of EducatIOn for TIpton) was the o-uest of honour.

h An urgent business engagement keVt M:. S. (District Goods Manager) from occupymg hIS POSItion as Chairman, and hIS place was taken by Mr. P. L. Gold (Asst. Goods Manager), who was supported by Messrs. T. Breeden (Secretary of the Class), J. Jones, G. II. Atkinson, F, L. Lodge, B. S. Brown, A. Goodman and A. T. Frost. .

Voicing his pleasure at being with them that evel11ng, Mr Gold said he had followed with keen interest the work of that class at Dudley P ,ort for some years. He been delighted to see study members .h.ad put m, and their achievements 111 the dlstnct comp.etltloI!-s.

After expressing his pleasure at bemg WIth them, Mr. Hastilow, who was accorded a hearty welcome, remarked that he looked upon that class as a branch of adult education, as it was, and because, he supposed, he controIl.ed education in Tipton, he watched very the domgs of classes of that kind which took the spec1al branch, and attempted to develop it for the benefit of the race and the town to which they belonged. It was. a very honourable calling. Their own daily occupatlOn was a :nos t honourable calling, and he had a great respect the type of men who ruled and controlled our great raIlway system. h With a word and a handshake for each of t e reCIpients, the Director presented the awards.

GLASGOW ST, ENocH.-Under auspices of the St. Enoch Ambulance Section, a speCIal .lecture and stration was held on November 4th 111 the St. Andrew s Ambulance headquarters.

Mr. J. Reid, stationmaster} .St. Enoch Glasgow, presided, and expressed hIS pleasure at seem b such a large turnout of 500. .

The lecture and demonstratIOn were conducted. by Dr. D . M. Cameron, Hon . Surgeon, St. Enoch and Mr. T. M'Clurg Anderson) F.I.C.M., Pr111clpal Scottish School of Massage and Electr?-Therapy. The fi l ms admirably demonstrated and .chemlcal p r ocesses of .b:eathmg and. CirculatIOn, and in cl uded an unique exhIbItIOn of the actIOn of the human

,A

I D. 149

heart, which consisted of animated diagrams constructed on the "Micky Mouse" principle. .'

The ladies in the audience were speCIally mterested in the film which demonstrated some useful procedures in home nursing, including the most eft:ective .methods of applying compresses, 111halatlons.

Mr. J. Smith, ASSIstant StatlOnmaster) St. Enoch, moved a vote of thanks to Dr. Cameron, Mr. Anderson, and to the St. Andrew's Association for so kindly granting the use of their hall. Mr. J. Henderson, Assistant Secretary, replied on behalf of the St. Andrew's Ambulance Association.

LEICESTER.-Mr. Lewis, Stationmaster, presided at the distribution of awards. Mr. J. M Kirkwood. made the presentations, before a represen!abve gathertng of local officers and members of the staft.

The awards "vere: 2 certificates, 6 vouchers, 35 labels 2 Long Service Gold Bars for 30 examinations and 4 for' 25 examinations. An umbrella was also presented to the Class Lecturer, Dr. Binns, who, for over 20 years, had so very willingly helped the class.

Mr. Kirkwood congratulated the members the excellent results achieved and endorsed Mr. LeWIS that each of them would try to increase the membershIp,

OLDHAM.-An interesting event took place recently at Glodwick Road Station, \\-hen the " Trophy and prizes were distributed in connectlOn WIth ambulance work.

The "Morgan" Trophy was won by A?slstant Instructor, Mr. A. Green) but as won It tWIce ,Previously he decided to withdraw hIS claIm and allow It to he presented to the second man, Mr. J. Johnson. J\Ir. J. Burns thus came second. .'

The class doctor (Dr. J. c. Rowan), m present111g the trophy, and a chromium-plated clock to Mr. J. J oh11son and a chromiwn-plated ash tray to J\Ir. J. spoke of the hio-h standard of work of the class 111 general, and of the °sporting way in which Mr. Green had stood down to o-ive the newer members encouragement.

° Mr. H. Anderson, on behalf of the class, the doctor with a barometer. 11r. M. Costello, m mov111g a vote of thanks to the doctor, spoke of the good work Dr. Rowan had done for the class.

TYLDESLEY.-The Tyldesley Ambulance Class ?eld a Smoking Concert on November 13th, under the Chalfmanship of Mr. H. Limb, Stationmaster, supported by J\iessrs. V Yates Woods, G. S. Hill (General Ambulance Secreta'ry), c.' V. Cox (Stores Department, Manchester) and S. Farmer. .' 'd h h d b Mr. Limb, in hiS open111g remarks sal ea. een connected with the ambulance movement for a long and he stressed the necessity for keener support of th1s praiseworthy and self-sacrificing work.. ld Mr. Hill spoke of the good work done In the Ty .esley Class. He congratulated the members upon spend111g so much time at the work with such excellent results, an.d he thanked Mr. Farmer, the. Class Secretary, hIS efforts. Mr. Yates, in present111g awards, .D?-entlOned the o·ood results obtained by the class 111 competltlOn work. OM Wood thanked the class on behalf of the c0D?-pany the interest shown in the movement, and saId that 'during the last twelve years 483 men had passed examinations at Tyldesley.

lond on and NOI"th Eastern.

N.E. ARE.\.

Mr. John William Beal, Cle:k, York, and Mr. Studholme, Wagon Repairer, Klrkby Stephen, have een

notified by h e Secretary General-Sir Percival S. Wilkinson-that H.M. the King has been graciously pleased to sanction their admittance as Serving Brother of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. They will be invested with the Insignia of the Order at an Investiture to be held on February 15th, 1935.

Both gentlemen have rendered many years of good service to the ambulance cause, and the honour con ferred upon them is a recognition of their work.

The third annual competition for the District Officers' Cup of the North Eastern Area Centre, was held in the Lecture Hall Paragon Station, Hull, on Saturday, To\'ember 10th.

Mr. J. S. Harper, District Supt., commented on the favourable increa e of 10 teams again t five of the previous year, congratulating the winning team-Hull East. He would remind them however, to look beyond mere competition work, and concentrate on spreading the ambulance movement by increased membership. Compared with other districts he was disappointed to find that Hull was placed rather low down.

Dr. H. M. Hermon and Dr. H. P. Milligan who acted as judges, referred to the excellent stretcher work performed.

The trophy and badges. were kindly presented to the winning team by Mrs. J. S. Harper, after which, Mr. Wi!liam J arrold (Captain), proposed a \'ote of. thanks, whIch was seconded by 1\1r. J. M Stathers, Captal11 of the runners-up, to the doctors whose generosity of time and services the teams greatly appreciated.

Thanks to Mr. and Mrs. J. S. Harper were expressed by Mr. S. Cooper, the Centre Secretary, who remarked that this year they had seven new classes, making a total at the moment, of 127. Mr. G. H. Oakes, District Secretary, supported.

Those present at the competition and presentation were as follows :-

Mr. W: vVells Hood) D S.O., vVorks 1\Ianager, Faverdale, Darlmgton; Mr E. V. Taylor. District Goods Manager; Mr. H. Hudson (Dock Engineers' Departi and Mrs. Hudson; 1\1r. T. Johnstone, Assistant DIstrIct Supermtendent; Mr. J. R. J ewitt, Yard Master, East; Superintendent W. Teesdale; Inspector B. SImpson, L. .E.R., Hull Police; Dr. L. Wilson.

iJr. W. ixon, District Chairman presided.

Mr. Harper congratulated 1\1r. Oakes District Secretary, and his staff) on the excellency of organisation.

DAIRYCOATES AMBULANCE CLAss.-The presentation of awards to members of the above class took place in the Dairycoates Parish Hall on November 21st.

Mr: G. S. Harper, I?istrict Supt., Hull, presided, and In makIng the presentatlOns to the successful candidates appealed to the members to use every effort in gett in g hold of new members for the present session.

He congratulated the Dairycoates team on winnino· the Hull District Shield for 1934, and also on takin: for Wharton Shield The awards slsted of SIX certlhcates, fi\'e vouchers, three medallions, seventeen labels.

The Cavaliers. Concert Party gave an excellent programme, and danc111g was indu lged in for the remainder of the evening.

E. V. Taylor and Mr. H. W. Greaney, vieePresldents; Mr S Cooper, Centre Secretary, York; Mr. G H. Oakes) :qlstnct Secretary, Hull; were also present.

Mr. W. NIxon, Class Secretary was responsible for the arrangements

HARTLEPOOL AMBULANCE CLASS.-The presentation of 1933-34 awards took place at a Smoking Concert helel in the Golden Anchor Hotel, Hartlepool, on November 24th.

A I D. Decem ber , 193 4 .

Mr. e. Morton, Tug-Engineer, presided, and in the course of hi s r emark s) congratulated the members on h avi n g such a good c la ss, and wished them every success in the coming session. Mr. Finnis, Assistant District Goods Manager, presented the awards, and stressed the need for First Aid knowledge

The company greatly 'appreciated the talk given by Mr. S. Cooper, Centre Secretary, on the activities of t h e ambulance movement in the North East Area, during the last and present sessio ns.

Dr. Gibb, the class l ecture r also congratulated the members and ur ged them to obtain as many new members as possible. Mr. Steve Blythe's concert p a rty , ass ist ed by Mr. H. CotSOl1, Mr. J. Nellust, and Mr. Thompson, rendered several musica l items in fine style during the evening.

Mr. T. W. Hornby, Class Secretary, who is very keenly interested in first aid, was responsible for the arrangements, and appealed to the members to continue in the good work.

MONKWEARMOUTJI AMBULANCE CLAss.-The first Annual Dinner in connection wit h the Monkwearmouth Class, was held in the North of England Cafe, Sunderland, on Thursday, November 22nd.

Mr. Ballan, District Supt., Sunderland, presented the awards for the 1933-34 session, congratulated the class on their increased membership, and urged the members to do all they possibly could to encourage others to join the movement, the knowledge of which was becoml11g more apparent to-day than ever before.

Mr. S. Centre Secretary, York, gave an ll1terestll1g resume on the ambu l ance movement in the North Eastern Area, and sLated that even new classes had been formed this season, 111 akil1o· a total Lo date of 127. On of the class, Mr. Cooper presented a pipe to l\Ir. J. Tlplady, who was founder of the class some five years ago, and had acted as instructor ever since but had now severed his connection with the class to his transfer to Darlington. h

Mr. BalIan welcomed the visitors, which was supported by Mr. J. Watson, and Mr. A. E. Armstrong, DistrIct Secretary, Newcastle. Mr. H. S. Lamplough, Class Secretary, was responsible for the sp l endid arrangements

SOUTHERN AREA.

G. C. SECTION.

Once again Dukinfield Works team was successful in .winning the Great Central Centre final competition whIch held 'at .Marylebone, on Thursday, December 6th. FIve teams, wmners of t h e preliminary rounds, presented theill:selves before Capt. A. C White Knox, M.e., M.B , who Judged the team and individual tests.

. A great help to the competitors was the exce ll ent fakIng of inj uries, which included a furrowed wound on the team test patient's right cheek and temple, ca used by a bullet, and also a compound fracture of the r adius and These were done by the new method which the Judge wItnessed at Copenhagen.

At the presentation of awards, Sir Ralph Wedgwood, Genera l Manager, presided, supported by the Enc Butler Henderson (Centre President), Mr. BarrIngton Ward (Supt., Western Section), Mr. Dowsett (Asst. Secretary), Capt. W. Goodley, M.e. (G. C Ambulance Secretary), Mr. T. O. Mein (G. E. Ambulance Secretary), Mr: S. Cooper (N. E. Ambulance Secretary), and other offiCIa ls of h e Company.

The Centre .Secretary anno unc ed the results as follows :-lst, Dulonfield Works, 385 points; 2nd, Gorton \ i\Torks 383; 3rd, New Holland St?res, 379; 4th, Lan g-wit h Loco, 377; 5, Deansgate, 331. Hlghest inclividual-G M Jon es, Gorton Works

December, 1934 FIR ST

Sir Ralph proposed a vote of thanks to the Doctor for judging the competition, and congratulated the teams on their continued efforts Capl. White Knox, in reply, said that the work done was of a very high standard. One point to be st r essed was that in all cases of first aid, and especially in competition work, t h e obv iou s injuries shou ld be treated first. The us e of the haversac was a l so criticised, and the doctor submitted a suggestion, whereby competitors wou ld not place the contents all ove r the place on a dirty surface. He t h anked the Centre Secretary and his assistants for t h e effic ient mann e r in which they worked.

The Hon. Butler Henderson then presented the prizes and, in reply to a vote of said how pleased he was to be present for the first tIme as the PreSIdent of the Centre.

Votes of thanks to Sir Ralph for presid in g brought the proceedings to a s ucc essful conclusion.

Police Ambulance News .

CITY OF LONDON.

Th e seventh ann u al competition for the" Aldermen's" Cup, open to members of the City Policp., was held at Snow Hill Police Station on 'We dnesd ay, Kovember 21st.

Four teams, one from each di vision, competed, th e judge being Capt. A. C. White Knox, M.B..

A practical team test was set by the Judge -v-hilst the faked injuries greatly assisted the competitors.

The competition was well attendep an d among the spectato r s were Ald erma n Po\litzer, Sir Hugh Turnbull (Commissioner), Dr. A . P. Gibbons (Police Surgeon), Capt. J. A. David son (Asst. Commissioner, City Police), Supt J. H. Booth, and Chief Inspe ctors J. Lucas and Harnett (CIty Polic e), Capt. W. Goodley (Commissioner No.1 District, S.J.A. B.) District Officer R ouse, S.] .A. B., and Commander C. G. Emery (City Special Constabulary).

For the secon d year in s uc cession "C" Division team were declared the winners. Th e members of the team were P.-C's Prior, Edwards, H en le y, P.-S. Harverson (captain), P.-C's. May and Holwell (reserve). Other placings w e re: 2nd. "A" Division (P. C. Bull, captain) ; 3rd. " 0" Division (Sub Inspector 1\1 umford, captain) ; 4th, "B" Division, (Sgt. 'Waters , captain).

P. S. 20 C H ar\'erson, captain of the winning team, also won the Indi vi du a l competition.

Sir Hugh Turnbull presented the Cup to the s u ccess ful team and congratulated the memb e r s on their work.

Sergt. T. Rose w as re sponsib le for the arra ngement s, and he had the assistance of Corp. Supt. A. ] . Green, S.].A.B., who acted as timekeeper, P.-S. Childs, P.-c. Osborne a nd others who acted as stewards and also the officials of t h e Snow Hill Poli ce Station.

METROPOLITAN.

Owing to the la r ge numb e r of e ntrie s in the" P a r so ns"

Shield competition two eliminating contests were h e ld on Novembel 1 3th an d 16th at Peel HOLl se Dr. R. B. Dun can (team) a nd Capt. F. E. Bendix (indi vidual) at both these tests, and, as a result, ten teams entere d the hnal round which was held on November 27t h.

On this occasion the judges were Dr. H. A. Dunlop (team) a nd Lt.-Col. F. A. Brooks, M. D. (individual)

In the team test the competitors had to d ea l WIth an asphyxiated man with a fractured ri g !1t r a diu s and sca ld on face. It was supposed that a boy, wlth a torch, h a d shone

A I D. 151

his light through a darkened window and had noticed the patient l ying in front of a gas stove Most teams were prompt in their atte ntion to the fumes and artificial respiration, but th e members of one team, we noticed, lit matches in the gas filled r oom!

In the individual room competitors were subjected to st rai g htforward and somewhat easy tests. Why do competitors look for snags that are not there?

At the com pletion of the tests, M r. George Abbiss, Deputy Assistant Commissioner, annoLlnced the results as follows :-

1. " F JJ Division 6. " M JJ Division 211

2. " J " 244 7. "B" 211

3. "S" 240t 8. " G" 202

4. "D" 231 9. "X" 167

5. "y" 220 10. " L" 161

" F JJ Division were also successful in winning the indi v idual aggregate trophy.

Sir Trevor Bigham, K. B. E., C. B., Assistant Commissioner, presented the trophies and congratulated the competitors on their enthusiasm

Both judges addressed the gathering and were of the opinion that the work d one this year a impr ovement over that of last year. OmiSSIons and mistakes were pointed out as a guide for future

Votes of thanks were accorded Sir Trevor, the Judges, a nd others who had assisted.

The secretary of the competition was Burnham, whilst members of the Metropo!Jtan and CIty Forces acted as stewards.

The marking sheet for the team test was as follows :-

Retain boy. Enter house, using bearer's key Make way to kitchen at back of house

Ask if smeJ1 of gas (J 'es) Do not strike matches

Use torch (No electric light available)

Cover mouth and nose with wet handkerchief

Open kitchen dour; keep low and drag patient

to safety ., Meanwhile another bearer, WIth Sllndar precautlof1.s Turns off gas, throws windows widely open

And quickly observes kettle floor ...

Closes kitchen door from outSide Stuffs k eyhole a nd other .apertures

Opens windows near patlent

I s breathing present? (No)

Pulse? (Rapid and 'weak)

R apidly excluding hGCmorrhage, deformity or obstructlOn of throat

Adju st patient's positio.n

Induce expiration and 1l1SpiratlOn alternately

Correct rate and method

If breathing restarts, time movements accord1l1gly

Until breathing fully restored .,.

Phon e ea rl y for doctor or ambulance

vVatch breathing caref ull y throughout Undo tight clothing. \o\Tarmth to trunk and Itmbs

Test pupils and skin

Observe scald on face

Examine tor signs of injury :-

Head, upper limbs inJured), ribs

Spin e, abdomen, lo\\'er limbs

Det aile d examination of forearm for (No) swe llin g, deformity and (Present)

Examine scald for blisters (J es)

And adhesion of clothing (No)... ..,

Rub so und limb s energetically towards heart

Watch for s ig n s of returning co?sciousness

When this returns, r eass ure patient, ask if pain anywhere (Rightjoreann only)

When he can swa llo 'w, give stimulanl (not alcohol)

First testin g ability to swa ll ow :

Com pletely remo ve colla r do not break blisters

CITY OF LONDON SPECIAL CONSTABULARY

Another large a udience was pr esc nt at Headquar te rs on November 21st, to hear the second lecture on the protection of civil population against gas warfare, given by Captain A. C. \Vhite Knox, l\1.C., the chief medical olncer of the Force.

On this occasion the lecturer descri bed the effects of the various types of gases on the human body and illustrated many points. The varying individual treatments were a lso describcd and, in addition, the measures which would have to be taken to protect the public en masse.

At the conclusion of the lecture many questions were asked to which Capt. White Knox replied.

Commandant Foxon thanked the Doctor for his interesting lecture which all present had enjoyed li stening to.

On D ecember 5th, the cont inu ation c lass w';s held and practical work occupied a prominent position, hand seats and other means of transport being welJ practised.

Forty Years Ago.

In this column we are publishing short extracts from the corresponding issue of FIRST AID of 40 years ago.

" WHILST we in this country hav e only just begun to discuss the adv isabilit y of having railway ambulance wagons, in Vienna they have already out the idea. The Da z'Ly Grapluc has gIven a descript ion and illustration of the wagons. We would recommend a ll those interested in railway work to obtain the paper and to keep It for reference. Verily, the Continental countr ies seem to show us the way. Shall we follow, or rather ought we not to lead?

some ?f the Indian railways realise the necessity of haVing appliances ready, and are

AID. December, 1934.

equipping their trains with a number of light stretchers and cases of medical instruments, while one of the officials with each train is versed in the rudiments of surgery. We presume that after other countries and our colonies have shown us that it is pos.sible and advisable to have a railway am bulance service properly equ i pped, the authorities will begin to move in the matter."-From a report.

Practical Points.

The Editor invites Note o n actual Cases- with special reference (0 good and bad points in Treatment-for inclusion in this Col umtl.

DARNED HIS L EG

The Australian bushman or farm-worker sc ldom lacks ini tiative. B a dly cut in the leg, recently, by a wire rope, a farm-worker near Dorri g i, New South Wales, could get no immediate m e dical attentio n. So a fellow worker pulled four hairs from a horse's tail and usino- a darnino- need e stitched up the wound. A cork pr;ved as but a penny "vas quite successful. The injured leg has now healed completely, \vitllout after efCects -L. N.- East Riding.

FEi\IORAL ARTERY SEVERED.

20, of Ac1011, was cutting a fitting for a Wireless cabmet wIth a shoemaker's knife. The slipped, severed muscles of the right thigh, and punctured the femoral artery.

In a moment wound bled profusely but people in the house behaved "nth great prcsence of mind. Someone applied finger pressure to the artery while a mar.. hastily prepared a tourniquet with a small piece of coal and a strip of a s h eet. The tourniq u et was quickly applied and tio-htened above the wound. 1 n the meantime SOl1leone else the lo cal am bulance.

The ambulance driver found that the first-aid work had been so well done that be had only to apply a pad and bandage from his store and Ret the injured man into the amb ulan ce, which was at the Acton Hospital within seven minutes of the accident.

A operation was performed on the artery and the l'nuscle stttched, and the patient mad e such a good r ecove ry from the shock and loss of blood that bc was takcn home later in the day.-V1.C. T.-Acton.

A dance in aid of the St. John Ambulance Brigade funds was held on November 30th, in the Schoolroom at St ibbin gton.

p: co ur se of ect ur es on Home Nursing for 1\1 en will be glven at Toynbee Hall, Commercial ·strect, E.1, commencing on \-Vednesday, January 9Lh, aL 8 p.m. Fee for the course, including examination, 3/6. Apply to Div.S upt. T. W. Trussler, 105, Wilton-road, E.8.

3' E

A course of home nursing lectures for men will commence on Monday, January 14th, at the Boys' School, Ca nn Hall-road, Leytonstone, E .11. The lecturer w ill be Dr. Full fr0111 the CI<lsS Sec r eta ry, Mr. 1 Jeffries, 72, Godwl11-road, Forest Gate, E.7.

December, 1934.

Our Nurses' Pages.

COMPILED BY AMBULANCE SISTER.

No. 1 DISTRICT, S.J A B. CENTl{AL AREA.-The Post Oi1lce Amb ul ance Centre of the S.J.A.A. held its annua l competition for the London Po stal Ambu l ance Challenge Shield and the Women's Trophy on November 20th, at King George's Hall, Gt. Ru ssell-street, London.

Three teams of women as well as five of men competed, une team of the former winning success of the evening and the Women's Trophy. It was led by Miss M. Doyle, and consisted of members of o. 28 (Civil Service) Nursing Division as also did the second women's team.

D. McDonald, a member of the Civil Service Nursing Division, tied with Mr. E. E. Sweetman for the Corps Trophy (Individual Te st), cach securing 85 marks out of a possible 90.

There was a large and appreciative audience to witness the competitions, including Sir Edward Campbell, Parliamentary Secretary to His 1\1ajesty's Ge 21eral the President, Dr. II. H. Bashford, Chlef Medical Ofhc er to the Post Office Assistant Commissioner Dr. Lund, Central Area, No.1 District, S.J.A.B. : and hcads of Post OfFlce Departm enLs and their chief officers.

Sir E. Campbell kindly presented th e trophies at. the close of the competitions, and congratulated the competltors and the Centre.

TEi\1PLE NURSING Dl\·ISION.-Thc fifth annual competition for the Thekla Bowser Cup for First Aid and Home Nursing and Correctness of Uniform place .on Friday, N m'ember 23rd, Lady District Officer Area, No.1 District), at very short notice, kll1dly jUdglllg all the tests.

The hiahest marks were gained by Ambulance Sister Miss but as she was handicapped to the extent of 10 per cent. of h er marks, having previously for Area competition, the trophy went to Ambulanct' Slster 1\llss Button, who won the next highest number of marks. The Division held its annual dance at the Westmll1ster Cathedral Hall on Satul-d ay, November 3rd, when a most enjoyable evening was spent.

Amon a those who attended were Dr. N. Corbet Fletcher, Assistant Surgeon -in- Chief; Assistant Comm.issi.oner pr. Lund , Dislri :;t Officer T. McBride, and La?y Dl stnc.t l\liss Walker of Central Area and Dlstnct and DIVISIonal Officers of No.1 District.

FINSBURY NURSING Dn ISION. -A n evening was spent by all who attended a whist drive organised by this Division on Novemb er 3rd. Th e re were about yo people present, including the Lady Divisional Tu.ck, M. B. E. a nd officers and members of the F1l1sbury ursll1g and of neighbouring Divisions. Mr. F. P. Bradburn kindly acted as M.C., and ?upL L. Herbert presented the prizes at the close of the eVCl11ng.

A Course of Lectures in Home ursing for Women will commence at Toynbee Hall, Commercial-street, London, E.1., o n Friday, J anuary 11th, 1935, at 8 p.m. Fee for .h e co ur se, including the exam in ation for the S.J.A.A. Certdlcate, 3/6.

A course of lectures on First Aid in Cases will also be h e ld at Toynbee Hall, commencing Wednesday, February 6th, 1935, at 8 p.m. Fee, incl udin g examination, 3/ 6. Applications to attend or for further particulars for eiLher of the above should be sent to Lady Div. Supt. l\liss Isra e l, 213, Vicarage-road, Ley ton, £,10.

EASTERN AREA. -Teams from Barking, East Ham, Dagenham, Grays, and West Ham 1 ursing Divisions of J ohn Ambulallce Brigade competed for the" Edith Ward" and Eastern Area Shield at Latham-road Schools on Saturday, November 17th.

The case to be treated was a youth at a warehouse who was assisting to haul up a case of goods by means of a pulley and tackle, when the rope broke and the case knocked him down, fracturing his pelvis, with internal h<emorrhage, and fracturing his right arm, with arterial bleeding. The teams found the youth on the ground with the case on his arm while the \.varehouseman, who seemed to have lost his sens'es, did all he could to obstruct the first-aiders, telling t hem about his Uncle George's accident, etc.

The judge for the team test was Capt. F. E. Bendix, Ass istant Commissioner, Southern Area; viva voce, Dr. Helen vVatson, Walthamstow Nursing Division individual practical, Dr. W. Benton, Divisional East i\ursing Division uniforms, Lady DIstrict Supt. :'Iliss Rid eout.

Th e winning team was East Ham, consisting of Lady Ambulance Officer 1\lrs. Woolford, M.I.H., and Ambulance r.liss]. Penny, Miss 1. Houghton and 1\1iss B. \\'est. They secured 354 points. The econd place was gained by West Ham with 331 points; third, Grays, 297; fourth, Barking, 265t ; fifth, Dagenham, 235.

The" Adamson" Bowl for the highest marks gamed In the individual tests was won by Lady Ambulance Officer Mrs. Woolford.

£\mong those present were Assistant Capt. Kendall, District OJTicer Fitch and Lady Dlstnct Officer liss Curtis, of Eastern Area; the Mayoress of .East Ham, 1\1rs. Burden; the D eputy Mayoress T\1 rs. Brad1l1g; Mrs. Goodley, Mrs. Fitch, Mrs. Eaton, illrs. \-\'ard, 1\Irs. Ambler, l\lrs. Swann, Mr. and 1\Irs. Atkins, T\liss Superintendents and Lady Superintendents of nelghbourlng Divisions.

The Commissioner of o. 1 District, Capt. \-V. Goodley, ['d C. , presented the .n:iniature to the winners, and also the follow1l1g DIVISIOnal trophies:

E;:!st Ham Tursing Division.

" Papworth" Cup for First Aid.-Ambulance Sister l\liss J. Penney.

" Davis" up for Home Nursl11R.-·\mbulance Sister 1\liss 1\1. Tomkinson.

"Edith \-V a rd" Cup for Improvising. -.\l1lbulance Sister Miss J. Penney.

East Ham Cadets.

"Margaret Eaton" Shield for Improvising.-The :'I10rrish team, consisting of A. T assell (Leader), J Flint, ]. Gallant, E. Gould.

" Edith Warcl" Shield for First Aid.-E. Coombes, J. Woolford (tied).

" Morrish" Cup for Home Nursing-. -A. Tassell, E. Coombes, J Woolford.

JU\'enile Manuals for First Year Cadets.-First Aid, ]. Dodwell ; Home Nursing, K. Collard. Barking Nursing Division.

"Leftley" Cup. - Ambulance Sister Miss E. R. Roberts. Dagenham Nursing Division.

" Swann" Cup for General Efficiency.-Ambulance Sister Mrs. Meiklejohn. Dagenham 1 ursing Cadets.

" Howard" Cup for First Aid.-J. Howard.

The judges gave a short criticism of the "vork of the competitors, and advice for future occasions.

The Commissioner proposed a vote to the judges, patients and stewards, alld said he would especially like to mention Lady Div. Supt. Mrs. Iorrish (East Ham), who had acted as Competiti0n Secretary, and had orb"anised the whole competition.

Assistant Commissioner Dr. Kendall proposed a vote of thanks to the Commissioner for presiding and presenting the trophies.

Capt. Goodley briefly replied, and said he had one more important announcement to make. Four East Ham Nursing Cadets had qualified for the Grand Prior's Badge by gaining twelve certificates in certain other subjects besides first aid. They were the first cadets in the District to qualify for this, and he thought the honour was too great to present the badge at a local competitioll. He hoped to have them presented at the District Finals in April.

The staging of the team test was arranged by Ambulance Officer W. B. Morrish. Refreshments were served by the officers and members of the East Ham Nursing Division.

The winning team will represent the Eastern Area in the District Final Competition.

WESTERN AREA.-No. 26 (Royal Borough of Richmond) Nursing Division, which was registered on October 17th, 1913, celebrated its 21st birthday on \Vednesdayevening, October 17th.

A souvenir prugramme had been prepared, giving a brief history of the Division since its formation, and including a list of all the officers.

Some of the original members were able to be present, while one, who is an invalid and was therefore unable to attend, sent a birthday cake decorated in icing with the Brigade Flag- and colours.

A very enjoyable evening was spent. S. W. Gladwell, Esq., the Divisional President, took the chair, and among those who attended were Their Worships the Mayor and Mayoress of Richmond, the Vicar of Richmond, and the two original Divisional Surgeons, Dr. Mabel Ruxton and Dr. Clark Newton.

No.3 DISTRICT, S.J.A. B.

FLECKNEY SECTION, ST. MARY'S NURSING DIVISION, LEICESTER CORPS.-The new headquarters of the Fleckney Section of the St. Mary's Nursing Division to the Leicester Corps, was opened on Saturday, November 3rd. The building was formally handed over to W. S. Lovell, Esq., Chairman of the Leicester Centre of the St. John Ambulance Association, who received the gift in the name of the Centre. The premises are to be used for the furtherance of ambulance work in general, and as a headquarters for the Fleckney Section.

No.4 DISTRICT, S.]. A. B.

OF CIIESHIRE. - The Annual Competitions for DlvlslOns 111 the County were recently held in the Conce,rt

A I D. D ecember , 1934

Hal l , Winnington, Northwich, by kind perm iss ion of the mperial C h em cal 1 ndustr ies, Ltd The Chairman of the Northwich U.D.C. welcomed the officials and competitors, and congratulated the Brigade on the good work it was doing.

The c, Laird J) Rose Bowl, competed for by teams of members from Nursing Divisions in the County, was won by Chester, Dukinfield gaining second place, and Macclesfield third.

No.9 DISTRICT, S.J .A. B. NEW V. A. D. AT BARNSTAPLE. -On the recvmmendation of the County Controller, the vVar Office has registered a new Voluntary Aid Detachment, raised by the Order of St. John, at Barnstaple, North Devon.

The members are also members of the loca Nursing Division of the St. John Ambulance Brigade, whose able Lady Divisional Superintendent, Mrs. Knott, becomes Commandant of the new detachment. Mrs. Green has been appointed Assistant Commandant, Dr. Killard Leaye the Medical Officer, and Mrs. Way, Lady Superintendent.

BRITISH RED CROSS SOCIETY AT BouRNE.-Following a course of instruction in Home Nursing, given by l\lrs. W. B. R. Monteith and Matron Osborn, twenty-four ladies were examined in this subject at Bourne on l\londay, ovember 28th. When the result of the test is known, it is hoped that a local Voluntary Aid Detachment wllI be formed.

Advanced Home Nursing and First Aid classes will most probably be arranged in the near future.

Items (Divisional news and competitions, social, interesting duties, lectures, etc.), for this page should be sent to Ambulance Sister, c/ o The Editor, FIRST AID, 46, Cannonstreet, London, E.C.4.

The 117 (Hayes) Division, S.].A.B., held a successful dance on Saturday, December 1st.

->-+-c-

During November the Stamford Division, S.l.A.B., attended three accidents and removed 27 invalids with a mileage over 220 miles.

Hayes Division, S.].A. B. have arranged a course of lectures on Home Nursing for men to be held at the Divisional Headquarters, commencing January 9th.

The Mayor and Mayores,> attended a successful concert arranged by the West Ham Division, S.l.A.B., and held at the Stratford Town Hall, on Monday, N ovem ber 26th.

3 e

WIMBLEDON TECIINICAL COLLEGE.-Under the Domestic Medical Courses of the above College, classes for men and women are being held in HO!l1e Nursing and Home Hygiene. On Wednesday and Thursday evenings (7 30 to 9.30) classes on Home Nursing are being Iwld for women; whilst the classes for men on the same subject are being held on Friday evenings from 8 to 9.30. The Home Hygiene classes for men are held on Thursday evening-s (7 45 to 9 15), and various outings to places of interest on Saturday afternoons have been arranged in connection with this class Full particulars can be obtained from the Principal, Gladstone-road, Wimb ledon, London, S. W.19

By " CLASS SECRETARY ."

THE November editorial on first aid lectures prompts me to add a word or to of my own experiences and difficulties. Por ten years.I been running junior and adult In the past twelve months-so can claim some knowledge of the organiser's problems. There is no difficulty in collecting classes, the problem is to hold them and persuade the mem bers to continue in the Brigade. The who seem to think that the holding of the certlflcate acts a sort of cachet that will enable them to deal With all cases in shop or factory are held responsible for first aid w?rk, IS amazIng. But the real problem is the and ?e (or she) is the principal cause of the falhng off In the classes. t This sounds a bold and sweeping statemen , but others have obviously noticed it or why the hints in the Editoril1. Of course, does d · f the textbook nor a slwht vartatlOn a rea mg 0 b h of it given in a " bedside" tone, by a doctor w 0 sounds tired or bored-even though may be both. Neither of these will hold or stImulate a class, but there is a worse and more dangerous type: he who treats his class to such advanced details that the students know they can never remember them (they cannot understand halE of them) they funk the exam and stay away.

One such lecturer treated a class to a dissertation on the circulation of the un born chdd, the class dwindled from twen ty-eight to ten before he finished with them.

Occasionally one meets doctors who understand the mental capability of th.e class, and the fact that the majority are attending after a hard d k One of these is taking a class now. ays wor '11 t He "illustrates" his lectures. AmaZing I uS.rations-but though they raise a the fi d l'n the memory. Smce the medIcal matter IS xe h lectures started the class has increas.ed by elg t. There is no doubt that the med.lcal lectu.rer IS bl He is wanted most In the wmter, a pro em. f when his own work is heaviest, and he 0 ten comes loyally when one feels he ought to be at Fofme ., a well earned rest. In a place 0 ew enJoYing - 11 so doctors, the same one is in request annua y- , of course, is any well - known good lect urer.

For some reason, Headquarters will not allow men and women to study together. Yet they. do . d' 1 lIeges doctors and nurses workIng so In me Ica co , f toaether. First-aiders do not run away I a " b I, happens to belong to the opposite se.x. case 'd ther? Oulte Wh can't they learn first al toge. in our ow n hall a doctor IS lecturtng in one

room to men, and another doctor is lecturing to women in their room-both taking the same lecture-neither earning any fee. Why not comb i ne the two, particularly in small and villages, where it means a doctor givIng two nights?

If a class has no subsidy, it is difficult or impossible to offer any and a comes when the oraaniser's cheek falls at haVing to ask for set of lecturers. Yet the alternative is to hold too large a class, or loose recruits.

There is a way out of this difficulty that would be a boon to many organisers. This is the establishment of a laymen's panel of authorised by Headq uarters to take classes .wlth?ut a doctor. Naturally, the standard for qualtficatlon would have to be high, and a careful check in order that having passed once, a lect.urer dId not remain a lecturer till the end of hiS days, without perhaps ever studying new editions of the textbooks.

This is not a new idea. They have" Demonstrators" in Canada, whose never see a doctor. I believe they are re-exam tned .every two years, but I do not know any other particulars.

Why could not Headquarters prepare a similar scheme? A severe test on. theoretical and practical first aid (or home nu.rslng) would be necessary to ensure correct and then the d 'date should be required to gIve a demonstracan I , d' h tion lecture, which should be CritIcIse In.t e same way as trainers for the teaching profeSSIOn have their" Jessons" criticised. Such test would not be easy to pass, but should raIse the general standard of lecturers.

The number of demonstrators in each area could be limited and candidates could be only on the recommendation of the Chal.rman of the Centre or Brigade concerned. Stnce all candidates could not be expected totravel to London for the examination, three or fou: other centres could be established in places like Plymouth, Birmincrham and Liverpool.

Onbe has criticised medical lecturers, but one is fully aware that the doctor's task. is sometimes d harder by the fact that practical work has badly or wrongly taught by the layman.

Our best thanks are due to the many and nurses who do give US so freely of theIr knowledge and skill. We cannot, would not, do without them, but cannot we help them and ourselves, by developing a reserve force of laymen lecturers?

First Aid Treatment of Wounds Practice. *

In Civil

By ERNEST COWELL, 0.5.0., D.L., M.D., F.R.C.S., County Director, B.R.C.S., Surrey.

( Co nlhw ed frol1l page I 30 ).

S/wck. - Full advantage has not yet been taken of our knowled ge of traumatic shock. This knowledge was greatly increased b y observations made during the \t\Tar, and published by the \1edical R ese arch Committee.

Shock ma y be defined as "a condition of depressed vitality, resulting from an injury. where a fai I ure of circulation develops. The blood falls, the quantit y of circulating fluid diminishes, deficient intra-cellular oxygenation of th e tissures follows." If the blood pressure remains a t or below 80 m. for more than four hours de a th will re s ult, no matter how heroic tr ea tment carried out.

\Yhen the study of the ori g in and pathogenesIs of wound shock was begun in I917, it was soon that the cases f ell into two groups: ( 1) pnmar y ; ( 2) secondary. Primarv shock is rare, and is probably only seen in those' conditions w hi c h .a re al most im medi.atel y fat a l. Secondary s ho c k IS the com mon vanety. It develops only a definite interval has elapsed, and then only n the presence of certain factors. A study of factors us with the conception: secondary shock IS largely preventable."

An anti-shock campaign was instituted in France with most gratifyin g results. I have given a full account of these front line researches in an Arris and Gale Lecture (The Lancet, 1919) ; a read the Services Section, Royal SocIety of Medlcllle, published in the Royal Army M.edical Corps Journal, 1928; the "Medical Hlst?ry of the \,var," and other publications. StudIes of the of the fighting soldier made at POl11ts w?ere casualties were expected. Dlrectly.a man was hIt he was examined, various ob s ervatIOns made, and repeated at intervals in the next. few hours, .during his journey to the Clearing StatIOn. In thIS way it was found that shock did not always develop. A man with his Ie-a blown off was carefully observed. He had no shock for some hours. Then his pulse rate began to quicken and gas gangrene was found to be commencing in the stump.

Another man was wounded on Hill 70, a small bomb wound of neck and ankle. He got colder and colder, and was in a state of shock on arrival

* Reprinted by kind permission from Th e Medical Press and CIrcular.

E at the casualty clearing station four hours later. As he was warmed up again he recovered.

Abdominal wounds only become shocked as the effects of hcemorrhage and sepsis beaan to be felt. Pain alone will depress the blood I have made observations during an attack of renal colic, and noted that the pressure falls, only risin a again when the pain has stopped. From clinical observations we find the following may be present in the causation of shock' (1) Pain; (2) cold; (3) bleeding; (4) (toxic or bacterial).

Laboratory observations were also made giving valuable information, the chief of which that the quantity of circulating fluid is diminished in shock.

The wounded man was probably on a low water ration; he had been sweatin a as the result of exertion or pain. This tendenc/)to was. soon found to be definitely increased by a capillary leakage of serum, as well a s in most a loss of blood, due to a multiple capIllary OOZI ng or a large hcemorrhage. As a resul c, the circulati ng fl u id was fou nd to be COIlstantly diminishing as shock developed. The capillary stasis and dehydration of blood increased its viscosity, and thereby established a vicious circle. In shock the circulation demands fluid.

The old ideaof thesplanchnic pool is exploded.

Nerve Impulses.-Crile's nerve ideas, too have to go. While it is true that pain will a lowering of blood pressure, if steps are taken to cut off its effect on the sensorium by a suitable anodyne or ancesthetic, no shock result:.. The work of Bayliss and Cannon on the effects of the of crushed muscle products are Important. The clinical counterpart is seen when the surgeon removes the first-aid tourniq uet before he has applied his second one, in preparing to amputate a crushed limb. Violent shock may follow, and (he blood pressure undergoes a critical fall.

To Summarise. - Shock is nearly always preventable. The factors to coun teract are' Pai n . , , cold; bleeding; toxcemia (bacterial or tissue). If remove the cause; supply warmth and flUId.

The INVESTMENT ANGLE zn the purchase of an Ambulance

The purchaser of a private car will probably wish knowledge in this highly individual branch of for a change of model within a few years. The motor construction have enabled Austin to buyers of an ambulance, on the other hand, must produce vehicles which have proved insist on a vehicle which will render many years capable of a very high standard of exactmg servlce. of unfailing service. Their purchase must be an And this is continuously demanded by those investment. That is the reason why they set such authorities in whose districts work is the heaviest store by the enviable reputation enjoyed by the in the country. Illustrated literature will be sent range of Austin ambulances. Years of specialised on application from responsible persons.

THE AUSTIN STANDARD 20 H.P. 6-CYLINDER SPECIAL LOW-LOADING (as illustrated) £710. (Chassis, £385.) Private Saloon 20 h.p. Ambulance on special low-loading £785. (Chams, £385.) 16 h.p. 6-cylinder Ambulance, £462 lOs. (Chassis, £226.) Standard 12 h.p. 4-cylmder Ambulance, body and mterzor strmlar to 16 h.p. model, £426 lOs. (Chassis, £190.)

SPECIFICATION OF 20 H.P. MODEL: Length overall 17' 6 H width overaJI 5' 9/1. Interior 7' 11',. width 5' Lo w -loading body with framework of best English ash and oak ) all JOInts leaded. Alummwm panellmg. Engbsh leather. Air tunnel for regulated ventilation. Hydraulic shock absorbers front and rear. Engme (R.A.C. ratmg) 23.[ Eight-bearing crankshaft with vibration damper. Gearbox, four-:speed and reverse. IS-gall on petrol tank. 12-v olt e ectnc lighting and starting. Tnplex glass throughout.

THE AUSTIN MOTOR COMPANY LIMITED, BIRMINGHAM. SHOWROOMS: 479-483, OXFORD STREET, LONDON, W.l

FIRST-AID TREATMENT OF WOUNDS.

\Ve have already considered the question of the arrest of hcemorrhage and the pr.evention of shock. The third great disability, danger, or even death-causing factor, is sepsis. A first-aid class should be given careful instruction on bacteria, the effects of their presence in the system and also on nature's defence. In those cases where it is possible to move the patient rapidly to the care of a surgeon at hospital, nursing home, or at the patient's own house, it is not wise to waste time trying to disinfect the wound. Stop bleeding, cover the wound, and make the patient comfortable. The greater use of spli nts in flesh wounds is advisable; bleeding is better controlled by bandaging over a splint, and cut tendons, etc., undergo less displacement. A note on the state of any nerves that might be involved is useful to the surgeon later.

A member of a first-aid class must be taught that when the skin is cut, important structures underneath may be damaged. Where, however, it is not possible to provide expert surgical treatment immediately, some attempt must be made to limit infection. All surface wounds must be regarded as potientially infected. If there is a punctured wound, and any chance of earth contamination, then anti-tetanic serum must be in all cases. It should be made a routine practice to give A. T.S. in all street accidents, and the public should be educated to ask for it. If the wound involves muscle, and there is dirt infection, then in addition, the possibility of gas gangrene must be considered. In order to germs and dirt, etc., from the skin and surface of a wound I prefer to use soap, running water and scrupulous care, rather than iodine or any more fashionable antiseptic. A small surface wound can be made aseptic by soap and water. Any germs left in the wound will be eliminated if the tissue cells are healthy. Iodine makes a brave show, it hurts, and impresses the patient; but in order to kill bacteria it also has to kill cells. The tissue defel1ce is broken down, and sepsis is invited. Iodine irratates some patients most disastrously. It a coloured antiseptic must be used, acriflavine or picric solution will do but little harm. In a major case where deep tissues are involved, disinfection by antseptics is hopeless.

Where no surgeon can be found to operate and excise the wound, or if the patient's condition does not permit of interference, then the wound may be flushed by Eusol conducted only Carrol's tubes. This, however, is not to be regarded as a first-aid treatment.

Materz"als Suzlable for Ft'rst-Azd Dressings.-

Class instruction should include a list of materials from improvised dressings may be made. AttentIon has already been drawn to the motorists' first-aid dressing supplied by Messrs. Boots.

A I D. December, 1934.

Cases of dressings of various sizes may also be obtained from the British Red Cross Society, 14 Grosvenor Cresent, London, S. W.

First-aid workers at Scout or Guide Camps will find these outfits very useful. The use of the triangular bandage should be encouraged. It is quick, easy to apply, comfortable and efficient, and may be used again and again. Arrangements should always be made in the casualty department of a hospital to issue triangular bandages in exchange for those received with a patient. A wise attitude to adopt, is to regard all wounds as possibly serious, until proved to the contrary. The possibility of a small wound of the chest or abdomen having penetrated either cavity should al ways be entertained. Again, in an accident case, multiple injuries must not be overlooked. I have counted 150 seperate wounds on a soldier's body, made by a bomb. Only a few of these wounds were at all serious, but one was discovered, fortunately in time, to have perforated the rectum.

(To be concluded.)

Durham, Cleveland and Westmorland Districts Ambulance League.

Arrangemen"ts ha ve n o w been made for the annua comp e titions under the auspices of the abo ve Ambulan c e Leag-ue, of whi c h Mr. T. Greenland Davies, H.:\1. Insp e ctor of Mine s , is Chairman, and Mr. George W a tkin of Park View, Murton, Co. Durham, is Secretary.

The League, which has gathered remarkable successes each year, the object being to foster interest in ambulance work, and each y e a r the competitions have attracted over 60 entries. The Committee are now anxious that general interest should be aroused in the work of first aid, and that the large number of teams that competed should be furth e r increased. They appeal for the co-operation of all workmen and officials to use their influence to assist in the organisation of classes and to g et te a ms t o enter.

The following dates have been arranged :- " Donald Bain" Di visional Competition s, January 26th, 1935 ; " Elizabeth Bain" Divisional Competitions, Fe b ruary 9th, 1935 Finals at Durham, on Saturday, February 23rd, 1935. All men engaged in mines and quarries in Durham, Cleveland and Westmorland are elegible to compete. Entries should be sent to the Secre tary not later than January 5th, 1935.

The" Donald Bain " Shield is for senior teams composed of five men, but no team shall contain more than one member who has been a member of a team winning the Shfeld previously.

The" Elizabeth Bain" Shield is for junior teams composed of five men who have not previously competed in any of the senior competitions, they can compete three years in the junior section and are allowed one man who has competed in, but never won, the" Donald Bain " Shield. No team or member of any team can compete for both senior and junior competitions in the same year.

December,

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Queries and Ansvvers to Correspondents.

Queries will be dealt with under the following.rules:-Letters containing Queri::s must be marked on the top left hand corner of tbe envelope" Query," and addcessed-FIRsT A D 46, CannoD·street, London, E.C.4·

2 -All Queries must be accompanied by a "Query Coupon" cut from the current issue 01 the J nurnal, or, in case of Queries from abroad, from a recent issue.

3. - Th2 Textbook, to which refe! ence may be made ill this colomn is the 38th (1928) Edition of S.J.A.A. M3nual of First Aid.

TREAnlENT OF FRACT[JRED LEG.

D. L. (LC'eds)-\Ve would be g-ratefu for yo ur ruling on the following- point, upon which we do not feel that the Textbook (p. 77) is explicit. If we had to treat a patient for Simple Fracture of Leg-, and if there were more t h an one person a\'ailable but only one splint, please say if we should apply the bandages A, Band C round sp lint and fractured leg or round splint and both legs, as in the case when s in g le handed.

If more than one person are available, then to one of lhem can be allotted the task of carry in g out Rules 1 and 2 o n p. 76. Consequently, I deem it advisable in such circumstances to pass the bandages round spl int and fractured leg, and then to tie limb to limb.-N. CORBET FLETCIIER.

E,\:Ai\UNATION IlOWLER.

D. S. (East London) - In a recent examination one of my members was asked to state "vhat was the first thing to do if he were ca ll ed to render urst aid to a patient found l ying unconscious in a gas laden room. To my utter consternation, he replied-" I would ll/[lzt a 7J1atcll!" and he was much surprised when the exami ning surgeon ble\\' him up for an absu rd answer.

Good! Next please! !- ;-.J. C. F.

TImATlIIEl'\T OF FRACT[JRE!) ARl\1.

J. J. (ManchestC'r) - We have recently been discussin o if having no splint for the treatment of Simple of Arm (middle of shaft), We ought to place the patient's forearm in a small -arm sling first - as we are told to do splints are a\·ailable.

Placing the .wrist in a small-arm s lin g is the first step towards controll!ng the Fractured Arm; and this should be done forthwith, whether splints are available or not.-N. C. F.

AID. December, 193 4 .

ence to the possibility of feigned Epileptic attacks? At my lectures I always point out that such fits are somelimes acted and acted very cleverly by people out to collect a cro\vd and to excite sympathy.

The tJ ick with reference to a feigned Epileptic attack has been tried before in competitions (not by me !) and has given profound dissatisfaction. Further, as you rightly point out in your letter, such a condition is not named in the Textbook and it is, therefore, ruled out of any competition conducted on the Textbook.

Consequently, I should label it as an unfair test for competition purposE's, althoug'h I agree that it is right to mention feigned Epilepsy in our leclures. At the same time how often do we meet with such cases in actual practice?

I at least cannot remember a single one wilhin my personal experience.-N. C. F.

TREATl\IENT OF SPRAH\'ED ANKLE.

E. S. (Enfield) - Your valuable opinion would be appreciated to clear up a question which cropped up at a recpnt practice.

In the treatment for a Spraim d Ankle indoors or upon reaching shelter, do the instructions of the Textbook (p. 84) - " treat as above "-mean that we are to put limb in most comfortable position and apply ice or cold water dressings, &c. 01' that we are to bandage firmly and wet bandage after its application?

Your urst suggestion is the correct one, because the joints sW'ell rapidly and mark e dly after injury. Indeed, if you removed out of doors the boot of a patient suffering from Sprained Ankle, you would quickly find the joint so swollen that replacement of the boot would be utterly impossible. Hence, in these cases the Textbook tells you to bandage the ankle in the boot and not to remov e the boot.-N. C. F.

TREATMENT OF INFA.NT1LE CONVULSIOl\'S.

W. R. (York)-l was interested in the query" The Treatment of Infantile Convulsions," pu blished in the November issue of FIRST AID. Tbis week our M.O. lecturing on this subject said" Don't necessarily wait to undress the baby, if there s someone to prepare the bath remove what clothes you can i but it is more essential to get the baby in the bath in its clothes than to undress it." As I committed the howler of putting the baby in the bath in its clothes four years ago at the Perrott Shield Competition, I was intrigued to hear of others doing- the same!

Why is it ex pedient to delay the emergency treatment until the child is undressed in convulsions and not in Burns and Scalds? Is the possibility of air getting to the injured surface in the latt e r much more serious than with convulsions?

By the way one horrol' of the celluloid doll is that /he W1'tfclt floats ,I !

Doctors will differ! Your M.O. advocates plunging the infant, clothes and all, into a warm bath, an action which in the N ovem ber issue I described as " absurd " and the Tex tbook refuses to arbitrate between us ! !

FEIGNED El>ILEPSY IN CO;\II'ETITlON.

D. S. (.S?uthern am venturing to write for your opinIon about sett111g a fei£;ned ep ileptic attack as a test in compet ilion. My idea is that the teams should be to a patient who is suffe ring from thi<; feigned condilion and from other comp lic at ion s .

D o you conside r that this would be a fair test remembering that in the Textbook there is no

To me, the warm bath is not a specific rernedy. Indeec', I consider that it is only of use in those cases in which a rist;! of temperature is the active cause of the convulsion, and a lso that a bath can only produce its effects if the water is brought into direct contact with the skin. So why saturate the clothes which will have to be dried before they can be used again? On. the other hand, with Burns and Scalds the exclusion of air is a po s itive instruction of the Textbook.

In short, if I all1 judging such a lest and you are a competitor, remember to disrobe the infant !-N. C. F

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HUMOUR IN FIRST Am.

]. F. (Bermuda).- \tVhil e the members of our Division were discussing points in first aid some little time ag-("I, the question arose as to whether we should give up part of our time to theol-Y or continue to devote the whole time to practical work: One member caused much amusement when in all innocence he replied; "[ ?'athe?' like lite theological side offirst aid." The roar of laug-hter which greeted this remark quickly convinced the fellow that he had bl u ndered.

Good! Next, please! !-N.C.F.

TRANSPORT OF PATIENT.

j. P. (HuIl).-Once again I wish to trespass on your time and knowledge. So please tell me what is the correct position of the Bearers when under stretcher exercise No.1 they have to lift a patient s'lffering from Complicated Fracture of Hip, Compound Fracture of Humerus and Simple Fracture of Clavicle (all injuries being on the rig-ht side).

The Textbook gi"es no sug-gestion of the need to alter the position of the Bearers in the circumstances named; and neither do I see any reason for such alteration. -N. C. F.

TIIANKS TO THE DOCTOR.

L.D. (Wick, Caithness).-Please accept my very cordial thanks for your kind and most helpful answers to my queries published in the Novemher issue of FIRST AID. The Queries and A-nswers are the most interesting and helpful parts of the Journal. At least, I find this so; and I cut them out and paste them as i Isets in my copy of the Textbook.

Your kind letter is much appreciated. -01. C. F.

TREATMENT OF FRACTURED FEMUR AND ANKLE.

T. T. (Bristol )-A few weeks ago, a mem ber of our Corps was called to a Road I\.ccident in which the patient had received a Fracture of Femur (with 3t-ins. of shortening) and a Fracture of Ankle. Both injuries were simple fractures and on the same side. Thinking that an attempt at extension in the ordinary way would comp licate the ankle injury, he applied 2 long splint and proceeded to treat as for a Com round Fracture. Since textbooks appear to be silent as to this particular injury I undertak.en the most interesting job of getting opinions from skdled and professional authorities.

i\1ust .of these agree with the treatment adopted; but one Officer, who does not, suggests attempting an extension from tlze knee, fixing it then to its fellow, before proceeding to " fix up" the injury in the usual way. 1 am making- use of your most helpful Correspondence Service in obtaining yet one more opinion on this interesting problem.

Your report is a trifle vague, because you do not specify which bone in the ankle was fractured. Nevertheless 1 consider that your colleague was wise when he decided in the circumstances not to attempt extension, which is not as simple an oreration as some first·aiders imagine. Indeed the extension of a fractured femur may only be possible when the patient is deeply anaesthised . Further, first a id is not concerned with the actu3.1 treatment cf fractures an d only seeks to prevent aggravat ion of injury.-N.C. F.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.

G. H. (Sheffield)-As a fi rst year st ud e nt I am much interested in FIR ST AID, in the A u gust is s u e of which (on p. 40) there are a numb er of questions. Th ese I haye tried to ans w er in my own words and sen d h erew ith. 1 ask if you will kindly lo ok thro u gh them and see if they are correct. I think that it would be very int e r esting if you would put in eac h issue of FIRST All) a li st of questions which sho uld be answered by post.

Your answers to the queries a r ein every ·"vay satisfacto ry; and you are wise to a d opt this method in yo u r efforts to increase yo ur knowledge of first aid. Unfortunately, however, yo ur s u ggest ion , that questions s h ou ld be published in the co lumn s of FIRST AID, has been tried in bye-gone years and failed for lack of s u pport.-N .C. F.

EXPOSURE OF SIi\IPLE FRACTURE.

W. R. (York)- In this year's Perrott Shield Competition in the team test there is one mark given for expos in g a Simple Fracture of Patella. What is the reason for exposing the fracture if there is no wound? thought that the trouser eg would (a) act as additional padding and (b) keep the limb warm while the cold compress would wet the trouser knee and the bandage round the knee thus keeping- it in close contact with the injured part. I shou ld like to know the points ag-ainst this method. It is very fascinating to find the different methods examiners desire in comretitions and is a great means of learning.

Unfortunately, I have not before me a copy of the detailed marking sheet under discussion; and I cannot look it up to discover the reason for exposing- a simple fracture. Of course, facts being as you state, it would be an erro r to expose the part; but I do not love that "vet bandag-e appl ied over the tro u ser.-N.C. F.

HU.\!OUR IN FII<::,r AlD.

C. W. (Halesworth).-I should like to express myappreciation of the valuable help received each month from your Answers to Queries.

am always amused at the "Examination Howler" and the" Humour in First Aid." I wonder it the following would come under the latter head :-

During the war when I was an instructor in the R.A.M.C., a class had been having a lecture on the skeleton. At the close of the lecture, I asked a man "'vVhat is the patella?" and like a shot he replied" A thing that dri\'es a steamship."

Good! ext, please! !- N.C. F.

BRIGADE FINAL MARKING SlIEETS.

]. W. (Wales). - Would you kindly let me know it detailed marking sheets are sent to each team competing- in the Brigade Finals.

We understand that the team's marking sheet, as used by the judges, is forwarded to each team in the final of the " Dewar" a nd " Perrott" competitions.-EDITOR.

RAILWAY EFFICIE·.JCY MEDALS ON UNIFORM

N. E. R. (Doncasler).-At a recent Brigade inspection noticed two members wearing- on right breast the L. N. E. R. 15 years' first aid efficiency medal and the L. M.S. R. medal. 'vVill you please let me know if this is allowed according to Regulations when medals a r e worn.

Tbe Serv ce Medal g ranted by a R ai l Nay Company may he worn on the right breast in Brigade uniform provided that such service medal is for n ot ess than 10 years' serv ice.-EDITOR.

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NOTICE TO READERS.

FIRST AID is published on the 20th of each month. The Annual Subscription is 35. 6d. post free; single copies 3d. Its aim and object being the advancement of Ambulance Work in all its branches, the Editor invites Readers to send ArtIcles and Reports on subjects pertaining to the Movement and also welcomes suggestions for Practical Papers. All Reports, &c., should be addressed to the Editor at the address below, and should reach him before the 12th of each month, and must be accompanied (not necessarily tor fJublication) by the name and address of the Correspundent. Subscriptions, Advertisements and other business Communications connected with FIRST AID bhould be forwarded to the Publishers, DALE, REYNOLDS & CO., LTD., 46, CANNON STREKT, LONDON, E.C.4· 7 eleg.aphic Address-" Twenty-four, London."

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AMBULANC E "\i\TORK OTHER

IN this issue we publish an article on Mountain "\Vork undertaken by members of a St. John Division in the of England. To thOSE who live and work in cities this will illustrate how their brother first ailers, residing in country surroundings, are called upon to render aid to the injured. It may be , somewhat hard to realise that the ambulance man includes in his duties a search for the injured. In the cities the first aider is just called to the case, perhaps a hundred yards away, or he may be on the spot doing public duty. What, we wonder, would he say if he were asked to search for a probable case some miles from his post. And yet this is what actually happens to his colleagues who live in the mountain districts. There are, no doubt, other districts in which the first aider's job is of a somewhat different nature to that usually accepted to be the duty of an ambulance man. Therefore we invite readers to let us have particulars of such work, so that first aiders in other parts can learn of the diversity of work carried out by his brethren. Especially do we extend this invitation to our readers abroad. To them, without a doubt, falls first aid work which we at Home cannot realise. By this means will first aiders throughout the world be brought in touch with each other and be able to study the difficulties which beset them.

"\i\TE wish to thank those readers THANKS. who sent Seasonal Greetings. I t is not possible to answer each one separately, but we assure them their words of encouragement were greatly appreciated.

First Aid Treatment of Wound s Practice. *

In Ci vil

By ERNEST COWELL, D.S.O., D.L., M.D., F.R.C.S., County Director, B.R.C.S., Surrey .

(Concluded f1'017Z page T58.)

Summary oj Fz'rst-Atd Treatment jor l/Vo'ltnds. - Stop bleeding, prevent shock, apply dressings and splin ts if possible, and evacuate to the care of a surgeon. Do not waste time disinfecting the wound before evacuation.

FIRST-AID TREATMENT OF FRACTURES.

I do not propose to enter into detailed discussion of this subject. First-aid classes should be encouraged to acquire an elementary anatomical knowledge of the chief bones of the body. I have found, too, the demonstration of radiograms t.::sefu!. The public requires educating on the need for an accurate diagnosis in injuries of the bones. Io " sprain" diagnosis should be accepted wit.hout an X-ray examination. If the casualty is not going to hospital, the first-aid worker should certainly advise the patient to call in the family doctor, and tell him they have no objection to being X-rayed. The possibility of multiple fractures, too, must not be forgotten. Pay attention to the patient's symptons and examine all parts of the body carefully.

It used to be said that a medical student who knew" typhoid" knew enough to pass his examination in medicine. Thus it may be said of the Thomas's "Splint Drill , (published in the " Royal Army Medical Corps Training :Vlanula," "The First-Aid l\lanuals of St. John and the B.R.C.S.," etc.) that a man who knows this drill and its principles, can splint any fracture.

C07npoztnd Fractzwes.- The remarks already ma?e on wounds again apply; Stop bleeding; spllllt, dress and evacuate. Do not waste time in trying to clean up the wound or reduce the deformity. That is the surgeon's job in the operating theatre. If yeu carry out this ad vice, shock will not develop. Anti-tetanic serum should be given as a routine. I t is practically a first-aid measure.

FIRST-AID IN ACCIDENTS INVOLVING THE NERVOUS SYSTE:\1.

Head InJurzes.-In all head IllJuries where there is the slightest disturbance of consciousness loss of mem ory or other cerebral symptoms, first-aid treatment is not complete unless it includes *

sending the casualty to bed under expert medical sur::ervision. The skull may be X-rayed later. If scalp wounds exist, a simple method of bringing about apposition of the edges consists in tying together strands of hair taken from opposite sides oCthe wound. I believe this is sometimes known as the" Dublin" method. I have often used the method in scalp wounds of both sexes. In cases of obvious fractured skull, the chief first-aid treatment consists in prevention of shock, and rapid evacuation to hospital. Occasionally a life may be saved by performance of artificial respiration, in a case of compression of the brain, until operative interference can be under undertaken.

InJuries to Spz'nal Column.--It is possible for a patient to sustain several varieties of bony injury to the spine as the result of injury without involvement of the cord. In children and young people various types of dislocation of the neck may occu r. If these conditions are suspected, treat with the greatest of caution, and evacuate to hospital on a stretcher immediately, immobolising the part between sandbags or pillows.

In the lower dorsal and lumbar regions, crush fractures easily escape detection, especially in cases of multiple injury. A bruised back must be X-rayed. This advice IS part of the first-aid treatment.

,!Vhere the spinal cord is involved, stretcher transport to hospital must be arranged. In the London docks, where this type of accident is not uncommon, it is found the men travel best lying prone, £.e., face downwards. In anv case the greatest care must be taken in moving s uch cases for fear of producing further damage to the cord.

FIRST-AID TREATMENT OF PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURIES.

This su bject is not discussed in the text · books, and is probably too advanced for the layman From the surgeon's point of view an intelligent note enabling the diagnosis of a peri pheral nerve lesion to be made before operation, is most valuable; and remember that more than one nerve may be injured. This diagnosis is, therefore, very important. In evacuating such a patient, sp l int the part, and advise him strongly to submit to operation.

In 1931, an air mechanic was hit by a

January, 1935. FIR S T

peller, which almost severed his left arm. The humerus eventually united well, but no one noticed at the time that the musculo-spinal and median nerves were damaged. A year later the musculospinal was sutured, and function is now being restored. A nerve may be concussed or contused, causing ancesthesia or paralysis. It is better for the surgeon to find an intact nerve than miss a cut nerve which should have been sutured.

FIRST-AID TREATMENT OF BURNS.

Philip Mitchener discussed the tannic-acid treatment of burns in a Hunterian lecture in 1933, and I wrote a full account of the first-aid treatment in the Red Cross Revz"ew of July of the same year.

A new idea is never adopted readily by the medical profession, in this country at any rate. However, the tan n ic treatment of burns by the compress method must certainly be considered. The results are extraordinarily good. The mortality is reduced, time of healing diminished, and the daily painful dressing eliminated. Scarring and deformities are largely done away with.

The solution must be freshly made. Iitchener has been working with a tablet, but I have found a more satisfactory method is to use a powder of such strength that when dissolved in two ounces of warm water, a 2 per cent. tannicacid solution is made in a 1 in 2,000 solution of mercuric chloride. This is exactly absorbed by an eight-inch square of lint. The soaked lint is appl ied fourfold, and kept on with a bandage. This is sufficient treatment for a small burn. The dressing is ready to come off in two or three weeks, and the surface has healed. 111 more severe cases the surgeon will carry out this treatment under some form of ancesthetic in hospital, carefully securing surgical cleanliness of the parts first. In these cases a preliminary first-:aid tannic compress is a great help. The powders referred to above are made by l\lessrs. Allen & Hanburys, and sold 111 a special first-aid outfit for burns.

METHODS OF EVACUATION OF CASUALTIES.

In most parts of this country a good motor ambulance can usually be obtained. Occasionally it is not even possible to wait for an ambulance, and the doctor should be prepared to use his own car. Most casualties can be carried sitting, or half sitting, in a saloon car. A little practice in loading such a patient should be undertaken from ti me to time. Recently an internal hcemorrhage case was rushed off to hospital in my own car in this way. The delay caused by another half-an-hour's wait for the ambulance would probably have proved fatal.

For the country doctor who lives ten miles or more away from an ambulance, may I suggest the am bulance carrier made by Messrs. Trojan, Ltd., of Croydon, Surrey. This constists of a simple

A 10. 167

contrivance made to fit on to any standard four / five seated car in a few minutes as required. Two stretchers under cover can be carried in this way in safety and comfo.rt. The apparatus is easily dismantled, and stands in a corner of the garage until wanted again. A description of this apparatus was published in the B,-£tish ll£ed£cal Journal in 193 2 Numerous other methods of evacuating casualties exist, from cycle-stretchers of the Scouts, to air ambulances of the Red Cross. However, space forbids more to be said.

I n conclusion, I wish to thank the Editorial Staff for their courtesy in asking me to write these articles on first-aid.

First-aid is a fascinating subject; there is always something fresh to learn, and the pleasure of organising and teaching fresh classes, once experienced, will never be forgotten.

Ambulance News Cuttings from the Press.

Tbe Editor invites Readers to send newspaper cuttings on matter of general interest for inclu sion in this column.

KECK BROKEN AT TEN"'IS.

Sidney Edward Clothier (aet 25) of Bromley, is lying in Guy's Hospital in a critical condition, having broken his neck while playing tennis

He was taking part in a game on a court at the back of the fire station, \yhen he jumped up to playa ball, jerked his neck, and collapsed on the court.-Daily Express.

A LU CKY ESCAPE .\ Post Office telephone engineer had a remarkable escape from serious injury recently. \Vbile he at the top of a pole repairing a lin e at Ash, near SandWIch, the pole snapped.

He was strapped to it, and, of course, fell to the ground \o\'ith it. He was picked up unconscious and to hospital, where he ,vas treated for shock a nd brulses.11Io7'lling Post.

F AT \L GAS-POISONING.

An acred woman and h er daughter were found gassed at their in pratt Hall-road, \V anstead. who was 85, " 'as dead. Her daughter, aged -1-;" In a critical condition, and is in \Vhipp s Cross

Both were found lying on their when a neighbour forced an entrance to a front room upstaIrs, because he.heard their pet dog' barking during the day an.d that It ,\"as n ever left unaLtended. else lived In th.e house. Gas wa s escaping from a ring. A sa u cepan had boded over, put out the Dame, and this caused the room to become f ull of gas.-E'vcllillg- Standard.

Does your colleague read FIRST AID, if not, send us his address and we will post him a copy.

The XVth I nternational Red Cross Confet"ence.

SATURDAY, October 20th, 1934, counts henceforth as one of the important dates in the history of the Red Cross movement, for it marked the . opening in Tokyo of the XVth International Red Cross Conference-the first ever held in the Far East. Although the great majority of the delegates had to cross the world in order to be present at the Conference, the Tokyo Conference was one of the best attended on record. No fewer than 252 delegates were present, representing 57 nations.

The Conference was opened by Prince Iyesato Tokugawa, President of the Red Cross Society of Japan; the Hon. John Barton Payne, Chairman of the Board of Governors of the League of Red Cross Societies, and I'd. de Planta, member of the International Red Cross Committee, addressed messages to listeners-in of the United States and Japan, outlining the programme of the Conference and expressing the confidence of all the delegates in the success of its labours. These messages were repeated by the same speakers at 6 p. m. to European listeners-in.

At the first meeting, Prince Tokugawa was elected President of the Conference.

The reports presented by the two international Red Cross organizations (the International Committee and the League) on their activities during the past four years and on their future action were approved by the Conference, which expressed its gratitude to the International Red Cross Committee for the initiative taken for the protection of civilian populations against chemical and aerial warfare. The Conference further expressed the wish that every country signatory to the Geneva Convention would ratify the Geneva protocol of June 16th, 1923, concerning the prohibition of the the use of poison gases and bacteriological virus as weapons of war.

The Conference modified the regulations with regard to the presentation of the Florence I ightingale Medal, which is intended for traine d nurses and voluntary aids who are duly enrolled by the Red Cross and who h<tve distinguished themselves in an exceptional manner by their great devotion to the sick or wounded in wartime or during a national catastrophe. The Conference also recommended the co -operation of trained during national catastrophes, and the an. effective system of recruiting and rapid mobl!Jsatlon of trained nurses and vo luntary aids.

The constitution of the International Relief Union, whose existence is due to the tireless efforts of Senator Giovanni Ciraolo was greeted by the cordial approval of the who also

approved of the arrangements made by the International Red Cross Committee and the League with regard to the duties to be undertaken by them on behalf of the Union.

Resol utions were passed endorsing the policy and action adopted wi th regard to the study of medical stores, private information secretariats, air ambulance services and highway first aid.

The development of the Junior Red Cross throughout the world was also the subject of various resol utions, special approval being expressed with regard to the moral and spiritual activities of the Juniors and the high ideal which inspires them in seeking better international understanding among children of the world.

The Permanent Commission, whose duty it is to prepare international conferences and to settle any difficulties which may arise within the International Red Cross, is com posed, for the period 1934-38, of the following members: H. E. Prince Tokugawa (Japan), H. E. General Ricardo Burguete y Lana (Spain), Dr. Alvaro Carlos Tourinho (Brazil), the Hon. Sir Arthur Stanley (Great Britain), and Dr. Refik Bey (Turkey) Madrid has been chosen as the scene of the XVIth International Conference, which will be held in 1938, according to the statutes of the International Red Cross.

Before the XVth I nternational Red Cross Conference broke up, it expressed its warm and sincere gratitude to the Red Cross of Japan which, as host, had done so much to ensure the success of the Conference. The cordiality with which the delegates were received by the leaders of the Red Cross of J apan and by Japanese citizens in other walks of life will remain indelibly impressed on the minds of all who were privileged to attend the Conference.

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The St. 10ltn Ambulance Brigade Dzstj/zct Reports.

No. I (Prince of Wales's) District.

Th e following- Distri ct competitions will take p1a.ce at District Heaclq uar ters :-

" M a cRae" (Cadets), Saturday, February 2nd.

CI Sleath Gent" (Preliminary), Saturday, February 9th.

CI Nursing Bowl" (Preliminary), Saturday, February 16th.

" Slcath Gent" (Final), Saturday, February 23rd.

(( Nursing Bowl" (Final) Saturday, March 2nd.

" Osborne JJ (Individual Practical), Saturday, 1\larch 16th.

" Massey JJ (Individual Practical and V iva Voce), Saturday, March 23rd.

" MacFadden JJ (Individual Practical and Viva Voce), Saturday, Mar·ch 30th.

The District final competitions will take place 011 Saturday, April 6th, at the Northampton In stitute, Clerkenwell.

HAGGERSTO .-A ve ry enjoyable concert was held by the No.2 (Haggerston) Diyision on Monday, December 10th last at Divisional H eadquarter,:>

The mayor of Shoreditch presided and during an interval presented awards gained by members at the recent re-examination; he a so praised the work of the Brigade.

Dr. N. Corbet Fletcher, Asst. Surgeon-in-Chief, poke in app r eciation of the work of the Haggerston Division.

Numerous visitors present included Dr. K. F. Lund (Ass t. Commissioner) and District Officer T. 1\lcBride.

SOUTIIALL.-A very enjoyallie e\·ening· was spent on Saturday, Decemher 8th, 193-+, by members and friends of the Heston Section, at a dance held in the Assembly Hall of the Heston Senior Schools.

The hall was decorated with flags, etc., by the entertainment committee, under the supervision of Corpl. CoUon. The distribution of fancy caps and other novelti es added to the merr1ment of the evening. Many old-time danee tunes were rendered by the band und er the direction of Mr. George Gilbert.

Supt. J. E. Taylor, in the absence of :Mr. A. J. Gilbert, carried o ut the duties of :\1.C

Spot dance and other prizes were presented during the eve nin g; Mr. Robins on, the winner of one prize, hand ed his back for a special prize and also gave a uonation io\yards the S ectio n's fund.

W ALTlIAMSTOW.- The .r Crooked Billet," Ching ford Road, was the rendezvous for members of the Walth at11stow District Corps on December 8th) when the eighth annual dinner took place Corps Supt. Vv. W. Perriton pre ided oyer a good attendance of officers and members together with their friends.

Di st rict Offic e r C J. Fitch proposed the toa t of " the Corps," to which Corps Officer Stemp replied /\. dance followed the dinner, interspersed with musical items.

No. II. District.

Box.-The annual inspection of thc Box Division was h eld on Wednesday, December 12th, in the Bingham Hall, by the County Commissioner. Twenty members were on parade under Div. Supt. Pepler. After inspecting the ranks and watching practical work, including Artificial Respiration, the Commissioner complimented the men on their turnout and efficiency. He also presented the awards of the last examination, these being 4 labels, 5 medallions and 6 youchers.

No. III. District.

ninth annual children's party of the Birmingham N.CO .'s Club, was held an Saturday, January 5th, when 170 guests were present.

Among the visitors \ycre the County Commis ioner, Capt. Henton vVhite, l\l.D., accompanied by Mrs. and i\liss White, CoL J. B. T. Ford, Asst. Commissioner, and Mrs. Ford, and Lady Corps Supt. )'lrs. O. Lee, J.P. An apology for absence was received from Lady District Officer Mrs. A. F. Porter, 1\I.B.E.

Full justice was done to a dainty tea prepared by the Headquarters Kitchen Staff and N.CO.'s wives. After tea the chairman, Sergt.-:\lajor Drew) welcomed the visitors and spoke of the hard work done by the hon. secretary, Sergt. Lowe, and the committee to make the party a success.

Capt. H enton vVbite expressed his pleasure at being present once again and hoped that the children present would follow in their parents' footstens and join the Brigade when of age Games and competitions followed, Sergt. Hooper acting as :\1.c. /\. pleasing item \"as the singing and dancing of Joy 1\lorris, jLl\'cnilc entertainer. .

Shrieks of delight greeted the anpearance of Santa Claus (Sergt.-I\Iajor Drew) who presented each little guest \yith a present and a bag of fruit and chocolates.

NORTILVllPTOX.-The annual dinner of the Headquarters Div1sion Northampton Corps was helel on Thursday, December 6th

Always a very happy fUl1ctlOn, thls occaSlOn ,vas no exception to the rule. The chair \\'as occupied by the Diyisional Surgeon, Dr. Eric Shaw, and among the guests \vere the Counly Commissioner. Dr. L. \ \T. Dryland; the Mayor of r orthampton, Alderman Albert Burrows; County Surgeon Dr. H. F. Percn al, O.B.E.; :\lr. Frank Adnitt; l\Ir. A. H. Rice: i\1r. H. Wilkinson: :\1r. H. St. rohn \V ood, F.S.S.A.: I\Ir. R. Summers; Supt. Afford, representing the Chief Con tahle; and DIY. Supt. Jones (VV Officerscedon). of the Corps pre ent were Corps Supt. \\T. E. Edwards, 1\I.B.E., Supt. A. Lloyd; Amb. \V J. Ricks and C Pitkin; Cadet Officer F. T. \\hlt111g and Sergt.-1\lajor IIines.".

..,

A yery excellent Chnstmas D1I1ner :yas seryed b} 1\1r. Valentine and after the Loyal Toast. gwen from the chair 1\1r. Frank Adnitt As t. Commissioner on the reti r ed' lis t, propo eel " The' Division ,. in yery complimentary terms. l\1r. Adl1ltt, who \:-as at one tIme Superintendent of the Division, recalled hIS early days as

.

a recruit \\·hen he \\ as placed under the care of ergt. (now Superintendent) Lloyd for instruction in stre'che.r drill. These rCl1lini cences caused considerable ITernll1ellt. Supt. Lloyd re ponded.

The toast of The Coun ty Staff," auly proposed h.\ Corps Supt. Ecl\\-arcl \\"a. responded to by the Commisioner, \\'ho, in the course of his remarks, mentIOned that next year's inspection of the \"arious Corps in County would be at Peterhoroug!l, and that he hoped 111 connection therc,,-ith to arrange a er\"ice ill the Cathedral.

r'The Visitors" \\";s proposed by the chairman, the and each of the gl1ests replying- in brief and happy manner.

"The Chairman," proposed by Amb. Ofncer \Y. J. Ricks was recei\ ed with l1lusical hOI.ours and Dr. Shaw feel ing'ly replied.

An Clljoyable mu:,ical progra1lll1le " ·;.s presented and Cln<.:cdotes in hy the yarious sIJeakers madTe up a \"ery merry brought Lo a close by the National Anthcm.

No. IV. District . CIIES! II R

XORTllWICK.-On the c\'ening- of Boxing- Day a carniyal dance was held at the Baths Hall and \Vas organised by the Diyision. A \"Cry successful event it proyed, with Corpl. 1. Hough acting' as 11rs. Darlington , the President, donated the pnz<.: for the various dances and also the giits to the successful dancers.

On Thursday, January 3rd, the Cadet Di\"isioll held its first annual social. Games \\"ere the chief item of the evening followed by an excellent supper. The e\'ent was organised by an energetic house cOlllmittee, which consists of Brigade and non-Brigade members.

Each Saturday the divisions hold a whist driye at the Diyisional Headquarters which are greatly appreciated by the patrons of the Brigade. Als') the funds of thc Divisions are greatly assisted by the e functions.

LAt\C.\SlllRE.

LIVERPOOL.- The Officers of the LiYerpool Corps held their annual dinner at Brigade Headquarters Eighty Officers and their ladies attended, the function being prcsided oyer hy Col. D. e. Leyland Orton, T.D., the Corps Superintendent.

The rapid growth of the movement in Linrpool and the responsibilities of the Brigade membcrs) were points stre sed by the speakers.

After the Loyal Toast had been giYcn by the chairman, Corps Officer T. Garrity proposed the "St. J Ohl1 Ambulance Association." Dr. W. l\Iurray Cairns (Chairman of the Liverpool Centre, S J.A.A.,), replying, said that the membership of the Association had led to the formation of lasting friendships based on best of all possible foundation, that of sen ic e to humanity.

Alderman :i\Iaj or J. G. Paris, proposing the toast ., St. John Ambulance Brigade," cOlweyed the thanks of thc Lord :i\Iayor of Liverpool to all officers and members of the Liverpool Corps for the valuable work they did all the occasion of the King's visit.

District Officer Col. G. e. E. Simpson, O.RE., T.n., F R.e.S., in responsc said that a first aid senicc \\"a" essential to the community and it must remain a volunta ry

The Brigade appreciated the sympathy amI o'oocl\\Ill shown by the Civic Authorities

Commissioner y\, G. Smith, O.B.E. said th e Li\ 'crpool Corps had grown ninefold during the past ten years and was now the largest Corps of the Brigade. One a [ the dangers attendant upon this rapid growth was that

they had a fairly large number of peop l e \\"ho were COlllparatively inexperienced. He appealed to all officer to makc all membcrs fully acquainted with thc standards Clnd the ideals of the Brigade.

The" Ambulance DiVIsion and Cadets" w as p r oposed by Corps Officer 'vV. E. Searl (Corps secretary). The fir. t Ambulance Diyision, he said) was formed in 1902, hut it wa s not until 1922 that the Li\'Crpool Ambulance Di"isions commenced to increase in numbers. The first cadet Diyisioll ,,-as formed in 1925 under his care and in that year they \\"ere successful in winning the Li \'erpool Boys' Cluh Cup.

Supt. F. \Villiams responded in a few well-chose11 remarks, ClS did Lady Supt. Miss E. A. Craig, who reponded to the toast of the " - ursing Divisions and Cadets" "\\"hich \\"as proposed by Lady Corps Supt. Dr. Joyce.

Corps Officer R. L. Gulliver (Corps treasurer) ga\'c the toast of Visitors and Artistes " whilst Corps Officer e. S. Costigan, 1\I.B.E. (Corps Inspector of Stores). thanked the chairman for presiding.

The LiYerpool orth Ambulance Division recenth held a celebration social and presel1tation of prizes at Lynwood Hall, \VaIton. COllncillor e. R. Clare, HOIl. Di\". President, presided oyer a gathering of about 170 members ane! friends and welcomed the Commissioner (\Y. G. mith, E q.. O.B.E.,)) Mrs. Ross (President. X uring Division ) and Corps Secretary Searl and l\Irs. Searl.

Before presenting the prizes ill connection with the Dra\\", which \\'a made as a Road First Aid Appeal. the chairman announced that the total receipts from the dra\\" \\"ere £45 4s. lId. ) with a net profit of £42 19s. 7d. With clonations the fund stood at £53. H e was pleased to disclose a secret which Supt. J. Tahern acle had kept for some time regarding a \"ery generous offer by Mrs . Ross a nd her family to defray th e cost of the Road Hut, which he gratefully accepteci on behalf of the Diyision. The chairman spoke in glo\\ing terms of the lat e Dr. J. Ross a nd he was pleased to learn that his son, Dr. J. A Ross, Divisional Surgeon, was taking an interes t in the Brigade, an d that his assistant) Dr. Morgan , had joined the Brigade.

Th e Commissioner was very pleased with the rapid progress thc Di\'ision had made. The need for road first acd posts was, at present, ,"ery great.

-;'IIrs. Ross paid tribute to the \\"ork and organisation ca rricd out by Supt. J. Tabernacle, who in reply hoped for the co-operation of the Nursin g Division when the Road Post \\as op<.:nec1 He congratulated the cadets' team 011 winning' the No.4 District Cup and the" Fleetwood Fish Association Shield," the latter for the third year in uccession.

LYTJ L\.\l-ST -AX;\ES .-The officers and member of the Ly ham-St.-Annes Ambulance Division had a very successful cy<.:nin o on the occasion of their annual supper, held in the l1e\\ h<.:ac.iquarters. Members of the Lytham Division, and representatives of the Fi re Brigade were invited, and with song and story the time passed all too quickly.

NELsoN.-The ftrst cOlllpetition for the" Pim" r ophy was held at Nelson on Saturelay, December 15th 1934 when the winning team was Brierfi e ld A new was the knot-tying introduced at the request of the donor. The trophy was presented by 1\Irs. Aitken, who afte r congratulating the winners) remarked that s h e was particularly glad that Dr. Pim's name was to be perpctuated by the beautiful cup which wou l d be competed for annually. He had gi\"en a life of dcvoted service to the cause and

J a nu a r y , 1935 FIR S T

his name and work would be remembered with gratitude and app r eciation.

T he Commissioner, Ir. YV. G. Smith, O.B.E.) who presided, exp r essed the hope that the time wou l d com e when this competition would he one of the premier event in the District. To him it had been a most interesting exhihition, and as they were aware the original idea o'f embodying in it a test for the tying of certain knots had been put into effect at the express wish of Dr. Pim. The Commissioner thanked Mrs. Aitken the udg-es, District Officer C l egg, the organiser, a nd the members of t he CllLlrch Lads' Brigade (St. Bede's and St. -;'I1ary's, 1\'elson) for haying assisted in the competition as patient, and " Suffe red' so much for th e CCluse that afternoon.

CR.\WSII.\\\,BOOTII.-The officers and mcmbers of the Cra\\"shawbooth Ambulance DiyisicJn along with the President, Mr. S. Sykes, spent a \"ery enjoyable evening at the Conservative Club ,,\'hen A sociation a\yards were presented hy Dr. Ogilvie, followed by a Supper and Whist Drive. A Vote of Thanks on Yellum awarded by the Order for distinguished service to the Ambulance Department was presented to Serg·t. J. E. Trickett. In making the presentation Dr. Ogilyie referr ed to hi \\ 'ork for the Division and hoped that in many years to come the Vote of Thanks would bl-ing- back happy memorie of his connection with the Brigade. Sergt. Trickett uitahly replied.

NORTH LONsDALE.-The proceeds of the Ball organised by the orth Lon dale Di"ision of the County Police, Ulverston) resulted in the distribution of £69 to charities. The Ulverston, Dalton and Askham Diyi ion each receiyed a donation of £2.

SOUTIIPORT.-Considerable regret will be occasioned in Southport at the death of Dr. Samuel Blackwell Fenn who did yeoman sen' ice during' the war and was prominently connected with the Southport Corps, S.J.A.B. The interment took place at Gigg-Ieswick Church. D ece mber 5th.

The members of the Southport Corps are delighted at the intimation recei\"ed that Corps Sunt. G. E. Holt will be im 'este d with the insignia of Serying Brother in the near future. We offer hearty congratulations to Holt and trust he will long be spared to wear the canted deco ra tion.

The Chief Constable of Southport, l\Iajor Egan. \\"ho is Hon. President of the Southport Corps was the recipient of the O.B.E., in the King's New Year Honours Lis t. while the Chief Constable of Bootle, 11r. T. Bell. was in November invested with the insignia of Serving Brother of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. To t hese gentlemen we offer hearty congratulations.

STANDISII.-To commemorate the fifth annual pres e ntation of certificates and other awards , the Standish Di\'isian held a most successful vVhist Drive and Dance in the Standish District Council Rooms. Both Whist and Dance rooms were fiUed to their utmost capacity with amb u lance workers and friends. The hall had been decorated to add to the g l amour of the festive season. Punctually at 9 p lll. the "Carnival Queen" (Miss Edith A ll cock) was announced, and was received by Mrs. S. Baron (President). The assembly added a riotolls welcome.

Dr. J. Boyd (Corps Surgeon) presided at the prcsentation ceremony, and introduced 1\Irs Baron. whom he later asked to p r esent the awards to successful eXll.1llina(io ll c(l n cl idates in and I-:Torne ursing-.

A I D 171

C:=adet Ernest Ronald Pendl ebury was the happy reCIpIent of a challenge cup presented to the Cadet Di\'iion for indi\"idual competition in First-Aid.

Dr. BO\'d t hen decorated Baron with the Pre idential Badge of the Bri gade Bar on re ponded to a round of applau e that greeted the ceremony. after which the Carniyal Oueen g raciously presented \\ 'hist -

e.0. \V. T. Bolt on moycd a yote of thanks to Dr. Roycl, -;'IIrs. Baron, t he Carniyal Queen. and sc:\"eral other \\"ill;nghelpers. This \\" as supported hy CO. \Y. O hers pre ent were Diy. S. Georl?:e C.S.;"L \Vm. Parker, Amh. Officer D. L.D.S }'lr s T. Corson. Councillor Ben Park. Tum" and S. Baron.' Dancing went 011 until midnight to the merry rendering of J. H ealan s capable" Blue Lyres" Orches tra. The dancing ",as in charge of Ptc. H. \yhilst Pt!.'. W. A. Ar stall undertook the duties of }'1.C for \\·hist. Th e singing of " Auld Syne" and the Xational Anthem concluded a delightful cnning.

No. V. District.

CUXTIIORPE.-Recently competitions \\"ere held for all 'ectiolls of the Scunthorpe and District Corps. About 130 pectator \\"itne sed the eYent. Among them heing As-t. C011lll1i ioner Lt.-Col. \Y. H. Fi 'her O B.E.. T.D.. ,,·ho Corp' Supr. Theak e r on the cxcellent arran!;·emcnts.

The judges w ere: "\ 11111l1Iance Di\'ision: Team. Di:t rict ur ge on Lairn; Indiyidual. Corps Crowden: "Cniform. District Officer h.

Nursing and Nur ing Cadet -: Diy. Surgeon A. Bruce

Competition team of the Hetton-Ie-Hole Di\ ision and E ppleton Collieries.

Standing: Ptes. T. Duff, R. \\ '. \ \ ' iddo\\"son, CQrpl. ]. Gilli land (captain), Pte -\. Hunter and Holme. Seated: Srgt. R. taker and r \. S. colliery manager.

Trophies won during 1931- b District" Gibbon" Bo wl "Dona d Bain " Cup; "Malcolm Dillon" Cup; "Grea\'e "Cup; "Lord J oice),'s" Colliery Cup; "Sir L indsay \'ood " Cup; "South hields" Cup.

and Drs. Baker and Ro Ie. Uniforms: Diy. Supt. Dought}

Ambulance Cadet: Indi\"i d u a l. upt. Hayes (reen'e), Uniform, Diy. Horn by.

After keen competing the result were announced. follows: Ambulance: (" Shiefficld" hieltl and Prizes), C" Team (Corpls. Hornsby and Foster, Ptes. Sturdy. Cheeseman :1ncl Barne). NW"ing Diyi,ion: (" Dough y"

E.

1 72

FIRST

Cup and Prize ), Xursing ister Phillips. Ambulance Cadets: C' Theakes" Cup and Prize), Barton. :\" ur ing Cade s: C- Hudson" Cup and Pnze); erot. Clark.

:\Ir. :\Iark :\lorgan pre ented the trophie and prize

The A i tant Commi ioner presented commi iOllS to Cadet upt. \\-ill iamson and :\" tlfsing Cadet ergt. Clark.

A a result of the Llcce \\ hich attended thi , the first Corps competition. it i hoped to make the eyent an annual one.

D.\RLIXGTox.-The :\"0. 3 Road First Aid hUE of the Darlington Di\'i ion ,,'a recently declared open by :\Ir. R J. :\Iounsey (Chairman of the Darlington Rural Council) County Commis ioner F. P. \Yilson, J.P pre ided at the openin;r ceremony , The Darlington Di"i lOn ,ya he aid. doing great and Ll elul work. It has appreci-

A I D. Janua r y , 193 5

H eLL. - Diy Supt O Sayn e r , of t h e P aragon Di\'ision recciyed the insignia of e rY ing Brothe r of the Order of t.] ohn a[ the last inye titure upt. ayner obtained his first certificate in 1900.

In 19 11 he ioined the Alexandra Dock CIa (H . and B. Raihyay) acting a Secretary from 1920 to 1928 . H e t h en tran ferred to the Paragon CIa s, acting a Chai r man from that date to the present time. H e presented the S ayner" Bowl for indiyidual and the .( Sayne r " Cu p for team competitions open to members of the P aragon Class and Diyi ion.

In competition he competed in the Inte r-R aihyay Finals of 1923 1925. 1928 and 1930.

He joined the Alexandra Dock Diyi ion in 19 11. and acted a Secretary from 1920 to 1928. O n being t r anfe rr ed to the Paragon Diyi ion he wa appointed DiyiionaI upcrintendent, \yhich po ition he still h old.

Durino- the war he sen'ed \yith the 9th Company RA.:\ I. C.

O pe n in g Ce r e m o ny of t h e No. 3 R oad F irst Aid Hut of th e D a rlin g t o n D iv is ion . ated the very great need in the neighbo u rhood fo r First Aid sen'ices , For some years now) it has staffed a hut at Scotch Corner. and within the last few mont h s has established a hut at Aycliffe. This hut is the third.

Dec lari ng the hut open, Mr. R. J. Mounsey thanked the B r igade fo r all had done in t h e p as t , we r e doing IJ UW, and would do 111 the futu r e. H e w ish ed them e\'ef\' success.

Supt. 1 I. Fletch er said that Pte. E. H oneyman h ad bUIlt the hut in his spare time at night) aided by ot h er members.

A yote of thanks was moved by Su pt. Fletcher to ? l a)o r Pennyman, who had given t h e B r igade the land on \\·hlch the h ut stands. ? 1r. Chapman, the vi ll age r s of Sadberge, those p r esent, and eve r ybody who h ad he lped in work. Amb ulance Offi ce r H H ogg se co nded th S motlO n.

T he R ev . B ell shaw) R ector of S adbe r ge, led in p r ayer.

He is the holde r of the L.XE R Gold :\ 1edal and Ba r. al 0 the Brigade Sen'ice :\ 1edal and Bar.

No . VIII. (Duke of Connaught 's ) District.

HORsH.nL-11embers of the H ors h am Divisio n and the H o r s h am Cent r e of t h e Southern R a i lway met f or thei r annua l socia l {unction at the Kin g"s H ea d H ote l.

About 300 members and friends \\ e r e p r ese n t a n d enjoyed an exce ll ent eyen i ng's enterta inment, wh ich h ad been a rr anged by the Committee) of w h ich Ir W. ] tlPP is treas ur e r , and F A Tr ott, Se cr e tar y A hreak for (, bu iness" occu rr ed) w h en t h e vari o u s awards ea rn ed during t h e yea r we r e di s tribute d. Mr s. \Vill iams and )'Ir s. Layton (C h ai r man) r e pr ese ntin g t h e R ai l way, a nd Mrs. Al o-erno n El to n (Ch a irman ) a nd M rs Hu g h L ancaste r , r epresent in g t h e B ri g ade o ccupied t he pl atfo r m, a n d we r e s upp o r te d b y S upt. B W Jarr e tt)

J a nuar y , 193 5. F [R S T

Lady de la Rue, Dr. D. O. \V illiam'. )'Ir. H. J. Layton. D. Puttock (Ambulance ecretary or the: .R. Di 'trict) and Di tnct Officer Dand Bryce, of the Bri'-..acle. :\1enzie", accorded a hearty welcome to all. and said how grateful the member of the nyo corp \\'eJ:e for all the interest taken in the work.

. Layton aid no moyement commanded ,.0 much gratitude and re peet a: did that in which they \yere engaged in. She paid a o-lowing trihute to their all-round efficiency. and referred to the \\'onderiul performance oi t h e r ai lwaymen in getting into the Raih\ ay Finals three years in ucce ion and gaining fir t place once and third place twice. The t John men. too. had an equal reeord of All-England honour. Both eetion o\yed much to the \york of :\IL Trott. the captain of each team, and to the plcndid upport accorded him by the rank and file.

:\1rs. Elton and :\Irs. Lancaster al 0 praj'ed the \york done and referred to the women" clas to be tarted in the to\yn

The popular amhulance leader. :\IL Trott. had t,,·o surpri e pre ents On behalf oi the Raihyay CIa s, :\IL Follott pre en ted him \\'ith a little gift in slight recog'nition at hi' en'ice to them a. an instructor : and :\Irs. Lanca ter. on behalf of the Cra\\'le\' St. Tohn Di\'i ion.

\\·ho hac! thi \\'on the Cup'in the Reigate ])i '[[ict also him a pre'ent. Trott. in ackno\\ leclgment. -aid he "'as in the amhulance moyement hecau e he loyed it There \yas finer than en'ice, and the ambulance mO\'ell1l'llt wa \\'ell \\'onhy of all the "upport accorded it.

SITTIXGBOT..'RC\"E.-On " -edne da\', Tanuary 2nd. memllers of the Amhulance X ur ing anci Cadet D-iyi ions held a tea and, ocial at the Trinity Hall. ittinghourne. During the social. pre-entation, \\Lre ;Dade to Cadet Officer 1. L. Prior. ,yho<;e retirement after 30 years' ,er" ice ",it'h the itting-bourne Di\'i ion. ,,,as marke'd h\' man\' trihmc.' and of regret. "

H l' i:, one of the three remaining memher" of thl' Sittinghourne Branch, i\Ia jor Dr. \ Y . H. F. :\(lhle <Ind Lil,tJt. L. R. Dencl' arc the' others Prior holds the Sen'ice :\Iedal ",ith t\yO bars. FiYe years ago he \\a. made a ,ening Brother of the Or der.

He fnr1l1ed the HnJ\' Trinih' St. Tohn Ambulance Cadet Diyision in 1926. the first of its kind In Kent. and since then ahout 100 boy ha\'e been enrolled.

ecretary-Sergt A. -E. Huxted; a keen and able amhulance \yorker, "'ith oye r 20 \'ears sen'ice. ucceed to the appointment of Cadet Officer.

An oak-cased eight-day clock wa presented to i\Ir. Prior hy Corpl. E H. Dodd on hehalf at the cadet.

Replying. he urged them to en'e their new leader "'it h equal keenness

Pte. '\T . Cu ll en a ured him this \yould be done. Later L ieut. L. R. Dence presented Prior \\'ith an armc h air. from the member of the S ittingbourne Di \·ision.

No. IX. D;strict.

E X1WUTH.- The A sista nt County Com m iss ion e r for t h e E xete r and Ea st D eVO ll Area, Lieut.-Co l. H S packma n, ca r r i ed out t he a nnu a l i n spection of the Exmout h P o lic e an d Fi r e B ri gade Di \' isiol1 wh ic h pa r aded for th e fi rst time under the leadership of In pecto r Ri chard II o lmes. of the D evon Constab ul a r y, wh o \\'as appointed Sup e ri nte n de n t of t h e D iy is io n la t 1 I ay: Th e r e was a good m u ter , a nd t h e 1l1sp ec t1l1g offi cer c o mp l im e nt ed the 0T? their and th e cap i ta m a nn er 1n \yh lc h they ea rn ed out thCll' fir st a id tests and s tre t ch e r dr ill and a id the\' \\'e r e fo rt un a t e i n h aving Ins pe ct o r H o lmes a s th eir Su pe ri ntendent , fo r t h e Di y i ion had imp r m'ed 100 per cent.

A I D. 173

The D iyl. S urgeon. Dr. D. L. H pre enl. and also expre sed him eli a. well. ati-fied with the work done . S ir Garbutt Knott. Bart patron oi the Exmouth S.J. A .A., distributed the a\\'ard

\\;ARE -A dinner \\'a held on December 11th I-jy thl " -are D iyision, Dr. \ \-. G. Ste\\,art. Diyi.iona presiding.

In memory of the late '::upt. Dewbury the toad in silence.

R. \ \'hittaker. a repre ematiye of the ,Yare T0\Y11 F.e.. proposed the toa::t of the St. Tohn Ambulance Brigade." He expre ed hi appreciation ot thl 'plendid sen'ices the Brigade had ginn the puhlic. , Yhereyer one \\'ent the\' IOtU1d the Brigade doin o it.:: job in the arne efficient , :\Ir. H. Langley Jone, the County Commi SlOller, in reply aid that the en-ices of the"e yoluntary \yorker' often taken 0 much for granted Regarding the \Yare Diyi ion among 27 members they had undertaken lOG public duties during the pa t year and dealt \yith -+ 'C) case. They had attended 32 road accidents and transported 104 patient. This \\'a a fine record for the "-arc Diyi ion They wanted to encouraoe public bodie to giye them facilitie for holding meetlng_ and to encourag-t' the unit of the Brigade.

The \-i itor ,,,as propo ed by Supt. T. e. Forbe:>. ,,,ho. in expres ing pica ure at the company of the :\Iayor ot Hertiord (Councillor J. F. Keeble), said he hoped the outcome would be [hat the Hertford Diyision would he re- tarted, a the\' ,,,ere anxiotl" there hOllld be marc diyi-ioll -

Replying. the :\Iayor said hi' only regret \\'a that there ,,'ere no members or the Brig-ade in IIertiord. anything the Hertford people and the Hertford Corporation could do to further their \\'ark they could be relied upon to do

The toast to The A rti,te , Donor_ and Ladies" \\'a..; propo ed by T. H, Burge s. Tran pon Officer and :\I oto r Ambulance Secreta ry.. and re ponded to hy ),1 r. \ Y. H Lee. ---.

Tpeatnl e nt of Poi son Gas Cases.

A CCO RDIX G to the R etazl Clzemz'st soap and a re t h e simplest and qu ic k es t an t idotes to most o f the p o is o n gases l ike ly t o be used during air rai d s in wa rf are.

For Gas it is su gg est e d th a t the e}'e • the most \'u I ner a ble part , sh ou ld be ,,'ashed thoroughl y in warm wat e r an d bi ca rb o n ate of soda or even a weak so lution of s alt. The s ki n should be thorou g hl y scrubbed, f o r n o t less th an five minutes, with hot water and soap , cha nging t h e water fr e quentl y

Should Le,, isite G a s be us ed th e b urns can be pre v ented up to 25 minutes aft e r exp o su re by thorough l y scrubbin g \\'ith s oa p a n d w a t e r. To counteract T e ar Gas a simple w a sh of th e eye with a salt solution or even ordi n ary w a rm w ate r is al l that is required

For Snee z in g Gas g l y c e rine o r m e n tho l jujub e s will reli e ve the pain. I n ca ses of l u n g ox yg en will h a \ e to be adm i nisted a nd a simple stimulant, hypodermicall y injected , ma y be necessary.

Przory for Wales.

Every advance of modern civilisation opens up new channels for Brigade Service; and one of the latest developments is the establishment of A ir Duty Di\·isions. Such Divisions in addition to their normal Brig-ade training be instructed on the Royal Air Force Handbook in elementary aeroplane constr u ction to enable patients to be got out of the wreckage of any type of airuaft ; in fire fighting, with special reference to aeroplanes including the correct use of modern fire-ilghting' equipment; and the Royal Air Force i\lanual of Hygiene and Sanitation.

The Air lVlinistry has directed that at all licensed Civil Aerodromes Medical and First Aid Equipment shall be maintained to certain minimum standards laid down in Schedules prepared by the Air Ministry.

All civil aerodromes will eventually be classified qccording to their characteristics and £Seneral facilities they can offer. Civil aerodromes cannot qualify for the highest qualification (Class 1) unless inter alia the medical and first aid equipment provided c,mforms to the minimum requirements specified in the Air Ministry Schedules I and III (which include the provision of three members of the aerodrome starf trained in first aid work). For other aerodromes the minimum standard in this respect is indi cated in Air i\linistry Schedule II, which does not at present require the provision of personnel trained in first aid.

The Order of St. J ohn and the British Red Cross Society respectively have been asked by the Air Ministry to undertake an annual inspection of the medical stores and first aid equipment, and, when asked to do so, to assist in in structing the necessary members of the aerodrome staff in first aid. 1n order to sirr:plify the procedure, the areas to be dealt 'with the two Bodies have been allotted on a County basis; certain Counties being dealt with by the Order of St. J oh n and the others by the British Red Cross Society. In Wales, the County of Glamoq::-an, containing t'NO aerodromes, is allotted to the Priory, and arrang-ements are being put in hand to give effect to the new proposals.

A SUCCESSFUL YEAR'S WORK.

The annual reports coming in from tl1<' various Centres and Units reveal increasing enthusiasm on the part of Brigade members in meeting the needs of the public in their respective lo calities. The Bargoed Nursing- Division in the Caerphilly Sub-district of the Glamorg-an County Centre, of which Dr. S. B. Turner is Assistant Commissioner, r ecor d s an excellent year's work, as under :vVe have had quite a successful and busy year again.

Our V.A.D. Inspection was held in the open air on April 29th. It was a glorious day and we were able to demonstrate the putting up of the Thomas Splint, invalid cookery and treatment of several accidents; and to welcome as well as the inspecting Officers Major G. E. MacAlevey and Colonel A. W. Sheen, C. B.E., T. D., M. S. (County Co ntroll er), .Colonel H. E. I\I. Lindsay, C. B., and our Assistant Commissioner.

The full Division attended at Margam Castle for the Annual Inspection by the Chief Commissioner and spen a very enjoyable time. We were proud to have our Girl Cadets with us for the first lime on this occasion; and, with assistance from the Pilgrim Trust Grant, were able to supp ly about ten of t.hese w!th full uniform, selecting those who came hIghest. In the two exams. ] t was very to .find that Ca.det Unit justified its registration by Immediately engagll1g III the co llection of ,vell over a hundred eggs for presentation to the lo ca l hospital. The

Cadets have been busy also in making baby outflts for the Personal Service League, purchasing materials out of their own money.

Twelve of our senior members did a hard day's work in Cardiff on "St. John i\mbul ance Day" and agai n a Bargoed member earned thc distinction attach in g to the pl-ize awarded to the highest collector.

Considerable attention has been paid to the technical s ide of our work. In addit ion to First Aid and Home Nursing Examinations for seniors and juniors, we had a co urse of lectures from the Matron of the Isolation Hospital and also from Dr. S. B. Turner on Hygiene; and thirteen subsequently passed the examination in this subject.

The Division has been the means of making about 360 articles for maternity bundles for the Personal Service League in which connection some of our members have done reRlly hard work.

We have taken 34 patients to Hospital for examination and treatment; and our Medical ComiorLs Depot still continues to be in great demand, although in these hard times it is almost impossible to charge even nominal fees for the articles loaned-a condition which can on ly be met by doubling- our efforts. The number of accidents and minor casualties that arrive at the DepOt and at the Road-Side First Aid Station for treatment are numerous; and the untiring work of .l\1rs. Deacon as Officer-in-charge of the Depot is worthy of highest commendation - -cal ls for her services during night and day, tota llin g 493 in the 12 months. The Division \\'as pleased to see her receive promotion to the rank of Corps Officer in November.

\\'hile we ha\'e lost seyeral members through removal from district and other causes, we have enrolled new recruits and so maintained our strength.

Our special Xmas activity included the provision and despatch of nearly 50 parcels of fruit and other luxuries to s ick people in the district. The accidents treated by the Nursing Division numbered 156, while 951 visits "vere made to homes in which there was sickness.

CIJRTSTl\lAS GIFT TO ORLJE[{'S HOSPITAL.

An appeal was appropriately made just before Christmas to members of the Order and others in Wales on behalf of the funds of the Ophthalmic Hospital of the Order at Jerusa lem Those present at General Assembly in Cardiff in June last were stirred by the words of the Chancellor, Li e u t-Ge neral Sir Aylmer Hunter-Weston, R.C.B., D.S .O., R.E., M.P., on the Senior Foundation of the Order; and the Hospitaller of Bridgend, Lieut.-Collmel E. J. Trevor Cory, O. B. E., circ ulat ed a copy of his address with an appeal for a Christmas offering worthy of so great and beneficent a work as that carried on in thc Hospital, where during 1933 the services rend ered irrespective of race, class or creed, included the performance of 3,630 operations, and attention given to 1,179 in-patients and 20,535 out-patients-the tOlal attendances being 89,895. While members of the Order can support Association and Brigade work by active interes t and personal service, assis tance to this great Institution situated in the earliest home of the Order is necessarily limited to financial support; and the -espo ns e to the apPl"al was sufficient to indicate that members of the Priory for \Vale s are alive to their responsibility in this direction the total amount subscribed being £67 4s. Od.

JUBILEE CELEBRi\TIONS.

The in spect ion of Units of the Brigade in \Vale s, which the Chief Commissioner, Major-GE'neral Sir John Duncan,

January, 1935. FIRST

K.C.B., C.M.G., C.V.O., D.S.O., has conse nted to conduct in Cardirr on the 4th May, will have a double significance in view of the JubilcL) Celebrations during the following week; and it is very appropriate that the Sl. J ohn Ambulanre Brigade sho uld be identified with the above celebralion in view of the royal patronage which the Order of St. John has enjoyed during the reign of Ilis Majesty the King.

The Units participating in the Inspection, which will be h eld, by the kind in vitation of the Marquis and Mar chioness of Bute, in the grounds of Cardiff Castle, will be drawn from the City of Cardirf, Borough of Merthyr Tydfll, Borough of Rhondda, Borough of Newport and i\berdan Centres, the respective Commissioners baving arranged to meet at Priory House at the end of the month to make the necessary arrangements.

PRESENTATION OF AWAI{DS AT VVREXIlAi\l.

A distribution of awards in connection with the recent examination of the vVrexham Cadet Division took place at Toy Centre, by kind permission of I\lr. W. Aston, on Friday, Decem bel' 7th. Previous to the distri bution thc Cadets were entertained LO an enjoyable teu, generously provided by Lady l\lcAlpinc, Marchwiel Hall, and arranged by I:\I1's. G. T. Guest. The following l<1dil's and gentlel!1en who take a great interest in the Cadet l\Iovel11ent were present :-- The l\Jayoress (Mrs. Parton), 1\lrs. Aston, 1\1rs. F. \V. J\lorris, ,\1 r:,. Chadwick, Mrs. ]. 'vV. Jackson, ;\1 iss Trueblood, 1\1r. G. T. Guest, Dr. J. E. H. Davies, i\1r. and i\[rs. Hampson, .l\1r. Stant, .\liss Roberts, and the Rev. Ivor \Villiams.

.\fter tea a musical programmc \Vas staged A team of Cadets staged a very realistic street accident, and gave attention and assistance to the supposed injured person. This item was judged by Dr. j. E. H. Davies, the President of the Senior Division, who congratulated the boys on tbeir ci"llcient worle

Mrs. \\1 \StOI1 in presenting the awards congratulated the Di\"ision OLl their eDlciency and trusted they would keep on With their £Sood work. She also congratulated the parents for encouraging their boys to take part in such an educative work

1\[r. G. T. Guest, Chief Constable, congratulated the Officers and Cadets on having such a successful year. He called the attelltion of those present to the great danger of accidents on the roads, empbasising the necessity of first aid knowledge.

An inclusive vote of thanks to all who had been associated in any way was proposed hy Cadet Supt. 'vV. I\lorris and seconded by Cadet Officer Tipton.

The Principles of Resuscitation.

\lVE become familiar of late years with the use of carbon dioxide as a respiratory stimulant; but according to Prof. Yandell Henderson it is more than this, and in some kinds of asphyxia its restoration to the body may be almost as important as that of oxygen.

In the course of two papers he details three different physiological types of asphyxia and the most suitable treatment for them; he then takes well-known cli n ical asphyxial cond itions and describes individually their characteristics and treatment.

These papers are really a practical monograph on resllscitation, and they should be in the hands of everyone whose work brings him into cases where it is necessary. The subject matter is

already condensed, and only one or two of the conclusions can be mentioned.

1n the most acute form of asphyxia, well exemplified by drowning, the cardinal feature is fail ure of the respiratory mechan ism; and, once this is restored to normal, recovery is usually uncomplicated. For such cases all other treatment fades into insignificance besides the urgency of artificial respiration.

Carbon-monoxide poisoning represents a su bacute form of asphyxia in which the mechan ism of rec'"'iration itself is not dislocated, so that artificial respiration is not necessary of primary importance; the victim is often breathing spontaneously. He is, however, suffering from lack of oxygen; and the degree of deprivation commonly experienced, acting over a relatively long period, may be sufficient to do permanent damage to the tissues.

The most pressing requirement here is a rapid restor ation of the normal conditions; and the most obvious remedy is the administration of oxygen. This acts too slowly. During the poisoning, in an attempt to get an adequate supply of oxygen, the patient has overbreathed and ,, ' ashed large quantities of carbon dioxide out of his system; and this apparently has more profound effects than the mere removal of the normal stimulus to respiration.

The alkali reserve is dimished, and a state of acidosis supervenes, the remedy for which, paradoxically, is the administration of carbon dioxide. This cuts across biochemical theories, and indeed, an animal, in which acidosis has been induced by the actual injection of acid, rapidly succumbs to carbon dioxide.

To distinguish the asphyxial type of acidosis, ProE. Henderson has introduced the term " acarbia " ; he is unable at present to give it a theoretical background but insists that the foundation for this must be the fact that it is cured by carbon dioxide inhalation.

The third type of asphyxia is chronic, and characterised by shortness of breath and continual oxygen-debt, and occurs in heart disease and ancemia. The indications are, of course, for oxygen and additiunal blood corpuscles.

Prof. Henderson steadily empasises the value of carbon dioxide in its dual role, and he says that where the sensitiveness of the respiratory centre has been blunted, mixtures containing 20-.30 per cen t. may bring about dramatic recove:y The applications of these principles of resuscItatlOn to individual cases are well worth the study of specialists. The author discusses the suitability of various mechanical devices and points out dan ae rs associated with some of those on the b market.-The LalZcet.

The "DECORATORS' « PAINTERS' MAGAZINE': 8d. monthly) Is THE trade paper for all Interested.Publlshiol[ Office: 6, Caoooo street. E.C

Mountain Work by Ambulance Men.

A;\lB ULANCE work is of necessity very diverse in character, but there will be few Divisions which will be called upon to do similar work, unless situated io hilly country, to that which the pictures her e with depict.

The Barrowdale section of the Keswick Division, S.J.A.B., has been called upon man y times to g o to the hel p of injured climbers, but the photos show a s li g htl y different side to their activItIes. Th ey were called upon to sea r ch for ;,t tourist \\'h o h a d b ee n missing a m o ng th e L a keland mOll n tai ns

see the ambulance men in uniform, as often they are c alled straight from their work at the quarry, or farm, and cOJ)seq uently they lack the smart appearance which uniform gives, but they are animated by the true St. John spirit and readily ans\ver the call when it comes.

In this particular instance ten members were collected, and the top photo g raph shows them ieaving Seathwaite, noted as the wettest place in England, accom pan ied by th e L a k e la nd guide, Mr. \Vri g bt, and other s Picture No, '.!. ( left )

January, 1935. FIRST taken up by the search it was without result. On the Monday morning the body of the missin a man was found in quite a different direction by party.

During the course of th e search the three highest mountains of En g land were climbed and carefully searched for the sli g hte s t trace of the missing man. What this meant in stamina and grit only be appreciated b y trained climbers, and It says a great deal for the hardiness and courage of these first aiders that they s hould be ready to undertake it without thou g ht of even a "Thank you." The y not on 1y ri s k, t o sa y th e least, a thorough drenchin g , and a w alk home of many miles wet to the skin, but not posses s in a climber's boots, they ri s k the ruin of th e ir f oo t. wear as well. The wa y is s o rou g h that I ha ve seen a heel torn clean off th e boot durin g o ne of these mountain journe ys The members of th e K es wick Division who

A 10. 171

A New Am bu lance at Colchester.

On Mond ay , D ece m be r 3 rd, a n e w m oto r a mbul a n ce was d edi ca t e d by th e R ev ]. As quith B ake r (M ayo r' s Ch ap lain)

Ald e rm a n P. A S a und e r s, O B.E. , ].P. , e.C (C h a irm a n o f th e B o r o u g h a nd P o r t H ea lth C om mit tee), o n be h a l f of th e Co un c il, acce pt e d th e amb ul a n ce from Mr. H. J. Wi ll ett (M ess r s. H a r o ld]. W ill ett, Lt d .) w hil st Councillor Geo. W B H aze ll, J. P (C h a irman of h e Ambul a n ce Sub- Committee) gave a bri ef r es um e of t h e B o r ou gh of Colc h este r' s Ambula n ce S e r v ice Th e n ew am bul a n ce is a F o rd V 8 built by M essrs. H a r o ld]. W i ll ett Ltd., o f Hi g h S treet Co l ch este r, a nd m a n y n ew i mpr ove m e n ts h ave bee n i n co rp o r a t ed I t is d es ig n e d to ca rr y s ix seate d a nd one st r etc h e r pat ient, or two s tr etc h e r pat ie n ts when r eq u i r ed , w it h acco m mo d at ion for A co ll a ps ib e ca rr yi n g chai r for ca rr ying ln va lld s d o wn awkwa r d stai r ways, is a lso provi d e d P a r t ic ul ar attent io n has been g iven to h e patient's ridi ng co mf or t. Exceptiona riding comfo r h as been obta in e d by a d ju stab le shock absorbe r s o n t h e chassis, exce p tio n ally arge sect io n ba ll oon ty r es, pate n coil spr i ng s tr e t c h e r , a nd a hi c k rub ber mattress wh e t h e stret c h er ca rr ie r is in s ul a e d by r u bber mo un tings.

Th e N e w F o rd V 8 A m b ul a n ce.

The search occupied t w o days of over seven ?ours each of very strenuous climbing and searchIn g amon g st the ghylls and gullies of Great Gable a nd the adjoining hills.

Th e members who participated in th e sea rch lI ve , for the most part, in the top end o f t h e Barrowdale Valley, but even this meant a :va lk of m il.es b e fore the search could begin. As I.t wa s p o ssLble that the missing walker might be found injured, it was necessary to take a stretcher an d surgical haversack, as well as comforts in the s h a pe.of .food. Readers who are acquainted with the dlstnct must know that after leaving Seathwa it e there is no road, merely a rough path, and a ? o ulder s tre w n p a th. at that, until Stockle y Bridge IS re ach e d, after whIch the usual mountain terrain pr e vails.

On work of this kind one must not expect to

shows some of them resting, whilst the guide instructs them regarding the route to be taken durin a the search and Picture No. 3 (right ) crossini Stockley Bridge, near to Sty Head Tarn.

The search com menced at 9.30 on th e Saturmorning, and th,e whole d a y was occupied wIth a thorough scourIng of Scawfell and Scawfell Pike, and every ghyll and likely, as well as unlikely place, being carefully examined. At one part the men were roped together [or their own protection. \Vhen it commenced to rain in the afternoon, the stretcher, haversack, etc., were placed under a large boulder for protection, and the men returned home.

. was resumed on the Sunday mornLng i. thLs tIme Great Gable being the objective. Ag a in the men were spread out and the ground thoroughly covered, but though the whole day was

took part in this two days' sea rch w ere :- Ser gt. T Brown, Privates A. Gas kell, W. Gaskell, W. Harrison, J. Cockbain, D. Cockbain, R. Jackson, J. Gregg, E. Tucker and J. Hind.

Truly a first aider's work knows neither limit of time nor place, and there is no end to his activities. - Plzotograplzs by co urtesy of tlz e Daz ly Herald.

We have re c eived from l\Ie ss r s VV & G. F oy le, Ltd ., of Charing Cross Road, Lond o n , a c at a l og u e o f m e di c al book s, c o vering s Ll c h subjec t s a s fir s t a id, hy g e n e , nur s in g , &c.

On Mond a y, Dece mb e r 3 1s t, 1 93 4, 1\1r. R P ay n e Prin c ipal of the County l\1inin g C oll ege , pr es ent e d th e indi v idual c ompetition pri ze s of the Li tt le ton Colli e ri es Fir Aid So c iety. Th e winner s w e r e S. Br oo m e (se ni o r ) , G. Be nt o n and H Rowe (juni o r s ). 1r. P ay n e c ong ra tul ate d h e \vinn e rs and referr e d to th e g ood work wh ic h w a s b e in g- d o n e on the Chase.

T o e n s ur e s il e n ce a nd restf u lness even the ca r burrettor has bee n fitte d w t h a special si lencer. A layer of t -i n fe lt, bet w ee n t h e pill ars a nd the outer steel pa n e ls, wit h special roof co n st ru ct o n to p r e 'ent d ru mm i ng, h as bee n co n structed n t h e b ody. T wo ai r shafts runn ing from each front s de of t h e b od y ove r t h e dri ve r 's compar t ment in to t h e i n te r io r pr oc ur es a d e quat e ve ntil at ion. A p a t e n fo ul a ir extractor is a lso fi tte d in t h e r oof. Th e h eat in g apparat u s s a so so co n s tru cted t h at t he fa n im p ellin g the h eate d air in to the in te ri o r in win te r s u sed i nstead n hot weather to ci r c ul ate coo lin g dr a u g h ts :\. new d epa r t u re in amb ul a n ce h ygiene is t h at h e r oof, top sid e w a ll s a n d floo r h a \ e been co yered i n w as h ab le de co r ate d rubb e r s h eets. I nter ior fitti n gs are of r u st less s t ee l o r c hr o mium pl ated w hil e a ll a n g les a nd square corners ha ve b ee n o mit te d wh e r e\'er possible.

Th e c omf o rt of th e a tt e nd a nt s a nd dri ve r s h as n ot been ove rl oo k e d. F or th e dri ver a co m fo r ta bl e d o u b le sp run g seat with a djus ta bl e arm r est h as bee n fitted, t oge th er wi t h .o n epie ce cl ea r \'i s io n sa fe t y g ass sc : ee n o th er d eVices, whil s t th e a tt e ndan h as b ee n pr o" ld e d Wi t h d eep ly s pru ng uphol s t e r e d seat, l o w loa d i n g fac ili ies a nd a weight st r e t c h e r c o n s tru c t e d of a luminiu m tu b ul ar fr am tn g Should r ea d e r s r e quir e fu rt h e r p a r t ic ul a r s M essrs Harold J Will e tt, Ltd. vvill be pl ease d t o s uppl y th em

Raz/way Ambulance News.

Gredt Wes t ern.

The fo ll owing members of the Compa ny's staff have rec ently been elected Serving Brothers of the Venerable Order of St. John of Jerusalem in recogmtlOn of long and val ued services to the ambulance movement. The honour follows a recommendation of the Great Western Railway Central Ambulance Committee:Mr. R. N. Robinson, clerk, District Goods Manager's Office Worcester' i\lIr. G. J. Taylor, foreman, Goods Depa;tment, Mr. W. Major, painter, Carriage and Wagon Department, Worcester .

WESTo..\-SuPER-l\lARE.-The annual gathering of the \\ 'cston-s uper-l\lare ambulance class took place at the Uueen's Hall on December 13th, under the presidency of S'1r. W. . Pellow, locomotive supt., who was supported by :\lessrs. H. N. S Edwards, A. V. R. Brown, J. P. Burgoyne, A. H. Roworth and VV. H. Wills. An encouraging report of the progress of the class presented by l\1r. A. C. Napper (secretary). Exam1l1atl?n awards, representing 100 per cent. successes, were dIStributed by Mr. Edwards, and a- pleasing incident during the enning was th e presentation, on behalf of the. class members, of a barometer to :\1r. Napper In appreCIatIon of his vaJued services

HEREFORD.- The first function of the Hereford Joint (C.\V.R. and L.i\I.S.) amb ulance class since they haye come into the G.W.R. Chester Division was held on December 17th, at the Commercial Hotel, and took the form of a dinner. Mr. J. R. 1Il0rris (Div. Supt.) was in the chair, and the guests included the Chief Constable (11r. Freeman N e\\'ton) and officers of the Company. The Chief Constable said it was a matter for congratulation that the example of the railways in the first aid training of their employees was being followed by other transport organisations. Examination awards were distributed by i\Ir. ]\1orris, who also handed the Company's 15 year efficiency medal to 1\1r. F. W. Cottrell, the first member of the joint staff to achieve this honour. Some enjoyable musical items ,,,ere rendered during the evening.

OSWESTRY.- The Railway Institute, Oswestry, was the scene of the annual distribution of ambulance class awards on December 13th, when Mr. J W Enser (District Traffic Manager) presided o,"er an enthusiastic gathering. He said he was always glad to be among ambulance men, and in Central vVales they took the word "Progress" for their watchword. The awards included a gold bar for 20 years efficiency to Mr. E. Beddowes. An interesting feature in the proceedings was the presentation to Mr. S. James (class secretary) of the Vellum Vote of Thanks of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem in recognition of his exceptional services to the movement. Mr. James was also made the recipient of gifts of appreciation from the class members

SLOUGH.-A smoking concert organised by the Slough first aid class was held at the Royal Hotel on December 13th, presided over by Mr. C. A Warner, Stationmaster,

when a number of local officers of the Company were present. Mr. H. D. Anderson , Asst. Div Supt., attended from London to make the presentations, and particu arly congratulated the class on its progress The awards included a Quarter Century medal to Mr. A E. Birt and a 20 year bar to Mr. A. E. Merrick, in addition to medals gained by the Slough team in the Dewar competition.

LANDORE.- The Chief Constable of Swansea (Mr. F. J May), speaking at the annual presentation of awards to the L andore Central ambulance class, made some interesting references to the need of a youth movement in first aid, and said it would be well if greater attention were concentrated on initiating young people into the amb ulance movement. Mr. D. Edwards, station master, presided over the gathering, and examination awards were presented by the deputy Mayor, Alderman T. W. Hughes, and the Chief constable. Dr. P. McRitchie, class lectur er, who has recently b ee n admitted Serving Brother of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem in recognition of his fine services oto the cause, was presented with a framed diploma 01 the honour.

CHALFORD - The annual smoking concert and distribution of examination awards to members of the Chalford and district class was held at Ye Olde Painswick Inn, Stroud, Mr. C. W. Wilson occupying the chair. The Brimscombe Male Voice 010ir and other artistes provided an excellent programme, and the examination awards included the Company's Quarter Century medal to 1\1r. Y. H. O. Harris, and 15 year medals to Messrs. VV. ]. Davis, D. G. Fifield and A. J. Williams. Sir Harry VI aters and Dr. Dill, congratulating' the class on their efficiency, urged the members to maintain their studies.

london, Mid land and Scottish.

ACCRINGTON.- The "Hayhurst" annual ambulance cup competition for all railwayrnen at Accrington, Huncoat, Hapt on, Baxenden, H as lingden, Church and Rishton took place at Accrington on December 9th.

The Judge was Dr. D. T. Anderson} who set a test consisting of treatment of rupture (hernia) with questions as to signs and symptoms of that injury, also questions as to causes of asphyxia.

The result was: Cup and 1st prize, J. S Allen, Accrington C. & W. Dept , 99 points; 2nd prize, T. Savage, Huncoat Traffic, 98; 3rd prize, J. Birtwistle, Accrington Loco, and H. Eccles, Accrington, C. & W., 96: Possible points 100.

BLACKBURN.-The second annual competition for the Blackburn Ambulancemen's Cup and prizes for team and individual tests was held recently.

All departments of the service were represented, and th e tests were judged by Doctors R. J. Clarke and G. B. Messenger of Blackburn

The results were :-1, Blackburn Engineer's Cup and Prizes, 189 marks; 2, Bl ackburn Traffic II B", 3, Great Harwood, 185; 4, Blackburn Traffic "A", 160.

The winner 01 the individual prize, for wh ich six competitors tied, was event u a lly won by R Grun shaw.

Janu a ry , 1935. FIR S T

At the presentation ceremony following, Mr. Stoker (late district engineer) occupying the chair, mentioned the high standard of efficiency which had been shown by the competitors.

Mrs. Sayer (wife of station master, Blackburn) very gracio usly presented the cup and prizes to the winners.

Amongst the officials present at the competition together with their supervisory staffs, thus actively supporting the movement, were Messrs. W. Hepworth, G. R. Thurston, S. R. Sayer, F. Bentley, G. S. Hill, ]. Bardsley, F. J. Dando and W. H. White.

EUSTON STATION AMBULANC E CL\ss.-The presentation of the prizes gained by members of the class at their annual station competition took place on December 13th.

Mr. T. Smith, station master, Euston, and on platform were Messrs. C. R. Byrom, chIef operatmg manager, G. S. Hill, general ambulanc e secretary, B. Pratt and H. Paterson, F.R.C.S.

After a most enjoyable concert Mr. Smith introuuced Mr. C. R. Byrom, who, before presentin?; the

A I D. 179

the Skipton class held recently, when presentations of awards were made by Mrs. Fisher, wife of Dr. C. Anncsley Fisher, the examUler.

Mr. H. Turland presided, and was supported by Dr. and :;\lrs. Fisher, and l\'Ir. W. Woodall (hon. secretary) l\1r. Turland, who remarked that there were no presentations last year, extended a welcome to Mrs. Fisher.

l\Irs. Fisher handed the awards to the members of the class. Mr. Pratt received a long service gold medal.

Dr. Fish e r thanked the class for inviting 11rs. Fishcr to make the presentations. They were grateful for giying them the opportunity of doing a small service. Dr. Fisher thanked the members of the class for the manner in which they had attended their lectures, and stated that it was not always easy to concentrate one's brain on something new after a hard day's work.

11r. Markland, on behalf of the branch, thanked :\lrs. Fisher, mentioning the gratitude the branch felt for their visits to Dr. Fisher's home during the summer. He thanked Dr. Fisher for his interest in their "york.

prizes expressed his pleasure at being present and how very highly he valuecl the ambulance work whIch the staff at Euston were doing. He hoped that. every ambu lan ce man would spare no effort to induce hIS colleagues to take up the work he felt sure that the interest shown and help gIven by the local offiCIals there was no reason why the Euston Class should not achieve O'reater success than had already come its way. The timeD the ambulance men spent in making themselves efficient was appreciated. . .

Mr. Byrom then presented the awards, a case of pipes to Mr. J. Findell, who has recently from the service on age limit, as a token of appreelatlOl1 from his ambulance colleagues after many years' hard work as class secretary and instructor.

Mr. Herbert Paterson, F.R.C.S , congratulated the members of the class on their continued enthusiasm. The remainder of the evenillg- was spent enjoyably il1 dancing.

SKIPTON - Tributes to the usefulness and efficiency of railway amb ul ancemen were paid at a gathering of

SOlltl1epn Railway.

The Coliseum, Southampton, was scene of the cio'hth annual first aid compe t ition orgamsed by the Redbrid''Te Centre of the Southern Railway S.]..-\. A. Nearly 150 competed for the silyer challenge cup.

For the fourth year in succession and for t.he Slxt,!J time since the competition was inaugurated 111 192 1, Southampton \\rest No.1 team a\\'arded the Redbridge trophy in Group 1. Eastlelgh C.lvLE. secured the trophy in Group 2 for. the second year.

Mrs. Missenden, wIfe of Mr. E. J. l\Ilssenden, l\1.B.E docks and marine manag e r) Southampton Docks, presented the awards as follows:- ??

Group I.-I Southamp.ton vVest o. 1 team L_ mark: 2, Eastleigh Carnage Dept. 1 o. I, 119, 3, Southampton Docks A, 107; 4, Southampton Docks C. 104. Group 11.-1, Eastleigh C.1\l.E., 71 marks.; 2, Templecombe. 67; 3, Eastleigh Traffic, 66; 4, EastlClgh Carnag e Dept. To. 2, 65. h"

Mr. 1\li senden, who took the cha11" at t e pI esenta-

Scene durin·" the RedbridO'e Centre, Southern Raih\'ay, annual competition; Dr. H -\. Dunlop of London is seen judging in Group 1.

tiOll apologised for the absence of Lt.-Col. Gilbert S. Szlumper, asst. general manager of the Southern Railway, and Mrs. Szlumper, and the Mayor and Mayoress of Southampton (Councillor and Mrs. Buck).

Mr. Missenden stated that the competition was instiluted by 1\1r. Robert Gillingham in 1927 when he made an appeal to members of the Engineer's Dept at Redbridge and a few outside friends to subscribe to a fund for the purchase of a sih'er challenge cup. In the first year there were 14 teams entered. It was pleasing to record exactly 100 per cent. 1l1crease.

He mentioned that Mr. W. W. Graham, director and llIanager of the Hants and Dorset Motor Services Ltd. is much interested in the competition and had an'nualh: offered valuable prizes. This year he had provided fiv-e first prizes for each group. The diyisional officers and station m<l:sters in the Southern Division also gaYe an annual prize, and the superyisors and clerks of the Engineers' Dept. at Redbridge did likewise.

The judges were Dr. H. A. Dunlop (Group 1), and Dr. R. B. Duncan (Group II).

fr. Robert Gillingham organised the competitions, whIlst the tesls were prepared by Yi:r. E. A. Richards (welfare assistant, Southern Railway) assisted by Miss Grindley.

A pleasing item was the presentation to Dr. Duncan of a silycr cigarette case which had been subscribed for hy l11embers of the Redbridge Centre.

First Aid in Electrical Accidents.

PROFESSOR JELLINEK formulates the following in.structions for rescue of a person who has met with an electrical accident ;-

High tension (over 1000 volts) accidents are always accompanied by light and flame whilst low tension ones are still and dark. When hiah tension occur, rescue should be by a speCialist or a person familiar with electrical apparat.lls. 1f and flame does not appear as

111 low there is no danger in .the victIm provIding the rescuer insulates hImself either by standing on dry paper, cloth, or glass board and safely and sim ply by kneeling on a wooden chair shoved towards the victim. If the .victim cannot be detached from the wire by pulhng on his clothes the cramped hand must be opened finger by finger and dry paper or cloth shoved between fingers and the wi reo If release can be accom pI ished by turning off the electrical current or plug out of the socket or the fuse take care v!ctim does not fall w'hen released. If the victim IS look for his respiration.

If there IS no breathing artificial repiration should be resorted to at once. The tongue should be pulled out and an examination of the mouth and cavity made for any obstruction. ArtifiCial respiration should not be measured by the clock but till death takes place. The physician comes to. the. with a lumbar puncture, blood letttn.g, tn]ectlon of mediCations, infusion of sugar solutIOn and heart stimulants. (Ars Medici p. 406, September 1934.)-Cun"ent Medz"cal ture.

Our Crossword Puzzle.

In response to the request of Illanyof our readers we are again publishing a month l y puzz e for the of v\' h ich we offer the fo ll ow in g prizes: To lhe first cor r ect solution opened, a Stop Watch; to the seco nd , a copy of Dr. N. Corbet Fletcher's book "The History of the St. J ohn Ambulance Association" a nd to the t hird , a copy of Allman's" :\natomical Atlas "

Our Nurses' Pages.

COMPILED BY AMBULANCE SISTER.

No. 1 DISTRICT, S.J. A. H. CENTRAL J\REA. -A Course of Lectures for vV omen in First in Cases will commence at Toynbee Hall, Commercial-street, London, E.1, o n vVednesday, at 8 Fee for the course, including the l"xamlI1allOn, 3/ 6. F 01' further part iculars and applications for enro lm ent, please apply to Lady Div. Supt. Miss I srael 2 1 3, Vicarage-road, L ey ton, E.10. '

EASTERN AREA.-His l\Iajesty the King has graciously of the arpointment of Lady Di\·. Supt. I'd rs. I\[orrlsh, No.8 (East Ham) Nursing Division as a ServinO' Sister of lhe Order of St. J ohl1. All rank s in 'the Area will join in hearty congratulations to l\ I rs. Morrish on her "ve11merited honour.

ILFoRD NURSING DI\'ISION. The competitiol1 for the llf ord Cup was held at Vine's lelll orial Hall on December 17th. The Jud ge was Dr. l:3enton.

Sisters l\liss CI esswell, Miss Tewton and Miss Jobson all headed the list of marks with the same lotal, being close ly followed by Mrs. Cox and l\Irs. Scott. On a second test being given, Ambulance Sister i\Iiss Cresswell obtained the [Il"sl place and was awarded the Cup.

The Jud ge exp re sse d his satisfaction at the display of knowledge, practically and orally, ()f the competilors

\V ESTER AREA.

Across. L'sef ul in cases of ternal hcemorrbage. The kernel of a ce ll. WatC'r from the eyes. A kind of bone.

111-

Serious form of hcemorrhage.

Before Anno Domini Outer garment. A prefix. Nerves which convey impulses. A bone.

Tribunal.

Initials of five bones. Sex (rev.). Cauterizes. Salt.

Sound. Treasurer (abbrev.) . Found in first aid outfits. Drinks (rev.). To join. German measles. A degree.

Down. fl edical suffix. The middle (abbrev.). Destroy grad ually. An artery. Usefu covering. initials of three poisons For example. Pertaining to sac rum. End of large intestine. Compass. The skeleton. Method. A tooth. Spoken. U n substantial. Generate pus. Ancient Trite. A building. Requests. A stinger. Initials of three muscles. Cease. An honour (St. J ohn).

All entries must be addressed" Crossword" FIRST All) 46, Cannon - street, London, E .C.4, and must by 9t h February, 1935.

Should .not wish to mutilate their copies they may copy theIr so lu tlOn onlo a piece of paper and forwar d to the address given Such entr es must however be by a "Query)) co upon fron'; th is Issue.

EALlNG NURS]l\'G Dn'lsloN.-A pleasant birthday party look place at the Nelson Room Ealing Town Hall on Saturday December 15th, in celebraLion 'Of the sixth versary of the formation of the Di\ isiol1.

The I ayor and l\Iayoress attended, and other oresent incluJed District Officer Claridge, '\lrs. "Warren (representing Asst. Com missioner v\' arren), and Su pt. and Mrs. Bettison. Miss l:3axler, the Lady Div. Supt., presided.

At lea, the l\layor lit six candles, and Miss Baxter cut the cake. An enjoyable evening followed with games and a programme of songs, a monologue by Mrs. Fife-Schaw, and hand bell solos by fi r. Pottinger.

The Mayoress, on behalf of the members of the Di\'isiol1, presented a bowl of tulips to j\ l iss Baxter, and was herself lhe recipienl of a bunch of ChriSLmas roses.

Both the Mayor and Mayor ss expressed to the Division lhe. lhanks and apprec iati on felt thro u ghout the borough for theIr valuable services

r\URSING UP TO TLIE 18n!. CENTURY.

in recenl years, there has been an increase of interest in nursing as a whole, and a growing desire to study its history and to trace its development. The profession did not sudden ley come into being, although its gro wth in latter yC'ars has been so rapid, and it has come to be recognised as a distinct profession.

The very ea diest pages of hi story record liLtle about the subject as it is understood 110W, for in a primitive tage when medical lore was inextricably confused with incalltation s and magic, nursin g and medicine can scarce ly he distinguished lhe one from the other. Ye t S0111e of the ancient ci\'ilisations contribuLed their share to the medic a l sc iences. From EgypL came efticient hygiene and an elaborate handed down In papyri dat ln g many centuries before Christ; [rom Baby onia countless clay tablets inscribed wlth medical

; from Palestine the earlie t formulated laws of public hygiene. Ancient India could boast ad\ anced surlTcry and e labor ate hospitals ",ith their doctors and" B) tl.le ancient Hindus, and by man)' other early peoples, llledicme wa'> regarded as di\ ine in its origin.

Very littLle is known from all lhis, hU\\ e, er, of the history of nursing . Coming along to Greek history, more can be learnt. The Greeks personified the medical and heali11 0 arts in the mythical figures of Asklepios, the God of l\lediJne, and hi::, daughter, Hygieia, the Goddess of Health. At the temples of t,tle lhere seem lo have been the prototypes of both sal1ltOrlum and" health resort," and his followers fostered the medical sciences. In the ilfLh century, B.C., lived thal great physician, Hippocrates. His school of doctors carried on his traditions and dominated medical teaching for hundreds of years. Ot their inl1uence on nursing little is known.

It was the Romans who de\ eloped the hospital s),stem, which was brought to perfection in the arm)" and also pro11l0led what is no\\' termed" public health," by their extensi\"e "'orks of drainage, organisation of pure water supplies, etc. Yel these great achie\'ements had only an indirect influence on nursing, and little is [.;no\\,n about it at this period. In all probability iL was le ft, as it had been from time immemorial, to the women and sla\'es of each household.

v\Tith the introduction of ChrisLianity, the care of the indigent sick became a sacred duty which was most probably considered the responsibililY of the Deaconesses and perhaps a lso of oLher organised church workers. They gave this care to the sick poor in their homes, for at the earliest Christian period there is no record of what is now understood as a hospital, where all are receiyed freely. History tells us that a noble Roman lady, Fabiola, built lhe first hospital in Rome at the end of the fourth century. The Order of Deacone ses is known to ha\'e been very powerful and inAuential in the \\'estern Church; of their nursing work, unfortunately, fe\\' details are a\'ailable, but the fourth century is generally regarded as the time of their greatest [1o\\'er. There i a record that no fe\yer than forty were attached to the church of St. Sophia in ConstanLinople in the seventh century.

Of the "ery earliest hospitals little is known with certainty, but at a very early period the Biships had lo provide them. One famous establishment was the Basileias built in Asia Minor in about 350 A. D. by Basil the Great, and others are said to have exi ted in various places at the same time. By the sixth century, they were evidently numerous throughout the Church. Beginning with the Deaconesses, the care of the sick from ancient up to comparati\'ely recenl times was alwas regarded as a religious rather than as a lay responsibility. So the monastic orders, whose long peric>d of influence started ,>omewhere about the llfth century, came naturally to take o\'er the care of all the Church's dependents -pr isoner s, the aged, the orphans, and the sick.

For man)' hundreds of years the member of religious orders, with their lay assi tants, ga\'e lhe sick poor such nursing a the science of the day permitted. Their acti\iLy has not indeed ccased in many countries; mention need only be made of the Benedictines, who e medical knr\\'ledge \\'as a lw ays pre-eminent, or such out tanding figures a IIilde ga rde of Bingen, who published books or, medical

s.::ience. It is doubtful, ho\,'e"er, 'whether befo r e the cle\'enth century any orders \,'ere started to devote them!:>eln.'s entirely and exclusi\'ely to nursing.

III the early monastic period, the "'ere recei\'ed in what were called e Xenodochia," or refug-es for strang-ers, which "'ere orphan asylums, refug-es and hospitals cumbineJ, and receiwd orphans, old people and ilwalidsindiscriminately. Only by about the twelfth century was there a between the sick and the Church's other pensioners, and what are now called hospitals came into being-. Of of these lit tle s known; but a detailed account of a monastic hospital in Constantinople in the t"'elfth century sho, 's an ad\'anced stage in the care of the sick.

By about this time the religious orders concerned \\'ith nursing- had become numerous. They can be di"ided r oughly into three groups-those whos(' membf'rs took perpetual \'O\\'S and "'ere called « reg-ular" orders; those less rig-idly bound, termed « seculars"; and the military orders "'hose development coincides with the Crusades.

Of the regular orders, an example is the Augustian Sisterhood which nursed the siCK for many centuries in the famous H otel-Dieu in Paris. A g-reat deal of the Sisters' r outine of \\'ork is known, and through this a fairly accurate idea of hospital life at the lime can be gained.

Of the secular orders, one \"hich had great inAuence on the history of nursing was that of the Holy Spirit, whose members wcre to be found in charge of hospitals all o\,er Europe. Particularly noteworthy was the Order of SI. Francis, and especially its Third Order, which numbered among its members such personalitie as St. Louis of France and St. Elizabeth of Hungary. To the Tertiaries of St. Dominic belonged the famous St. Catherine of Siena, who llursed in her nati\'e town during the plague. In the Lo\\' the Beguines, who did nursing as well as other socIa work, e:-..erted a great inBuence in about the early fourteenth century.

Of the orders the fanwus Order of the Knights of St. John of Jf.!rusalem had a unique position in Christendom, Besides their ,,'ork in the Holy Land, the ho pitals they erected at Rhodes and later in :'lalta still stand to bear ",itness to thei r greatness. Con tem poran' 11: il i tar\' orders were the Teutonic Order and the Orde; of St. 'Lazarus which cared for lepers Besi d.es their w( ,rk for the indigent sick, it is probable that medlGe\'al ladies were assumed to haye a workin'T knowledge of surge r y and also of the treatment of feyers and other ai lm ents. l\Iany passag-es in the metrical romances tell of ladies tenderly caring for their wounded knights. up .t o the .R enaissance nursing deyeloped a long hn es, the r eligious orders still s upr eme; but neither the Renaissance nor the R eformation seem to have had much influence 0n nursing. It was still regarded as the Church's duty. In England, however, the Dissolution of the and the conseq uent closing t h e meant t h at nursing s ow y deteriorated unttllt s radica reform in the ni n eteeth century.

Several orders were sta r ted in the sixteenth century, notably one of men called the Brothers of St. J o hn of Gcdo r :'IIercr-who. are sti ll active l y engaged in hospItal work 10 many co untn es Of the later societies, by fa r the n;ost no.teworthy w as that of the Sisters of Charity, 10 Pans by St. Vincent de P aul about 1 630 Th e high of St. Vincent and of i'llademoiselle Ie Gras, the fi:st of the Order, were loyall y int e rpr eted by the SI ste rs; theIr devoted work was soon seen outside France a n0 the.ir fame s pread r api dl y e\'en durin g St. Vincent's life: ThiS Ststerh.o?d is still in full activity in many co untr ies The same spmt of de vot o n a nim ate d J eanne :\J ance who, at about the sa me date, fo und ed the H 6tel-Di eu in 1\1ontreal Canada

Although the later part of the seventee nth cent ur y a nd thc. wh?le of eig hteenth is al ways regarded as the worst penod 111 the hIstory of nursing, yet men like John Howard

AID January, 193 5.

spent their E\'es in ca llin g attent io n to the defects in hospitals. The end of the eighteenth centun' is like\\·i e rel11arkab:e as marking an epoch in mental n-ursing, for the r efo rms of Pinel in France and of Tu kc in England initiated t he m o d ern treatment of the insane. The \york of these men heralded the labours of tIlt' \'arious reformers who " 'here to make suc::h important changes in the nineteenth century

Items (Di"isional news an d competitions, ocia l , inter esting duties, lectures, etc.), for this page should be se nt to Ambulance Sister, c 0 The Editor, FIRST :\IU, 46, Cannonstreet, London, E. C. 4.

Vapiatiol1s in Body Tempepature.

I:\' the course of a recen t Lett som ian Dr. C. E. Lakin, of the and London Fever Ho spitals , said that an adult man produced about 1,700 c.alories of heat in 2-1- hours \\ hen fasLing and remainIng perfectly quite in ned. The :,ources of this heat had been calculated. The heart prod uced about 7_0 calories, and the respiratory muscles about 1.)0 ; the heat due co the activity of the li"er and kidne) s has been estimated at 568 and 7-1calories r espectively; and the remainin cr 1 000 b calones were prod uced almost en tirely in the skeletal muscles. It had also been computed that when a man did work, about one -t\\ 'ent ieth of his metabolic energy left the body as mechanical energy, the rest being evoh'ed in tbe form 01 heat.

The mean daily temperature in health was usually said to be 98'-1- degs. F. when taken in the mouth, but if the whole 24 hours '\'ere taken into account this was probabl y rather high. In health the tern re of t h e bod)' fell in the early hours of the mornlllg and r ose in the even i ng between the hours of five a nd eight. A reversa l of the daily routine such as occurred in night workers led to a re versal of the temperature curve. During sleep the temperature fell because of the diminished ac ti vity of the body and also to the relaxation of the vessels of the skin leading to increased loss of heat.

In sustained e.xercise the rise in body temperature was proportIonal to the exercise taken' it might be as much as 3 degs. or 4 d egs F , it was of tern porary duration and was notaccompanied b y any feeling of discomfort. Temperature also varied with age; in infants an hour or two old it might be as low as 93'2 degs. F., but it rose during the first few days of life, though the. only s l owly developed the power of maintaIning a constant body temperature and soon if exposed In old age the temperature was likeWi se subnorma l; metabolism was much less active, and the power of heat regulation became enfeebled, ::;0 that the aged were much more affected by extremes of weather Temperature also varied in differ en t parts of the body.

Jan uary , 1935. FIRST

Letters to the Editor.

We are in no way responsible for the opinions expressed, or the statements made, by Correspondents. - EDITOR.

LAY:'I E :\ LECTe RERS.

Dear Sir,

I was g r eat ly interested in the article on cc First \i d L ectu re s" which appeared last month.

I , too, have bad many years of organi::,ing classes and my trouble has been to obtain t!.e sen ice of the right kind of doctor. F or instance, last year I had a clas::> of young' m c n , all ncw students, and the onl\' denor I could C'lbt,tin ,,'as one who ,,'ould persist on in medic.,l term;;. 0-\11 \ery ,,'e ll for an adnl.l1ccd class, but to a beg-inner, to say the least, it \"as Yery confusing. To my mimi a layman of good r epute a a first aider would 11m e done much better in thi instance.

As, how e\'er, I am, as yet, not able to engage a laYl11anlectu r er, t ha,·c to make the best of the \'ery small circle of do ctors in my \-illage; but I sincerLly that the time will COOle \\'hen a non-medical lecturer is permissahle. :\ot that I wish to detract from the \ ery excellent sen;ces rendered by the medical profession. from it. their assi::,tance fIr aiders "'ould not he in thc high esteem the.' no\\' stand in the public's e) e. 1\0, my intentit1n, like ee l'la<.:;s is to as i_ t them in theil- ,,'ork.

Y ours faithfully,

cc _o-\:-':OTIIER CL\SS SECRET,\HY."

Dear Sir,

\\'ith refercnce ttl the sug-Q'estion put forward hy (( Class Sec retary" for Ia) men lecturers, whilst this lila.' be wOI-kable in Canada, it ma\ not be in this countn. Hen: \\'e haye not such a sparsel) ropulated area to- CO\ er as expe ri e n ced in Canada.

To my mind the enrolment of Ia} 111011 as lectur0rs lllay ca u c petty jealousy anlong- the senior men a;; it is quite po ss ibl e that a candi d ate before a board of examine r s 11ig-ht get tlustered and yet be a more e'\cel1ent .• teacher" than the man who Cln facc a of experts without being self - conscio u s This is as it stri ke s me, hut perhaps other readers ha\ e ot her yie\\'s, Your faithfully, A. 0:. OTllER.

THEORY 7'. PR \ CT ICE

D ea r Sir, One r ca ds in your excellent Journal first-class articles on various aspects of the great subject of First f\itl. bJt what doe s not appear so often is the importance of gi, ing the new ce rtifi cate lwld er some little thing to do ,yhen a real case comes along'. One is of course a,Yare that i n these circull1stances, the exper ienced hands haye to think and act qu;ckly for th e patient's sa k e, and there is little 0 1 nu time for them to think what to g iv e the t) ro to do. These remarks apply mainly to nOll-m embers of the Brigade I hav e often th o ught, \\ hen ,,'atching a .• pukka" co mp et ition team at work, what the reactions of the Captain would be if , when asking for a bystander, this indiyidua l came forward and said, (( I g-ot my first certificate last week, lC't m e try and do something \\ 'hich really m atters now."

On e hates to g-eneralise, but it see m s to me that in no suh ect is th e r e a gT eater difference between and d oing as in F irst ;\id , I h a\'e heard of a medical s tudent wh o h as h ad to relinqui sh the idea of becoming a

do ctor because he could not stand the sight of operations. \\'hat about the" hardening up" proce - for First Aider : can p )Chology tell something helpful about thi ? ome t1 yOUl' I'eaders comments might be helpful. Yours faithfully, OBSER\ ER. "

St. John Alnbulance Bl'igacie Ovel'seas.

BO:'lIR.\\ (\lRPS. :'Iajor . .\. pra\\'son, C I.E,. K.H.P urgetln-in-Chid, "".J O-\,B. l)\'ersea" in India, in.;,peCled the Bomhay Corp. on December 1"th,lCJ34.

\ ppreciation of the smart turn-out and the good ,york done for the pa<.:;t quarter ut a century by the Corp- was expre::,seJ by the I nSf ecting 0111cer. He particularl) complimented the Parsi community for organising- the :\ ursing Di\'i - ion, and ,,,as to see that many Par. women and especially the Yl)Ungcr generaLilll1 had joined the Di\ He h(lped that \\'omen of other communities would abo assist the Brigade in it u dul and unselfish worl;:.

arri\al Sprawson ,,'as receiyed by .\ssi..,t;{nt Cl111lmissioner \\'. R. S. harpe, District Surgeon, C3.pt. F. Kapadia, and Ollleiating District Supt. D. F. Pantbaki. :\Iajur-General Spra\n;on then inspected the parade.

In \\'e!coming 2\Iajor-General Spra\\' on, ;\11'. D. F. Pantha].;:i, said that it wa the fIrst \'isit of the Surgeon-inChief of the John .o-\lllbulance Brie;ade O\ erseas in India to the Bombay Corps. The Bombay Di triet wa - the largest and the strongest in the \yhole of I ndia. haying on its roll one ing, one Cadet ten :\mbulance and three Cadet .o-\mbulance Di\'isions. The P3.r Ambulance Diyision, \\'hich \yas the stronge -t and tbe first in th whole of India, ,yas funned in 1QO+, and the ,ruslim Diyision, the Infant Diyi ion, in 1932.

All the Diyisiol1s had been doing- useful work by turnin o out on public fUl1ctil)n::. at all times in and oULside and by making arrangements for the comfort and transport of the- sick and injured.

:' Iajtlr-General prawso n in a brief reply thanked the Corps for the \\'e!come they had e-.::tended to hil11. The fact that the Bllmbay District "'il the largest of the Di triets in Indi a must be a's much a source of pride to them a' it \\'a a pleasure to him to see them.

:'11'. Panthaki had presented, he said, the objects of their moyemenL in a nutshell "'hen he stated that they had done useful and unselfish \\'llrk. The t\\'o \\ords "useful and ullseJtlsh" cOllycyed \\'Il.lt the St. John .o-\mbulance Brigade :,(lk)d for. E"cry man and ,,'oman, he 3.dded, ouo'ht to kno\,' \\'hat tLl do on occasions of sicknes - and acJdents The training in the 51. John .\mbulance Brigade enabled them to stand by the helpless.

In conclusion, he assured the Bombay Corps that \"h ell he r t urn ed to Delhi it ,,'ould be his pleasant duty tll tell the he adq u a rtL'rs of their g-ood ,,'o r].;: and smart lurn-out.

\Ve are prepared to supply Ambulance Secretaries and others with specimen copIes of this Journal for distribution among their members. Apply to the Publishers, FIRST AID, 46 Cannon 5t., London E.C.",

Detailed ,\1arking Sheet No. 45.

INDlnnUAL TESTS.

Bearer No. i.-You are working in a butcher's s hop and are called to a boy who has had his right forearm caught in the pulley of a machine. Blood is dripping from the arm on to the ground. The machinery has been stopped, but the boy is held by the sleeve of his right arm near the shoulder. Vou ha, ' e full equ ipm ent.

(N. B. - ImprO\ ise "Butchcr's Shop" and equip with necessary articles.)

DETAILS

I D. Jan uary, 19.35.

Cease digital pressure on Subclavian and ask if bleeding has stopped (J 1es )

Ask how breathing now (much 1·mjJ1'07-'ed)

Cover patient with coat or rug

Hot bottles covered and protected (if obtainable)

Keep patient's head a nd shoulders low

Ask: if doctor immediately a\ ailable (}es)

Send written message and report to do cto r

Co-operation and efficiency of Bearers 60

Bearer'> No. of a nd 5. - This man while working in a kit c hen was standing near the Tire and stumbled on to it.

The upper part of his clothes are on fire a nd his face is burnt.

The patient is uncons c ious; and you have full equipment.

(N. B. - Improvise "Kitchen" with fire, s ink, table Covered with cloth and other necessary articles.)

DETAILS OF TEST.

Bearers remove patient from fire, and 2

Lay him gently on his back 2

Bearer smothers flames with tablecloth :\

Made wet with water from sink

Ask where are burns (front of neck, face, upper clust)... 1

Ask if eyes are burnt (no) 2

Next examine for ca use of fall 2

,\sk if breathing apparent (yes) it s c har ,lcter (slerLm'ous)

If breath has definite smell (no) 2

What is condition of face (flushed) of pupils (mzequal) 3

If there is pal-alysis of limbs (left sz'de more h'II2P) 2

If temperature of the body raised eFes) 1

If there are convulsions (no) 2

Ask if telephone in hous e ()Ies) 1

Telephone doctor; Patient suffering frolll Apoplexy and Burns 4

Judge answers " Doclo?' comin/( soon ,

Carefully loo se n clothing, cutting round if n ecessa ry 2

Do not break blisters; prepare bicarbonme so lution 2

Dessert-spoonful to pint warm boiled w ate r 2

2

January, 19.35. FIRST

Police Ambulance News. NATIONAL FIRST AID

The eliminating contests for the above are now laking place and wc hope to publish next month a complete list of the teams that will take part in the final round, which will be held on Friday, March 1st, 1935, at the Central H a ll, Westminster, London, for the "Pim" Trophy and prizes presented by the Order of St. John.

The judges for the final are Captain A. C. "VVhite Knox, M .C ., M.B., Ch.B. of London, for the team test an d J. R. Hammerton, Esq. M.B., B.S., M,R.C.S., L.R.C.P. of Herne Bay, for the individual part of the proceedings.

METROPOLITAN SPECIAL CONSTABULARY.

A pleasing ceremony took place at Islin gton Police Station on Tuesday evening, December 18th, when the officers and men of the Special Constabulary First Aid Class presented Mr. A. T. Gend e rs, late of the i\!etropolit an P o li ce, with a canteen of cutlery, in recognition of his services as the instructor in first aid and ambulance work.

During the last ten years a large numb er of men been trained by Mr. Genders and 11l0st of them have receIv ed their medallions and labels from the St. John Ambulance Association. This \vork has been entirely vo luntary on both sides and ha s proved on man y occasions of the utmo st value to the men in the co urse of their dutie s as special constables.

Forty Years Ago.

Coming Events.

The EdiLOr will b<! pleased to recei"e particulars of forthcoming events for inclusion (free of cbarge) under this heading.

J ANUARY.

22.-Cinematograph Lecture on c, The Blood," ananged by the Dagenham Division, S.]. A. B., Outpatients' Department, King George Hospital, Da£{enham.

22.-No. 9 District Police Nation;11 First ,\id Competition eliminating contest.

23. - No. 5 District Poli ce National First Aid Competition eliminating contest.

23.-Dance, Southall Division, '0. 1 District, S.].A.B., Fairlawn Hall, Southall.

26.-Durham Cleveland and v\T estmorland Districts Ambula nce "Donald Bain" Divisional Competitions. ."

29. -N o 2 District Police Tational First Aid Competition eliminating contest.

FEBRUARY,

1.-Leicester Co-operati,-e Ambulance Division, talk by \V. Plowman on "Blood TransfusIOn," Co-operati\'e Rooms.

1.-Annual Social, Central Area, No. t District, S.J.A.R Shoreditch Town Hall.

9.--Annual Dinner, HospitaJlers' Club, Rooms.

9.-Durham Cleveland and \V estmorland Dlstn cts lance "Elizabeth Bain ,. Di"isional CompetIt ion s.

1S. - In vestiture of the Order of Sl. John of Jerusalem.

BEARERS Nos. 2 and 3.-This man while working in a chemist's shop accidental ly breaks a large bottle full of ammonia by falling on it, and is overcome by the fumes.

You two are working near and hurry to r ender first aid. The upper and inner part of his sleeve is saturated with blood. You ha\'e full equipment.

Improvise" Chemist's Shop" with counter and equIp WIth other necessary articles.)

DETArLS OF TEST.

Apply wet handkerchief over no se and mouth

Open all doors and windows widely

Remove patient quickly into fre sh air

Lay him down flat on gro und

>\sk if he is breathing (yes,

Remove coat right sleeve first...

Exrose wound (region C!/ left Axilla7)1 A1'te?JI)

Ask colour of blood (scarlet)

;\sk how it is Oowing (spztdmg)

One Bearer applies digital pre ssu re

AccLI.rately left Subclavian Artery

Ask bleedll1g ceased (ves, if Radial pulseless)

Ask If wound clean (yes) if glass in it (110)

Other Bearer prepares dl essings and iodine s

Hands before touching dressings or wounds

Clean dressing on wound; soft pad

Place hard pad (e.g. billiards ball) in armpit

App y narro\v bandage crossed over shoulder and

Carefully tie under the other armpit

Flex forearm and fasten limb to trunk

Apply to neck and chest strips of lint 2

Soaked in bicarbonate of soda solution 2

Apply to face mask of lint, similarly treated :\ Cover pati e nt warmly with rugs from house 2

Apply covered and tested hot water bottles 2

To feet and pit of stomach of p at ient 2

Ask if ice can be obtained (no) 2

,:\pply co ld water towels to head 2

Keep patient at rest; give nothing by mouth 2

Raise head and s houlders, head to one side 3

Stay with patient till doctor comes :\ Co-operation a nd

of Bearers

Florence Nightingale Foundalion. Thc prospectus for the session 1935- 36 has just been published. In addition to the Course in Public Health and the Course for Nurse Administrators and Tearhers in Schools of Nursing, a Course in Social Work will be held. Application for admission to the Courses, which open on August 15th, 193 5, should be made directly to Mis s Olive BaggalI;:ty, Secretary, Florence Nightingale Inlernational Foundation, 15 'vlanchester Square, London, W.1.

When you write to any of our Advertisers kindiy mention FIRST AID. It dosen't cost you anything and it pleases the Advertisers, and Us.

In this column we are publishing short extracts from the corresponding issue of FIRST AID of 40 years ago.

By some special rules made by the authority of an Act of Parliament passed in August last, and which came into operation on the first of this month, ' it is ordered that "At Qllarries where more than 25 persons are employed, ambulances or stretchers, with splints and bandages, shall be provided at convenient places ready for immediate use incase of acciden t. ., We are very pleased indeed to see that Parliament recognises the necessity of provision being made for the purpose of rendering first aid in places where accidents are likely to happen. This is the thin edge of the wedge, and it will be found in course of time that where voluntary efforts are insufficient Parliament will step in and make the necessary rules.-From a report.

16. -B. R. C. S. Blood Transfusion Service Annual Social, HoI born Hall.

19.-Cinematograph Lecture on "Circulatory Control" and "Control of Bleeding," arranged by the Division, S.J.A. B., Outpatients' Department, KIngGeorge Hospital, Dagenham.

23.-Durham, Cleveland and I?istricts lance League "Donald Bain" and Elizabeth Baln Competition Finals, Durham,

23.- o. 22 (Hospital Sunday Fund) Di"ision, S.]. -\. B., Dance, vVestminster Cathedral Hall.

23.-Eastern Area No. 1 District, S.J.A. B., Competitions, Latham R oad Schools, East Ham.

28.-Vaughan College Nursing Division , S.J .A. B" Dance, Co-operative Hall, Leicester.

1\1 ARCTI.

1. - Police National First Aid Compelltlon Final for the " Pim " Troph y, Central Hall, \V est1l1inster.

10. -Ce ntral Area No.1 Di slrict S,J,A.B., Church Parnde Priory Church.

"THE PLUMBER « JOURNAL OF HEATING,'

18. monthly ) Is THE paper for all tr8desmen Publl.shlog Office: .. 0. Cannon E.C

Home Service Ambulance Com mittee.

At the end of September, 1934, there were 156 of the Committee's ambulances in the country and 184 afIiliated stations, making a total of 340. According- to the quarterly report for 30th September 1934, the number of patients carried was 34,921, making a grand total of 1,405,802 since the inception of the service

The and equ ipment of cars is receiving the attention of the Committee, one big question being the elimination of road shocks to patients. Various forms of springs or s hock absorbers forming part of the stretcher carrier have been tried from time to time. A maltress made of Latex rubber, recently submitted to the Commiltee for trial, has rroved extremely satisfactory and has earned high praise from patients. Ventilation, the usc of Purdah glass or roller blinds and the heating of ambulances are a lso matters to which attention is drawn in the report.

TW::J devices for carrying patients, where the normal stretcher is impracticable, a r e those of Mr. T. Parratt, who designed a special stretcher, and of 1\1 r. Basil 1\1 onk, who designed the Un i versal Stretcher Sheet. Both of these new inventions received publicity in the pages of 'FIRST AID."

The addition of resuscitation apparatus to the equipment of ambulances has been very strongly urged in some quarters and it is becoming quite the usual practice to include apparatus for the administration of carbon-dioxide in the equipment carried in the Committee's cars

Hardly a day passes but ambulances a re cal ed to cases of gas poisoning, drowning, electric shock or road accidents, where, if prompt methods of resuscitation are availab le, whether administered by the doc to r or the first aide r li\'es can be saved.

Of the patients carried Devonshire has been responsible for 290,808, followed by Lancashire, \V., with 213,428.

What is Efficiency?

CC Thinking things over, I should like, in a few words to relate an episode that happened abo ut two months after I joined the Brigade (just over 37 years ago), the memory of which is as though i t happened but yesterday, "I was detailed for duty at Fulham Football Ground. Passing through Hammers "nith Broadway I witnessed a rather bad accident. A hor se -draw n 'hus collide d with a li ght standard which collapsed and fcll on the driver's head I am always pleased to remember that I did run and was the first to arrive on the top of the 'bus. Th e case was hopeless; the man's sku ll was battered and his brain protruding. Nevertheless, I assisted in taking him to the West London Hospital, which was close by. After this I proceeded to m)' duty post and within half-an-hour of my arrival, alone, I was cal led to remove a boy who had become spiked throug-h the thigh. I app li ed a and conveyed the patient to the West London Hospital. On arrival I saw the same surgeon who remarked, " By jove! you are busy to-day; if you have the time to spare you can assist me to dress this injury." Of course I had to say yes. No d o ubt the surgeon thought me a reliable and budding first aider, but if he had known 111V fe e lings, he would ha've never invoked my feeble help. -

" It was the practice of our officer to send new recuits on duty with more experienced men. My companion was a man old enough to be my father. His name was Dick and h e knew his work. I, as a raw re c ruit-even though I had m)' ce r tificate-knew so li ttle, but Dick was my "Pillar of Guidance." On the day when the above aec-idcnts occure d were different. Dick was not with me rind I felt ve r y lonely and helpless. I in my own mind that T should ha\ 'e run away from th e 'bu s; I knew I was not qualified to do a nything big and when I saw the boy spiked on the rails I should ha\'e mu c h preferred to have left it to a more experienced hand such as Dick.

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As a result of the performances of Miss Gracie Fields during Charity 'Week in her home town, Rochdale charities received grants varying from £500 to £.10, and amont; others the S.].A. Brigade received £25.

The Third 1nternational Air Ambulance Congress organized by the Royal Aero Club of Belgium in with the In ternational Aeronautica l Federation and the League of Red Cross Societies, will take place in Brussels from June 11th to 16th 1935.

A Sale of \-Vork promoted by the Blackburn N ursinoDi vision, S.].A.B" held in December realised £14. Clarke, wife of the Corps Surgeon, presided and in declaringthe Sale open Mrs. Pullen appealed for support so that the work in Blackburn might not suffer

The Lady Mayoress of Liverpool, Mrs. F. T. Richardson, pa id a visit to the Headquarters of the Liverpool Corps, S.]. A. B., on the occasion of the 3rd. Annual Children's Party organised by the members of Central Division, ably led by Officers King, Knight an d Milburn. Corps Officer W. E. Searl welcomed the Lady Mayoress, who, in reply, expressed Iwr admiration for the work the Illo\ elllent was doing,

"The excitement of the afternoon had really made me fepI ill. It was a baptism of blood and 1 was ve r y thankful when I arrived home. I gazed at my llrst aid cert ifi cate, naturally in a nice frame, and read and re-read the words "Qualified to render first aiJ." The truth was absent, it should have read cc Qualified to render first aid SO!)l£' day."

cc I ca me to the conclusion that I must become efficient or leave the Bri!Sade. I am thankful I realised that I should have to rely on my own efforts and ability and not he content to lean on Dick. With this object in view I attended ever\, possible duty, studied the textbook and cultivated a knack of treating imaginary cases and criticising my own mistakes.

cc On the man or "voman who obtains his or her first certificate rests a big responsibility. You become qualified. Yesterday without that qualification, whatever you did, even if it was wrong, was accepted, but to-day you are qualified and wrongs cannot be permitted. You must know or why are you qualified? The British public are very critical judges and on the St. J ohn member they pin their faith and are content to know he is different from the other fellow-he is qualified. Are we each and all entitled to this co nfidenc e invested in us? Do we all do as much as we can to cope with a n ything that may happen? I venture to say thRt only diligent attendance at public duties and at the regul a r weekly practices will eve r g i ve us the right to saya r e\'en think, that we are really qua lifi e d.

"We each want sufficient courage and co nfiden ce to g-o alone and not to expect to have a " Dick" with us.

" My Dick has passed to the cc Great Reyond " where, as a True Crusader he will r eap his great re\v a rd Th e greatness of the S.].A. B. is founded on the indi vidual effort of each mcmber and hy hi s determination to g-rasp the small things that count so much towards efficiency."-J.S.H.

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Queries and Ansvvers to Correspondents.

Qlleries will be dealt with under the following rules;-

1. -Let ters containing Queries must be marked on the top left hand corner of the envelope" Query," and addressed-FIRsT A D 46, Cannon·street, London, E. C. 4.

2.-:\'1l Queries must be accompanied by a "Query Coupon" cut from the current issue 01 the J()umal, or, in case of Queries [rGm abroad, from a recent issue.

3. -The Textb ook. to which refe , ence be madt in this column is the 38th (1928) Edition of S.J.A.A. Mfnual of }iHI Aid.

A.BUSE OF SAL VOLATILE-

D.O (Greenwich).-For some time I ha\'e had it on my mind to write you as I haye been annoyed with the amount of Sal \ 'o latile which our people administer.

Just before Xmas my wife and I were at a certain theatre when a lady felt faint and went out. She returned in a few minutes and sat down in a seat t,,'o ro\.yS in front of us. One of our ambulance sisters was in the gallery and was called to the patient to whom on arriYal she handed a smelling botlle. Then she went to her case and without attempting to examine the patient's pulse, ga\'e her a dose of Sal Volatile so strong that I could smell it from where I sat.

So I am "'ondering if you ""'ould write an article on the Cse anu of Sal Volatile, because I am certain in my own mind that it is sorely needed especially in view of B.O. 651.

Your views coincide my own; and several times in these columns I have commented on the all too-frequent administration of what is, after all, a true stimulant, since it is composed mainly of alcohol \\'ith some ammonia in the proportion of 10 to 1. Unfortunately, some first aiders must always be "doing something" and do not appreciate the "'isdom of adopting an expectant attitude.

This reminds me of a story ,,,hieh I once heard. Long, long ago ac a Lord Mayor 's Show a man in the cro\ovd came O\'er faint and was told to sit on the kerb. Th e ambulance man then whipped out his bottle of Sal Volatile and tried to remO\'e the stopper. As he could not get it out, he appealed to a co lleague who also failed and in his t urn appealed to a police officer. After several minutes these three succeeded in their efforts; and Ambulance Man No.1 was proceeding to pour out the c ppropriate dose when t he police officer pointed out to him that the patient had disappeared !-N. CORBET FLETCHER.

EXAMINATIO:\ Ho\\·LER.

C. \\'. (Halesworth) -In a recent examination the doctor asked one candidate what was the purpose of the skeleton. He was vastly amused when the candidate in all innocence replied-" To lecture on ,I"

Good! f'\' ext, please! 1- '.C.F.

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION BY ROCKING CHAIR.

A. E. (Stocksbridge)-I was much interested in the RockinnChair l\Iethod of Artificial Respiration as described the November 193-+ issue of FIRST AID. I note that the patient's upper limbs are fastened down to the sides of his body. It has occurred to me that, as the method of

A I D. January, 1935.

causing expiration is the same as in the Schafer Method (namely by pressing' the abdomi nal contents on to the diaphragm), it would be an advantage to ha ve the patient in a similar position with upper limbs extended above his head. I wondered if there wa s any particular reason for having the upper limbs by the sides of the body; and I shall be grateful for an expression of your opinion.

The same thought occurred to me ; and, as I have no experience with the Rocking- Chair, I placed your problem before certain authorities who have and ,,·ho replied, as follo\.\'s :-

"vVe think that the limbs-hy- side position allows the maximal slackness of the diaphragm, and hence permits its excursion up and down in the Rocking If the limbs were fixed upwards, the diaphragm would be more stretched; and hence its excursion would be less. If the ribs are allowed to fall upwards in the head-down position, they 'would be causing inspiration when the diaphragm was causing expiration.

"The Rocking Method works perfectly with the limbsby-side position, gi\'ing as much or more ventilation than Schaf er's in which force is used to expe l air (inspiration heing by elastic recoil) and hence an initial attitude of maximal inspiration is desirable."-

C. F.

TRA 'S PORT OF PATIENT.

]. P. (Hull)- \Vith reference to my query published under the above title in the December 193-+ issue of FIRST AID, I note that the injuries include Complicated Fracture of Hip whereas I meant to ,,'rite II Rib s." In these circumstances will your answer be the same, please?

Yes.-;\.C.F.

ApOPLEXY AND ITS TREATMENT.

v\'. R. (York).-At our \Yar Office In pection recently I was asked to describe Apoplexy and its trcatment ; and I was surprised to be told that it was not due to the rupture of a diseased blood vessel causing h<emorrhage into the brain. The examiner said that, when that occurred (causing the consequent para ly sis), the condition was a Stroke. Apoplexy, he said, was caused either by a sudden rush of blood to the brain or more probably by a blood clot on the brain but without any rupture of a blood vessel.

\\·hen asked, I IUl\'e never been able to explain the difference between Stroke and Apoplexy The VV O. Inspector certainly has done that for me. Do you agree with him? I take it that a first aider would not be able to tell the difference and that the first aid treatment would be identical. I s this correct?

Like nearly every other reader of FIRST ALD, I first turn to the Queries for your most instructi\'e Answerse\'en before enjoying the monthly Howlers.

'urely, you mistook the explanation offered by your v\'. O. Inspector. At any rate, take a tip from an old hand and, in v iew of the definition on p. 163 of the Textbook, do not, for goodness sake, pass on that differenliation between Stroke and Apoplexy to any St. J ohn examiner or competition judge.

Th e word" .\pop le xy" means" Struck down" ; an d in other words a Stroke £s .\poplexy, which Cbambers Dictionary rightly describes as "loss of sensation and of motion by a sudden stroke, genera lly applied by modern medical wri ters to ru pture of a blood vesse l with h c£morrhage in the brain or its membranes, whether with or without consciousness. "

I n other words, Apoplexy mayor may not be accompanied by loss of consc iousn ess and by signs of paralysis.N C.F.

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SENSA'IIONS \\"1'[1-1 F RACTURED SPINE , KS , ('vVallon-on - N'azc), - Havi n g recent ly reco\'ere d fro m the erfects of a motor accident, I t h o u ght Lh al r ea d ers o f FIRST AID might like to know what a patient fee s lik e when he has broken his neck!

Well! I was driv ing a c;mall Austin 7 H . P Sa loo n Car, being- seated in a bucket seat that is, wi t h s up po rt up to my scapula: and wilh Ill)' head a nd sho ul de r s u nsupported-when a Ford van struck my car ob liqu e ly in the centre of the ofT-side door as I ""as t u rn i ng a corne r Lo the lefl.

T h e impacL caused Illy head to be jerke d vio l e n t y flrsL to the r igbt, tbe n forward and the n to the e ft , while my car travelled 50 yards out of contro l u nt il L came to rest in a tree . 1)' eyes at once we n t misty; and I was unable to recognise the objects wh ch I was passing-, alLhough I was conscious that I was sti ll tra\'el ing and that m)' neck muscles were st r a in e d.

Two bystanders forced open a do o r; a nd as I 1l10\'ed across the front seat to g=t out of m y ca r 1 fe ll weak in my l egs and could not wa k u n t il I h a d r este d for a m i nute or two and pu ll ed myself toget h e r. vV h en I did manage to wa l k, I fe lt stiffn ess i n my n ec k muscles together w it h a pain just across my sca pul ce, up my neck and at the back of my head I was taken to shelter and placed before a warm fi r e; and ha lf an hour later had a good square meal.

For ten days I carried on at my wor k ; b u t I h a d t o walk because trayel ing by car and 'bus ca u se d a n intolerable increase of the pain in my neck mus cl es ; and moreo\'e r 1 supported my neck w ith a thick sca rf fo lded several times beneath my coat T hr ee d ays l ate r a lt hough the pain had by this time p r act ica ll y di sappeared, I underwent an x-ray examinat io n w h ic h disclosed that 1 had fractured the odonto id p r ocess of the second cen'ical vetebra.

I understand that this variety of fract u re is gett in g more cOl11l11on oWll1g to the type of seats in cars an d t h e iucreasing frequency of car accidents. Further, as I have foun.d froJ1J persona l experie n ce that it is poss i b le for a patient to carryon, eyen with a broken nec k , 1 wo uld ask you please to sllggest some met h o d of r e nd e ring first aid for such cases

Y.our report is 1110St interesting; and rea a ers of FIR ST ,\ID will, I know, combine with me in congratulating yo u o n your reco\ -ery Unfortunately it is n ot poss i ble to suggest a !lne of treatment for such cases; and fi r st a id e r s can only treat the symptoms as these arise.

l\ l asked fractures are not uncommon' an d most of u s have met with cases. Thus, a man fa ll s'down stai rs a nd lands on his bead. He gets up and carr ies o n h is wo r k as us u al. Then days ater, per h aps a wee k , he d eve lops a b lack eye or wlth1l1 weeks a cop io u s wate r y di sc h a r ge from or both ears Without any a p pare n t reaso n. Wh e n these signs the doctor is cons ul ted, obta in s a hi sto r y of the head lnJury (to the patlent an un important facto r ) a nd reason to suspect that the patient w h e n h e fe ll d o wnstairs, actually sustained a Fractured Base of t h e S k ull. -

C.F.

A I D. Januar y , 19 3 j. th e limb pr ov id e d y ou as a fir s t a id e r w ith thr ee (n ot one) g ood r eas on s for dia g n os in g Simpl e Frac tur e (prob a bly in n ec k) o f F e mur. In s h o r t, y our case co n for m e d s tri ctl y to th e d esc ri pt ion o n p.p. 7 2 a nd 7 3 of t h e T ex tb oo k, ex ce pt h at pat e nt was a yo un g m a n In c id e nt a ll y, yo u r r e po r t s h o w s ax ity in yo ur u se of ter m s (1 ) beca u se yo ur " eg" s h o uld h ave r ea d " o w e r li mb" a nd (2 ) b eca u se th e evers io n of th e foot was "defo rmi ty o f li mb " as d esc r i be d o n p S5 of T ext b oo k To m e it is as o ni s hin g h ow few r ea li se t h at t h e T ex tb ook u se s th e te rm " d e fo rmit y " with r e fe r ence t o t h e li mb an d th e t e rrn " irr eg ul a rit y" w ith r e fe r e n ce t o th e injur ed p a r t.- N. C F.

F RACTURES OF PELVIS AN O F EMU R R G. (As hin gto n ) - 1n a r ece n co mp e ti io n th e pa ti e nt w as su pp ose d to b e s u ffe rin g fr om a Comp li cated Fract ur e of P e l v s ( ri g h t s id e) an d a lso fr o m a S im ple Fr ac tur e of F e mur (ri g h s id e) Th ree teams app li e d t h e l o n g sp lint a nd trea t e d bot h fract u res con j o in l y, whil e t he ot h e r thr ee di spe n se d w it h t h e sp lin t beca u se h ey th oug ht th a t th e fr act ur e d p e l vi s was t h e mor e se ri o u s in j ur y a nd th at t he sp l in t wo ul d agg r avate it. Also, w h at m et h od d o yo u a d v se i n s u c h a case fo r liftin g pat e n t a nd loa din g s t retc h e r ? Y o ur kind h e lp w ill b e mu ch Y o ur d eta il s a r e d e li g- h tf ull y \'ag u e ; an d so I ca nn ot p r ete nd to g ve a d og m atic a n s we r. In my opin io n h oweve r , th e Fr act ur e d F em u r is t h e mo r e se r io u s co ndi t io n fr o m t h e fi r st - a id sta n dpoint , beca u se of h e poss i bi li ty o f t h e f r ag m e n ts d oin g in jury to t h e fe m o r a vesse l s. So in s u c h c ir c um sta n ces a ll t hi rigs being eq u a l I wo uld tr eat t h e F rac tur e d Fem u r a nd k n ow th at i n m ost in stances t h e F ract ur e d P e lv is wo uld be proper l y co n t r o ll e d Y o u sho ul d l oad stretcher n t h e ordi n ary "vay as l aid dow n in Stetc h e r Exercise No. 1 (T extboo k p p. 1 91 - 20 1 ). Th e o ld i nst r uct o n s to t r a n spo r t s u c h cases as fo r F ract ur e d Sp in e a r e n o o n ger n force -l .C.F

TR ANSPORT or CASES OF CONCEALED BLEE DI NG.

H .C. (Cr ay fo rd ) -At p r act ice rece n t y we w e r e as k e d to r e nd e r fi rst ai d to a m a n w h o was stru ck in t h e ri g h t s id e a nd kn oc k e d d ow n b y a ca r. P atie n was un co nsc i o u s a nd s u fre r i n g fr om co n cea le d h remo rrh ag-e fr o m an inju re d li ve r. Our di ffic ul ty a r ose as t o h ow s u c h a pat ie nt sho uld be li ft e d. T h e Tex t boo k ( R u e 9, p. 1 56) says h e s h o uld be r e m ove d in r ec umb e n pos it io n D oes thi s m e a n t h at h e s h o uld be li fte d as fo r a F r act ur ed S pin e o r s h o uld h e b e li fte d o n to th e st r etc h er in th e o rdi na r y w a y? Y o ur a d v ice will be m u c h ap pr ec ate d. Y ou r seco nd s u gges ti o n is t h e co rr ec t o n e; a nd th e p at ie n s h o uld b e t r a n s p o rt e d in th e or din a r y w ay.- N C.F

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A. S. I ca ll e d to atten d a m a n 22! who had Injured hiS leg, h e injury s ub se qu e nt ly to be a Fractu red Fem ur. I m ay in te r es t leaders of AID to know that t h e o nl y s g n found was the. pOSitIOn of the foot wh ic h was turne d o n to th e o u ter a lthoug h both l imbs we r e exam in e d for deform ity \Vou d it be poss ib le to exp la i n t h e r easo n for t h e ahsence of any ot h er s ign o r sy m pto n ?

_. of t h e foot, na bili ty of rec um be n t pati ent t o l a lse hi S hee l from tho g'rou n d and ( I suspec ) s h o rt e nin g o f

T."P. ( Ou s t o n ).-A t a r ecen t co m pet it o n o ur l ea m r ece i ve d a ca rd o f in st ru ctio n, p a rt o f whi c h r ea d as fo ll o w s :"Y o u find a wo m a n y in g- o n h e r face o n th e foo tpa th; a nd afte r exa min a t io n yo u d eci d e th a t s h e is d ea d, as h e r h ear t a nd br eat hin g h ave cease d t o ac t " Pl ease te ll m e if we s hould ass um e th e woman d ea d.

111 0 r e co mpl e e d e t a il s o f th e t est t s utt e rl y Imp OSS ibl e fo r m e to form a n o pinion a nd t o g ive a d ec s ion o n a se n te n ce plu c k ed fro m th e ca rd o f i n st ru c ti o n s If h ea rt a nd lun gs" h ave cease d t o ac t, " th e n p at ie nt is de a d; but as t.h e d ec is io n o n th ese p o in ts is s t ate d t o h ave bee n m a d e b y fir s t a id ers th e n it s quit e p oss ibl e th a t yo ur t es t wa s b ase d on Ru le 1 p 18 o f th e T ext b oo k. - N C F

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AID for the The Independent Ambulance and Journal Nursing Services.

FIRST AID is published on the 20th of each month. The Annual Subscription is 35. 6d. post free; single copies 3d. Its aim and object being the advancement of Ambulance Work in all its branches, the Editor invites Readers to send Articles and Reports on subjects pertaining to the Movement and also welcomes suggestions for Practical Papers.

All Reports, &c., should be addressed to the Editor at the address below, and should reach him before the 12th of each month, and must be accompanied (not necessarily JOY pUblication) by the name and address of the Correspondent.

Subscriptions, Advertisements and other business Communications connected with FIRST AID should be forwarded to the Publishers, DALE, REYNOLDS & CO., LTD., 46, CANNON STREET, LONDON, E.C.4.

1 elegraphic Address-" Twenty-four, London."

37IO.

EDITORIAL.

WITHIN a few days the eighth POLICE final competition for the" Pim " NATIONAL Trophy, open to Police Forces COi\J PETITION. 111 England and Wales, will take place in London. We have watched vvith great interest the manner in which this event has been enthusiastically taken up by Police first aiclers, and the eyample set by those in authority by encouraging their men to enter and giving facilities for practice. On the occasion of the first competition, held in 1928, the work done was by no means what one could call excellent, many teams lacking the essential experience of competition work. That the members were good first aiders there was no doubt but competition technique was absent. To-day, however, a different story can be told. Police teams can be numbered among the best in the country and judges on many occasions have been agreeably surprised at the excellent progress made by competitors in this competition. The Police are, however, behind the majority of finals in ont respect. They still continue with the patient being the No.5 of the team. There can be no doubt that the independent patient makes for a fairer and better competition. It is impossible for the doctor judge to fake injuries on nine different patients in exactly the same manner. They do their best but in the time at their disposal, between the competing teams, only elementary make-up is possible. Again, some team patients do not act the part they are required to play according to the instructions given. Only recently, at an eliminatingcompetition, the team judge when addressing the competitors emphasised the fact that if a patient was supposed to be unconscious he would be unable to assist the team in removing his coat! \Ve suggest, therefore, that before the 1936 competition is arranged

the district secretaries should discuss this matter and incorporate the rule for an independent patient. The St. John authorities, we know, are in favour of this rule and would welcome the change.

St. John Ambulance Association

BARNOLDS\v1CK. - A year's record of many useful activtties, efficient service, and satisfactory finance was reviewed at the annual meeting of the Barnoldswick Centre held on January 29th, under the chairmanship of District Officer Frank vViddup, J P.

Corps Supt. W. Duxbury stated that 124 all ranks, men and nurses, formed the personnel of the Brigade, whilst 26 members were on the Sick Berth Reserve list.

During- the year road patrols had been provided at Gisburn on 42 occasions and 20 accident cases had received attention.

The centre kept 40 workshops in Barnoldswick equipped with ambulance boxes, and in each mill there were men of the Corps who could take charge when the use of them was required.

The medical comforts department was open every uight, and during the year 325 sick-room requisites were applied for and loaned out. In competitions the" A" Division had been successful in that for the "Mountgarrett" Cup, and had been awarded the second prize in the "Wilkinson Memorial" Shield. Squad and individual nursing competions had also taken place. Service medals had been awarded to two mem bers and bars to three others. Al together seven members were now in possession of Brigade Service medals. Of the Sick Berth Reserve four had received naval good conduct or service medals.

In the classes 28 members had obtained first-aid certifi cates and 15 had earned certificates for home nursing. This brought up the total of awards made since the formation of the brigade to 746. The number of cases removed to the hospitals with members in attendance was considerably more than in 1933.

BRISTOL.-A record year in every department was reported at the annual meeting of the Bristol Centre, which was held on January 18th.

The number of classes held during the year was 56 comprising 37 first aid (21 male and 16 female) 18 Nursing (4 male and 14 female) and one Home Hygiene for men.

The classes were composed as follows :-Scouts 1· 2; of Cookery, 2; M. V. T. c.', 4 ; Poltce (City), 2; AssociatIOn, 3; Factories 2· Education Committee, 21.; Collieries, 2 ; Juniors, 6 ; 4; Bristol Docks AuthOrIty, 3 ; Brewery, 1 ; Unattached 2 City and Marine Ambulance Corps, 1. The number' of' successful candidates was 712. In addition 22 men connected with the Mercantile Marine passed in first aid.

A number of new members have been introduced into the various divisions .of the City of Bristol Corps of the St. John Ambulance BrIgade. The Port of Bristol Authority employees are exceedingly keen on ambulance work; numbers. of men from the various factories are passing out effiCient.

The annual Stretcher Competition was held at the Zool.ogical Gardens .in July last. Dr. H. G. Kyle (the the Bostol Centre) and one of the judges, praised the teams for their high standard of efficiency and referred to valye of "First Aid." R. E. Bush, Esquire,

A 10. February. f935.

D.L., J.P. (Knight of Grace of the Order of St. John of Jeru salem), spoke of the value of the work of the St. John Ambulance Organisation in the everyday life of a great ::ity like Bristol and hoped that increasing numbers of men and women would take an interest in the work. The thanks of those intt>rested were unaminously accorded to the Hon. Treasurer, Mr. W. G. Hawkins, in conjunction with the Hon. Secretary, Mr. Egbert Webb, with their band of willing helpers for the time and trouble involved.

St. Andrew's Ambulance Association.

The annual competition for the "Gordon Price" Cup was held in the Waverley Station, Edinburgh, on February 3rd, under the auspices of the Edinburgh Centre of the St. Andrew's Ambulance Association.

The arbiters were Drs. A. T. B. Dickson and G. L. Malcolm Smith.

Eight teams took part, and the Cup was won by Team No.6 (141 points), captained by D. Mackay, and consisting of W. Scott, R. R. Grieve, ]. Milne and Miss E. C. D. Blake. Team No.8 (captain, ]. Haxton) was second with HOi points.

Mr. Hill, District Operating Superintendent, L. N. E. R., in presenting the cup, spoke of the value such competitions were in promoting efficiency among ambulance men.

Forty Years Ago.

In this column we are publishing short extracts from the corresponding issue of FIRST AID of 40 years ago.

JOHN FURLEY! J.P., whose portrait appears

In our Gallery thiS month, holds a world -wide as an authority on all matters appertaining to ambulance work, both civil and military. In 1877, as a member of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, Mr. FlIrley, in conjuction with the late Sir Edmund Lechmere and Colonel Duncan, was one of the founders of the St. John Ambulance Association, and there is no doubt that. it was .largely due to his untiring zeal and gentus that It made such rapid progress and that its appliances are to-day recogn ised allover the world. as to In 1883 Mr. Furley

In connectIOn .with this Association, t.he Invalid Tmnsport ServIce of which he was for many years the hOtlorary secretary and manager. It was originally intended for the removal of the sick poor from or.to their homes or to hospitals, but the exce llence of the arrangements carried out under his direction soon attracted the attention of many of the leading medical men of the day

The St. John Ambulance Brigade is also indebted to Mr. Furley for the warm interest he took in its foundation; indeed it was lar ge ly due to his personal popularity that movement was so up. in provinces, more particularly In the mining dlstncts. -Ext racts fr0111 a,n a,rticle.

Aids During Res ·uscitation.

By A. C. P. HANDOVER. (Vice-Pres'ldent, Royal Lije Savzng SoC£ety)

SINCE the publication of my paper "Recent Developments £n Resuscitation" in the September, 1933, Issue of FIRST AID, further contributions have been made to medical journals by Professor Yandell Henderson, of Yale University, U.S.A. For about thirty years he has been occupied with intensive research into various aspects of Asphyxia. Much of the material presented in this statement is a summary of his conclusions (chiefly quoted from his article of September, 1934) as far as they affect Asphyxia resulting from submersion in water, electric shock or carbon monoxide poisoning. These are the common cases in which the ordinary person is desirous of being of helpful assistance.

ASPHYXIA.

The initial cause of Asphyxia is a shortage of necessary oxygen for the needs of the body. The remedy in such cases, upon casual thought, appears to be an increase of the normal supply of oxygen to the unconscious person. From answers given by pupils learning resuscitation their course of reasoning seems to be-Asphyxia is caused by lack of oxygen and excess of carbon dioxide in the body; artificial respiration drives out the accumulated carbon dioxide and draws in fresh supplies of oxygen; hence, the recovery. But" recovery from Asphyxia in an untreated person is often extremely slow, indicating that certain conditions and processes, far more com plex than mere deficiency of oxygen, have to be slowly and with difficulty reversed. Tissue degeneration, once started, is not immediately reversed by even the most ample supplies of oxygen."

There are flaws in the reasoning of the casual thinker on this subject. Since the formation of carbon dioxide within the body is dependent upon the supply of oxygen, "No very great excess ot carbon dioxide is or can be produced when the supply of oxygen is shut off." So that there is not an undue amount of carbon dioxide in the body of an asphyxiated person because the shortage of oxygen (the cause of the unconscious condition) has prevented its formatiun. Further. resllscitation tends to decrease the quantity of carbon dioxide in the lungs during the expiration phases. Again oxygen, in no matter what quantity it is supplied, does not act as a stimulant to awaken the respiratory centre in the brain to re-commence its rhythmic activity of controlling breathing.

CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION AND BREATHING.

Nearly thirty years ago Professor J. S. Haldane showed that carbon dioxide was the stimulus which caused the variation of the rhythm of the nervous centre controlling respiration. Normally, this respiratory centre regulates the movements of the chest so that the volume of air taken in and discharged keeps the air in the vital depths of the lungs (the alveolar air) with a concentration of 5'6 per cent. of carbon dioxide. If (as a result of exercise, say) the quantity of carbon dioxide brought to the lungs becomes larger, this greater concentration causes the brain to increase the depth and rate of breathing until the surplus of carbon dioxide has been eliminated. On the other hand voluntary over-breathing will lower the percentage of carbon dioxide in the alveolar air, so that the stimulus causing respiratory activity is lessened; and there may be no spontaneous desire to re-commence breathing until sufficient carbon dioxide has been brought to the lungs by the blood to cause the alveolar air to reach its normal strength of carbon dioxide. Such is the reaction after voluntary forced breathing preparatory to taking a long plunge under water. This control is very sensitive a rise of carbon dioxide concentration in the air cells to 5'8 per cent. will cause the volume of air breathed to be doubled; a fall to 5'4 per cent. creates a condition in which there is no desire to breathe for a while. These figures are from Professor J. S. Haldane's lectures on "Respiration."

OXYGEN'S SHARE IN BREATHING CONTROL.

The whole of this accurate control of breathing described above is dependent on the sensitivity of the respiratory centre of the brain to variations of carbon dioxide concentration in the lungs. This sensitive response of the controlling centre is maintained as long as the arterial blood contains its full complement of oxygen obtained by ordinary breathing. Contrary to popular idea, it is impossible to super-charge the blood with oxygen by excessive voluntary breathing or by breathing greater supplies of oxygen. Normal breathing creates the maximum sensitivity of response. Thus the fully-oxygenated blood keeps the respiratory centre in a healthy condition so that it can

re-act at once to changes in the carbon d iox ide content of the blood. Oxygen keeps the centre fully sensitive, but the stimulus which causes it to work is the presence of carbon dioxide

In an asphyxiated person the supply of oxygen has almost or quite ceased. Consequently the sensitivity of the respiratory centre becomes seriously lessened so that am uch stronger sti m ul us is needed before it will respond and in i tiate breathing again. This means it requires a much greater concentration of carbon dioxide than is normal to stimulate it into controlling natural breathing again.

RESUSCITATION.

Unaided resuscitation achieves this return to natural breathing by a gradual re - oxygenation of the blood, which in its turn slowly increases the sensitivity of the respiratory centre, until at last it is able to respond to the stimulus created by the quantity of carbon dioxide present in the body . \\Then this balance has been reached, spon taneous breathing returns and the patient recovers. This may usually be a lengthy process for two reasons. The actions of artificial respiration, while admitting fresh supplies of oxygen are, at the same time, diminishing the store of carbon dioxide in the inactive body during each expiratory pressure movement. Though the respiratory centre is thus being brought towards greater sensitivity, the necessary stimulus to re - awaken it is being weakened so that its automatic re-action is delayed. Ag-ain, artificial respiration improves the condition of the air in the chest, but the respiratory centre is at the base of the brain The line of communication between them is by means of the circulating blood. But shock has lessened the tone of the vascular system, making such circulation very sluggish, so thar improved conditions in the chest are slower in reachi ng the brain and assisting in its recovery .

Modern practice aims at increasing the supply of the stimulant required to cause the deadened centre to re-commence activity. An Increasmg supply of carbon dioxide may at last become strong enough to overcome this lessened sensitivity and cause the respiratory centre to resume its automatic nervous control of breathing, which is essential to life. This is the object of administering concentrations of about 7 per cent. carbon dioxide to the patient during resuscitation. As soon as t he blood supply. absorbed this greater quantity of carbon dwxlde and transferred it to the re.spirat?ry ce?t:e, this vital part may be stIrred Into actIVIty so that natural breathing recommences. From thiS stage the patient is we ll on the to recovery. The abundance of car?on dioxide causes deep breathing which has two Important effects. Blood circulation is €ncouraaed b

by such deep breathing so that the brain is better served with fresh blood. This blood now carries a fuller supply of oxygen which decreases the time in which the respi r ato ry centre can recover its normal condition of sensitive acti\ -ity; in addition, recovery of muscle tone is assisted. This resu l tant deep breathing also thoroughly opens up the mo r e inaccessible port ions of the l ungs so that they recover a healthy condition throughout the whole of their texture, more rapidly

THE U E OF CARBO DIOXIDE.

From reports on the practical ad min istration of carbon dioxide during Asphyxia, Professor Yandell Henderson makes the following recommendations for the specific cases under consideration.

In cases of suspellded breathing from drowning emphasises the important point that every second is precious and that Schafer's method of resuscitation is the most effective. No preliminary actions (such as clearing the mouth or draining out water) should be indulged in as the prone position of the body corrects these conditions; but artificial respiration should be commenced immediately. messages should be sent for apparatus for the administration of carbon dioxide. Such" inhalational treatmen t is secondary (to artificial respiration) although it is often critical in saving I ife If recovery occurs at all it is generally rapid and com plete." He further s ates, "it is probable that a high initial carbon dioxide mixture followed by a lower mixture would be the most effective agents for resuscitation in cases of drowning; " and later gives his opinion that a start should be made with 20 per cent. of carbon dioxide d roppi ng down to 7 per cent. as spontaneous breathing re-commences. Another important recommendation is that artificial respiration "should always be continued until natural breathing returns or r£gor mortz's sets in."

(To be concluded.)

.-

:\1r. C. Cherry, a member of the No. 16 (New Cross) Division, S.J.A.B., died recently; the funeral took place on Wednesday, February 6th, at Brockley Cemetery He ,,'as an active and ardent first aider, and was a Serving Brother of the Order of St. John.

E v ery penny s pent on ad v erti s ing creates prestige , s tanding and reputation for the f i rm that spends it. It may not be discernable in immediate results , but the effect is certain and the power cumulative.

Th e St. foh n A m bu lance Brigade Dzst1'zct Repo rt s.

No. I (Prince of Wales's) District

HEADQUARTER'S BAND. - On Saturday, Ja.nu ary 19t h , the No. 1 District Headquarter's B a nd held their annual dinner, cabaret and dance, when oyer 50 persons were present. The Chair was ta ken by aptain L. L. Fr a nks, District Offi ce r, \\"hilst the chief guest was Captain \\ '. Goodley, :\1. C. (Commissioner), who ,,-as accompanied by :\lrs. Goodley. Other guests included L. L. Franks, Supt. tanding-ford, Ambulance Officer and :\lrs_ Bishop_

The toast of "The Band " was proposed by the Ch8irman to which Bandmaster G_ \Villoughby responded. He stated that the success of the band ,,-as due to tl1f' wholehearted way in which members attended practice and al 0 parades_

Capt. Franks also proposed the toast of " The Brigade" coupling with it the nam e of Capt. Goodley.

The Commissioner re ponded \\' itll a witty speech of ho,,' he was an ex-bandsman. He \"as "ery ke en to get 5,000 men on parade at the annual inspection.

The dinner was followed by an exceJlent musical programme which in turn w as followed by dancing up to mid night.

Thanks ,,,ere accorded CorpI. S. mith and his committee for the very fine evening".

Should there be any members of the Bngade who WIsh to join the band they should get in touch with the bandmaster. .-\Iso, officers in cha rge of di,-i ions hould note that the H.Q. band is at their dispos a l for chu rch parades, etc. Applications should be fonyarded to the bandmaster at headqu arter or to the secretary, taff Sergt. " hite, 16 9, Sirdir-road, Wood Green, N. 22.

KINGSTON.-The third Annual Dinner and Dance of the Kingston Diyision \\'a held on 'Wednesday) J an liar;, 30[h. Dr. P_ D. B. Spence (Diyisional Surg eon) pre ' ldee!.

upported by Sir Alfred and Lady \y o?dgate and l.Iayore of Kingston), Asst. Co 111111 I SlOner S. J. \\ arren, Supt. C \Y. Sharpe and others.

The chairman w elcomed the ladi es on who e behali l\Ir. harpe r e ponded.

The Assistant C0111mi sioner proposed the toast oi the Di"\'ision. He recall ed that four years ago the Di\-isiol1 started as a section of the Twickenham Di\'i ion and \\"a_ estab lished as la full Diyision in 1933. 1\1r. \V arren exp ressed the hope that a I ursing Divi ion :,"ould he sta rted and that a first aid depot would be estabhshedSupt. Sharpe assured Mr. vVarr en that uggestions were already beino' considered by the comnllttee and that. when the finances of t he Division allowed, a centre for men on ro ad duties) and good headquarters would be ohtained.

Pte. H. J. Wheeler proposed the gue t - Tn reply Alfred Woodga te said that \\:hen he was among a body of men who gave up their tIme for tl:e publIc g:ood he was doubly pleased to partake of theIr hospltaiJty and e ncouraO'e them to go on with the ir good w o rk. H e kn c\\well the\,alue of the work done in Kingston. CorpI. Gibb praised Dr. work_ as Divisional Surgeon and the interest h e took Jl1 the Bngade, and the doctor made a brief response.

During the e\,enin o the Mayoress distributed the awards

To mark the Di\-i ion s appreCIation: Corp!. G. ::\Gibbs, \\'ho is retiring from the dual office of _ecrdar: and trea nrer and who is to be married S0011, \\"a pre<;L'ntL'd \\-ilh a uitably in cribed clock.

XO. 23 (::\OR"'OOD l" CRYST \L P,\L.\CEI DIn 'lOx - Thl' Annual General -:'IeetinO' of thi Diyisioll \\'a' hdd 011 February 7th, G_ S. Harber prl iding.

Like en.-n- other Di\'ision the 23rd has had its up" and downs, bL;t after hearing the report of the yanous departments there i no doubt a to its tlcce tul furuI"L.

Th e secretary (Sergt. \\ '. Gladdon) reported that the numerical strength of the DiYi ion \\"as no\\- 31 all ranks. During the year 193-1- -1-9 drill' had been held, 6// coyered and 27-1- cases attended. Twent\-fi\'e members passed the re-examination ami a recruit' -cla's had becn commenced. from \\'hich it i' hoped new member' \\ ill bc obtained. The social committee were working hard_ He thanked the donor for their upport and the officcrs and men for their a - istance. Thanks \\erc also eXll.'ndcd to Corpl. Gilbert. the rorckeeper.

It ,,-a_ decidcd that a copy of the secretary's report he ent to all donors.

The treasurer's report (-:'Ir. \Yhite) \\'as pre_cnted and adopted. The financial tanding of the Di \'i 'ion bcing in a succe ful po ition_

Pte_ Collin _ ec reta n - of the 'ocial commi ttec, prl.'sen ted the report of hi scction. A ramblc: \\·hi '( driycand the dinner ,\'ere the important function arranged and further eyent are to be held in the futurl.'.

upt. Harber announced that Amb. Officer " -hitc had been instructed to present him elf at District hcadquarters on the follo\\-ing Monday to receiye hIS sen-icc medal. Reyie\\'ing the year's \\'ork, upt. Harber thanked tIll Di\ i ion for their lIpport. O\\'ing to bad health he had not been able to do all that he had \\"i hed. but \\ ith the co-operation of the member the job 'et had becn carr!cd ont. He al 0 thanked the members for the ,\,ay in whIch e\-Cf\- duty call had been an ,,-e red_ Le tter of appreciation - had-becn recei\'ed from places \\'here dutics had bcen done. The ocial side of the Diyi ion 's actiyities \\ -as all important one and he a ked for upport to be to lIH_. functions arranged. He referred to the re Ignatlon 01 Amh_ Officer 'Vh eadon and the work done by thi 111e111her. Although only 31 membl.'rs trong thi Di'l'isi.on posse ses _C \'e n member \\'ith the 'e rYice medal. one ot whom. Pte. Bastin. haying: done -1-0 year.' continuolls efficient ser\'ice.

No. 83 (NORTIIERX HEIGHTS) Dn·ISIO:-<.-O" to health. 1\Ir. J. J. A cott ha relinql1i hed the posItIon ol uperintendent. On Tuesday 2?th: P(l-t .and pre_ ent member at St.. MIchael sHall, HIg-ho·ate. WhCll an intere tJl1g presentatIOn took place. ,,, Dr. S. C. Pritchard (Di\-isional Suro·eon). \\"ho presldc? aiel that the purpose of the ,,-as to -1.10\\ theIr respect and r egard for their e :\Ir. Ascott had been a member of the Bngacle tor sOl11e 35 years_ The Chairman \\"L'J1t 011 to Ir. A cott's fine record of en-ice. TIc joined the G.t\. way Section (King' Cro _s Diyision) in 1900 a!ld tram 19i-1--19 a\\' ervice with the Eastern Command "\ oll1nteer Ambulance COll\,OY, h olding the rank of Q_-:'I.S. 111 1920, l\Ir. scott was transferree! to the 3rc1 DI\,lSIOIl.

The "Dewar" Shield competition eliminating round for Leicestershire will be held at Loughborough on Saturday, March 16th_

bein o made Ambulance Officer in 1923, and Divisional Sup;rintendent in 1925. He held three long service awards and in 1927 was made a Serving Brother of the Order of St. John. To be in charge of a Di"ision like the 83rd required a lot of work; and to accomplish all tha t he had done in his spare time was a great achievement.

The presentation, which consisted of a gold wristlet watch suitably inscribed, was made by Capt. A. e. Whit e Knox, M.e. (Assistant Commissioner). Mr. Ascott, he said, was one of the oldest and most effilcient and conscientious workers the Brigad e, and the Division in particular, had ever had. A mes sage from the Chief Com missioner conveying thanks to Mr. Ascott , vas read by Capt. White Knox.

Mr. Ascott suitably replied. It was, he saiu, a terrible wrench for him but h e felt it was hi duty (to resign) a nd he trusted the Division would go 011 to prosperity.

Others present at the function were District Offic e r e. T. Osborne, Supt. W .Warren (Hampstead), Lady Supt. Miss Saunders (Holloway), and Mr. W. C urtis.

Mr. Ascott will 'be succeeded by his son., Mr. J. J. Ascott, junr. Another SOl1, Mr. G. F. Ascott , is Divisional

A 1 n. February, i 93 5.

(( The Division," said that he counted himself as one of them, as he had always be en pleased to work with his near neighbours. Diy. Supt. R. J. Smith replied and thanked Mr. Bettl es for what he had said. Speaking of the difficulties of the past year, Mr. Smith was glad to report that t,he troubles had been overcome and felt surc that the Division would now progress with renewed enthusiasm.

The toast of (( The Visitors" was submitted by thc Divisional Secretary, Hon. Sergt. e. E. Town, who thanked the company for their attendance, and all those who had in any way helped the members in the difficult time. His Worship the Mayor, Alderman T. H. Smith, r espo nded and suggested that the members should mak e their work known to the public, as it was only by advert is eme nt that th e ir labours would rec e ive support.

His Worship then presented the awards. Pte. L. A. Anderson had carri ed off the Efficiency shield and medal for the third year in succession and the members had added to the trophy by giving the gift of a box of cigarettes. Pte. G. W. Wake had been the runner-up for two years and received a medal.

Ashton-in-Makerfield Division (Wig-an Corps).

Secretary, allu a third SOli \\'ho is 110W in Wales v.;as formerly a corporal in his father's Di"ision. Mr. Ascott's daughter has also several ambulance a wards to her credit. This must surely constitute a family rec or d.

. No 8-+ (TW!CKENIIAM) DIVlSlON.-A \'Cry s ucc essful

SIxth Annual Dinner was held by the Twickenham Division on Wednesday, F e bruary 6th, at the Albion Ho te1. Over fifty guests were pr ese nt) th e Di vis ional Suro'eonDr. L. A. Newton-presided. b

After the Loyal Toast the chairman proposed the toast of "The Ladi es," which was r espo nded to by Lady Dl v. Supt. Mrs. H o rn er.< of bhe 63rd Nursing Divi sion.

B. a local Cinema mana ge r, in proposing

The BrIgade, spoke of the work done in the district. r es pons e was made by Asst. Commissioner S. ]. Warren, who thanked Mr. O'Donnell for his remarks and then told the company that he was very pleased to be with them once ag-ain,. particularly as that very night he was ce}ebratlng hIS thlrty-fifth anniversary in the Brigad e DIY. Supt. P. H. Be t tles, of Richmond, in proposing

A silver cup and mll1lature was presented to Pte. e. R. ] ones for Individual First Aid, the runner-up being Hon. Sergt. e. E. Town) also for the second year. First certilficates were also presented to Ptes. Ewer, Granger, RIchardson and A. Wake.

An entertaining evening was concluded by dancing t o the strains of the Selwyn Dance Band.

No. 107 (YORK ROAD L. & N.E.R.) DIVlslON.-On

Saturday, January 26th, members and friends of 107 (York Road L. & N.E.R.) Division held their Annual ReUnion So.cia!. An excellent programme of games, music and danCIn g was arranged by a commi tee consisting of Messrs. ) ones, a.nd Waygood, with Mr. Thompson at the plano; prIzes beIng awarded to the winners of the ga mes and "spot" dances.

Refreshments were served during the eveninO' and as an innovation all present were seated at one ta ble which g.ave a convi,vial aspect to the proceedings.

OWll1g to th e Il1clement weather the gathering was

February, 19.35. FIR S T

not as la r gc as is usual on these occasions bnt all agreed that it was a yery e nj oyable evening.

A vote of thanks to the Committee and M1'. Thompson and also to the Ladies for their services was moved by Supt. H. H. Dye and carried with acclamation.

The eve nin g concluded ,yith the singing of "Auld Lang Sync."

No. II. District.

At a meeting of the officers of the Oxford County District it was announced that Lady Furley has presented a 50 guinea Silver Challenge Cup, to be competed for by members of the Divisions in the County, in memory of her husband, Si r John Furley.

La dy Furley, who is Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St. ] ohn, stated that she did so in gratitude for the kindness and consideration shown to her, and in memory of Sir John's work for the cause in which they were all interested.

The County Commissioner, Dr. V·/. E. Audland, pro-

A I D. 199

in First-Aid was always of the highest standard, and he has been the recipient of medals for the exercise of such. He holds the Lever Brothers Order for Conspicuous Merit, and in 1928 was awarded the National Safety First Association's ::\1edal., being then the fourth recipient in all England.

Mr. Atkinson, on behalf of his wife and himself, thanked Dr. Caine and the members of the Divisions for their gift, and said how he appreciated it, not so much because of its yalue but because of the spirit whieh prompted it.

For the future, he would continue to be the Superintendent of the Port Sunlight Ambulance Diyision as long as he was able. He would now ha\'e more time to organi e further classes in first-aid, and saw no reason why Port Sunlight should not han a corps equal to that of Liverpool. He would also continue his activities in the " Safety First)) movement.

1\IIr. O. B. Smyth, General Seryice :\1anager, paid a tribute to ::\1r. Atkinson's work and to that of the whole

Seated centre is Ambulance Officer H. D. Rothery, Dr. X. Caine (Divisional Surgeon), Supt. C. K. A.lkinsoll, and Lady Supt. ;\[iss A. l\Iahony

posed a vote of thanks on behalf of the officer.s and men, and recalled the assistance Lady Furley had given to her late husband in the work which he had done, not only 111 Enaland but in South Africa during the South African b E . ,\iVar, and in other parts of the mpue.

IIe pointed out that Lady Fur1ey had been a member of the Order of St. J oh11 for -1-9 years, and now held the highest position in the Order which it was possible to attain.

The cup will be competed for annually.

No. IV. District. CIIESHIRE.

PORT SUNLIGI-1T.-On the occasion of a hot-pot supper, held r ece ntly, the Port Sunlight Ambulance Nursing Divisions, presented a bed-settee to theIr super111tendent, Mr. C. K. Atkinson, on his retirement frol11 Messrs. Leycr Bros., Ltd ., and the Works Ambulance Brigade.

Mr. e. K. Atkinson formed the '\iV Brigade in 1903, and in 1906, t h e Port Sunhght D1vlslOn was registered.

Dr. N. Caine (Div, Surgeon), whC? made the prese ntation referred to the excellent serV1ces r endered by Mr. Atkinson to the ambulance movement. His work

Division, particularly in connection with Saturday. afternoon duty on the playing fields. He was pleased to 111form them that an Ambulance Hut would shortly be erected.

LANCASHIRE.

OFFICERS' LECTURES.-All officers and HOll. Secretaries of No.1 and part of No.2 Areas, Ko. l\T. (Lanes.) District were inyited to a meeting held in the Ambulance Drill Hall, Accrington, January 19th, 1935, short lectures on a variety of subjects relevant t.o efficiency of Corps and Divisions. and w1th District Office, were giyen by the CommlsslOner, memberof the District Staff, and Corps Supt. ,\V. E. 1 aylor. Manchester and Salford Corps. Arrangements haye been made for similar meetings to be held at Manchester, February 16 th, Liverpool, March 23rd, a?-d. Preston , April 6th, thus covering the whol.e of the Dlstnct. The meeting wa followed by tea proY1ded by members of the Accrington Corp.

ASHTON-IN'-MAKERFIELD.-The BI:igade h.as .made great headway and performed service In the vVigan district in recent years, and It IS WIth that we note the formation of a new Ambulance DIYJslon Ashton-in-Mak ersfie1d. It is confidently c-'{pected that thIS

The Port Sunlight Ambulance and Nursing Divisions.

latest addition will receive the support of the Ashton public.

DUKlNFlELD.- When the Ambulance Corps attached to the Dukinfield Carriage and Wagon Works of the L. & N.E. Railway Co., held their annual dinner at the Hio-hland Laddie Hotel, Ashton, nearly a hundred memand friends were present. During the after-dinner speeches, the work of the Corps was eulogised, and afterwards a number of presentations made.

LITIlERLAND.-The Litherland and Ford Corps held a successful Carnival Dance in St. Philip's Hall, Litherland, which was well attended, and a seasonal spirit of gaiety prevailed. ::\1r. J. Ward, the 11. c., was mainly resp o nsible for the success of the evening, and CarpI. Shillitoe and his band of ladies had charge of the refreshments.

ST. HELExs.-The balance sheet of the Mayor's Hospitals' Carnival Fund was issued recently showing an income of £1,603 7s. 5d., of which £1,250 \\'as distributed among local hospitals and kindred institutions. Among the recipients were the local Divisions S.J.A.B., and the 41st West Lancs V.A.D., both of which received £5.

SALE.-A model of Nelson's flagship, H.M.S "Victory," ingeniously made out of spent matches by CorpJ. Norman Bridgford, Sale Division, S.J.A.B., has been accepted as a gift by the Duke and Duchess of Kent. Corpl. Bridgford has also made a model of H.M.S. "Revenge," to help the funds of the new Sale Division.

STANDlsH.-The fifth annual general meeting of the Standish Ambulance, Nursing and Cadet Divisions was held recently. There was a large attendance of members, Dr. J. Boyd (Corps Surgeon) presiding, supported by Corps Offic e rs W. T. Bolton, Wm. Macdonald, Dr. R. J. Ormsby (Divisional Surgeon), Supt. D. Makinson, and Lady Supt. Mrs. J. Corson.

Supt. Makinson, in his report, said the year 1934 had been a period of sound and steady work. No fewer than 300 cases of accident and sudden illness received attention. Increased calls made on the personnel had been met with keenness and efficiency. The importance of road service continues to grow. He was pleased to report increased membership of the Cadets, and great credit was due to those members who had encouraged and trained them. Two members had joined t he Wigan Corps Blood Transfusion Service, and Supt. Makinson appealed for more blood donors and also increased strength in the Military Hospital Reserves. In every sphere the work has been extended and more generally recognised. He desired to record the thanks of the division to the Surgeons for their valuable services.

Future activities included roadside first aid boxes and .stations, gas warfare training, first aid and home courses, the establishment of a Girl Cadet DIvISIOn, etc.

Members received certificates and other awards at the recent examinations, Dr. Boyd congratulatmg each recipient on his success.

,1(- from Supt. D Makinson, being a copy of the Hlstory of the. Order o.f. St. John," was presented Pte. Lea 1ll recogl11hon of his success in winnmg the effiClency competition, which was conducted by Corps Officer Wm. Macdonald.

TO.TTl GToN.-Tottington Division has lost a valued leader 1ll the death of Supt. T. Bentley, a Servino- Brother of the He was held in great esteem by aU sections of the Bnga.de, and our sympathy is extended to his bereaved famIly.

No. V. Vi.strict.

DEwsBuRY.-The annual meeting of the Dewsbury Division was held on Monday, January 28th, Supt. G. Marshall, presiding.

Sergt.-secretary Ineson Senior, in his report, stated that the strength of the division was 51 enrolled members, including two diyisiona1 surgeons. There had been drills during the year, with an average attendance oj 24. More than 100 cases of first-aid had been attended, and 540 public duties were carried out by all members. The "Mitchell" Cup had been won by W. Hartington.

CorpI. J. W. Leather, in his report as treasurer, stated that there was a small balance in fayour of the division, but more stores and equipment were urgently needed to bring them up to efficiency.

The chairman thanked the doctors for their intere t and help during the year, and all officers and men for keeping- in close touch with this important seryice. He pointed out that all members should do their utmost to carry out any duty in a way that would be a credit to the division.

A successful concert was given in the Salem Sunday School on Tuesday evening, January 29th, by the S ay ile Town St. Mary's concert party, known as the Autumnal Follies , in aid of Ambulance Brigade funds.

The Mayor (Councillor Herbert F. Shaw) and the Mayoress were cordially welcomed by the Rev. A. C. Lamb, B.Sc.

The Mayor spoke of the importance of the work of the Ambulance Brigade and urged upon all young pe oplc to take a keener interest in first aid, so that they would always be ready in case of accident or disease to do something to alleviate the suffering of someone who might be in need of help, and be able to carry out such duti es carefully and efficiently.

Every item in the concert was thoroughly enj oyed and appreciated, as vas sho'wn by the applause given.

Supt. G. Mar chall heartily thanked the 'i\1ayor and Mayoress, the concert party, and all who had contributed to make the effort so thoroughly enj oyable and successful.

SE.TTLE.-Dr. St. J. Hennessy (Surgeon), presided over the ann ..11 meeting of the Settle Ambulance and Nursing Diy i ons on Tuesday , January 29th.

The general secretary (Mr. A. Beresford) reported that Mr. H. Foster had been elected as first officer in succession to Mr P. Wood (superintendent), who had left the district. A cadet division comprising 28 members , enrolled by Messrs. H. Foster and P. Procter was showing great promise. During the year, members had done duty at football matches, the agricultural show, and the week-end first-aid station on Buckhaw Brow, and had attended 36 first-aid cases.

The lady secretary, Mrs. J. Heard, reported a busy year. Members of the Nursing Division had attended 76 first-aid cases, 12 road accidents, 25 clinic attendances. and had made six journeys with the motor ambulance. Eight members had qualified for medallions, seven for labels, and two (Mrs. Padgett and Mrs. Wright) for long service medals, and two members were eligible for bars to the long service medal. The girls' cadet corps had a membership of 35, and into their work had been introduced gymnasium and folk dancing.

No. VI. District.

BISHOP AUCKLAND.-At the first annual ball of the Bishop Auckland Division about 600 persons attended including Mr. T. Hewitt (Chairman u.D.c.) and Mrs. Hewitt, who presented the prizes for the novelty dances.

The annual meeting of the Divis ion was held 011 January 20th Div Supt. S B. Paydon presi d in g. H e

February , 193 5 FIR S T

t hanked the committee and members for their hard work ;Incl willing sen'ices, also for their splendid altendance" at dr ll and puhlic dutics. Ahollt "00 ca'it \\'C1'e treated. and SCH'n road accidents. This di\'ision has been in exi tence j LIst oycr 18 months, and already has 25 members in uniform. which \Va first worn at the Guard of Honour for H.R.E:. The Prince of 'i\Tal es , during hi visit to h e to\\ n during Dccemher la t.

The ' brough Central Diyision held their Annual on Friday, January 18th. under the chairmanship of County Officer J. vValker. Praying' the great interest in the division's welfare. the mcmber had, except tho e at work, a full muster.

The treasurer, Amb. Officer P ea rson, report ed an imp ro\'ement in the payment of subscriptions, but regretted the state of the funds due to expenditure on uniforms, which while yery necessary, had been \'ery high.

The ec retary reported a great improvement in the attenda nc e which he hoped \yould further improve. -+80 rublic and Road Duties had been performed during 193-+ , requiring a performance of 1262 individual duties. 1.256 hour duty had heen carried out at the Stewart Park and Bramhle Farm First Aid Post. -1-03 ca e had heen attended by member during the year, 53 of \\-hom had to be rcmoy ec! for medical attention, and of 19 Road Accidents, six hac! to 1')e taken to ho "pital. 108 preparations for ope ration had been made by members at a local hospital.

Thc examination of Boy Scouts in First Aid had hecn performed by the officers and N.C.O.s since the appointment a official examiners in the early part of the \'(,'ar.

- Bramble Farm Fir t Aid Post which \yas opened on J lInc 2nd by Councillor Cooper, then ::\layor of l\Iiddleshrough. has proyed an effectiYe ,Yarning' to motorists.

The efficiency has been well maintained., some memhers in addition to passing their annual re-examination also passed for Home N ur ing Certificates or Pendant. The Yorkshire Bronze Shield had been \\'on and the majority of member had attended a series of lecture on Fir t Aid in Chemical warfare. and were now ready for examination on the subject.

32 men are enrolled a members of the 33rd Yorks 'T.A.D and proyed efficient at the 'Var Office Inspection, except that they had no knowledge of Chemical Warfare. \\hicll has now been remedied.

The termination of 193-+ entitles Supt. McArthur and Amh. Officer Halliman to a bar to the service medal, as a mark of the total of twenty years efficient sen'ice, Amb. Officer Pearson and Sergt. l\1cTierman, will, we hope, receiyc the seryice medal for fifteen years efficient work. Ptes. Fox and Renaham haye earned two seryice cheyrons, and Ptes. Biewer, Harrington Robson Sturdy anel \Vilkinsol1, one of sen'ice chevron.

The "Bain" Efficiency Cup and a medal were presented by Diy. Surgeon Hebblethwaite to Pte S. Robson (2-+4.5 marks) and medal to Ptes. Collingwood (233.5 marks) and Sturdy (224.8 marks).

The most important e"ent in the welfare of the divisio n, during the year, was the appointment of Dr. F. VV. B ebhlethwaite as Div. Surgeon in place of Dr. Belas, who IS tra:lsferred to the resen·e County Officer \ iValker, in his remarks, complimented the division on its very high state of efficiency and expressed a sincere welcome to Div. Surgeon Hebblethwaite, and hoped that he would find much pleasure ill his membership of the Brigade, the division he said. were extremely fortunate in securing the services of a doctor so inter('sterl and we-II yersed in First Aid work.

A I l). 201 No. VII. Distric t.

1) \RTFORI).-On .\\()1ll1a\, I ;lillian" SL, the I )art illrd i)iyisioJ1 held their fourth' \nntl al ::\leetin'" at the Glcnt\\'orth CIl1h, tlpt. B. DaIL lJ1 the chair. ...,

During the year, 1,000 hours of cluty ha\'c been carried out an anrage of 212 homs per member. haye been carried out at cinema, football grounds, local sports, fetes, galas and boxing tOtlrnaments. 399 patient.· ha\'e been remoyed to and from London and local pitals. 10-+ road accident. and 193 First Aid cases han been attended, the amhulance cO\"ering -'-+15 mile.

The officers were thanked by the of the cliyiion for there untiring \\'ork- throug'hout the year in making the diyision so efficient al 0 the diyisioll thankui t he Kursing Diyision for their en"ice, and the Glcnt\\-orth Committee for their help in proyiding a home fM classes. etc.

TU=-'''.BRIDGE \VELL .-Th e annual dinner of the TOllbridge 'Yells Diyision wa held at the Tudor G.1.fe on \\- ednesday night. Janu ary 30th.

The opportunity was taken to make a pre entation to Ex-Transport officer and in recognition of the former's 53 years' sen'ice \yith the Diyision.

Li eut.-Co l. C. B. P.almer (president). occupied the chair, and the gue t included Commi sioner Ernest ."-. Richards. the (Councillor E. B. 'Yeekes J.P.). Dr. 'Y. C. Bentall (County Surgeon), H. J. "-riggles\\'orth (District Secretary), Dr. A. ;'1. Pollock (Diyisional Surgeon). Alderman A. Dennis, J.P,., the Officer of Health (Dr. F. C. Linton ), the Chief Constable (;'1r. Guy Carlton), J . \V. Good\yin (Chief Officer, Borough Firc Brigade), Capt. Sir Derrick \Y. 1. \Y atson Bart. Dr. F. Coleman, Dr. H. Dyer (Pa t Di\isional urgeon), and Dr. B. B. Hosford. Others pre ent included Diy upt. H. G. 'Vhibley, Amb. Officer O\\'en Xorman (Diyisional Treasurer), and Sergt. C. Barefield (Diyi ional Secretary).

Dr. F. C. Linton proposed the toast of the 5t. John Ambulance Moyement. and recalled that the origin of the moyement \yas lost in' antiquity.

The Commissioner in reply. said the Diyi ion would be delighted to know that durin!! 193-t there was an increase in the personnel of 200 in the X O. 8 District. The number of ca es treated was 22,000. and 8-t motor ambulances trayelled 29.000 miles. Road accidents dealt \yith numbered 5,639.

Referring to road huts, he said they were hein!?: extended throughout the three counties of the District. and he was grateful to the men and \\"omen who ga\'\. up their time during \\'Cek-ends to he a\'ailable for senice if required.

He claimecl to haye a \'ery intimate kno\\'ledg'e of all the Divisions in his District, -and said \\'ithout fear of any contradiction. that he' placed the Tunbridge-\Yell Diyision upon the hi ghest pede tal. They had set up in the movement an example of self-sacrifice which gained the appreciation of the citizens of the borough.

Dr. A. M. Pollock. who al 0 re ponded. said the Tunbridge Wells Diyision's work during the year had been on the usual lines, and had increased. The number of reported cases dealt with 'was 375, and 1,551 invalids had been removed hv ambulance. No fewer than 102 road accidcnts were attended with ambulances. Tha number \yas also an increase) and did not include road accidcnts which occurred within the Borough. \\'hich ,,,ere attended by the Police ambulance. The three ambulance had travelled 21,219 miles. which he understood was an increase of about 7,000 miles.

In a brief address, the chairman re\'ealed that the King- had sanctioned the admittance of Supt. H. G. \ i\Thibley as a Sen"ing Broth er of the Order. No man. he said, 1110re oe ('[1'(,0 that sig'nal honour. and he was

yery pleased that there was now another Serving Brolher amon a · the officers of the Division.

The chairman then presented the following trophie for the year's competitions: "Beecroft" Cup, CorpJ. H. R. Latter; it Kelsey" Cup, Pte 1\10011; Team Cup, Sergt. H. C. Barefields team (comprising Sergt. Barefield, Ptes. R. G Cheesman, 'vV E. Cooper, W H. Manser and S E. Prior); "Miles " Bowl, Sergt. C. Hayworth's team (c.omprising Sergt. Hayworth, Ptes. E. Marshall, 1\1. N. Fleld, C. VI. Watt and P West); Billiards Cup, Sergt. Barefield. A gift was also made to 1\1r. Briscoe, "patient" for the competi tions.

Commissioner Richards presented to Mr i.VIuffett a ring and album, and to 1\1rs. 1\luffe tt a brooch and dinner service as appreciations and affections of every man and woman attached to the Tunbridge \tV ells Divisions.

Ex-Transport Officer l\Iuffett sincerely thanked the Division, and recalled many experi ences which had befallen him during his long service.

Other speeches includ ed Amb. Officer S. Billenness, J. B Snell, Sir Derrick W. 1. Watson, Bart and Mr. Guy Ca r lton (The Chief Constable)

No. IX. District.

NEWTON ABBoT.-Appreciation of the work of members of the Brigade was voiced at the annual meeting of the Newton Abbot Diyisi o n, held on February 1st, by the President (Mr. H G l\lichelmore).

Referring to the report, Mr. Michelmore said it was a record of good work most excellently done, and all the better done because it was not carried out in the limelight, but very quietly. Everyone assumed, and, he was glad to say, rightly, that if there was an accident the ambulance brigade would be there, and everything possible done immediately for the injured with the utmost skill known to humanity If any member of the brigade desired advertisement, the only thing he could do \vould be to make some mistake in his work. That would be such an extraordinary incident that the Press would take notice of it.

Mr. Michelmore added that this year in the" Marcus Hare" Cup competition they did their best, b ut did not get themselves the first p l ace as they had so frequcntly done They l:ad, however, earned great distinction, be c ause one of their m.embers, Pte. H ollow, had been adj udicated the best man 111 the county Congratulations were extended to him.

In the absence of Transport Officer W Willcocks, Corps Secretary Major E. W. Greenslade reported that the total strength of the division was 58, a decrease of two on l ast year. Cases numbcred 224, patients r emoved totalled and t h e ml leage entailed was 2, 158. Thirty road acc1dents were attended, with a mi leage of 137.

No. X. District.

MARCH.-The competition for the " R othchi ld" Ambulance challenge cup was he ld in the" Band Room" at the March, on Tuesday, Janua r y 22nd. . .-r: h1S competltlOn 1S open to all members of the March D lV1sion of the Brigade.

were asked to treat a man, who whi le standing on a platform, h is hand 111 mach111ery, and he fe ll to the ground, leaving h1S hand 1n the mac h ine. As a res u lt of the fa ll he received a lacerated wo u nd on t h e top of the head with a depressed fracture of the skull, a lso a fracture of the nasal bones, and a fractured l ower ja w

The result was : 1st, CorpI. N. Sp r oston; th r ee tied fo r sec ond Sergt W. C r owe, Pte W At ki n so n Pt e. W P ea r son. Th e J ud ge was D r. J. A H is l op, Di v isiona l S urg eon .

A I D. Fe bru a ry , 1935

SHERI ! GIJlIM.- Tributes to the memo r y of the Asst. Comm i ssione r, Mr. F. H. Barclay, to Mrs. Harke r of the B r it ish R ed Cr oss S oc iety, a nd to !\I r. F. J. A rdl ey, a la t e member, were paid by members of the She r ing h am Division at the annua l meeting on Tu esday, January 29th

Div Supt. S E. Day presided, supported by Diy. Su r geon Dr. H. C. Geldard, Div Sec r etary R. G. Randall, Second Amb. Officer E. C. Turner, Div Auditor W T. Fresh,Yate r , and Div Asst. Secretary J. H Porler.

The r eport stated that 193 -1- had seen an i nc r ease in the strength of the division, t h e r e be ing now 27 members.

The addition of fo u r recruits was the outcome of a course of lectures. Of the 32 recorded cases dea lt with durin g the year, the most serious occurred d u ring August, when two ladies and a telegraph messenger were knocked by a car through a shop window.

At the coun t y display and inspection held in Sennowe Park on J u ne 17th, the Sheringham Division succeeded in winning 1\1r. Barclay's Uniform Cup They also gave a demonstration, in collaboration with the Sennowe F i re Brigade, of first-aid at a "Chemica l Facto r y Exp l osion " Competition teams came third in both the " I veagh " and " Cook" cup competitions, the closeness of the marks testifying to the efficiency of all the competitors .

The flag day brought in £36 17s. I d , and there was a balance in hand of £11 8s 8d

.I\1r. Freshwater was thanked as 'audito r and Supt. Day, commenting on the report, said the winning of the Uniform cup was particularly good. He added that an invitation had been received thro u gh the V.A.D to take part in a course of lectures on "Gas Protectio n ."

I n conclusion Supt. Day said the record of first-aiel cases since inception now stood at 290, and he felt the Division was greatly appreciated in the town. He wa proud to be their superintendent and thanked them all for the ,yay they stood by him , and also Dr. Geldard for keen interest.

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February, 1935. FIR

Przory for //Vales.

S eve r a l ne"" d eve opments in amb ul ance work came un d er co n si d erat io n at meet i ngs of the Co u nci l an d Amb ula n ce Comm i ttee, at w hi c h P rofesso r George Knox presided, on J a nu a r y 28th

I t wa s reported t h at a revised p u blication by the Or d er of S t. J o hn on t h e in str u ctio n of the civ il pop ul at ion in chemica l warfare ""i ll be aya il ab le shortly for circ u lat on among U ni ts o f t h e B ri gade a nd a u thority was g iven for the expen di u re of a l imited s u m n the provision of gas masks fo r inst ru ct io n purposes.

T he provis io n a l arrancrement made fo r the first Welsh Natio n al Passeng'er T ransport Amb ul ance Compet itio n to be he ld in Ca rd iff on !\Iay 21st were approved. Since the meet in g- t h e P riory has been approached by a representati\ e of t h e Goods Sect ion of t h e R oad Tra n sport Indust r y with a view to sim il a r fac ili ties being offered to encourage these

Medal o n completion of twenty years' Brigade Service; and an app li cation was approve d for the award of a third Bar to Assistant Comm issione r George P ayne, Borough of Rhondda Centre, who has rendered thirty years' efficient service

On the r ecommendation of Chief Constable Ste\ren J ones, the energetic Commissioner for Cardiganshire, whose effo r ts and those of his Constabul a ry have been productive of the fo r mation of ambulance classes in about twenty towns an d villages since his acceptance of office, Dr. Ernest Llewe ll yn Davies, of Aberystwyth , has been elected an Honora r y Lif e l\1ember in recognition of gratuitous services as Honorary L ecturer over a p<; r iod of yea rs

Reference was made to acts of gallantry on lhe part of Corps Treasure r Evan Ed wards (Rhondda Fach Corps) Sergeant A. O. Stephens (a member of the Rhondda Centre Ban d Div ision) and l\1r. \ V. Probart in connection with the

fl.!' c01l1tes),]

lTVestel'lZ IIEail aad South n -ales \'e'lf.'S.

Th e latest ty pe o f a mbul ance ca r buil t to the design of the P r iory for W a les for serv ce in the G wa u n - cae - Gun,·e n District.

workers to take up amb ul a n ce work; an d t h e poss b il ities in this f u r th er d i rectio n are n o w be in g exp o r e d .

Th e 'W els h Bri ga d e F i n a l Com pet it io ns for the "Lla nd i n am" S hi eld and " t\r hur Gr i ffi th s" Memo ri al C u p will be h e ld in Ca rdi ff o n S at urd ay , M arc h 30th , to select tea m s to r e pr ese n t \ Vales in L o nd o n o n l\1 ay 31sl : an d it w as g r at if y ng- to t h e A m b ul ance Com mi ttee to learn t h a t t w o s ur geons o f t h e Br iga d e in \!\Ta les w iil partic ipate in t h e j ud gi n g of t he Bri ga d e F in a ls S a n ct o n was g iven o t h e r egistrat io n of a R oge r stone Sec ti o n o f lh e R isca A m b ul a n ce D iy is io n , the D uffr yn Rh o n dda, T afrs V/e ll an d D istr ct a nd L nit ed Nat iona l N ur s in g· D iv is io n s, Ca d e t Am bul a n ce D iv isio n s at 1\1 ou n ta n

As h , W e s h p oo l an d Cy m mer a nd Cadet D ivisions at Abe rd are , l\' eat h and S eve n S is t e r s M ajo r W. O we n Eva n s, 1\1. B E 1\1. B. J. P ., Ass is ta nt Co mmi ss ione r of the P o nt a rd awe Sub-Di st ri ct , was co ng r a tul ate d on h av in g qu a lifi ed fo r a Ba r to t h e Serv ice

rescue of a boy from the flooded riYer at Y nyshir ; and it was ag r eed t h at an expression of thanks and appreciation be conveyed to all three. Similar action was taken concerning an act of bravery and presence of mind shown by ;\lr

\ Nil lial11 1\10rga n (Superintendent of the R hondda Fach Co rp s) in con n ection with an outbreak of fire at a Ferndale oll ie r y. It s not w ithout signific a nce that these men who h a d d isting u is h ed themselves by conspicuous ga ll antry are m e m be r s of t he St J o h n Ambu lance Brigade, the training fo r w hic h m u st certainly ha\'e the tendency to develop a lert n ess of mind and i nte ll ect as w ell as r.ob il ity of purpose.

L ATEST ADDlTION TO TR \N PORT SER\ ]CE

Th e h igh standard of efllciency which the motor ambulance-a com parat ively new feature of road tran s port -;- has a ttai n e d s strikingly illustrate d i n the latest car deSIgned by lh e Pri or y fo r Wa les a n d b u ilt i n Cardiff, for sen ice in G wa un- Cae -Gun" e n. Th e n e w ca r does not ad d a lI nk to

FIRST

the growing chain of a mb u lances w bi c h he Priory has stat ioned in the South v\ 'a es coa ll Je ld , bu t r ep laces on e which for man} years past h as ca r r ied a n ave rage o f ove r 1,000 cases annually and cO\ ere d a mileage of oye r 20,000.

TIll' report for this important bra n ch of h e P r io r y's w o rk hlf 1934- reveals that 11,51X remova ls ',vere effected a nd 222,366 m les travelled-an i n crease of 2,4-13 a nd 38, 555 -lsrespectively on 1933. Altho u g h o ne ne w stat io n was opened in 19J4, viz., at Trimsaran, t h is .vas n ot operat in o· unti l the last e leven weeks; and the i nc rease, whi ch tains an unbroken se r ies of a d vanc in g· fJo· ur es s in ce t h e establishment of the Service, renects o- rowin O" nee d ,.... of the motor ambulance to cope not on ly wit h acc id ent cases but also development of instit u tiona l treat m e n t i n vo l vin g transport from home to hospital.

The longest ambulance remova l u ndertake n i n one of the Priory cars cO\'ered a distance of 1,009 mi les; an d it is not surprising that patients can be transported s u ch d ista n ces <IS the late::,t cars are sc designed and eq u ip ped t hat a lmost any type of case can be carried n com pa rative co mf or t. In the latest addition to the Service there is accom m od a ti o n for ?ne stretcher and th ree sitti ng cases Seating a rr a n ge m e nt s 1l1clude a comfortable arm-chair and box seat w ith bac k rest these may be bridged by a detachab le up h olstered pro\' ldmg. satisfactory semi -recli n ing posit ion for a patlent not requIrIng the use of a stretche r. T he s tr e c h e r is fitted w.ith a rubber bed and pi ll ow a n d is a rr ange d at a height which allows the patient a " ie w th rou O" h t h e \\ jndows if desired. Temperature and ve n t il at io n be regulated as desired a.nd the chass is, spec ia ll y d esig n ed for am bulance work, com bll1es essent ia l stre ngt h WIt h refine m e n l of performancE'.

Many of the mining populat o n are covered by a weekly contnbutlOn for a free calion th is Se r vice w h ic h s also suPP?rted largely by colliery owners for the of lhe,r. cases; and in many lora li ies t h e ge n e r a l public .co?tnbute at the rate of one penny per wee k Th e subscnptlOn scheme is being launched in Cardi ff a nd in t il e Canton district one thousand househo lders ta k en the offe.red by the P r io r y fo r W a les to aga1l1st the Inevitab ly h Igh cost of ord in ary a m b ul a n ce hire charges.

SEASIDE FIRST AID STAT JON.

II is not tbat the public is freq ue ntl y und er a as to the voluntary n at u re of Bri ga d e ser: lce, when one learns from time to time of t h e exte n t to St. J.ohn personnel. are prepared to give t im e a nd serVJce especially m the mall1tenance of amb ul a n ce posts at popular coastal resorts, s u ch as Barry I sland. on the season's work this isla nd s h ows t h at lhe ], lrst Aid Station was opened at Easter a nd th e n co n t inufrom .May 20lh to September 28th-a tota l of 134 d ays wlllc? members were in co nsta n attenda n ce, llJornl ng until sundown. No less than 2,13 5 peop e r ece i ve d first al? t:eatment ; and many were the letters of th a n ks a nd appreciatIOn from those who had benefited.

" The. by the Barry U. D. Cou n c il of a h ut at h e B.endncks placed a further demand u po n t h e ser vices avadable; and though the Station was opened on ly at th e e nd of t.he summer 31 persons g lad y a\ ai ed the m se l ves of th e assIstance orfered

The Lost Children's qrec h e at Barry I s la nd was ope n 1",1 days an.d 1,152 lost ch il dren we re cared fo r te mp or a ril y b) the nursll1g members.

I The varied nature of the injuries w h ich we re te n de d ' t le Barry Island Station last s ummer is show n in t h e fo il ', _ JIlg summary.

Animal bites ... Apparently drowned

Alcoholic poisoninO"

Abdo m inal pains h

A I D . Februar y , IY3 5

Burn s a nd sca ld s

Bruise s

Burs vari cos e vein s

Blis te r s

Con vul s io ns (inf a n ti e)

Cru s hed hands

Di s locat io ns

Cr a mp

Epil e pti c fit s

El ec tri c s h oc k

Fain , s ho c k , co ll apse

Frac tur es

Gr aze d limb s

H ea t a n d s un s tr o k e

Hea rt troubl e ...

H re m orrha ge fr o m n ose

H erni a

H re morrh age (int e rn a l)

Ins ect bit es

Pt om a in e poi so nin g

S plint e rs r e m ove d

S ickn ess

Spra in s a nd st r ai n s

Stri ct ur e

Forei g n bod y in eye

Fore ig n bod y in ea r

F or e ig n bod y in t hroat

Ambula n ce fr om New s Cuttings the Press.

The Editor invites to send newspaper cu tt in gs o n matte r o f general mterest for inclusion in thi s co lumn.

C RAW L WITH BRO KEN L EG.

Geo rge Atkin so n , of South e nd- o n- Sea, whi le wa lk i ng h o m e from hi S wo rk at R oc hford o n W ed nesday n ig h t h roke hi s woo den leg

Th e r oad is ve r y lon e ly, th e r e were no 'b uses and a lth ? ug h Mr. At kin so l: tri e d t <: sto P. passing 11l 0to ri ;ts by th e brok e n pIece of hi S leg IJ1 fro n t of t h e ir headli g ht s, no o n e w o uld s t op H e man age d to c raw l fo r a bo ut h a lf a mi e to a pub lic te lep h o n e call box , wh e r e h e te le ph o n ed to So u t h en d po li ce s at lOl1. a m b ul a l: ce ha pp e n.e d to be at R ochfor d h osp it a al th e tll1: e , a nd th iS pi c k ed h1l11 up or. its ret ur n jo urn ey a nd took h Im h o m e -J1"o1'n/n,S' P ost.

CAR H ANO L E I N Boy's H EAD.

T he fac t th at a boy liv ed t hr ee a nd a h a lf days w ith the o f a m o to r- ca r e mb edd e d in hi s h ea d was r evea le d at th e 1l1 q u eg t a t Ne wp o r t, M o n., yes te rd ay o n a 7-yea r o ld boy .

R atlway A m bulan ce News.

Great We stern.

DIVISIO)fAL COMPETITIONS -A large entry has been received from a ll parts of the Great Western Railway ::,ystem fo r the Company's divisional ambulance oompetitions which take place this month. The teams include 118 in the advanced class and 188 in the beginners' class, and the contests are being carried out in each Division with local adjudicators, and arouse a keen interest among ambulance workers. They will be followed by the Semifina l competitions, which, arranged at four centres for the convenience of competiJtors, during March, will select the eight teams for the Company's fina l competition at Paddington in l\Iay next The setting of the tests, year after year, may tax the ingenuity of the adjudicators, but it is pleasing to know that there is no diminution in the enthusiasm of the competitors, and in the keenness in which this side of the movement is taken up.

GLOUCESTER.-The Gloucester combined ambulance co r ps held their Annual Dinner at the Spread Eagle Hotel on Febr u ary 2nd, w h en lVIr. S Morris, Div. Supt. and President of the corps, occupied the chair. He was supported by the Mayor of Gloucester (Mr. 'vVm. H. r icholls), the City High Sheriff (Mr. A. H. Palmer), the City Member (Mr. H. L es lie Boyce), Dr. F. H. Stallman, and local officials and officers of the G.W R. Extending a warm welcome to the visitors, Mr. Morris referred to the progress of the ambulance movement on 1:'he Great Western Rai l way generally and pa r ticu larly at Gloucester, during the past year. Proposing the toast of the Great Western Railway G louceste r Ambulance Corps, lVIr. Boyce said that since its inception in 19 12, no fewer than 1,979 awards had been gained, in addition to which its members he ld 89 of the Company's efficiency awards for periods varying hom 15 to 30 years. Two members of the Corps had been honoured by election as Officers of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, four were Serving Brothers, and one held the Ve ll um Vote of Thanks of the Order, a record of which they might well be proud Efficiency awards gained during the year were then distrib u ted by the Mayor, who congratulated the re c ipients. A specia l tribute was paid to Dr. Stallman and Dr. Sprague for the i r devoted work in connection with the inst ru ction of the cl asses. The keen regret of the members was expressed at Mr. Morris's intimation of his impending retirement from the Presidency of the Corp, which he had held for so many years. During the evening musi c a l items were rendered by member s of the staff, and we r e m u ch appreciated .

ex c ellent instruction of the class their success was so largely d ue.

SHIPTON-UNDER -WYCHWOOD.-A severe loss has been sustained by ambulance workers in the Worcester Division in the death on January lath of NIr. Francis Bird, who has acted as class secretary to the Shiptonunder-Wychwood class since 1912 He had the distinction of being the oldest class secretary in the Division, and was the holder of the Company's gold medal for 20 years' first aid efficiency. For his exceptional services in the furtherance of the movement, 11r. Bird was, in 1932, awarded the Vellum Vote of Thanks of the Order of St. J ohn of Jerusalem . He will be greatly missed in ambulance circles, and there was a large and representative attendance of railway and other colleagues at his funeral at Milton.

NEYLAND.-A large company assembled at St. Clement's Hall, Neyland, on January 30th, for the annual presentation of awards to members of the G.W.R. ambulance class. Mr. W E. Winter, class president, who was in the chair, was supported by Lord and Lady Merthyr, Mr. ]. Emlyn Jones, Asst. Div. Supt., Dr. J. A. K. Douglas, lecturer, and Mrs. Douglas, and local officials.

Lord Merthyr referred to Neyland as the undoubted head of the ambulance work of the county. He considered that £rst aid could rightly be regarded as war against ignorance and against the unnecessary waste of life through road accidents

Paying tribute to the continued progress of the class, the chairman said that six members already held the 15year efficiency medal and one the Quarter-Century medal. Presentations of class awards and gold medals and bars were made by the lV1ayoress, who accepted a bouquet at the hands of Miss M. Jeffries. An enjoyable concert formed part of the proceedings.

17 .3 2 5

Co: o n e r d esc rib e d th e case as o n e of th e m ost wlu ch th e se ni or s ur geo n at t h e R oya l G we nl H ospltal, Ne wp o rt , had eve r see n . Aft e r th e acc id e n t, at Tn=:t h om as , th e d o or h a ndl e of th e ca r was mi ss in O" a nd on l h e bo y's a dmi ss io n to h os pi ta l a bi t of m eta l w as in hi s h ea d F or ceps we re u se d to tr y to pull it away, b u t with o u l s u ccess, an.d wh e n a n op e r a ti on w as pe rf orm ed t h e s urgeo n s w e re s urpri se d t o find th e wh ole h a ndl e in th e la d' s h ea d E v id e n ce w as g i",:e n th a t th e boy w as goi n g h o m e fJ: Olll : cl: oo l when the aC Cid e n t a nd th e in q u est was d dJ oullled fo r a \vee k. - D a t(JI T e l C'l{1'aplt.

TRuR o.-Examination awards gained by membe r s of the T ruro amb ul ance class we r e distributed by Mr. J. Morris (Asst. L oco. Supt.) on J anuary 17th, when Mr. S. Pearson pre sid ed, and among those p r esent was M r. ]. E. Potter (Asst. T r affic Supt.). I n cong r atu l ating the s u ccessf ul members, Mr Morris said t h at the increa ing to ll of deaths from r oad accidents made the need for fi r st a id wo rk mo r e ap p arent, and he was tempted to wish t h at men co uld b e conscripted to serve in t he cause of S t. J olm . A wa r m tri bu te was paid to D r. S tocke r , to whose

'vVESTBURY AND FRol1E.-The striking success of members of the Westbury and Frome ambulance classes was commented upon by 1\1r. R. G. Pole, Div. Supt., at the annual presentation of examination awards held at the Oak Hotel, Westbury, on January 18th, both classes having attained 100 per cent. passes. 11r. Murrish, station ma ter) who presided, was supported by Mr. R. G. Barefoot, District Goods 1Ianager, Mr. V" N. Pellow, Div Loco. Supt., Dr. W. K. A. Richards, lecturer, and Mr. G. S Hodder, Div. Amb. Secretary. The chairman paid a high tribute to Dr. Richards and to the class 'ecretaries, Messrs. A. G. Benham and H. G. Skinner, for their valuable assistance. 1\1r. Pole distributed the awards which included gold medals to Mr. B. J. Harkett (25 years' efficiency) and Messrs. 'vV. J. Lewis and A. Millett (15 years' efficiency). An excellent musical programme was rendered by the 'vVestleigh Singers.

London, Mid land and Scottish.

BIRThIINGIIAM.-The third annual dinner and presentation of shields and prizes of the L.11. and S. Railway (Birmingham district) Ambulance Centre held at Woolworths Cafe, Bu ll Ring, Birmingham, on February 6th, fo ll owed upon the annual competitions of Dil"isi ons 2 and

3 at the Birmingham headquarters of the St. John Ambulance Brigade.

An eyer-growing interest among all sections of employees of the company resulted in a record entry of 38 teams for the competitions. The results were as follows :-

Division 11.-1, Aston Traffic, 235 points; 2, Redditch A, 233; 3, Camp Hill, 227. Fourteen teams competed.

Diyi ion llI.-l, Stechford Class, 164; 2, Curzon Street Class, 154; 3J Curzon Street Road Motor, 138}. Fourteen teams also competed in this section.

Mr. J. B. Scattergood (District Goods l\!ana o' er) presided oYer a company of about 380. b

Mr. 'vV. E. C. Lazenby (Asst. Chief Officer for Labour a nd Establishment of the L.1\I.S.), who said that there were 27,000 qualified ambulance men in the service of the company, handed the" Bedford II Shield to the captain of the Aston Traffic team, and the" B.C.S." Shield t o th e representative of the Stechford Class team.

Meri torious First Aid Certificates awarded by the L.1\1.S. dIrectors were presented to Messrs. J. H. Bratby, E. Hub?ocks and. J. J. Thompson (Aston Goods Department), m recogl11tlOn of efficient assistance rendered in connec t ion with an accident at Aston Station.

_ Messrs. J. A. Simpson (20 years) and A. E. Berwick (lJ years) w e re the recipients of Lon o' Service Gale! Awards.

SW \XSE,\. - About 40 members of the Swansea Ambulance Class gathered recently, to receive the awards gamed at the last examination. The presentation was made by ::\l1r. c. H. Tait, District Goods and Passeno'er Manager. Mr. W. Hamer, Asst. District Goods and senger Manager, was in the chair and was also supported by Dr: J. D. ::\i[essrs. H. Owen, hal' Davie' and W. J? DaVIes. The awards were as follows: 5 first year certtfica t es, 6 vouchers, 7 m edallions, and 28 label.

A gold bar the long service medal was presentee! to Mr. B. ]. DaYI eS who has passed 25 examinations.

In introducing 1\lr. Tait, 1\1r. Hamer said the number of awards to be presented was only one less than the number presented last year. He uro'ed everybody to O'et nevy n:embers for the class so that prO O' ress would be mamtamed. b

Tn his sp eech, l\llr. Tait remarked that he was pleased that the movement was holding its own in the dlstnct. He hoped more men would find time to take up ambulance work.

Appreciati\'e references were made both to the excellent work of the class officials and to the invaluable help of Dr. J. D. Robertson.

Ml:. Ivor Davies thanked Mr. Tait and Mr. Hamer for theIr <l:ttendance that afternoon and for their interest generally 111 the movement.

to the Dr. Robertson ga\'e an ll:folmatn e lecture on of the Lungs," illustJ ated by chart and black-board dIagrams.

london and North Eastern .

MARCIl. - The competition for the rr Goodley" Ambul':lnce cup was held in the Band Room, at the Ral!way Thursday, January 24th.

ThIS IS open to all members of the Ra1lway DlvlslOn.

Capt.. W. Goodley, M.C., once again gave his Ycry valuable tlmc to come to March to judge the compctition

Test: rr Guy. Fawkes Night, November 5th, 6 p.m. Your patIent, a lad of 10 years of age, is standing

AID. Fe bru ary , 193 5 .

a bonfire, whe!l something in the fire explodes, and he IS struck WIth a pIece of metal on the outer side of the left knee."

The result was: 1st, . Sproston; 2nd, W. Atkinson; W. Crowe, B. Green, T. Clingo, tied for 3rd place.

,. IpsvVICH.- The fourth annual competition for the L.N.E.R. Ipswich District Officers' Ambulance Shield was held at Ipswich on January 26th, 1935, the judges being Capt. .W: Goodley, M.C., and Mr. S. J. Warren, Asst. CommlsslOner, No. 1 District S.J.A.B.

EIght telams competed, the result being as follows: I, IpSWIch No.2.. 22M points; 2, Colchester, 222; 3, 'vVlnnhoe, 214; -t, Clacton-on-Sea, 205?t; 5 Marks Tay, 202; 6, Parkeston, 199; 7, St. Botolphs, 188; 8, \iValtonon-Naze,

At thc conclusion of the competition, Mr. P. S. LudlalI!-, District C;;oods and Passenger Manager, presented the shIeld and sliver medals to the Ipswich tcam and bronze medals to the Colchester team.

It is regretted that, owing to sickness, the Hayerhill team had to WIthdraw from the competition.

:NORWI<?H.--:-The sixth annual competi t ion for th e NorWIch Officers' Shield was held at the Ailwyn Hall, NorWich, on February 2nd.

The )udges (team test): Capt. W. Goodley, (1l1dlVldual work), Mr. C. J. Fitch, District Officcr, PrInce of Wales's District, S.].A.B., London.

The team test was as follows :-

are interestcd in the operation of a crane which IS b:ll1 g used to a consignment of goods in large pac mg at an Important goods station. Suddenly one of the packll1g cases slJps from the lifting tackle and falls upon a man .beneath. Please go to his assistancc and render first ald. Tllne lImit 20 minutes."

The total poss.ible points were 320, the results being as tallows: 1, NonVlcb, marks' 2 Yarmouth 3 B I 21 '" , ,1:, rane Oil, J; 4, Attleborough 5 Wymondham 203§; 6, Lowestoft, 7, 181' 8 Beccles' 9, Thetford, 167. " , The members of thc Norwich team were ]'vlessrs. G. L1l1cler, P. MIddleton, C. Etheridgc, and W. Dunford.

Mr. ;E. F. Greenfield, District Supt., presided at the of the shield and n:edals, and was supported by Mr. H. R. Statham, DIstnct Goods and Passcnger Manager; .Mr. J.. A. Loco. Supt.; 1\1r. F. Bel:del, Actll1g. DI.strIct CIVIl Engll1eer; 11r. H. G. Ramplll1g, Asst. DIstrIct Supt.; Mr. T. O. Mein. G.E. Amb. Centre and Mr. R. D. Brown, for the competltlOn.

Mr. Greenfield, on behalf of the District Officers said how much they had been impressed by the way the teams worked, and the shown. They were not unmindful of the entailed in attending the necessary classes. and and they looked forward to thc clay when It could be saId there was a qualified man on 'cach turn of duty at every station and depot.

Mrs .. St.atham then presented the shield and medals to Wll1111ng team, and medals to the Ya rmouth team which secured second placc.

In resp0!1se to a vote of thanks to the judo'es proposed by the of the winning team! Capt. urged the competItors to contll1ue to stn"e for a still hio'her stanc;Iarc1, that they might he in the running for the GE SectlOl1 Dlrectors cup.

A hearty "ote of thanks to l\Trs. Statham was proposed by Mr. Frampton.

Mr. Statham appreciation for the o oodness of the Secretary of the Rallwaymen's Social andbAthletic Club, who so allowed the llse of the Ailw\,l1 Hall for the competItIon. -

RECENT correspondence in this JOURNAL has led us to believe that Transport Officer \Valter F. M uffett, of Tun bridge \Vells, has the Ion O'est membership of the Brigade and perhapso in ambulance work throughout the country.

His first certificate was obtained in 1881 at the Tunbridge Wells Centre, and is signed by 'the Marquess Abergavenny (President), Ben Rix (surgeon), Glanick Steet (surgeon examiner) and C. R. Fletcher Lutwidge (hon. secretary). He received his medallion in 1883 the number beinO' 1448. I t was decided to form a corp in the and this became an accom pI ished fact on June 1st, 1881. Before this date Mr. Muffett wasamember of the then Volunteer Fire Brigade but owing to age he was not able to sit for the St. John certificate until 1881.

Royal Procession of the King and Oueen through South London in 1903. ""'

" The first appliances of the local corp were a fitted hamper, a few stretchers and a wheeled litter. A few years later we were able to purchase a horsedrawn brougham from the Metropolitan Asylums Board.

"From the earliest days sports meetings, races, shows, etc., were attended and gradually, but surely, the jeers disappeared.

"The wheeled litter referred to had to be pushed on manv occasions a distance of six miles to and from the'sanitorium or hospital and proved splendid exercise. It was a great relief when our first motor ambulance arrived in 1915.

" The Great \Var found us much work and with commandeered cars we were soon making journeys to and from railway stations and also Chatham.

" As driver I have made over 300 journeys to

We will let Mr Muffett tell of his record in his own 'words.

" My early recollections are of jeering and uncomplimentary remarks as we attempted to show the benefits of the knowledge gained, and it was only by reason that we were confident that ultimately much of this attitude would be dispelled in face or fact that we carried on.

I' The initial public duty in which I took part was Lord Mayor's Day, on November 9th, 1886, and this was followed by the Jubilee of Queen Victoria, on June 21st, 1887. I attended the wedding of the Duke of York on July 7th, 1893, and the Diamond Jubilee celebrations in 1897.

"Further duties away from Tunbridge \Vells were the funeral of Queen Victoria in 1901 and the

and from Chatham alone and at any hour of the day or night, and in addition served at the Rusthall V. A. D. Hospital for which I have the medal conferred for such work.

" Since the war I have held the position of Transport Officer to the local division until February, 193-+, when the decree of headquarters caused my very reluctant retirement.

" My keenness has in no way decreased and \vere it not for the age limit, I should have been no happier than servi ng the Brigade and public generally as an active member of the Tunbridge 'Veils Division, with whom I have had 53 years of unbroken happy service.

" Believe me there is no more joyous work than that which brings help to more unfortunate

members of the community, and I shall look back with joy till the end of my days to the years of service as a mem ber of the St. John Am bulance Brigade. "

The changes through which Mr. Muffett has passed can hardly be realised in these days of hustle and bustle. Hand litters are not known to-day and there are many improvements in operation which make ambulance work less hard. Neither do we have jeering crowds but words of thanks.

We heartily congratulate Mr. Muffett on his wonderful record. May he enjoy good health and be spared many years, during which time he can assist the recruit with words of encouragement.

Police Ambulance News.

NATIONAL FIRST AID COMPETITIO

The eliminati ng contests were held last month in the nine districts into which England and Wales is divided for the purpose of competitiun. Some very keen work was witnessed, and in only five instances will the finalists be as last year. The notable absentees will be West Sussex who won the final in 1931 and 1934 and is the only team to appear in all the previous finals, and Great Yarmouth who were beaten by six. points in their eliminating competion.

The following reports give particulars of the district e\'ents :-

TO. 1 District.-This competition was held at Preston on January 18th. Twelve teams presented themselve before Dr. J. F. Hamilton (individual) and Dr. I. G. Modlin ,team), who acted as judges. The result was a win for Liverpool No.1 team, followed by Lancashire County four marks behind. The winners were awarded the" Molloy" Cup and the runners-up the" Major Cran " Shield, each to be held for one year.

No.2 Distri ct - Held at York, on January 29th. The result was another win for Scarborough, who obtained 204 marks. Durham was second with 194 and South Shields Lhird with 182t. The judges were Dr. H. Stansfield and Dr. K. H. Beyerley. Eleven teams competed.

No.3 District -Te n teams competed at Doncaster on Janu a ry 2+, the winners bt'ing Yorkshire W. R. who last obtained the "Police Review" Cup in the final. HalIfax were only 2,1- marks behind. Dr. F. S. Hardy, of Sheffield, and Dr. H. Stansfield of Clayton officiated as the judges. "

No. + Distri cl.- On Thursday, January 17th, sixteen teams competed at Birmingham, and once again a team from th at City will represent this district. Dr. W. E. ,\ udland, of Oxford, and Dr. G. D. E. Tullis of Hereford were the judges. The winners were No l' who obtained 310 marks out of 360, followed No.2 and Staffordshire,

The test set os. 2 and 3 in this district was as follows :--

cyclist rounding a corner knocks down a boy and IS from his machine. You find the boy and With a fractured lower jaw. The cyclist tnes Lo nse but cannot on account of severe pain in right

A l n. February, 11::135.

hip and inability to move that limb, Ambulance material available except splints. Time allowed 10 minutes, warning at 7,

Is there any apparent hiEmorrhage in either patient (no) 3

Cover cyclist and tell him to lio quiet (comforting words) 2

While you attend to boy 2

Treat boy immediately (head injury) J

Elicit :-Face pulse weak, breathing shallow J

Head low and to one side 2

Examine for wounds of scalp (nil) :1

Examine for blood issuing from ears, nose or mouth (mouth only) 3

Diagnosis-Concussion '"'\lith fractured jaw .)

Loosen all tight c lothing

February, 1':J3S. Pl1{,ST

Ci\RD. - You are on your way to a pracLice of StreLcher Drill, carrying your stretcher, and some triangular bandag-e:" when you see the patient on a ladder ckaning thl: windows of a rOOll1 on the first of a house; h(! slip:, and in falling you notice that he strikes the fronL of his abdomen 011 the edge of an iron pail in which he keeps the dust ers, etc., used in his work. YOLt go to him. Time 16 minute s.

Warning- at 12.

Warn patient not to move (1) encouraging words (1)

Remove pail (1) see that ladder is safe (2)

Ask if any visible bcemorrhage (no)

Test. fur insensibility by speaking to patient (he answers faintly)

\sk him where pain is (" I 've awful pain here" and toucbes low er right ribs)

\"k colour of face (pale) (3) state of pulse (quick and weak) (3) ..,

State of breathing (short and s hallow)

Examine quickly spine (2) and pelvis (2) (nil)

Buth lower limbs (nil)

Place patient carefully on back (2) h ead low (2) turned to one side (2)...

Cndo tight clothing at neck (1) cbest (1) and wai:,t (1)

Examine over right lower ribs where knock ed for tenderness (yes)

Is pain worse on taking a deep breath (yes)

\n)' irregularity of lower rib s (yes)

\n)' swelling felt (yes, over upper part of abdomen under right lower ribs)

.\ny coughing up of blood (nu) (3) vomit ing of blood (no) (3)

Examine Sternum (2) left ribs (2) (nil)

AlD.

7 Oi:'LriL'l. - - Unly L,,\'o team,> lOlllpeted ill di:,triel, City gaining firSL place over Bath City by 171 l11a.rks agatl1st 126. Dr. B. Venn Dunn, of Torquay, acted as Judge.

o. 8 District. -Once ag-ain '!\lon mouthshire, winners th.e "Pim" -r:rophy,_ 1932 and 1933, will repre sent this dlStfiCt. The e l'1D1l1 atll1g contest was held at Abertillery on Januar y 3 1st, when seven teams competed. The judges were Dr. R. B. Duncan and Dr. J. Stanley Davies, both of London. l\lonl11outhshire obtained 2+8 marks followed by Glamorgan No. 1,239, and CardiffCity, who represented this district last year, 236,

:-10. Sl District. - TwenLy-live teams entered in thi:, District and it was necessary to hold two prelimitlan competitions. The first si" teams in each competed in e limin atint; final which \.\'as held at the City of London Sp ecia l Constabulary headquarters on January 22nd. The 12 teams consisted of 2 City and 10 l\Ietropolitan, whilst the adjudicating was in the hands of Dr. R. B. Duncan and Capt. F. E. Bendix. Some excellenL work was witnessed but some competitors missed little things which meant los of points

Capt. j \. Davison, i\l.c., AssistanL Commissioner, City Police, announced the result. i\letropolitan" Y " Di\'ision were first with 271 marks, followed by Cit} "B" team 2+7, and "F" Division "D" Di\'ision last years finalists were s ixth. ,

No. 5 District. - This com petition was held at Peel House, London, on January 23rd. The judges being Dr. R. B. Duncan and Dr. J. Stanley Davies, both of London. EleveD teams competed, the winners being Cambridgeshire with 222 marks, followed by Great Yarmouth 216, and East Suffolk, 206. lr. B. "". Smith, Chief Constable, Great Yarmouth, announced the results.

The captains of each team were given the following test and only two were successful in obtaining over 20 marks.

CARD.-In the first aid treatment of poisons you are advised to avoid certain actions because they are either wrong or harmful. What are they? Time limit + minutes'

Not to give the unconscious person anything b} the mouth +

Not to give emetics when the lips and mouth are burnt +

N at to give oil in phoshorous poisoning -+

Not to wash vessels which may have contained the poison +

Lo allow the patieni to go to sleep in narcotic poisoning -+

Not to wait for breathing to cease before commencing artificial respiration in Strychnine poisoning 3

Not to wait for breathing to cease in prussic acid poisoning 3

Not to perform artificial respiration during period of convulsions 2

No.6 District.-Held at Brighton on January 24th the result of this competition proved the most sensational of the whole eliminating round. West Sussex who have won the trophy twice, been runners-up on three occasions and have been represented in every final since 1928, could only obtain fifth place. The winners were Portsmouth City with 276 marks, followed by Reigate Borough. 261 t, and Kent County, 259. Lt. Col. F. A. Brooks and Dr. W. E. Peck were the judges, the team Lest set being as follows: -

Clavicles (nil) (2) right upper limb (2) left upper limb (2) (n il)

Examine head (nil)

Thoroughness of these exam ination s

De c ide complicated fracture of right lower ribs invol\'ing liver

THEATl\lENT.

I s icc ayailable ': (yes, fishmonger's shop opposite)

Send for ice (2) make ice hag (3) apply OVtcr liver (2) (If cold wdter applied, only 2 marks)

131' )ad bandage to keep ice bag in pla ce (2) n ot tig ht (2)

Give ice to s uck (2) frequently (2)

Incline patient to injured s ide (2) coat, etc to s upporL there (2)

Right ann in large arm s ling

Treat shock, cover (I ugs from house) over (2) and under patient (2)

Done early in treatmcnt

Ask for hot water botLl es (from hou se) cO\'t;recl (2) tested (2) applied (1)

i\ s k nearesL Do cto r (at hospital - out)

l\ sk nearest hospital (200 yards)

\sk if ambulance (1) or motor van (1) available (no)

Tel ep h o n e hospital Or' send me ssage to warn hospital

Prepal e stretcher (2) proper placing of prepared st r e tcher (1)

Load stretcher (1) lift (1) lovver (3) patient inclined to righ t (2)

Lift s tretcher (3) adjust s lings (2) march (2)

Correct words of command 1\.t half way hall and lower :,( retchl'r (2) change numbers (2)

l':x <lmine patient and ask condiLion (110 het t er pulse is somewhat weaker hut aL present he is not in a state of collRpse) (2) see if ice bag in position (2)

Lift (2) adjust sling'S (1) march (2)

Halt in hall of hospital (1) lower stretcher (2)

House Surg'eotl arrives and <lsks " what's the maller with patient"

Complicated fracture lower rig ht ribs in\'olvin g liver

One very interesting test was that set for Nos. 3 and +. A cyclist, endeavouriflg to pass on the near side a slowly moving motor ambulance, skidded and struck the side of the \'ehicle, turning a somershult o \ er the handle-bars, He fell on his back across the sharp edg-e of the curb-stone, rolled onto the pa\'ement and made unsuccessful attempts to rise. The patient complained ot pain only in his back. The marks allotted were as follows :-

1. 1mmediate and definite warning to lie still 2 Rapidly to patient and gently rcstrian 1l10\'elllents 2 Enquire from patient -

·Where is the pain? (in m)' back)

How do you feel': (cold and faint)

Can you move your legs? (no)

Testing for less of sensation (yes)

A.n)' pain else\\'here ? (no)

Extreme care to prevent an)' frol11 no\\· ol1\vards 3

Reassure patient \vith real tact and sympathy .2

Careful and cOlllplete examination for h<elllorrhagc (no) 3

2. Cover patienL warmly earl y .2 l\larks to a minimt1111 of four will be deductt>Ll for careless or unnecessary movement of patient, especially before application of bandage:, (minus +)

J_ Banc1ag'e thighs, knees, legs, ankle:, and feet .) +. Roll patient on to back"Vith gTeat care 2I\ll possible assistancl' 2

Slowly and e\'enly 2

5. Send for cloctor- Lelephone wMel10Llsc (doctor \\ ill come in 20 minute) 2 RCll10ye patient to shelter (inclement weather)

1. If shutter or door, obtained frolll warehousc, be used -t

I f boarded stretcher be used 2 CO\ 'crecl with blanket 2

-+-

2. Using natural hollows, bandages gently under head 1, shoulder blades I, buttocks 1, thighs 1, cal\ es 1

3, Tie free ends of bandages on each side to long poles-obtained from warehouse -lb. Place doors close to head of patienl

Two bearers on each side

Grasp poles firmly

Hands well apart

Slowly and evenly raise patient

Su[£cienlly high

Move with side paces-over door

Lower patient \ ery carefully

Remove to shelter of ambulance

5. Nothing further until arrival of doctor

If ambulance used for transporting patient to hospital before arrival of doctor (minus-l)

Frequent enquiry to patient as to pain elsewhere (no)

Complete examination of paralysed lower limbs for iniury

Consideration and treatment of shock

Name and address of patient

Telephone number

Notify patient's relations-tact and S) J11 pathy

Particulars re accident

Doctor arri\ es

It will be seen from the foregoing that the follo\ving teams will compete in the 11nal: Liverpool, Scarborough, Yorkshire W, R., Birmingham, Cambridgeshire, Portsmouth City, Exeter City, l\10nmouthshire and ,. Y" Division

As announced in last month's issue the final will take place on Friday, 1st, at Central Hall, V.'estminster, London. ThE' judges selected being Captain A. C. White Knox, l\l. c., 1. B., Ch. B., of London, tor the team test, and ]. R. Hammerton, Esq., l\l.B., B.S., l\1.R C.S., L.R.C.P., of Herne Bay, for the individual tests.

The Challenge C,IP and prizes will be presented by the Home Secrerary, the Rt. Hon. Sir John Gilmour, Bt., P.

CtTY OF BIRi\IlNGHA I SPECIAL CONSTABUL\RY. " BJ) DI\'ISION (NORTII \REA).

At the conclusion of drill on Sunday, January 13th, the presentation of prizes was made to the successful candidates of the U nof'ficial Ambulance Class Com petition held in December, in connection with the first aid and ambulance class conducted by Sub-Commander H. Bannister, assisted by S. L. 84 C. Marsh, instructor.

There was a good attendance of members and the prizes were distributed by the Assistant Chief Constable ;\1r. C. C. H. l\Ioriarty, who was supported by Supt. 1:« CartwrIght, Commander S. C. Taunton, Chief Sub-Commander T. F. Goode, Sub-Commanders H. Bannister and A Taylor. There \vere also present Commander W. ]. E. Proctor, ] nspector Keetch and Mr. Thomas Brittain, L. "B JJ 4.3. H. Gray received the first prize in the !I1dlvldual competitIOn; S. L. " B JJ 49 G. E. Smith and S. L. 158 T. Broome being second and third respectively. In the October competition S. L. "B" T. Broome was first· S. L. " B JJ 182 J, 'vV. Jones was second. S.c. "B" 208 G. V. Hackett, who acted as patient, was handed a little appreciation for his services.

Commander Taunton proposed a vote of thanI{s to the Assistant Chief Constable for his attendance and for the very great interest he always displayed in the Special Constabulary.

A I D. February,

1935.

CITY OF LONDON SPECIAL CONSTABULARY.

January was a quiet time for the first aid and ambulance section, althoug-h two practices were held.

February, hO\\'ever, saw an increased activity and, on the 6th, the annual course of lectures \-vas inaugurated by a special lecture given by Captain A. C. White Knox, M.C., ;\I.B., the Chief Medical Officer. He emphasised the fact that first aid was not only of use in police work but in ordinary day life. The essentials of learning first aid was, in his opinion, first, the definite knowledge of the textbook; second, reasonable care to attend lee( ures and attentiveness to the lecturer and, thirdly, the irllportance of the application of the practical side of the lectures. Captain White Knox then ga\'e a short description of the anatomy and physiology of the body. Bones, he said, gave shape to the body and, having formed the shape, various cavities were formed in which certain important organs were protected, such as the brain, heart, etc. Bones form the points of the attachment of the muscles, and the lecturer described how muscles act on the bones and allow 1110,-ements of the limbs. Then came reference to the of the body and, lastly, a description of the internal organs.

Assistant Commandant Penman, who presided over the gathering which numbered about 100, thanked the doctor for his interesting lecture. He urged those present to repay the lecturer for his excellent oration by getting more members to take up the work and attend the future lectures.

Coming Events.

The Editor will be pleased to receive particulars of forthcoming events for inclusion (free of charge) under this heading.

FEBRUARY.

23. - Durham, Cleveland and Westmorland Districts Ambulance League '( Donald Bain" and « Elizabeth Bain " Competition Finals, Durham,

2J.-No. 22 (Hospital Sunday Fund) Division, S.J.A.B , Dance, Westminster Cathedral Hall.

23.-Eastern Area No.1 District, S.J,A.B., Competitions, Latham Road Schools, East Ham.

23. - " Barras" Trophy Nursing Competition, No.6 District, S.]. A. B., N Tyne.

23,-Southern Area, o. 1 District, S.J.A. B., Nursing Competitions, Pelham Central Schools, Wimbledon.

28. - Vaughan College Nursing Division, S.].A.B., Dance, Co-operative Hall, Leicester, MARCTJ.

1.-Police National First Aid Competition Final for the " Pim " Trophy, Central Hall, Westminster.

2. - Northumberland County, S.]. A. B. Finals, N ewcastleon-Tyne.

2.-Southern Area, No.1 District, S.].A,B., Ambulance Competitions, Pelham Central Schools, Wimbledon.

2. - South Met. Gas Co. Corps, S .]. A.B. , Annual Dinner.

9.-Final .5'f the « Coroner Graham" Challenge Shield Com peti lion, Sunderland.

10. - Central Area No, 1 District, S.].A.B., Church Parade Priory Church.

12.-Sheringham Division, S.J.A.B., Annual Dinner.

14.-No. 87 (Shoreditch) Division, S.J.A. B. Dance, Shoreditch Town H::Jll.

16.-London Passenger Transport Board (Metropolitan Line Corps) Annual Competitions, Neasden.

February, 1955. FIR S T

19.-Cinematograph Leclure on "How Teeth Grow," and « Care of Teeth," arranged by the Dagenham Division, S.].A. B., Out-patients' Department, King George Hospital, OagE'nham.

21.-B.R.C.S. Blood Transfusion Service, Second Annual Dinner, Empire Hall, Victoria.

23.-No. 6 District, S.J.A. B., Competition Finals, Middlesbrough.

23. -First Eliminating Round" Stanley" Shield Competition (Women), B. R.C.S.

30.-E limin ating Round « Stanley" Shield Competition (Men), B.R.C.S.

30,-No. 64 (Ealing) Nuring Division, S.] \. B., Dance, Town Hall.

APRIL.

6.-No. 1 District, S.J.A.B., Competition Finals, Northampton Institute, London.

6 -Second Eliminating Round « Stanley" Shield Competition (Women), B.R.C.S-

Our Crossword Puzzle. Across.

A I D. 211

To the sender of the first correct solution opened, an « Arnold " Stop Watch will be awarded; to the second, a copy of Dr. N. Corbet Fletcher's book, "The History of the St. John Ambulance Associalion," and to the third, a cor)' of Allmans' « Anatomical Atlas."

All entries must be addressed « Crossword," FIRST AID, 46, Cannon-street, London, E.C.-t, and must arrive by t he 9th March, 1935.

Should readers not wish to mutilate their copies they may copy their solution onto a piece of paper and forward to the address given. Such entries musl, however, be accompanied by a « Query" coupon taken from this month's issue.

LAST MONTH'S SOLUTION.

The winning entry was received from Miss B. Andrews of Southgate, London, to whom the first prize is awarded.

The second and third prizes have been \\'on by 1\lr. C. H vVatkins of \Vindsor, and Miss S. :'I1artin of Todm o rden respectively.

Arnold Programme Watch.

As a reminder of the starting time of programmes to which it is specially desired to listen, the Arnold ProO'ramme Watch proves to be distinctly useful. AlthouO'h this alarm watch is not appreciably h larger than an ordinary modern watch, It glves .a sufficiently loud and clear call, and the alarm IS easily set by rotating the bezel.

Power for the time-keeping mechanism and for the alarm bell is supplied by the same spring, and so the operation of winding is carried out by a single stem winder, which is a This watch is also very useful for competItIOns, debates, etc., where a specified length of time is set.

The watch is sold by A. Arnold and Co., 122, St. John-street, Clerkenwell-road, London, E.C.1, and costs 25s.

"THE PLUMBER & JOURNAL OF HEATING,' IS. monthly) is THE paper for all progressive tradesmen - Publlshlog' Office: -46, Cannon Street E.C ....

Our Nurses' Pages.

COMPILED BY AMBULANCE SISTER.

No. 1 DISTRICT, S. J. A. B.

EASTERN AREA.-Yet another trophy has been added Lo those already existing in this Area. It is a beautiful sih er cup, presented by Lady District Onlcer :\[iss Curtis, and is to be known as the "Curtis" Cup. It will be held for a year by the winning team in the preliminary round of the bedIl1aking competition for the « :\Jountgarret" Cup.

This should be a g-reat incenLive to all the ::\ursing Divisions, and the offi c ers and members are very grateful to l\Iiss Curtis for her generosity in providing- this Lrophy. They also sincerely hope ttlat she will be ('Ible to be present ('It he competition to pr'.'!sent her cup.

GRAYS NURSING Dr\·ISloN.-The "Baird" and "Silllon" competition, open to Boy and Girl Cadets, was held on Saturday, January 5th.

The "Rain:!" Shield was won by Cadet Corporal Doris Davis, and the "Simon" Cup by Cadet Corporals Betty Ritson and Dorotl1\' l\ledl1l1rsl.

For the jun'iors a 'bus scene was arranged, and the conductor suddenly burst a varicose ' ein. The competitors were also questioned as to how they would treat a case suffering frolll lime in the eye. The seniors' patient was a boy had been to catch tiddlers in a ditch, and had fallen and broken his jar and also his collar bonc. Their viva voce tcst was the treatment of snake bite.

WESTERN AREA .

ROYAL BOROUGII OF RICH<llOND ?\TURSING Dl\ ISlON. -

On \Nednesday evening, January 23rd, a meetinO' was convened. in the Department of Royal Hospital to receive the Annual Report of this Di\ ision. The chair was taken by Alderman S. VV. Gladwell, J. P., and he was supported by Mr. S.anderson, Chairman of the Hospital, the :.YIatron of the HospItal, and a large number of members and friends.

A very healthy report was submiteec.1 by Lady Diy. Supt. \lissv\Test. -

Lady District Officer, Robinia, Viscountess ret, 0 B. E., presented a numb e r of certificates to the cadets and many trophies Wo? by members in competition. t\ specIal feature of the eveOlng was the presentation by Lady i\Iountgarret of a book on "The Order" to the Div. President, Gladwell, as a mark of appreciation of his great assistance and encouragement. This was the gift of the ofiicers and members of the Division. Lady Mountgarret also presented badges to the two new Vice-Presidents the Han. Mrs. Gilbert Coleridge and 1\1r. Helen vVarde. '

The Assistant Commissioner, in a short address to the members, was able to congratulate them on a wonderful ye ar's work,. which was an en.couragement to all to go Qn still further In the work to whIch they had set their hands.

At the close of the evening light refreshments were proVided by the matron of the hospital.

'!'WICKENIIAM DI\'lsrON.-The annual general of the TWlckenhal1l Nursing Division was held at York House on January 25th, the chair bein u Laken by Dr ,\. P. Yonge, the Di\'. Surgeon.

In her reporL. on the work of the Division during the past year, Lady Dlv. Supt. Horner said that members had undertaken 90 puhlic duties, and 151 attendances had made at hospitals and clinics. Two mem bers h('ld gwen three more blood trnnsfusions each. Besides render-

ing first aid on duty, members "had treated many cases while not act ually on public duty.

t\ statement of account was presented by the Div. Treasurer, shO\,ving a balance in hand of {;67s. 8d.

Tile Lady Div. Supt. thanked the Divisional oOlcers for their help during 193+, especially mentioning the Di"isional and also :'II rs. Yonge, who had given lectures on nursIng.

The meeting concluded with a hearty \'ote of thanks Lo Dr. Yonge for taking the chair.

SOUTJlERN AREA.

No. 69. SOUTlIERN RAILWAY CORPS (SOUTIlERN) NURSING DI"ISION.-Pro Utilitate Hominum is the motto of the Brigade, but may we not carry out the motto in other actions as well as in rendering first aid to the injured whilst we are waiting to be called to sufferers? Surely there are things we ran do. So thought the nurses of the above Di\'ision. Lady Supt. suggested giving a tea party to chtldren 111 need, an.d all agreed with alacrity. Fifty chIldrcn were chosen WIth care, and invited to Divisional headquarters on Januar y 26th.

On t he day of the treat the room was decorated with co loured chains and balloons. Tables were laid and the children were served with a high tea, the officers and members acting as waitresses.

Then S. Pet.tman amused the little guests for. some tIme untd the conjurer came, full of mysterious actions. Games followed with the nurses.

At the end of the e\'ening, the parents were asked in and Riven tea and cakes before departing with their children. Each child was presented \vith a bag containing oranges, .and and was also given 6d., the latter being the kll1d gift of Dlv. Surgeon Dr. T. Meyrick of Hither Green.

The members of the Division thus rendered a little to those in need once again, but in a different way th IS tJme.

No.2 DISTRICT, S.J.A. B. BAT II NURSING DI\,ISION. - The Lwenty-se\'enLh annual g'eneral meeting of this Division was held on Thursday, January 31st, at the ambu lance headquarters, Edward-street.

Dr. P. Heygate Knowles, the Div. Surgeon, presided, ('Ind was supported by Lady Div. Supt. Miss Shoes111ith, Lady Supt., V.A.D. Somerset j28, [is sPaul,S. R.N. and Lady Ambulance Officer Miss Read. The Medical Officer of V.A.D. Somerset 128, Dr. Baker, was unable to be present.

The Div. Secretary read an excellent report of the activities of the Division during the past twe lve months. Th e year h ad been one of int erest, progress and in creased n u mericol strength

During the year, Lady Amhulance Officer Miss the late Div. Secretary, who <tfter 20 years' se:vlce IS now on the reserve, and Lady Ambulance Omcf'r MISS Read were admitted as Serving Sisters of the Order in recognition of their work in the Brigade.

The Div. Treasurer presented a stateme n t of account showing a balance in hand vf just over £12.

First Aid and Home classes had been held :"'y Dr. Beyg-ate Knowles and MISS Paul. Examination results from these h;:!,d shown 90 rer ('enlo rasses.

ASK THE AUTliORITIES who have invested . and they) il say

That, faced with the choice of an ambulance, they turned first to Austin because they associated this name with dependabil£ty - a quality essential to ambulance work. That they chose an Austin because they were looking for dependability and something more: long practice in ambulance design, guided by medical specifications. That they knew an Austin would be the most economical investment because of the long years of service built into every model. That they made special notes of the smooth

running, supple suspension, safe control, easy driving, easy loading, easy cleaning; and such features as aluminium panelling, seasoned framework in English oak and ash, and Triplex glass in all windows-all of which indicated high-class craftsmanship. That they knew that any special equipment they needed could be added at any time. That their Austin ambulances are doing their duty as efficiently in the third or fourth year of investment as in the first month Why not follow their lead, and invest?

THE AUSTIN H.P. STANDARD SI X=CYLlNDEn AMBULANCE (as illllstrated) £462 lOs. (Chassis £226.) 12 h.p. sta rldardfour-cylillder Ambulance, £416 lOs (Chassis £190.) 20 Iz.p. stalldard Arnblllallce, £710. (Chassis £385. ) Private Salooll 20 h.p. six-cylinder Amblliance 011 special 10lv-lofldiJlg chassis, £785. (Chassis £385.)

Gene r:::tI S?ecification of 16 h P Am ') J CJ ft. 4 £n Io-gallon ') <' [Tol tank. Semi-ellipt£c

FIRST

SOUTIIA:'IIPTON URSll\G CADET DI\,ISTON. -A veryenjoyable social evening-, arranged by Cadet Supt. lI1rs. Wi ll iams to commemorate the first anniversary of the formation of the Division was held at the Connaught Hall, on \ ;Vednesday, January '16th. Ther e was an attendance of about 250, and the cadets, including contingents from Calmoreand \Voolston, numbered 150. Among- those present ,,·ere Alderman vV. Bagshaw, ]. P., Mrs. Twiss, .-\sso c Sec. :\lrs. Mustard, Corps Supt. Mrs. Coward, Corps Officer Miss Everett, Lady Div. Supts. Toss Robb (Calmore), l\Iiss Eustice (Woolston), 1\1rs. Harding (Soton), Cadet Supt. Mrs Phillips (Calmore), Mrs. Cole and Miss Sims.

During the evening presentations of 14 first aid certificates and prizes for attendance were made by Mrs l\Iustard, and the Chairman, Alderman Bagshaw, thanked all those who had arranged such a pleasanL e\'ening.

4 DISTRICT, S.J.A.B.

Teams fr0111 Nursing- Divisions in this District took part in a competition held at Denton on Saturday, February 2nd

The results were announced as follows:-

Team Test.--1. Blackpool. 2. Liverpool. 3. N. W. Manchester.

Individu al Practical.-1. Crompton. 2. Kendal. 3. Blackpool.

Officers' Peace Trophy. - 1. Miss Gibson, Kendal. 2 :'11 iss Crowther, Blackpool. 3. Miss :'I100re, Preston.

The" Trimble" Shield 'was awarded to Blackpool and the" Southport" Cup to Liverpool, who gained first and second places in the team test. Crompton won the " Howard" Rose Bowl for the highest marks in the individual practical.

Items (Divisional news and competitions, social, interesting duties, lecLures, elc.), for this page should be sent to Ambulance Sist er, c/o The Editor, FIRST AID, 46, Cannonstreet, London, E. C. 4.

pleasure to propose this loast. As the name implies, h ospitality is fu l fi ll ed by the C l ub to the utm05t. L ady lVlountgarret gave some very inte r esting detai ls of her rece n holiday visit to Canada, which although supposed to have been a holiday she had a strenuClUS but happy time.

In replying to the toast, I r. E. W. J ackson, the President, remarked that it has been said" Great thIngs arise fnm small beginnings." This applies to the Hospitallers' Cl u b He "veIl remembered the fi\'e officers who met on Hampstead Heath 15 y"ars ago to disc u ss the formation of a club. Most of those gentlemen are still with them, Mr. Perry, the first president, being· present to-night. The Club now totals a membersh p of 108, which are not confined to London entirely.

The toast of The Visitors" \\·as in the hands of the Vice-President, Mr. A. J Bowman, who stated that Lady J\Iountgarret was so well known for her connection with the Brig-:lde and other good works, that nothing he could say would be new. The Rev. Dr. Norw00d, he said, was a world-renowned preacher, who if not known personal l y to the members, was known by repute. He is an Australian, and holds the rank of Captain in the Australian Imperial Forces. In mentioning Capt. Oakes-Jones, the VicePresident said that he had recently been made a Commander of the Order, and he is also responsible for the pageantry of the Aldershot Tattoo.

In replying for the Visitors, Dr. K orwood said he was delighted to be present to share the hospitality of the Club. He had read the history of the Order of 5t. John and it g-ave a clear idea of the cause of e\'ents at least for six or seven centuries

Captain Oakes-Jones also suitably replied.

The immediate past-president, Mr. G. 5. Pasco, proposed the toast of "The President." He stated that it was with the utmost sympathy he did so, as Mr. Jackson had been very unwell, but had so far reco\'e red to be presenL.

Mr. Jackson has been a member of the Club since its inception, and has always done his best to uphold its traditions He hoped Mr. Jackson would soon be restored to perfect health, and have a happy and successful year of office.

In replying and thanking the members for their reception of the toast, Mr. Jackson stated how helpful Mrs Jackson was in his work. He also thanked the Comm ittee for the arrangements made for the dinner, specially mentioning 1r. F. E. StaI\ard for the musical programme.

THE annual meeling of the Club was held on Friday, January 18th. The Secretary and Treasurer hoth presented very satisfactory reports which showed that the Club is in a very satisfactory position.

The election of the Officers and Comm ittee for the year 1935 resulted as follows:- President, Mr. E. W. Jackson; Vice-President, Mr. A. Bowman; Secretary, Mr. A. E. Wells; Treasurer, Mr. F. E. Stallard; Committee, Messrs. H. Langley Jones, P. Bettison, G. C. Green; Auditors, Messrs. C. Bower, ]. Kemp .

The roll of mem bers was called, after which the President read the "Absent Member's Remembrance" at 8 . 15 p.m.

The sixteenth annual dinner was held at the Connauo-ht Rooms, on Saturday, February 9th, when 154 members :nd friends assembled for what has become a grand re-union. Among the guests of the evening were Robinia Viscountess 10untgarret, O. B. E., Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St. John; Capt. H. Oakes-Jones, M.B.E., F.S.A., and the Rev F. W. Norwood, D. D. The cbair was taken by the President, 1\1r. E. 'vV. Jackson, and the vice-chair by Mr. A. J. Bowman.

Lady Mountgarret, in proposing the toast of "The Hospita1lers' Club," remarked that it gave her particular

Mr. Stallard, in reply, thanked the President for his remarks and called attention to the hard work of :\Ir. Wells, the Secretary.

A very excellent musical programme was arranged, as usual, by Mr. Stallard, the following artists appearing :Miss Gladys Palmer, contralto; Mr. Victor Mould, tenor: Miss Helena Millais, songs and bur:esque impressions; Mr. Cyri Lidington, character songs and studies; Mr. Walter ewman, entertainer; Miss Norah Drake, accompanist and songs at the piano. Mr. Stallard seemed to be able to produce some very ffne entertainment.

1\ course of n.rst aid classes for women will be held, under the auspices of the Bournemouth Corps, S. ]. A. B., at Vest Cliff Baptist Church Rooms, and at the COllgregationa Charminster Road Schoo l Bournemouth. First lecture will be held on March 12th.

Owing to heavy pressure on our space, it has been found necessary to hold over many items, letters and articles until the March issue

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A I D. February. 1935.

Queries and Ansvvers to Correspondents.

Queries will be dealt with under the following rules :->

r. -Letters containing Queries must be marked on the top left hand corner of the envelope "Query," and addressed-FIRST A I D 4 6 Cannon-street, London, E. C. 4·

2. -All Queries must be accompanied by a "Query Coupon" cut from the current issue of the Journal, or, in case of Queries from abroad, from a recent issue.

3. -The Textbook, to which reference may be made in this column is the 38th 1I928) Edition of S.J.A.A. Manual of First Aid.

ApOPLEXY AND ITS TREATMENT.

W.R. (York)-Thank you for your kindness in replying to my query of the abo\ e title published in the January issue of FIRST AlD. In your reply you suggest that I misunderstood the explanation of the surgeon-examiner.

Of course, it is very easy to misunderstand; but in this case I am positive that I did not, because I was so surprised at his definition that I asked him to repeat it, wishing to memorise it correctly and to refer it to you.

Also, after the inspection I found that our Officer, working in another group, had been asked the same question and received the same definition from the \tV.O. Inspeclor. So it does not seem probable that we should both have 'llisundf'rstood on the same question.

Thank you also for your tip. I will certainly not pass on the 'vV. O. differentiation between Stroke and Apoplexy to a St. John examiner, beyonJ the Query Column of FIRST AID where one may run the risk of being" sq uashed" but not "plucked." Again thank you for your hel pful and i 11 teresti ng Answers to Correspondents.

Your letter is much appreciated. - N. CORBET FLETCHER.

EXAMINATION HOWLER.

A. Y. (Shirebrook)-At a recent examination the doctor asked a candidate what he knew about the Hand-seats and was highly amused when the candidate promptly replied :- " Aniseed is good/01' colds!"

Good! Next please!! N. C. F.

KECK BROKEN AT TENNIS.

A. B. (Cardiff)- With much interest I learned from the Query and the News Cuttings Columns of the January issue of FIRST AlD that the neck may be broken by muscular action. It was a strange chance which caused two such cases to be reported in the same issue.

Truth is always stranger than fiction.-N.C.F.

TREATI\lENT OF SPRAINED ANKLE.

C.C. (Birmingham).-As a member of a Brigade and also of a Railway Ambulance Team, I shall be grateful if you, on behalf of my colleaguE'S, will settle an argument concerning the treatment of Sprained Ankle, after the patient has been removed to his home.

Some of co n sider (hal the Texlbook rules thaL the boot and stocking should be removed a nd the bandage re-applied, as for treatment of Sprained Ankle outof-doors. Others, however, take il that the Textbook intends us to remove boot and slocl<ing, to support the limb in a comfortable position on pillow and to app ly cold continuously to the injured joint.

Our argument really rests on what is meanl by (' ReJ7/r)'/){' boot and stocking and it'eat as ab07!e," on p. 84of the Textbook; and we await your ruling with interest.

This query has cropped up again all (00 quickly, since it was answered in the December 1934 issue of FIRST AID. Of course, your second suggestion is the correct one. It is interesting to note, however, that these instructions do cause uncertainty which would be avoided if the Textbook restricted its instructions on p. p. 83 and 84 to " indoor and outdoor" instead of spreading them out under « indoor, outdoor, and again indoor" sections.-N.C.F.

RUPTURE OF MUSCLE.

P. B. (Coventry).-During a recent discussion on Strains and Ruptured 1uscles as described on p.p. 84 and 85 of the Textbook, the question arose as to whether or no a muscle can be ruptured without any external wound. As we could not decide, we shall be grateful for your ruling.

Rupture of muscles may occur without any external wound, as the result of some spasmodic muscular effort. A common example is the rupture of the plantaris muscle which is a small muscle in the calf of the leg and which may be torn right across during the acts of running- or jumping. This is particularly liable to occur when the individual undertakes strenuous exercise when he is not in full training and physically (and muscularly) fit.-N.C.F.

E TD OF SPINAL CORD.

W. R. (Ynysddu)-On p. 153 of our Textbook I read that the spinal cord extends to the second lumbar vertebra. On p.p. 12 and 80 of Warwick and Tunstall's First Aid to b1Jured, however, I note that the spinal cord ends at the first lumbar vertebra. Could you please say which statement is correct ?

Both are correct, the usual description being that the spinal cord extends to the body of the second lumbar vertebra though occasionally only to the body of the first.-N. C. F.

STICKING PLASTER FOR WOUNDS.

M.C. (Cardiff).-Please explain what exactly the Textbook means when on p. 93 it forbids the application of slicking plaster to a wound. Does this mean that we may not use strips of plaster tr hold a dressing in position when we have to deal with a small wound, say on the hand?

The Textbook torbids the application of sticking plaster di1'ect/y to a wound because of the dangers of septic infection of the wound. Another reason against its use by first aiders is that sticking plaster affords a more or l ess permanent method of dressing wounds.

Thi s, however, does not, in my opinion, preclude the application of a couple of strips of sticking plaster, placed at right angles, to hold in position a dressing on a small superficial wound which has previously been treated in accordance with the instructions of the Textbook. Such strips can be easily and quickly removed when the patient reachet; the doctor, whereas if the wound had been firmly plastered force must be used, with consequent ri sks of aggravating the wound.-N.C. F.

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This illustration shows the clear gangway for loading the lower stretcher when only one case Is being carried.

DIAGNOSIS OF FRACTURE OF' SPINE.

FIRST

G.c. (Surbit on).- In a recent competition the card of inst ru ction read as follows :-

"A cyclist skidded, st ru ck the si d e of a vehicle and turned a somersault o\·er the handle-bars. He fell on his back across the sharp e d ge of the c urbstone , rolled ove r on to the pavement, and made unsu ccessf ul attempts to rise. H e comp ained of severe pain in the back and nothing else.»

Competito r s were i nformed that there w as no irregularity of the sp in e, and some failed to find the fractured spine that was present. Is it possible for the spine to be fractured an d the u s u a l sig n s to be absent?

Your comme n ts wi ll be much app r ec iate d by some of the competitors.

On your report the diagnosis of Fractured Spine was clearly demonstrated for the purposes of first a id, because you had the history of injury to the back, lo ss of power in the lower limbs and severe pain the back. If, therefore, competito r s had tested for sensat ion in the lower limbs and found this absent, then the pictu re would ha ve b ee n co mplete-in spite of the absence of any irreg-ularity of th e spine. So I cannot quite see why you ask if the spi ne ca n be fractured without the usual signs be in g present.-N.C.F.

PROTECTION iN CHEM ICAL vV ARF'ARE.

\V.G. ( \V ellingborough). - I venture to trespass o n your goodwill to ask you for some information H:at mi g ht be of benefit to myself and members of h e Di vis on of th e St. J ohn Ambu lance Brigade to which I belong.

Somc time ago the NatiolJal Press published a number of articles respecting th e Brigade an d its pa rt in a possible \,var in the future in w hi c h gas would be used. fe ll ow members were very in terested an d raised the question" Where do we come in?"

As sometime previously I had undergone a Co ur se of Chcmica l Warfare while training in the R N. A. S B. R. it feJ1 to my lot to lecture on t h e subj ect fr om what knowledg-e I had ga in ed, together with t he aid of Protection of tlze Civil Population in Chemz"cal Waifare; and this I have done to several loca l Di vis ions. Since then I have taken a further cou r se (training ast y ear) ; but I am far from being an expert.

The recent letter in the press from thc Chief Co mmissioner has revived in terest in the matter; and aga in there is a call for more in struction. We a r e n ot able to obtain any real assistance locally, I tried to borrow masks for the purpose of in str u ctio n but t he y were not ava il able and the local Territorials had not heard of such things. I have, too, approached my office rs but h ey do not seem to be ab le to get much fa rther.

Mention is f r equent ly made of activities in London in this direction and my fellows are a n x ious that they sho uld not be behind in these matters; but we appear to some extent to be out of it a littl e

It is pointed o ut , as well, that with the increasing lmportance of Corby and ot her ironworks in thi s neighbourhood we may bec ome one of the v ulnerable points of the co untr y a nd so be more li ab le to attack than some districts.

1 would lik e therefore to kn ow if it s possible to ?btaIl1 or through, th e Gate gas masks for II1structlOnal purposes an d also the various textbooks military or otherw ise, dealin g with the s ubject.

You evide lltl y n ot see n B. O. 665 which, rec ent l y Issued, gIves notice that a certai n number of gas masks now be from Bri ga d e Headquarters, at the pnce of one g Ull1 ea each; and that a new Manual of Instru ctio n in the t r eatme nt of Gas C as ualties will shortly be published.

It would, however, appear to me that the present

A I o. February, 1955.

official gas mask is of comparatively little importance in the training, because many new types will (I h ope) have been evolved before Europe is plunged into another war.-N.C. F.

TREA TMENT OF DIRTY WO UND.

H. H (Yarrow)-I a m prompted to s ubmit this r e port b eca use of the qu ery which was publish e d and dealt with by yo ur - esteemed se lf under the above title in the November, 1934, issue of FIRST Aw.

By a curious chance toward the en d of No ve mber last and pre vious to re a din g yo ur r ep ly to this query, I had to treat a b a dly d a ma ged dirty hand-middle finger off, index linger a nd palm so seriously injur ed that to-day the patient has only part of the pal m, t he third and the little finger remaining of hi s h an d I hav e had 35 yea r s experience as a first a ider and ha ve a ttended to thousands of cases; and, as Superintendent of the Yarrow D ivision, I have always taught that \vounds, whatever their appearance, and especially if dirt y, must be painted with i odi n e Yet on this occas ion I d e lib erate ly omitted the u s ual treatment of wounds, be ca u se of the man's s ufferin gs. In stead, washed the hand, made a ball of cotto n woo l about 2t by 3 inches in s ize, soaked an d soaped it, and secure d it in position with a roller bandage. Th en I supported the upper limb in a large arm -s lin g, and took my patient in a taxi to the l oca l h ospita l where we a r rived within 10 minutes of the acc id ent.

Did I do wrong in thus app lying- what I cons id er to have been the commo n se n se treatmcnt of a dirty woond ?

Your letter h as been ext r eme ly difficult t o decipher. If , therefore, yo u did in facL, soap the cotton woo l pad, round whi c h ( I presume) you s upport ed t h e injured hand, then 1 co nsid er that you took an unfair risk of further septic tion of the hand. vVith s u ch an injury, it were better to ha ve acted as suggested in my r ep l y in the November iss u e of FIRS T AID to the query which you quote.

In c id enta ll y YO'lr second etter was, like the first, safe l y re ceive d and yo ur impatience for a reply duly n oted. There was, howe ve r , no reason why I shou ld break my rule of dealin15 with querie s in s tri ct r otat ion.- N. C. F.

CIRCULATION OF BLOOD.

M. T. (York).-ln an examinat ion I was o n ce asked how a dr op of blood would pass from the tip of the left m id dl e finger to the same spot in the right middle finge r. Pl ease teIl m e if I was correct when sa id t h at the drop of blood would be ca rri e d through the cap ill ar ie s to the ve ins of the left upp er limb, the superior ve na cava, the right auricle, the right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary capillaries, pulmonar y ve in, left auricle, left ventricle, aorta, right subclavian, axillary, brachial, ulnar , palmar a r ch a nd di g it a arteries

Yes.-N.C.F.

HUi\IOUR IN FIRST AID.

T.L. (Dartford).-The following in c ident appeare d r ather amusing to us and is conseq u e ntly for ward e d to you :

An officer recently asked a m e mb e r of our Di vis ion how long h e would p e rform artificial respiration and recei ve d the repl y-" Until the d octo r cert ifi e d lif e extinct." To this th e officer replied - " I s hould not; I s h o uld carryon until the patient recovered or the do ctor certified patient as dead·"

Thanks for your letter. To me, however, there s little practical difference in th e two r ep lies: but there I am of Scottish descent !- N.C. F.

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CONTEI\TS OF THIS NUMBER.

ELJITORJALTaking Sto c k

EDITORIAL.

IT has been our pleasure to TAKI:\'G STOCK. receive many letters of appreciation on the readable contents of this Journal, and we are naturally pleased to consider our effort to assist first aiders IS an esta bl ished fact.

This is accomplished thanks to the evergenerous support we receive from members of the medical profession and ambulanceworkers throughout the country. In this respect we must acknowledge our debt of gratitude to our Honorary Medical Correspondent, Dr. N. Corbet Fletcher. The innumerable queries sent in for his attention show no signs of diminishing and we can definitely claim a record In the number received and answered.

Our thanks are also due to the Ambulance Secretaries of the Railway Com panies for reports received on railway work. This has been a featur e in FIRST AID since its inception and the support received in this direction is appreciated.

FIRST AID is considered by readers as the foremost Journal of its kind, and with an increa sing circulation, as evidenced by figures available for 1934, we look forward to even better issues. To make them instructive and interesting we invite readers to forward suggestions for future articles. I t is not always possible to take advantage of all the assistance offered in this direction, but the suggestions are, nevertheless, acceptable. ';V e are reminded of the notice which is displayed in many shop windows-" If you cannot see ",hat you want in the window, plpase come inside." So we invite readers to "come inside," and by so doing we hope they will find the knowledge they require in the columns of FIRST Am.

Owing to the Easter Holidays, all Reports should reach the Editor not later than April 8th, next.

Aids During Resuscitation.

B y A C. P. HANDOVER (Vz'ce-P7'eszdenf, Royal Lije Savl7lg Sociely)

(Concluded from jage I9 0 ),

In cases of suspended animation from electric shock, normal breathing ceases because of paralysis of the muscular diaphragm, which is the most important muscle involved in tidal breathing. Artificial respiration should be started at once and, as soon as available, a mixture of 7 per cent. carbon dioxide and 93 per cent. oxygen adm inisteredo Recovery is frequently a slow process and so artificial respiration may be very prolonged. Resuscitation should not be interrupted by attempted removal to hospital for treatment, but continued on the spot, if possible, "until natural breathing returns or rigor mortis sets in." From an English source of great authority, the following extract is taken concerning electric shock, " Clearly, if on his arrival, the doctor finds artificial respiration being practised he should not, because the heart-beat cannot be detected, presume life to be extinct but should advocate perseverance in artificial respiration. A case is cited where the doctor on arrival pronounced the patient dead; the workmen; however, continued artificial respiration and succeeded in restoring consciousness." For artificial respiration on victims of drowning or electric shock Professor Yandell Henderson mentions the value of Dr. Eve's" rocking stretcher" and says "it is particularly adapted for use by laymen. "

The incieasing frequency of carbon monoxide poisoning (from inhaling coal-gas, exhaust from motor cars, etc.) makes this branch of resuscitation very important. He states, " In carbon monoxide asphyxia, it is only for cases of brief and acute exposure that artificial respiration is an important factor in resuscitation. In cases of prolonged exposure, inducing acarbic asphyxia, it is only by a rare chance that the victim is found in the brief period-less than 10 or even 5 minutes-between cessation of breathing and standstill of the heart. After that he is irretrievably dead; before that, he is still breathing spontaneously when removed from the poisonous atmosphere. Such cases are numerous and it is for them that the advance in the technic of resuscitation has made its greatest contribution to the saving of life. They do not need and are little helped by artificial respiration but they do need inhalational treatment (7 per cent. carbon dioxide and 93 per cent. oxygen). To be

most beneficial the inhalation must be immediate, on the spot; not after removal to hospital."

PRACTICAL ApPLICATION.

In the space of about twelve years since the inhalation of carbon dioxide was applied to practical purposes, its use has spread until it is now •, one of the most widely employed accessories of the modern surgical operating room." But applying more especially to our purpose of first aid, "The rescue crews of practical1 y all American fire and police departments and gas and electricity companies are equipped with inhalators for the administration of carbon dioxide diluted with oxygen. There are (July, 1933) more than 3,500 inhalators in use and it is conservatively estimated that more than 50,000 cases of carbon monoxide poisoning, drowning and other forms o[ asphyxia are treated by this means annually. Many hundreds of lives have been saved." In England its use is rapidly spreading, especially in the fire departments of our large cities, becaL'se its practical value is becoming known. But there is much room for its greatly extended use in saving life endangered from various forms of asphyxia.

In my paper, mentioned at the opening of this article, the following occurs (page 7): "In my opinion every bathing establishment and considerable bathing place should have a portable supply of carbon dioxide easily available for rapid transport to the scene of a water accident for use in conjunction with Schafer's method; and that, in every city with a gas (or electricity) supply, an apparatus for delivering a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide should be kept at the fire station, town hall or other central spot, so that it could q 11 ickly be summoned by telephone." Concern ing these opinions, Professor Yandell Henderson wrote to me (10th October, 1933), " I fully agree with the position that you take on page 7 of your paper that every city should have available an inhalational apparatus and a supply of cylinders delivering a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide 7 to 9 per cen t. I also fully agree with YUIl that for resuscitation from drowning, carbon dioxide diluted in air (by means of an injector or otherwise) is nearly or quite as effective as carbon dioxide and oxygen, and has the advantage of cheapness and more ready availability.

"As regards electric shock, I should think that for use in power plan ts an inhalator with

March, 19 3 5 , FIRST oxygen and carbon dioxide should be available; but that fo r use b y electric linesmen in the field (i.e. on outside work) a smaller apparatus supplying only carbon dioxide has practical advantages."

From the wide and spreading adoption of such aids to resuscitation in both medical and lay ci rcles the practical val ue of Professor Yandell Henderson's life-long researches is receivina due recognition. Only its first aid in special cases have been considered here; but in the surgical operating room and in the medical treatment of the many and varied forms of asphyxia, its use is becoming the standard form

A 10 . 223

?f assisting recovery. Its adoption in every area, 10 a ready for u,se by laymen and easily acceSSible on every SUitable occasion should be stro?gly urged in every locality. Messages for Inhalator and for the doctor should be coinand carbon dioxide given at the earliest pOSSible moment, even before the arrival of the doctor. The best strength for general lay use is that of 7 per cent. carbon dioxide. "In many of ,asphyxia it is probable that carbon diOXide dtluted with air is more effective than without carbon dioxide, and almost as effective as carbon dioxide mixed with oxygen."

THE SKI N .

e

By C. I. ELLJS, M.D., C.M., etc.

FOR a com plete descri ption of the structure of the skin a work on Histology or Microscopical Anatomy must be consulted. It must suffice for my purpose to say that it is composed of 2 main parts :-

I. Epzdermz's or Scar} Skz'n.

This is thickest on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. It is made up of 5 different layers. It is non-vascular and insensitive. Underneath 1. is :-

II. The De1'mzs, CuNs Ve1'a or True Skz"n.

This is thickest over the posterior aspect of trunk. It is made up of 2 layers. It contains the blood vessels of the skin, also the minute endorgans of nerves by means of which sensations of touch, pain, heat and cold are felt.

The thickness of 1. and I I., or rather the thinness, varies from t-10 to 1-25 of an inch. In the skin are 2 sets of glands :-

A. Sweat GLands.

These are abu ndant over the whole of the skin, but most numerous on the palm of the hand and on the sole of the foot, the forehead and the sides of the nose. They are composed of coiled tubes, which lie in the deeper part of the skin and send their ducts up, by corkscrew-like channels, which pierce the epidermis and open on the surface by valve-like mouths, called pores. These val ves cause the skin to be waterproof, no matter how much we immerse our bodies in water. If it ·were not for this one-way traffic of the sweat ducts we should be unable to bathe or take a bath. Each of us has about 2t millions of them and they are nearly always at work. In a full-grown man the

ducts put end to end would reach a total length of 3 miles or more. The glands are served by a network of capillaries.

B. Sebaceous Glands.

These are found all over the skin, except on the palms and soles and on the backs of the terminal phalanges. They are small saccular glands, the ducts from which open into the mouths of the hair follicles. They are some 650,000 in

The saccults and ducts become charged with a sebaceous, or fatty matter (sebum), which is discharged into the mouths of the hair-follicles as a thick, semi-fluid lubricating substance. There may be 2 or more glands attached to each hairfollicle.

The skin and hairs are oiled by the sebum so that they are kept moist and pliable. A and Bare sometimes called the regulating agents of the healthy skin.

H azr Follz'cles.

These are little pits or sockets which extend downwards into the deeper parts of the true skin or even into the tissue below this. The hair grows from the bottom of the follicle, the part which thus lies within the follicle is kno\\'n as the" root."

Someone described the skin as" a case to keep the parts of the body intact." From the abo\'c short description it will readily be gathered that it is by no means a simple inert covering or envelope. On the contrary it is a living, active, Protechv e covering. It is, also, very extensive and elastic. In fact it is the bz'ggest organ of tile body.

In an average man weighing 150 lbs. the

surface of the skin measures 2,800 square inches and each square inch carries from 500 to 2,500 sweat pores.

FL'NCTlO;'\TS OF THE SKI:-.'.

In considering the functions of the skin in detail it will be readily realised what an important and part of our body it is.

r. Reaction to Systemat£c (general organism) D£sturbances and Diseases.

It reacts in accordance with the state of the health. It is, therefore, an index of the condition of our health: 1, temporarily; 2, more or less permanently. First aiders know that a patient is (a) faint, shocked or collapsed, the sk1l1 IS pale, cold and clammy; (b) asphyxiated, it is cyanosed or congested; (c) suffering from apoplexy, the face is flushed, and so on.

In diseases like scarlatina, measles, smaIl pox, etc., where toxins and waste products are eliminated by the skin, rashes are found.

Rashes and various skin complaints may be a sequel to a general or local infection.

The sympathetic, automatic or veGetative nervous system affects the arteries of the skin as wel l as other parts of the body, so in one person fear (or an upset) causes blushing or dilation of the blood vessels of the skin, and in another person who has a different kind of vegetative nervous system a mental disturbance causes blanching and paleness of the skin from contraction of the blood vessels.

I I. Protective Qualdies of the Skin.

It was stated above that the skin was a'valuable protective covering. Imagine, for one morrient, a body without any skin.

Very ftw germs can enter through the unbroken skin. The spirochaete, which causes Weil's disease, is one that can. So the skin can be regarded as being the frontier of the body against germs.

I I I. Ileat Regulatillg FU7Zchon.

The skin is an excellent heat regulating device for our bodies.

\Vaste heat produced in the body is chiefly got rid of by the skin, compare the radiator of a motor car.

The sweat glands with their terminal pores are of particular i mportance in the regulation of the body temperature.

\i\Then we take vigorous exercise the rate of burning in the body is increased, and then by a wonderful arrangement more blood is supplied to the skin, leading to an unusual degree of dilatation of its blood vessels and the extra heat brought to tilem increases in proportion.

It is known that when a liquid evaporates it takes up heat and so by this ingenious arrange-

ment the perspiration carries off the surplus heat and our bodie s are coo l ed down to the cor r ect temperature which is best for health. Even tea drunk in summer will keep us cool, for It causes us to perspire, and when the perspiration evaporates from our skin at least fifty times as much heat is carried away from our bodies oS the hot tea put into them,

If a body is to rem ain healthy it must go neither above nor below a certain temperature in fact we are only able to live within a very narrow ran ge of temperature, so one realises what a blessing it is that such a del icate mechan ism as our skin exists to adapt our bodies to the changing conditions of climate whether seasonal or geographical.

(To be concluded.)

Letters to the Editor.

We are in no war responsible for the opinions expressed, o r the statements made, by Correspondents.- EDITOR.

THEORY PRACTICE.

DEAR SIR,-

If "Observer" will concentrate upon thinking about the sufferer and eliminate the introspective thoughts, he will not, with ordinary first-aid knowledge, find that he is helpless.

Let him culti\'ate the altruistic spirit, that is the SpLrlt which thinks of others and not of self, and, at the same time, assure himself that he ("Observer"), being on the sP0t, is much more helpful than an expert who is miles away.

It is the looker-on who often feels" all of a dither," and noL the active, willing and useful Samaritan.

Yours truly,

A BI{JGr\lJE SUHGEON.

FIRST AID, &c., FROi\l THE BiBLE.

DEAR SIR,-

May ask if you will kindly include in your coll11l1s a few references and suggestions from the" Old Book," which may interest many of your readers.

1. 1\luch of the 1st chapter of our "Black Book" may be found in Luke, ch. 10, v. 30-37.

2. A similarity between the cc Circulation of the Blood" and Ecclesiastes, ch. 1, v. 7 (work it out in detail).

3. Much food for thought in Ecclesiastes, ch. 12, v.1-7.

4. Similarity to Epilepsy in 1\1ark, eh. 9, v 17-27.

S. All first aid students will agree with l'sa!111 139, v. 1+.

Perhaps others may be able to add further to Lhese.

Yours faithfully, WJLLlAM HUTTON.

"THE PLUMBER &. JOURNAL OF HEATINO," IS. monthly) Is THE paper for all progressive trade!men Publlshlor Office: -46, Cannon Street E.C

The St. fohn Ambulance Brigade Dzst1'zct Reports.

No. I (Prince of Wales's) District.

EA.'TERN ARE.\.-On Saturday, February 23rd, fi\"\.: teams cntcred for the "Osborn" Shield Area Compctition held at East Ham.

Dr. D. S Todd- vVhite of Leytonstolle udgcd the indi\'idual tests and Dr. \tV. D. eill of Limehouse the team test.

A close contest bet,,'een thc teams resulted in a Will for \Vest Ham with 190 mark, followed by East Ham (18-1-) and Woolwich (182). Other teams competing were Dagenham and Southend,

The following teams will represent the Eastern Area in thc District finals :-

.. l\Iassey-l\Iail1\\'aring"-l o 73 (Grays) Division.

" Osborn ·'-No . 88 (vVest IIam) Division. o. -H (Royal Arsenal) Division.

2\'ORTllER.\f ARE.\.-The annual Area Competition for the l\Iassey-l\Iain\Yaring" Di trict Final was held on l\Iarch 1st at the headquarters of the Hampstead Division.

Fivc tcams competed and were judged by Dr. N. Farman (team) and Dr. Hollills (individual).

District Officer C. T. Wilson was in charge of the arrangcments, a istcd by Supt. \lVarren, Amb. Officer \ 'igo r and others.

Captain A. E. \Yhite Knox, l\I.c.l\I.B., the Asst. C0111mis ioner, called upon Dr. \V. A. Rees (County Surgeon) to announce the result, which was follows :-lst, '0. 67 (St. Pancras), 189; 2nd, No. 20 (Hampstead), 175; 3rd, No. 56 (Cricklewood), 170; 4th, No. 118 (Southgate), 164; 5th, No. 115 (Edgware), 139.

The Asst. Commissioner congratulated the \vinning team and urged the member to practise hard for the DisLrict Finals. \Ve arc, he said, fortunate to have with us tonight Dr. Corbet Flctcher, the Asst. Surgeon-in-Chief, and hcfore lea\·ing he would ask him to say a few ,,'ords.

Dr. Corbct Fletcher said he was pleased to witness the competitions and \\ 'as of the opinion that some of the teams present, \\'it,h hard work, would become" De\\·a r " 'shield competitors.

The Cricklewood Di\'ision will represcnt the Area in the District Final for the "Osborn" and" Tinnis" events.

SOUTlfERN ARE .\ .-Thc preliminary competition for the: ";,Iassey" and "Osborn" competitions were held at Wimbkdon on Saturday, l\hrch 2nd.

In the former competition Capt. F. E. Bendix (Assl. Commissioncr) and Dr. Jenkqns (Corps Surgeon South :.\Ictropolitan Gas Company) were the judges, while Ass!. CO[11l11i -sione r Dr. l\IcIntyre and Co unt y Surgeon G. l. Stoker ac1j udicatcci ill the impro"ised test. District Officer Smith judged the uniforms.

The tcsts were of an exacbing nature, but the work d()ne was \.vc ll up to standard

At :hc conclusion of the tests District Officer C lifford, who wa rcspol1sible for the arrangement.s, annoLlnccd t.he results, as follows :-

" l\1as cy": 1, Norman Road, 2, Bricklayer's Arms, ] 97; 3, East Greenwich, -1-, orth Camberwell. 1391; 5, Lcwisham, 122. ,. Osborn": I, East Greenwich; 2, Norman Road; 3, vVim bleclon; 4, Lam bcth.

Thanks were exte nd ed t.o the Doctors who had assisted

to the patients for their help. The thanks of the Area were also extended to the Education Authorities for the free use of the school premises.

The New Cross Division will represent the Area ill the (, 1 innis" competition.

No. Sl DI\"lSIOx.-On Saturday, February 16th, 170 poor children of the Borough of Croydon were ent.ertained by members of the Croydon Division at a party held in the St. Jude's Church Army Hall, Boston Road Croydon.

After partaking of a hearty repast the youngsters enjoyed to the hilt the varied programme of games and competitions. Community singing, as usual, provided quite the most popular item 011 the "agenda." After supper had been sen'ed the toys \vere cut off the two giant Christma· trees and, \\ ith balloons, crackers, s\veets and oranges the kiddies wended their happy way home.

The annual report of this Diyision gins particulars of the word done during 193-1-

The number of cases treated during· the year total 1,0 28. Patients transported by the Motor Ambulance Humber 1-1-6 and road accidents number 65. The mileage co\'erecl for these cases total 2,702. Increase in the duties co\'crecl is due to the Road Patrol opened by the Division on Purley " 'ay. The number of ca es attended at thi duty fully \\ arranted the extra expenditure incurred.

The strength of the Divi ion has heen maintained by thc enrolment of 13 new members.

The financial aspect is not encouraging. but better times are expected.

TO

16 (NEW CROSS) DIVISIOK.-On \\ 'cdnesday,

The late Amb. Officer C. E. Cherry. Fl'bruar) 6th, Ambulance Officer C. E. Cherry was laiti to

FIRS T

rest at the Brockley Cemetery, following a seITice at St. ] ames', Hatcham.

Cherry had bccn associated with the Brigade for -+0 years and was one of the original di\'ision formed in Sew Cro s in 1893. Throughout his many long years of service in the cau c of first-ald, Cherry performed hi duties in a quiet, but efficient man11er. During r ecent months ill-health has preYented him from undertaking hi usual amount of actiyitie , but whenever possib1c he was present in the ambulance room ready and wi llin g to do the utmost. He cnrolled as a pri,ate in July, 1895, ,,-as promoted to Sergeant in 1907, and became an Ambulance Officer in 192-+, and from the year he cnrolled un til hi death he had annually qualified for an efficiency medallion. For many years he was Di,isional Secretary.

In 1926 he was made a Serying Brother of the Order of St. John.

Members of the ew Cross Division acted as pallbearers.

Among those who attended \\'ere District Officer Prew (repre enting the Southern Railway Ambulance Centre), Corp Supt. Green, Supt. W. S. Webb, Dr. Stanley Davies, 1\Ir. A. C. Lasseter (vice-president, New C r oss Division), representing Sir \Vm. \ Vay land, the president, 1\Iembers of the New Cross Division and 1 ursing Division.

Flora tributes included an eight-pointed c r oss from the Commissioner, a trib u te from the rew Crc.:ss Division and a wreath from the No. 19 K ursing' Diyision.

he: follo\\ ills is an ext r act fro111 the " Surrey Comet," which needs no comment :-

" The match in Bushey Park between I-look Reserves and Kingston Electric had nearly run its course when J. l-Iunford (Hook) acoidentally came into collision with an opponent and unfortunately had his co ll ar bone broken. He was immediately attended to by G Goodchild (of Electric), but the St. John Ambulance men \,,-ho do duty weekly in Bl1shey Park ,yere rapidly at hand to gi , "e expert attentioll, afte:' which the player was conveyed by ambulance to hospital. This mishap emphas ises the va lu e which local club s place upon the attendance of qualified St. John Ambulance members in the Park. They a l so attend the Fairficlds."

SOUTHER' RAILWAY CORPS (SOuTlIERN) .-Th e fourth anllual Corps competitions were h eld on Satu rd ay, February 16th Sydenham and Forest Hill Social Club (by kllld pernllSSlOn of the committee)

Four teams. competed and, as is usual with the competillOllS rU11 by thls Corps, the tests were of an oriainal and exacting nature. F2 ke injuries great ly assiste d the competitors and Corps S upL. A. J. Green is to be congratulated on his effort for realism.

Corps Surgeon H. A. Dunlop j ud ged the team test, and A. B. Ruzzak (Di\' Surgeon, Lewisham), the mdlvldual tests.

At the conclusion of the competition a c1ance was held. During an interval the presentation of the Cha ll enge Shield ?nd prizes took place.

This ceremony was pres id ed over hy Mr. Forman, the Secretary of the Club, who warmly welcomed the members and v is itors and also presented t.he awards.

Corps Supt. Grc:en anno unc ed the resu lts as follows: 1st., Bricklarers' Arms, 25-+ p.Qlints; 2nd, L ew ishc.m, 215; 3rd, WoolWich, 200; 4 th, Orpmgton, 177.

Comments on the tests by Corps Supt. Gr ee n, o n hehal f of Dr. Dunlop, and Dr. Ruzz a k, informed competitors where points we r e l ost.

Amon o' those present were Corps Officers 1\liller and Butler, ?Upt. Harrison, Supt. (R.) Smith, and Mr. L ea r , who ass lstecl as a steward

After the presentation dancing contin u ed until midnight.

AID.

l\Iarch, 193 5.

CENTRA L i\REA. - The following leams will represenL the Area in (he Distri ct Competitions :-" Osborn" Shield, No. 108 (L.i\ l. S. ) Di"i s ion; .. flIassey-i\lainwaring," No. ( horeditch) Divisi o n

VEST ER ' ARE c\. - ln the Dislri c Competitions No. 117 (I-Iayes) Di v ision will represent this Area in the" l\lasseyMain " tests, a nd o. 70 ( Royal Boroug-Il of Kensi n gton) Divisi o n in the" Ninnis" Efficiency Cup.

SOUTI1ALL.-There \\ as a large allellLlan ce of member and friends of the Southall Ambulance and .t\ursilw DiYi- b SIOllS at a SOCial helel on \\' ednesday, February 13 t h, in St. J ohn ' S Hall.

In addition to the music supplied by the IIay esco Dance Band, under the direction of 1\11'. Rittmeyer, some excelle n t turns were giyen by the H ayesco Cabaret Party. Prcyious to the lI1tef\'al Miss French prcse n ted ce r tificales to N urs illg' Cadets.

S upt. J. E Taylor, who undertook the duties of M.C., pr?posed a of to l\1iss French. Lady SllPt. Lewl ,111 secondl11g the proposal) said s h e was pleased the :\Tursing Cadets had been s u ccessful. 1i ss Bonner had taken kcen interest in in st ru cting thcm After refre hmcnts had been sen'ed the pro O-ra11111le continued up to 11 o'clock. °

No . IV. District

LAl\ CAS HIR E

LECTURES TO OFFICERs.-The officers of Nos. 2 and 3 Areas assembled at the Sq uirr e l Restaurant, .i\lanchester, for the lectures orga11lsecl the The prog ramme was almost IdentIcal w lth the one presented al Accrington in J (preyiously reported) but on t.his O'ccaSlOn an QdclItlOna l l ecture on " The Order" "vas <riven by Asst.. Commi sioner VI. Maxwell Reekie, and the medIcal stde of the work was dealt with by Div. Surgeon Capt. Rawlll1s, of Manchester. The scheme has proved very popular and many helpful s u ggestio ns ha ve been put forward for lhe benefit of the District in o'enera l and the local units in particular. °

R\cuP.-Hearty congrat ul ations are extencIed to Corps Officer Albert Casson, who has completed 25 years' se rvi ce as Hon. of the Bacup Division and Corps. He r eferred to thIS whcn giving his annua l reporl and expressed thanks for the loyal assistance o'i ven by all r ank at a ll times. b

BLACKPO?L:----:-At the annual gene r al meeting of the Bla.ckpool DIVISion, S up t. George Wilson r efe rred t o ass Istance from the Corporation as somethino' to be de:,ired, and stated, .c I wish we co uld get the Corporation J11terested. We help thcm, in fact there is no o r o'anisation in the town that responds mo r e readily and moroe h ea rtil y to the calls of the municipality when big events arc arranged. We feel that we h ave a ca ll on them for some littl e assistance. Th is is a voluntary body and many members arc un emp lo yed. T t.hink i t is hard when we have to k cep st ru ggling on a nd appea lin g for help w ith o ut cYcr getting it."

their first appea r ance to takc part in the cornpet l tlOn th e F1cctwood Division 1eam carried off t11(: "L'ampo rt " Tr op hy, the prcmie r award offer ed bv thc Division at Lancaster, Sat ur day, Marc.h - 2nd. l<leetwood defeated the holders, Preston, by 158 points to 1-+6) and t hus prevented the Pr cslo n team from WiJ1rl1in o t h e c up for th c third CO ll secutive year. Nine t ea m s

Ma rc h, 193 5 . FIRST peted for the trophy and the following were t h e results :i4Jl eetwood, 158; 2, Presron, 146; 3, Thom ton- Ie - Fylde, LYTHAM.-At the sixth annual Whist Drive and Dance he ld at the Rooms Lytham, Lytham-St.Annes, CounCIllor RIley paId a movin g tribute to the late Dr. Robb. " We all h e said, "w hat a serious the Ambul ance Bngad.e h as suffered by his death. It IS a great blow to us, and hl s place will not be eas ily fill ed." In expressmg pleasure at the presence of so many p eo ple he appeal ed f?r. supp o rt of he organi5ation and invite d young m en to J0111 the Bn ga de The prizes were presented by CounCIllor J. H. Dawson, to '", h om a n d the chairm an thanks w e r e acco rded by Supt. Clark and Sergt. Eastham .

STANDISH.-A very pleasing' ceremo ny took place at the JI ead qu ':!- rters ,. when Cadet Supt. Finney, r ecently app01l1ted, r:ecelved hIS warrant of appointment s uitThiS was the h appy thoug'ht of the cadets, '" ho. suhscnbed to defray cost of the framing o f the certificate, and t h e p r esclltatlOl1 was m ade hy Cadet P e ncll ehury.

TOTTf GTON.- was a large attendance at the Pala ce Tottll1gton. when the local Divisions h e ld a ('I.ld of their f und s . 1\1rs. Tweedale, C.B.E., Lady D.lStIlct Supt., forma ll y opened the proceedino·s In her pleasure at being im'ited to attend f unctlOn and to gIve what help s h e could, she traced the o ri gin vf t}1e from thc C rus ades to the present time, statl11g' that the work of the Order never stopped, and on It s un never set, and made a strong appeal for financial assIstance to enah le the Totting·ton Divisions to continue the good work.

No. V. D istrict.

The ottinghamshire Area competitions were held on Mar.ch.9th, at Nottingham, wJlen nine teams, winners of the preltmlna.ry tests held on February 23rd, competed.

The Judges were Dr. A. Denham (team) and Dr. Mary Houston (individual)

The contest proved to be very keen and at the concl u sion the" Area Cup:' handed to K irkby No.1 Team, with clocks to the Il1di\ ldual members, whilst the runners-up, Harworth Team, received the "Hutton Bo\\'l, " with safety sets for. member of the team The trophies and pnzes were by Asst. Commissioner A. B. Gibson, J P., who expressed hiS pleaslJre at witnessing the excellent standa r d shown by the of all the Teams. Kirkby

N? 1 Team .has now quahfied to represent the Nottinghamsh ir e Area In the No. 5 District Competition to be he ld short ly, al;d the Asst. Comm issioner hoped that they wo u ld repeat their s u ccess by winning the Dist r ict Competition and have the hono u r of represe n ting No 5 District at the Brjrrade Fina l Competition in L o n do n this vear.

T he arra n gements for the CO'mpetition \-vere made and o u t by Asst. Commissioner A. B Gibson, with assistance of Officers from the Nottingham Corps and CO llfl ty.

, \ND \tVORT LEY DIVISIoN.-The annual r eport and finanCial statement of this Division fo r the year ended December 31st, 193-+, has ju been issued. Since 1919 when th e Division was r e-o rga nised, 7,665 case. hav e treated. Of th ese) 412 were dealt with last year. Public dutJes c overe d many events, including t'he Armley Feast Ground, wh e re -+3 memb e rs were on duty, in r elays from Au g ust 31st to Scptember 5th and dealt with 61 cascs ports, football matches, e tc. D u rll1g the year 46 drills and practices were held This D i vision is on e of the very few whose members have g a ined ever e rt ificat(' of the Assoc;iation ohtainahle. ]n

A I D. 227

addition to awards f fi 'd N C' o r r st-a l , 20 members hol d Home ur s m g ertJ fic ates, 18 of whom hold the meclalli pen da nts , 8 memb e r s 'ho ld the Sanitat iun Certificate and 9 \he Home H ygiene Certifioate and pendant . IS IS a .r ecorc to ?e proud of. The annua l t.lOns pas!:ied off a failure. The Division w as I ep r esentefd at the Bngade camp held at Scarborollah and part. 0 the L eeds Corps, attended the No 5 District Insp ec tion. .

Five members h ave n ow received the Sen'ice ?lIedal and ar e still active m embe r s th SlblPl·t. E. J? G lo,:er, in concluding the report, asked e pn lC for It S contmuecl s up port.

NOTTDIGfl.-'lM.-A most succe sfu l social event wa held, on Sa.turday evel11ng, February 23rd, at the Cafe, N?ttl.11 o'ham) when the City. Ambulance Di"isiol1 of ce lebmted ItS "coming-of-age" with a r 1s t Anl1Jversry Dmne r. In the ab ence of Diy. Supt. \\ . H Saunderson, As t. Commissioner A. B, Gibson T P preslded a company of more than 15 0 officers bers and fnends .{:\mong the guests of the Divisio'n were L.D.O 1\11 s \tV Glbson, Dr. A. la T Dark\' (County Dr. H. Parker (Corps Surgeon), 'Dr H. G. B) Corps :)upt. A. G. \Y e ll er, Lady Corps Supt. Mrs. Palm::" Co rp s upt. Ihbot on, Mr. H. C. Ratcliff (late Corps ec r etary), and other officers of the 0:ottino'ham Co rps.

Following an excellent repa t the toast of "The K' 0''' d d · , ll1b was 8.ccor e mUSIca l honours. The toast of the .C Grand of the Order of St. John," coupled with "The Tott m g h am Corps, St. J ohn Ambulance Brigade," was proposed by Am? 9fficer C. E. \tVest (City Division), to which Asst. CommISSioner Gibson r esponded on behalf of thc Order, and Corps \V e ll er the Corps. C. RatclIff was r ece.lved With loud applause 111 the of " The CIty Ambulance Division," of :vhIch , he saId, he had many pleasant recollections. OW1l1g to t h e absence of the Diy. Superintendent, Amb. Officer. C. E. \V est r esponded on behalf of the Division .t h anks for the way in which it wa honoured tlus H e gave a brief report of the activities of the CIty DIVISIon durin&' its 21. years' voluntar y service an d stated that was r egistered 111 January, 19 1-+, with a streng.th. of 53 members, but It \\'a regretted that none of the ongl.na l member w e r e present. At least 300 men had tJ'a1l1ed and 102 members had sen'ed in H.l\I. Forces the \V a r, three of whom were recorded as "killed m actIOn." During the years the Division had done ltS share in w ith hospital dutie, convoys of wounded, aI.r raId dutIes, etc., and in the course of the 21 years first-aId had been r endered to at least 5 000 persons and over attendances had been made on public Conclud1l1g, Amb. Officer \ ,yest, 011 behalf of the present thank ed all past Officers and members of the Dn'lslo11, and everyone wh o had assisted in the achi evement of the 21 years' r ecord, and r eq u ested the chairman to accept an ass uran ce of the loyalty of the Senior Diyision of the Nottingham Corps.

The toast of "The ur geons and l\Iedical Profession' was proposed by Corps upt. Ibbotson, alld County Surge?11 Dr. A. la T Darley su itably r esponded.

DIV. SU12t. F. \tVIlson Moulds (Robin Hood Div.), in hls usual ln1111l tab1c manner, propo ed the toast c'Th e L adies," to whi ch L.D.O. Mis \tV Gibson r esponded.

The vocal it ems were tho r oughly enjoyed by everyone, and a hearty v ote of t hanks w as accorded to the artistes for their exce ll ent contributions.

Following a vote of t h anks to A st. Commissioner Gibson for his able chaimlanship, the eyeni n g concl ud ed with the I ational Anthem a nd "Au ld Lang Syne."

\ i\TOODL \.\' Ds ,-Th e (lnnual pre ent(lt ioll of (lwards to

members of the Brodsworth Main Corps was held on February 9th. .

District Officer S. Buntmg, who pr es Ide d, thanked a nnmber of people) including Dr. \i\1iley and Dr. MacArthur. Great credit was due to them for the hard work they had put in. The Corps had now about 150 men and 40 nurs e.s. 1'1'!r. S. N. Turner) age nt fo r the Brodsworth l\Iam Collie ry presented the awards. In a speech he. hop ed the Co rps would materially increa se Its membership and t h at one of the three teams entered for the "vyood" Shield would be successfu l. He a lso expressed the wIsh that more members would attend the Annual Camp to be held at Olackpool. .

Councillor J. Wardley saId that the Corps h ad mad e OTeat strides since his ambulance days of 1908 . He dr ew to the fine work of Mr. B. J. Ca rr, the Hon Competition Secretary.

When presenting the awards Mr: Turner h eld back two labels-those of Co rp s Officer Buntmg a nd the othe r B. J. Carr, who had both received 20 ann ual labels said Ur. Turner, was a very fine record and h e publlcly thanked them for the sp lendid work t h ey had done for 20 years

In addition to the certificates, etc , competItIOn pn zes were awarded as follows :-

The "Greensmith" Bowl for the ladies 'te am was won by "A" team (1\Irs. CroIl (capt.), 1\1rs. Auty, Mrs. Boucher, Irs. Marsha ll ). The individua l ladi es cup (presented by Urs. E. Phillips) was won by Mrs. Croft WIth 44 marks out of a possible 50.

The Inter-District Shield was won by "E" (Pit Bottom) team with 21n marks out of a possib le 260. T eam: E. Fisher (capt.), A. Swane, R. Byron, G. Shaw; Instructor, Sergt. Hopkinson.

Second prize medals were won by "C" tea m: A J. Henman (capt.), B. Crowther, L. vVarren, F. Thackray.

The b est individual prize was won by F. Brunt, of "D" team

During the proceedings of the foregoing a call came to an accidc:nt which had occ ur red a sho rt distance away. Immediately a squad of men, under Sergt.-Major Davies, accompanied by a doctor, proceeded to the scene of the accidenl. So expeditious we r e they that within a few minutes the two injur ed men were on their way to t h e infirmary. One patient a f ra ctured skull , whil e the other had a damaged collar bone an.d injuries to h ear! and wrist.

No. VI. District.

NORTH RIDING OF YORKSHIRE.-A ge n e ral insp ection of DivisiolJ1S in th i s district is to h eld at South Bank, n ea r Middlesbrough, on Saturday, Jun e 22ml, 1935, when County Commissioner F. P. Wilson w ill inspect the Ambulance and Nursing Divisions.

An ambulance competit ion, open to all Brigade teams, is to be held during the afternocYI1, fo r which Divisions may ente r as many teams co n sist in g of fiv e members as they wish A cup has been presented for this event by the Middlesbrough Cent ral Division and prizes of the value of £1, l Os and 5s will b e pr esented to each member of the leading teams. Fourth pri zes may be added if the entries necessitate it. Members 0 £ h e Middlesbrough Centra l Division w ill n ot compete in t his eve nt.

An open Nursing Competition will take pilace for members of St. John Nursing Divisions, with prizes of simi lar value to the above competition. T eams will consist of four membe r s and the inclusion of an officer ",;ill be optiona l.

A cup, presented by the Cleveland Social Service Centre, wiM be open for competition by t eams from the Clevelq,nd and. Areal composed of foqr m e n

AID. Ma rc h, 193 5.

of works, mines, police and unemployed .teams.

A Physica l Training Display) whIch IS also a competition will add greatly to the spectacu lar effect and create; added interest in the clay' s eVf nls.

Enquiri es r ega rding the co mpetitions ma)' be <l:ddressed to Am1bulan ce Office r J. Pearson) 117 VIctorIa Road , Middlesbrough.

No . VII. District.

LUDLow -Th e annua l whist drive and carniva l dance of !:h e Ludlow Divisi on was h eld in the T ow n Hall.

Mr. H. S a nd e rs too k charge of the whist, assisted by members of t h e Di v isi on The hall was harmonious ly deco rat ed und er the direction of Mrs. Ern est Lloyd , assisted by Messrs. Mortimer and Weatherhead who arranged the electrical effects.

Before the prize di tribution by Mrs. l{otton, wife of Brig.-General Rotton) the Divisional President, Mr. H. Hodn ett, thanked the donors of prizes and others who had helped to make the f un ction a suc.cess. He. also bnefly spoke of the work 01 t h e l oca l Bngade dUrIng the past year and menti on ed t h a t .M r. Russell had consente,d to become the vice-presIdent of the Bn gade Dr. Egan 5 hard work fo r t h e Brigade was highly spoken of.

Mrs. Rotton, in r eply to a vote of thanks, praised th e wor k of the Brigade and said how she wo uld lIk e to see the Brig'ade with its own headquarters.

Suppurting 1\1rs. Rotton on the platform w e r e Bng.Gen. Rotton, .Mr. l-{ussell Allcroft, 1VI r s. Holford (V .A.D. Commandant), 1\11. and Mrs H. Hodnett, Dr. and Mrs. J. L. Ega n, Mr. W. C h as. Tyrrell and Mrs. Jack so n. Da.ncing then contlJ1ued un t Il the h o ur s of t.he morning, Ccuncillor B. W. J ones ca rr y 1l1 g o ut t h e: dutI es of M.e.

No. V III. D isttict.

ADDI SCOMBE -Members of the Addi scombe Division, und e r District Officer E. J. Prew, a re to h e co n g r at ul ated on their exce ll en t r eco rd for the year 1934.

Durin o· the past year over 900 cases we re treated and many 1:> commendations were ree eived from d octo rs , patients and friends on the e ffi ciency of t h e members. Duties were ca rri ed out at theatres) pictnr e hous es and on sports g round s, etc , and members were. to assist in th e care of a party o-f Vilar H e r oes VISlt1l1g the Battlefi elds.

Th e " Tohn J etton" Dressing Station continued to prove its v-alue) 211 cases r eceiv ing at.te nti on. Nu rsin g Sister G. Prew is in charge of thiS sectIOn of the work.

The Addis combe Motor Ambulan ce Serv ic e continued to just ify itself. Th e four ambulances travelled 23,19-t miles and tr ansported 1,105 cases. In the a nnu a l r e120rt mention is made of places to which p at ie nt s were carned. These include lo ca l and London hospit a ls, and tow n s as far distant as BexhijIJ, Bournemouth, Exeter, Li ve rpool, Mineh ead, Postbrid ge, Wy e, ,and many others too numerous to mentIOn here. Dunn g the year J o hn Parker, Esq., presen te d a new m oto r amb ulanc e, whi ch was dedicated on Octob e r 14th last.

The Office r-in-Ch a rge, in conclusion, acknowledges the assistance r eceived from th e No. 36 Nursing Division, th e Corporation of Croydon) s ubscrib e rs and the ge n e ral public

DovER.---<Div. Supt. G. E W Reason pr eside d at th e annual general m eet in g of the Dover Town Division, held r ece ntly at th eir h ea dquart e r s

The fin1ancial statement pres ent ed by the Div Treasurer, Amb Officer R. G. Mar sh, showed a smaN balance.

The Hon. Seqetary; Mr, E, G. Hughes, presen te d his

Ma rch, 193 5 . FIRST report. ';fh e total p e rs011l:cl at the end of the year was 55. Dunn g the ye a r 50 drIlls h ad been h eld. Th e number o r eported cases was 433) a decrease on the preVIOUS. year.. PUb.hc dutIes had carried out on many occaSIOns, IncludIng the In sta llat IOn of L o rd Reading as Warden of the Cinque Ports) Zeebrugge Day, the Regatta, etc. Members also travelled to London to assist in street duly on the of Royal Wedding of the Duke: of Ken t to Pnnccss :M anna Only one member failed to pass the re -eX'a minatio n. The County Insp ect ion and the Dov e r Corps in spection were well attended . Easter Sund ay saw the opening of the Dover Corps' h ead quart e rs by D.istrict Commissioner: Th e Divisional Cup competitIon, Jud ged by Dr. H amIlton and Dr. Nichol, was won by Sergt. Curd 's team. The social side had received good s upport. Dr. Hamilton's 44 years' connection with the Brigade was recognised ancl he was invested with the Serving Brother of the Order of St. J ohn. The Division's t h anks were d u e; to the Divisional Surgeons, Dr. Hamilton and Dr. Toland, for al1 their assistance and to their Divisionall Superintendent, whose work well known Cadet SllPt. \ i\1illiamson submitted a report of the activities of the Cadets dmi n o the year, which show ed ample evidence of their enthusiasm and efficiency

Two privates, J. Hewitt and W. Applin, were elected by ba ll ot to' se rv e on the Divisional Committee.

REDIIILL.-Among the gifts given by Sir Jeremiah and Lady Colman to commemorate their Golden \ i\1edding was a beautiful and magnificent motor ambulance, which he presented to the Borough of Reigate Corps.

On Sunday, February 2-hh, the presentation and dedication service was held in the Central Ha ll, Redhill, where about 900 persons, members of the Corps and Surrey Units and of the general public, assembled Another crowd of nearly 200 lined the streets outside the hall, before which stood the car. The service was to have taken place on the grounds of the Redhill Football Club) but inclement weather did not permit of this.

Headed by the District Band, members of the Brigade) togethe r with representatives of the Br iti sh Red Cross, British L egion and other o rganisations, marched from the East Surrey Hospital to the hall where Sir J e r emiah , accompanied by Lady Colman) presided over the se rvice Othe rs present included Commissione r E. A. Richard::;, a nd members of his slaff including Lady District Supt. Mrs Falwasser, District Officers Wriggles,vorth, Flavin, Prew, Bryce, Lady District Officer Miss May, Corps Supt. Lieut.-Col. James, the Mayor of Reigate, the Rev. P. B. Hawkbridge, M.A., and others r epresenting the district.

The R ev A. Shirley (Vicar of St. Matthews', Redhill), in hi s. address,l ik ened the Brigade to the "Good Samaritan," the "beas t" being the motor ambul ance and the "Inn" th e East Surrey Hospital.

Sir J e r em iah, in asking Commissio n er Ri ch ards to accept the car, said that his gift was small compared with the labour a11d time given by the members of the Brigade to become efficient. He thanked God that he had been give n the power and that he had the wi ll to assist in the humanitarian work.

Mr. Ri chapds accepted the amb ul ance o n behalf of the Rei gate Corp and thanked Sir Jerel1lia h and L ady Co lm an for their gift. It was n ot, he said, the first time Sir J e r e mi cd1 h ad assisted the Or de r of St. Ja h11. He asked Co l. James, as senior offic e r of the I-{eigate Corps, to work the ambulance as 1h e donor would wi h it to be worked.

The Vicar then proceeded to cled icate the ambu lance, afte r whi ch the se ryi ce conc lu ded with the National Anthem. Music for the hymns during the service was pl'ayed by the Redhill Silver Bane!.

Followin g the se rvic e 'a sh o r t march was h eld and as the parade passed t h <; hall the Co nlllli ss ioner took the sr. lute

A I D . 229

Tea was served in the Parish Hall. HeJ'1e it was announced that over 30 members of the Brigade were present.

Speeches were given by the. Commissioner who thanked the members for their support, by Cal. J who we lc?med the p':lr<l;de, and by the Mayor of Reigate.

fh e CommISSIOner announced that the Reigate Corps had attended 456 cases, moved 529 patients, WIth a mdeage of 9,6 11. Road accidenls acco unt ed for another 96) with a mileage of 49H, whilst a further] 66 had been taken to hospital.

T he Service Medal was presented to Co r ps Officer A. J. Stewal t ;tnd a bar to Supt. Chatfield.

\i\(HITST \BLE.-A most successful social evening, orgal11sed by Messrs. Taylor, Lawson, Gambrill and Poole, was recently held by the Whitstable Division. A lange number members and friends attended, a pleasing feature be1l1g the attendance of the President, Councillor A. E. Camburn

M usical items c:ommenced the programme and other turns fo ll owed which were great ly enjoyed.

During the interval the President gave an inspiring speech, in which he highly praised the work done by the members. Success, he said, was what everybody wanted. He felt the Division harl reached that mark and they should g ive themselves a pat on the back. He hoped the members wo uld continue their excellent service at the new ambulance 11Ut.

Sergt. B ri ght, in reply) said that although the Division was gradual ly getting stronger, there was still plenty of room for ne\V members.

Dancin o·. community singing then continued to a late hour, when the proceedings were broug'ht to a close hy "Auld L ang Sync."

The committee's thanks are due to all who ill making the event a success.

No. IX . Distr ic t.

The Service Medal has been awarded to two pioneer Plymouth Ambulance Workers.

They a r e Div. Supt. George Howard and Pte. B. Playdon of the Plymouth Central Diyision.

Both are very devoted First-J\iders and thi recognition includes their activilies when serving in the Old George Street Sunday School Station before the Plymouth Ambulance Service was incorporated in the St. John Ambulance organisation.

Supt. Howard is a Serving Brother of the Order and has led the Plymouth Central Division from its inception Amongst his responsible honorary duties is the firsl-aid a rr angements at Argyle football ground. An expert ambulance trainer he has captained teams which won West-country Championships and the11 represented the 'vVest in London.

Pte. Playdon is the popular driver of the Crippled Otildr en's Ambulance, which daily journeys to the two Plymouth open-air schools Ever since this humanitarian service for handicapped little ones began he ha cared for them wi tho u t any mishap. His other duty is officer in charo'e of the Plymouth Ambulance Re cue Station, all the r esu;citation apparatus and specia l rescue devices depending 011 him for efficiency.

A bar to the Service Medal has been awarded Dlv. Supt. A. Ilott of the l\Iilbay Railway Division.

Supt. llott is a greatly beloved. yeteran leader and has o' iv en a lifetime of serVIce to the Bngadeyet is still engaged in the Plymouth Ambulance Service. He is a Serving Brother of the Order and l ed the 1\ [ilbay Division long hefore the Plymouth Ambtdnncc W(lS fOllu\ lccl,

EXETER.-At the s uppe r of the Exeter Division, Mr. H. C. Rowe) submitting the toast of " Th e Division)" said that their new headquart e rs were not ideal, but they were a areat im provement. Last year the Exeter ambulances

12)000 miles in dealing w ith 1,152 cases of sickness and accidents.

Dr. Richard Gray (Div. Surgeon) r espo nding, stated that the total strength of the B ri gade was 57. During the year the Brigade attended 33 fires and -+3 football matches.

" Our Visitors)) was proposed by Supt. A. E. Bowden, and Lieut.-Col. H. Spackman, acknowledging, said that he was proud of the Division's ach ievements

;\1r. F. P. Cottey (chairman of Exeter y,ratch C.ommiltee) expressed the hope that when. pedesrr:lan crossmgs and Belisha beacons were establi shed 111 the Cltv the streets would be so safe that the Brigade would be r eliev e d of a lar ge portion of its

1\1r. F T. Tarry (chIef constab e), also respondmg, said that he hoped the proposed pedestrian -c ro ssings would prove of assistance to every citizen between the ages of 9 and 90.

The supper, which was se r ved in the Recreation Ro om at the Police Station, was attended by abo u 60 members and guests

No. X. District.

AYLSIIA1.1.-The Bank Barn) Aylsham (kindly lent by 1\1r. B. Sewell) was the scene of the first Annual of the Aylsham Division 1\1r. J. D. PartrIdge, the presIdent, presided, suppoIied by Dr. Holman, Div. Surgeon, Mr. E. B. SmiLh, 1\1r. R. L. Rust and C. A. MJleham, VIC'epresidents, Dr. Sapwe ll ) Dr. C. Ma ingay and C. R ope r , Melton Constable and thirty members of the Divi SIO n. The dinner was a;-rangcd hy the newly-formed Entertainment Committee and, thanks to the gene ros ity of several supporters in the town) the evening was a great s ucc ess.

Dr. Holman, in proposing the toast "President and Vice-Presidents," referr ed to the great advance of the Avlsham DiVIsion since se \ren years ago when a few fr-iends attended classes at the station waiting room_ Now the Division numbered over thirty, w it h its own headquarters in the Bank Barn and its own ambulance_ Dr. Holman also r efe rr ed to the great work done by the late president,Mr. H. F. Proudfoot. The President, in reply, said he hoped to do all he possib ly could to further the interests of the Divisiol1 _ 1\1r. 1\1ileham and Mr. Smith a lso r ep li ed.

The toast of "Ay lsham Division" was proposed by M r. Rust. SupL Partridge in reply gave a brief history of the Division and referred to the good work of 1\1r. Ca nh am, the late superintendent, in starting the Division and guidi n g it safely through its tender years.

Sergt. Carter proposed " The Visitors" and thanked 1\1r. Roper for coaching the teams for compet ition vl"Or1<. Dr. Sapwe ll who replied, said he w ished to s4.uash any rumours concerning tlhc ambulance. Every time h e h ad had the occasion to use it) it arrived quickly and effici ently carried out its work. Dc Maingay and Mr. R obe r also replied.

An enjoyable enterta inm ent followed.

BECCLEs.- The annua l meeting of the Becc1es Di v ision was held on February 21st. The chair was taken by Mr. H. Copeman (vice-P r esident), s u ppo r ted by Mr. Walter G. Roberts (President), M r. C. L. Hamby (vice-President), Supt. \V_ C. Watts) ML C. Bennett (Hon_ Secretary), and 1\IL J. II. Grayston (Car Secretary).

::-1r. H. Davenport and JV1 r. A. Youngman we re presented with B.RC.S. Blood Tr ansf u s i on Certificates_ Supt. 'Watts stated that as the r es ul t of a suggestio n by Dr. C. Grantham-Hi ll , six members h ad enroll ed in the Blood Transfusion se r vice _

Mr. Bennett, who was presented wi th a bureau in appreciation of hi s services as Se<; r eta ry s ince the incep-

A 10 March, 19 35.

tion of the Divi sio n) gave his annual Finan.cially the year had been good and the membershIp had shghLly incr eased. All local hUlctions h ad been attended and members were in complete charge on the opening day of the Royal Show at Ipswich. The men's and nurs e's cup competitions were won by Mr. Fran k Ward and MIss. L. R ob in son) respec t iv ely At the annual fi eld day, whIch was attended by other Diyisions, Major J- F- C. Hos sack and staff insp ecte d th e members pr esent.

Mr. Grayston stated that t h e car went o ut 156 tim es covering 2,228 miles. With it t h e men put in 349 hours and the nurses 178

The membership of the Nursing Divi sio n had also in creased, ac cordin g to IVl r s. C. Bennett one member b6ng on the Blood TransfUSIOn lIstR epo rt s on the Girl Cadets) by Miss D. Ca ll ow) on t h e Boy Cadets, by 1\IL Bennett) and on the Blood Transfusion service by Mr. Co lin Andrews) were of a very satisfactory na ture.

Supt. W atts exp r essed thanks- to Mr. and Mrs. H. Cottam for all they had done in the magnifice n t effo rt they had put forward to raise money for a new amb ulance car, for which only £50 was now r equired. It was a wonderful achievement that the £ +00 mark had been r eached III j ll St ove r four months.

HAI{Low.-A Service-impressiye in its sincerity and s implici ty-w as he ld at Harlow on S u nday, Fehruary 17t h w h en the n ew motor ambulance of the Harlow Division was dedicated. Divisions from all Es ex were represented _

Th e Vicar, Rev. H. L. Bothamley, R.D. ) conduct e d the Se rvi ce s up ported by Rev_ W_ James, Rev_ W_ 'vV. J oy ne , Pastor Hall) Dr. 'vV. N Booth) Asst.-Commissioner H. Langley Jones and up t F. A. Hawksworth. ill charge of the Harlow Division.

Dr. Booth) after the Jational Anthem hac! been sung, exp lain ed that the se r vice was for a two-fold purpose; firstly to dedicate the new amhu l ance, and to pay tribute to the memory of their departed friend and President, John Balfour. It was a little more than six years ago that h e first approached Mr. Balfour for his counse l and support i n the matter) and so enth u siastic was h e that h e became the first president , and was ever ready to help with friendly interest, encouragement and financial support. The idea of forming a divisional headquarters in Harlow was originally Mr. Balfour's. Through the generosity of his son and daughter-in-law, Mr and Mrs Hubert Balfour) that idea was carried out and those headquarter were erected. That day they dedicated h e new amb ul ance) given by the same gene r ous donors, in memory of their fathe r- a fitting tribute to one whose name would live for ever in the hi story of t h e St. John Ambulance Bri!Sade.

Dr- Booth anno unc ed that the new amb ul ance had cost £300_ The old ambulance h ad gone to t h e Station in Jun e, 1930) ju st a yea r afte r the Division had been formed, a nd had covered 2+,000 miles) carrying 450 patients_ Th e money for the new motor ambu lance had been s ub sc rib ed by J oint Council of the Order of St. John and the British R ed Cross, £55; Mr. Hubert Balfour) £100; Replacement Fund, £ 100; Epping- Rural Co unc il) 2 5 g u i n eas; a nd an anonymous donor) £20. Th e r e was a donation from Mrs_ Hubert Balf our fo r an a ir bed and wa terproof sheeting.

Th e Vicar said that the Clergy of Harlow were very pleased t o b e invited to be pr esent and take part in th e service. The work of 'h ea lin g was very n ear the h eart of Chr i st, and h e quoted t h e parable of the Good Samaritan_

Af ter a lesson had been r ead by Pastor H a ll , and prayers sa id by R ev W_ J ames and R ev _ W. W. Jo y n es, the Vicar dedicated the ambulance.

A ss istant Commissioner 1-1- Lang l ey J ones accep t ed th e a mbulance on behalf of t h e Brigade and the; R ed C ro ss Society.

Przory for YVales.

H EADQUA RTER NOTES.

INS PECTION AT CARDIFF CASTLE.-Plans are m at uring fo r the _ ov er 3,0?0 men, wom e n and cadets by the Chief CommlsslOner, Major-General Sir John Duncan, K.C.B C.M.G., C.V.O., D.S.O., at Cardiff Castle on Saturday, May 4th, which it is intended shall mark the loyal association of the Priory for Wales with the nation wide celebrations of His Maj es t y 's J ubil ee _ The Castle grounds will be a wonderful venue for such an hi sto ri c occasion in the annals of the Bri ga de in vVal es ; and the Ambulance Committee and Council of the Pr io ry extended grateful thanks to the Marquis of Bute, K. T., a nd Lh e Marchioness of Bute. D. B. E., who is a Dame of Grace of the Order and L a d y Pres iden t of the Cardi ff Centre, for placing such accommodation at the Priory's dispo sa L Still further has their kindn ess been exp ressed in the direction of making provision for te a for all on parade by a capitation g rant of 1 / - per head , in addition to which a limit ed number of guests will be entertained to tea in the Castle.

ANTI-GAS J NSTRUCTION_-A Sub-Committee has been appointed to formulate a scheme for the trainin g of StJohn perso nn e l in chemical warfare protection, followin g the offer of the Army Council to pro vid e (subject to no ex p e ns e fallin g on Army funds) certa in facilities for the training of mem be rs of Voluntar y Aid Deta chments in this subject, 'whi ch will become recognised in due course, no d o ubt, as a very desirab le subsidiary to first aid knowled ge As only a very small proportion of the nursing personnel of the Brigade in Wales, and non e of its male m em bers hip, are re g ister e d as V. A_ D's., the above provision can afford but little assistance tf) the Priory so that independent m eas ures must be adopted to satisfy the increasing demands for such training which are being rec eiv ed from Brigade Units in vVales.

LITER ATURE FOR HOS PITALs .-A Co mmittee, representative of the Priory for Wales an d the Glamorgan Bran c h, British Red Cross Society, will meet shortly to orga nise the development of the J oint Co uncil H os pital library scheme within the City of Cardiff. In co llaboration with the Cardiff City Librari a n, it is h oped Cardiff will be co me a st r o ng co ntributor to the British R e d Cross a nd Order of St J ohn Libr ary whi ch supplies 2,065 hospita ls and kindred in st itutions with literatur e in addition to 'w hi ch its object is to form within the ho sp itals organised libraries run by vo luntary librarians. Th e r e is littl e d o ubt that Ca rdiff members of th e Brigade will be read y to r es pond to the further ca ll upon their services which such de velo pment is likel y to involve _ MEDICAL COMFORTS DE PoT - ThroL1l;h the me ans of the thirty-five Depots operating under the Priory during 193 4, 4,726 articles of invalid equipment and medical r eq uisit es w e re issued on loan at nominal cha r ges or free of cost.

EF FICIENT S ER \' (CE AWARDS_

His Ro ya l Highness the Duke of Connaught, K. G., as Grand Prior , has approved th e a\\'ard of the Service Med a l of the Order to the following members of the Brig a de in \V'ales, who have each completed not less than fifteen year s' eFficient service :-

Monmouthshire.-Dr. R. V. de Acton Red,vood , Centre Surgeon. Gl al110 r gan County Centre.-Corps Supt. A. Davies _ Rhondda Centre_-Lady Corps Supt. E\ an R C Morris-Thomas; Amb_ Offi ce r VV. McTiffin; Pt e _ VV. H_ Marshall. l\lerthyr Borough Centre.-Corps Se c retar y T_ A_ Rees ; Amb. Ollicers D. Edwards and W . G. Bra y; Sergt. T. Jones; Corpi. T. Roberts; Pte. H. A. George. Brec-

knockshire Centre_-Amb. Officer]. Rees and P te v\'. P. P a rry_

Th e following, having already qua li fied for Service Medals, h ave r eceived Bars indi cat in cr further periods of five years' effLcient serv ice :-Glamo r gan County Cenlre.-l\1aj or W_ Owen E vans, 1. B. K, 1. B., Assistant Commissioner. R.hondd a Centre.-Assistant Commissioner George Payne_ City of Cardiff Centre_-Dr. Edgar Llewellyn. Centre Monmouthshire Centre.-Corps Officer W_ L Ll_ttle i\lerthyr Centre.-Corps Secretary A. K ; Dlv_ Sup t. L J ones; Centre Sergt. Major J. Wooding; Amb. Officer E. Withers_

CLASS RESULTS _

The summary of the r es ults of the 903 examinations and re-e xam in at ions arranged by the Priory for Wales during the year 193-1- show a total of 16, 183 awards issued during the twe l ve month: -s uch a figure having been reached by a succeslon of IO c r eas ing annua l totals since 1919 when it stood at 2,500. The noticeably weak spot on the Ambulance of Wal es is Radn orshire, which is the only one of the nmeteen Cent res of the Pr iory not represen ted in the Brigad e strength and has the lowest totals for class attendances.

Centre. Anglesey Bre cknock sh ire Car d igansh ire

Students wh)

e ry s hir

The Abertillery Am bul a n ce Committee announces that arrangements will be made as usual for the" Ince" Shield to be competed for on Easter Tuesday; and full details may be obtained from the S ecretary, lr. hor Venn, 17, Dukestreet, Abertillery.

Ambulance teams in "Val es will be glad to note that competitions will feature this summer in the programmes for the Royal Natio nal Eisteddfod at Caernarvon and the Royal West Agricultural Show at H averfordwest.

In connection with the forme r, there will be the open competitions for the Lad y L ewis an d Lady Bute Cups of the Prior y , for teams of men and women respecti\-ely _ which will take place on Monday, August 5th, and the and Gw e nt trophi es will be competed for by teams of boys and g-irls respectively in "V ales and i\lonmouthshire on Tuesday. August 6th.

Rat/way Ambulance News.

Til e I nter- Ra i Iway Com petition.

The above competition will be held on May 24th at the Wharnc1iff Rooms, Hotel Great Central, London. The judges selected for this event are Dr. A. T. Lakin of Manchester 'and Dr. A. M. Pollock of Tunbridge 'vVens.

The preliminary competition for Ungrouped Railways will take place at St. John S Gate on March 29th, Dr. R. B. Duncan 0 f London being the judge.

\\'ard, for many years Chief Engineer of the Great 'vVestem Railway, who was keenly interested in the ambulance and was President of the Swindon organisation, is to be perpetuated in the gift of a new ambulance shield, to be known as the Chur chward Memorial trophy. The trophy, which is the gift of the legatee, is offered for

Ma rch, 19 35 FIR S T london, Mid land and Scottish.

T,12e .annual rep o rt of the L.M. and S. Railway Ambulance Centre (England and 'vVales ) for th e year ended 30th June, 193-+ , has now been issu ed. The total number of students passing an exa mination. is 8,552, this being a decrease of 391 as a,g-a 111st the prevIOus year. The d ec r ease is lclrgely aaributecl to the absence of new entrants into the Company's service. Nevertheless the figures show an 111 crease of 2,369 over those of 192j and is therefore an excellent record. and se v: enty-s:x teams competed in the Dl st nct CompetItions, 63 1\1 the preliminary and 9 in the final competition, was held i!l London and won by Crewe Works 1Iachll1e Shop. ThIs team, together with Accnngton Loco Shed, represented the L.M.S. in the I.nter-Railway Competition and pl<l:ced 2nd and 9th respectIvely. The Crewe team also obtal11ed second place in the

1 D.

Euston; Servin.g Brother: Dr. H. J. Slane of Burnley and Mr. A. Howard, of Chuml ey. '

Mr. S. Hill, the energetic Ambulance S ecretary,. In hIS general remarks pays tribute to the h elp re.cer,-:ed from the members the Medical Profession, Dlstnct Secretaries, and Committee Members Class Instructors and Divisional vVelfare' SupervIsors. The assistance provided by the Railway 111. connectIOn WIth general organisation, gift of prIzes, serVIce me da ls and bars, etc., was greatly apprecIated by all concerned.

The rcp o rt_ with an appreciation of the help gwen by the offiCials of the St. John Alllbulance AssociatIOn and the Priory for Wales.

. T he L.M. and S.R. Final ambulanc.e compel.ition will thIS he!d on April 30th, at Li ve rpool. The Women's wIll take on May 10th in London.

DlvlslOnal competItIOns were held in the various dis -

COMPETITIONs.-The divisional ambulance competitions, held throughout the line during the month of February, have resulted in the selection o£ the following t eams (being the winning teams in both Advanced and Beginners' sections in each of the seventeen ambulance divisions) to compete in th e Semi-final contest:Division. Advanced. Beginn e rs. Lon don A. Ealing. Paddington. Lond on B. Slougll. Oxford. Swindon. Swindon windon

Bristol A. Bristol B. Exeter. Plymouth. Newport A. Cardiff. Swansea. Gloucester. Worcester. Birmingham.

Chester. Central Wales. South Wales Docks.

(Nutbeem). (Porter). Radstock. C11ippenham. Westbury. Dor c hester. Paignton. Exeter.

Lis kea rd. St. Iv es. Newport, Newport, Dock Street. Dock Street. Barry, Loco. Cardiff General. Fishguard. N eyla.nd. Purton. PUl-ton. Kidderminster. Evesham. Small Hea t h. Stourbridge

Ruabon. Portmadoc. Newport Docks.

Juncti on. Chester Loco. Borth. Barry Docks.

The Semi-final competition will take place in March at Newport, Bristol, Birmingham and London, and will select the eight teams for the Final competition for the Directors' Shield. The adjudicators for the Semi-final competition are Dr. S. McCormac of Newport (team test) and Dr. VI. H. Crawford of Southall (individual work).

CARDIFF DOCKs.-The Cardiff Docks ambulance class held its annual dinner and dance, always a most enjoyable function, at the P.ark Hotel on February 9th, when Mr. Ben. Carpenter, Dock Manager of -Cardiff and Penarth, preslded, and was supported by local officers and class and wives. The "Stephens" ohallenge cup, gwen by 'vV. for competition among men employed 111 the vanous departments at Cardiff Docks which has this year been won by the Traffic Department; was pres ented by Mrs. Carpenter, who also distributed examination awards, 56 in numb e r, and nhe Company's 15 year efficiency medal to P.e. John Thomas, and the 20 year bar to P.e. I? Morgan. Some 250 members and guests were present.

SWLNDON.-The 111e 1110 ry of the late Mr. C. J. Church-

annua l competition amo ng ambulance teams at Swindon in the Beginners' class, and was won in the Divisional contest at Swindoll 011 ebruary 20th by the Swindon Works, No.5 team, captained by Mr. L. Porter.

The shield, a photograph of which is reproduced, is of ebony, and is of striking design, b ea ring the cros s of the Ord e r of St. John, the four arms of whi.ch show the cardinal virtues with which they are associated: Prudence, Temperanc e, Jus t ic e and Fortitude.

The Round Oak Ambulance class held their annual dinner and concert at the Earl -of Dudley's Round Oak Works Social Club, Brierley Hill, when Mr. J. A. WarrenKing, Assistant Goods Manager, presided, 2.nd distributed awards gamed 'in nhe -recent examination.

In making the presentations Mr. \iVarr cn-King referred to the formation of the class in 1930, and said each yeal" since the class had had 100 per cent. of passes in their , examinations. Hecongratula te cl them on these excellent results, whioh reflected great credit on Dr. Moore, their lecturer, and Mr. Barnes, their former class secretary, as well as on the enthusiasm of the membeps themsel ves.

By courtesy] [Birminglzam Gazette.

Mr. W. E. C. Lazenby, Assistant Chief Officer for Labour and Establishment, L. M.S. Railway, Euston, presenting the Shield to Ashton Traffic, Winners of No.8 District, Division 2, Competitions.

Intermediate Competition between English and Scottish teams.

For meritorious first aid the first award was presented to J. E. Rodgers, Labourer, Crich, and 15 certificates award to others. In addition the meritorious certificate of the S.].A.A. was awarded Signalman Vv. L. Davies of Swansea.

Since nhe formation of the Centre 2,234 Long Service Medals have been awarded to members of the staff; in addition 1,171 bars for 20 years' service, 473 for 2j years, 133 for 30 years, 20 for 35 years and 2 for 40 years have also been awarded

During the year under review the services of four gentlemen of the L.M.S. staff and members of the medical profession assisting the Centre were recognised by the Order of St. John with the following:- Commander: Dr. A. T. Lakin, of Manchester, and W. E. e. Lazenby, Esq., Assistant Chief Officer for Labour and Establishmenl,

tricts during February, the winners being eligible to compete in the Preliminary Competition for the Challenge Shields of the L.M.S. and for the h ono ur of r epresenting the Company in the Inter-Raihvay and International Competitions.

Some of the results to h and are as follows:-

No.1 District, Division II: Shoeburyness.

o. 2 District, Division I: \iV olv e rt on " A" followed by Luton and Castlethorpe; II: 'vVellingborough.

No. 3 District: 1st, Rugby; 2nd, Burton Goods; 3rd Tamworth "A./I Prizes were pre ented by the 11ayoress of Leamington.

No.5 DIstrict, Division I: GloLlce t e r No.1, 3322 marks' Bath No.1) 318; Bristol Loc o t 297.

6 District: Abergaycnny I\Iotive Power No.1, Abergavenny, Brecon R oad, 162; Tredegar 1\0. 2, 150.

No.8 District, Division II: This was held at Birmingham and in the three division 38 teams competed, COI1-

stituting a record. Result: I, Aston Traffic; 2, R eddi,tch "AJJ; 3, Camp Hill. Mr. W. E. C: Lazenb>'" ASSIstant Ohief Officer for Labour and Estabhshment, presented the shield to the winning team. Dlv lslOn 111: Stech ford Class followed by Curzon Street Class a nd Cl1rzon Strect Road .l'vlotor.

o. 9 District: 1st, Woh'erhampton 2nd, Bl1shbury Loco; 3rd, vValsa!1 goods .. . SpecIal certlficates were a warded to Messrs. c,. L. Swann and S. Cooper (all of vValsall) tor work and promptitude in dea11l1g wlvh cases I11 which hves mi oht been lost.

1-+ District: \ ,\/arnngton followed by Earlcstown arJd Birkensteacl Goods, No. 19B District: Accrington No. 1, 38n; Acc r1l1 gton Loco, 365; Chatburn, 3-+7.

0.21 District: 1st, Dewsbury; 2nd, Wakefie ld Loco; 3rd ewlay and H orsfo rth.

'No, 25 District: ewton-on-Ay r, 258; Hurlford, No. 1, Kilmarnock o. 1, 248.

London and NOl"th Eastern.

1\1R. THOMAS OSWALD MEL

A notable record of service in the First-Aid movement is disclosed by t'he recent retirement of Mr T. O. Mein from the honorary secreta ryship of the Great section I)f the L. & N E.R., after held the posltlOn S1l1ce Octobe r 1898. . .

Associated with the Stratford vVorks all through hIS business career he r et ired from the imp ortant position of Works ]'vianab·dr on June 30th, 1930, l"'1r. int r od u ction to the noble \v ork of first-aId was as a patIent, when 15 years of age, for his father was a membe r of the first ambulance class held at Stratford 111 the ea rly part of 1880, and he secured his qualifying cert ificate in 1890. Ever since that time Mr. 1\1ein has been actively engaged in developing the movement of the Great Eastern Section and he ha!3 seen the annual number of instructional classes grow hom 15 to 53, whilst many thousands of awards have passed through his hands. At all the portant 'Centres 'On 'h is Section few functions or compet Itions 'have passed by without his attendance, and it may be said that his presence and words of encouragement on these occasions did more than anything els e to cement the bonds of brotherhood in this great social service.

Apart from the instructional side many honours in Ambulance Competitions have fallen to teams trained on Mr. Mein's section, and he has acted as a j ud'ge in a number of district contests. In the annual rn ternationa l Challenge Shield Competition instituted in 1927 between two L.N.E.R. teams from Eng and two from Scot l and, the Parkeston and Harwich teams have secured the pr em ier position on three occasions, the second position once, and the third position twice, and to qua li fy f or a place in bhi s competition these teams had to pass successfully throu gh the sectional and English Group competitions In the Inter-Railway Competitions the shield WCl'S won by a Liv e rpo ol Street team in 1897 and 1898, and by a Mar'Ch team in 1903, 1904 and 1907. Much detai w'Ork is involved in carrying out lhe general arrangements during the competi tion cason and it is lar ge ly due to the organising capabilities of 1r. Mein that so many successfu l final Great Eastern competitions have been staged at St r atford.

Mr. Mein's life-long-services Ihave not been a ll owed to pass without due recognition by 1:he Order of St. John, and he holds the following awards of that Order: -

November, 1907, vellum vote of thanks; May, 1910, appointed Serving Brother of the Order June, 1920, appointed Hon. Associat e of the Ord e r ; Jun e, 1926, appointed Officer of the Order; Jun e, 1926, awa rd e d the

AID. March , 1935.

medal "fo r l ong and .co nspicuous se r v ic e" February, 1935, proQmoted .command er Brotlher of the Order.

I II addition to being a member of t he L.N.E.R. COf!-1pany's Special Ambulance Committee t<hro ug h ou t ltS ex istence, M r. Me in Iha s been. the representat i\'e on the St. John AssociatlO n Sub-Co mmIttee a nd th e

March, 1935.

FIRST

No r th-Eastern Cent r e fina l for the" Wharton" Shield at Darlington 011 April 6th-consisted of J. N. RaJine, R Sayer, D. Young, R B. Cranston (captain), N S. son, and R. Collingwood (reserve).

Si r M urr o u gh Wilson, deputy-chairman of the L.N.E.R., was 1:0 h ave presented the trophies, but he was unable to keep the engagement. In Sir Murroug'h's absence the awards were handed over by Mrs. Hare, wife of Mr. T. Bernard Hare, L.N.E .R District Supt Mr. Hare presided, and was s u pported among others by Mr. S. Cooper, of York (1'he Centre ambulance secretary), and Mr A. Lockey, Darhngton district ambul'ance chairman

SOUTHERN AREA

A I D. 235

(Shops), 163; 4, Hornsey Loco, 136; 5, King's Cross District, 132.

This is lhe seventh successive year that a team from King's Crl)ss Goods has won this trophy. The team, comprised of 11essr S. C. Dearmcr, H. S. Barnes, R. \Y. Os.gathorp, e. VV. Waygood and G. H. Packe, was trained by Mr. H Dye, SupL of No. 107 (York Road, L. .E.R.) Ambulance Division, of which the fivc men are members, now enters the final competition for the Challenge Cup presented by the Officers of the late Great Northern Railway. Congratulations arc also due to the runners-ul'King's Cross Loco (Shed) team-who showed considerable improv ement on their efforts of last year.

G. E. SECTION.

Seve n tCclms competed lor the Cambridge District Officers' Shield, which was held 0'n Saturday, February 23rd, in the Railway Socicd C1ub) Cambridge

The jud ges \','e re Captain W Goodley, lYLe. (Commissioner No .1 District, S .) A B.), and Mr. T. O. Mein.

The result was a win for March "A" with 26n marks, fo llowed by Bishop's Sto' li.ford (233) and March "B}J (23H).

Mr. A. H. Rees (Distri'Ct Loco Supt.) presided over the tea which followed the competitions, supported by othe r District Officers.

A vote of thanks to the judges was proposed by 1\Ir.

H. F. Sanderson (District Supt.). He referred to the pending retirement of Mr. Mein and offered an appreciaion to his successor Capt. Goodley.

Both udgoes suitab ly repli ed. Mr. Mein r efer r ed to his ong association with the ambu lance movemenl and concl ud ed with the ,hope that members would be as loyal to his successor as they had been to him. Capt. Goodley in hi,s remarks commented on the work done by the competitors) pointing out items on which points had been lost.

The chairman presented the shield to the winning team, together with a medal to each member.

The annual competition for the Stralford District Ambulance Challenge Shield was held on February 13th, w'hen e leven teams competed

Mr. T. O. l\lein.

Assooiation Committee, the Railway Companies' representative on the Selection Committee, and a D ep uty Member of the Counci of the Order.

During the Great War period Mr. Mein ambulance men to be in attendance on 2,918 tra111S entra111ing or detraining troops on the Eastern section, and the accidents dealt with were: M!lltary, 220; staff) 143 ; helpers, 7; ,horse) 1 ; tota l, 371.

Jn connection with the transport of wo un ded so ldl ers he was made a Life Governor of Queen Mary'S Hospital f0'r t h e East End of London, and he also received a ce r tificate from the Joint Comm i ttee of the British Red Cross Society and the Order of St. John for v,a lu able services r e ndered.

N own-I-EASTERN AREA

At an Investiture held at S t John' s Gate, London, on February 15th, Mr. John W. Beal, Superintendent's Offi ce , York, and Mr. George Studholme, Mechanical Engineer's Depa rtment, Kirkby Stephen, were duly enrolled as Serving Brothers of the Ord e r of St. John of Jeru sa lem.

A r ecord entry of ten teams took part in the ann ual first-aid competition of t h e Darlington Dis t rict. Dr. R. G. Russell, 'of Wingate) and Dr. T. Rassell, of Trimdon, were the j ud ges, and the results were : 1 (District Shield), WaskerJcy, 162 marks; 2 ("McI nt y r e" C up ), Shilden "B" team, 156; 3, Shi ld on "A)" 1 50

The Waskerley team-which wiH compete in the

Captain W. Go'Odley again judged the team test, whilst District Offic er G E. Bower (No. 1 District S.J.A.B.) adjudicated on the indiViidual work.

As on previous occasions, the greatest keenness was shown and the r esu lt was announced as follows: -1st, Bislhopsgate " B," 197 marks; 2nd, Bishopsgate " C," 187; 3rd, Liverpool Street, Mrs Parker, wife of Mr. S. P. Parker) District Loco Supt., Stratford, presented the shield and medals, and in reply to a vote 'Of thanks expres sed h er pleasure at being affo r ded the opport u ruity of presenting the awards.

The judges congratulated the teams on their keenness and were of the opinion that some teams present, with hard work) would go a long way in future competitions

Many officers of the Company showed their appreciation of ambul ance work by personal attendance and watched with great interest the work done.

The proceedings dosed with ,a vote of t'hanks to the Cha'irm an of the Committee, Mr. S P. Parker, and all who had contributed to make the competit i on a success.

G. N SECTION

The No . 1 (Lcmdon) Division of the G.N. Ambu l ance Competiti'on 101' the ilver bowl presented by Mr F. Liddell Steel, when he was President of tIl1e Section, was held at Cu Iross Hall) Kings Cross, on March 7th. Five teams (one more than last year) entered the aonte,st and Dr. J. Stan ey Davies was again the judge T he result was as fo ll ows :-1, King-s Cross Goods, 226 marks; 2, King's Cros,s Loco (Shed), 202; 3, King's Cross Loco

Amongst those present were Mr. F. Warriner (Dislrict Supt., King's Cross), 1.\.1r. J. F. Sparkc (District Loco Supt.), Mr. Atkinson (Homsey Loco DeparLment), 1\1r. F C. Robbins (Goods Agent, King's Cross), Mr. E. Green, SCicretary, No.2 (Peterboro) District) and '\lr. T. Smith, Centre Secretary, Great K orLhern ection

A meeting following the competation was presided over by lVIr. T. Smith) who congratulated the winners and urged the other teams not to 10 e heart, but to continue their efforts to wrest the trophy from the King's Cross Goods team.

Mr. Smith then asked Dr. Davies to kindly give his critioism and comments 011 the work of lhe respective teams, after which a vote of thanks to Dr. Davies and to 1\1r. Smith for presiding was proposed by Mr. Spark and seconded by 1\1r. Atkinson. The chairman responded and said there was one more of thanks he wished to propose and that was to the Divisional Secretary, 11r. H. W. Harvey, who was responsible for arranging the competition.

The No, 2 (Peterborough) District Competilion was held in the Gymnasium, Liverpool Street, Oil '\la1'ch 8th, and encouraging keenness was sho\<\ n by all the leams present.

The Team Test was judged by Dr. Stanley Dayies and the Individual Test by Captain A. Fenton T 'he result was as follows :-1, Hitchin, 226 marks; 2, Kew England (1),208; 3, HaLfield (1), 19H; -+, New England (2),191; 5, Peterborough East, 16g; 6, Hatfield (2), l-i81; 7, New England Loco, 1-+8; 8, Grantham, 97l

Mr. W. E. Green) the District Secretary, announcing the results, wished the Hitchin team the best of luck in the forthcoming G,N. Shield Competition and expressed. his satisfaction at the keenness shown by all teams, espeoally Peterboro' East and Grantham who, in spite of sickness and other difficulties, had done their best to bring teams along.

The Shield was presented by Ir. T. mith, the Ce ntre who made a strong point of teams being entered for competitions, even if they stood little ch,ance of winning the Shield, owing to the invaluable to he gained by competition work, and thanked the and the 1\1edical Profession in general for the 1l1terest taken in Ambulance work.

The examining Doctors concluded hy work done by the teams, and devoted 'ome tIme to practIcal and helpful ad\,lice.

The o. 5 (Lincolnshire) District competition for the District Officers' Shield was held at Lincoln on February 25th 'J1he judges were Dr. J. J. Kennedy of TtL\:£.ord, and Drs Richardson and Picken of Lincoln.

'The spectator induded t1he Mayor of Lincoln (Councillor J. K. Fox, J.P.)) the Sheriff of Lincoln and Goodlet, lVIr. T. Smith) AmbuJ.ance Secretary G. '. SectlO11, 1\1r. T. O. Mein, Messrs Patman apd Cau er, retIred D1Strict Officers) Messrs. LeIgh, Sutchffe and Barton, present District Officers Mr. E. H. Owel1 and others.

1\1r. F. District Manager,presided ?ver prize distribution. He referred to the manl1er 111 whIch the ambulance work hac! been carried out duri1lg the year and

express ed t he h ope that further progress would be made.

Th e Di s tri c t Mr. \ /V. J . :t\/loUl::y, "then announ ced th e r es ult, wll1 ch was :-lst, LJl1coln A, 241 point s ; 2 nd, L inco ln " B;" 239; 3rc1. SIc a ford, 238. S.IX t ea m s C0111 p etee! an d o nl y t we h e pOJl1 s cpa r at ed Lh e fi 1 st from th e last.

1\1rs Goo dl e t pr ese nte d th e aw a rd s) s hl e kl and prize s o th e t ea l11 s. -

Mr. T. Smi t h exp r esse d hi s ple a sLlre at o nce agaJl1 witn essin o' Lh e Lin co ln s hir e co mp et iti o n.

A y ote o f th a nk s t o a ll c ontribubing to th e SLl c cess of th e compe tition w a s p ro po sed by Mr , G. B. B a rton, Dis t ri c t Eng lll ce r a nd se co nd ed by Mr. G. Sutcliffe Di st ri ct S up e rin t cnd e nt. B o t h ge ntl e m en encouraged th e Ambul a n ce m e n p r es2 n t to co ntinu e a \\' o rk which t!hey w e r e eve r r eacly t o sup po rt.

Southern Railway.

Th e D i \ i s io n al Co mp eti ti ons o f t h e S o u t hcrn a r e bei ng h eld chi s y ear in L o nclon , a t Folkestone, ton) South am pt on a nd E xe t e r. Th e number of compet1l1g te a ms is gr ea t e r t h an t h at of 193-1-.

Th e fin a l co mp et it io n will tak e plac e on Tu e sda y, A p ril 30th, at Sou th e rn H o us e, Gann on Str ee t,. London. T ick e ts of admi ss io n t o t his func t ion can b e obt a l11 ed from r-Ir. E. A. Ri c h a r d s, \V e!far e D ep artm e n t , General M a n age r 's Office, W ate rl oo Stati on.

Th e und e rm e nti o n ed m emb e rs o f th e S .R. staff have q u a lifi e d f or th e Gold lVl edal by th e Dir e ctors o f th e Com p a ny t o m C11 wh o sa tIsfied th e 0. £ th e e x a m i n e r [ o r 2 1 y ea r s in s u cceSS lOlI : - WdlIam BO!11f a ce Ma c hini s A s h f or d \,yo rk s) K ent ; P e rcy Bartholom e, ; L i n e m an' A s hf o r cl, K<en t; B enn et Smith Smith, A s hfo r d W ,o rk's, K ent ; Art hur M ann, Fitt e r , Ashford W o rk s, Ke n t; Ge or ge Ba ck Er e c to r, A s hf orcl \ i\To rks, K e nt · Al be r t Ca r te r , Co ll ect o r, D ove r Mann e; Ge or ge C r u n d w ell, Ga n ge r , D oye r 'Marin e It is int e r est ill u Lo r e co rd tha t 2)-1-.)8 me cl a ls have b ee n issu ed fo r p ass ing 7examin at io n s in succ es si o n; 817 s ilv e r m edals fo r 14 con sec u t iv e ex amin at ion s, and 434 men -hav e q ualifi ed fo r th e go ld a ward of . th e Company in resp e ct to th eir h av in g sa ti sfi ed the r equIr e ments of th e exam!11e r f o r 21 s uc cess iv e y ear s.

Our Crossword Puzzle .

Owing to pressure on space the monthly puzzle has bee n held over until the April issue.

LAST MO;\fTH'S SOLUTION.

Police Ambulance News.

POLICE NATIONAL FIRST AID COMPETITION.

There can be no doubt that, after witnessing the final of the competition for the "Pim" it must be RJmilted Police first aiders are an bod}" at the same time, they have an excellent knO\.\'lL'Jge of tile finer points of first aid.

This year's final was heltl on Fnday, 1st, at the Central Hall, vVestJ1linster, London, and we were very pleased to noticc the number of Police oi'ficials thus giving encouragement to the .men

The judges were Captall1 A. C. \'v hlte f.1. C., I\1.B., of London (team and No.2), and J. R. Ham.erton, M. B , of Herne Bay (N os. 1, 3, -l- and 5). Once aga1l1 the setting of thc team test piece was a.nd many competitors remarked on the faked lnJunes which the team test judge used. In the Irdlvlduallests, howC\ er, the staging was far satisfactory, we suggest that this side of the competltLOn should recelve more consideration.

Throu o- hout the day a large crowd witnessed the work done, and by the time the presentation ceremony arrived the hall was packed.

This part of the proceedings was presided over by Dr. Edwin Freshfield (Assistant Receiver General of the Order of St. John), supported by the Home Secretary (Sir John Gilmour) Sir Percival Wilkinson (Secretary General of the Order of St. John), Col. ]. 1. W. Perowne (The Hospitaller) and Lord Trenchard (Commissioner, Police).

Other present included Mr. H. H. C. Prestige and Mr. ]. H. Burrell (of the Home Office), Colonel the Han. Maurice Drummond (Deputy Commissioner), Lieut.-Col.onel P. R. Laurie (Assistant Commissioner), and 1\1r. 0. (Deputy Assistant Commissioner) of the Metropolttan Po!Jce ; ]. A. Davison (Assistant Commissioner., l:ondon Police), and the Chief Constables of Blrm1l1gham (S1r Charles Rafter), Cambridgeshire (,VIr. W. V. Webb), (Major L. W. H. Morris). Exeter (Mr. F. T. Tarry), LI.verpool (Mr. A. K \Nilson), Portsmouth (1\1r. T Dav1es), Scarborough (1\11'. W. Abbott). West Riding of Yorkshire (Lieut.-CoL F. Brook), West Sussex (Mr. R. P. Wilson), and York ( 1r. H. H. Herman), Capt. A. N. Cahusac (Chief Secretary, S.J.A.A.), and others.

Mr. D. G. was the energetic competition secretary, and it says much for his organising powers that the event went off without a hitch.

The Chairman, in welcoming the Home Secret.ary, dwelt on the growth of ambulance work, more espeCially that done by the Order of St. ] ohn.

Sir John Gilmour said that the Order was with the best im pulses of the human race. He em phas1sed t.he importance of first aid in the training of the polIce. He congratulated the winners, and encouraged those who had not won first place to reverse the position on a future occasion.

The results, which were announced by Sir Percival Wilkinson, were as follows ;-

March, 193 5. F I R S T

Above the applause which greeted the results could be heard shouts of joy from one excited member of the successful tea.m. The winne.rs. are, however, to be congratulated on their success. ThiS IS the fourth time they had reached the final and, on previous occasions, were placed 2nd (19 3 1) (1933) .and 4th (1934). Th: S carborou g h te a m, v1rtue of bemg the runners up, gall1ed the Sil ver Challenge Cup presented by the Police R eview

The Home Secretary handed the Pim " Challen O' e Cup and individual prizes, presented by the St John lance to the competitors, congratulating each member on hiS work

The judges spoke of the high standard of work displayed, Capt. White Knox emphasiSing the ben e fits competitors would receive if an independent patient was us ed.

The proceedings concluded with vote s of thank s to those who had assisted during Lh e day.

A ID. 237

Th e marks Clllott ed were as follows : _ Rapid approach to pa tient

Appreciate convulsi o ns as possible epilepti c atta c k Note from wound on fa ce Disp a t ch memb er fo r firs t aid kit

Realise cann o t tr eat patient in narrow ling mo ve m e nt s a nd with car e of IJmb s , lift patient out o f d ock on to Aoor

I s h c.c morrh age fr 0111 ch ee k bright red and spurting (yes) ... ..

Reali s e wo und too lo ng fo r direct digital pressure Indir e ct pr ess ur e t o right temporal; does this control h £ morrh age (no)

Plus indir ect pr ess ure on ri g ht fa cial. Is controlled (ye s )

Note flu shed a nd li vid face and s upport patient 's head Control but not for c ibl y r es train pa t ient' s m ov ements

Li\ 'crpool City, winners with t he II Pi "n Tr o phy"

Back r o w: P.C's. Hudson, Tandy and l\larkham, Front row; P.C. Cook, Sergt. Culshaw (Capt.), Chi e f Inspr. Mackenzie and Sergt. Hampson.

TIl E TESTS.

Speak to him (no r esponse)

The first prize has been awarded to Mr. B. Roles, of Southampton; the second to Miss D. M. Bilton, of Edgbaston, Birmingham, and the third to Miss B. Andrews, of London, N .14.

As is our usual custom we are publishing the marking sheet for the team test. The members of each te a m were informed (by cards) that they were on duty at Row-street Police Court where a serious case of housebre a king was being tried before Mr. White Fox, the Magistrate. The Police Court was a replica of an actual scene with th e prisoner in the dock facing the Magistrate (the doctorjudge). On being asked if there were any previous convictions against the accused, a witness replied" Yes, your Worship, twenty previolls convictions." The Magistrate took a very serious view of the case and sem:enced the prisoner to six months hard labour. Upon bearing the sentence the prisoner cried "My God," beg-an to shake, went into violent convulsions, fell forward hitting his head on the bars and then slid awkwardly down over a c bair with one arm caught in the bars. Tbere he layawa :ting attenLion of the teams.

ote bloodstained froth from mouth. Wrap pencil in hand kerchief ...

Insert between pat ient's teeth to prevent biting his tong-ue

Test response of eyeb a lls to tou ch a nd pupils to li g ht (No response)

Are the convulsions easillg off (y es)

Lay pa t ient on his ba c k with h e ad and sh o ulders rais e d

Undo tight clothin g a bout neck , chest and waist

Open court windows and doors

Telephone doctor and ambulance (they will ccme)

Cover pati e nt warmly with blankets

Layout clean trian g ular bandage on floor and 0 11 it place opened lint, cotton wool, iodine and scissors

Iodine fin g ers and examine wound

Are there any signs of bony irregularity or foreign bodies (no)

Is it dirty (no)

Iodine wound and surrounding skin

Cut piece of lint and apply to wound

Pad of cotton wool and bandage firmly

Remove indirect pressure. Is bleeding controlled (yes)

Test pulse at wrist (full)

rote breathing (short and shallow)

Any odour to breath (smells of alcohol, his normal condition)

Examine rest of head, ears, nose and mouth (no further injury)

Examine pupils, unequal, small or larg-e (neither)

Examine for signs of fracture, dislocation, wounds, etc.

Clavicles, scapulCB, shoulders, arms, elbows, forearms, wrist joints and hands

Find swelling, deformity and irregularity of right forearm, fracture of both bones

Detail member to steady and support injured limb -+

Examine ribs either side, spine, abdomen, and pelvis

Find swelling and irregularity middle eighth and ninth ribs, right side

Does patient appear to be coughing up blood from mouth (no, it is coming- from tongue) -+

Diagnose simple fracture of eighth and ninth ribs

Examine hip, femur, knee, patella, tibia, fibula, ankle joint and foot of both legs -+

Find swelling and irregularity three inches from bottom of right fibula...

Diagnose fracture of right fibula

Detail member to support this leg

Are the convulsions stopping (yes, they have stopped and patient is moaning)

Test both sides of bodyas to limpness (neither side limp)

Test temperature of skin (inclined to be cold and clammy)

Arrange for bottles to be filled with hot water, covered and applied to patient

Expose fracture of forearm. Is there any wound (no)

Draw forearm into as near normal position as possible and place at a right angle to arm, with thumb pointing upwards

Apply splints inner and outer sides of forearm from elbow to fingers

Bandage above fracture and figure of eight bandage round wrist and hand

Properly applied large arm sling 4-

Examine for wound over fracture of ribs (none)

Apply two broad bandages round chest, overlapping at fracture and tied on side opposite to fracture

Expose fracture of leg. Is there any wound (no) -+

Gently draw right foot into its natural position

Apply splints inner and outer sides of leg from above knee to below foot 2

Bandages above and below fracture, above knee and round both ankles, broad ba'1dage round both knees 5

Speak to patient again, does he show any signs of sponse (yes, he mumbles he feels very ill) 2

Try him with sips of water (he takes this) 2

Test the pulse again (it is now more feeble and not full) 4

Send for some hot tea and give; and renew hot water bottles

Prepare and test stretcher and cover with' blankets ::: 4

Nos. 1, 2 and 3 on left of patient, No. 4 on right.

Lift patient 4-

Lower patient and cover with blankets, supporting his head ... ... ... ...-+

Magistrate asks for list of injuries.

Epileptic attack; wound right cheek, with arterial h&morrhag:e; simple fracture both bones right forearm; .slmple fracture lower right ribs; simple fracture nght 6bula (small bone in leg) 6

A I D. March, 1935 .

Has ambulance arrived (yes, it is at the door) 2 Lift stretcher, dispense with or fix slings, and march 5 Instruct two men to proceed with prisoner to prison hospital

For the individual tests the following were sel :Nos. 1 and 3 were engaged in a house-to-house endeavour to sell tickets for a concert. On arriving at the door of a house they found it was not latched, and noticed a strong smell of gas On entering the room they found the patient lying on the floor unconscious. While standing on a step-ladder 6xing a new gas shade he had slipped, and in attempting to save himself had clutched at the gas bracket, which broke and came away in his hand, leaving the gas escaping. He was dazed by the fall and rendered unconscious by the gas. He also sprained his right ankle. He was alone in the house.

No.2 was required to render first aid to the witness in the team test, who in hastening to the help of the accused, stumbled down the steps from the witness box, and, twisting round, fell on his back and side, sustaining a fracture of the right shoulder blade and a dislocation of the right shoulder joint.

No. -+ was passing a chemist's shop outside of which a man was delivering goods from <l van. While carrying a crate of bottles on his shoulder the man suddenly cried out and clutched at the back of his neck. On examination he was found to be suffering from a burn of the neck due to carbolic acid escaping from a leaking bottle.

No.5 was passing a butcher's shop when he saw one of the assistants, who was cutting up the carcase of a sheep, suddenly double himself up and clutch his abdomen with a cry of pain. His knife had slipped and had penetrated his abdomen.

Time limit for Nos. 1 and 3, 4 and 5, was eight minutes and for No.2 five minutes.

JUDGES' COMMENTS.

Once again we have been favoured with the criticisms of the doctors who acted as judges at the competition. Competitors will find useful data present as also will those who are preparing for future events.

TEAM TEST.-CAPTAIN A. C. WHITE KNOX, M.C., M. B.

As I mentioned in my remarks on the day of the competition, the standard of work was one of the highest I have ever seen.

Two points I should like to emphasise are, first, the need for care in the handling of fractures when exposing them, and second, a routine method of using dressings. Far too many competitors pull the clothing about and pull at the actual iniury when the diagnosis is staring them in the face. In some cases they actually pulled off the faked injuries in their rough handling.

4-

In examination follow the lines of the bones and when you come to irregularities and swelling treat them gently and sympathetically, thereby greatly reducing the incidence of shock.

Also, it is unnecessary to unduly expose patients in this examination and when following down the limbs the blanket covering the patient should be rolled down behind the examiner's hands. This also guards against shock.

The second point is the routine method using dressings and I would suggest the following, though there are naturally variations.

Layout a clean triangular bandage on the iloor and on it place opened packets of lint and cotton wool; on it also place the iodine bottle and scissors, with blades painted with iodine. The examining member then paints his fingers with

March, 1935. F {R S T

iodine from the bottle held by another member who also the wound and surrounding skin. The first mem ber the wound, cuts a neat piece of lint, the size reqUlred and a cotton wool pad the proper size There is frequently a g ross waste of dressings which, after all, cost money.

Will one team especially note that in loadina a patient or: to c: stre!cher the patient is lifted slowly and not wlth lIghtn1l1g speed.; very pretty, but bad for the patient. Beyond these h1l1ts I have no criticism to make but congratulate the Forces on their very fine effort,

INDlvfDuAL TEsTs.-J. R. HAMERTON, ESQ., M.B.

After some year,; of judging 6rst aid competitions once a.gam. I found that the chief difficulty of the candidate' is to vlsualLse the surroundings, and to forget the affair is a competition in many of its aspects. If one were to have asked the competitors the treatment of any of the injuries set at

A I D. 239

A.mong all the litter with which a competition floor is sometimes strewn, pearls, metaphorically are nearly always to be four;d. In this case nol one made use of the speCIally put there, with which to plug the broken gas pIpe, a fact me greatly. I am quite sure that no one m real hfe would search in a strange gas-filled house for the meter, any rate, not until the gas had cleared and any casual lies treated. It would have been only a matter of seconds to have plugged that pi pe tem poraril y only one man did anything at all-and not very efficiently at that-with a handkerchief.

There may be several opinions as to the correctness of it, but I do think that a very hurried examination should have been made for gross fracture. After all, the ma.n had fallen. from a step ladder, and could quite easily have sustamed a fracture, and as he had to be dragged rapidly the room, the presence of a fracture would greatly have mfiuenced the way in which he "vould have been dragged.

The Scarborough Team with the" Police Review" Cup.

Standing: P.e's. Scanlan, Milnes, Taylor (Reserve), Boynton. Sitting: Sergt. Rawson, Mr. IN. Abbott (Chief Constable), P.C. Bond, (Capt.), Sergt. Lewsey (Trainer).

vVestminster, I am sure most of them would not have missed more than 1 per cent. of the items' that is of course if asked in viva form. But when the is by all sorts of " padding," to make a test of it, and a question put in a round-about-way, many most ohvious details (which, incidentally, carry marks!) are omitted. On the whole, all the tests were extremely well done, but as one always learns more by criticism than praise, I hope J shall make my meaning clear by offering a few criticisms of the individual tests. If the accidents staged had happened in real life, I am con6dent that they would have been dealt with better than on the platform.

Nos. 1 and 3.-A very sturdy window had been fitted, especially so that it could be opened. Many teams to my surprise, did not seem to notice it at all. Which reminds me, that in competitions, men will so often rattle orr to the judge what they should do (in other words, quote the text book) but do not do it. So in this case, some of the teams said "open the window," but it remained after that, forgotten and closed, and the remark won no marks at all. An open window and silence would have gained 2 marks.

If he had had a broken arm, he would not havE:' been dragged oul by it, and such an examination could have been carried oul in a few seconds.

It being a windy day, had the windows been opened it would have soon been permissible to enter the building, and water, towels for bandages, &c., would have been readily available. This would have obviated the necessity of atte:;mptiog to treat a sprained ankle with a pocket handkerchief quite inadequate as to size.

Resourcefulness! I am sure in real life the gas company would not have been phoned for so urgently. I could understand a team of women wanting to do this but not police. I think panic may have had something to do with this, but it is the clear head that wins.

"Why this everlasting desire to get the ambulance? Here was a man, in his own house, and presumably a perfectly good bed of his own too, and you want to take him somewhere else. He has recovered, or at any rate is recovering from his gassing, and apart from this his sole complaint is a sprained ankle. I am sure in real life you would not consider it needed hospital treatment so why do

it in a cotnpE;tition? If you had gone about things properly. the room would have been quite well ventilated, and you could then have made a leisurely search for that tap at the meter, which so many of you attempted Lo find at such great risk to your own safety.

I may add that this test actually happened in Herne Bay, except that it was a case of attempted suicide. A Police Sergeant rendered first aid on the lines you have seen on the marking sheet, but sing-Ie-handed, and the patient recovered - without the use of the ambulance! When the man was brought up on a charge of attempted suicide, the sergeant (of the Kent Constabulary) was highly commended by the magistrate. I think he deserved it.

No. 4.-A very straightforward test, but one very likely to happen. So many of you forget to prevent further injury hy keeping the man's hands from his neck early in the test. Carbolic acid is very caustic, and man y were also rather careless in the way they put their own fingers on the burnt area. Why put the man on his back? It would ha\ e been so much easier to have attended to the back of the neck if he had been placed prone. There is a very cornmon tendency to assume that the patient is quite incapable of rendering any assistance himself; there was nothing here to prevent the man walking to shelter-i.e., the chemist's shop. All medical supplies were available there on polite request, and much time would have been sayed. You should not look upon all bystanders as incompetent, and after all a chemist is a fairly intelligent sort of individual, and could have given you very useful help had he been aske:l tactfully. You mustn't order people about on whose premises you are by courtesy only!

The same remarks re the ambulance applies here, except (a) I don't consider it to be necessary, and (b) surely the van from which he was deliyering drugs could have taken Lhe man wherever necessary.

No. 5.-Perhaps rather an unusual injury; possibly that was why it was done, comparatively, so ,vell! I haye very few criticisms to offer here. It is not much use to have sterile cloths to P'lt on the protruding bowel, and clean bowls of sterile water, if you put the said cloths on the sawdust strewn floor of a butcher's shop. Many of you fell into this error. A last words to relations are very necessary and should neither exaggerate nor minimise the gravity of the situation. One man, however, no doubt with the best of intentions, said that this injury was only a slight one, and nothing to worryabout! I hope he does not really think a protruding bowel a slight accident.

rThe photographs showing the winners and runners up are reproduc:ed by courtesy of the PoNce Re view .]

Co m ing Ev e nt s.

The Editor will be pleased to receive particulars of forthcoming events for inclusion (free of charge) under this heading.

MARCil.

23.-No. 6 District, S.J.A. B., Competition Finals, Middlesbrough.

23.-First Eliminating Round" Stanley" Shield Competition (Women), B.R.C.S.

23.-Lectures to Officers and Secretaries Nos. 4 and 5 Areas, No. IV (Lancashire) District, S.J.A. B., Liverpool.

28. - G.N. Centre (L. & N.E.R.) Annual Ambulance Competition, Liverpool Street Station.

29.-Inter-Railway Preliminary Competition for Uncyrouped Railways, Sl. John's Gate. ,., 30.-Priory for Wales Ambulance and Nursing Brigade finals Cardiff.

A I D. March) 1935.

30.-Eliminating- Round "Stanley" Shield Competition (l\fen), B R. C. S.

30.-No. 6+ (Ealing) Nursing Division, S.J, \. B , Dance, Town Hall.

APRIL.

6.-No. 1 District, S.J.A.B., Competition Finals, Northampton Institute, London.

6.-Second Eliminating Round" Stanley" Shield Competition (Women), B R.C.S.

6.-Lectures to Officers and Secretaries, o. 6 and 7 Areas, o. IV (Lancashire) District, S. J. A. B., Preston.

6.-N.E. Area (L. & N.E.R.) "Wharton" Shield Competition, Darlington.

10.-G.E. Section (L. & N.E.R.) Final Ambulance Competitions, l\lechanics Institute, Stratford.

13. - Kent Units (No.8 District), S.J,A.B., Competitions, Ramsgate.

16. - Cinematog-raph Lecture on "Digestion," arranged by the Oagenham Division, S.J.A.B., Out-patient's Department, King George Hospital, Dag-enham.

27.-Hanvorth Colliery Corps, S.J.A.B., Annual Open Competitions, Bircotes Colliery, near Doncaster.

30. -London, Midland and Scottish Railway, Final Cc.mpelitions, Liverpool.

30.-Southern Railway Final Competitions, Southern House, Cannon Street.

MAY

+.-Priory for Wales, .J,A.B., Units Inspection, Cardiff.

+.-Surrey and Sussex Units (No.8 Distnct), S.J.A B., County Competitions, Eastbourne.

10.-London, Midland and Scottish Railway, Women's Final Competitions, London.

11. - Sharlston and District Ambulance Association, Individual and Team Com petitions, Sharlston.

Our Nurses' P ag es.

COMPILED BY AMBULANCE S ISTER,.

No.1 DISTRICT, S.J.A.B.

The preliminary rounds of the" MacFadden" " l\1ount• Brooks" Efficiency to decide which DIVISIOns should represent the Areas ill the District Finals to be held at the orthampton Institute on April 6th, have now been held.

N ORTI-IERN AREA.

The results of the Area Competitions are as follows :_ " l\facFadden "-Hampstead Nursing Division. "10untgarret "-Hampstead Nursing Division. "Brooks' " Effiand Southgate Nursing Division (the only competitor).

SOUTHERN AREA.

The competitions in this Area were held on February 23rd. at the Pelham Road Schools, Wimbledon.

!"or the "MacFadden" Competition Assistant CommIssIoner Capt. Bendix acted as judge in the team test and D: in the individual tests. East Croydon Nu'rsing DIVISIon gamed first place with marks South let. Gas Co. Nursing Division coming second with 12n Lady Officer MacFadden jud-ied the work m the bedmakmg and awarded the follo\\'inomarks :-East Croydon 95t; South Met. Gas Co., 8Stb; Southern Railway Corps, East Croydon ursing Division will also represent the Area in the" Brooks'" Efficiency Competition.

CENTRAL AREA.

The Hospitall e rs ' Club.

THE meeting on Friday, Feb. 8th held at the Bonnington Hotel, was a very interesting and social one. The speaker was Mr. V H. Forman (M.R.) the subject being

,. The Peoples Dispensary for Sick A nima ls of the Poor and First A id to Animals."

Those who are animal lovers, cannot but sometimes wish they could help our dumb friends in times of accident or sudden illness. Mr. Forman gave his hearers some very practical help in th is matter. The help which can be rendered to animals is very aki n to that which is taught to First Aid candidates in the St. John Movement.

The work which is done by the Peoples Dispensary is of real prac t ical value. Mr Fo r man and his colleagues are doing a wonderful work.

Owing to heavy pressure on space , it has again been found necessary to hold over many items until the nex t is sue ,

bedmaking competition was held 011 February 26Lh. at Dlstnct Headquarters, Lady District Officer l\liss Curtis acting as judge. The results were announced as follows :1, Temple, 97t ; 2, Civil Service, 94t; 3, Shored itch 93 4, H. Smith & Son, 91 5, Toynbee Hall, 89t ; 6, Stoke Newmgton, and Haggerston, 82t (tie) ; 7, Hospital Saturday Fund, 79.

The competition for the right to represent the area in the MacFadden Competition was held on March +th the juges being Dr. Rosefield (team test), Asst. Commissioner Dr. Lund and County Surgeon Capt. Steele (individual practical and viva voce), and Lady District Officer liss Walker (uniforms). Two teams entered and were awarded the following marks: 1, Temple Nursing· Division 298' 2, Shorditch Nursing Division, " Being the only, to ef'ter the preliminary .round. Efficl.ency. CompetlllOn, Temple N urslI1g DIVISIOn wtll compete In thIS test at the District Finals.

EASTERN AREA.

teams ente.red for the "Mountgarrd" Cup C?mpetLtlOn, and. we re Judged by Lady District Supt. Miss RIdeout, Lady Dlstnct Officer Miss Curtis awarding marks for uniforms. The results were: 1, East Ham, 90t; 2, liford, 87 ; 3, Grays, 86t; 4, West Ham, 85t ; 5, Walthamstow, 84t; 6, Dagenham, 84t ; 7, Barking, 84; 8, Canvey Island, 78i- East Ham Nursing Division are therefore the first to be awarded the" Curtis" Cup, which was presented to them by the donor. In doing so, Miss Curtis said that in future the competition for her cup would be open to both men and women com petitors.

!n the " and" Brooks" Efficiency Comp.etltlOns, the wmners were also East Ham Nursing Diviswn.

WESTERN AREA.

The preliminary round for the "l\lcFadden" Cup Competition was held in the Guildhouse, Eccleston quare on February judges being ount)' Surgeon Dr: vVrangham. (first aId) and Div. Surgeon Dr. Hamilton (home A very close contest resulted in the first p.lace by Craig's Court House Nursing Di\' islOn With 12" marks. Second place went to Acton with 121 marks, and third place to Harrow with 120.

The Ealing Nursing Di, ision will represent the Area in the" Brooks" and the Harrow Division ill the " Competion.

SO UT HERN AREA.

In view of the recent resig-nation of Lady District Officer '1.rs. lcCaffrey from this Area, some notes of h e r connection WIth the S.J .A. B. \viIl be of interest to all who know her.

Lady District Officer l\1 rs. lcCaffrey.

Mrs. l\lcCaffrey gained her first certificate as long ago as In she passed in Physiology and Hygiene, and In 1903 gamed the L. C. C. Teachers' Certificate in both Home ursing and First Aid. She instructed a number of classes during the years 1900-1911, and during this period also acted as assistant and demonstra tor to a number of classes organised by the L.C.C. At the request of the lecturer she was instrumental in drawin g up the syllabus of instruction for teachers' classes.

'With the outbreak of the European 'Var in 1914, l\lrs. l\lcCaffrey recommenced clas£es of instruction and continued to work in this capacity almost until her appointment as Lady District Offi<,;er in 1925. In 1917 she joined the

Lambeth Emerg ency Air Raid Organisation, and co ntinued \\ ith this until th e Armisti c e.

In 1918, she formed the Brixton r\ ursing Di"ision and became its first L a dy Divisional Superintendent. Her appointment to District Staffin 1 9 25 is not surprising in vie\\' o f the tremendous a m o unt of spade work done, and the "ery large number of to the Brigade for which she must have been responsible.

During her period of office in charge of Southern Area, a number of new Divisions have b e en formed, and the strength of the Brig a de has been increased there \'ery considerably. It was with the greatest regr e t that members the Brio-ade in the :\rea, learned that she had found It necessa;' to resign from the position she had held among them. Officers and memb e rs had learned to look to her as a very real friend, and one t o \"h o m they could al \\'ays turn in Brigade difficulties and know that they would al\\ ays receive sympathy and help.

The oc c asion of her departure from the Area was marked by the presentation o f a leather easy chair 3lnd cu.shion, the presentation b e ing made by Lady Corps Offi cer ::\ltsS Sparks on behalf of all the offi c ers and members in the Area. In her remarks, 1iss Sp a rks said that in giving an easy chair t hey did not wish to COI1\' ey that l\lrs. l\lacCaffrey was to se ver her connection with them c ompletel y , and could non' take a well-e a rned r e st; but rather that they were conscious t hat there had been many occasi o ns \\ hen she should have taken rest in the pas t , and instead had very nobly come out o n all occasions to giv e them the help they needed. They wanted her to kn o \\ that they \\' ould \"elcom e her still a all th e ir Di\ isional functions, and would ahn'l)s ret a in happy memories of her work amongst them.

;\ 0 .4 DISTR IC T, S.J. :\.B.

FAILS\\'ORTH N CRSIXG DI\·ISION. - The members of this Di v ision celebrated recently the 21st birthday of their Division by having a birthday party in the Conservative Club. There are two members o f the original Di\'ision s e r v ing to-day, Lady Diy. Supt. E. Goode and :\lrs. Ro\yson. The celebratirns began ,,,ith a dinner, and a programme of mu s ic was given by the Lyric Four, with f\1i8s Gleadall as accompanist , Ral t on, an illusionist and entertain e r, gave a display of legerdemain.

The birthday cake was a present from the Hon. President Mrs W. G. Bailey, and was cut by the Lady Division a l Superintendent. District Officer Capt. Poston, \\'ho presided, proposed the toast of The King, So\'ereign Head of the Order." The toast of the Brigade was proposed by Councillor G. Holland who spoke of the importance of first aid in homes, workshops and warehouses. Corps Supt. 'vV. E. Naylor responded and referred to the proud position he Brigade holds in the country and Empire. (' They could not all be leaders in civic life" he said, « but they could all serve in that useful sphere."

Corps Supt. W. Williams proposed the toast (C Failsworth Division" and spoke of the early history of the Division, and of the women who had given long and faithful service. Dist. Officer Poston toasted "Our Guests," particularly mentioning the Rector of Failsworth, the Rev. W. A. Edge, the Chairman of the Failsworth District Council, Councillor G. E. Holland, and the Vice-Chairman, Councillor Stott. Asst. Commissioner \'Y. Maxwell Reekie, O.B.E., responded.

STANDISH URSING DIVISJON.-The Annual Report for 1934 of the work of this Division show", that the present membership is 16, all members having passed the annual re-examination.

During the year 115 cases o f accident and sudden illness were treated.

Three members are undergoing hospital training, and one was instrumental in rendering valuable assistance at the railway accident at 'vVinwick recently.

Early in 1934 a class for junior members was commenced, and a Cadet 1 ursing Division formed under the charge of Ambulance Sister E. Finney There are no\\' about 15 members in this Di\·ision.

1\0. 5 DISTRICT, S.].A. B. NOTTINGH.-Dl CORPs.-The Annual Competition for the cc \Vinifred Gibson" Shield, open to ;\ursing Di\ isions in the Corps, \Vas held at Bath Street Schools, r ottingham, on February 28th.

Each team had to undergo a team test, individual practical and bedmaking tests, the judges being Corp Supt. Ibbotson (team test), Diy. Supt. F. Vilson l\loulds (indi"idual practical), and Nurse Shaw (bedmaking).

The team test required first aid to be rendered to a man who had been knocked do\\'n by a motor lorry, sustaining a compound complicated fracture of the right leg, a diny scalp wound, and an injury to the left elbow with considerable sn elling.

The result of the competition was as fo11o\\ -s : 1, Central Xo. 2, 233 marks; 2, Central 3, 219 ; 3, City 2, 216. Eight teams competed.

Lady District Officer 1'.1iss P. Gibson, the donor of the trophy, presented the hieU to the winning team, \\'ith indi\'idual prizes to the members of the second and third team. She expressed her plea ure at the increase in the number of entries this year.

The judges also congratulated the teams, and made a few helpful remarks concerning the \\'ork of the competitor

6 DISTRI CT, S.lA. B. DARLlNGTO:--r URSING DrnsION. - The 15th annual general meeting- of this Division was held on Februc.ry 4th. Lady Di\ Supt. Gardner presided.

A satisfactory financial statement was presented by the Di\'isional treasurer.

The report read by the Di"isional Se c retary sho\\'ed that during the past year 538 cases had been attended by members of the Di\ ision. Hospital duties had also been undertaken. Sympatheti c reference was made to the death of 1'.1r. Christian, the husband of ?\lrs. E. Christian, one of the foundation members of the Division.

It is noteworthy that among the 3+ members, eight of the twelve foundation are still on the roll. These include Irs. O. E. Foster, l\liss Gardner, Morrison, l\liss Bower, l\lrs. Christian, J\Iiss Richards, 1\1rs. Barnett and Miss Freeman.

BOSTON V. A. D. - The nursing staff at the Boston Hospital has been depleted for some time through illness and accidents, but during this period valuable help has been given to the hospital authorities by members of the local detachment of the British Red Cross Society.

\Vhile the V. A. D.'s have gained valuable experience thereby, they have helped the regular staff at the hospital in many ways, and their efforts have been greatly appreciated.

Items (Divisional news and competitions, social, interesting duties, lectures, etc.), for this page should be sent to Ambulance Sister, c o The Editor, FIRST A ID, 46, Cannonstreet, London, E. C. 4. --. .---

FOUND. -Bronze Iedallion No. 304865. obtain same on application to Mr. H. F lontern Road, New '1alden, Surrey

Owner ca n 1ulliner 8

FOUND.-1934 Bronze Medallion, No 372641, in the Central Station, Newcastle upon Tyne Owner can obtain same on applicaiion to the Co u nty Secretary, 2 Osborne Terrace, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2.

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Queries and Ans\Ners to Correspondents.

(2ueries will be dealt with under the following rules:I -Letters containing Queries must be marked on the top left hand corner of the envelope "Query," and addressed-F) RST A I D 4 6 Cannon·street, London, E.C.4·

2. -All Queries must be accompanied by a "Query Coupon" ('ut from the current issue at the Journal, or, in case of Queries fn m abroad, from a recent issue.

3. - The Textbook. to which reference may be made in.this mn is the 38th (1928) Edition of S.J.A.A. M2nual of Fllst Ald.

TREAHIENT OF FRACTURED HUMERUS.

,\.C. (PorLland)-A week or so ago during practice an argument arose between two of our N. C. O. 's as to the correct treatment of a Fracture of the Humerus. One C. O. was telling a recruit that he should apply 3 splints to the arm, when anotllf'r interrupted and said that only 2 were necessary. Th e Te xt-book was suIted; and on p. 69 we read-" Apply spli nts rea c hJl1g' from the shoulder to tbe e lb ow on the front, back an d outer side of the arm."

Now this did not seem quite clear as some of the men said that one splint should cover the back and outer side of the arm. \Ve spoke to our Di"isional Surgeon on the subject; and he was inclined to the two splint "iew.

As we should li ke a definite ruling on this point, have taken the liberty of making a further d eman d on your good services and we all await yuur reply with i t1 terest.

The Tex.tbook instructs you to apply 3 sp lints in the treatment () f Fractured Humerus, one O\'er the biceps l11uscles (which is the anatom cal front), one on the back and one on the outside of the arm.

This problem was dealt with in the Apri 1931 isc;ue of FIRST Am, in hich I stated thaL " no useful object would be st;n ed by placing a splint ove r the biceps muscle." This e x pression of my opinion drew from the Chief Secretary a letter whi c h was published in the June 1931 issue of FmST .\Jl) and which stated officially thai. the 3 sp lints should be applied as in my firsL parag-raph.-N. "CORBET FLETCIIER.

EXAMINATION HOWLEfC

1'.13. (Bedford Park) - In a recent examinatIon I told a candidate that 1 had just been billen in the calf of the leg and asked him what he would du for me. He promptly stated thaL the wound would be poisoned; and when I agreed he replipd - " I wouldgtveyou an emetic!"

Good! Next please!!

N. C. F.

SIGNS .\l\L) SnlPTOMS OF CAMPIIOR POISONING.

W. R. (Ynysdda).-A frien d \vas re ce ntly ca lled to a child \\ ho had eaten some camphor moth balls As the Textbook seems to be si lent about this poison, please give signs, symptoms and treatment of Camphor Poisoning.

The Textbook is not silent about Camphor Poisoning since it tells you to treat any case, in which the patient's mo u th is not burned, as for Non-Corrosivc Poisoning.

A I D. l\larch, 1935.

Had you been content to state that the poison is not specil'ically named in the Textbook, then 1 could ha\ e agreed with you _.

The le a din g sig n s and sympto1l1s of Camphor POlsoninO' arc pe c uliar odour o f breath, giddiness, noises in ea rs, d e lirium , con\'u ls ions especially in chi ldren cold clammy skin, weak and rapid difficult): in breathing. Su c h cases frequently gl\:e nse Lo alarl11111g sym ptom s ; bu t they are rarel y fatal. -i\. C F.

l\IAGGOTY ClIOCOLATES.

L..\. (vValton-on-Naze).--Recently a girl came to 111e and asked for a dvi ce or treatment, because she had eatcn some chocolates which she afterwards dis c overed to be magg oty. What should I have done?

\Vh at puzzles me is how the girl cc afterwards discovere d " that the chocolates which she had eaten were maggoty.

Humbug apart, ho\\'e\'er, if a paLienL had consultcd me because she had re ason to suspecL thaL she had eaten some mag goty c h oco lates, I should have told her tha,t a dose of castor oi l would do all thaL was necessary. - N.C. F.

TREATMENT OF DIRTY \\' OUl\[).

H. H. (Yarrow) - \Vith reference to my query which you a nswer ed und er the abo\'e title in the February issue of FIRST A.lD, I am in duty bound to say that [ \ ery much app re c iate your candid r eply

1 do, h owever, want you to know that, in all the 35 years' of my ambu lance career, it is the lirst time that the T extbook has not been adhered to. The reason for this explained in Ill)' previous letter; and assure you Lhat severa l Textbook editions ha\ e been in my possess ion since such , were less than 1-in c h thick.

For your inf ormation and my satisfaction I desire to to tell you that 1 \'isited the injur e d ene:incer yesterday afternoon, taking with me l11y copy of FIRST ,\lJ), and that I found him in a grand state of health, his hand ha vi ng he aled beautifully, though he is afraid that his injury of three 1110nths ago, will interfere with his trade.

I hope that this is not so.

All s well thaL ends well! N. C. F.

FRACTURE OF BASE OF SKULL.

G. B. (Caerphilly Town)-Please tell me if it possible for a paLi e nt who se face is pale, breathing shallow and pube fe eb le a nd quick, to be suffering from Fracture of Base of Skull, accompanied by escape of blood or clear !luid from the ears.

We await your answer with interest to cIe'lr up a difference of op ini on in our Ambulance Di\ 'ision; and we thank you for your kindness in answering our previous queries.

Yes.-N.C. F.

E\ ERSION OF L'PPER EYELID.

L. l\. (WaILon-on-Naze). - H erewil h 1 send you one of the hairpin s which are very popular to-Jay, bCL ause I h ave found it more useful than anything e se whic h I h ave tried for everting the upp er eye lid Of course, I never do this if skilled h e l p is to be had; and I thought thaL others mi g ht find it equally useful for this purpose.

Thanks for the h a ir pin and for Lhe practical tip which 1 publish with pleasure for the benefit of others. I a lm osL wrote in all se riou s n ess.-" Good! Next pl ease! !" Incidentally, I often use the bulb end of my clinical thermometer for this purpos e - N.C. F.

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USES OF ZIi\'C OINTMENT.

0.]. (Lam bet h)-Please te ll me the uses of Zinc O i nLment which is included in \Noolworth's Sixpenny Pocket Fi,-st Aid OutfiLS. I have stud ied first aid since l11y youch but have not come across it in lecture or textbook. I believe that it is used for certaill !>kin diseases_

It is ; and skin diseases are beyond the scope of first aid.-N.C.F.

TREATMENT OF FRACTURED ARM ,\'1' ELBOW.

A Y. (Shirebrook).-.\t a recent practice our instructor told us to treat a patient for Fractured Arm involving Elbow out-of-doors. In accordance with Rule 3 we fixed the angular splint with three bandages- one around arm, one round forearm and one round hand He told us that the Textbook meant that two bH.ndages only should be used, the lower one being applied as a figure-of -eight round wrist and ha n d. We shall apprec iate your ruling on this point.

Rule 3 on p. 70 reads" round the arm, the forearm and llze hand," whereas Rule 3 on p. 71, reads "the other as figure-of -eight round the wrist and hand." So three separate bandages are to be used for controlling a Fract ured Arm involving Elbow out-of-doors.

Experience pro\'es that the use of two bandages for fixing' the splints in treatment of Fractured Forearm is a poor substitute for the time-honoured three bandages, since it increases considerably the difficulties of the average first aider for whose benefit the Textbook is written. Further, no one can apply this figure-of-eight bandage "round Ilze ?i'1'ist and hand" (as the Textbook rightly instructs) ; and all of us, to get an effective result, must apply it "round tlze hand and 'Wnst" which is not the correct sequence in the treatment of a fracture. Consequently, I, for one, always accept three bandages in examination . -N.C.F.

SIGNS OF ARTERIAL HA MORHIIAGE.

D. S. (Shaftesbury) -At a recent lecture we were told the following, which caused considerable discussion between ourselves.

The discussion arose following a statement made by our kcturer, with reference tl) Rule 3 on p. 92 of the Textbook under Signs of Arterial IIccmorrhage.

We were told that this statement was absolutelv untrue in a number of cases, the example afForded being a diagonal wound across the upper part of the thigh - beginning below the hip and terminctin rr midway down the thigh towards the inner-side. h With such a wound we were given to understand that bleeding would not flow from the side of the wound nearer Lhe heart, but from the side further from it.

Our contention, ho\\-ever, is that the Textbook still holds good, because, if the wound could be opened, bleedIng would certamly be corning from the side as mentioned in the Textbook, and definitely not from the end of (or beginning here) the wound which in this case is nt'arer to the heart, or frol11 the side farther from the heart.

FurLhern:ore, as we would naturally look for artenal hGCmorrage 111 the region of the femora artery and not, as suggested above, on the outer side of the thigh. Do you agree that our lecturer has misread the Textbook?

Thanking you for your ever generous help End ad\ ice.

Your views are my views and we both a<yree that the of the Textbook on this point is good sound.N.C.F.

IODINE FOR WOUNDS.

\tV. S. (Pils ley)-P lease tell me what yo u w o ul d d o whe n a patie n t refuses to ha \'c iod i ne rainted on a wo ul d All patients have the right to refuse the adv ce of first aider and incidentally of medical p r actitioner. So in t h e circumstances named you can act with strict professiona l etiquette and withdraw from the case or, failing that, yo u can dress the wound witho u L it with iodine, after having v\'arned the patient hat he (or she) is respo n sib le if seps is resu l ts -N.C.F

TREATMENT OF DRUNKE:-I PATIENT.

W S. (Pilsley) -Will you please tell me what you would have done in the following case ?-A little time ago I was in my car when I was pulled up and informed that there was a woman lying ill in the hedge bottom. After examination, 1 came to the conclusion that she was suffering from Alcoholic Poison i ng, which was quickly \'erified by a person who had seen the quantity of spirits, wine and stout which she had taken. We lifted her in the car and took her home, which was only 2 or 3 minutes run. VJhen we arrived, the house was locked, the husband being away_ However, we found the key and got in. vVe lifted our patient all the couch and made an emetic; but neither of us could get her to take iL. Neither could we irritate the back of her throat, as she clenched her teeth so tightly. 'What I want to know is, would you have used force, or what other treatment would you adopt'! \Ve carried out the other parts of the General Rules for Treatment of Insensibi lity; but she would not take anything by the mouth.

Your patient was only exerting her rights in refusing your further attentions (and drinks !) ; and the use of force in such circumstances was emrhatically contraindicated. You did all that was possible; and having carried out all the other General Rules for Treatment of Insensibility, you could only a wait the arrival of the doctor who would decide what further action (if any) should be taken -N.C.F.

lNJURIES TO SPINAL CORD.

"\.G. (SheFfield).-(1) At our recent ambulance class tlte instructor impressed upon us that a patient, who had sustained a fracture of any part of the spinal cord accompanied by severance of the cord, will live for a considerable time, but thaI he will ha\'e loss of all feeling below the fracture.

This disagreed with him, on the grounds that I had been tauf.;ht that whenever the spinal cord is severed death a l ways takes place instantly. So please which of us is right on this point, the instructor or 1 '!

(2) Also, was there anything wrong in that I, as a member of the class, disagreed with my instructor?

(1) On your rresentation of facts both of you are wrong-your instructor when he used the positi\'e term " \vill" and you when you chose the equally posit i \'e term "always " The truth l ies midway between you r statements, instant death being li k e ly to occur when the spi n al cord s injured in the cervical region. and life with pe rsistent paralysis of the lower abdomen and limbs when it is inju r ed in the dorsal region.

ST.

THORNTON

YORKS.

N. C ORBE T FLETCHER, M.A . , M.B M.R.C.S.

HINTa

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Price, 3 /6; post tree, TH E S T JOHN AMBULANCE ASSOCIATION , St John 's G ate , LONDON, E.C.!. UN I FORMS & PLEASE SEND FOR PRICE LISTS. Uniform Clothing & Equipment Co., LT D, 10 & 11, CLERKENWELL GREEN, LONDON, E C !. T elegram s : Telephones : "U n iqui p , London." Cl er kenwell 6682, 522 6 AMBULANCE TRANSPORT IN CIYIL LIFE, By P. C. BOTTOMLEY, M.D. A boo kle to aid t h os e in t erest ed In Am b ul ance and S t retcher W o rk Price 2d. each, post tree. "First Aid, " 6, Cannon Street, London, E C "FIRST AID" QUERY and REPLIES COUPON. To be out and enclosed witla fJ/I Que",el M AR 19 35 MANUALS OF FIRST-AID &0 By N CORBET PLETCHER M_B" B.C M A. (Canrab ) AIDa TO FIRaT-AID. Seve nth Edition. Post free II :ad Col limllllfled and lablliated wlib ihll to emlr, ,. am" a nt/te all illtrodllc / ioll all d W ,"d o,.1: lel: K OD tI .w,".0" 01 tlu oook. "-LANCBT. AIDa TO HOME-NURaINQ. 8 Third Edition Price :ad •• post fr ee Tlcil and lablliated, !Itll lid. te .emer , ,.,- "lImp,!''/f" a eomp l,x neb" c a,. d 1lI owld h " ,ad h" "II ,iwth,.t,. -L A: N W. Rv G AZBT'r B. I:FF10IENOY IN FIRaT-AID Proble. Third Edition Post free II ad • " aad 1.1,,11 1114' Sealor S uden ts w 04 ook w,llb, 0) g,.,at IIn,el ;11 tlu t,.a iH'"K of tlt OIl to ,. w om it ;, d,,{,ell'd. "-BRITIS H MEDICAL JOOIl N:t. L.COMMON ERRORS IN FIRS T- AID Second Editon. Post free, II 2 d. • Erron In Plrst.Ald Detailed and B11lial aed 7 hi. glrJ" a el,a,.,,. ill'ig lct ill o tlu m,ilcods a lld di/fiewitl 1 O J ,m ''g-"", ,.,atm'IIt 6" laY",'II tlc,," tlu ot7i ciaI T ,xtooui. itulj."-LAN CET. AMBULANOE COMPETITION TE S TS (Stretcher, Individu al a n d Que sti on-Six Fo ders Price 6 d each net ost E:ihl special ar ticle on Competlt lous : -No. I, Com k t on earns NO 2 C onduc of Tea m in Competition Room; No. 3, Common rrors In Competiti on ; N 0_ 4, F urth er E rrors In Treatment No, 5, History 0 Competition Tests; No.6 P reparation of Tests. WHY AND WHEREFORE: IN FIRCT-AID. Fifth Edition, Price la. :ad pos free "Wlllaaltlll II IUad, and Ireatment lol"d by QaeStioB Illd llllwn. comm,,.d lci. Dook to alld StWthllt1 wlc o will jIll d it o{ v,al lin",. -F IIlS T AID.

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NOTICE TO READER.S.

FIRST AID is published on the 20th of each month. The · Annual Subscripti on s 3s. 6d. post free; single co pies 3d. Its aim and object being the advancement of Ambulance Work in all it s branches, the Editor invites Reader s to send ArtIcles a nd Reports on subjects pertaining to the Movement and al so wel com es suggestions fo r Practical Papers. All Reports, &c., should be addressed to the Edi t or at the address below, and should re ach bim b efore the 12th of eacb month, and must be accomp a nied (not necessari y tor pu blicat ion) b y b e name and address of the Correspondent Subscriptions, Adverti sements and other bu sines s Commun icat ions connected with FIRST AID sh ould be fo rwarded to the Pu b li sher s

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

IINVALID FURNITUR.E

Whatever the Chassis use Carters' Ambulance Fittings.

The mos t up ato - date and scientific in the world.

TH E NEW "PORTLAND" GEAR

( Pat N o. 3 8°963).

This new paten t Ambulance Gear offers m . d any a va nt age s w h e ther the Ambulance is carrying two stretche r

Sectional Catalogue wh ich is free for the lng, describes th s Pa :ent Stretcher Elevatmg Gear, which is a triumph in ana scientifi c design, and the whole range ot Ambulance Furniture and F ittings.

WRITE FOR IT.

B. R. C. S. C lin ic fo r Rh e u matis m 2 4 9

St. J o hn A m b ul a n ce Assoc iat i on 250

l\ Iini s t e r of Tr a n sport a nd lhe S .J .A.A. 2S0

F o r ly Years Ago 250

M e m or ies of 27 Y ears A m b ul a n ce W o rk 251

Th e Skin 2 5 3

S t\ndr ew's A m b ul a n ce Assoc iatio n 25-+

N at io n a l " Safe !y Fi r st" Assoc atio n ( I nc )... 25-+

S.J A B. D is tri c t R e ports 255

Co lli e r y Amb u la n ce N e w s 259

Yar m o u h A m b ul a n ce Co m pet il io n s 249

H osp i ta ller s C lu b 259

Pri o r y f o r vVa les 260

Co min g E ve nt s... 26 1

R a ilw ay Amb ul a n ce N e \\'s 262

P o li ce A mbul ance New :; 265

R ev ie w s 267

Our Nur ses P ages 268

Q U ERIES AND ANSWERS TO CORRES P O:-':D E NT S -

Tr eat m e nt o f S p r a in e d A nkl e 272

Exam in a li o n H o wl e r 272

Tr ea tm e n t of Fr act ur e d Fo r ea rm 272

Fr act ur es o f Lo w e r L im bs 272

Di s loca l e d Sh o uld e r S p r a i nc d \X/ ri st 272

Tr eat m e n t of Burn s 27 -lSpirit o f l\li sc hi e f 27-+

A Case for Di a gn os is 27+

EDITORIAL.

How the Brit ish Red Cross n .R.c. s. Society he l ps to maintain the C UN I C FOR Nat io n's health in t imes of peace may be gathered from t he p u b li cation of the fifth a nn ua l r epo r t of t he Society's C l inic for Rheum atism , L ondon .

Th e figures s h ow that 148,973 treatments were g i ven during 1934, increase of 19,246 over th e p r evious yea r. Nearly half (45·6 per cent.) of th e pat ien ts ad m itted were discharged cured, or f r ee f rom sy m pto m s; 36 ·1 per cent. showed de fi ni t e improve m ent; whi lst only 1'2 per cent., i t is stated, we re worse than when admitted. Stat ist ics of the patients treated indicate that the da n ge r years for rheumatism are between 40 and 60. The ngu r es a lso tend to show that the c lass o f p e rso n suffe rs l east from rheumatism is b etwee n t h e ages of 20 and 40, and without occu pa ti on I n c reas i ng and sllccessful adv::tntage is being t aken of t he Evening Clinics, at which patients in th e early stages of rheumatism are able to a tte n d w i thout financia l loss through absence from wo rk.

Eve ry co un ty, w i th one exception, has sent p a ti ents, and t h is fact aga i n indicates the national a s p e c t o f t he con c e rn.

of modernising vehicles already in use.

This illustration shows the clear gangway for loading the lower stretcher when only one is being carried

Tr ea tm e nt o f H ea d Injuri es 27 4

Tr eat m e n t o f o n t h e S p ot 27 -+

Fract ur e of A rlll In vo l v in g Elb o w 2 7-+

Si r Ar th u r Stan ley, G B E., Chairman of the Execut i ve Comm it tee, in the foreword of the r e p o rt , w r ites tha t " the report will show that the p oss ib ili ty of i nc reas i ng u sefulness for the Clinic, a nd ind ee d, t he co mp lete fruit ion of its present w ork, d e p e nds up o n ob tain in g sti l l greate r finan_ ci al su ppo r t. T h e n eed for accommodation for in-p a tient and spe ci a l ise d c onvalescent treatment is ur ge nt; th e R e s earc h Department is st ill limited b y l ack of fund s."

The a c co u nts s h ow a defic it of '£1,901

By Appointment.

on the year's working, the total expendit u re be in g £24,623.

It is hoped greatly to increase the li st of donations during 1935, and an appea l is being made with the object of increasing the activit ies of the Clinic.

St. Joh n Amb u lan c e Association

CANNOCK ClIASE. - The secretary of the Cannock Chase Centre, Mr. R. Payne, has received notification of the admission of Councillor Jonathan Hunter as Officer (Brother) and Messrs. Joshua Payon and Richard Walmsley, as Serving Brothers of the Order of St. John.

A vote of thanks on vellum has been awarded to Dr. J ames Stewart and Mr. Richard Martin, in recognition of many years voluntary work. Dr. Stewart has, for many years, been one of the judges of the annual colliery ambul a nce shield and cup competition, and is Divisional Surgeon of the Walsall Wood and District Ambulance Corps. Mr. Martin has been demonstrator at the classes held in the Te chnical College, Chasetown and is well-known as a member of the Cannocl>: Chase Colliery Rescue Brigade.

PLYMOUTII.-There has been a remarkable growth of work by the Plymouth and District Ambulance Service. In 1922 the cases carried was 3,020 whilst last year the number had increased by nearly 900 per cent. to 29,392. Adult invalids conveyed numbered 16,447, while the total of crippled and invalid children amounted to 11,075.

In connection with the appeal for the J. H. Beckly Memorial Central Ambulance Station, the staff of Messrs. John Yeo & Co., bave sent a collective gift of £81. The directors of the firm had previously donated £100 each.

When completed, this ambulance station will be one of the most up-to-date stations throughout the land. It will comprise :-

Garages for a fleet of high-powered ambulances, some of which have heating apparatus and air beds; telephone exchange connected with the latest type of police alarm posts; fire alarm installation giving a simultaneous call with the fire brigade; self-contained breathing apparatus; latest t y pes of resuscita tion appliances; oxy-acetylene plant for cutting out trapped persons from lifts, vehicles or machinery; floodlights for night wrecks; implements for approaching burning aircraft to remove the injured; device for rescue after electric shock.

Sir Arthur Watson, C. B.E., of Northam, and Mr. Harold C. Rowe, J. P., of Exeter, have been admitted as Officers into t he Order of St. John.

Both gentlemen have played important parts in the development of ambulance work in their respective districts, Sir Arthur Watson is a County Vice-President of the Association and Chairman of the Barnstaple Section.

Mr. Rowe was appointed Vice-Chairman of the Exeter Section on its formation in 1931, and succeeded to the chairmanship the following year on the resignation of Sir James Owen, J. P. He assisted in collecting, in 1931, £300 towards the cost of a new ambulance and two years later, through his initiative and efforts, the "Beatrice Fisher" ambulance was presented. In the following year Mr. Rowe secured permanent Headquarters for the Brigade Division and personally defrayed much of the expense of fitting and furnishing the new premises, while the new Buick saloon, for private removals! which W<,\-S brought into servi<;:e only a

fortnig h t ago, was another of Mr. Rowe's r,-enero u s gifts to the St. J ohn Service.

SEATON.-Reporting at the annual meeting of the Seaton and Beer Section, Mr. T. G. Clapp, secretary, said that the proceeds of a Bag day held during .the past year enab led the committee to purchase a 20-gull1ea wheeled htter. and also fit out several men with uniforms.

Mr. P. Palk, Brigade Secretary, reported that 39 cases had been attended during the year, whilst Mr. H. Miles (treasurer) reported a credit balance of £21.

Dr. A H. G . Smart spoke of the effiCiency of the Brigade in emergencies, and hoped the committee wo u ld appeal strongly to the young men of the district to join the division.

Minister of Tr a n sport a nd the S.J.A.A.

THE followi ng is a copy of a letter received by Mr. Hedley V. Miller, Director of the Plymouth and D istrict Ambulance Service, fromMr. Leslie Hore - Be lisha, M. P., Minister of Transport, regarding Plymouth's effort to have a modern Central Ambulance Station.

Ministry of Transport, 6, Whitehall Gardens, S. W. 1. March, 1935.

Dear Mr. Miller, Whenever there is an emergency, St. John Ambulance men are always prepared, and the work they perform so humanely is one of the highest practical examples of service for the community.

As Minister of Transport, I have cause to know what the toll of the road means to the country in general. Those who unfortunately suffer accidents- and we are all potential casualties-are grateful that there is such a Service as the St John Ambulance to tend them in their pain.

I am sure the people of Devonport and Plymouth recognise with appreciation your many years of devoted labour in this Service.

Yours sincerely, (Signed) Leslie Hore-Belisha.

(It is well-known that Plymouth-the pioneers of road am bulance service-is a go - ahead district. Only the best is acceptable to this Service and we add our congratulations to Mr. Miller and his band of will i ng workers on their wonderful effort. -Editor.)

---. _.

Forty Years Ago.

In this co l umn we are pub l ishing short extracts from the corresponding issue of FIRST AID of 40 years ago

"I think it wou l d be a good idea to a ll ow eve ry person who is sufficiently trained to possess s o me k i nd of a n o t ice that the public may observe when they have a fi r st a id man on the spot; and I shou ld suggest a stud the size of a shilling to fix in the button - ho le of the coat, the co lour to b e b l ue e n ame l with white letters and the centre draw in g in red,"-Ex;tr;lc;t f r om a letter,

Memories of 27 Years' Am bu lance Work*

By N. CORBET FLETCHER , M. A ., M.B., M. R.C .S.

MR . President and Gent lemen-The choice of subject for my address to you this evening is not mine . Your committee chose it; and, when I demurred your Secretary insisted that the wishes of the Committee ought to be put into action. So I am wondering if it is passing me a compliment or merely gi ving me a hint that it is time for me to retire from Am bulance Work. I have, therefore, consented with considerable difiidence, partly because the subject is so strongly personal and partly because memories are always fleeting and deceptive.

A. WORK WITH THE ASSOCIATION.

It is perhaps significant to note in passing that the Association and I were born in the same year. Thirty years later I found myself recently establ ished in general practice and a partnershi p with my father, a Scotsman and a man of a few words. While on my round one morning, in Septem ber 1907, I was told that my father had agreed to lecture on first aid to a class of railway men. Knowing that we - father and son-were useless as public speakers, I returned home to chaff him; but the mischief in my heart and on my tongue was quickly squashed when my father replied - " Fz'nt At'd LectU1"es! Junz'or Partner's Job!! Go and do it! ! ! "

(t) As Lectzwer.

Early in 1908 the Local Secretary, Ernest T. Milburn, a member of this Club, invited me to join the Medical Staff of the L. and N. W. Railway Ambulance Centre; and he told me that he was empowered to offer me a small fee or one free pass, adding that if I chose the former he would arrange the latter should the need arise. Needless to say, I promptly accepted the former; and I frankly confess that my active interest in first aid took or igin in its financial rewards which, however small, were nevertheless most acceptable to a young practitioner.

Looking back, I well remember my first course of lectures (1). I read the Textbook most assiduously to the class; but fortunately for me I was later to l d with much tact and discrimination by Milburn that members could do this for themse l ves. Later experience has made me question seriously if they do in poin t of fact read the

* An address given at a meering of the Hospitallers Club on 8th March, 1935.

Textbook before their re-examinations with the same care as they did for their first examination. Next, I prepared voluminous notes, which I also read. Again, my mentor pointed out the errors of my ways; and after 3 or 4 courses of lectures I began to master the subject and to dispense with lengthy notes. To this day, however, I make use of a sheet of notepaper with headlines of the principal points of each lecture in accordance with the Syllabus of Instruction of the Association.

In 1915, I entered into ambulance partnership with another member of this Club-Ernest Alfred Richards-at whose invitation I transferred my activities to the S. E. & C. Railway Ambulance Centre and with whose co-operation I advanced my experience in competition work. Together we have worked in perfect harmony to this day; and we have concocted some brain-searching problems for the representative teams of this Centre, before and after its amalgamation with that of the Southern Railway, the members of which have rewarded us by winning the Inter-Railway Shield nine times out of fourteen since the European \Var. Thus, it happens that from my ambulance birth to the present day I have been essentially a Railway first-aider.

In 1913, I published my first book - AIDS To FIRST AID. This consisted of my own aids to memory which I had composed to help me in my lectures; and it was written in emulation of the official AIDS TO MEl\IORY FOR FIRST AID ST UDE ITS. The latter in its essentials was the work of that wonderful first-aider, Dr. Frank Christian, to whom the Ambulance Movement owes so much, especiall y in the early and progressive development of competitive work. Though T never met him, I had conceived an intensive admiration for him and for the pioneer work which he did, even though I deemed mine to be the better book.

The publication of my first book in 1913 was evidence that I had mastered my subject; and it is interesting to recall that in the same year Lance Corporal E. T. Milburn who had guided. my steps in first aid and by reason of our dISCUSSIons had increased his own knowledge, won the Sleath Gent Cup for individual work in No.1 District.

Throuahout the European \Var I found myself retained for home service by the _ Iedical Tribunal; and I devoted every spare to teaching first aid. This period brought me Into

intimate association with the great James Cantlie for whom I acted as deputy and assistant, first at Regent Street Polytechnic and later at the of Ambulance. You officers of a later generatIOn cannot imaaine his all-absorbing enthusiasm for the work and the way in which he inspired all who came within his influence. He was the cleverest and wittiest lecturer, probably, of all and whilst drivin a home his points, he kept hIs classes keenly alert and interested. His devices for instruction were n urn berless ; and, as an exam pIe, I q L10te his trick of chalking out the course of each artery on his own clothing!

Shortly after his death chance brought me into contact with the late Dr. Mitchell Bruce, an eminent physician of his day. From him I learn.ed that Cantlie and he had helped Surgeon Major Peter Shepherd away back in 1878 and that they were "the kind and able co-adjators" to whom Shepherd refers in his preface to the first of the Association. This fact proved that Cantlte had a controlling influence on the official manual from its origin up to the 1908 edition. Indeed, he it was who converted first aid from a heterogenous collection of facts and instructions into a distinct science based on the same fundamentals as are medicine and surgery.

(2) As Competitzon Judge.

1\ly memory tells me that little change has taken place in the study of first aid, since the rank and file of yesterday were every bit as keen and enthusiastic as that of to-day. In the conduct of competitions, however, I have lived through the period in which these have been converted from tests of imagination and drill to contests as in actual e:11ergency.

My first com peti tion was held in 1908 at the \Vembley Summer Outing of the London District of the L. and N. '.lV. Railway Centre. The appointed judge having failed on the morning of the competition, my first aid parent, Milburn, asked me to act. I consented, although, as he was aware, I knew nothing about this branch of the work. In response to his request I named two injuries-a fractured pelvis and a torn brachial artery-as the sequelce to an aeroplane accident. He prepared the details on a half sheet of notepaper which he handej to me on my arrival. I still remember how tremendoLlsly the competing teams excited my admiration and how freely I proceeded to throwaway my marks; and, as it were yesterday, I remember Milburn stealing up behind me and in a tragic whisper begging me to save some marks for the last two entries-the crack teams! I t says volu mes for his marki ng sheets when I tell you that in the end the fight for first and second places lay between these two teams.

Labels giving the actual injuries were at that

AID.

April,

time tbe Currect procedure in competitions; and these usually took the form, as for examp le.. Treat tlu's man jor a jractw'ed thigh and remove to ltospziaL -100 yards a'way." a attem pts were made at staging the tests, wbich were usual ly based on drill and sim pIe first aid. Working as a novice and being desirous of seeing how the competitors would act in my first competition, I suggested that somethi ng should be done to depict the wreckage of an aeroplane Milburn did his part nobly, and indeed without much difficulty w hen we remem ber that the aeroplane of 1908 consisted main) y o[ a framework of wood. I n the \Vem bley Outing of the following year we further developed the staging becausewe felt that thiswould help judge and competitors; and in this competition we used forms to represent the compartment of a passenger coach in which we placed the com petitors. By this means we tested the competing teams on their methods of removing a patient through a narrow opening and also in their appreciation of the surroundings of the test. Even to-day 1 remember the blank look of astonishment on the face of one competitor who jumped out of our staging to get splints and bandages and who was promptly told that having leapt out of a fastmoving express he was lying dead on the lines!

To those who objected to stagiilg, and there were many among the judges and competitors of that time, I replied that, by the conditions then prevailing, competitors were expected to treat patients as in aClual emergency and that it was only reasonable to provide suitable representations of the tests as in actual emergency.

When I started, an exact diagnosis of the InJLlrieS was always supplied to the competing teams. Quickly I found myself among those who claimed tllat efficiency in first aid required also efficiency in diagnosis; and so it happened that, with the growth of efficiency in treatment, it became necessary to supply greater detail in the marking sheets in order to give the teams credit for work done, and that in 1910 I prepared my first detailed test, which I divided into 3 sections-Diagnosis, Treatment and Transport. Of course, in those days the problems of diagnosis were most simple, and the signs and symptoms were taken bodily from the Textbook. In this connection I remember that never once did I judge a competition without seeking and obtain ing the active assistance of the Organising Secretary; and to this fact I attribute entirely my success in the competition field.

In 1917, fora S E. &C. Railway competition, I first added to my card of instructions this warning-" The fudge will only answer queshons as to facts whz'ch competitors might discover £n actual emergency by the proper use of their senses" ; and at the same time I began to fake semblances of the supposed injuries. Such advances were not without their am using features; and I remem ber that

a competitor on one occasion actually pushed off a cork strapped on the clavicle in representation of a supposed fracture because, as he afterwards explained, he knew that I would not give marks unless competitors really examined for a fractured bone!! So .we gradually progressed until, for the correct solutIOn of the problem, competitors were required to make a complete diagnosis and then to apply the best available treatment, just as they wou ld have to do in actual emergency.

The question of, and the need for, a time lim it in com petitions followed shortly afterwards' and that was resisted even by the competitors fa; many a day Indeed, I remember that as late as 1924 in the Finals of the No. 1 District another member of this Club, Lawrence L. Franks, as Comp<:tition Secretary, came to me in great distress and said that in one com petition the Judge had told the first team that they could have as much

time they desired. I can still see the look of surpflse on the face of that Judge when at the allotted moment I, as District Suraeon suddenly in his corner, halted fhe and its members that their time was up and theIr test ended.

certain of my colleagues I am frankly of opInIOn. that the. elaborate and theatrical staging of to-day IS not StflCt!y necessary, and that fairness to the competitors is ensured if all the essentials of the picture of the emergency are presented before them; and I remember that in 1923 I worked out with the help of Messrs. Morgan and Pontin and by the use .of improvised material, the first staged test .In the Dewar Shield Competition, and SimIlarly In 1925 with the aid of Mr. Monteith, the first such staged team test in the Inter-Railway Competition.

(To be concluded.)

SKIN .

By C. I. ELLIS, M.D., C.M., etc.

( Coucluded page .:32-1 )

I V. Clot/zil1g, and Physical Collddlon of tlze A

As regards tbe air we have to consider (a) its hum.idit,Y and (b) its temperature, as governed by ven tdatlon as both play a part in the comfort of the skin and in regulation of the body heat.

High humidity of the air checks the evaporation of perspiration and, therefore, the loss of body heat and may eventually result in heatstroke. If air be dry .and the temperature of it very hIgh the skin perspIres profusely with consequent thirst and dryness of the mouth. This profuse perspiration is necessary because the higher the tem perature of the air the less heat the body radiates, so it has to rely on perspiration evaroration to cool it.

Stagnation of the air results in a moist layer of air surrounding the body, which checks the loss of heat by evaporation and may thus help in causing heatstroke

Air movement by replacing this layer of yvarm mo ist air by cooler and drier air is of the greatest importance in keeping the body cool. Durina work clothing hinders air movement and desi rable in cold " eather, the effect of clothes, by retaining a volume of moist air entangled in them, is to lessen cooling by evaporation. So in hot weather, bearing the chest, wearing shorts and

rolling up the sleeves the greatest comfort and allows of free evaporation.

Too much movement of the air, especially in cold weather, may result in too much heat loss and chilling of the surface of the body. During sleep when the tem perature of the body falls, because of the diminished activity of the body and also to the relaxation of the vessels of the skin, there is an increase in loss of heat.

1£ the skin is wrapped up its function is impaired. If the air circulates over it, as it does with the dress of the modern young woman, the whole body benefits thereby. Flannel or \yool next the skin, as in pre-war days is, therefore, not ad visable. There is no objection to the wearing of an overcoat during a long train journey, e.g., but this does not interfere with the natural action of the skin which ought to be encouraged, as wool worn next to it does.

For the aged, flannel or wool may be worn because they have poor circulation, but for the young and vigorous it is an unnecessary interference with Nature.

The young and vigorous, again, should not need thicker or more underclothing in the ,,-inter. V. Effects of Alcohol on the Skt'n.

Alcohol produces a sense of \\armth at first, due to dilatation of the skin vessels, but leads subsequent!y to loss of heat from the body. In the

same way as has been explained there is a loss of heat during sleep.

VI. Tile Skz'n as a lVJanufactory.

Besides being capable of absorbing certain medicaments when they are rubbed into it, the skin also manufactures useful chemicals which are carried by the blood all over the body to keep it healthy. . .,

In fact, it is an organ of metabolic actIvIty which is important in maintaining a balance of vigorous health. We are sometimes told "Procure a healthy skin and the joints will look after themselves." There is much truth in this saying. The judicious exposure of the human body to sunlight promotes the formation of vitamin D in the skin.

The ultra-violet light from the su.n acts on the fat in the skin, which contains the forerunner Ergosterol (pro-vitamin D), and makes it into vitamin D which is absorbed through the skin.

VII. Interjerence wzlll tile FUllctions of the Skz'n.

When a large surface of the skin is put out of action as the result of a burn or even from the application of a burnt cork or dangerous cosmetics for theatrical or fancy-dress purposes, the effects are known to be disastrous owing to the stoppage of the pores causing retention, within the system, of toxins and waste-products.

V I I I F1 >OgS and Dogs.

To some extent we breathe through our skin. The frog breathes still more through its mouth which is very thin, and has many blood vessels on its inner surface. The oxygen can thus be easily absorbed by the blood. All over the frog's skin there is a slimy liquid produced by tiny glands, and this substance helps the skin in breathing, whilst its evaporation in the warm air keeps the frog's body cool. Now, a dog has sweat glands only on the skin of its footpads so it is unable to keep cool by perspiring as we do. It therefore opens its mouth and pants or breathes quickly, in order to get rid of as much moisture as possible by its lungs; this cools it in the same way as perspiring cools us.

All the above duties are normally discharged so effectively and yet so quickly and unobtrusively that few of us realise their complexity, or their extreme value to our living bodies. We all know the expression" insensible perspiration" as compared with perspiring freely and visibly. So it is obvious that the skin is a com plicated organ performing definite functions.

"THE PLUMBER &. JOURNAL OF HEATING," 18. monthly) is THE paper for all progressive trade: • men - Office: 6, Cannon Street E.C

AlD. April, 1955.

St. Andrew's Ambulance Association.

The" Hannah" Trophy, the blue riband of the ambulan ce team awards in the S co ttish Central Counties, was won by the Greenhill (Bonnybridge) L. 1.S. team. Falkirk, L.N.E.R. No.2 were second and Larbert, L.l\[S., third.

The competion was held on March 10th, at Falkirk, when 13 teams c ompeted. Th e arbiters were Dr. J. Dry:idale Glaister , Glasgow, an d Dr. T. M. vVotherspoon, Glasgow. Dr. Ian M. Grant, Supt. Royal Infirmary, Glasgo\v, presented the shield.

The annua l inspection of Arbroath D. and A. Joint Line section of th e S.A.A. Corps was held at Arbroath Railway S ta tion, on March 10th.

The inspecting officer was Colonel George W. Miller, the Corps inspecting officer for the c ounty of Angus. There was a good turnout of members and Colonel Miller expressed his satisfaction on the efficiency of the section.

The annual co mpetition for the "Corporat ion" Cup under the aspices of Dund e e Centre, was held on Saturday, March 30th. The trophy was won by Dundee T ay Bridge Station No.1 Section. Dundee E a st Stat io n were runnersup, and Dunde e vV es t Stati o n o. 2 Sect ion third.

The annual c ompetitions of the St. Andr e w's Amb ul ance Association took place in Dumfries, on Saturda y Mar c h 30 th. The results were :-

" Livingston" Cup (Men) - 1 Carlisle, L. M. S. 157 ; 2 Fauldhead Colliery 154 ; 3 l\Ioffat and Beattock L.M.S. 9 9

" Li vingston " Cup (Ladies) - 1 2nd Annan Girl Guid es (seniors) 122.

" Dinwiddie" Cup (Boys)-1 Annan Academy Boy Scouts 1-1-5.

" M Geor gc " Cup (Girls)-1 2nd Annan Girl Guid es (juniors) 124.

The annual competition for the "l\l'Cosh" Shi e ld at Coatbridge resulted :

1 Kipps L. N. E. R. 1 o. 2 team, poin ts; 2 Kipps, L. N . E. R. No. 1 team, 268! points; 3 L. M. S. R. No. 1 team 266 points; 4- S c ottish Iron & Steel Co. Ltd 265 poin ts

National "Safety Fh'st" Association (I n c.)

THE National "Safety First" Congress will be held in London, at the Park Lane Hotel, on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, May 29th to 3)st, 1935.

According to the provisional programme several important and interesting subjects will be discussed! and the Committee are looking forward to a good attendance of delegates.

Full particulars, together with provisional programme and application form, can be had on application to the General Secretary, Lieut.-Col.

J. A. A. Pickard, D.S.O., Terminal House, 52, Grosvenor Gardens, London, S. W.1.

The St. /olzn Ambulance

Brzgade Reports.

No. I (Prince of Wales's) District.

The fi nal District Compe t itions were held at the Northamp t on I nstit ut e Saturday, April 6th, a large numher of members bemg present to witness the \York done.

Th e. j u?,ges in the men's tests were : "lIasseyChallenge Cyp-Asst. CommlsslOner Capt. F. E. Bendlx (team), Dlstnct Officer S. Piers (uniforms) " Osborn" Cha ll enge Shield (improvised) - Count; SU.rge.on G. R. Wrang-halll; "N inni s" Efficiency CupDlstnct Offic e rs T. and C. Fitch (team), District Office r F Clandge (ul11forms). District Officer C. E. Bower was the competition secretary and his organisation worked smooth ly.

The visitors l?resent included L ady Lawrie} wife of Slr. La,:'ne, Asst. Commissione r Metr opolitan Pollce, SIr PerCival \tVilkinson; Secretary-Gen e ral of the Order, Dr. N. Corbet Fletcher, Asst. Surgeon-in-Chicf, Mrs.. Goodley, wife of Capt. W. Goodley, the CommlSSlOl1er, .l\1r. T. O. l1ein (late G.E. (L.N.E.R.) Ambulance Centre Secreta r y) and others.

At the conclusion of the tests and whilst tea ,yas being partaken) Priyate F. E. Clifford No. 85 (Ealino ) Division, officiated at the organ.)

Captain VI. Goodly, M.C.} presided at the subsequent presentation of awards. Followin rr the usual custom the District Band headed the march of the competitors at \\hich the Commissioner took the salute. The Band also rendered selections including a slow march.

The Commissioner, addressing" the gatherin o exhi pleasure at the number spectators to wltness. the com12etitions There was, he said, nothing like competJtlOn to Improve the work of the Brigade. He hoped all members would keep up the high reputation of No .1 District on the occasion of the Jubilee CelebratlOns. They were honoured with the presence of Lady Lawrie who had graciously consented to present the prizes.

District Officer Bower then announced the results which were :-

" Massey-Mainwaring" Cup: 1st, horeditch, 39-1-· 2nd, G r ays, 3rd, South .l\let. Gas (Norman Road), 327; 4th, Hayes and Harlinrrton, 1 52}. The last team did not complete the tests.

"Osborn" Cha ll enge Shield: 1st L.}\I.S.R., 139; 2ncI, Cncklewood, 126; 3rd, South .l\Iet. Gas (E. Greenwich), 112; 4th, 'vVest Ham, 93. , Ninnis " Efficiency Cup: I t., Kensington 1961; 2nd, Stoke ewington, 196; 3rd, Cricklewood, 183!; -1-th, Royal Arsenal, 167; 5th, Nc \\ Cross, 150.

In addition to the aboye t r ophies, Lady Law rie presented the" Sleath " Gent. Cup (indiyidual) to Pte. H. W. Blowe r of Dao'enha m Diyisiol1, and also the Grand Prior 's Badge to Cadet Erwin of the Dagcnham Cadet Diyision.

In r eply to a Yote of thanks, Lady Lawrie expressed her pleasure at being invited to present the prizes. Shc was very interested in the work of the Brig·adc.

Di trict S ur geon Fenton thanked the judges, patients, the sto r es department and the stewards for their assistance.

Dr. Lund, seconding the proposal, r eferred to the i lln ess of Lieut.-Col. F. A. Brooks and expressed the hope t h at he would "o on b e fully recovered.

,:eport and r es ult of the Nursing Competitions appear 111 Our ).Jurses' Pages.")

The Eltham Division held its Annual Casal11 Ball On Saturday, March 30th} at the Parish Hall Eltham. '

The South London Fo?C Trot Championship was Judged Mr. Santos Casaril, who also gaYe exhibitions of dancll1g.

A very enjoyable time was spent by the members and fnends who patronised the event.

y e ry successful Dance was h eld by the Kl11gston Dn lslon on :;\larch 27th at The X evada Palais Kingston-on-Thames.

.1 early 100 people attended and danced to the aCCompal11ment of the Roleons Dance Band under the direction of :!'IIr. G. Rowe

Supt. C. \V. Sharpe acted as of Ceremonies yery. ably and distributed spot prizes throughout the even mg.

As is nearly always the case business was combined with pleasure. Acting on a suggestion of one of the compal:y, Supt. Sharpe a k ed if anyone present would help the Bngade on the Flag Day, July 20th, and quite a good response was forthcoming.

The Division is deeply indebted to J. Lo ft, the propnetor of the K eyada Palais, who has given the use of the Palais, free of co. t, fnr April 30th next.

No. II, District.

The Bedford County" Dewar" preliminary Competitions were held at Stel\'artly on Saturday, March 23rd. Four teams entered and the result was Fletton were placed first followed by La\" endon and Farcet and Yaxley, second and third respecti\"e ly.

The judges were Dr. C. K. .;\IcCone (team) and Dr E. Graham and H. E. Round (indiYidual) Corps Supt. Capt. C. C. In gle, as i ted by Corp Officer C. C. Riddle, ,,,as r esponsible for the excellent arrangements Banbury with 277 points gained the "Fur ley " Cup at the Oxfordshire County Competitions held on Saturday, March 30th, in the Town Hall, Oxford. \V est Oxford o T were second and " -cst Oxf ord third.

Dr. V. E. Audland, County Commissioner, ,ya ill charge of the arrangements assisted by County Officer F DearIe. The County Commissioner also acted as judge as did Dr. F. A. Benn.

Th e winner will compete in the District finals to be held at Reading.

\ VITXEY.-SUPt. J. C. Chesterman presided at the Annual Dinner of the \ i\Titney Diyi ion held on Tuesday, March 26th.

Ur. Huddleston, proposing "The Vvitney Divi sion," said the Division had now 26 members. The cases attended last year aye rage one eyery two days which wa5 ample indication of the usefulness of a body of men trained in first aid principles.

Supt. Chesterman replying, said they hac.: to thank a number of people. Mis Bliss and her V .A.D. Nurses had

been of great assistance, also Messrs. A. H Rowley, E. T. Leio·h d "Th bAmhulance Officer H. Howard propose e Visitors" and said he hoped some of the young men present' who were going through the .cl.asses would, on passing, join as fullm.embers of. the Dlvls10n. Insp. \Y. Pag'e, in reply, sa1d the polIce the Sl. John Ambulance' movement could co-operate 1n u.seful work, and he would always encourage the men under h1111 to take the course.

The Annual Meeting of the DIVI lOt? was at a date precedin o the dinner and at which Mlss Dons Mason, Lady President, pres1ded. h' h

Sapt. Chesterman presented his report for 1934. w. IC showed that steady progress had been made. attended were the annual inspection an.d the ded1catlOn of a new ambulance at Woodstock. Flfty.-one dnlls and practices had been held and the pubh.c dut1es attended had incrcased. The flag day was a finanClal success .. RclatlOns ith other bodies in 'Witney were of a cordial nature

Attendances were made on Armistice pay and the Annual Church Parade of the British Leg-lOn Cases. treated numbered 157 and 6 road accidents wh.t!st publ1c duties numbered 78. He lhanked lhe lady presIdent fer her help and kindness and also the Chai rman and mem 0 f \Vitney Council. Police Inspector Page at. all tImes assisted the division wheneyer on pubhc dutles.. The Attendance Bowl for 193-1- \yas \\'on hy Sergt. .E. Wdsden. III concludin o' his report, Supt. Chesterman sa1d he looked fOr\yard to ct'year of useful work.

The financial position showcd a balance, in hand and at the bank, of £50.

No. III. District.

The finals of the \Varwickshirc County Competitions werc helel on Saturelay, l\Iarch 30th, at Co\'entry:.

A large company witnessed the work done 111c1udmg the and l\1ayoress of Coventry (Alderman a!lel ;'1rs. T. E. Friswell), Capt. S. A. Hector (ChIef Constahle), and Commissioner Major]. Orton.

The results were:-

;,Ien: 1 and" 'Warwickshire" Shield, Foleshill and Longford, 198; 2 and ,( Bethell" Cup, Coventry 1801; 3, Holhrooks, 177.

Nurses: 1 and (( Orton" Shield, Foleshdl and I:ongford, 233; 2, Three Spires, 3, Wyken and Bmley, 175. . B d 1

Boy Cadets: 1 and "Hirons" Sh1eld, e wortl. Individual prize, W. O'Grady.

Girl Cadets: 1 and (( Gaskins" Shield, ..

The competitions were wellorg-anised, those asslst111g in the arrangements Corps Officer W. A. J ennl11gs and Corps Officer G. Ohver.

NU:-<EATON.-The Nuneaton Division has recently held two functions) the first a dinner) the initial effort, and the sccond a presentation meeting. .'

At the first function Supt. W. H. Harns preslded, supported by the May.or of. Nuneaton (Councillor S Deeming), Dr. L. E. Price (DIV Surgeon), Corps. 9fficer Bonham, and Supt. Ashby Randle (Gnff. P.lvlslOn), formerly the Superintendent of Nuneaton DIVISlOll.

The Mayor gave the toast of (( The Brigade" 1n culogistic terms.

'Corps Officer Bonham responded. During the last quarter of a century the Brigade had, he said., made O' re at headv\Tay. He referred to past history in competition and other work, making comparisons with present-day arrane;emenls.

Supt. Ashby Randle replied to t.oast of (( and Visitors." The Nuneaton D1V1slOn he sald was

founded in 1897 and it was possible that in the ncar [uture a Nuneaton Corps wo ul d be Supt. Harris 'stated that durt!1g l.ast year 1,700 cases had ,been treated whilst 68 exa111111atton passes had he en obtained.

A large gathering' was present at the meetino' over which Corps Officer Bonham pre,slded. Mayo/ and Mayoress, Councillor and Mrs. S. peenllng-, who presented the prizes, Alderman L. E. Pnce Supt. Harris and Lady Supt. Henley were among' tho e presel1t.

Alderman Price proposed a v'ote of thanks to thc 1\[ayor and Mayoress for presenting the awards

The Mayor, in reply, scud he was very pleased that the members were carrying on their splendId work.

..

Supt. Harris announced that a Nursmg Cadet DJ\'Ision had been formed and that the Mayor .1\Iayoress had kindly consented to give a cup for competItIOn.

The awards were as follows:-

1\1en: (( Mayor's" Cup, originally given by AIel. Price when Mayor, and presented this year by CounClllor Dcemino' for the individual test-1st, Sergt. G. A. Dyde; runner CorpI. L. C. Looms. Junior Medal-H. Grantham.

Nurses: (( Mayoress's" Cup, original given hy exMayorcss Mrs. Price and replica cup ented by the present Mayoress-1 st, ;,I[i s Emma GoodwlI1: runners up, Miss E Burdett and Miss K. Grovcs.

Other presentations includcd handbag and flowel: bowl to Mrs. M. Randle, on her retlremcnt aftcr 20 years service; certificate-s, \,ouchers, medallions, etc., to the 111 C:1 and nurses.

No. IV. District LANCASH1RE

LECTURES TO OFFICERS.-Thc yenue of thc third of thc series of Lectures to Officers was Liverpool, March 23nL About 100 Officers and Divisional Secretaries of l\os. lY and V Areas met at the S.J A.B. Headquarters, l Tpller Duke Street, when the chai l' "\'as taken 1)), the Commissioner.

The. same agenda was taken as aL prcviol1s meeting-s, hut 011 tllis occasion the lecture on (, The Order" \,,'as "'jven by District Officer Col. G. C. E. Simpson: "The 1'eachin o of First Aid," hy Corps Surgeon \V. Murray Cairns, (( Public and Organi ation," by Corps Officer W E. Searl; who deputised for Corps Supt Col. D. C. Leyland Orbon who was unable to be present. At the conclusion thanks were expressed to the lecturers and afterwards tea was provided in the Headquarters.

ACCRINGTO .-The annual ambulance comCJclition amon o works and other teams for the (( R. 1. Constantine " Shield took place at the Drill Hall, Saturday, March 30th, the L.M.S. Motl\ .e Power Dept (No. 1 Team) carrying off honours, WIth the L.M.S. Carriage and Wagon Department second, and the Accrington Boroug'h Police third. were team tests and individual tests, the team tesL being the treatment of a boy suffering' from a fractured leo' and concussion. Prizcs werc awarded to the first teams

The winning team aggrcgated points, only h(1l( a point separated the Carria.e:e and Wag'on Department team while the Police team finished 2 points behind the Shield winners. Other competitors were L.M.S. l\lotiyc' Power Department (No.2 team), 163!; Broad Oak, 1621; Accrington Fire Brigade, 155; S.J.A.B. ( TO. 2). S.J.A.R ( o. I)" 14n; Entwistle and Kenyon's team, 94. Thc judg'es were Dr. Woods (Great Harwood), and Dr. Sykes (Rosegrove), and the donors of thc prizcs, Councillor W. Smith (1st), the Mayor. Councillor Wilkinson (2nd), and M r. Hem)' Parkinson (3rc1).

April, 1935.

FIRST

The Mayor presented the prizes and the Chid Constable (Mr. E. H. Holmes), .P r esident of the Competition, thankcd the donol:s of prIze.s and officials. In spector Fletchcr, of Accnngton Poltce) acted as Competition Secretary.

HARROW-IN- FUR?\,Ess.-The anllual Whist Drivc and Rc - Union Dance was held at St. James's Hall, Barrow, when numerous meml5crs and friends were present including COLlllcillor and Mrs. J ones, and the supcrintendents and officcrs of the Ambl11ance and Nursing Di\·isiolls. COl1ncillor Jon cs presented the prizes and Amb. Offi,cers Il owie and Chapman acLed as M.C.'s for the dancing.

CLITIIERoE.-Brigade members spent a very happy evening at a social gathering held at the Co-operative Hall. Following a Hot-Pot Supper whist was played and song's were given by Mr. J. Vvehster.

HAYDOCK.-The dances organised by the members of the Haydock Divisions are usually very happy functions, and the last one, held in the West End Road School, was no exception. The Elite Band with their spirited playing kept the carnival spirit of jollity ali\'C, while Mr. Vincent Sandeman, the M.C., was largely responsible for the smooth working of the evening's enjoyment) together with the members of the Nursing Division who sen eel re freshments.

LIVERPOOL.-The RI. Nursing and Ambulance Di\' isiens held their annual social en l\(onday, March 11th, when 160 members and guests spent an enjoyable evening-.

Among the guest s were District Commissioner 'vV. G. Smith, O.RE., Col. G. C. E. Sim,pson, Col. D. C. Leyland Orton, .Corps Secretary Searl and l\Irs. Searl, Lad,r Corps Officer l\T rs. Ralli, and Lady Diy. S l1Pi. 1\1rs. Jones , all 0 f thc Liverpool Corps

Tn the absence of Col. Tennant) works manager, Col. Orton distributed the awards gained hy the members of hoth divisions during the year 193-+. He congratulated them on the fact that there had not heen a sing-Ie failure in either division during the year. He had heen in close touch with the divisions ±rom their hirth until now, and it was a great plcasure to him to realise the high state of efilciency they had attained under the Ycry able in truction of Div. Surgeon G. G. 'vV. Hay, Lady Supt. ilIolyneux. and Div. Supt. Pender, to whom considerable thanks were due.

A vote of thanks to Col. 0 rton was proposed by Ambulance Officer J. F. Antwiss (who wa congratulated on his promotion to that rank). and was carried with acclamati on.

After this short ceremony, the guests eithcr joined a whist drive or danced to the mnsic of the Revellers Band, spencling an enjoyable evcning until midnight.

No. V. District.

DONusTER.-Thc Annual Dinner of the Broc1sworth lorps took place at the Danul11 Hotel) Doncaster.

District Officer S. Bunting, Manager of Brods\\'ortl1 Collicry, presided and r esponded (0 thc toast (( Ambulance '\IrO\'clllellt and the Broclsworth Main Corps," proposed by ilk W. Humhle, mnn<'lging director of thc D.C.1\.. lIe sketchcd the history of the Corps in a sentcnce or t\\'o They had now 75 men in each of thc two divisions and 36 nursing sisters. He thanked Mr. Humble and the Colliery Company for the support they g'ayc to the 1ll0Yemcn t. Corps SU]1l. J. Turner pr0]10 eel the only other toa:tthat of "The ViS1tors "-alluding to the presence of the Mayor and Mayoress (Councillor (lnd Mrs. H. H. Done),

A I D. 257

:tv1r. Humble, Mr. E. Phillips and their olel frienll and ll1structor, Dr. Ashforth.

Th.e Mayor expressed his high admiration of the ze(11 anel skIll of the ambulance worker. Mr. Molson, l\T.P., also responded and allucled to the need for the ambulance movement at the mines.

Dancing followed the elinner and continned up to midnIght. Corps Officer B. J. Carr \Vas responsihle fiJI' thl l\I[es?fS. S. Bunting anc! \\!. Dale ':\1.c. s [or the danCIng.

HUKsLET .\ \'D HOLB£CK DlnSIQx.-At Lhe recent gen.el:al mccting the Secretary reported on thc excellent actJVlt1CS of the Division during 193-1-. Cases treated numbered 721, of 112 removed to hospital, ar;cl. dutIes car ned out hy the 47 memhers oi the Dl1'1Sl011 numbered 2,359. \Veekly clutie<; included thosc at theatre, cinemas and football grounds, whilst others 1l1cluded two large fairs (at which about 150 cases were treated), carniyals and also the City Ambulance outings in conjunction with the Leeds Corps.

A ati factory financial report was al 0 presented.

A Cadct Di"ision has recenlly becn registered and should provc of great alue to the parcnt body.

The Divisional Surgeons, Dr. Hollis and Dr. Adams, continue to be very acti\'e and cw'n greater efficiency efforts are planned for this \ ear.

At lhc Lecds Corp Coni'petition helel on March 16th, the di\'isional team were ag'ain snccc ful in ,vinnin o' the Shield for the third time. Lady District Sl1Pt. ;'Irs Blrkbeck prc en ted the trophy whilst Dr. J. E. Reuhen and Dr. E. Welch (Stanningley) acted as Judges. EIght teams competcd at the competition, Central. (Y.l\r.C.A.) and City (B) being second and thire! respectn'ely.

Thc member of the Hun let and Holbeck Diyic;ion are proud of thc fact that Diy. Supt. Daccus has been promoted to Corps Inspector of Storcs and, to show h e ir appreciation of his good ,,·ork in the Diyision, th c y prcsented him with a Barometer Hall et "'ith the that it would be (( set fair" in the future.

SeHral holders of thc Service Medal are still energetic memhers of the division including Di, Supt. E "Vest \\'ho has hcen placed in of the Diyisi oll.

LINCoLN.-Seyen teams competecl on Saturelay :;\Iarch 23rcJ, in the Annual Competitions of the Linc o ln Corps. The judges wcre Corps Surgeon Dr. J. A. Hadlc) Dr A. T. Fenner and District Officer F. Gibson, their awards being:-

Men's team te t: 1 and (( Lambert" Rose Bowl. Pte. Greenfield's Team. Runners lip and winncrs of Trafford" Cup: Pte. Chapman's team; (( Herbert Lord" Cup, for captain of champion team: Ptc. Grecnfield.

Men's individual test: 1 and' Newsul11" Challeng c Cnp, Pte J. Moore; 2, Pte. Chapman. -ur e team tcst: 1 and" Joan Gleg-g" Rose Bo\\ l, Nursing Sister Etherington's Team.

Nurses' individual test: 1 and" Golightly" ChallenQ' c Cup, Nursing Sister Etherington.

Cadets' team test: 1 and" Glegg" Challengc Shield, Cadct Poucher's Team.

Cadets' indi\'idual test: 1 and" A. 'vV. Foster" CliP, Cadet Harrison: 2, Cadet Radley; equal 1 Cadets TTolling- '\\,orth and Dohhs.

No. VI. District.

N EWOSTLE-ON- TYKE.- The 21st AnlliYersary Dinner of the Vickers-Armstrong-Armstrong-Whitworth Corps \Va held recently in the County Hotcl, e\\'castle-on-Tyne, Lt.-Col. W. E. Walkcr, T.D., presiding onr the function. The guests included l\Irs. \i\Talker) l\Iajor T. G. Bird. n. .0./ and iV1rs. Bird, l\Ir. Stanley Irving, l\J r. and Mrs,

FIRST

Carter Fox, County Commissioner Stanley Embleton and Mrs. Embleton, County Officer W. H. Pallett and Mrs. Pallett.

l\Iajor Bird proposed the toast of the Brigade, remarking on the help given by the Brigade to the Forces.

County Commissioner Embleton, responding, first congratulated the Corps on their 21 years' record and then gave a brief resume of the history of the Order.

The visitors were welcomed by Corps Officer B. F. Tree. Mr. Carter Fox, representing Messrs. VickersArmstrong, Ltd , and Mr. Stanley Irving, representing Messrs. Armstrong-Whitworth & Co., replied.

County Officer Dr. VI. H. Pallett presented a gold hunter watch to Ex-Corps Supt. P. R McNaught (Brigade Reserve). In his remarks Dr. Pallett outlined Corps Supt. McNaught's career from his appointment as Amb. Officer in 1915 to his retirement to the Reserve, at the age of 65, in the concluding months of 1934, stressing his record for reliability and thoroughness throughout this long period.

Corps Supt. McNaught, in his reply, thanked the members of the Corps for their loyalty and goodwill during his period of service and gave a brief resume of the events which led up to the formation of the Corps.

Corps Supt. J. R Logan, in giving the toast of the Chairman, rema rked that no one was more fitted to occupy the chair than Lieut.-Col. Walker who had always proved himself a great friend of the Corps. During the course of his remarks, Corps Supt. Logan revealed that there were 107 members of the Corps working in the firms of Vickers-Armstrong and Armstrong-WI{itworth, and that the Corps had 55 members in the auxiliary services, viz., 20 in RN.A.S.B.R, 20 in M.H.R and 15 V A.D.'s Lieut.-Col. Walker, in his response, assured the members that the firms continued a growing interest in the Corps. Referring to the question of gas attacks. he assured County Commissioner Embleton that the War Office would i sue the necessary textbook in time and expressed the opinion that there was no organisation 'more fitted to handle the problem of the protection and education of the civil population in the event of gas attacks than the St. John Amhulance Bri g ade.

No. IX. District.

The Annual Competitions of the Dorset County were held on Saturday, March 23rd, at Poole, when there \\'ere keen contests for the awards.

Those present included County Commissioner Dr. II. Raider Heath, County Surgeon Dr. E. S. Bowes, Corps Supt. Major F. O. Chappell (Bournemouth), Lady County Officer Mrs. Lansdown, Corps Surgeon Dr. H. Dewar (Poole).

The trophies were presented by the Mayor (Councillor A J. Dacombe) as fo11ows:"Shaftesbury" <:,up (Senior Men): 1, Poole, 18]} pomts; 2, Portland, 1/4; 3, Weymouth.

Dorset Junior Cup (Junior Men); 1, Portland; 2, Poole; 3, Weymouth.

"White" Bmvl (Nurses): 1, Weymouth; 2, Parkstone; 3, Poole.

The judges were Miss Lambert (Cornelia Hospital) Drs. G. S. Small (Poole), Sanderson and (Bol1rnemouth) and Devereaux) Sykes and Parkinson (Weymouth).

The Commissioner heartily thanked the Mayor for hiS attendance and handed to the Mayor for conveyance to the Mayoress a book g;ivincy the histOl=y 0 f the Order of St. John. He thanked the G'"overnors of the School for the buildings at their disposal.

The 111 reply, recaJled his first acquaintance WIth the .Bngade years ag;o in Southampton, when he had quahfied for hIS certificate.

A I D. Apri l, 1955.

The competition was arranged by the Corps Secretary (Corps Supt. J. M. O'Hara).

ILFRACOMBE.-An appeal for increased public support was made by Major S. R. Gibbs, M.e. (Asst. County Commissioner for North Devon) at an American Tea organised by the Infracombe Division last month. Over 300 were present.

Dr. F. H. Hollingshead, Div. Surgeon, stated that the Division had made quiet but steady progress in recent years. Last year members won the "Lady Forrester" Cup at Bridgwater in the face of competition from West Somerset and North Devon Divisions. The abject of the tea was to raise funds so that the competition could be staged in Infracombe this year and also to provide new equipment for the men.

In the course of a very interesting addrcss, Maj or S. R Gibbs said the Division was not merely a body of men who were collected to learn first aid: they must be men of good character. The duties of the Association, on the other hand, was to look after the interests of the Brigade and provide as many classes as possible.

After outlining the history of the Order of St. John, which rendered first aid to pilgrims in Palestine 1 000 years ago, Dr. Gibbs concluded by congratulatin cr ' the local Division on its excellent progTess. In this cobnnection, he appealed to the public to support what was undoubtedly one of the worthiest causes in Great Britain. He also thanked Mrs. Penn-Curzol1, Mr. James Armstron o' (Vice-President), Major F. H. Thomas (Chairman), F. G. Pilley (Patron) and Mr. Bearcroft (Secretary) for their loyalty to the local Diyision.

PENZANC.E.-Increased actiyities were reported at the annual meetl11g: of the Penzance Division at which Dr. G T. Symons, County Officer, presided. Supt. D. McIntyre stated that. the ambulance mileage for the year wa-s 2,301, 128 of which werc covered to attend accidents includin o 22 road accidents, which showed an of eio ht.

The strength of the Division had increased by nine, tob30. The members had rendered first aid in 436 cases and there been 369 removals of patients to and from the hospital 111 year. The ambulance needed replacing. All attend111?," the annual examination had passed as efficient. Employers. were thanked for allowing men time off to attend aCCident cases, and the Western National 'Bus Co. for supplying drivers in urgent cases.

The Chairman stressed the necessity for a new ambulance, and regretted that the Division had not entered for any competition.

No. X. District

The IIertforc1shire County Competitions were held al Welwyn Garden City.

Apr i l, 195 5. FIR S T borough), team; Doctors G. G Gillam (Bungay) and D. WaJl1wng'ht (Yarmouth), practIcal; Dr. May Rutleclo e (Norwich), oral. b

The arrangements were carried out by County Officer W'. H. Balls and Corps Supt. S. E. R Scott, who were asslstec1 by Corps Officer E. Gooeh J Sergt.-Major H. Staff, Sergt. J. HIgh, and Mr. R Tuttle.

Among those present were Div. Supts. H. Oglesby (Yarmouth), R L. Randall (Cromer), P. D. Partriclge (Aylsham), S. Harper (Norwich).

Colliery Ambulance New s.

DURHAM, CLEVELAND AND WESTMORLAND DISTRICTS AMBULANCE LEAGUE.

The annual competitions of the above reached a surcessful conclusion when winners of the preliminary rounds competed at Durham for the" Donald Bain" and" Elizabeth Bain "Shields. The former is for the senior event for which 74 entries were received, and the latter for the juniors 31 teams originally com peting.

The judges were: Seniors, Dr. YV. F. J. Whitley (M. O. H. Northumberland) and Dr. W. Hudson of Bedlington. Juniors, Dr. W. F. O'Kelly of Boldon, and Dr. A Wood ward of SunGerland.

Representatives of the coalowners and H. M. Inspectors of Mines, were among the large and interested gathering

Mr. T. Greenland-Davies (Chairman of the Leacrue and Chief Inspector of Mines in th.:: Northern Area) ;resided over the subsC'quent presentation meeting supported by Mr. Peter Lee (General Secretary, Durham Miners' Association) the judges and others.

1\1r. George \Vatkin, J. P., the han. secretary of the League, announced the results as follows :-

Seniors.-1, "Donald Bain" Shield, gold medals and " Dillon" Cup, Eppleton Colliery, 289 marks; 2, "Committee" Cup and silver medals, Bearpark Colliery, 275 3, " Heath" Cup for stretcher work, Horden, 256; 4, Craokhall, 245; 5, Murton Colliery, 243; 6, Challoner, Guisborough.

Juniors.-1, "El zabeth Bain" Shield, Eden Colliery, 231 ; 2, Easington, 229 ; 3, Horden, 225; 4, Ouston, 217; 5, Bowburn, 215.

Mr. Lee presented the awards. In doing so he recalled his early experience in ambulance work some 47 years ago. He was pleased that the people in the co u nty had taken up ambulance work so enthusiastically. He intimated that gold and silver medals and perhaps a shield might be forthcoming from the Miners' Welfare Committee of Durham.

Yarmouth Ambulance Conlpetition s.

The annual team competitions arranged by t!le Yarmouth. Ambulance Centre, were held on aturday, March 23rd, In the Town Hall, before a large assembly of spectators.

senior and junior teams ""ere set to work separately but Simultaneously and some excellent work was witnessed. One case was that of a man shot at close range and the other ": painter at work who fell from a platform.

The adjudicators were Lieut.-Colonel M. 1\IacE\\'an, Capt. R. 1. Hyder, and nlrs. 1\1. MacEwan, who is also a doctor, and all were from Ipswich.

. An interesting demonstration of apparatus used to revive the apparently drowned and of other apparatus used in gas and sewer cases was Riven between the competitions by members of the Yarmouth Police Force.

Before the presental ion of prizes hy the Mayoress, the Chief Co.nstable (Mr. B. W. Smith), thanked all the helpers particularly Mr. F. Whall contributing to the stag-ng of one of the 6 nest com petlons ever held in the hall. had acquired a knowledge of first aid since the InauguratIOn of the centre at Yarmouth. The Chief Constable also expressed thanks to the ,. patients." He congratulated Miss Fiddy on winnin a the vVomen's Senior Cup for the third year in succession. '"

The results \,-ere ;-

Men's Senior Section (Borough Ambulance Bowl) 1 Police A, 275 2, Lacon's 221 3, L. N. E. R., 220. " len's Junior (Borough Ambulance Cup).-1, Gorleston 168; 2, Lacon's, 16S ; 3, St. John's (Yarmouth), 15S."

-Women's Senior (Palmer Challel1cye Bowl).-1 Grout's B. 207t ; 2, St. John's, 160. l'>

Women's Junior (Grout Challeage Cup).-1 Red Cross 156t ; 2, Science School, 128.

The individual results were ;-

1\len's Senior. - 1, Albert George, 66. 1\len's J unior.-1, Albert Hardy, -I9 t yVomen's Senior - 1, Rose Fiddy, 61. \Vomen's J unior.-1, Janet Bloom, 38t.

The H ospitallers' Cl

ub.

.

The .Nursing Competition was won by Welwyn Garden City team, who were awarded the" H. Lano'ley Jones" Cup, followed by Letchworth and St. Albans second and third respectively.

The Hitchin team were sLlccessful in the 1\Ien's County Cup, Letchworth Ibeing second and Hatfield third.

At the conclusion of the tests COLlnty Commissioner I-:1, Langley J the cups and commented upon the fact that Hltch111 had won for the second successive year. They were also the holders of the" East Ana-lian " Cup in the District competitions and the Eccles" Cup.

An eliminating contest for the" East Ano-lian" Cup was held at the Norwich Lads' Club by kindbpermission of Mr. J. H. Dain (President of Norwich Corps) on Saturday, March 30th. There were five entries the result being;: 1, Yarmouth; 2, Cromer; 3, 4, Aylsham; 5, Attleborough.

The judges were: Dr. W. T. M. Gentle (Attle-

Dr. Whitley, replying to a vote of thanks to the judges, gave criticisms on the \vork and emphasised the importance of not jumping to conclusions

Tribute was paid by Mr. Greenland-Davies to the admirab le work of 1\1r. Watkin, the secretary, and the excellent arrangements he had made. He also spoke of the boys who had been the ., patients , They had been most patient and he tha n ked them on behalf of the Committee

YORKSIlIRE COLLERIES AMBULANCE LEAGUE.

Twenty-nine team.s took part in the sem i- final rounds of the "Wood" Shie ld competition, which were held on Saturday, March 23rd, at Leeds, Pontefract, Barns ley, Tankersley and Doncaster. The winners will compete in the fina l which is to be hdd o n Saturday, April 27th, at yVombwel 1.

In t h e p r eli mina r y ro u nds, held on March 1st, 158 teams competed.

ON Friday, lVlarch 8th, the members of the Club were addressed by Dr. Corbet Fletcher, Assistant Surgeon-in-Chief, S.J.A.B. He gave a very interesting talk on his memories of 27 years ambulance work. At the request of the Com mittee, readers will have the opportunity of reading his talk, which appears on another page of this issue.

At the conclusion of his talk Dr. Corbet F letcher was thanked for his interesting address.

E v ery penn y s pent on a d ve r tising cre ates prestige , standing and r eputa ti on fo r t he firm th a t spends it. It ma y not be di sc e r nable in i mmediate result s, but the effe c t is cert ai n and the power cumu lative

Przory for f/f/ales.

HEADQUARTER OTES.

At meetings of the Council and Ambulance Committee at which the Honorary Solicitor, Mr. H. 1\J. Ingledew, presided on ,\larch 26-th, it was agreed that a letter of thanks and appreciation be sent to Corps Officer S. F. \\'hite, of B1aena\'on, for the prompt and courageous manner in which he rescued a n injured 1l1an from a burning house. His timely appearance was for an elderly man appears to have fallen uownstairs carrying a lighted oil lamp ,,,hich broke, the running oil becoming alight. Smoke from a window attracted the notice of Ir. White, who immediatelv entercd the house and carried out the groaning man he lying at the foot of the stairs i,:to and gave the alarm. Such conduct on the part of Bngade Officers upholds St. J ohn traditions and is highly commendable.

It was reported that investigations are to be made by a representative Sub-Committee to be called together by Lieut.-Col. J. E. H. Davies, D.S.O., :\l.R.C.S., L.R.c.P., of \Vr('xham, in to the rescue operations followi 11 0' the CO.lliery with a "iew to tonous sen'lces being recognised by Life Saving Awards of the Order.

On the application of the COl1lmissioner for 1\Ierionethshire, the services of Dr. David Richard Ed,,'ards of Corwen were recognised by appointment <IS an HO;10rary '\Iember, \\'hile Dr. John Frederick Scales, Penrhiwceiber was elected the. Examining Staff of the Priory.

The registratIOn of four new Divisions in the Brecknockshire Centre was reported, viz ., Llan \.vnhwl Am bulance Brecon and Llanell}' Hill Tursing and Builth \\Tells 1 ursing Division; and the Duffryn Aman No. 2 Cadet Ambulance, Aberdare Centre.

The thanks of the Priory were accorded to l\lr. D. 1\1. for Glamorgan, for his generosity 111 presenting two Huts which have been leased to the ot the Prio;}, as Ambulance Headquarters for the DIViSions at Seven SIsters and Banwen at a nominal ot a. shilling per annum. The acquisition of a home of ItS own I.S the natural aim of almost e\'ery Unit; and the lack of SUitable is. a very real handicap. There are twenty bUlldll1gs vested 111 Priory Trustees and half a dozen schemes are in progress-mostly by means of labour. Know.ing the difficulties and uncertainty

In. large s.ums 111 the colliery districts, however, DIVISIOns of the Bngade have become duly cautious and are to "let reason go before enterprise." Colliery have come to rescue. in numerous cases hy p,acln b SUitably adapted disused colliery premises at the disposal of Units free of cost.

SUMl\L\RY OF PAST YEAR'S RESULTS.

!he annual report of the Principal Secretary and CommiSSIOner for Wales (the Hon. John H. Bruce) for 1934 (rives proof of the capacity of the Order of St. John to b survive the of economic disturbance and stress.

A chart printed in the 1933 report illustrated the Priory'S proud boast of al: u.nbroken series of annua l in crea"es in the ASSOCiatIOn awards issued in the Principality since ItS 1I1.ceptlOn.; and althoug-h the number of successful e:"am1l1ees, ViZ 16,183, is 206 less than the 1933 total the VItal fig.ures-?s one may fairly reg-ard the senior awards in companson With the preliminary certificates-show an increase .of The decrease in junior stude nts is acco unt ed for mall11y 111 the fact that early in the year the la st instal

ment of the grant frol11 the Pilgrim Trust had been absorbed following a strenuous campaign covering a period of years to enrol and equip Cadet Units by means of a twothirds towards text books, examination expenses and uniform.

After deducting the membership of six "\I11 ;';ulancC', and two Cadet Ambulance Di\ isions which were disbanded as inactive, the strength of the Brigade in 'Vales at December 31st shows an increase of 828 on 1LJ33. A is formation of eight new Nursing I?LVISi.OI1S as there JS conSiderable room for expansion in this directIOn. A questionllaire circulated recently amonO' Ambulance Divisions in the" Special Areas" elicited fact that there are definite openings for the immediate of fifteen Nursing Units, provided financial aSSistance were forthcoming. The diHicult conditions under which the Brigade is working in the latter districts is emphasised by a summary prepared recently which shows that out of a total membership of 4,028, permanently unel11ployeu number 1,294, while 1,458 are without uniform and only ?30 are in possession of greatcoats. TakinR those facts II1to account, the following comparison of strength for the past three years might be considered satisfactory.

April, 1935. FIR S T

whom there 62 with an aggregate membership of 2:>,000 or other bodies of men, I)f which there are 42 coveri n;:; 3,500 persons. The same scheme has been taken up by the general public in 29 Districts in which nearly 3,000 subscribers have been enrolled.

\Vhil e 2 Depots were opened in 19.1+, 2 ceased to functIOn, lea vlI1g the lIumber in operation at 35.. With five ex.ceptions all are worked by Cnits of the BngD:de ; the Issue of 4,726 articles of invalid equipment with the attendant tasks of recovering and cleansIng of articles represents the devotion of considerable lime and energy.

Nine ne.v trophies were presented for annual ambulance in 1934, bringing number of cups and .to 108, valued at £2,289 3d Od., which are vested In and Insured by the Priory.

ApPOlNnlENT OF OFFICIATING CHAPLAIN.

His r:-0yal the Duke of Connaught, K. G., as Grand Pnor, has Reverend Canon J. A. Lewis as the secon? Officlat1l1g Chaplain for 'Vales. By this reCClmmendation, the Priory's right to two OfficiatinO' Chaplains was exercised for the first time-the the Bishop of Llandaffhaving been by the Grand Pnor to succeed His Gntce the Lord Archbishop of "Vales and now the Vicar of the Parish Church of St. John, Cardiff, who has identified himself with the annual ceremonies and whose appointment is calculated to forO'e another link with the Church in which an Annual Service, in 1934, will provide an opportunity for the rededicatIOn of members of the Priory to the Order's task once a year.

BRECKNOCKSHIRE CENTRE COMPETITIONS.

AID. 261

COMPETITIONS AT ROYAL "VELSH SlIO\\·.

Ope.n for teams of men and women holdingthe and a contest for St. John Will held 111 connection with the Royal Welsh Agn.cultural Show .at CGCrnarvon on Friday, 26th J ul y. Full detads obtained from the Priory for \"ales, - Cardilf, PnnCIpal Secretary is as usual acting as Honorary DIrector of A.mbulance at the show.

Coming Events.

The Edilor will be pleased to recei\e particulars of forthcoming events for inclusion (free of charge) under this beading.

\PRIL.

26.-Londol1 and Nortb Eastern Raih\'ay Group Competition, :\Iarylebone.

27.-Yorkshire Collieries A,mbulance Lea'yue "\\'ood" Shield Competition Final, Wombwell. ::. ,

27 -Harworth Colliery Corps, S.J.A. B., Annual Open Competitions, Bircotes Colliery, near Doncaster.

30.-London, 1\lidland and Scottish Railway Final Cc 111petitions, Liverpool.

30.-Southern Railway Final Competition:;, Southern House, Cannon Street.

l\IAY.

Complete returns have not been received from more than 213 of the 293 Senior Divisions but despite this deficiencvof reports the 47,785 recorded cases treated is 14,968 more than the figure for 1933. Assistance was aiven in connection with 1,023 road accidents and 46 RoadJde First }\id Huts and Posts are being l11aintained by BriO'ade Units. EiO'ht of the Nursing Divisions atte nd h osp ital s :;nd clinics for tary duty.

The Motor Ambulance Transport Service was extendcu by. the (,pening of a new Station at Trimsaron, Carmarthel1shir.e, to supp lel11C'nt the Tumble Car in serving Jocal and workmen to the scheme. This ')rtngs the number of Stations to 17, operated by 21 cars and the total of cases and mileage was 11,518 and 222,366" an of .2,413 and 38,554! respecti\'ely in 1.93.3. 1 :ventY-lltne colltery co mp an ies, co\'el-ing 66 colhe:le s With approximately 42,000 men, contract with the Pnory for the removal of cases of accident or sickness to hO m e or hospital, the charge for which is at the rate of one rer annum per man employed. Ten other Companies alld Organisations are subscribing on a simi lar basis 11"1 of 2,500 persons. An unlimited call upon the SerVice for removals involving- a maximum of 60 miks in case of acci.dent or sickness neces:,itating the use of an ambulan ce. is given to subscribers and their dependents who contnbute at the rate of 1el. per week as mcmbers of Colliery

The Annual Centre Competitions were held at Brecon on and the. popularity of ambulance work: which IS such rapId progress in this county under t1:e enthusiastic and able leadership of the Commissioner, Lteut.-Col. C. G. Cole-Hamilton, C.1\1.G., D.S.O., Chief Constable for Brecknockshire, was indicated in the larO'e company \, hich to witness the conte ts, tho.se pre ent bell1g the Lord Glanusk (Centre President), Lady Glanusk, the Hon. Mrs. Alistair Cooper (Lady President), Commander and Mrs. A. T. L. Wilson the Commissioner and Mrs. Cole· Hamilton Assistant G. Roblings, Captain D. Francis, Staff ODlcer A. Coppage, Deputy Chief Constable D. T. Evans, and 1\Ir. \V. 1\labon Abraham, who assisted as competition secretary.

The adjudication was undertaken by Dr. A. 1\1. Treharris; Dr. S. l\lcCormac, Newport; Dr. G. L. Pierce, Abercynon; Dr. Emrys Owen Neath' Dr D. W. Fryer, Abergavenny, and Dr. N. K. J;rd an, B;econ: Their awards were as under :-

Open Competition (President's Shield).-1 Clydach " r\," 20? .marks: 2, Y stradg),nlais, 201 ; 3, 183; 4, Pontsttctll, Novice (Gough Shield).-1, Y tradgynlais, 181 marks; 2, E·rwood, 147; 3, Clydach "B," 130; 4, Penderyn, 113iNursing Competition (Cooper Shield).-1, Brecon, 179; 2, Llanell), IIill, 143; 3, Ystradgynlais, 86. Cadet Competition (N.l]. T. Cup).-1, Abercrave, 253 marks; 2, 222 ; J, Ccfn, 220 4, Ystradgynlais, 219 ; 5, Builth, 195.

Cup Competitions, Open Individual,-Pte. G. A. Hibbert (No.2), Clydach; novice, Pte. L. Havard (1 o. i), .Pte. D. C. Thomas (No.2) Ystradgynlais (divided) Nursll1g Ambulance Sister Eluned Jon es (No.3), Br con; cadet, Cadet Howard Jones (No.5) Abercrave.

The Judges com pI i mented all the teams on the hi O'h standard of efficie n cy displayed; and the awards were ented by 1\lrs. Wilson.

.of London Special Constabulary Indi\'idual COIllpetitIOns.

3. -Great \Vestern Rail\yolY Final Competitions, Paddington.

4.-Priory for \\'ales, S.].A.B., Units Inspection, Cardiff.

4.-Surrey and ussex Cni's 8 DistrIct), S.J..\.B., County Competitions, Eastbourne.

10.-London, Midland and Scottish Railwa\" \\"ollll'n's Final Competitions, London. J'

11.-Sharl ton and District Ambulance Association, Individual and Team Competitions, Sharlston.

11.-No. 8 (Duke of Connaught's) District Final Competitions, Gillingham.

H.-Red Cross Day.

15.-City of London Special Constabulary « Sir William Smith" Cup Competition. -

17.-Investiture of the Order of St. John, London.

21.-First Welsh ational Passenger Transport Ambulance Competition, Cardiff.

24.-Inter-Railway "-1.l11bulance Competition, 'Yharncliffe Rooms, Hotel Great Central, London.

28 -London and 1 orth Eastern Railway International Competition, Glasgow.

31. -St. ] ohn Ambulance Brigade Final Competitions, Hotel Great Central, London.

JUNE.

l.-No. 1 (Prince of ·Wales's) District Annual Inspection. Hyde Park.

When you write to any of our Advenisers kmdiy mention FIRST AID. It dosen't cost you anything and it pleases the Advertisers, and Us

April, 19.35.

Rat/way Ambulance lVews.

The In ter- Railway Competition.

On Friday) March 29th, the preliminary competition for the ungrouped railways was held at St. J Ohl1'S CCltc with the following result: 1st, 1\lidland and Great orthern Joint, 256 marks; 2nd, Southern and L. LS Joint (Somerset and Dorset), 232; 3rd, Metropolitan Linc, L.P.T.B., 222; 4th, Cheshire Lines Committee, 20l. Dr . R. B. Duncan, of London; officiated as judge.

The Midland and Great Joint team "will, therefore, compete in the final, to be held on May 2-J.th, together with hvo teams from each of the four great railways.

Great Western.

FISIIGUARD AXD GOOD\vlcK.-The annual presentation of awards to members of the Fishguard and Gocdwick Ambulance Class took place at the Ambulance Hall., Goodwick, where a large and enthusiastic company assembled under the presidency of Captain R Sharp, who was supported by 1\Ir. F. Yeomans, Station Master, and Mrs. Yeomans, Councillor B. :\Iiles Thomas, Chairman of Fishguard and Goodwick Urban District Council, Councillor D. T. Evans) President of the class, and other local officials. 1\lr. J. F. Lean, Principal Assistant to the General Manager, who was accompanied by l\Irs. Lean, presented class certificates and other awards.

He congratulated the Fishguard senior team in getting into the semi-final competition, and hoped they would win their way through to the final in :\Iay. He was particularly gratified at the large number of beginners' teams in the competitions. In referring to the good work done by railwaymen in actual accident cases, particularly on the roads and in home circles, 1\1r. Lean said the standard set by Dr. Terry was an extremely high one.

Mr. G. H. Taylor, secretary, submitted his annual report of progress, and Councillor B. Miles Thomas the challenge shield and prizes to the three winning competition teams.

PADDINGTON.-A large and enthusiastic company assel':lbled in the G.W.R Institute, Paddington, on the eyer:llng of March 27th) when Mr , J. F Lean, Principal ASSIstant to the General Manager and Chairman of the Central Ambulance Committee, presided. The occasion was the annual concert and distribution of trophies, prizes and awards to the Paddl11gton, Hayes and Acton ambulance classes; and among those present were Mr. A. S Mills, District Goods Manager, Mr. F. Sealey, Hotels Department, and Miss C. A. Ault, Ambulance Centre and members of the No 37 (Paddington) DlVlslOn of the S.J.AB.

Mr. Lean congratulated the Paddington Ambu l ance DIVISIOn, and Mr. R F. Bo r rough, their Divisiona Sec r etary, on thelr exce ll ent record, and hoped new members would ;:ontinue to join the ranks. Up to date no fewer than 1,/18 members ,of staff held the Company's gold for 15 years efficlency, and of this number the DIv.1s1on held He particularly complimented the Ealmg Paddmgton teams, winners of the "Ernest Palmer and "Frank Potter" (begl11ners) Sh1eld respectIvely. M r s. Lean, who received

a houquet at the hands of l\Iiss Anne Borrough, presented the trophies, prizes and medal awards. Artistes fr0111 the Swindon Branch of the Social and Educational Union provided a varied and enjoyable programme.

IRoNBRIDcE.-Awards gained by members of the Ironbridge Ambulance Class were distribuled by M1'. II. J. Peacock, Div Supt., Worcester; at a Smoking Concert helel at the Swan Hotel on March 25th, when 1\1r. H. VV Gough presided, and was supported by 1\1r. F. Insalt 1\Iaster, 1\Ir. S. G. IIearne and M1'. W J. \Vait, Dl\'ISlOnaI Ambulance Secretary During the evening a presentatIon was made by the cha1rman on behalf of the class members to Mr, F. IIill, as an appreciation of his services as instructor.

TIVERTOK.-The Seyen Stars Hotel, Tiverton, was the scene of an enjoyable musical eyening held on l\Iarch 15th under the auspices of the Tiverton Ambulance Class) ",hen 11r. J. G. Hubert) Station Master. presided. Duril1O' the e\:ening R VV. IIiggins, Di\', Supt., who was WIth mUSIcal honours, presented a,Yards o'ained at the 193-1- examination, and in the course ot an inspiring speech, the class upon having re-formed, and havmg' achIeved 100 per cent. successes in eX:l.mination So far as was known., said Mr. Higgins, this wa the first social evening held aillong members of the station staff, and in thanking them all for their co-operation he hoped it would be the forerunner of many other; as enjoyable.

\ i\TOLVERIIAMPTON - The annual distribution of ambulance awards to classes in the Birmingham Division took place at the Co-operative Hall, vVolverhampton 011 1\1arch 29th, the occasion being a smoking' concert held under the presidency of 1\11'. H S. B. Whitley, Div. Engineer. Among those present were the Mayor of Wolverhampton (C?uncillor Christopher) J.P.), 1\11'. J. F Lean, PrInClpal ASSIstant to the Gen'eral Manao'er Alderman Baldwin .Bantock, 1\11'. R. II. Grey, Loco 1\11'. vV. E. Hart, DlV Supt., and l\Ir. F. K. Pelley, District Goods l\Ianager.

The ::\tJ:ayor presented awards to memllers of the Wolverhampton and Bilston Classes, and Mr. Grey those gal11ed by the Stafford Road Works Class. Mr. Lean p:esented the "Felix Fellows" Cup for Beginne r s' indiVIdual work to the Wolverhampton B team, and disa large number of gold medals and bars for 15, 20" 2J and 30 .years' service. He congratu lated the reclplents on thlS eVIdence of their keenness in maintaini.ng first aid knowledge . The Small Heath team received the" Bantock II Competition Cup at the hands of Its donor, Alderman Baldwin Bantock A delio'htful programme of vocal and insLrumentalmusic was rendered

SE),fI-FI -AL. COl\IPETITION.-At the competitlOn held at vanous places on the line durino' March the fo ll owing teams were successfu l in the hid'hest eight p la.ces, and will therefore participate bin the Final for the Directors' Shield and prizes at Paddl11gton on May 3rd: Small Heath Pontypoo l Road (Advanced)? Swindon, Fishguard Pontypoo1 Road Dock, Newpo r Dock Street, Llskeard. fhese, w 1th the exception of Pontypool Road (B), are a ll advanced teams. Pontypoo l

FIRST

Road having o'btained highest marks of any teams in the Beginners' class will be presented with the " Henry Bull " Bowl on the occasion of the final competition.

"ROBl S DOLITHO II COl\lPETITION.-Four teams COI11peted in the annual conte t for the "Ro·bins Bolitho" Shield for G.W.R. ambulance men employed at :::.tations at 'vV est Cornwall-one each from Penzance and St. hes and two from Truro. The competition took place at the headql1artersof . the St. John Ambulance Brigade, Penzance, on Apnl 2nd, Dr. ], D. Morgan, of Liskeard; heing the adjudicator. The test depicted injuries resultingfrom the fall of a workman through the glass veranda of the station on to the platform. Arrangements for the contest were in the hands of 1\Ir. R G Nodder, Diy Al11h. Secretary, and Mrs. G B. 1\Iorris) of Penzancc.

The result, which was announced at a tea gi\'en by ::\1r" E. H, VV. Bolitho; ot Treng\\·ainton, was: 1st, St. he , 112 marks; 2nd, Truro TO. 1, 108}; 3rd., Penzance, 103§; -I-th, Truro 0, 2, 87; the maximum bein o 120. The Hon J. H. Parker District Traffic }'IIanager Plymouth, congratulated the St. rYeS team on their stlccess and remarked on the high standard of efficiency had been displayed

london, Mid land and Scottish.

the \\'eek March 25th to 29th, the preliminary competitIOn was held oyer the L.11.S. system :lS a re lllt of which Crewe (Machine Shop), Wolverton" A)) Dolton 1, Liverpool D.G, La" Ruthill, Bushbury o. 1, \ Varrington, Bradford Exchange and Agecroft teams \\'ill take part in the final competition to be held at the Adelphi Hotel, Li"erpool) on April 30th.

The judges at the preliminary competition were Dr. D \ V. A. Bull, of Stony Stratford, and Dr. G. S Phillips, of G\va1..l11caegur\\,en.

CIIESTER.-l\1r A, E, Mawson presided at the of awards, supported by 1\Iessrs. J. Briggs, C. ]. V1dal, C. J. Barlow, Booth Strafford, Allcock, Kamm and Dr. Welsh.

Mr. Briggs distributed the a\yards and congratulateci the class and the committee on the enthusiasm shown.

The Secretary, in his report. paid tribute to the encouragement the class receiyed from the local heads of departments and he thanked i\lr. F. P. Kinsman, District Goods for so kindly a\\arc.ling a shield 'for local compet1tlOn.

A presentation \Vas made to Dr, \Velsh as a slight token of gratitude for his work for the class.

MOREc\.MBE-HEys[L\l\L-J)r. l\IcKinney, of :i\Iorecam be, set a yery se\'ere test for lhe com1,)etitors at the annual competition held recently at Lancaster.

The placing of the teams was as follows: -1\1orecambe Promenade, Heyshal11 B, Heysham A, Lancaster Castlc, Lancaster Green Ayre.

i\Ir. F. C. T. Adams, District Engineer, presicled lhe presentation of the Cup and prizes, which \\ ' ere presented hy Commander Barn:sh, RN.R He\,sham. i\Iessrs. II. IIughes, O. J. Rignall, Preston. Dr. 1\ [(K;n11ey, and M r J. vVilkinson, clonor of the CllP, ,yere also p r esent.

FLEETwooD.-Gold certificate and medals \\'ere presented to memhers of the Fleetwood cla s as a social l.!athe r ing at the Crown Hotel, Fleetwood, held on March 22nc1.

Mr. John \Vood (Goods and Docks Supt.) presid,d, and distrihuted the awards to 68 members.

Golc! bars were presented to Mr. J. P . Thomason for

30 years' serYice, Mr. T. Yates for 20 years' service, and E A. Gardner, lIalton., E. J. Cook, E. 10kl11s, and r. 1". Dawson for 1J years' service.

London and North Ea st ern .

NORTH - EASTER' AREA.

The District Competitions of the 1 .E. Area were held at six centres, as a result of which the winners took part in the fi.l!al. held at Darlington on April 6th.

At the eltmll1atmg contests some excellent work was cltsplayed ami in four instances medals for services were presented by the Centre Secretary, 1\1r. S. Cooper. The results of the district competitions ,.yere :lS follows :-

Di trict: 1st, \\'askerley; 2nd. Shildoll " B "; 3rd, Shildon A.I) Tell teams were by Dr. R. G. Russell and Dr. T. Russell. The District Shield and Cup \\·ere presented hy Mrs. Hare.

Newcastle District: 1st, Tyne Dock; 2nd, Sunderland A; 3rd, Bel1sham. Ten teams competed. Judges were Dr. J. D. Sinclair and Dr. \V. ]. Payne. The" Jackson" :\Iemorial Bowl was presented to the winni11O' team \\·hil't a 20 years Gold Bar and a 25 years Gold Bar were presented to :\1r. \V. S. :\Ioore. of Blyth, and Mr. ]. Steele, of Gateshead, respectiyely.

Leed District: 1st, Starbeck; 2nd, Leeds N e\y Station K 0, 1; 3rd, Cross Gates. e\ cn team presented them elyes before Drs. C. D. \Vilson and \V. i\1. Conley. Alderman H. Holland (Deputy Mayor of Harrogate) presented District Shield and Cups. i\Ir. Sadler, Asst. District Supl., York, presented Long 'enice Gold Medals to Mr. H. F, Northall. of Scholes, and ::\1r. ]. J. Learoyd, of Harrogate, al 0 Gold Bars for 20 year' enice to :\Ir. F. Braithwaite, of tarheck and Mr. J. Jordan., of Harrogate.

Hull District: Eleycn teams competed, Hull Eat being placed first, follo\\ ed by Dai rycoa tes o. 2 and Dock Engineers :\0. 1. The judges \\'ere Drs. E. ]. Durnett and H. Fallo\\s. l\Irs. Harper presented the Shield. Mr. S. Cooper, Centre Secretary, presented Long Service Gold :\Iedals to }'IIr. T. Taylor, Hull, 1\Ir. J. Cockerill, Filey. Mr F. Charlton, Hull, 1\1r. A. ]. S. Robinson, Hull; 20 years Gold Dar to :\Ir. G. H. Tutty .. IIull; 25 years Gold Bar to :;\1r. \V. E. Bro\\'n, Th me: and 30 years Gold Bar to ::\Ir. A Stead, Hull.

York District: 1st, York Police; 2nd., York C. & \\". : 3rd, York Station. FiYe teams competed. Dr. \V. Yeate and Dr. J. D. Leigh acted as judges. Mr. A. Cameron, District Engineer, presented the District Shield, whilst Mr. S. Cooper, Centre Secretary, presented a Long Senice Gold l\1edal to Mr. C. II. Long taff York, and a 20 years Gold Bar to i\lr. H. Dr) burgh. also of York. :\Iiddlesbrough District: E1cnn teams competed \yith the reo ult being 1 t l\Iiddlesbrough " B "; 2nd. Stockton: 3rd, \Vest Hartlepool "A" The judges were Dr, L. L. \Vestrope and Dr. G, P. Harlan. The District Shield and ::\Iedal \nre presented by 1\Ir. K. P. \Valker.

At the final competition of the Area. Captain A. C. "White Knox, 1\1.c. 1\1.B.) of London, acted a judg-e in the team and incliyiclual te ts. The work 011 the \\'hole \\'a perhaps not quite of such a high standard as usual, an exception being that of the team.

1\1r. J. \Villis, Chairman of the N.E. Area Centre, p resided a t the subseq uen t presentation meetin o· anel ca lied upon the Centre Secretary Mr. S. Cooper, to announce the result which wa : 1st, Ne\vcastlc (Tyne Dock) 258 marks; 2nd, 1\Iidd1cshrough (Station B), 195; 3rd, Hull (EClSt), 191}: -J.th Darlington (\Va kerley), 191; 5th York (Police), 183; 6th Leeds (Starbeck), 182.

Mr. Thos. Hornshy, Dn'. General 1\Ianager York,

presented the ,. Wharton" Sl:ielcl. medals to the \1 il1llin')" team and also a LOll" Scn'lce Gold l'Ileclal to l'Ilr. \ \ '. J of Felling. He al thanked Capt. White KllUX 10)- acting as judge. .,

The Doctor addressed the competItors, stress1l1g those things which had lost marks.

'Dr. J. G. :\1eBride (Chairman, Special Ambulance Committee) proposed a yote of thanks to Mr. Hornsby for presenting the a wards.

SOlJTIIERN .\REA G.E. SECTION

Se\'en teams, winner:; of the prelilllinary rounds, COI11peled at the 28th annual G. E. Section Final competitions, held at Stratford, on April 10th.

The winners were Parkeston and Harwich "A" team with 282t marks; 2nd, Bishopsgate "B," 265t; 3rd, March" A," 2601·

A special presentation was made to i\lr. T. O. i\lein (late Centre Secretary) as a token of regard and affection in which all members h e ld him. This took the form of a si ver cup, which he handed back as a prize to the runners up in the final competitions of the Centre, and a pair of gold c u ff link s.

A full report of lhe proceedings will be published in the May issue.

Thorpc L.N.E.R. Ambulance Division won the " Cooper " Cup Competition held on Saturday, 1\larch 16 th, at (Jaclol1. Thc competition \\as open to teams in the district aile! the entrants included railway., brigade. British Cross and V.A.D. (Nurses) teams

The judges were Captain W. Goodley, M.e. (team) alld Dr. Coxhead Cook (individua l).

':\1r. Stygall presided o\'er the presentation ceremony the cup and medals being presented by J. E. Ball, J.P., c.c., Chairman, Clacton UD.C.

The first th ree places were occupied by Thorpe L.N.E.R., 16-+ points; vViYenhoe L. .E.R., 163; Wivenhoe S.J .A.B., 163.

Both j1ldges addressed the competitors giving a resul11e of the tests.

Among the spectators were Miss Young (VicePresident of Tendring B.R.C.S.), Miss Stammers (Secretary, Brightlingsea B.R.C.S.), Mrs. P. Coleman, J.P., Mr. G. VIr. Stygall, the Clacton. station master.

General arrangements for the contest were made by Messrs. R. F. Mayes and W. C. Hunt.

G. SECTION.

The final competition of the G.N. Centre for the Cup presented .by Officers of. the Great Northern Railway \\as helel 111 the GymnaslLlm, Liverpool Street Station on Thursday, March 28th.

Six teams, winners of the district competitions, prethemseh'es before .Lt.-Col. M. MacEwen, D.F.C., I.D., M.D., and Captam F. E. Bendix, M.R.C.S., L.R.c.P., who acted as judg-es in the team and individual tests respectively

With two the competitors expected, and they were not cllsapP0111ted, rather severe tests but members of the teams displayed an excellent knowlcd'o'e of fi rst aid. b

At the presentation of Mr. G. F. Thurston , DI\Tls?onal General Manager, m the unavoidable absence of Sir Roland W Matthews, President of the Centre , annual report. This competition was, he saId, the thlrty-fourth of the series. The result was' 1st Ki.ngs. Cross Goods, 252; 2nd, Colwick Traffic, 22H;' 3rd: Hltch1l1, 4th_, Doncaster .Plant., 213; 5th, Ardsl ey, 210, 6th, 198. The Km gs Cross team will hold the cup untIl the next competition and will represent the

I 1). A pril, 195 5

Centre at the Gronp Competition to decide which teams s hould represent the Company in the In ter-Rai lway and England 7'. Scolland Competitions.

The total number of teams cntering this year was 36, the same number as last year.

During the past year 1,182 awards had been obtained. One hundred Long Service Gold Medals, for 15 years efficiency, and 68 Gold Bars, representing efficiency up to 30 years, had been issued to the Centre.

M r. Th u rston concl uded his repo rt by thanking the Chief and District Officer, to the Medical Offic ers, District and Class Secr etaries and Instructors for their tlnti ring- efforts.

The cup was then pre ented to the Wl11n11lg' team, also the" Liddell Steel" Cup, the No.1 District Trophy.

The judges addressed the competitors and gave criticisms on the work done. The many points brought out by them were of great interest and would be useful for ltlture occasions .

Those present included Mr. T. Smith, Centre Secretary in charge of the Competitions; Mr. Barrington Ward, Supt. Western Section, Southern Area; Mr. T. O. l'IIein, late G.E. Ambulance Centre Secretary; Captain VV. Goodley, 1\1. c., G.c. & G.E. (Acting) Ambulance Secretary; Mr. S. C'Ooper, N.E. Area Ambulance Secretary ancl other officers of the Company.

The proceedings concluded with a vote of thanks to l'IIr. Thurston and the doctors.

The Vl Test Riding (Leeds District) Ambulance Competition took place in the People's Hall, Albion Street, Leeds, when teams from Lofthouse, Ardsley Loco., Ardsley Shops, Leeds Central Stanningley, Bradford and Drighlington took part, this being an increase of three teams over the previous year. The Officers' Shield was won by the Ardsley Loco. team; the "C rowth er" Cup by the L eeds Central team, and the" Read" Cup by the Ardsley Shops team. The trophies and prizes were presented to the successful teams by the Superintendent of the Southern Area, Mr. W. M. Barrington-Ward, who was very much impressed by the work of all the teams. A large gat hcrin g of Officers, members of the staff and their friends witnessed the Competition. Mr. T. Smith, the G.N. Centre Secretary, also attended. The judges were Dr. J. E. Rusby, Leeds, and Dr. E. W elch, Stanningley. Mr. D. Gracie, District Superintendent, was the Chairman, Mr. F. Lono'bottom being the District Ambulance Secretary

Southern Railway.

The Divisional Competitions, in which nearly 125 competed, have now been completed. The District results were as follows:-

No.1 District. Group 1: 1st, Bricklayers' Arms No. 1; 2nd, ew Cross Gate No.2.

Group 2: 1st, London Bridge; 2nd, Willow Walle

No.2 District. Group 1: 1st, Waterloo" A "; 2nd, Waterloo" B."

Group 2: 1st, Nine Elms; 2nd, Waterloo" c."

No.3 District. Group 1: 1st, Ashford Works" A"; 2nd, Folkestone Harbour.

Group 2: 1st., Ashford Works No.3; 2nd, Tonbridge Station.

No.4 District. Group 1: 1st, Horsham No.1; 2nd, Horsham No.2.

Group 2: 1st, Horsham No.3; 2nd, Eastbourne.

No.5 District. Group 1: 1st, Eastleigh Rng. Shed; 2nd, Southampton West No. 1.

Group 2: 1st, Bournemouth Central Goods 2nd, Easileigh Loco. Works. '

No. 6 District. Group 1: 1st Yeovil "B'" 2nd, Barnstap l e No.2 ,

Group 2: 1st, Exmouth J tlnction Mechanics; 2nd, Tcmplccombe "A."

Women's Competition: 1st, SOtlthamplon District A"; 2nd, Waterloo Ladies.

By virtue ·of their success in the Group 1 Competitions the following teams will take part in the final COI11petition to be held at Southern House, Cannon Street Station, on Tuesday, April 30th: Bricklayers' Arms No.1, New Cross Gate o. 2, Waterloo" A," Waterloo" B," Ashford Works" A," Folkestone Harbour, Horsham No. I, Horsham IO. 2) Eastleigh Rng. Shed, Southampton 'vY e">t No. ] Yeovil "I3,' and Barnstaple o. 2. Tickets for the final can be obtained on applicatio1l to Ir. E. A. Richards, Centre Secretary, C;cncral J\la1lag'cr's Office, 'outhern Railway, Waterloo Station.

EWIIAVEN: As the result of the recent examination of members of the ewhaven S.R. Centre there was not a single failure among the 33 who sat) a state of affairs \v-hich must be highly gratifying to all concerned, and especia.lly to the class lecturer, Dr. J. O. Summerhayes, D.S.O. The examination took place at Lewes) and the medical examiners , Dr. Benson and Dr. Ashley Cleo-g, remarked that not only had a hig-h standard of efficiency been maintainecl_, but that the first year candidates hac! done remarkably well.

SOUTJI.\1JPTO -The 10th Annual Presentation of Awa.rds and Concert of the Southampton Docks Di trict was held in the l'I1echanical Engineers' Mess Room, COIllmander W. A Graham pre icling. The Mayor and Mayoress of Soulhampton presented the awards \1 hich numbcred about 120. Those supporting the Chairman included J. Missenden (Docks and Marine and Mrs. Missenclen, Mr. Edg'ar Uzzell (Chairman, Docks Centre) and Mrs. Uzzell., Mr. F. W. Wentworth Shei1c1 Mr. S. R. Newcombe, Dr. H. C. Attwood, Dr. John Clayre) Dr. W. L. M. Bigby, 1\1r. Robert Gillingham (Redbridge Centre), Mr C. S. Keen (Union-Castle Steamship Co.), 1\lr. S. G. Liston, Mr. D. Campbell Mr. and l\Irs. E. W. Beare, Mr. M. H. Jones and Mr. F. Russell. A special 'Presentation was that to Dr. H. C. Attwood of a Vellum Vote of Thanks of the Order of St. John. Mr. Edgar Uzzell, before asking- the Mayoress to make the presentation, outlined the Doctor's association with the ambulance movement at Southampton which commenced in 1914.

Dr. Attwood suitably acknowledged the presentation.

Metropolitan (London Tran spol"t).

The annual competition for the Directors' and Officers' Challenge Shield was held at easden Works on Saturday, March 16th.

The judges were Capt. A C. \i\Thite Knox., M.C., M.B. (team) and Capt. F. E. Bendix, l\I.R.C.S., L.R.c.P. (indi\'idual ).

Five teams competed and lhe arrangements were in the hands of Mr J. A GraYestock, the ambulance secrctary, and his committee.

In the team test, which was well staged, competitor had to deal with a watchman suffering fr0111 b urns and 11111Itipleinj uries 'al l 01 which were excellently faked. The individual practical test, which was held on the previol1 Thursday, wa a case of dog bite and fractured rih, whilst the 7 J j,('(I 7.'OCC dealt with breathing and treatmcnt of asphyxia.

:'1r. George Hally, Chairman of the Centre and Operaling Manager (Railways), L.P.T.B., presided supported by Mr. John Cliff., member of L.P.T.B , MI'. J. O. Thomas, General Manager (Railways), Mr. H. J. Green

AID . 265

(Engineer), Mr. E. Graham (Asst. 1\1ech. Engineer), 111'. E. E. E\'ans (Dist. Supt. l'IIet. Line), Mr. F. VV. Watkins (Vice-President of the Centre), District Officer F. C laridg e (S.J.A.B.) and others

The result of the competition was announced as follows: 1s t Team, 525 marks; 2nd Team) -+62; 3rd Team, -U8i; 4th Team, 272; 5th Team, 254 IndividualIst, Alfred Stokes, 2nd, vVm. Edwards., 95; 3rd, John Warden, Mrs. E. E. EYans presented the awards. Long Service Medals for 15 years to J\Iessrs. H. Allcn) A. Gorham G. Hyllon, V. Rock and A. tokes; Gold Dars for 20 years' sen,ice to Messrs. J. Bagge, J. Denman., J. A. GraYestock, A. Hammon, e. Langdale, G. Parks, and \\. Sle\'Cnson; Gold Bar for 25 year' scnice to :\11'. C. Coell and one for 30 years to 11. :\Iorgan werc also presented.

On April 2nd, 3rd and 4th, first, second and third year members of the Centre attended at the Ambulance Hall, :N easden, in contest for the medals presen ted by 1\1r. Geo. Hally, Chairman of the Centre.

Tests were set by senior members and the beginners who scored the highest marks in his respecti\'C year gained the medal pre -ented for competition in that y(;ar and his name inscrihed on the" Hally" Tablet.

The winners were: First year, Robert \Yilson: Second year, Leslie Wetton: Third year Leslie Powell.

Po lice Ambulance News.

POLICE NATIONAL FIRST AID

Last month, in add iLion to the usual report of the prl1ceedings at the final, we published the judges' comment!:> together with the team test marking sheet. This month we are publishing two indi\'idual tests marking sheets. Nos. 1 an d 3.- You two are engaged in a house-to-house endeavour to sell tickets for a concert. On arrival at the door of TO. 2 Park Cottages you find that it is not latched, and you immediately notice a strong mel! of gas. A fine windy day. Act. Time allowed, 8 minutes, beginning when you this card

Note for judge.-Front door opens directly into front room of cottage. A man, standing on a step-ladder fixing on a new gas shade, has slippei. In attempting to save himself he clutched the gas bracket, which came away, leaving the pipe emitting gas. He was dazed for a few moments by the fall, and during this time was rendered unco nscious by the gas, the poisoning efrects of which are responsible for his present uIlconscious state. He is alone in the house.

Quickly open door... 2

Tie handkerchief over mouth and noses... 2

In stooping position enter room and disco, er patient... 2

Fling open vindo\\' 2

Notice situation of broken ga,,-pipe 2

Plug it with a co rk 2

Do not bother to search for main tap at meler 2

Rapidly kick debris of glass out of way 2

Rel11m'e steps 2

Rapid examination of patient' s limbs for obvious siglls of fraclure or h;:emorrhage (none found) b

,\lso skull (no iniury to be seen) 2

Still k('eping low 2

Cautiously and rapidly drag- patient out!:litle 2

Ask judge if room is clearing of gas (yes) 2

Turn patient into prone position 2

A.rIlls exte nded abm'e head (1), head to one side (1) 2

Do not waste time loosening clothing 2

One competitor applies artificial respiration (12 to 15 times per minute) 0

FIRST

The other carefully patient for in i uri.es and disco\'ers swollen right ankle wIth some dIscolouration ". ..,

Ha"ing noted absence of deformity and irregularity

Decide sprain is present

Ask judge condition of atmosphere of room (nearly clear now)

Fetch blankets, towels, and jug of cold water from house ,

Tie small tmvel as bandage over boot (centre on sole)

Crossing on front of ankle ,..

And carrying round and round ankle and tyIng firmly

Wet bandage after application

Ask as to respiration (now returning)

Reg-ulate movements to respiration ,,'

Ask where nearest 'phone (a fe,,, yards up road)

Telephone for doctor ."

Giving full details, and asking him to come at oncC'."

CO\'er patient with blankets '"

Inquire as to possibility of neighbours suppl)'lng hot tea or colTee, etc. (available on demand) 6J

Ask for it

Continue artificial respiration, pending good natural respiratory m o\'em en ts Doctor has arrived)

Gi,'e report of case to doctor

Offer assistance (not required )

Finally find tap and turn off gas at main and tidy up finally the debris

100

No. 2.-The witness in the case for the Team Test, in hastening to the help of the accused, stumbles down t1:e steps from the witness box and twisting round on hIS back and side with his arm doubled under hIm. He lies groaning 'with pain. "'First aid material is in the court. Render first aid. Time allowed, 5 mInutes, beginning when you receive this card.

Note for judge.-Patient lying half on back, half on riRht side. Right arm doubled under him. He has sustained a fracture of the right scapula and a dislocation of the shoulder joint.

Obtain ficst aid material and hurry to case 2

Use encouraging \,vords and tell him you are a firstaider 2

Tell him to lie quite still and ask him where pain is (he says pain is all round right shoulder) 2

Are there any obvious signs of hremorrhage? (no) 2

Carefully supporting the right arm, remove coat, sound side first 2

Examine clavicle, scapula, upper arm, and shoulder joint 2

Find tenderness over scapula, svvelling and irregularity 2

Diagnose possible fracture of scapula 1

Find tenderness O\'er shoulder joint, pain of sickening character

Find that patient is unable to move arm and joint is fixed

Find swelling in front of joint...

Find numbness of the arm

Find no signs of irregularity , 1

Diagnose dislocation of shoulder joint 1

Look for any signs of wound (none) 1

Lay patient down with arm in most comfortable position and support it tllere 2

Apply broad bandage over shoulder blade, cross over opposite shoulder and tie in axilla 2

Realise impossible to place arm in St. John sling- 2

Apply cold water dressings over shoulder joint 2

Renew frequently".

Cover patient warmly with coat and blanket 1

Give hot strong tea to counteract shock 1

Rapid exam i nation to see if further injury (none) 2

Inqui re how pain is at shoulder (sti ll bad) 1

Change cold d ressings for hot; is pain easier w ith these? (yes) 2

Telephone for doctor and ambulance, statin a nature of case (they will come) 2

Apply small arm sling to support arm during transport 2 Efficiency

Tota l 50

CITY OF LONDON SPEC [ AL CONST, \ BULA R Y,

The annual course of instruction has nearly been COI11pleted. The lectures have been given by Captain A. C. \Vhite Knox, l\l.c., the 1\1.0., and Captain F. E. Bendix, the Assistant M. O. The members attending the course haye constituted a record number and it is hoped that about 120 will take the examination to be held in April.

Following the examination teams will be getting to work for the "Sir vVilliam Smith" Cup and also the " McRea" Cup competitions which we understand \\' ill take place early in Ma).

METROPOLITA SPECIAL CONSTABULARY.

On larch 11th and 18th first aid instructors of this force met at New Scotland Yard to hear two lectures on the Protection of Ci'/il Population against Gas. \ttacks, given by A. C. White Knox, til. C. Com mander E B Brown, Director of Ambulance Training, presiderl over the gatherings and introduced the speaker to the members.

Captain White Knox in his first lecture introduced the various ways in which to combat the menace. He laid down fifteen points, such as the establishment of shelters, decontamination stations, teaching of gas drills, etc., and gave a short description and types of the varying gases.

The second lecture was devoted to the types of gases and the reaction on the body, and also the treatment likely to be used. The first group was known as the blistering group. Gases under this heading, including the mustard type, were \'e ry soluble and penetrative. They could only be noticed by their smell, which was of a garlic nature. The action was slow and may be delayed for "iome considerable time The parts of the body most effected were the eyes, nose, throat, bronchial tubes and the skin. Watery discharge issued from the eyes and nose and the patient would have a cough After two or three hours, reddening of the skin took place , followed by blisters very septic in character. The treatment was that ot bathing the eyes with a saline solution, and boracic fomentation if the eyelids were swollen. The nose is also washed with a saline solution and should the larynx be effected a gargle of a similar nature is used. Friars Bolsom is inhaled right down into the lungs if the effected part is lower than the arynx. Success ve washes with soap and water or salve of bleech and vaseline, mixed into a thin paste and smeared over the skin, is used if the skin is effected . The patient should be kept q u iet and warm but not hot, a n d given p enty of fl u ids to drink.

OLher types dealt with were the Lung Irr itants, Sensory Irritants and Eye J rritants, but the lecturer was of the opinion that gases of the Blistering Group would he most frequently used.

At the conclusion of the lectures a vote of thanks was extended to the doctor for his most interesting addresses, and the hope was expressed that further lectures would be held.

Ap r i l, 193 5 . FIRST Reviews .

BALLIERE'S NURSES' COi>lPLETE MED[CAL DICTIO TARY.

By Margaret Hitch, S. R N. and Charles F. t'llarshall, :'.1. D., F R.C.S.

London: Balliere Tindall and Cox, 7 and ,Henrietta Street, W. C. 2. Pn'ce } - n et.

First published in 1912, Balliere's Nurses' Dictionary is now in its fifth edition and requires no words of praise frol11 us to enhance its reputation as a veritable epitome of medicine within the compass of 306 small pages. It is printed in clear type on excellent parer; and its outstanding feature is the correct comprehensi\'e and yet concise definition whi c h accompanies each word in its alphabetical series.

The pn:!sent issue, like its predecessors, is easily carried on the nurse's person and is warranted not to create an unsiahtly bulae in the region of the patch pocket of her uniIt been brought right up to date, this process involving the elimination from the pre\'ious issue of words which had no particular technical application in order to make 1'00111, without unduly increasing its size, for others, knowlcdcre of which is required by the moclern nurse. \t the end the Dictionary there is a collection of 8 useful appendices, each of which deals with some subject. of practical imporlance to nurses, such as care of surgIcal instruments, common drugs and doses, poisoning and its treatment. To those readers of FIRST AID who do yoluntary duty in hospital Ballicre's N Jrses' Dictionary will prove an interesting and an instructive companion.

ON tIlILITARY S,-\NITATION.

By :'lajor H, ,-\. Sandiford, ;\l.C., tlLB. (Man.).

London: St. John Ambulance Association, St. John's Gate, E.C.1.

Pric e 2/-. By post 2 2.

Sanitation has made much headway since Jun e 1905 when the t. John Ambulance Association introduced its Srllabus of Instruction on l\lilitary Sanitation, and since 1906 when it published its first authorised textbook on the subject compiled by Lieul. -Colonel H. P G. Elkington, R. A. til. C. These changes are reHected in its econd edition which has been written by lajor H. A. andiford and was published in December, 193+.

In hi preface the author frankly state that the book has no c1 c il11 to originality and that the official manual s have been closely followed in order that the standard of instruction shall be as uniform as possible all10ng those who may be called upon to perform sOl11e methods that failed to surVl\'e practIcal tests dunng the European \Var have been discarded, and much ne,, matter has been introduced into this edition which is on a largel- scale than its predecessors.

The book is divided into 10 Chapters which deal serial im with Germs and Disease, Germ Diseases, \ \T ater Food, Disposal of v\Taste and Fa::ces, Animal Agents of Disease, Disinfection, Ventilation, .Accommodation, and Perso n al Hygiene , It is \ve ll and on good paper; it is illustrated with 75 ; a.nd its value is enhanced by a comprehensl\'e Jl1dex whIch facilitates speed and reference to its instructional details. l\luch valuable and up-to-date information is w thin its pages; and, in v ew of the excell,e.nce of thl:, te.xlboo k we can only regret that the tIldItary Certificate of the Association does not appeal to a wld?r circle of its students, since the Annual Report shows that 111 1933 on ly 8 such were awarded.

Our Nurses' Pages.

COMPILED BY AMBULANCE SISTER.

No. 1 DrsTRlcT, S.] \. B.

The District Final Compet ition s Look plac e at the Northampton Polytechnic Ins t itute , London, on Saturday, \pril 6th.

Tests open to Di vis ion s comp ri se d team work, for the" ;\1acfadden "Cup, and the ri ght to represent the District at Brigade Finals; bedmaking, for the" Mountgarret" Cur; and dri ll and st r etc h e r w o rk, for the " Brooks" Efliriency Cur. Five teams e nt e red for each competition, one from each Arca.

The judges and results were :-" Ma cfa dden " C o mpetition, Team T est, Capt. Fen ton (in the una\'o idable absence of Lt.-Col. Brooles); Unifo rm Lad y Di st rict Officer tlhcfRdden. R esu t- 1, East Croydon and Addis-

learned t h at h e was having a donkey ride, w as seen to re e l and fa ll from the saddle.

The bedmaking teams were asked by a neighb o ur to prepar e a b e d for aged mother who was suffe ring from rheum a tism, and would arrive by ambulance. Two d ays later they were requ esle d to change the top blanket, before the arrival of the doctor.

The trophies were "ery kindly present ed by Lad\ L a wri e, who also h an ded the Nursing Bo\\'l to Amb. Sister A. B Ridgway ( Harrow Nur s ing Di v ision) and th e" Ma c R ae" Cup for Cadets to East Ham Nursing Cad et Di v isi o n , both these having been won at competitions h e ld pr ev o u s ly

The event wa s also made the occasion of lh e pr ese ntati oll of the Grand Pri o r's Badge to four Nursin g Cadets from E a"t

Plwio< f1 raplz] [Nottinl[lzam G1Iard/an. Th e lottingha m Central team receiving h e "Birkin" Cup from 1\lrs. A M VVebber, at the Nottim;hRl11 s hir e A r ea compet itions. combe, 365 ; 2, Cra i n"S Co urt 3 59} 3 T emp le, 343; 4 Hampstead, 3.f0 ; -+, East Harr:, 33-1-:' , "1\lountg-.arreL '.' Test, Lady Di stnct :'llss Grtlldley; Un lfu rm Lady District Offi ce r Curtis. R esult-1, H alllpslC'ad, 83 ; 2, Harrow, 74 -/y; 3 East Croydon and \ddi scombe, -+, Temple, \ T:,ast Ham,

" B r o a ks" Efficiency Competition. - Team Te s t ASSI. Lani. Commissioner S. vVarren a nd L a dy District Officer MISS vValker; U nif orm, Lad y Di strict Offic e r Mi ss Walker. Result-1, Ealing, 161 2, Finchle y a nd South13.); 3, East H am, 1 30; 4, East Croydon and Addlscombe, 120; 5, Temple, 119.

For the ":'lacfadden" Competition it was assumed that the team was on duty at a fair Th e members w e re ,aI led to a case, and fOllnd a c r owd r oun d a bor. Th ey

to them for h av ing gained 12 ce rtI ficates III subjects other than Fir st Aid.

FINCHLEY AND SOUTHGATE NU RS U\,G DrVISION. -.\ very s ucce ss ful dan ce was held by the a bov e Di v isi o n at Friern Barnet Church Hall on Saturday, Mar c h 16th. le arl)' 200 m e mb e r s and friends enjoyed dancing to mu s ic by the M e ltonian Band. Pri zes were provid e d for spo t and eliminating dances, etc

Among those prese nt were District Offi ce r and Mrs. G. C. Green District Orficer and Mrs. J. Standingford, Diy. Surgeon D. W. Reid and Mrs. Reid, Supt. S. H. Collins, Lady Div Supt. Miss Baxter, Ambulance Offic e r F. J. Standin gfo rd, and friends from other Division s.

o. 2 DISTRI

No v ices' Com petition was h e ld at the Calm ore Hall, Totton, on Saturday, March 30 th. Six teams entered, the

Here is a speCial free offer we are making to readers of "First Aid." We invite you to exami ne, for fou r whole days, absolutely

The New, Completely Revised (12th) Edition of BLACK'S MEDICAL DICTIONARY

by JOHN D. COMRIE, M.A., B.Sc., M.D., F.R. C.P.(Edin.)

The latest ed ition of th is fi ne standard work has been brought thoroughly up to date in regard to the most recent medical advances. Apart from articles, such as those dealing with endocrine glands, which have been largely rewritten, new charts have been introduced, and full information dealing with such subjects as Accidents, Burns and Scalds, Drowning, Gassing, Poisoning, Fits and Personal Health, &c., nave been brought up to date.

AN ABSOLUTE NECESSITY TO THE FIRST AID WORKER AND THE EXPERIENCED NURSE.

Every Nurse should own her copy. The younger Nurse needs such a book, because a study of it will help her to understand more quickly and thoroughly the expressions used during the course of instr uction. H u nd reds of ti mes d u ri ng the cou rse of her work will she need such a book.

The experienced Nurse needs a good D ictionary in order to keep up with modern methods and nomenclature

" Black' s Medical Dictionary " is actually more than a dictionary. To quote the words of the author: " In articles dealing with methods of treatment which are ik ely to be used by Nurses, full deta ils have been given and spec ial care has been taken to explain such details, where necessary, by clear illustrations."

This statement just referred to g ive s the key to the methods used in " Black s "-definitions consist actually of brief articles on each subject, and are not ordinary " dict ionary" definitions.

"BLACK'S MEDICAL DICTIONARY"

is the work of one of the most learned men in the Pr ofession- John D. Comrie, 1I.A., B c., M.D., F.R.C.P.Edin., one of the be st known lecturers and authors in the country.

The book is practical and accurate in every ense of the words. The latest edition offered you is the full one, containing over 5 illustrations in the text, ten full plates in colour, and seven in black-and-white.

Tells you all you want to know a bout:- FREE

We offer to send you "BLACK'S MEDICAL DICTIONARY" to study and u e as if it \verc your own absolute pro[Jercy for four clear days, without the slightest charge or obligation to purchase. You may either return it to us, at our expense, within five days, or keep it on the terms outlined below.

FIRST

'270

members of w h ich had never competed in a sim il ar test before.

The team test was judged by Dr. H. Raw lence, the County Officer; individual First Aid by Dr. ]. W. Bennett, Div. Surgeon, Calmore Nursing Division; individual H ome Nu r sing and Bedmaking, by 1\liss Law, Matron of the Fenwick Cottage Hospital, Lyndhurst; and correctness of uniform, Lady County Officer the Hon 1\1rs. J ngham Whitaker.

The winner was South bourne with 194 marks: Calmore came second with 193 n1.arks ; third with 189. The Southbourne team was p r esented with a silver cup (the gift of Miss H C. Everett) by the Lady County Officer.

Lady Di\' Supt. l\1iss Everett, A R R.C , Call110re Nursing Division, thanked the judges for their services, and 1\lrs. Ingham "Whitaker for presenting the trophy. In repl)" the congratulated al: the competitors on the r work, and gave some useful ad\'ice for future occasions.

No.3 DISTRICT, S.].A. B.

FIRST AID COURSE AT BUSIIBURY.-At the conclusion of a course of instruction in First Aid recently given to women at Bushbury, a social and dance was held at the Bushbury Arms Hotel, Low Hill, On Tuesday, March 19th.

Mr. Arthur Gould, chairman of Low Hil l Social Centre, presided at the presentation, and said that the formation and success of the women's First Aid class was the fullest justification of the work attempted by those who had conceived the idea of using the old Bushbmy Farmhouse as a community centre. The women's First Aid class-the first to be held in Wolverhampton-had achieved the remarkable success of 100 per cent. passes, and it was hoped tl:at the end of the course in Home Nursing would see the formation of the first Nursing Division of the Brigade in that neighbourhood.

The of \Volverhampton presented certificates and congratulated the Bushbury women on the splendid example they had given to the womenfolk of vVolverhampton, and hoped equal success would be gained in the Home Tursing examination.

.\lrs. Stirzaker, the class secretary, presented a fountain pen to Dr. Byrne-Quinn, in recognition of his services as lecturer, who in turn acknowleged the worle of the secretary and Mr. Knight and members of the Bushbury Ambulance Division.

Councillor Sharman and Glynn thanked the :'I1ayor and Mayoress for their presence.

A presentation was also made by 1\1rs. Hooper to 1\1r. Knight who had acted as demonstrator to the class.

Mrs. Stiri.:aker arranged the musical part of the evening's programme, to which Miss Baggott and l\lessrs' J. Kirkland, H. Richards anJ J. i\dderly contributed. Dancing ,vas kept up until a late hour.

No.4 DISTRICT, S.J.A B.

The District Final Competitions, open to Nursing Divisions, were held this year at Lancasler. Drs.]. A. Tomb and E. A. Cunliffe, and Nurse P. Bailey acted as judges. The results were announced as follows :Team Test. -1 (ChalJenge Shie ld), Blackpool, 250 marks; 2, (Bessie ,Trimble Cup), Kendal, 221.

Individual Home Nursing.-1 (Lytham Vase), A./S. \1inshull, B ackpool, 54 ma r ks; 2 (Lallcs Trophy), A. / S Lawson, Roy ton, 53 maries.

Cadets -1 (Cadet Trophy), Roche, 183 marks; 2 (Cadet Cup), Preston·B., 170 marks.

Blackpool will thus again represent the District in the Brigade Final Competitions to be he ld in May

BLACKPoOL URSt 'G :DIVISloN.-In response to t h e Mayor's ,appeal on behalf of the Social Service Counci l, the

AID. April, 1935.

B lackpoo N ur si n g Di v is io n he ld a soc ia l even i ng at th e ir D iv sio n a l Headq u arte r s.

Mr. Lionel H Fra n ceys was prese n t and exp la i ne d t h e objects of the Soc a l Serv ice Co un c il a n d t h e exce ll ent w o r k h at is being accomp li shed. He was acco m pa ni e d by M r s. Francers, who distrib u ted prizes gai n ed during t h e evening

The ref r eshments were given by the members of th e vVays and l\Ieans Committee of t h e Nursing Div is ion, Miss Banks gave a cake for a raffle, a n d the pr zes were given by 1\Irs. Ke lsal l, 1\1rs. Houghton, Mrs. Howe, M iss Porritt, M iss Thiston a n d Mrs. Crowthe r.

The event was most s u ccessful and as a res u lt five gu i neas h as been sent to the Treasurer of t he Co u ncil.

BURNLEY NURSING DIVISION . - The Rose Bowl, competed for by members of this Div ision, \Vas jointly won by Amb Sisters Ethel Kimol1 and Hilda Ha r ling, each gaining 87 marks.

No.5 DISTRICT, S. J .A B. ]'\ OTTIl\GHAMSlIIRE AREA. -The an n ual co 111 petItIOn fo r the" Bi r k i n" Cup for teams from Nursing Divisions in this Area, was held on Saturday, March 16th, at the University College, Nottingham

Six Divisions were represented, four teams com i ng from the Nottinghamshire Corps, and two from other Divisions in the country, marks being awarded to each team for uniform, team work, bedmaking, and individual vi'va 'l'oce.

The judges were Dr. Sprenger of Nottingham, team test; Miss M Lacy, bedmaking; Corps Supt. S. Ibbotson, oral; and Lady Div. S u pt. l\lrs Lane, uniform

The team test required the treatmen t of two child victims of a gas explosion, one child sufferingfrom asphpxia due to gas poisoning, and the other having sustained a scalp wound and a fracture of the right Ieg-.

The winner was Nottingham Central, with a total of 263 marks, whilst Nottingham Cit)' was second with 262t marks; Mapperley (Nottingham) third, 238 ; Nottingham Corporation Pass. Transport Div., fourth, 208; Rainworth fifth, 205 ; and Worksop sixth, 186t.

After the competition, the" Birkin " Cup was presented to the winning team by Mrs. A. 1\1. 'Webber, with fru t bowls to the individual members; whilst the members of K otting-ham City team received book ends

The Central Division will now represent the Nottillghamshire Area in No.5 District Final Competitions, where it is hoped that they will repeat their success and qualify for the Brigade Final for the" Perrott" Shield

The arrangements for this competition were made by Lady District Officer l\1 iss Gibson, Lady Corps Secretary l\Liss Oldfield acting as rpgistrar for the teams.

No.9 DISTRICT, S ]. A. B.

DE\"ON COUNTY. - The Chief Commissioner of the S1. Ambulance Brigade has promoted the following well-known ladies as<;ociated with the St. John Ambulance Br igade from the grade of Area Vice-President to that of Area President. The insignia of Office will consist of the eight-po in ted white cross of the Order of St. John, suitably embe l l ished and surmounted by a representatio n of the coronel of H R H t h e Dulce of Conna u ght, Grand Prior of the Vene r ab l e Or d e r of the Hospital of St. J ohn of J erusalem i n the Br i tis h R ea l m.

1. Dame Georg iana Bu ll er, D.B.E. , J .P. of Exek r.

WhereUNFAILING DEPENDABILITY and years of service tell

Au stin dependability tells in the stress of ambulance work as nowhere else. That i s the rea son why the Austin Motor Company ha s been supplying its larger ambulances to so many of the leading ho spitals for so many years Au stin length of service tells equally in cases where economy and safety must be combined. That is why so many private hospitals and nursing hom es use the smaller Austin ambulances. Whichever

of the four models may suit yo ur requirements, you will find the great es t p ossi ble riding comfort for the patient en sured by th e smoo th- running engine and scientifi cally des igned sp ringing, easy entrance and exit for stretchers, and a weal th of officially approved equipment Special fittings, of course, may be ad ded to order. Wr ite for the Austin Ambulance Catalogue giving full det ails of the ra nge.

THE AUSTIN TWELVE H.P. STANDARD FOUR-CYLINDER AMBULANCE ( as £llustrated) £426 lOs. (Chassis, £190 ). 16 h .p standard A mbulance, £462 lOs. (Ch ass is, £226.) 20 h.p. standar d Ambulance, £710 (Chassis, £385. ) Priva t e Saloon 20 h.p six-cy linder A mbula nce 0 1t sp ecia l low - loading chassis, £785 (Chassis, £385 .)

G EN ERAL SP ': CIFICATION OF 12 H.P AMBULANCE: W h ee lbase 9 ft 4 in. 10-gallon pet r ol t ank. S emi-ell£ptic and Zillcnterleave d springing, having Silentbloc non -lubricat ed sha ckles. Hydraulz'c sh ock a bsorbers f r ont and rear. Trip lex glass

2. John H. Beck lyand M r s. Harold Ve ll acotl of Plymouth, both of whom have been associated for many years with the deve opment of P l ymout h St J ohn Amb ul a n ce acti vi ties.

3. Mrs. C larence I. E lli s, of T o r q u ay, h e w fe of Co l.

C. 1. Ellis, the Surgeon-in-Chief of t h e St. J o hn Am bul a n ce Br gade

THE AUSTIN MOTOR CO. LTD., LONGBRIDGE, BIRMINGHAM SHOWROOMS 479 -483 OXFORD STREET, LO N DO N, W .I

Queries and Ansvvers to Correspondents.

Q.!'!ries will ue dt::2.ll wilh under the following rules;-

I - Letter" containing Queries must be marked on the top left hand corner of the envelope" Query," and add.ressed-FIRsT A I D 4 6 , Cannoo-screet, Londoo, E. C. 4·

2 -All Queries most be accompaLied by a "Query Coupon" cut from the current issue ot the J (lumal, or, in case of Queries from a.broad, from a receot issue.

3. - The TeKtb ook, to hich refe er c.e n.lly be ILadt in this colt Oln is the 38lh \1928) Edilion of S .J. A.A. Manual of Aid.

TRE.-\DIE:\T OF SPRA[;\ED _-\XKLE.

C. P. (T\\'ickenham).-In a recent competition, in \\'bich I leader of our team, the patient \\-as supposed to be uA-ering from a prained "-\nkle which appears from the ans\\'ers already gi\-en in FIRST A.ID to be quite a bogey.

The detailed mark so far as the ankle \\'a concerned \yere :-

,-\sk where pain (at rigid ankle)

Expose limb

Is there swelling? (J't's)

Is there deformity? (110)

Is there loss of power (1I107:eJlleJlL

2 max. .2 2 obt. .2 1 1 painful) 1 1

Diagnose Sprained ,-\nkle -+ 0 ,\pply tight bandage -+ 0

\\ 'et bandage -+" 0"

In my diagnosis I ruled out a sprained nnkle because there \\'as no di colouration \yhich is al\ya\'s present there according to the Textbook (p. 83). Do you consider that it was fair on the part of the judge to lea\'e this out of his marking sheet? Also. if your answer is in the positi\'e. do you not think that it would be better if the Textbook read- C S",'elling and perLaps discolouration," this being- a point ,,-hich I ha\-e only learned sincc from medical books.

In ie\\ of this and the marked s\yelling 1 treated as a suspected fracture in accordance with General Rule 8 on p, 59 but, as you see, not a single mark was allotted to us for this treatment which is not ,n accordance ",ith that on p, 8-+ of Textbook Incidentally, the judge ,,'as in Red Cross uniform.

Discolouration, being due to the rupture of blood \'esse ls. is not usually present immediately after the accident ",hich causes a Sprained .-\nkle. \lorc often it deyelops later; and for this reason I think that your suggestion is a good one.

At the same time "one s\yallow does not make a ; and similarly one sign does not (usually) make a dt<l.g-nosJS. There were, ho\\-e\'er, quite enough signs and symptoms for you to diagnose a sprain, As for your treatment of suspected fracture, had I been judge I might ha\'c giHn )'ou one-third of the possible marks becausc such treatment would al lcast ha\ e protected from further injury but there! the decisions of the judge are final!! So what difference doE'S the colou r of the judge's uniform make? Incidentally, I do not apprcciate your quarrel \\'it h the treatment required in detailed sheet except it be that there was 110 reason to "expose limb."

Y0ur second letter has been received; and your gentle reproach has been duly noted. Unfortunately, answers by post are no long er promised or e\'en possiblc because the

1935.

queries are not looked at until the timc cumes for me tu deal "'jth them each month. So you (and others) must not be CORBET FLETCHER.

E.C. ( 'u rbiton).-In a recent I a ked a candidate if in the cn e of :\ 0 e Bleeding the blood would pass do\yn the throat suppa that the patient ,,'ere kept lying flat on his back. The candidate replied that it would not; and \\ 'hen I pressed him to tell me \\·here the blood \\ uld g-o, he suq rised me considerably by answering-- C C Back /,,10 Ilze 7.·eills !

Good! ;\ext, please! !- :\ C. F. OF FRACTCRED FOREARM.

,-\.H. (Chelsea).-l-nder treatment of Fractured Forearm (Textbook p. 70) the second bandage is a tigure-of-eight and passed c'round '\'rist and hand II \\ h rea for Cru hed Hand (p, 72) the figure-of-eight bandage is crossed at C C hand. ,Hi t and forearm." 1n t he diagrams on p. 71, hO\\'e\'(!r, the bandages are apparently the same, \,-hat we wi h to know is the correct method of application for Fractured Forearm. Y our ruling ,,-ill bc much appreciated.

The bandages are identical, because, thouRh in the ca e of a Fractured F orearm the bandage ought to be applied " r ound \Hi and hand, ,. not one of us can make a job of it lhi \\'ay. Consequently, we are compelled to apply the bandage' C round hand, wri::,t, and forearm" ; and we hope that in its next edition the Textb ook "'ill re\-ert to 3 bandage for Fractured C. F.

FR,-\CTCRES OF LOWER

C. H. planche ter).-I would de em it a fa\'our if \'OU would gi\'e me your ruling on a point \yhich ha cau ed me anxiety for some time.

For the treatment of Fracture of Femur or Leg whcn inner splint i not a\'ailable. is it co rrect or incorrect to secure limb by passing bandages round (he limb and to tie off on splint? This is the melhod fa\'oured by the B.R.C.S.

Personalh -, \\'hen I ha\'e had no inner plint, I ha\'c al",'ays utilised the sound limb and passed my bandage round botb limbs and tied off my knot - on the splint.

1f Y0U turn to p. 77 of the Textbook you will find that in the circumstances named your treat ment coincides with the instructions set out in the second paragraph. \,'hen an splint is not available, it is ,,-ise, as you suggest, to make use of the sound limb to control the fractureJ limb. -1\. C. F.

DISLO CATED SlIOCLDER A/'{D " -RIST .

:\1. F. ( Hems\\'or lh) .-At a recent practice l)f our Di\'ision a discussion arose as to the correct arm- ling which should be used used in the case of a man \\'ho had dislocated his shoulder and at the same time sprained his wrist, both injuries being on the samc side,

I have always understood tI-,at a Inrge arm-sling should be used for a dislocated shoulder; but I hall be p l eased to ha\ 'c your ruling on this point

The large arm-sling is to be used for fractures of ribs and aT! 1'njuries (burns, \\'ounds, dislocations, sprains, &c.) of the upp e r limb excepting only fractures of arm (for " hich a small arm-sling is specially indicated) and fract ures of clavicle and scap ul c£ and arterial bleeding from t h e palm (which necessitate the application of the St. J ohn -N C .F.

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P. B (Li"e r pool).-Recently '\'e were discussing the treatment of burns as Jaid uut in the Tex t book (p. p. 12 8-130) ; and a discussion arose as to whether or no it would be correct to place a piece of oiled silk or iaconet between the lint soaked in bicarbonate of soda solution and the cotton wool. So to settle our discussion we ask for ruling.

You ha"e misread the instruction of the Text book (p 128). These require you to use bicarbonate of soda sol uti o n if this is availabJe, and to co\-er the burned part with a piece ot lint soaked in this solution. :\'0 oiled silk o r cotto n w oo l or bandag-e are to be used. 1f you did apply cotton wool, you would tend to create a "'arm and sodden focus in which harmful germs, if present, would flourish and multiply.

If, hO"'eyer, bicarbonate of soda and the facilities for making 3. solution thereof are "not readily a"ailable," the alternati,'e t r eatment sug-gested is to "cover the part with cotton wool and bandage lightly."-N.C.F."

PIRIT OF

P.C (Wellington, :\'.Z.).-The spirit of mischief being upon me, I wonder what you would do if any reader of FIRST AID should set you a query which you co uld not answer

Wait and see -K. C F.

A CASE FOR DIAGNOSIS.

E. L. (Bradfo r d) -Recently whilst at a dance I was called at 9 30 p. m. to attend two ,yomen (aet abou t 24), one of whom, within 20 minutes of their arriva l at the Dance Hall, had been sick and was in a state of stupo r while the other passed into stupor some 20 minutes later.

The leading signs were pale face, low temperature, pulse slow and weak, breathing shallow and accompa ni e d by a strong smell of alcoho l , eyes dull and reacting to touch Both were roused with difficulty, refused to take an emetic or any kind of drink and did not respond to first aid treatment. Indeed, they were sti ll in a state of stupor when they were taken home in a ca r; an d t h e ir parents were advised to summon a doctor.

Afterwards I was told that they recovered and became normal about 12.30 a. m. and that a d octo r was not called. As the signs were not those which we are taught to be those of alcohol poisoning, I thought that they had ?een ; and as a member of the Briga d e ! would like to know If you have the SJme opinion and If so what was the drug and what is the specia l treatment for such cases.

Who can te ll ? At any rate you did the right thing; and on the facts whIch yo u supply I would not like to ha za rd an opinion and to call it a diagnosis.

C. F.

T REATMENT

OF HEAD INJURIES

P. B. I had occasion to treat a man wl:o was unconscious consequent on head injuries s u stamed as the resul.t of falling. off a la dd er. As part of my treatment while we waited for the amb ulance I app li ed sme llin g salts to patient's no se. Later I ';as taken to task by my in structo r w h o told me that I was wrong in so doin g In these c ir c um sta n ces I s h a ll appreciate yo ur op inion and ruling.

Sm elling salts have a true stimulati n g effect on th e Bram Centres through the nerves of smell. - Conseque tl 'hH dI" n y WIt ea nJunes, in which b ccmorrhage of the brain may or m.ay not be present, a lwa ys, in my opi nion, because they will certamly ca u se a rise of pressure wlthm sk ull they might agg r ava te (or even cause)

CompressIOn of Braln.-N.C.F.

AlD. April, 1935.

T READ-lENT OF FRACTCRES ON TilE S POT

A.::\f. (Port Pirie S outh Australia).-At a r ece nt team contest at Port Pirie the test (\'e rbal ) set \" as :-

" A man has been kn ocked d o\\'n by a motor car in a busy treet. He is found to be un conscio u s suffe rin g from a fracture of the right femur a nd also from min or abrasio n s to the head. Th e surroundings are a babbl ing cro " d, fast mO"ing- motor H'hicles; and it is r a ining h eav il y. ..l,. d ea e r 's shop is also featured close to th e scene; and splints ,,,ill be supplied when asked for."

One team w as penalised h eavi ly, in fact practically eliminated, from h e co nt est, for the r easo n that they sp lint ed the l eg before removal instead of tying le gs together and removing" to the shop

X o\\', Sir, which is in the \'-'[ ong here-the adjudicato r or the T extbook? Se e p'l.ge 56, Rul e Xo. 1 the G e ne ral Rul es for Tre atment of Fracture, which requir es to be treated on the spot

The ruling of the judge \\'as st ri ctly in accordance with Rul e 1 on p. 56 of the T extbook, since in t h e c ir c um stances the patient was expose d to f urther and possibly fatal injUlies co nsequen t on being kept in the midst of fast mm' ing motor "ehicles. Another a r gu m ent in favour of his ruling is that the same risk would be incurred by those r ende rin g first aid.

The point in Rule 1 which is so often missed by first aiders is t hat the patient must not be moved ur.til the fractured limb has been rendered as immovable as practicable by splints o r other mea1lS of resfraw! Consequently, if the lim bs are tied together at til ighs, knees, legs and ank les, before r emoval to a safe place, then the fractured limb has been treated on the spot. -A. C. F.

FRACTuRE OF AR:\l IN\'OLYING ELBa\\,. R. H. ( L oftus). -A di scussion recently a r ose with reference to the co rrect treatment of a Fracture im'olving Elba\\,joint, the patient being out of d oors. Rul e 3 o n p. 70 of the Te xtbook re ads-" S ec ur e by ban d ages r o und the arm, the forearm and the hand." It was ta k en by some of u s that the bandage imm ediatel y below the elbow (as u se d previously) is now di spensed w it h in fav o ur of a figure-of-eight band age r o und the wri st and and h and an d that consequently two bandages only are required to co nt ro l this fracture. We welcome your ruling.

If you compare Rule 3 on p. 70 of the T extbook with Rule 3 on p. 71, you will note a complete difference in t he way in which the in st ru ct ions are set out a nd more p3.rtic ularly that on p. 70 the text r ea d s (C round tlu, arm, the forearm an d tile h a nd," whereas on p. 71 it r ea ds (C round the wrist a nd hand." On these g rounds am emphatically of the opinion that the T extboo k intend s you to u se three bandages in yo ur treatment of Fracture involving Elbowjoint.

At any rat e this s the better plan because most first aidcrs expe ri e n ce cons iderable difficulty in applying the figure-of-eight band age quickly, neatl y and efficiently In other word s , I am among the many lecturers and demonstrators who do not r eg-a rd the introdu ct ion in the 3 8t h Editi.:m of the T extboo k of the figure-of-eight bandage for Fractured Forearm as a commendable substitute for two bandages.-l .C.F.

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THE ST. JOHN AMBULANCE ASSOCIATION, ITS HISTORY, AND ITS PART IN THE AMBULANCE MOVEMENT, BY

N. CORBE r FLETCHER, M.A., M.B M.R.C.S "As a work of reference, the book will be excremely useful and should be in the library of all amhulance workers. "-FIRST AID.

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All Reports, &c., should be addressed to tbe Editor at the address below, and should

EDITORIAL.

WHAT can one say that has not THE SILVER already been said, of the J UBILEE splendour of the Jubilee celebrations? Scenes on the processional route have been described in glowing terms by eminent writers but only a little was said of the self-sacrificing aid given by the voluntary am bulance workers.

Quietly, efficiently, without fuss or pomp, first aiders along the line of route were kept busy attending cases of fainting, collapse and other such sudden illnesses. To them is due the praise of the general public, and the nation as a whole.

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302

Flushed Face in Alcoholic Poisoning 302

Alcohol as Disinfectant 302 In Brid 302

As early as 8a.m., members paraded at the sevent.y stations arranged and their services were soon- required. As the day advanced, and the sun's rays grew in intensity their work increased, until by 1.30 p.m., 7,169 cases had received attention. Fortunately the majority of the cases were not of a serious character, but, in addition, 37 cases necessitated removal to hospital.

Fou r thousand men and women of the St. John Ambulance Brigade, over sixty doctors and 24 ambulances were in attendance. These, for the main part, were members of the No.1 District, and assisting were some six hundred members of the No.8 District.

The whole was under the command of Captain W. Goodley, M.C. (Commissioner, No.1 District), who had the assistance of Mr. E. A. Richards (Commissioner, No.8 District).

By their devotion to duty, the members once again upheld the traditions of the Order of St. John. In addition, they demonstrated their loyalty to Their Majesties.

The Jubilee procession was but one occasion durino- the celebrations, at which members of the Brio-ade did such excellent work. Duty in the at local functions, at the floodlighting, and other scenes, called for more parades, which were cheerfully and willingly carried out by the voluntary first-aider members,

St. Joh n Ambulance Association

HEREFORDSIIIRE. - The annual competition for the " Lilley" Challenge Cup took place on Thursday, April 25th when Hereford S.].A.B. were successful in the cup presented by the late Dr. J. Harris Lilley. Hereford City Police team and the G. vV. R. and L. M. S. Joint No.1 team tied for second place

The judges were Dr. C. W. Walker (team) and Dr. H. Ward Smith (individual).

Viscount Hereford presided over the gathering, the results being announced by Dr. vValker.

Mrs. Hopton presented the cup to the winning team.

ISLE OF MAN. -The annual competitions of the Isle of Man Centre were held on April 27th, when a good attendance of spectators were present.

Mr. T. H. Lewis presided at the subsequent presentation of awards, at which the results were announced as follows :-

Mel1.-1 and Challenge Cup, Onchan, 168 marks; 2, Kirk Michael, 152; 3, Peel A, 113. Six teams competed, Dr. R. Marshall, M. O. H., adj udicating. Juniors.-1 and" Cunningham" Shield, Peel Scouts, 247 marks. Three teams competed ex-Supt. vVm. Fargher adjudicated.

Individua1.-Nurses : 1, Miss C. J. Moore, Douglas; 2, Miss J. Dodd, Peel; 3, Miss K. A. Cowley, Pecl. Men: 1, rr. C. E. Craine, Kirk l\lichael; 2, Mr. F. "V, Bowin, Kirk Mi chael; 3, Mr. "V. K Kneale, Pulrose. ExSupt. Fargher judged the former and Dr. C. A. Buckley the latter.

The awards were presented by 1\1rs. E. H. Cunningham,O.B.E.

PLYMOUTII. - During April the Plymouth and District Ambulance Service dealt with 39 road accidents and 97 other accidents and sudden illnesses. Statistics show that the heaviest time for road accidents was between 4 p. m. and 5 p. m., Fridays claiming the most cases whilst other accident calls were heaviest between 3 p.m. and 4 p.m. and between 10 p. m. and 11 p. m. In this instance Mondays proved the heavies t days.

Colliel"Y Ambulanc e News

YORKSHIRE COLLIERIES AMBULANCE LEAGUE.

On April 27th the final competition for the" Wood Shield was held at Wombwell. Five teams winners of the preliminary rounds, competed, and as the (Dr. J. B. McKay of Chesterfield) remarked at the close of the competitions, the work done was excellent.

T.lle test for the teams was an ordinary pit accident InvolVIng two men trapped at a gate end. In the individual section the competitors had to treat a child sufferinO" from scalds about the face, arms and chest. b

The result was 1st, \\Tooll ey Colliery, 352 points; 2nd, Pontefract, 3rd, Maltby Main, 332 4th, West Riding, 329 ; 5th, Sllverwood, 299.

Mr W. A. Willis, general manager of Kilnhurst Collierthe shield to the Vloolley Colliery team and IndIVIdual medals to all competitors.

HARWORTII COLLIERY.-Ambulance teams from York-

AID . May, 193 5

shire, N otts, and Derbyshire competed at the Harworth Colliery Institute, on Saturday, April 27th, in the annual contest for the "Barber" Memorial Ambulance Shield and the "\Vright" Cup. The adjudicators were Dr. F W. Johnson (Bawtry), Dr. P. Kane (Rossington), and Dr. P J. Quigley (Harworth), and for the individual tests Dr. Earl (Bircotes), Dr. Mullins (Bawtry), and Mr. W. Tupling.

The winner of the "Barber" Shield was the New Stubbin No 1 team, with 261 points out of 300. The " Wright" Cup was won by Wath No.1 team, 254 points; Kilnhurst Colliery came third with 248.

In the individual contest the prizewinners were A. Box, Rossing-ton No.1, 43t points; E. Hessam, Wath No.1, 39 G. Dawson, New Stubbin No.1, 43t ; T. Stocks, Aldwarke Main, 43t.

St. John Am bu l a n c e Bl"i gade Ov el"s eas

No. 3 DISTRICT.

BOMBAY.-On Sunday, March 24th, a general parade of the Bombay Corps was held to wish" bon voyage" to the retiring Assistant Commissioner Mr. W. R. S. Sharpe. District Supt. D. F. Panthaki, M.B.E., J.P., referred to the services rendered by Mr. and [rs. Sharpe to the cause of the Brigade and to his work for the closer cooperation of the activities of the Association and Brigade and the Indian Red Cross Society.

Mr. Sharpe, in his reply, complimented the Corps for doing its duties willingly and efficiently. He also acknowledged the keen interest the Governor was taking in the welfare of the Corps.

Later, Mr. Sharpe unveiled in the Lady "Willing-don Building the portraits of the late Major George Lund and the late Dr. Kawasji Edalji Dadachanji, two pioneers of the Bombay Corps.

On April 13th His Excellency Lord Brabo'..lrne, Governor of Bombay, inspected the Bombay Corps in the compound of the Elphinstone High School.

On arrival, His Excellency was received by District Surgeon Capt. F. N. Kapadia, Officiating Supt. D. F. Panthaki and Major F. T. Ditkar.

After the inspection Supt. Panthaki read the report of No. 3 District for 1934. During the year 716 cases of accidents and sudden illness (373 on public duty and 343 on other occasiolls) were reported as against 392 in the previous year. Transport was provided for 1,030 patients and invalids. Members of the Parsi Nursing Division rendered assistance in 41 private cases.

Mr. Panthaki referred to the services rendered by Major Numan, who held offi€e of District Superintendent for 23 years and had retired during the year.

After presenting decorations and awards His Excellency addressed the parade. The work they were doing, he said, was ot the greatest importance. At the constant succession of festivals and functions where large crowds gather, members played a very useful part. At the same time His Excellency thought it would be an excellent thing for Bombay if it were possible for the Corps to increase the number of its motor ambulances. The Governor congratulated the District on the increased membership in the NursinO" Division.

In conclusion, the Governor thanked the Corps both on his behalf and on that of the citizens of Bombay for the notable service which they were doing, and wished' them all luck and success in the coming year.

When corresponding w ith adve r tiser s kindly mention " FIRST AID ."

The ,, Holger Nielson" Method Respi ration : of Artificial

By COLONEL HOLGER NIELSON , of Copenhagen .

IF attempts to restore life are to be successful, prompt actz'on is essential; not a second must be wasted on useless measures such as, for example, trying to empty water out of someone who has apparently been drowned.

First, everyone must be made to understand that a person who z's apparently dead must not be left to k£nzseif. If the first person on the scene is unfamiliar with the technique of resuscitation, he must not run away in search of a doctor or a first aid worker (this is a task for later comers) but must at once set to work to roll the unconscious person over from his back to his chest and continue to do so until the arrival of persons capable of practising artificial respiration effectively.

The sooner artificial respiration is started, the greater are the chances of success with attempts to restore life. This must not be forgotten.

The method about to be described is quickly put into practice as the preparations are few and simple. As a rule, the tongue falls forward of itself, so that no time need be spent on this important matter. The movements themselves have been found to be very effecti ve. The operator does not find his task very exhausting (he can hold out for a long time) and it is easy to understand and master its range and rhythm.

The apparently dead person is placed on an even, level space. The operator or rescuer frees

him as quickly as possible of garments fitting tightly about neck, chest and abdomen, taking off his overcoat if he has one and placing him extended on his stomach, with his hands, one over the other,

l'>

as a sort of pillow on which his forehead rests. The nose and mouth must be perfectly free. If required his head is further lifted 1-2 em. frot? the ground by putting an article of dress under hiS hands to ensure the mouth remaining free; at the same time it is possible to use that piece as underlayer for the knee. A pocket. handkerchief or something similar is put under hiS face to prevent dust from entering the respiratory passages.

A couple of slaps with the flat of the hand generally helps to open the mouth and make the tongue fall forward.

The preparations are now complete, and they do not take many seconds. The operator with one knee by the patient's ,head, supP?rtmg the other leo- close to the patient s elbow (Fig. 4). Both with fingers widely apart, are placed on the patient's back in such a way that the palms of the hands rest on his shoulderblades, the thum bs poin t ing to the spine (Fig. 1).

With his trunk swaying forward on hiS outstretched arms till their position is vertical, the operator now quietly and softly exerts pressure from above over the. patient; chest. This pressure IS steadIly progressive for 2lf seconds while the operator without any effort being made. (ExpiratIOn Fig. 2).

FIG. 1.

* Introduced and demonstrated by the author at the IVth International Congress for Life Saving and First Aid in Cases of Accidents.

FIG. 2.

The operator now relaxes pressure, swaying his trunk back and letting his hands slip over the patient's shoulders till they can seize his upper arms half-way between armpit and elbow. He now, slowly and partially, lifts the patient by the arms for seconds, 5-6-7-8 (inspiration Fig. 3).

These lifting movements, which contain an element of traction as the operator swings his trunk back, if effected with outstretched arms, must not exceed in range or force the object required of it. This is to expand the chest by relieving a little of the pressure exerted on it by the patient's weight while inspiration is proceeding. The trunk is to be lifted but not raised clear of the ground and the patient's forehead must remain as before on his folded hands.

The patient's arms are now placed gently in contact with the ground, the operator's hands slip forward again to their original position, the expiratory pressure is exerted anew and the process is thus continued.

vVhen every movement of the hands is allotted 1 second, this double movement will require 7 seconds or a rhythm of about 8 or 9 to the min ute.

In practice it is well to count :-

For expiration; 1-2-3-4.

For inspiration; 5-6-7-8, so that the pressure ceases and the hands are carried back to the lifting position at the count of "4." At the count of " 8" (after inspiration) the

tioned movements so that they are executed rhythmically, gently, quietly while his body sways without an y effort-and this is when the best effects are obtained-the movements can be repeated for a long time without exhaustion.

The pressure on the chest has a powerful expiratory effect and even when the object of these exercises is conscious, i.e., during practice, he is

Memories of 27 Years' Ambulance Work *

By N. CORBET FLETCHER, M.A., M.B., M.R.C.S.

(.3) As Ambulance Correspondent.

patient's arms are lowered, the operator's hands are to the original position and the countmg IS started again from the beginning.

One counts uniformly and uninterruptedly from 1 to every 7 seconds-the rhythm of a slow walk. ThIS rhythm is quickly learnt when, at the outset, after the movements have been practised accurately, it is checked by a watch.

As .soon as the operator has acquired balance 111 the rIght position and mastered the above-men-

forced to respond to this pressure and the lifting movements on the arms make inspiration easy and very deep. Both movements have a favourable effect on the heart.

The operator must be sure that the patient's mouth opens and that his tongue falls forward promptly, with the first respiratory movements. Otherwise, some one must try to force the mouth open and pull the tongue well out. This is necessary in order that there may be no obstruction to the entry of air into the lungs.

While the operator is practisi ng artificial respiration there is ample opportunity for others at the same time to begin another very important task. This is to rub the patient's body-a most useful procedure, particularly in cases of drowning.

(To be concluded.)

.-.

The annual War Ofllce insp ec ti o n of V.A. D. 104, West of Yorkshire, was held at Sheffield on lay 8th. The ll1spectll1g officers were County Controller BrigadierGeneral W. Sandys and Major]. G. E. Vachell, R.i\.M.C., who expressed their satisfaction with the work done. The parade was in charge of Commandant Mrs. ]. Windle and Dr. M. R. Powell (Medi ca l Oflicer). L a dy District Officer lVl iss G. Ashberry was also present.

In commemoration of the Royal Jubilee and of the late Sir Ernest Horlick, Barl., a fully-equipped motor ambulance has been offered by Horlick's Mal ted 1\1 ilk Co., Ltd., to the St. J Brigade for use in the town of Slough and dIstrICt. The ambulance was dedi cate d by the Bishop of Buckingham and formally presented to the Soulh Bucks Corps of the St. John Ambulance Brigade at a ceremonial parade at Horlick's factory, Slough, on Saturday afternoon, May 11th.

THE records show that Dr. Heaton Howard (whom I remember as a delightful old man) was the first Hon. Medical Correspondent to FIRST AID, which he founded in 1894 and which has throughout its existence devoted its influence to the best interests of the Ambulance movement. He was a great enthusiast and won the affection of all with whom he was associated; and for five years he answered occasional queries before and after the Journal passed into the hands of Messrs. Dale, Reynolds and Co., Ltd. He was succeeded by Dr. Frank Christian who created the Query Column as a regular feature and who in his turn served ambulance students well and faithfully for a further period of five years, up to his death in 1915.

At his lamented death I succeeded to the post of Hon. Medical Correspondent; and I must admit that, unlike speech making, writing has never presented any difficulty to me. Indeed, I remember that in my University days we formed a so-called Society for Relief of Undergraduates in Distress, and that I wrote all the letters for others to copy, sign and forward to their irate parents. So I frankly admit that this branch of the work has proved most enjoyable to me, even if, as the years passed it has grown to unexpected dimensions and is done for the usual ambulance remuneration!

In my early days of ambulance journalism I found difficulty in appreciating the reasons behind many of the queries which were sent and which were perfectly simple to me by reason of my medical training. So I was forced to appeal to Ernest Milburn who, as a layman, could demonstrate to me where the laymen were at sea. As the queries increased in numbers I realised that the time-honoured custom of signing all replies was out of date; and so I substituted my initials which some correspondents appear to regard as the correct form of address. Incidentally, I have been told that my replies have created the impression among those who do not know me in the flesh that I am tall, thin and austere in countenance, whereas the exact opposites are more true to life.

B. WORK WITH THE BRIGADE.

Up to 1916 I served the Ambulance Move-

* An address given aL a meeting of the Hospitallers Club on 8Lh March, 1935.

ment as and opportunity offered; but in that year I declared Irrevocably for St. John by accepting the post of (as it was then called) Hon. Surgeon of the Hampstead Division. Incidentally, you m.ay be amused lear? that I first met representatives of the Bngade In the Varsity Rugby Match of 1899 and that, rather than submit to their ministrations, I staggered to my feet and contin ued playing, with the result that I spent the next fortnight on my back!

The story of how was approached is worth telling because some of you, as Officers-in-charge of Divisions, think that doctors funk voluntary work and that your only chance of getting their support is to represent to them that their job is a soft and" cushy" one! There was never a bigger ; and ,Yet this is probably the reason why, In so many lnstances, surgeons are lost to the Brigade within a year or two of their appointments. On the other hand, those surgeons who are made to feel themselves an essential part of our Divisions and who are properly and systematically worked remain in the Brigade, because they acquire the am bulance spirit and all that this entails.

Now for my story. As Ambulance Officer Milburn was already known to me he was sent as a delegate. He reminded me that the Brigade was composed of surgeons and trained laymen and women all of whom worked for nothing; he told me that he knew full well that I was too busy a man (in my tenth year of practice !) to undertake the extra duties which he described in detail; and he added that his Division would expect me to attend its drills whenever possible and to wear the Brigade uniform. The result of this interview was that he excited m y interest in the work and stimulated my sympathy towards those who did the work; that I did join up; and also that I spent eight of the happiest years of my Brigade life in intimate contact with the individual members of the Hampstead Division. So catch your surgeons while they are still young, tell them the whole truth and give them work! !

One amusing memory remains with me ; and that is that within a few days of my enrolment I received a letter from another member of this Club -Herbert Langley Jones -w ho wrote this and no more-" So glad that YOlL have been 7'oped in ! "

In 1920 those who founded this Club had to face certain difficuties which seemed at that time

FIG. .3.

FIG. 4.

likely to wreck their plans; and they asked for my help. As my sympathies were entirely with them, I agreed to act; and I need only say that I kept my word and that, as perhaps they know, I placed the arguments in favour very forcibly before the opposition with satisfactory results.

In 1924 I was promoted to District Surgeon; and I remember with pleasure that my colleagues in the Divisions turned out in record numbers to support me at the Annual it were well to remind those In charge of DlstrIct, Area and Division that most 3.mbulance surgeons are busy individuals and that, unless the various functions are brought directly to their notice, they are apt to overlook them. Consequently, a little I'spoon feeding" never comes amiss, especially if it is done with tact and discrimination.

The same year witnessed my promotion as Officer-in-Charge of Central Area with which again I spen t another period of eight most happy years. The Area Scheme has proved a great success, mainly because it put an end to the isolation of Divisions and because the Area Commissisoner has opportunity of making personal contact with those in com mand of the Di visions just as the Divisional Surgeon or Superintendent may do with the individual members of their units. Among the innovations introduced in my term of office I look back with most pleasure to the start of the Area Gazette and the introduction of the Area Standard because both serv ed their purposes far beyond my most optimistic anticipations.

In j 932 when the strain of routine ambulance duties was proving almost too great and I was seriously considering resignation, the Surgeon-inChief invited me to become his Assistant; and I was so promoted. To-day my duties carry me to the Provinces where I find similar worries and difficulties and yet withal the same enthusiasm as in myoid District, even though the work in places is totally different.

In London public service centres mainly round street and open space duties, whereas in the Provinces it is principally exercised in transport duties with the local ambulance and in these latter days with patrol duties on the roads and at the road huts.

Even so, already in my new post, I am collecting many happy memories. Thus, my first visit was to Colne where the first permanent Ambulance Hall was established in March 1892 and where I was duly enrolled as a member of No. IV District; at an Inspection of the Manchester and Salford Corps I met on parade 4 men who were wearing the St. John South African Medal, as evidence of long and faithful service at Whitby I opened a new Ambulance Hall free of all debt including cost of redecoration, a result which was only obtained by the collection during a period of grave depression of £400 in six months; and at Hull I came

AID. May, 1935.

across a Corps with 19 Divisions each of which has its own Road Hut.

Mr. President and Gentlemen-I now close the tablets of my memory; and I trust that I have not bored you with my reminiscences for which vour Committee asked. In conclusion, my friends condole with me in that my hobby is the same as my daily work and that so much of my free-time is given without financial reward. To such I invariably reply that first-aid is not medicine; that teaching first aid and answering queries on first aid keep me up to the mark in my job as a general practitioner of medicine; and that, best of all, my hobby keeps me in touch with human nature in its best form.

Coming Events.

The Editor will be pleased to receive particulars of forthcoming events for inclusion (free of charge) under this heading.

l\IAY.

17-June 11 -National V.A.D. Training Camp, SparshoH, Winchester.

24.-Inter-Railway Ambulance Competition, Wharncliffe Rooms, Hotel Great Central, London.

25.-Midland Area (West Riding of Yorkshire) S.].A.B. Annual Field Day, IIkley.

28.-London and North Eastern Railway International Competition, Glasgow.

31.-St. John Ambulance Brigade Final Competitions, Hotel Great Central, London.

JUNE.

i.-No.1 (Prince of Wales's) District Annual Inspection. Hyde Park i.-Norfolk Branch B. R.C. S. Competitions, Great Yarmouth.

2.-Review No. 8 (Duke of Connaught's) District, S.J.A.B., Folkestone.

11-16.-IIIrd International Air Ambulance Congress, Brussels.

15.-The Powell-Duffryn Associated Collieries, Ltd. (Western Area) In te r-Colliery Competition, Ferndale.

15.-County of London B.R.C.S. Inspection, Chelsea Barracks.

22.-North Riding of Yorkshire (No.6 District, S.].A.B.) Ambulance and Nursing Inspection, South Bank near Middlesbrough.

22.-0pen Competition, MiddJesbrough Central Division Challenge Cups.

22.-Royal Halifax Infirmary and Gala " Ald erman Whittaker" Shield Competition, Halifax.

24.-St. John's Day.

29.-North Riding of Yorkshire B. R.C.S. Annual County Com petitions.

29.-Brighouse Infirmaries and Hospitals Annual Open Competition, Brighouse.

JULY.

5.-Inaugural Meeting of the Florence Nightingale International Foundation, Manchester Square, London.

6-13. - Staveley Coal and Iron Co.'s Ambulance Brigade Camp at North Denes.

13.-Elland Demonstration and Carnival "Dempster" Shield Competition, Eiland.

The St. fohn Ambulance Brigade Reports.

No. I (Prince of Wales's) District.

On Monday evening, May 13th, ninety Jubilee medals were presented by Capt. W. Goodley, C., to members of the No. i. District.

The Commissioner stated that the medal was a personal gift from H. M. the King and congratulated all recipients. Eac h and everyone so honoured would wish the King long life and good health for many years to come.

Capt. Goodley also took the opportunity of saying how muc h he appreciated the work of the members of the District on the occasion of the Jubilee proces sion. He was proud of the District for the loyalty shown. He personally inspected every station along the seven miles of the route, and he was excee dingly pleased with the arrangements carried out.

The medals were then presented, following which Dr. Mel ntyre, Asst. Commissioner, voiced the appreciation of those present to the l1ntirin g work of the Commissioner.

The celebration of St. John's Day will be held on June 24th, 1935

The Commissioner and Officers of No.1 District request the pleasure of the company of members of other Districts

Refreshments were served, and after a few remarks by Supt. S. H. Collins on the activities of the Divisions the birthday cake was cut by Lady Supt. Miss Vicary and distributed to the gathering. All spent a most enjoyable evening and the Divisions again look forward to another successful year.

WATFORD.-At the annual meeting of the Watford Division held on Monday, April 29th, it was announced that 2,739 duties were undertaken last year.

Dr. J. Buchanan presided over the gathering, supported by Supt. L. D. White, Amb. Officer G. E. l\Iitchinson and others.

Supt. White presented the annual report. Cases dealt with numbered 2,699, whilst duties numbered 2,739. The Motor Ambulance Service, operated by the Borough Council and the Brigade had continued to call for yoluntary service, whilst the new ambulance service, operated by the Division had been found of real value to the public. The Auxiliary Service, under which ambulance boxes were supplied and maintained at local factories had continued successfully.

to tea at 5 p. m. at the Man chester Hotel, Aldersgate-street, E.C .1, after the General Assembly on that day.

Will all members of No.1 District who wish,":to join in ente rtaining- officers from other Distri cts on this occasion please communicate with District Officer S. B. Piers at District headquarters.

FINCHLEY AND SOUTIIGATE.-On Wednesday, May 1st about 150 members and friends, including District Officer J. Standingford, Amb. Officers S. J. Stillwell and A. E. Hawkins, met at Garfield Road School, New Southgate to celebrate the fourth birthday of No. 118 (Southgate) Division, and the third birthday of No. 74 (Finchley and Southgate) Nursing Division.

The evening was spent in dancing, music for which was provided by Archie Gilbert's Embassy Band, games, community singing, and songs were very kindly rendered by Mrs. Leedham fl,ncl Mr. Stretton,

Dr. Buchanan congratulated the members heartily on their sllccessful year, and on their progress. Their work had been clone quietly but efficiently. He could say that on a number of occasion he had heard from patients how appreciative they were of the way the St. John men had dealt with them He wished the Division still greater success in their splendid work in the future.

No. II. District.

The annual competitions for the Bucks County were held at Aylesbury. Much credit is due to the County Commissioner Major P. G. Darvil-Smith and the County Secretary, Mr'. W. Scott-Evans, for their work in arranging the competitions.

Wolverton were again adjudged the winners wlth marks Marlow being second with 3-1-1; Chesham thlrd. 328. The winners also won the" Major Abraham's" Cup for the team te t only. Hi gh Wycombe won the

" Mayor's" Challenge Shield and medals; the "Lady Rothschild" Cup; Newport Pagnall the Bucks Joint Committee Cup." "

Aylesbury Turses ,yon the "Leonard \V followed by Slough, who were awarded the Centre Cup. " B "M 1 In the individual test the ::'lary rown emona Cup was awarded to Slough.

HIGH \VYCO:'IBE -Continued expansion ?f duties were reported at the annual meeting of the H:gh Wycombe Division over which Dr. C. A. Parker presIded.

Mr. Harry \\Tatts presented his tenth annual report and referred to the crrowth of the division from the ear ly days. Referring to the past year's work 2;160 cases had received attention, 360 patients removed and road accidents dealt with. Four roadside boxes were 111stalled Transport Officer R. J. Goves reported that a new ambulance was put into operation at the end of October and the old ambulance onrhauled. There 313 transport cases, involving 5,688 103 road ac.cIdents co-yering 483 miles and 47 other aCCIdents covenng 2.23 mlles, makincr a crrand total of 463 cases and 6,394 mIles. in personnel were also recorded and other departments recorded increased activities.

The Mayor (Councillor G. H. paid tribute to the wonderful ,,"ork of the BrIgade.

N o. Ill District.

COVENTRY.-The Annual Dinner of the City of Coventry Division was held at the Brigade H.all when Major Orton, M.D. (County Commissioner) presIded over a large company Others present included the. Mayor (Alderman T. E. Friswell), Div. Supt. J. H: Harns, Lady Supt. Mrs. Bayliss) Lady Supt. 1\1rs. E. Capt. S. A. Hector (Chief Constable of Officer W. H. Cartwright (Coventry CIty FIre BrIgade), Mr. W. Reynolds, Dr. D. Holmes, Lady Corps Officer Mrs. A. Lovatt, Corps Officer G. Oliver, Corp? Officer and Secretary W. A. Jennings and Distnct Officer WIlk1Os.

Dr. D. Holmes presented a challenge to .the Division for competition among male 10 He emphasised that he wanted -it to remall1 111 th.e DlvlslOn, and said his desire was to encourage the nurs111g branch of their work which had not perhaps received as much attention as it should.

Supt. Harris thanked Dr. Holmes for his gift.

The Mayor proposed "The City of Coventry Division" and coupled with it Supt. Harris He was of the opinion that the work of the Brigade deserved the highest commendation.

In response the Divisional Superintendent informed the gathering that last year 1,587 public duties had been attended, 2,527 cases reported and 151 cases removed.

::.rIajor Orton agreed with the Mayor on the selfsacrificing efforts of the men.

.l. members of the Nuneaton Division haye adopted a membership booklet which should prove very useful. Particulars are given as to where h aversacs and roadside boxes are to be found, acc ident inst r uctio n s, what to do on hearing of a serious accide nt and other data is included.

The booklet also gives names and addresses, with telephone numbers, of the members, the town being divided into nine areas for this purpose.

To make the booklet more useful the cost o f var iou s surgical articles lent on hire) is also incl ud ed t ogether with list of Doctors, dress orders, a n d contents o f pouch.

We can recommend this idea to othe r divis ion s

No. IV. District.

L.\NCASIlIRE.

ASHTON - UXDER - LYNE.-1\1embers of th.e. Ashton Borough P olice Force haye. undergone tests in "First Aid" with splendld results, there be111g 52 passes The tests were made in the P.S.A. Hall) and consisted of both practlcal and theorettcal exam111ations Amb Officer J. She1merdine was in charge of the pra ctica l test assisted by willing helpers from ?t. J ohn Ambulance Brigade The theoretIcal eXam1!1atlOn was supervised by Dr. Heap.

HEYWOOD DIvIsroX's.-A sale of work, which realised £15, in aid of the funds of the Heywood Ambulance and ursinO' Divisions was held in St. John's School, H opopened by Mrs J. Hunt, of Bankscroft, Hopwood: Mr. Thomas Howarth presided, and others on the platform were W. Maxwell Reekie, Esq., O.B.E., J.P. (Asst. Commissioner for S E. Lancs.), Dr. J. A.. C. Randall) Lady Supt. Mrs. Wood, Lady Amb 1\1lss Johnson, Supt. J. NiO'htingale Amb. Officer J. Dlggle, Staff-Sergt. H Ashworth, Sergt: E. Rawlings (Financial Secretary), Corpl. VV. Shackleton (Treasurer), Hon Sergt. A. Greenhalgh (Secretary), Miss 1Iargery Hill (Rose Queen), and ::'1iss Doris 1\lc::'1utrie (ex Rose Queen):

After expressing his pleasure at bemg the Chalrman Mr. Howarth obseryed that everyone ought to get some knowledcre of ambulance work or nursing. He was formerl; a member of the Brigade and he found the work very interesting and useful.

Mrs. Hunt spoke appreciatively of the splendId work being done by members of the Divisior:s the country. They showed great m. glVlllg up their leisure time to the work and 111 attendIng demonstrations at which big crowds assembled, football matches, processions, as well as going on duty at their road stations . They were doing a great and useful work and deserved the support and thanks of the public It was a great pleasure to her open their sale of work and she wished them every posslble success.

Mr. Maxwell Reekie moved a vote of thanks to :\1 r s. H unt and Mr Howarth, and in doing- so gave a brief history of the Order of St . J ohn The res.olution was seconded by Supt. Nightingale and was carned.

The Rose Queen presented a bouquet to Mrs Hunt and buttonholes to the Chairman, 1\1r. Reekie, and Dr. Randall.

BURNLEY. - The annual R eport of Burnley Corps, shows the st r ength of the Corps to be 104 82 members of the Nursing Divisions, and seve,ral gIrls attached to the Cadet Unit Last year 3 19 accldents were dealt with by members, who made 383 attendances on public duty

TRAwDEN -There was a record attendance at the Annual Social in connection with the Trawden Division) which was held in the CaIne Road Methodist Schoolr oom Councillor Edgar Duckworth of Colne presided, and in his remarks spoke on the ambulance movement as a whole as well as giving many words of praise and encouragement to all the members, both men and women who were wo r king year by year for such a usef ul and dese r v ing cause A splendid conce r t followed when the "Sunshine Girls of Trawden" featured in a gay r evue entitled "Hello Sunshine." Dr. Bullough, of Colne, the Divisional Surgeon, presented certificates and meda l s to the Cadets and Officers of the Division. Long Service Medals were presented to Mr. W. Emmott and Mr. J. H T atham.

L rvERPooL -On Sunday, April 7th, the L ive r poo l North Ambu lance Division added anothe r mi l estone to

May , 1955 . FIR S T

their progress when the Lord ::'layor of Liverpool (Alderman F T. Richardson) J.P.) declared open a first aid post on Oueen's Drive, WalLol1)in the presence of some 3,000 meriihers of the public. The post was presented to the Division by Mrs. D. A. Ross in memory of her late husband, Dr. J arne Ross who took a great interest in the Division.

The Lord 1\1ayor, in declaring open the Road Hut, paid tribute to the Brigade. He expres ed his appreciation to the donor not only on behalf of the Brigade but also as Lord Mayor on behalf of the citizens as a whole.

Councillor Clare asked Mrs. Ross to accept a framed portrait of the late Dr. Ross which had been subscribed to by members of the Ambulance and Nursing- Divisions.

Following the ceremony the Hut was open to public inspection.

ORRELL.-A large number of members representing the 'Wigan Corps from Ashton) Standish, \Vigan, and Ince, attended the Orrell Diyisiol1's annual church parade. Corps Supt. H. Potter was in command of the parade. which, headed by the Skelmersdale Old Prize Band, marched to the church where a most impressiYe service was held.

Rev. A. D. Smart gave an inspiring sermon in \\"hich he quoted the Biblical story of "The Good Samaritan." A collection was taken on behalf of the Orrell Divisions who extended their thanks to the divisions and officers for their presence.

Commissioner W. G Smith, O.B.E., accompanied by Corps Surgeon J. Boyd and Corps Supt. H. Potter attended the dedication and inauguration of the new roadside emergency first aid boxes. The Commissioner was criycn a civic welcome by the Chairman of the Council (1\Ir. B. Park, J.P.), who was sure that the installation of roadside ambulance boxes would be welcomed and appreciated.

The Rey. Dr. F. S. Jack on performed the dedication} after which Commissioner Smith thanked the Council for their kind welcome and for the support they gave to the ambulance movement. Road Service) he said, originated in Lancashire and last year 46,000 cases were treated.

No. VI. District.

J ARRow.-At the Annual l\Ieeting of the J a:row Division it was announced that more than 12,000 patIents had been carried and oyer 70,000 miles had been covered by the divisional ambulances during the past 18 years.

The report for the 18 months ending December 31st last gives the number of persons carried as 999 and 11,8q7 miles covered . The cash accounts show a balance 111 hand of just oyer £40 which is considered e::ccellent,. incr in mind the bad state of unemployment 111 the dIstrIct b In an effort to encourage new members an efficiency competition is being organised.

Sir John Jarvis, High Sheriff of Surrey:. It was stated, agreed to provide mor:e:y .for the pa111t111g of the exterior and interior of the Dn'lslOnal headquarters.

N o VII. District

Six teams competed in the No.7 District Ambulance Competitions held at Shrewsbury.

The judges were Dr. Huey, Dr Eames and Dr. R. L. E. Downer, whilst Amh. Officer S. M. Edward was the organising secretary. . .

There were three cups for competltlOn and the results were: 1st and District Cup) Hereford "A"; 2nd and " Cureton" Cup, Shrewsbury "B." The econd team

A I D 285 were also awarded the "Exham " Cup for the highest marks in the indiyidual tests.

Alderman \\'. Adam presented the award:.

No . VII I. ( Du ke of s) District.

The District 1"inal Competitions of the X o. 8 District were held at Gillingham on Saturday, ::'lay 11th. Teams from the three Counties which comprises the district yied for the honour to appear in the Brigade finals.

The judges were: ::'len: Dr. J. Hammerton (team), Drs. H. Noakes, E. Gamble and H. J. Hoby (individual).

Xurses: Dr. P. ::'Iansfield and ::'liss Anderson, ::'latron t. Barts. Hospital, Rochester (team), Anderson, ::'1atron Livingstone Ho pital, DarLford, Dr. H. A. ::'lad,,"ar and ::'1iss Siggars (indiyidual). Cadets: Di Officer D. Bryce (team), Lady Cadet Supt. ::'Iiss J. Baker and Lady Amb. Officer ::'1iss L. Curzon Smith (indiyidual).

Among- those who \\'itnessed the competitions were the ::'layor and ::'layoress of Gillingham (Councillor and ::'Irs. E. P. Parick), Commi sioner E. A. Richards and ::'lrs. Richards: Lady Dis. Supt ::'Irs. C. FahYa5ser, County Surgeon F. C. Cozens, and other officers and friends of the District.

The Commissioner announced the result of the competition as follows :-

::'Ien: 1st and "Three Counties" Shield, Brighton Police, 388 marks; 2nd and "Dr. Cotton" Challenge Shield, Horsham, 367; 3rd, Guildford S.R 338.

Xurses: 1st and ., Dr. Cotton" Challenge Shield, Redhill and Reigate, 330 marks; 2nd and (, Dr. Chill" Cup, Herne Bay, 285: 3rd, \Vestgate. 280.

Cadet : Boys: 1st and" 11rs. Richards" Cup, Folkestone 197; 2nd Ha tings S.R., 193. Girls: 1st and" FalTrophy, Herne Bay, 19H; 2nd, Cranleigh, ISS!.

The ::'Iayoress gratiou ly presented the trophies and in reply to a vote of thanks aid how much pleasure she had in beinO' priyileged to be present. She had presented many awards during the time she had been but none had given her greater pleasure to dIstrIbute than those of that day.

A Yote of thanks to all who had assisted at the competItlOns was proposed b;y the ::'1r. Richards took the opportul11ty of thank1l1g members of the No. 8 District who had done duty in London and elsewhere during the Jubilee celebrations. Those \: ho were on duty in London numbered 650 and nearly thirty ambulances were ready for emergencies.

The annual competItlOn of the Kent County ,,"ere held at Ramsgate <)n Saturday, April 13th. Teams from eyery part of the LOl1nty entere? and some excellent ,york was witnessed by a large gathenng of members.

The l\Iayor and 1Iayoress of Ramsgate (Alderman and 11rs. E. -E. Dye) gaYe a special welcome to the competitors and a lunch was giYen in their honour at the Royal Hotel.

Altogether thirty-two teams competed and the were announcecl as follo\\-s :Ambulance: 1 Ashford Station) -123 points; 2, Herne Bay, .t15.9; 3rc1, Ashford \Vorks, -l-}0.6

Tursing: 1, Herne Bay, 364. ; 2. \Vestgate-on-Sea, 328.5; 3, Gravesend, 295.4 _

Boy Caclets: 1. Folkestone. b2: 2. Herne Bay. 150: 3, Roch-e ter, 138. _-

Girl Cadets: 1, Herne Bay, 2. Ramsgate. 163: 3, Folkestone.

The County Trophies 'Yere awarded as follows:Ea t Kent" Cup Ashford Station; "Dame Janet Stancomb \\1ills" Cup. 'Herne Bay: " Cup. \\'e on-Sea; "1\Ic::'Iaster" Challenge Cup. Folkestone. Reynolds" Challenge Cup. Herne Bay.

FIRST

The Willowfield Central Schools, Eastbourne, was the venue for the Sussex and Surrey County Competitions held on Saturday, May 4th.

Ten teams took part in the ambulance competltlOns and five in the nursing and their work was witnessed by a large number of spectators.

The District Officers present were: CommlsslOner Ernest A. Richards, Asst. Commissioner A. E. Porter, M.D. (Surrey), Lady District Supt. Mrs. C. District Officers C. Milton (East Sussex), and J. R. District Officer, D. Bryce (West Sussex), DIstrIct Officer, Lady Peters, A.R.R.c., Lady Dlstnct Officer Countess Brassey, J.P.

The judges were :-Men: Team Test, Dr. J. Sydney Williams (Eastbourne). Practicals: Colonel J. Summerhayes D.S.O. (Newhaven), Dr. J. Churcher (Eastbourne), Dr. H. R. McAleenan (Eastbourne). Uniforms: District Officers C. J. Milton and D. Bryce.

Nursing: Team Test, First-aid, Dr. A. E. Porter (Surrey). Home Nursing: Nursing Officer A. Reynolds (Herne Bay). Practica1s: Dr. J. Willan (Hove), Nursing Officer Worseldine (Hove), Sister Little (Rochester). Uniforms, Lady District Officers Miss H. May and Lady Peters.

Commissioner Richards announced the results which were :-

Men: 1, Guildford S.R. 466.6 marks; 2, Brighton Police, 456; 3, Horsham, 407; 4, Littlehampton, 396; 5, Chipstead Valley, 347.

Nurses: 1, Redhill and Reigate, 326 marks; 2, Guildford, 281; 3, Crawley, 273; 4, Hastings, 253.

Mrs. Sydney Smith, a generous supporter of the Eastbourne Division, presented the awards

No. IX. District.

The final competitions of the No.9 District were held on Saturday, April 13th, at Falmouth, the three winning teams of Cornwall, Devon and Dorset taking part.

The judges were: Men: Drs. Howarth (Plymouth), Stewart (Gram pound) and County Commissioner Col. Blackwood. Women: Drs. Major Ewing- (Falworth), Hatfield (St. Just) and Enid Smith (Falmouth), Mrs. Reed (Cambourne) and Miss Hole (Truro).

The results were announced as follows:-

Ambulance: 1 and (( Smerdon" Shield, St. Blazey, 313 marks; 2 and (( Lennard)) Cup, Exeter, 3, Barnstaple, 287.

Nurses: 1 and (( Burn" Shield, Paignton, 469! marks; 2 and ct Ellis" Cup, Weymouth, 455i; 3, Redruth, 448i. Mrs. Hext, of Trebah, distributed the prizes.

The Mayor of Falmouth (Mr. J. Harris), who presided at the prize distribution, said the thanks of the community were due to all ambulance people for their wonderful work.

Miss Grills acted as secretary for the nursing section of the competitions, and Asst. Commissioner W. W. Johnston for the men's section.

BRAuNToN.-Dr. S. R. Gibbs, M.C., recently visited Braunton, the occasion being the official constitution of the Braunton Division.

Dr. Gibbs spoke of the beginning- of the Order of St. John in 1048 and of its present day developments.

It was stated that the next step would be the formation of an Association and that a public meeting would be called for the purpose.

Dr. J. C. Dickenson proposed a vote of thanks to Dr. Gibbs, who was accompanied by County Sergt.-Ma ior H. Cotterill and Supt. Knott, of Barnstaple. Dr. Dickinson also thanked the members of the Barnstaple Division who had been so helpful in the and training- of the Braunton Brigade.

A I D. May, lY,,5.

POOLE.-The inter-divisional competltlOn for the (( Bowes" Cup and medals of the Poole Corps was recently held in the Liberal Hall, Lower Parkstone.

The judges were: County Officer Dr. C. M. Forbes (team test), and Drs. Chesney, Hindmarsh and Forrest (individual tests). The tests were prepared by the Corps Surgeon R. D. Dewar.

Result :-1, PiOole (A), 196 marks; 2, Parkstone, 172; 3 Poole (B), 163; 4, Parkstone Nurses, 14n.

, In Cadet Cup competition f'Or the best individual cadet the test was judged by Dr. Grimson. The winner was Cadet G. Gibson) attached to Parkstone men's division, with 39 marks out of a possible 50.

'Dhe prizes were presented by Lady County Officer Mrs. E. M. Lansdown.

TORQuAY.-The annual dinner of the Torquay Division was held on Friday, April 12th, when the value of continued voluntary service was stressed by many speakers.

As a county coroner and chairman of the TOl'bay Hospital, Mr. Ernest Hutchings paid a personal tribute to the work of the local Brigade.

Dr. H. K. Griffith, in proposing "The St. John Ambulance Brigade," laid emphasis on the value of voluntary service. He felt if only Torquay Division could be given proper headquarters they would experience less difficulty in securing recruits.

Asst. COLmty Commissioner H. J. Vicki stated that in Devon they had a personnel of 218 officers and 1,619 other ranks. Devon head the home ambulance service in the number of cases carried and attended.

The Mayor of Torquay (Mr. A. L. J. d'Espiney), presented Dr. Thomas Dunlop with a President's Silver Badge, whilst Col. Rowland Ward spoke of the 28 years' service rendered by Dr. Dunlop as a superintendent of the division.

No. X. District.

BECCLES.-A large congregation attended the dedication of the new ambulance of the Beccles Division, the funds for providing same being raised by Mr. and 1\1rs. Harold Cottam) of Becc!es.

Among those present to witness the event were members of the local council, Mrs. Hossack, deputising for Mayor J. F. C. Hossack, the District Commissioner, who was absent through illness, and Corps Supt. Miss Hossack, Mr. W. G. Roberts, President , and Dr. H. G. Wood-Hill, Div. Surgeon.

Members of the Brigade marched to the Sir John Leman School, whilst the new ambulance was driven by Transport Officer Elliott. Mr. and Mrs. Cottam, Supt. W. C. Watts, accompanied by District Officer Death and N ethercote rode in the car.

The new ambulance was handed over to Mrs. Hossack, acting on behalf of her husband, Major Hossack, who referred to the generous spirit that had resulted in the obtaining of the car fully equipped and for which everything had been paid.

On behalf of the Mayor, Alderman II. Copeman, received the car from Mrs. Hossack, and requested the local division to undertake the duties connected with it. Major Hossack had become recognised as a very old friend of the Becc!es Division, he said, for ever since the formation he had taken the keenest interest in the work and had helped them in every possible way. Hence they were particularly sorry that he was unable to be present. The speaker added that Mrs. Cottam had done marvellous work and they all recognised and realised it. Her husband had done his share and clone it well. The Division and town were very grateful to them.

W. C, Watts then rect;ived the <;a,r on behalf

May, 1935. FIR S T of the Division, and gave assurance that whenever the ca ll of duty came the members of the Division would be there to meet it.

COLCIIESTER.-The value of ambulance workers in public life to-day was stressed by the Mayor of Colchester (Cr. A. H. Cross), at the annual presentation of awards of the Colchester Division.

The Mayor presided, supported by County Officer H. W. Lee, Supt. G. H. Hughes and Lady Supt. Miss M. B. Owen.

County Officer Lee remarked that 'Classes had been held during the winter and 45 candidates passed. The Ambulance and Nursing Divisions had assisted on one of the Council ambulances, carrying over 1)000 cases each year. An innovation was the establishment of a medical comforts depot. After presenting the awards, the Mayor commented on the history of the divisions.

Death of Sir Edward Sharpey Scha fer,

F. R. S.

ONE of the most eminent men of modern times associated with the University of Edinburgh, Sir Edward Sharpey Schafer passed away at his home in North Bervvick, on Friday, March 29th last, in his 85th year. For 34 years he "vas Professor of Pbysiology .:it the University of Edin burgh having retired from that position less than two years ago. He was born in London in 1850, and began his medical career at University College in 1867 where, in 1874, he became Assistant Professor of Physiology and later Jodrell Professor. In 1899 he was appointed to tbe Chair of Physiology in the Edinburgh University.

Many and varied were the in which he carried out researches but to first aiders he was best kown as the originator of the system of artificial respiration which bears his name. Although many other systems have been introduced Schafers method is still acknowledged the most proficient by many countries ana societies. Modern knowledge of the functions of the ductless glands and the structure and functions of the central nervous systems are among the subjects which have been much elucidated by his work.

Sir Edward received many honours, and undertook many duties of high distinction. From 1895 to 1900 he was general secretary of the British Association, of which he was President in 1912. He was an LL.D. of Aberdeen, M'Gill, and St. Andrews; Sc.D. of Dublin, Cambridge, Oxford, and Melbourne. M. D. of Berne and GroninCTcn ; D.Sci. Med. of Louvain, and Hon. F.R.C.P.Ed. In 1897 he was awarded, by the Royal College of Physicians, the Baly Medal, which is the highest distinction in this country awarded for physiology alone. Other honou rs included the Royal Medal, Royal Society, 1902 ; the Distinguished Service Medal, Royal Life-

A 1 O. 287

Saving Society, 1909; the Neill Medal, Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1922; and tbe Copley Medal, Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1924. He was awarded the Cameron Prize for 1934 by Edinburgh University in recognition of his contributions to therapeutics arising out of his discoveries of endocrinology.

Sir Edward's two sons were killed in the war. He is survived by Lady Sharpey-Schafer and a daughter.

Letters to the Editor.

We are in no way responsible for the opinions expressed, or the statements made, by Correspondents.- EDITOR.

LAY 1EN LECTURERS.

DEAR SlR,-

Having read with interest the Editorial comments, articles and letters on the above, would you be good enough to allow me a little space in your valuable journal to express my own view on such an interesting subject.

Having been a class secretary and instructor for the last few years, I should very much like to write an article on the difficulties experienced in organising ambulance classes, and carrying on same, in the mining valleys of South V\Tales, but I will leave that for the present. I quite agree with both class secretaries, that it is quite time for headquarters to remove some of their rules governing Association classes and examinations. What difference should it make whether the lecturer be a medical man, an officer of the Brigade, or a member of any Diyision. Yes, I'll go a step futherwhether a candidate for examination h3.s attended lectures at all, so long as he or she is able to comply with the standard of examination as laid down by headquarters. They choose a medical man to examine, set down the standard for examination; and if a candidate is able to satisfy all these, I say it should make no difference where and how the candidate received his instructions.

You do not find these rules with other organisations. I have sat and passed many examinations in music, but it was never a condition that I should receive my instruction through a musical doctor. The same tiling applies to examinations in mining. They do not demand that you receive your instruction only through a qualified mining enaineer. All the authorities are concerned about is that comply with the standard of examination as laid do\vn by them. It is my firm opinion that this should be so in first aid and if it were we should have more classes, and stronge; classes numerically, and I think more qualified first aiders.

Now that this subject has been opened, and I should like to thank' 'Class Secretary" for doing so, I hope many more readers of your journal will express their opinion on this important question.-Yours. &c.,

YET ANOTHER CLASS SECRETARY.

POLICE ATIONAL

DEAR SlR,-

FINAL.

In the recent Police Final Competition we heard a revival of the old complaint against the Association for not consider ing- the spectators. Indp.ed, the team staging so e laborate that once the teams had set to work, no one 111 the audience cou ld see what the competitors were doing or take any further active int erest. As many of had. come from lon a distances and hoped to learn something, thiS was most and I suggest that on future occasions those responsible should remember us poor spectators.

Yours faithfully,

M. SMITH.

Przory for //Vales.

FINAL COMPEflTlONS FOR TlIE ST. J OlIN A:'IBULANCE BRIGADE IN \VALES.

The increasing interest taken in tbe Brigade and "\mbulance Work generally was responsible for a change of venue for tbis year's Welsh Brigade Finals. Formerlv the con t ests were staged in the Vestibule of the Law but yea r by year the accommodation grew less adequate for the growing number of spectators;. and the free use of the Assemb ly Rooms, City Hall, Cardiff, was granted by the City Co un ci l for the competitions held on Saturday, March 30th.

The keennest possible spirit of friendly rivalry exists teams who manage to win their way through ellm1l1atlllg to this point where they contest the honour of securIng the "Llandinam" Shield and "Arthur Griffiths " blue ribands of the Brigade Wales -:- ancl JI1 adJltLOn the right to represent the whole at ,wales 111 the Brigade Finals in London. The following Bngade Surgeons undertook the ta<;k of adjudication :-

l\len. Dr. S. B. Turner, Dr. G. S. Phillips, Dr. C :\. Bence and Dr. F O'Sullivan.

Dr. R. S. Thomas, Dr. T. Williams, Dr. G

L. Plerce and F. Rutland Hill, Principa l of the Welsh Card iff Royal In6rmary, w h ose services In Judging the After - Care and Nursing Section were much appreciated.

Cap.tain T. E. Richards, ]. P., Commissioner, Rh ondda Centre, Judged the men's uniform and 1\1rs 1\1. L. Turner, Staff C?fficer, County Centre, acted in a slmilar capacity on the nursing side. The following were the awards made :-

MEl':.

Team. Centre.

1 Clydach and District B reclm ocks hire 306}

2 Aberdare Aberdare

3 Tredegar Monmouthshi re 292t

4 Player's \" elfare Borough of Swansea 2901

5 Ffaldau Institute and Glamorgan County 289 1 Garw (Eastern Section)

6 Newport (l\lon.) Corps Borough of 277t

7 Barry Dock City of Cardiff 275;,

8 Naval Collieries and Penygraig District Borough of Rbondda 269l

9 Treharris Boroug-h of Merthyr 264

10 Crynant Colliery Glamorgan County 262i

11 Llanelly Town (Western Section) Carmartbenshire 2561

Llanelly

Abertillery

Cwmaman

Barry Brecon

Ken6g lIill Ynyshir

WOMEN.

Carmarthenshire 392 l\1onmouthshire 33 1t

Aberdare 324t

City of Cardiff 310g

Brecknockshire

Glamorgan County Borough of Rhondda 227 i

t' There was a large gathe rin g- assembled for the presentaIon ceremony over which the Hon. John H. Bruce ( Principal and COln..missioner for Wales) presided. The Lord :\layoress were deputised by Alder m a n and on '. mes C?nffiths, who were pleased to represent the City t' thiS occasIO n and assured those present that the CorporawafS alwways ready to lend it s support to ti,e work of the nory or ales

Sp eak in g on b e half of the Judges, to whom thanks were proposed by T. E and seconded by Lady (Herbert) Lewls, O B. E .• ASSistant L a d y Supt.-in-Chlef for 'W a les, Dr. O'Sullivan, Dr. Pierce and Dr. Turner all referred to the generally higb standard of efficiency shown Mr.. O. T e ml?l e Iorris, 1\1. P., Treasur e r, City of Cardiff Centre, 111 propos111g thanks to the Deputy Lord layor and Lady Mayoress, appealed for more publicity in connection with the g reat work carried o n by the Ord e r's personnel. The team test set for t11e men's teams was as under:You are proceeding by bus to a n ambulance display w h<: n at a lon e ly part of the road a w o man holds up the an d begs someone to see husb an d. The patient is a dl scba rged lunatic, who is lying upon a bed with a severe throat wound. Pr oceed as to how yo u would treat him Time 15 minutes.

D ETAILS OF TEST.

Rdpid app r oach to patient 2

Remember yo u are dealing with a s uspecte d lunatic 6

Imm ed iately e nquire ,"v h e reab o uts of doct o r, h os pital or ambulance. Ask bus co ndu cto r to d e la y d e parture of bus. Doctor obtainable 15 minutes hospitalS miles. 'Ph o ne (local P.O.) five 6

Note woun d, amou nt of '(bloo d (\·e.nous h;;emorrbage ri g ht si d e of ne ck) 2 contro l same, direct pressure below a n g le of Jaw. Tincture of iodine and swab round wound 4

I s patient conscious (yes) 2

Guardedly search for instrument ca u sing wound. Patient says h e has thrown it out window (secreted und er pillow) 3

Do not speak much to patient for fear of excit in g him. Pl ace little faith i n w h at he says 3

Be ready to r est rain patient by force if necessary 3

Secure help of poli ce with conse nt of r e lati ves . L oca l P.e. and sergeant avai lab le. 3

I s h;;emorrhage contro ll e d by direct pressure (partially) also apply pressure ri g ht ca r otid artery 4

Aga in app y dilut ed tinct ure of i odine to wound and cove r with antiseptic dressing 3

Maintain d igita l pressure to hleedin g point 3

1 ote other external injuries (nil) 2

Note pulse (small and r ap id) 2

Note colour o f pati e nt (pale) 2

Note breathing any a ir co ming through wound (no) 4

Note any pressure on low er part of neck frorn collar shirt ba nd, etc. (yes) 2

Immediately rel ease pressure... 2

Note pupils (slightly dilat e d) treat for s hock 2

Keep head lo w and turned away from bleeding side... 4

Now s p ea k quietly to patient, ask him how he feels (be asks for drink) 3

Note if any. i?jur y to swa llowin g apparatus (no apparent ll1Jury) 6

Give sips of lukew arm water, restraining patient's arms ge ntly (if not patient stri kes attendant on upper of shoulder witl: knif e secreted under pillow) 6

LeavJllg three m e n in charge of first patient attend seco nd injury- Captain assisting 6

If wounded, n ote exte nt of bl ee ding and position (midwal between neck and s houlder tip) 4

ImmedI a t e ly place pati e nt down and remove all clothin g exposing part 4

May, 1935. FIR S T

Notice colour of h;;emorrhage, dark red, slight spurts 2

Digital pressure aga inst 6rst rib on same s ide havingcovered wound with antiseptic dressino- '4

Has bleeding stopped (not completely) 2

Pressure in Axilla-has bleeding s topped (yes) 4

Place firm pad in Axilla and band age arm firmly to side. Maintain pressure on Subclavian artery until doctor arrives 6

Tr eat for s hock 2

Has Doctor arrived (yes) 2

Has Am bulan ce arrived (yes) 2

Load Patients , taking in order that which Doctor thinks most serious 4

Dispatch as many men as Doctor thinks necessary Patients to Hospital 4

If small Cottage Ho sp ital, offer services to look after Patient un il arrival of respon s ibl e p e r so n 6

Efficiency 24

T ota l 155

A I D. 289

subm itt ed applicati?n s for admission to the Special Week's Course at the Anti-Gas Win g of the Small Arms School, Winterbourne Gunnery in October.

INTER-COLLI ERY COl\lPETITIOl\S.

A considerable contribution tv the de\,elopment of colbery work. is made by the Amalgamated Ltd" 10 the organisation of U;e IllterColhery CompetltlOns. The Ninth Annua Contests took place at the Central Schools, Ammanford, on April 27th Dr. R. J. I saac, Pontardulais; Dr. E. Llewellyn' Cardiff, and Dr. R. Paton, Llanell)" adjudicate d and Han. John H. B ruce p resented the awards.

There were 53 team.s in the e limin at in g co m petitionsa higher number of entnes in any previous year; and the result of the fo ur competItIons was as under :_

Cadets.-1st, Int ernational, 1 37 points' 2nd Pentrem a wr, ; 3rd, East Pit, 1281.· 4th Tirba c h , 11 6 ; 5th, Blaenhirwaun, 109 6th 107. '"

B)I Courtesy) (TfTes/em lJ.fail and South 11 'ales l 'e'lVs \Velsh Brigade Finals.

The Ynyshir Nursing Team at work in the competition for the "Arthur Griffiths" Memorial Cup.

CO-OPERATION AT S CHO OL.

Brigade Units in th e C ity of Cardiff Centre were i n vited to take advantage of a Summ e r S c hool organised by the Glamorgan Br a nch, British Red Cross Societ y, at Glany _ lor Holiday Centre, Barry, from l\l ay 1st to 4th inclusive. Instruction on various subjects a nd particularly chemical warfare was welcomed; and Sir Ewen J Macl ea n, Chairman of the Bran c h, in his opening lecture referred tu th e privi lege of having side by s id e with them and in fair compet iti on the Order of St. John, with which the R ed Cross was keen and desirous to co-operate.

While delay in the publication of an official text-book on c hemical warfare is holding up progress in this direct ion , so far as the St. John Ambulance Brigade as a whole is conce rned, a specia l Sub-Committee met at Priory House on Apri l 29th, and agreed on certain measures to be taken immediately for the tr a ining of Officers; a nd three Commandants of St. John Voluntary Aid Detachments in 'Wales have

No vice. - 1st, Aberpergwm 155 poi n ts; 2nd, Pantyffynn o n 152; 3 rd. Great l\1ountain, 141t; 4th, International, 137t; 5th, Gellyceidrim, 1 32 ; 6th. Pentremawr, 115. Open. - 1st, Ynyscedwen, 177 points; 2n d , Pentremawr, 148 ; 3rd, Ammanford, 147t; 4th, Steer Pit, Gwaun-caeGurwen, 145 ; 5th, Tirb ach, 11 8t ; Cross hands were disqualified.

A competition for s ugg estions for impr oying first aid eq uipm ent was won by Idris William s of Trimsarcn, with a design of a stretcher with device for rai s in g the head.

PROGRESS IN CARDlGANSHlRE.

T he foundation stones of a n e"v a!l1 bul ance station proyided by th e local Corpor ation, at Aberystwyth, were laid on W e ndesd ay, April 24th, in the presence of a large crowd. The Earl of Lisburne, Lord Lieutenant of Cardiganshire and President of the County Centre of the Priory, laid the first stone, others being lai d by His 'Wors hip the Mayor

of Aberystwyth (A lderman David Edwards) a nd Colonel G· [-<'ossett Rob e rts, President of the Aberystwyth Division.

l\Ir. teven Jones, the Chi e f Constable anQ Commi ssio ner for Cardiganshire, who presided, r e ferred to the Centre's ind ebted n ess to the Earl of Lisburne for the gift of a trophy for annua l Competition by teams within the County, the fi rst of v:. hic h would be held at Crosswood on Jul y 27th, when the Commissioner for Wales would in s pect the Abe rystwyt h Divisions of the Brigade.

The R everen d Frank Edwards, \vho made an appeal for public s upp ort of the Amb ul a nce, a s umm a ry of th e wo rk carried out by the Aberystwyth Division an d stated that 277 pat ien ts h a d been carr ied in the Am bu la nc e.

R OAD TRANSPORT AMBULANCE COMPETITIONS.

The first contest organised by teams of men engage d in Road Passenger Transport P ndertakings took place at \beraman on April 30L!1. Tile event was a friendly contest amongst teams in Aberdare and District; and it was very gratifying that a team captained by 1\lr. F. Winniatt, who has been a most enthusiastic worker in t h e promotio n of this new development, should have been successf ul. There were five entries-the vVestern Welsh Omnibus team secu rin g th e cup presented by l'd rs. A. Cove-Parry and the Aberdare U D. C. T ntnsport Department securing seco ild place. Mr.

YV. E. Gough, Chairman of the South Wales Motor Omnibus Proprietors' Association, s upp orted by t h e H on. J o hn a nd Mrs. Bruce, presented thc Cup to the winner s ; a nd it was announced that the first vVelsh National Compet ition for Road Passenger Tran s port Teams wo ul d be held on O ctober 23rd next , in Cardiff.

British Red Cross SOCiety.

A 1 O. May, 1935.

In the men's team test the story was :" A team is going to duty at some sports; they hav e with them -a stretcher, 3 blankets, First Aid Box. On a Hat roof 7 feet from the ground, 8 ft. x 4 ft., a man is working. A ladder r es ts against the roof, the man is attempting to c ut a length of rope with a clasp knife, and is talking to a yo ung navvy down below. The nav vy says: my mate and I are sp raying- the ro a d back there with tar, its a hot job this w eat h e r. At t h at moment the man on the roof cries out: he h as cut his r a dial artery with the knife, h e holds his wrist, sways a nd sinks down on to the ro of. Later he faints. The navvy shouts to the t ea m to co m e, afte r three minutes there are s houts of 'Harris, Harris , Harris,' the navvy d as hes off a nd s upports on to the stage a secon d n avvy badly burnt on bot h arms and in the face with tar sp as h es. There is a s m a ll general s h op with a sig n' You may telephone from h ere' an d T eas .' On the g- round by the scaffo lding are a numb e r of l e n gths of rope. On being ca ll e d by telephone the doctor proves to be o ut. Nearest ambulance two miles away."

Th e injuries were-cut right radial a rtery; collapse; seve re burns from tar o n both anTIS a nd face. Twenty minut es were allotted each team for the test. As in former years, the individual tests were in private.

Owing to Jubil ee celeb rati ons H. R. H Prin cess Ro ya l Commandant-in-Chief, was unabl e to attend to present awards. Thi s is the first time the Princess Ro ya l had n 0t been present this functio n, but Sir Art hur Stanley, the don0r of the s hi e ld s , attcnded in h e r place a nd for th e first ime presented his shields in person.

Dame Beryl Oliver a nnounced the r es ult s which were :Wom e n: 1st . K e nt /60 (C hi s l e hur st), 826 m a rk s; 2nd. Sussex / H (St. L eo nard s -o n-S ea), 756 marks; 3rd Herefords hire/ 4 (Hereford), m a rk s

Ratlway Ambulance News.

The Inter-Railway Competition.

As the result of individual Railway Competiolls, the fo llow mg teams w111 compete in h e Inter-Railway Competition which takes -p l ace on Friday next, May 24th, at Great Central Hot el, London, commencing at 9.30 a m.

Great Western: Small Heath and Fishguard Harbour. L ondon, Mid l and and Scottish: Agecroft and Bushbu r y Loco 1. London and North Eastern: Tyne Dock and Dukinfield.

Southern: Waterloo A and H orsham.

Ungrouped: Mid l and and Gt. Northern] oint.

Great Western.

the Company's officers The result of the contest which \,vas announced by Miss C. A. Ault, Ambulance' Centre was as follows: 1st, "Directors'" Challenge Sll1eld, Small Heath, 204 marks; 2nd, "Carwell" Cup, F1sihguard Harb9ur, 19H;; 3rd, Swindon, 19 0; 4th, Newporl D ocks, 18d; other placings were 5th, N ewporl, Dock Street; 6th, Pontypool Road' 7th Liskeard 8th Pontypool Road (B).

THE sixth competit ion for the champion teams of the S oc iety was held on Wednesday, Jay 8th, at the Wharn cliffe Rooms, London, when eight womens' an d five mens' tea ms for the "Stan ley" Shields.

Commencing just after ten o'clock in th e morning, the team test s attracted a goo d attenda nce of visitors who followed with a critica l eye the work don e on he th.e test the fo ll owing was the story __ A Dlstnct Nurse who li ves w ith her friend in a country went to attend to her motor bicycle in a s mall garage

It IS very co ld morning and she sh ut he door:

The fnend returns to lun cheon, calls her, gets no r e ply, opens the .door an? finds her un co nscio u s, lyin g against an radiator, With seve r e burns ri g ht forearm and hand. to the fr o nt of the and finds the team IS pasS1l1g wit h their First Aid Box. They return With her, an d she hurriedl y exp lai ns what has occurred She says that in a grou n.d floor bedroom a r e two beds, a ll necessary beddlng and in a cupboard there are sheets and a s lin g stretcher. Th e re is a sparklet resusClta.tor on the table. She says h e r ca r is at the back gate, s h e w Ill d as h off a nd bring- a doctor. In five minutes she returns h Old.ing- her wrist and says that the self starter would not functIOn and sta rting the car with the handle it back fire d and. she thinks s he has broken her wrist. As a member. exam lI1 es the wrist patient staggers and very sudde.n ly fa1l1ts. The first patient r e m a in s un co nscious for ten minutes.. T elepho n e in room: doctor if called up sa's et both to bed and h e w ill call lat e r." ) g

InJunes to be treated were carbon monoxide poisonin bu:ns ri g ht furearm and h an d; Colles fracture riil1t W:lSt , faintness and shock. Time allowed eac h team 30 minutes.

.

The" Evelyn Wren" Cup for the le a d e r obta inin g the highest number of marks was won by Miss H. St affo rd, Sussex / 14.

Th e "Georgina Morgan" Bo w l fo r th e best m e mb e r was awarded Miss D an d o, H e ref o rd s hir e/4.

Men: 1st. Nottinghamshire / 15 (Kirkby-in-Ashfield), 8 39 marks; 2nd. Cambridgeshire/ 13 (Cambridge), 773 mark s; 3rd. Northum be rl and/ 13 (Corbridge), 771 marks.

Sir Arthur Stanley congratulated t h e winners 0;-:' their success. The mo ve ment was, he sa id, r api dly in c r eas ing. He also ref e rred to the pr otect ion of the civilian populalion fr o m gas attacks and mentioned that over 3,000 members of the B. R. C. S. held the profi cien cy cert ificat e in this s ubj ect.

Dolton's ., Reliable" Medal Clasp.

TIllS clasp is light, strong- and eas ily adjusted, a nd entirely supersedes the use of safety pins. It is claim ed that with this clasp it is impossible to lose a m edal and there is no ugly" droppin g away" ; also the sewing nui sa nce is dispensed with.

On ceremonial parades nothing m a rs the s m ar t uniform more than a row of une ve n medals, and so we draw our readers attention to the clasp advertised in this issu e At quite a nominal cost, med a ls can be made to appear in a ne at and tidy manner.

Ribbon bars on the same principle, are obtainable and the use of these on publi c duty panldes will make th e wearer's ribbons look smart and tidy.

Every penny spent on advertising creates prestige, star ding and reputation for the 1irm that spends it. It may not be discernable in immediate results, but the effect is certain and the power cumulative.

The Shareho l ders' meeting room, Paddington \\ as the scene of the Final G.W.R. ambulance competition on Friday, May 3rd, the finish of the series of contests which have been taking place th r oughout the line since February last. From 10 a.m. in te rested spectators, including the Chairman, Directors and officers of the Company and medical men and amb ul ance workers, watched the work of the competing teams . The adj udic ators were Dr. S. McCormac of Newport (team test) and Dr. W. J. Crawford of Southall (individual work), and the tests which were suitably staged, were as under:-

TEAl\[ TEsT.-On a cold wet afternoon you are watching a Rugby football match between two local village teams. A player (No. 1 ) is tackled in midfield and falls on his face, sti ll holding the ball. His tackler (No . 2) as well as two other -players (Nos. 3 and 4) fall across him in a heap. Nos. 3 and 4 rise, apparent ly uninjur ed No. 1 lies quite sti ll. No.2 attempts to get up but fails to do so. The referee stops the game and calls for assistance. Time allowed 25 minutes, warning at 20 minutes

I:-<DIVIDUAL TEST Nos. 1 AND 2.-You and your mate are returning from a -practice when a motor cyclist passes you on the bend of the road. He skids and falls heavily, pinning his right l eg beneath the cycle. The evening is cold and wet. No bystanders or traffic. Equipment: two triangular bandages only Time a ll owed 6 minut es.

INDIVIDUAL TEST Nos. 2 AND 4.-You and two mates are 11l110ading son"1e heavy crates fl10m a lorry in the railway ya rd. One of the crates becomes unbalanced and slips and one of you r mates in making a strenuous endeavour to put things right, slips to the ground, l anding on his left shou ld e r. On r eaching him, you find him complaining of sic kn ess and nausea, great pain in the right groin, and that he is un able to lift his l eft a rm Render first aid The first aid box is in the station yard Time allowed 7 minutes.

TNDIV lD UAL TE ST No. 5.- VV hile on duty on the platfo rm on a hot, sunny afte rnoon , yo u see a man slip on the edge of a g ratin g, fall on the edge of the platform and remain stil l. The station is otherwise deserted, with the except ion of two bystanders. No amb ul ance materials a r e avai lab l e . R ender first a id. Time allowed 5 minute.

The Rt. Hon Sir R obert Horne, G.B.E., K.c. , M.P. , Chairma n of the Company, presided over the subsequent presentation pr ocee din gs, and was supported by Mr. ]. F. Lean, 'Principal As sistant to the General Mana ger, and

In m!lking the -presentations, Sir Robert Horn e expressed h1S pleasure at presiding at the conclusion of the competitions in which he had taken a keen interest. T.here was no need to dilate, he said, upon the value of first cud work, and no one could praise too highly those who elevoted themselves so ardently and enthusiastically to 1t. He was glad to know that there were on the Great Western Railway some 10,000 members of the staff who capable of affording skilled first aid when such assistance was needed. He expressed grateful thanks to Dr. and Dr. Crawford for judging the contests, and hav111g presented the "Directors'" Challenge Shield and prizes to the Small Heath team and congratulated them on their success, he called upon l1rs. J. M Carvell, the donor, to present the ., Carvell" Cup to the runners-up, Flshguard Harbour. Then followed the of the" Butt" Bowl to Pontypool Road who had atta111ed first place of any Beginners' team in the contests, and of prizes. Gold, silver and bronze medals and. a number. of special certificates for exceptionally effi Clent first a1d r endered during the year 1934, were also presented. Particulars of the awards furnished by Dr. H. Cavendish Fuller, the Company's Chief Medical Officer, disclosed some remarkabl e cases demonstratinothe value of first aid. The three medal awards were under:

Gold l\1edal.-vVilliam 1\1. Grist, Striker, Westbury. Silver M edal.-Frank T. Cull ) Ganger, vVednesbury. Bro17:::e l\1cdal -Charles H. G. Hill, Goods Yard, Llanelly Docks.

A vote of thanks to the doctors proposed by Mr. Trevor Roberts, was suitably replied to by Dr. McCormac on behalf of his colleague and himself, and Sir Robert Horne's r eply to a Yote of thanks for presiding concluded a very pleasant function.

london, Mid land and Scottish.

For the first time in the history of the L.M.S. Ambulance Centre, the Final Ambulance Competition \\"as this year, held outside London

The competition was notable for two happenings not hitherto experienced; one was the admirable evening arranged for ambulance men visiting Liverpool by Mr. J. S. Jon es, the Liverpool District Secretary, who, the night before the competition arranged a splendid tea and booked seats at a local music hall for over a hundrecl ambulance colleagues from all parts of the country. Capt. S. T. Beard, O.B.E. (Abergavenny), and Mr. ]. G. Rae (Tebay), thanked Mr. Jones on behalf of all the visitors, for the plendid arrangements made for their enjoyment. The other event was the presence at lunch on the day of the competition, of the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress of LiYerpoo1. The members of the Ambulance Movement present must feel very gratified that Liver-

" STANLEY" SmELD COMPETITIONS.

pool's l eadi ng- citizen should have found time in .the midst of his civic duties, to attend the L.M.S. Fmal Competition

After lu nch, M1'. G. L. Darbyshire (Chief Officer for L abour and Establishment), and Mr. F. R. Hauxwell (Dist ri ct Goods Manager), welcomed the guests. In reply, the Lord Mayor said that h e re g retted he .never learned First Aid as he had seen so many mC1den ts where that knowledge had proved so use!uJ. was glad to see that the L.M.S. were enc o ura g l11g theIr. to take up this splendid work, for the men were m1x111g wit h the public all the time

Thus the competition propel: had a good ing. The excellent accommodatlOn prOVIded at the M1dland Adelphi Hotel, where every spectato r had an interrupted view of the stage, had much to. co mm.en <:I It.

Drs. J. Baird-Aitken (Team), W. H Magmre (InJunes), and J. Welsh (Questions), judged the competition, t0 e team test of which was: "The scene is as you see 1t; an audience waiting' for the start of a concert in the Adelphi Hotel, Liverpool. You are Ambulance men on duty with ambulance box and stretcher ava ilab le "

A I D. May, . 19 .3 5 .

attend railway accidents (happily rare) but in their spare time 0'0 out on to the roads to assist the injured in the terrible toll of human life and limb which road traffic levies in these days." Continuing, Mr. Darbyshire paid tribute to the excellent work of t he members of the medical profession who assist the cla sses, to the labours of the District Secretaries their committees an d class secretaries all of whom cOl{tinually worked hard to maintain our Ambulance Mov ement at its present hi g h pitch of efficiency. H e welcomed the Mayor and l\1ayoress of BootIe and said that the first venture into the provinces had started und e r the best possible auspices.

Aft er an nouncing t h e result of t h e competition as follows the Chairman introduced Mrs. E. B. Fielden who graciou's ly presented the shields, cups and prizes.

Result : -

May , 19.35. FIRST london a nd North Eastern .

On Friday, April 26th, the winners of the G.e., C.E., G.N. and North Eastern Area Competitions met at Ma ryl ebo n e to decide which two teams should represent the Company in the Inter-Railway and in the L.N.E.R. International competitions.

Captain A. e. White Knox judged and set the team and indi vid u al tests which resulted as follows - 1, North Eastern Ar ea (Tyne Dock), 330 marks; 2, Great Central Section (Dukinfield), 311; 3, Great Eastern Section (Parkeston and Harwich), 307; 4, Great Northern Section (Kin g's Cross Goods), 25 1.

Capt W. Goodley (G.e. and G.E. Ambulance Secretary) announced the results and those present included Officers of the Company, Dr. McBride, Mr. T. Smith (G.N. Ambulance Secretary), Mr. S. Cooper (N.E. Area Ambulance Secretary), Mr. T. O. Mein (late G.E. Ambulance Secretary).

Capt. A. e. White Knox, in replying to a vote of thanks proposed by Mr. James MacLaren, Secretary to the Compa n y, cong r atulated the competitors on their yery high standard of ef£ciellcy. The treatment of the fractured spine was astoundingly well done but in the individual tests there was a certain amount of time wasted.

N ORTII EASTERN AREA.

All Raihyay Ambulance men in the N.E. Area, join in tendering grateful thanks to their President, 1\1:. IIornsby, the Diyisional General Manager, York, for h1s genero u s Rift of a handsome silver cup to the runners-up in the" Wharton Shield" Competition, which is to be competed for each year.

Dr. l\IcBride, the Company's Medical Officer, announced Mr. Hornsby's gift of this cup, which ,,·ill meet a long: felt want, at the "'Wharton Shield}} Competition, h;ld at Darlington on April 6th last, and was received with great applause

The cup has been named the" Hornsby}} Ambulance Cha ll enge Cup, andlhis year has been won by the Miclcllesbrough " B " team.

SOUTHERN ARE.\.

Great Eastern Section.

A I D. 293

add i tion for the year ended March 31st, 1935, a further 30 go ld medals for 15 examinations, 10 gold bars for 20, 12 for 25, and 3 for 30 examinations have been gained, making- a total of 222 medals and 188 bars.

The report concluded with a debt of gratitude to .Mr. T . O. 1\Iein who had found it necessary to relinquish the post of secretary of the Centre.

The result of the competition was announced as follows: I, Parkeston and Har"wich "A", 282! marks; 2, Bishopsgate "B," 2652; 3} March "A," 260i. Special individual prize, H. Stead, No 4 Parkeston and Harwich "A."

Sir Gerald Talbot presented the prizes, after which a special presentation was made to Mr. Mein as a mark of appreciation from all ambulance members of the G.E. Section Col. Mauldin, in asking Mr. Mein to accept a silver cup and a pair of gold cuff-links, eulogized the importance of the work done by him in the cause of humanity. For fifty years Mr. Mein had given of his best to the ambulance movement and all members wished him good health, enjoyment and luck in the future.

Mr. Mein, on rising, received a tremendous oyation. Tt was, he said, a memorable occasion for him. Ambulance work had been his hobby for many years and he well remembered acting as patient to his father in 1880. During that year only 32 passes were recorded on the G.E. Railway, but \-vith assistance given by the Officers of the Company the figures had gradually increased to that announced in the annual report. He could not say all that he should say but he did thank them most sincerely for their gifts. The cuff links would be an everlasting memory of them, whilst the cup, which he proposed to present to the Centre as a prize to the runners-up in the final competitions, would, he hoped, keep his name before them..

Amid loud applause nIr. Me1n presented hIS cup to the Bishopsgate team as the initial holders. . .,

Votes of thanks to the doctors, who rephed gl\ lllg criticism 011 the work done; to Col to the stewards and others brought the proceeding to a successful issue.

Mr. Rob e rt Holland-l\l arti n, Chairman of the Southern Railway, presentin g the S. R. Cha ll enge Shield to Waterloo "A" team, winners of the S. R. Ambulance Competitions.

Eiglhteen minutes was aUowed f'or the test. Now what happened: "A stage hand, in making hurried repairs to the curtain, is seen to fa ll, and shouts out when the ladder on which he is perched slips. In falling, his head comes in contact with a piece of scenery, infl ic tin g a wound of the scalp two in ches above the left ear. The wound is bleeding freely. The pati e nt, who is unconscious, is also suffering from a compound fractur e of the ri ght leg, with severe haemorrhage.

Mr. G. L. Darbyshire pr esi ded at the prize distribution He was suppo r te d by Mr. and Mr s E. B. Fielden, the Mayor and Mayoress of BootIe and Messrs. W. E. e. Lazenby, F. R. Hauxwell, S. Roberts, H. G Humphreys, e. J. Johnstone, J. H. H. H end e rson , A. G. Baxter, J. Knowles and Drs. J. Mandall Coates, H. E Moore.

The Chairman said, "I am g lad to see there is a larger numbe r of people present to-day than at any previous compet iti on. There is no lack of enthusiasm for Ambulance wo rk amongst railwaymen. Wherever I go to meetings of this kind I find that no t only do our men

A scene depictin g the team test at the recent London Transport (Metropolitan Line) Annual Competition s Th e doctor judging is Capt. A. C. Whit e Knox,

The May or of BootIe proposed a vote of thanks to th e Chairman for pr esid in g, to Mr. and Mrs. Fielden for their presence and encoura ge m ent and t o Mrs. Fielden in particular for so g r ac iously presenting the prizes. The v o te of thanks was carried with acclamalion.

Mrs. Fielden r eplied thankin g them for t h e privile ge of presentinR the awa rds.

Mr. Darbyshire propos ed a vot e of thanks to the judges to which th ese ge ntl eme n suitably repli ed.

When you write to any of our Advertisers kindly ment ion FIRST AID . It dosen t cost you anything and it pleases the Advertisers , and Us

As announced in our last issue Parkeston and Harwich " A" team v,ere again successful in gaininR the premier award in the final competitions of the G.E Section, which we r e held on April 10th.

The judges were Capt. A. e. 'White Knox, M e. (team), deputising for Col. F. A.. and Capt. F. E. Bendix, L.Re.P., M.Re.S. (ll1dIVldual). The latter doctor a lso officiated as judge in the preliminary round.

Lt. -Col. H. H. Mauldin, Supt. Eastern Section, Southern Area, presided at the presentation of prizes ceremony. He introduced Sir Gerald Talbot} K.e.y.O., e.M.G., a Director of the Company, as new of the G.E. Ambulance Centre. Support111g the chall·man was Mr. T. O. Mein (late Centre Secretary), Mr. F. e. Wilson (District Supt. Stratford), q. Baister (Works Manager), Mr. D. King (Manager, Prmt111g Works), Capt. W Goodley, M.e. (Acting Centre Secretary) and other officers of the Company.

Th e r eport of the work done last showed that th e total nu mber of passes were 1,009 bemg a small decrease on the previous year. The female members of the staff continue to show increased activities and four classes were h eld.

Members of the G.E. Section have been awarded 192 medals for 15 exam ina tions, 104 go ld bars fo r 20 years, 48 for 25 years, 10 for 30 years and 1 for 35 years. In

We are pleased to announce that Capt. W. Goodley, ]\1. e., has been officially appointed secretary. to the Great Eastern Section of the .E.R., 111 succeSSIOn to Mr. T. O Mein.

Capt. Goodley needs no introduction to new ambulance district as for many years he was FIrst Officer of the March Railway Division. He also captained the March team which won the G.E.R challenge cup seven times between 1903 to 1910 and acted in a similar capacity when the same team won the Inter-Railway Competition in 1903, 190-+ and 1907. He is the proud possessor ?f the L.N.E.R. Long Service Medal with two 1S chauman of the Liverpool Street Ambulance DIvIsIOn; anel the Ambulance Secretary of the G.E. Section.

In addition to railway ambulance work Capt. Goodley is Commissioner of o. 1 (Prince of 'Vales's) District, S.J.A.B.

Southern Railway.

Each year the finals of the Souther!1 Rail\vay 1110re and more realistic and elaborate and th!s year s effort must be admitted one of the best staged eftorts e"\'er shown Jl1 this country. On Tuesday, April 30th, twelye teams .competed for the honour of the Southern Rallway in the Inter-Railway CompetltlOn.

The team test was staged to represent a with front garden well laid out. For vhe conye111enCe of

th e a u dience the fro n t" wa ll " was r o ll ed up a t the commencement of each team. Vi sito r s t h e n noti c ed t'h e d in ing room and scu ll e r y w ith fu rn it ur e a n d o th e r h om e utens il s to hand. Even hot and co ld wa t e r was a ctuall y la d on and avai lab l e.

T he story of the tes t was:-

(( No.5 of the team w h o 1S at -home a n d is seen t o be wearing sl ippers has invited his co ll eagues to take tea with him when they come off duty, and has come to t h e front door to look fo r t h em . Hi s wife is mpa ti ent at their l ate arriva and asks h im to te l ep h one f r om an adjacent Call Box with a view to hu rrying them u p . H e g'et the reply that they w ill be a long s h o r tly, a n d, o n h is tellin o his wife this, the l atter decides tha t ea shall be with and req u ests him to come indoors for the purpose. They sit down to the tab l e and engage in conversation. Almost immediate ly a dog sta r ts bark ng; the baby is wakened, and the Mother proceeds to take i out of the cot. Walking across the room with the baby, he picks up a jug of boiling water and r ea l ising that s h e feels faint, hands the baby to he r husband i ntimat i ng to him that the child is in co n vu l sions. She fa ll s down and the boi l ing water is spi ll ed over her hu sband's left foot Examination wi ll disc l ose t h at, in fa ll ing, the wife h as sustained a compand fracture of h e l eft l eg. A da ug h te r is in the house, and the wife of the neighbour will assist if requisitioned,"

The judges for this test we r e Dr. K. H. Beve rl ey, of Barnsley, and Dr. J. Stan l ey Davies, of L ondon We were very interested in the fo r me r doctor's questioni n g members of the teams as to why the head was tu rn ed to one side; why undo ig h t cl othi ng about n eck, ch e st and waist. Also it was no use compet ito r s sayi n g " A pp ly ho.t o.r cold water" u nless h e actua l wate r was 'U sed, because t:he judges tested a ll such statements Fur t h er all materials had to be improvised .

Dr. R. B. Duncan, of London, j u dged the indivi d u a l tests which, as usual, were cond u cted in pr ivate

Throughout the day some exce ll ent work wa s witnessed by a large gather i ng of officers of the Company and friends of the competitors

Mr. R. Ho ll and-Ma r t in, C. B (C h a i rma n o f t h e Company), presided at the subsequent prese n tation mee tin g supported by Sir Herbert W a lke r , Co l. G. S ylumpe r and and l\Irs Sylumpet, the judges and others

Mr. E A Richards, competition secretary, an n ou nced the results which were :-

1, Waterloo "A,", 300; 2, Horsham No. 1, 289; 3, Horsham No.2, 266; 4, Southampton W . No .1 , 265; 5, Eastleigh Rug Shed, 249; 6, Waterloo" B ", 2 37 ; 7, B ri cklayers' Arms, 222; 8, New Cross Gate, 2 17; 9, Y eovi l , 2 13 ; 10, Barnstaple, 206; 11) As h for d W orks, 202; 12, Fo lk estone Harbour, 185. Maxi mu m marks: 450 Waterloo "A" and Horsham wi ll therefore compete in the Inter-Railway final.

After the presentations Si r H e r bert Wal ke r prop o s ed a vote of thanks to the J udges

Dr. Beverley in r eply said t h e tea m s were too theoretical, but the standard of t h e work was ve ry hi g h He thanked Mr. Riohards for -vhe amo u nt of tro ubl e tak e n in preparing the exce ll ent s t ag in g

Dr. Dttnlcan also replied a n d litt l e erro r s we r e p oint ed out.

A vote of thanks to the Ch airman fo r p r esi ding clo se d the proceedings

The "DECORATORS' « PAINTERS' MAGAZINE" 8d. monthly) Is THE trade paper for all int e restetJOffice: 46, C.nnon Street, E.C ....

De ath of Lt. -C ol. F. A. Brooks, M. D. , M. R. C.S ., M. R.C. P. (Lo n d o n) .

IT is with deep re g ret we announce the death of Lt. - Col. F. A. Brooks, who pa s sed a w ay on Sunday, April 28th.

Lt.-Col. Brooks was greatly beloved b y members of the No.1 District, S.J.A.B., whose Commissioner he was from 19 27 to 1933.

His medical training was receiv e d at the St. Mar y 'S Hospital, London, where he qualified in 188 8 and was subsequentl y appointed Hous e Surgeon and Hou s e Ph y sician at th a t Hospital. In 1897 hp was Sur g eon-Lieutenant in the Essex Garrison Artill e ry (Volunteers) and in 1901 was promoted Major in the 1st East An g lian Field Ambulance; later he w as raised to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in Charge.

As early as 1891 Col. Bro o ks w a s takin g an active interest in first aid b y g ivin g lecture s f or the St. John Ambulance Associ a tion. He c o nsequently follo we d up this work and formed a division of the Brig3.de at Feli x stowe and became Hon. Surgeon and Superintendent of that unit.

Formation of aN ursi ng Division followed and in 1900 he was appointed Ac t in g Di s trict Superintend e nt of No.3 District and, in 1903, became the District Chief Superintendent.

With the g rowth of the am bulance mo v emen t it was found necessary to divide the Area and, with the formation of new Di s tricts" Col. Brooks was appointed Assistant Commis si oner of the No. 10 District.

After the Great \ V ar Col. Brooks w a s attached to the No.1 District and appointed as A s sistant Commissioner for the Western Are a in 192 3. H e succeeded th e late Mr. Winny as Commissioner of the District in 19 2 7. When he retired in 1933 he was placed on the Chief Commissioner's Staff.

The Order of St. John reco g nised his valuable services and in 1901 he was enrolled as Honorary Associate of the Order. Further, in 1911 he was rais e d to the grade of Knight of Grace. He ser v ed on the Brigade Staff Committee, tbe Association Committee and on the Chapter General.

The ranks of the Brigade have lost a true and loyal friend. He was ever read y to assist at any function, at any time. Those whose privilege it was to meet him had a warm corner in their hearts for him; and the hi g h esteem and re g ard all members of the Bri g ade had for him, not onl y of No.1 District · but other-Districts as well, was a perpetual tribute to his untiring energy in the cause of first aid.

May, 19 35 . FIR S T

Police Ambulance News .

POLlC E N ATION A L FIRST A ID C OMPETITION , Th e indi v idu a l t ests in th e fi n al fo r N o.4 a nd No 5 we r e as fo ll o w s :N o. 4. - Y o u a r e pass in g a c h e mi st s s hop out s id e w h ic h a m a n is d e li ve rin g goo d s fr o m a va n H e s ca rr yin g a c r ate o f b ott les o n hi s s h o uld e r , wh e n h e s udd e nl y c r ies o u t an d qui c kl y put s t h e c r a t e o n th e g r o und a nd clut c h es t h e b ac k o f hi s n ec k. Ac t. Tim e a ll o w ed , 8 minu tes , beg innin g w h e n pat ie n t c ri es o u t N ote for jud ge.- Ca rb o li c ac id b urn o f n ec k a nd u p pe r pa rt o f b ac k fr om a l ea kin g b ott le in crate. All me di ca l s uppli es ava il ab le a c h e mi st's s h op. C h em ist a nd e rr a nd b oy ava il ab le.

At o nce p u t c r ate o u t o f th e way o f passe r s-b y

As k pat ien t w h at h as h appe n ed (h e says "somet hin gis r u n n in g d o w n m y n ec k a nd burn i n g te r r ibl y ")

T ell p a ti e nt to kee p h is h a nd s f r o m hi s neck

T a k e pa ti e n t in to c h e m is t 's s h o p a nd s it him d ow n

T actf ull y ex pl a in ci r c um sta n ces to c h e mi st

H avi ng iJ e n t i fie d ca u se o f burn by exa m i n at io n of bott l e

R ap idl y turn dow n clot hin g f r om n ec k a n d t op of back, r emov i ng co ll a r

T a kin g ca re of yo ur ow n h a nd s

Exami n e pat ient s h a nd s (n o njur y)

T e ll c h em ist's e rr a nd boy to k ee p a n eye o n bott les in st r ee t

As k c h e mi st to p r epa r e a so lu tio n o f was hin g so d a

A d esse r t spoonful to t h e pi n t of war m w ate r

Fl oo d n eck a nd back w it h t h e so lu tio n

As k che mi st for l int a nd d ress b urn w ith lint

Soaked in the so lu t io n an d ban d age light ly (J u dge; Pa ti ent fee ls fa in t.)

L ie pat ient down i n p r o n e positio n

As k for an d app ly sme llin g sa lts to hi s n ose (a ft er t esting)

Cover wa rml y

As k for a nd g ivE' sa lvo lati le (teaspoo n fUl to h a lf a t umbl er of w ater)

As k c h e mi st t o te lep h o ne fo r d octo r (d octo r comi ng at o n ce)

W atc hf ul care un t il arr iva of docto r

On a rri va l of d octor give f ull repo rt a nd offer f ur the r h e l p T o t a l

No S.-Y o u a r e pass in g a bu tc h e r' s s h o p an d yo u see o n e of t h e m e n c uttin g up th e ca r case o f a sheep sli p s a nd h e s a nd s in a d o u b le d up post u re cI u tc hll1 g h LS a bdom e n a nd g r oa nin g Th e kni fe h as fa ll e n t o t he fl oor.

Act. Ti me a IJ o w e d , 8 minut es, beg inn i ng wh e n pa ti e n t c ri es o ut Note fo r jud ge - Tr a n sve r se wo und of a bd o m e n w t h pro t rudin o- b owe l, indi ca t ed b y cy cl e inn e r t ub e fix e d in p os iti o n by alh es ive tap e Ava il a bl e: B u tc her 's mu s lin (cl ea n )

h o t wa t e r, ho t wa t e r bot tl es, sa l t, ru gs.

Imm e diat e ly offe r ass ist a n ce (accepte d)

E x amin e pa ti e n t a nd not e h cc morrh age fr o m abd o m e n

Li e pa ti e nt on hi s bac k o n th e fl oo r Do n o t a tt e m p t to m a k e him w a lk a n y wh e re fo r c on ve ni e n ce

Dra w kn ee s w ell up

As k but c h e r for ru gs R a ise h ead a nd s h o uld e r s by pla c in g ru g und e r

As k but ch er t o put knife in pl ace o f sa fe t y

Expo s e w o und

As k for lint or s oft t ow e l (but c h e r' s muslin s u p pli e d ancl accep ted) ."

A I D. 295

As k fo r w a t e r fr o m h ot tap in clea n bas in , an d salt 2

Asce rtain th a i t is as h ot as can be borne 2

Add sa lt 2

In p r opo rti o n of a teaspoonf ul to t h e pi n t... 2

Wr i n g o u t mus li n n this and app ly 2

Cove r wi th m ore mus l in 2

As k fo r h ot wate r bott les 2

Ap pl y o bot h si d es of body 2

Cove r pa t ie n t wit h r ugs, etc 2

Und o t ig h t clot hi ng a r o u nd nec k 2

(J ud ge : Bu tcher offers bra nd y)

R ej ect ofTer, w ith thanks 2

G ive n o thin g" by m0 u t h 2

As k bu tche r to te l ep h o ne for d octor 2

Pr e fe r ab l y the ma n 's ow n pane l d octo r 2

T ell in g li m what deta ils to give (docto r coming at 2

Await d octo r 's arrival 2

Speak enco u raging wo rd s to r atient 2

Ask b u tc h e r to telephone for amb ul ance 1

T ota l 50

C IT Y O F L ON D ON SPECIAL CONS T ABULA R Y

Fo ll owing the ann ual exam ination which was held d uri ng Apr l, the in di vidual ambulance competition for the " 1 c R ea" C u p took place on Wednesday, 1\1ay 1st Sixteen co m petitors ente r ed and were judged by Capt. A. C. White K n ox, 1. C , 1\ 1. B , and Capt. F. E. Bendix, l\1. R.C.S., L.R .C.P., t h e 1'11.0. and Assistant M O. respectivel}, of the F or ce Eac h competito r ha d a practical and a viva voce test a nd at th e comp let ion, Commander C. G. Emery, hon. sec r eta r y, First Ai d and Ambulance the r es ult as fo ll o\\" s: 1st, S C . H attam, A DLYLSlOn, .)3 marks; 2 nd, A. S Canning, D Division, 49; 3rd, S . C. Foot, B Di vis on, Capt. B endix addressed the competitors an d gaye a res u me of w h at shou ld"have been done Comman d er Eme r y t h anke d the doctors, Sgt. T Rose (City of Lo nd on Police), and those "'ho had assisted in the smoot h of the competition

M E TR OP O LI T AN SPEC 1AL CONSTABCLARY

New Scot a n d Yard was the scene of the ann ual ambul ance co m pet it io n s of this force which took place on Sunday, Apr il 1 5t h.

Nin e teams e n tere d and presented themselves before Cap t. A. C. Whi te Kn ox (team), Capt F. Bendix a.nd Capt. W. Good ey (i ndI vid u a l ), who acte d as ChLef In s p ector Lu dga t e was in ch a r ge of the competLt lon . T hose pr esent i n cl ud e d S ir vValter Allen., in- C h ief; Mr . R itc hi e, D ep u ty Commanda n t - ll1 - ChLef ;. laJor \V otton, Staff Office r ; Commander E. B DLrector of A m b ul a n ce T ra ining, and othe r officers of various di visio n s

At the close of t h e co m pet tions Sir WaIter Allen a nn o un ce d t h e r es ult s, wh ic h were 1st, S D iv is ion, 26 2t; 2 nd G P O. D v is io n , 237t; 3rd , P Di vision, 211. , Sir W a lt er congra tul ate d the w in ners. T he D IVISLOns e n te red h a d sho wn th e ir keenness a nd h e h ope d t h ose w h o ha d co m e o u t ow thi s year w ould e n deavo u r to t h e or de r n ext yea r. H e t h a nk ed t h e d octors for th e ir h elp an d a ss is ta n ce a nd ex pr esse d r egret at t h e enfo r ced absence of Co l. Broo k s. . f f E ac h of t h e j ud o-es I-ep l ie d a nd gave hll1 ts o r ut u re occas io n s Capt W h ite K nox emphasise d the importance o f tr ea tin o- h re l11 o rrh a o 'e first a nd t hen fract u res; Capt. Bendi x tho e \,110 h a d been p lace d low to stu d ?,

textbook more; whilst Capt. Goodley stated that although all members were good first aiders their competition work was on the weak side.

The presentation of the "Gollin" and "St. Clair" Cups was held on April 28th, on the occasion of the drill competition.

St. Andrew's Ambulance Association.

A Glasg-ow railway team, Bridgeton L.1\J. S., won the " President's" Cup ambulance competition held on Saturday, May 11th, at the Glasgow headquarters of the S.A.A.A., with a total of 263 points. Their total was equalled by Mossend L.M. S , but they were more highly placed in the oral examination. Kipps L. N. E. took third place with 258 points , and Kirkconnel L.1\1. S. tied with l\1otherwell L.M. S. for fourth place with 257 points each.

The entry of 27 teams represented all parts of the country.

With a total of 264 points Dundee West (L.1\J. S.) team won the Scottish R a ilways' Ambulance Shield at the annual competition held on l\lay 3rd, in Glasgow. It was presented by Mr. Georg e ]\fills, Divisional General l\1anager for S cotland, L.N.E.R.

The runners - up Wtre 1\lossend with 258 points. Motherwell were third with 251 points. Eight teams competed. The competition was open to the first and second winners in the local competitions of the L.N.E.R., southern and northern Scottish areas and to teams which took the first four places in the final com petition of the L. M. S. in Scotland.

DUNFERMLINE. -Fourteen teams entered for the Dunfermline Rose Bowl and Mathewson Cup competitions run by the Dunfermline Committee of the St. Andrew's Ambulance Association, which were held in Dunfermline on Saturday, April. 27th. Provost M'Kay, Dunfermline, presided, and the pnzes were presented by Mrs. M' Kay. results Cup-1, Cowdenbeath, 261 P01l1ts ; 2, No.2, 247 ; 3, Thornton No.3, 242t. Rose Bowl-1, Dunfermline L. N. E. R., 171 pOints; 2, Raith V.A.D., 163 . 3 Dunfermline V AD " B," 157. . .

CENTRE.-Seven teams competed for the "Cadle-Heddle" Cup competition held on April 21st.

The was won by Arbroath D. and A. Joint Railway SectIOn With 2-+0 points, Arbroath No. 2 team beincr second with 225 and Montrose L. N. E. R third with 224. to The cup was handed over to the winning team by Dr Mrs. R. W Thomas Ewart, Montrose. The were Dr. Hode, Montrose, transport; Dr. Sinclair Forfar oral; Dr. Robb, Forfar, practical. "

A. 1\larr, secretary to the Montrose Association, III the doctors and teams, said that the extension of the radiUS for the competition had been justified.

The meet1l1g of the Montrose L. N. E. R. ambulance sectIOn was held on Sunday afternoon, April 21st.

The Mr. W. A. Grant, submitted the balance sheet, which showed a satisfactory balance, and was adopted. It was reported that the section members had attended to 38 cases during the past year.

Office be>arers were appointed as follows '_JJ P d t M W 1.00. reSlen s, r. otherspoon and M r F IT B H S '". rown' on Vl;1r g eon, Dr. H. J. Hoile; Commandant, Mr. D. 'Stott: TCommandant, Mr. A. Pert; Assistant Commandant an reasurer, 1\1. W. A. Grant; Committee Messrs R Campbell, W. Blair, C. Paton, n. Robb, Sergt. T.

Mind and the Man.

IN our ambulance work do we realize the great part our minds really play In the successful performance of our task?

The success of our work, while it depends to a great extent upon our knowledge of the human body, of bandaging and of respiration, owes a great deal to the speed and efficiency with which we can diagnose the injuries of a patient and decide upon the correct thing to do.

The Mind is a complex organ and to give a comprehensive survey of its workings would exceed the scope of this article, when its effect upon the ambulance worker is what we wish to estimate.

Much of what we do ill this life is performed by habit. Habit can be one of our choicest blessings or our bitterest curse. Have you ever realized just how much you do from constant repetition? How you know the exact number of stairs to be climbed in your house even though you could not state the number? the exact location of the keyhole in your door? the routine work of your office? All because you have repeated the respective use of them constantly.

Your mind has recorded these things so deeply that subconsciously you can attend to them, and thus we come to the main reason for this article.

To the man who has just passed his examination ambulance work is a hill that has still to be climbed. The mind has absorbed lectures and demonstrations, but to perform the real thing on a person is a matter which has yet to be expenenced, and as a beginner one finds oneself of what one. h.as to do. The thought may be fleeting, the deCISIon quickly arrived at, yet nevertheless thought has been necessary. Our textbook knowledge and the demonstrations of the classroom are impressed on our memories, but have yet to be absorbed into our subconscious mind-that inexplicable part of us that saves so great an amount of thought and consideration. One does feel that on duty nights, etc., a beginner and an old hand should work co-jointly so that practical experience can enable the new man speedily to form tre lzabz't of treating cases.

Further, a new first aider, if he be in a crowd around an person who is receiving attention an expenenced worker, should offer his aSSIstance and should be perm itted to assist- even though the two workers are unknown to each other save by the badge they wear.

This mutual co-operation at all times between "E b " d "S " m ryo an age can do an enormous amount of good to improve the standard of our work-to increase our enthusiasm for it and to promote reliability in all our members and old. Our minds become attuned to our work habits are formed around it and response to call. for service is more ready, the result more pralseworthy.-WALTER J. HARRIS, A.a.

Our Nurses Pages.

COMPILED BY AMBULANC E SISTER..

3' E

No.1 DISTRICT, S.J.A.B. ENFIELD NURSING DIVISION.-The Annual Supper-Dance was held at Freeman's Restaurant on Thursday, April 4th, and was a great success.

During the evening an attache case and an address book were presented to Lady Div Supt. Mrs Burkett on behalf of the members of (he Division. She also received a beautiful bouquet. of flowers. For the dance, Mr. E. G. Burkett ably acted as M.C.

SIIOREDITCH NURSING DIVISION. -A handsome trophy, the Silver Jubilee Challenge Cup, has been presented to this Division by its Honorary Lady Divisional President, Mrs. Pasco. It "vas handed by the donor to Lady Div. Supt. Miss Cotton at the annual Divisional Competitions which were held on April :lOth. I n accepting the Cup on behalf of the members, the Lady Superintendent sincerely thanked Mrs. Pasco for her generous gift, and for the interest she has always displayed in the work of the Division.

The competition for the" Brookes" Cup was this year won by A. S. Miss Earle with marks out of a possible 90.

A. S. Mrs. Pegg was the runner-up with 66l The judges for this competition were Assista nt Commissioner Dr. K. F. Lund (First Aid) and Lady District Officer Miss Walker (Homc Nursing and Uniforms).

In the competition fur the new Silver Jubilee Challenge Cup, the lest this year was in bedmaking which. ",'as judged by Lady DistrictOfficerl\1iss Walker. A. S. MIss Earle and Mrs. Pegg gained the number of marks, 53t out of a possible 60, but as they were handicapped .by 10 per cent. the tr'o phy went to A. S. Mrs. Rood and MISS Hayes who gained 51 marks.

The trophies were kindly presented by Mrs. Pasco, who also gave an individual prize to the winners of her cup.

No.2 DISTRICT, S.J.A. B.

The annual inspection of the Nursing Divisions around Bournemouth took place at Bournemouth Town Hall, on Saturday, April 13th. There were about 100 on parade, representing Bournemouth, Talbot, Westbourne, North Bournemouth Southbourne, Meyrick and Bransgore Nursing Divisions Boscombe and Charminster Nursing Cadet Divisions.

The Inspecting Officer was Major G. G. H. Assistant County Commissioner, and he was accompal11ed by Lady County Officer Mrs. Hayes, Corps Supt. Major F. O. Chappell, and the Mayor of Bournemouth, Alderman J: R. Edgecombe. There were also present Corps Surgeon LleutCol. J. F. W. Sandison, the Mayoress, Mrs. Lansdowne (Lady County Officer for Dorset), Corps Officer T. A. Spittle, Lady Corps Officer Mrs. Mustard, Sergt. Major A. H. M. Aldridge, and Mr. J. B.. Don, of the S.J.A.A.

Following the inspectIOn, the DIVISIOns marched past, and the Inspecting Officer took the An imaginary motor coach me.mbers and cadets with a chance to display their skill 10 first aid and the improvisation of a temporary hospital. This was done in a very realistic manner. Cadets were supposed victims of the accident, and beds and an theatre complete with patients, instruments and nurses Hi masks were soon arranged.

Addressing the parade, Major Morse said he considered the Bournemouth Corps to be the crack corps of the county and thanked the Divisions for their excellent turn-out that afternoon. He pointed out that the cadets were not only trained in nursing and first aid, but in citizenship and many other things for which they received badges

A very large increase in the work of the Brigade had taken place recently. In this country there were now over 76,000 members, and during the past year they had treated more than 520,000 cases.

Dr. A. Tennyson Smith, of Bournemouth, thanked the Mayor for his attendance, and His vVorship, in reply, expressed appreciation of what he had seen that afternoon, and thanked them especially for the first aid they were rendering on the beaches.

Mrs. Husey Hunt, who has been a staunch supporter of the Corps ever since she came to Bournemouth some fifteen years ago, also congratulated the Divisions on the display.

A message was received from Headquarters announcing that Dr. A. Tennyson Smith had been appointed County Commissioner.

NO.5 DISTRICT, S.J.A.B.

The District Final Competitions were held at Harewood Barracks, Leeds, on Saturday, April 6th, when 8 teams, who had each won the preliminary round in its area, competed for the Birkbeck Cup and the honour of representin g the District in Brigade Finals on lay 31st.

The team test was judged by Assistant Commissioner Dr. W. N. West-vVatson, individual tests by County Surgeon Dr. E. H. Lodge, bedmaking by 1iss Squibbs of the General Infirmary, Leeds, and uniforms by Lady District Supt. Mrs. Birkbeck.

The team test was to treat a cyclist who had run into a lamp post while careering a hill, and had b:en badly injured. He was unconscIOUS, 'lnd was suffenng from hremorrhaO'e and fractures, and his life was hanging by a thread. (In some cases, the judge said, it was unfortunately lost).

Out of a possiblE' total of 300, the follow1l1g marks were secured :-1, Leeds Victoria, 226t; 2, Ripon, 225t; 3, Rotherham, ; 4, Nottingham Central, 221t; 5, Spalding, 218-! ; 6, DOllcaster, 192 ; 7, lVlirfield, 177; 8, Derby, 153!.

The members of the winning tE'am were 1\llss Denton (captain), 1rs. Moody, Miss Moody, Mrs. Isted and Miss Gibson (reserve).

The trophy was presented to the winners by l\1rs. Buxton, of Sheffield, Assistant Commissioner Capt. O. F. Buxton presiding at this ceremony.

SHEFFIELD NURSING DIVISION.-The Annual General MeetinO' of this Division was held on April 12th, when Commissioner Capt. O. F. Buxton took the Chair. It was reported that a net increase of 6 brought the Divisional strength to 50 members.

During the year the number of duties undertaken were 2,390, involving 9,957 hOLlrs, an.d 1,146 cases treated. Classes of instruction, examinatIOns, and competitions 'were held.

Awards presented during 1934 were :- Bar to Service Medal, A. S. Miss M. Lawrence; Servi ce Medal, Lady Div. Treasur e r Mr s. Ward; 4th Service Ch ev r o ns Lady Div. Storekeep e r Mr s. Hil to n, A. S. Mrs. Chappell; Third Sel'vice Chevrons, A. S. l\1isse s Marlow, P eacoc k and \Nait ; First Sen'ice Chevron, A, S Misses Ebbatson, Hayes, C., Shepherd, Larmuth and 1\Jrs. McKay.

No, 7 DISTRICT, S.]. A. B.

On Saturday, April 27th, the District Final Competitions were held at Bellstone Hall, Shrewsbury. Tests w':!re given in First Aid and Home Nursing and were jndged by Capt. Henton White (team test), Miss P. 1\1. Lodge, Matron of St. Chad's Hospital, and Miss \Nakelin, Assistant Tutor of the Roy a l Salop Infirmary (Home Nursing), and Dr. Crofton (Individual First Aid).

The" District" Shield was won by Shrewsbury No.2 Nursing Division, with 392 marks out of a possible 510. This team also gained the Exham Cup for the highest points in the individual tests. Shrewsbury 1 Nursing Di"ision were the runners-up.

The" Perks" Cup, the competition for which is open to junior teams whose members ha ve never before been in a winning team, was also won by a team from Shrewsbury 1\0. 2 Nursing Division, Hereford Nursing Division b ei ng the runners-up.

Shrewsbury 1 o. 2 Nursing Division will now represent the District in Brigade Finals, the team consisting- of Lad y Di v Supt. Mrs. Downer, and A. S. 1\lisses Bradley, Blakemore and Griffiths.

The trophies and prizes were presented to the winners by Lady Forester who was accompa nied by Lord Forester, Han. President for Shropshire. Among those present at the ceremony were the 1\1ayor of Shrewsbury, Councillor "'\lrs. M. W. Cock, and Lady County Officer 1\1rs. Andrews.

IRISH FREE STATE DISTRI CT

The annual District Competitions were held at Dublin on Saturday, April 1 3th.

In the senior competition for the Iri s h Women 's Troph y Harcourt Nursing Division gained first pla ce with 180 marks, Headquarters Nursing Division, second, with 176, a nd City of Dublin third with 165.

The" O,'erend " Cup fo r the highest marks gained in Home Nursing \-vas won by Headquarters Nursing Division.

The judges in this competition were Lady Supt. Mis s Provis (uniforms) ; Lady Dis rict Surgeon Dr. Webb and Assistant Commissioner A. ]. MacWilliam (First Aid tezm test) ; Miss Melville and Lady Supt. Mrs. Thompson (Home Nursing) ; Supt. Crowley (First Aid, practical).

In the competition for the Novices' Challenge Cup, Harcourt Nursing Division were also the winners with 168 marks. Headquarters Nursing Division gained 142 marks, and City of Dublin For this the judges were Lady Supt. l\lrs. Rowlette (uniforms); Dr. M. l\le,rick and Ass istant Commissioner J. P Macnamara (First Aid, team test) ; Lady Nur s ing Officer Miss Kelly (Home N ursino-) ; Supt. Belton (First Aid, practical). to>

In competition for the Women's Indi v idual Cup, A. S. MISS M. Binks was first with 83 per cent. marks, Lady Ambulance Officer being second with 70 per cent. The Cup not awarded. as the minimum of 8 5 per cent. was not attamed. There were 12 entries.

accompan ied by t h e Co u nty Contro ll er, Major - Genera l Sir R ichard Luce.

When the parade had been inspected, a boy sco u t dashed up to say that a stand at the II J ubi lee Ce lebrations" had collapsed, and four peop le had been inju r ed

While one section preparp.d the hut to receive the fo u r patients, the other dea l t with the casua li t ies which CClnsisted of a compound f r acture of the right femur, a crushed foot, a cut sca l p, and dislocated e l bow, and one u nconscious patient who was coughing up blood By the time the" injured" had been treated, and carried to the hut on stretchers improvised from rug-s, a fully equ ipped ward, with hosp ita l kitchen adjoining, had been prepared to receive the pati0.nts The compound fracture was then put up in a Thomas Splint and the other three cases "'ere prepared for the doctor's examination.

The importance of learning something- about gas attacks was stressed by Major Coutts, who added that those people who trained in peace time were very much more U.3eful than those who waited until the outbreak of war to begin their training. In conclusion, he congratulated them on their fine display.

The County Director added his cong-ratu ations and said how pleased they were to welcome Mrs. Todmarsh as their vice-president.

Among those present at the inspection were MajorGeneral Coates, O. B. E., Dept. Director of Medical Services, Aldershot Command; Mr. A. Moray Williams, County Director, and Dr. C. A Lupton, 1edical Officer.

KENT V.A.D - For the fifth year in succession, Kent V.A. D. 60 (Chislehurst) has won the Marchi o ness Camden Shield for being the most efficient detachment in this county.

The presentation was made by Lady Camden at the Village Hall, Chisl e hurst, on April 9th. The chair at this meeting was taken by Major-General Sir Arthur LyndenBell, K. C. B.

The County Controller, Col. C. Pye Oliver, said that there were now 575 V A. D.'s in Kent. He was also pleased to report an increase in the mobile section.

L a dy Camden felt that. it would be better if her shield did not stay with one detachment too long and, therefore, in future, it could not be held for two years. Chislehur5t would receive a special certificate as a permanent record of their achievement.

In presenting the shield, Lady Camden congratulated the Chislehurst Detachment, and wished them every success in the Stanley Shield Final Competitions in which they would represent Kent.

The V. A D. Cup for the deta c hment proving most efficient under the most t r ying circumstances, was won by Kent 190 (Maidstone).

Propos i ng a vote of thanks to Lady Camden, LieutGeneral Sir Harold Fawcus, K. C. B , Di r ector General of the B. R. C. S., said that he was very p leased at the efficiency shown recently at the demon.3tration at Chisleh u rst Caves. Col. W. H. A De La Pryme seconded this proposition.

Items (Divisiona l news and competit ions, soc al, interesting duties, lectures, etc . ), fo r th is page shou ld be sent to Ambulance Siste r c 'o The E d itor, FIRST Am, 46, Cannonstreet, London, E.C.4.

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V.A. D. INS

PECTION AT ALDERSHOT. -

Officers and mel:lbers of V.A. D H a nts 200 were inspected on Saturday, Apnl 13th, at the Red Cross Hut, Aldershot, by Major J. C. C;outts, R.A.M.C., on behalf of War Office. He was

FOUND.-Bronze Medallion No. 269636 ; Si ver Miniature Medallion No. 225700. Owners can obtai n same on application to Miss E Ollis 1, Victor ia Terrace, D u d ey,

Queries and Ansvvers to Correspondents.

Que ries will be dealt witb nnder the following rules:-

1. -Letters containing Queries must be marked on the top left band corner of the envelope "Query," and addressed-FIRST A I D 4 6 , Cannon-street, London, E. C.4·

2. -All Queries must be accompanied by a "Query Conpon" cut from tbe current issue ot the J (lurnal, or, in case of Queries from abroad from a recent issue.

3.- The Textbook, to which reference may be made in this column is tbe 38tb (1928) Edition of S.J.A.A. Manual of First Aid.

TREATlvlENT OF FRACTURED LEG.

E. C. (Surbiton).-A discussion recently arose in our class as to the correct method of applying Bandage 0 with a Simple Fracture ot Leg when the first-aider is singlehanded. Should this be applied round both ankles only or round feet and ankles as shown in Fig. 43 ?

Your kind ruling will be much appreciated.

It is true that the Textbook (p. 77) reads « both feet." but Bandage 0 in Figure -1-0 suggests that this bandage also be applied as a figure-of -eight round feet and ankles. At any rate, this method, in my opinion, is the correct one; and, further, it obtains a better co ntrol of the injured limb.

-N. CORBET FLETCIlER

EX

.U\lINATION HOWLER.

D.S. (East London).-In a recent examination the doctor asked a cand id ate to tell him the signs and symptoms of a Fractured SkulL " Pain, swelling, loss of power," rattled off the candidate in unconvincing fashion. Quick as I ightning the doctor interjected - " Loss of powerfor what ?" "To wea1' a hat," replied the candidate; and the doctor roared with laughter.

Good! Next, please! I-N. C. F.

TREATMENT OF BURNS.

E.C. (Surbiton).-In your reply to a query, which was published under the above he a ding in the April issue of FIRST ,\ro, you state that cotton wool and bandage are only to be used in the Treatment of Burns if no bicarbonate of soda so lution is available. Please tell me if this is correct, as I have always been taught to cover wilh cotton woo l and bandage the pieces of lint which have been soaked in the bicarbonate solution.

Yes.-N.C .F.

LIABILITY FOR DO CTOR'S FEE.

,\ K. (Stockton-on-Tees) - H e rewith a c utting from a Northern paper in which you will see that the jud o-e ruled that the motorist who took a boy to a surgery must pay the fee for such altendance.

This decision has caused quite a sti r amongst some of our members; and it ha s been agreed that 1 shou ld wnte and ask for your comments and advice

"Ve agree that, if anyone of us had been on the

A I

of the accident, we would have taken lhe boy into the doctor's surgery, after examination, and without wondering whether the motorist would follow or not.

Our men point out that in such cases, even if we are not faced with a big doctor's bill, we may be called upon to attend the court as witnesses; and this may mean loss of pay owing to loss of work.

I look forward each month to your Answers to Correspondents; and I shall be pleased to have your comments and advice on this case.

In law the individual who calls on the services of a doctor is responsible for the fee. So the ambulance man docs run a financial risk when he summo ns medical assistance in the event of a patient being unable or unwilling to pay the fee. Inde ed , I have been told once or perhaps twice by first aiders that they have had to pay up in such circ umstances. Nevertheless, I cannot imagine any humane person ca rrying his legal rights to this extreme, even though I remember many unpaid (and often wild-goose) ca ll s for my assistance in street emergenci\:ls.

vVhen this query was last raised, in December, 1928, a decision had just been given in the law courts that a doctor was liable for the cost of hire of an ambulance which, ordered by him in the interests of a patient, was us ed by the patient for remo va l over a long distance to her home.

To soften the blow and to minimise your fears, I ha sten to add that there has recently come inlo force a law which compels the Insurance Coy., to pay the doctor a fee of 12 / 6 fo r his attendance on any person injured by its motorist policy holder, provided that the claim is supported by a police cert ificate. -N.

C. F.

AN UNFORTUNATE ERROR.

T. F. (Li\'erpo ol)-In a recent imporlanl competltIOn the crack team was beaten because the captain did up a hand for a foot and was given no lnarks in his individual test. Surely this is an indictment of the modern competition, as such a mistake could not possibly happen in actual emergency. We welcome your views.

All things are possible in a compet iti on! At the same time my sy mpath y goes out to the captain of the team whose unfortunat e error was not an indictment of the modern COI11petition, but rather - if your statement of facts is correct-of the way in which those responsible staged this particular test and its injuries.

The modern competition sho uld provide more or less exact representations of injuries supposed to be present; and if this be done I cannot il1lagine the captain of a crack team falling into such a 111 istake. - N. C. F.

COMPOUND FRACTURE OF TIllGII W1TII DEFORMITY.

M.S. (Collingham). - We should be extreme ly gratef ul for your advice on the following problem -

A man, working on the roof of a house, fell [0 lhe ground and was found with the following injuries ;Left Lowe?' Limb. Compound Fracture of Femur with lower end of bone protruding 3 inches through clothing, the foot bone everted and the le g almost at right angles to body.

Rigltt Leg. Fractured Ankle.

Abrasions. Scalp an d Face.

Shock. Very marked.

Position oj Patient. Laid on back, half on Hower bed and half on ashpha lt bed, over an awkward edge.

As lhe accident occurred in the country it was fortunate, but rather unusual, to be able to procure the services of a doctor without delay. Otherwise it would have fallen Lo the lot of one of our members to treat the casualty prior to removal to hospital.

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The doctor injected morphia before dealing 'w ith th e fractures, but of course a first aider co uld not have so relieved the pain, Would yo u be so good as to say how a first aider should ha\'e dealt with the lo'..ver limbs in order to apply the splints in view of the fact that the Textbook, on pa£;e 57, teaches that extension must not be applied to a compound fracture with bone protruding -: Yet in this instance splints cou ld not have been applied without moving the lower limb which would inevitably ha\ e caused extension

May I add our thanks for the help yo u have afforded us in the past through the columns of FIRST AID?

To those first aiders who contemplate the removal of a patient in the circumscances named, 1 give the same advice as did Mr. Punch to those who are about to marry-don't! RaLher I suggest that they concentrate on the treatment of shock while they do their uttermost to get a doctor on the spot.

Nevertheless, if circumstances do compel such act ion, then the first aider must weigh up two problems-(1) whether it be safer to remove the patient with the low er portion o,f t,he left at right ang es to the upper or (2) whether It IS worth whde to try to bring the lower portion as as possible into its correct line without exerting tractIOn and at the risk of causino- some displacement of t h e protruding fragment.

Frankly, I think they will rightly decide on the latter as the less dangerous .form of treatment. This done, they will fix the fractured thIgh as best they may with two side splints or a l?ack and, having splinted the leg ot the other Side they will secure limb to limb if this be in any way practicable.-N.C.F.

TREATrlIE T OF POISONING BY T\!OUTI-I.

G, L. (FeI:ce tell me if you would gi\'e the emetic first 111 the case of Iodine or Corrosive Sublimate Poisoning, and then the special treatment as laid down in the Textbook, or vice ve1'sa.

vVe are anxious for your ruling, as a difference in opi?i?n arisen in our class, and we thank yo u In antICipatIOn.

the sequence of instructions in the Textbook (p. p Ii) proves that the emetic should be given before the speCIal treatment. Further, my experience is that it is not an. easy matter to make a poisoned pat ient vomit, and that tillS. effect has never been obtained except after the adm in istratIon ?f four tumblerfuls of m u stard and water. Thi s re8ults 111 a rapid dilu.tion of the poison in the patient's stomach, also expla1l1s Textbook i.nstruction ( Rul e 4, p. 172)- Repeat the emetic every five mll1utes till vomitinooccurs." Finally, if the special treatment were given at of treatn:ent it would have to be repeated after the patlet;tt had v.omlted ; and the Textbook would have given such 1I1StruCtlO ns. - N. C. F.

TREATMENT OF ASPIIYXIA.

F,A. (A?erfar).-IIerewith I send yo u a newspaper c uttin othe of a young man conseq uent Ius face bell1g bU:ICd in stone dust. The victim of the ,tragedy was discovered lying on the groun d in a colhery! and when turned on his back was found have hiS mouth filled with stone dust I h dO II " , w HC IS u se 111 co I.ery workll1gs to prevent coa l dust from becomincr explosJ\ e. who went to the patient's aSSist ance stated at the 1I1quest. that they cleared his mouth of stone dust, but they dId not d are to apply artificial

respiration. The m embe r s of our Divi s ion think that this w as an error of jud g m e nt and that artificial respiration s hould at le as t have been tried. Pleas e favour u s .vith your views on this point.

It is a ll too easy to be wise after the event! Neverthel ess, o n th e facts presented, I am of the same op ini on as th e m e mbers of your Division, 1110re especia ll y as one very va luab l e feature of both Schafer's and the St. ] ohn Prone Pr essure l\lethods is that the tongue and foreign bod ies in the mouth will na tura ll y tend to fall forward when the patient is placed fa ce downward. - :'-J.C.F.

FLUSIIED FACE IN ALCOllOL POISONING.

G,c. (Blaenavon)-Having gained a great amou nt of help from your valu ab le column in FIR!:>]' Aw, we, as m embers of the Avo n Llwyd Corps, will be gratef ul if yo u will te ll u s why in Alcoho l Poisoning the patient's face is llushed while the body temperature is lowered. Our diffi c ult y is that in most cases a flushed face s ign ifi es a hi g h temperature. We had quite a debate on this point but we got st u ck; and so we ag r eed to write to yo u.

Alcoho l, taken internally, ca uses the heart to beat more rapidly a nd more forcibly; but at the same time it makes the blood vessels of the whole body, especially those of the skin to dilate. Consequently, the face is flushed and the bod; temperature falls trom loss of heat.

On the hand, when condition prod uc in g hIgh fever eXists, Nature endeavo urs to reduce the feverish state by ca u s in g the blood vessels to dil ate, whereby more blood is brought to the surface of the body and thus coo l e d more quickly. Consequently until Nature succeeds in her efforts, there is a flushed face and a raised body tempe r at ure. -N .C.F.

ALCOHOL AS DISINFECTANT.

P. B. (Cardiff)-Please tell us how alcohol acts and how it produces its effects as a disinfectant of the ski n. In you.r A1r:S TO FIRST AID you praise it as an emergency antisept ic

Alco h ol is an excellent skin antiseptic because it di ssolves fat, enters the sweat and sebaceous ducts, and quickly evaporates. It therefore cools the skin which conseq u ently becomes pale from the con\Taction of the sma ll b lo od vesse ls and so indirectly ca u ses less sweat to be secreted Alcoho l has the power of taking up water; and it produces its a ntiseptic action by removing water from germs which are thus killed.

In these d ays, when the use of iodine in the emerge ncy treatment of wounds is falling into disrepute in ce rtain quarters, I incline to the opinion that Alcohol co uld be adopted as a first aid app li cation in place of I o din e -N C F.

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for the The Independent Ambulance and Journal Nursing Services.

NOTICE TO READERS.

FIRST AID is published on the 20th of each month. The Annu al Subscription is 35. 6d. post free; single copies 3 d •

Its aim and object being the advancement of Ambulance Work in all its branches, the Editor invites Readers to send Ar icles and Reports on subjects pertaining to the Movement and also welcomes suggestions for Practical Papers. All Reports, &c., should be addressed to the Editor at the add re ss below, and should reach him before the 12th of each month, an d must be accompanied (not ne cessarily lor 1!ublication) by th e name and address of the Correspondent.

Subscriptions, Advertisements and other business Communicati ons connected with FIRST AID should be forwarded to the Publishers, DALE, REYNOLDS & CO., LTD., 46 CANNON STREKT, LONDON, E.C.4.

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CONTEI"TS OF THIS NUMBER.

EOITORIALThe Va lu e of In spect ions 305

The "Ho l ger Nielson" l\Iethod of Ar t ifl cia l R esp ir at ion 306 National Road P assengf'r Tr ans port Amb ul a n ce 307

St. J ohn Ambulance Association 307

St. J Ohl1 Am bula n ce Brigade Finals 308

S.J I\.B. Di st ri ct Re ports 31 1

Prio ry for Va les 315

Railway Amb ul a n ce N ews 31 7

Ambula n ce News C u tti n gs from the Pr ess 321

O ur Nurses' Pages 322

St. An dr ew's A mbul a n ce Assoc iati o n 324

P o li ce A mbul ance N ews

A ppreciation of th e S J. A. B. Com in s Events

QU E RIES AND ANSWERS TO CORRESPONOENTSSeptic Inf ect io n of \ Vo und s

Examination Howl e r

A n Appreciation of lh e Bri ga d e

Tr ea tm ent o f T a r Burns

R e m ova l of Forei g n Body in Thr oilt

Ri s k s of Foreign Bod y in Thro at

Tw o U 11 fortunate E rr o rs

Di ag n os is o f Fr act ur ed Spine .. .

Tr ea tm e nt of Fr act ur ed Spine

Tr ea tm e nt of Carbolic Ac id Burn s New Use for Competition T ests

Tl rrit o rial Army Co mp e titi o n

EDITORIAL.

H AVING recently ,, itnesscd two THE VALUE OF most excellently arranged and I NSPECTIONS. well organised Brigade District I n spect ions, we are of the definite opinion th a t, as a means of publicity, the se functions are par excellence

On the two occas io ns we have in mind nearly seventeen th o u sand members were on parade providing spectacles seldom before witnessed on sllch a large sca le. Further, at least thirty thousand people witnessed the parades.

\Vh at a marv e llou s opportunity for publicity! \N"hat an excellent opportunity for recruiting!and yet too little was done In these directions.

After such events newspaper reports are, as a rule , good, but it is the person on the spot who wants to be educated to the ideals of the voluntary ambulance army.

We look ed in vain for leaflets giving particulars of service, addresses where potential recruits could enrol, or where further information could be obtained. Neither could we fi nd any notices dwellin g on the voluntary side of ou r work. It is well known that nine people out of ten consider us paid govern ment officials, and well . paid at that!

Here ",ere opportunities at wh ich this rumour could have been denied a n d greater interest obtained in the work.

\N"e would suggest that l eaflets should be prepar ed for f ree distribution, or even sold for a copper or two, specially for these funct ions, containin g full p a rticulars of the work and making an appeal for recruits.

No voluntary movement , whether l arge or small, can keep go in g without publicity. The objects of the voluntary ambulance army must be publicly proclaim ed, not once, but on every conceivable occasion, and th e n, and o nl y then, will the public reali se to what a wonderfld institution we belong.

The

Holger Nielson" Method Artificial Respi ration. '

By COLONEL HOLGER NIELSON, of Copenhagen.

(Concluded from page 280).

TIlE artificial respiration is continued uninterruptedly until signs of life return. Even if success seems dou btfL! I, con ti n tie for 4 to 5 hou rs. I f one knee aches, it is easy to shift to the other without interfering with operations.

Shoula an ambulance arrive, it must wait till life is restored or a doctor on the spot allows the patient to be moved.

If the patient shows signs of returning to life (usually by gasping or moving slightly) artificial respiration is continued for some time still, until the return of life is assured; but as soon as eve1' szgns of returning liJe al'e noted, and the pulse can be jelt, tILe lifting oj the arms is discontinued. Henceforth, the movements are limited to the quiet, slow, gradually increasing pressure exerted on the patient's blades (expiration Fig. 2), the operator's trunk swaying back to the original position and the pressure on the patient's chest gradually ceasing, its expansion bein a left b to automatic action (inspiration Fia. 1).

The diminish.ed ventilation lungs under thiS procedure wIll, when life beains to return b' It1crease the concentration of carbonic acid to such a degree as to stimulate the respiratory centre to greater activity and thus hasten the return of normal respiration.

in this way until the patient's heart and are seen to be functioning, automatic reSpiratIOn having been resumed. This usually happens in 5 to 10 minutes.

The artificial respiration is now discontinued and an attem pt is made to promote the circulation the blood to restore warmth to the body by vzgorous 1'ubbzng from the C£1'cumfe1'ence towards the /zeart. This rubbing, carried out by one or more assistants with the flat of the hand must be very p,owerful. and rapid it is done over the patient s clothing and requires 5 to 6 minutes.

The patient is now taken to the nearest house or is driven under supervision to a doctor or hospital.

The artificial respiration just described is to be started at once when a person lies unconscious

* Introdu.ced and demonstrated by the author at the !Vth InternatIOnal Congress for Life Saving and First Aid 111 Cases of Acciden t s.

of

or apparently dead, provided this condition is not the sequel to a fall, being driven over, or to accidents which may conceivably have injured internal organs. In all other cases, for exam pIe in poisoning by smoke or gas, drowning or electrocution, hanging, loss of consciousness by cold or all forms of su ffocation which ind uce loss of consciousness, harm can never be done by properly executed artificial respiration. Owing to its powerful action on the lungs and heart, it often restores life to persons who would otherwise have died.

When, during artificial respiration, a carbonic acid mixture is available, it should be given, for it has beeen found that this mixture (93 per cent. oxygen and 7 per cent. carbonic acid (carbogen) by virtue of its high carbonic acid content stimulates the respiratory centre to increased activity or starts it afresh if it has ceased. This, in conjunction with the manipulations, often achieves the desired result.

If a Carbogen apparatus is available, the normal respiratory movements may be continued (Figs. 2 and 3), also when the patien t shows signs of life.

The Carbogen apparatus is put into use as soon as it arrives. The mask is fitted on t:nder the patient's nose and mouth, resting on the ground or being held by the person who operates the apparatus.

The supply of Carbogen is regulated so that It IS given for 3 minutes at a time, i.e. , the apparatus is opened for 3 then closed for 3 minutes and so on.

During the 3 minutes the apparatus is closed, the mask is removed from the patient's face so that he may breathe atmospheric air freely.

AFTER-TREATMENT.

The patient is put to bed, wrapped in warm blankets. In order to warm his body still more, hot-water bottles, wrapped in woollen garments, are put under his feet, by his sides and under his armpits.

\V hen he has recovered so far that he can swa llow, he is give n small quantities, in a teaspoon of stimulants such as strong coffee or tea (withouf suga r or cream) w ine or spirits mixed with water and, best of all if they are available, HofEman's or

June, 1935. FIRST

camphor drops. Twenty to thirty drops are given in a little water to an adult, the dosage for children bei ng one drop for every year.

I f the patien t is so weak that he does not swallow or move his throat when a couple of drops are put on his tongue, give him nothing for fear of fluid running down into his lungs. Instead, in order to promote the action of the heart, drum directly over it for a couple of minutes with the thick, far end of the thumb, repeating these rapid and quite hard blows about 200 times. This heart massage often restores the patient to a degree enabling him to swallow.

He must then have absolute rest, but, unless a doctor declares him to be out of danger, he must be supervised for 24 hours by some one capable of practising artificial respiration if normal respiration should fail. This happens often after serious accidents, especially after a person has been apparently drowned.

-----.--.-------

National Road Passenger Transport Ambulance Association.

1\1lDLAND AREA :- The preliminary competition for the " Stirk " Challenge Trophy took place at the Co-operative Hall, Walsall, on Sunday, May 12th.

Eight teams competed and the result was :-1, \Vest Brom wich Corporation, 291 t marks; 2, Birmingham Corporat ion Tramway and Omnibus, 286 mades; 3, Nottingham Corporation, 269t marks. Other teams in order of merit represented the Midland Red l\lotor Omnibus Co. Ltd., vValsall Corporation, Trent Motor Traction Co. Ltd., Burtonon-Trent Tr::tnsport and Barton Motors (Beeston).

Each team consisted of five men, and in addition to the team test, individual, oral and practical tests were also set.

The judges were :-Oral, Corps Officer G. H. Staniforth (Walsall, S.J.l\. B.) ; Practical, Capt. H. E. Cooper (Corps Supt. Birmingham" C" Corps, S.] A. B.) and Corps Secretary J. Mears (Walsall, S.J.A B.) ; Stretcher, Corps Surgeon Rickard (Walsall, S.J.A.B.).

As a result of the competition "Vest Bromwich, Binningham and Nottingham will represent the Area in the final round

N ORTlIERN AREA -The preliminary com petition for this Area was held on Sunday, May 26th, when six teams presented themselves at the Leeds City Tramways Sports Rooms.

Dr. Col. G. H. L. Hammerton, of Dewsbury, judged the team test, Dr. A. G. S. Broughton, of B::ttley, the individual practical, and Dr. E. W. Lonsdale White, of l\Iethley, the individual oral. Mr. Edward D. Glo\'er, hon. secretary, Leeds Centre, S.J.A.A., was responsible for the arrangements and staging of the tests.

The competition was witnessed by an enthusiastic and interested audience over which Mr. H. H. Lancaster, traffic manager, Leeds City Tramways, in the unavoidable absence of Mr. Vane Modand, general manager, presided. The result was announced as follows :- 1, Huddersfield, 232 marks; 2, Sheffield, 198t marks; 3, Manchester, 196 marks. Other teams were Newcastle, West Yorkshire and Leeds. The first two teams will represent the Area in the final competition.

A I D. 307

The "Stirle" Challenge Trophy competitIOn is held under the auspices of the National Road Passenger T ransport Ambulance Association and is open to all Road Passenger Tr a nsport Undertakings in Great Britain. The unal competition will be held at West Brom\\'ich on Sunday, July 7th.

S1. John Ambulance Association

BRISTOL.-On May 22nd at the offices of the Port of Authority, Mr. K. Hampden Pridie, M. B., F.R.C.S., exhibited and lectured on his film, depictin cr sura-ical work and in particular his special method of fractural operations, to the members of the Port of Bristcl First Aid Classes. The lecture was turther illustrated by lantern views.

Mr. R. H. Jon es, O.B.E., General l\lanager of the Dock, presided in the unavoidable absence of -\lderman Edward M. Dyer, and was supported by Councillors C. Hartly Hodder, F. 1. C. S., and F. A. Parish, members of the Docks Committee, and I\Ir. Frank Brown, Asst. General Manager of the Docks and Chairman of the First "\id Committee.

The Chairman extended a very hearty \velcome to lr. Pridie and expressed his pleasure and that of the Docks that the keenness of the men was being- maintamed and that employees were showing an increased interest. Of the 77 candidates at the completion of the seventh session 75 were successful. Great credit was due to Dr. Gorham afld Dr. Burgess for the excellent sen ices they had so willingly rendered.

1\1r. C. Hartly Hodder proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Pridie for gi\'ing the me'11bers an opportunity of seeing his ,,:,onderful film and hearing his most interesting and instructl ve lecture.

The annual stretcher competition of the Bristol Centre will be held on Saturday, ] uly 27th, at the Zoological Gardens, Clitton. The competition is restricted to teams within a twelve mile radius from the Bristol Corn Exchange Ther e are six trophies: The" Bcayis " Cup, " l\lrs. Squires" Cup (Handicap) and Novice Cup for teams of men, the "Horace \Nalker" Cup for teams of WOlT.en, the " Mather" Cup and the" Cyril Lavington" Cup for teams of men and women.

Entries close on Monday, July 1st. Full particulars may be had from the Hon. Secretary, i\[r. Egbcrt \. O. Webb, 9, Somerset-street, Kingsdowll, Bristol, 2.

PLYMOUTlI.-During the month of May 128 cases received attention by the Plymouth Ambulance Senice. Of these 51 were road accidents and 77 other accidents and sucldeD illness es In each department Saturdays were the heavi est days, whilst between 9 p. m. to 10 p.m. most road accidents occurred.

K1N GSBRIDGE - The results of the classes and examinations conducted during the 1934-35 session by the Kingsbridge Section were :-

Certificates.-Ayeton Gifford, 3 men, 7 women; Kingsbridge, 5 men, 2 women; Loddiswell, 3 men, 2 women.

Vouchers.-Kingsbridge, 2 women; Loddiswell, 1 man 3 women.

Medallions.-Loddiswell, 1 man.

Labels. -Kingsbridge, 4 'Nomen.

Totals. -l\veton Gifford, 10; Kingsbric1ge, 14 ; Lodc1iswell, 10.

In addition, the Kingsbridgc Brigade examination resulted in 3 vouchers, 3 medallions, and 13 labels, bringing the gnnd total to 53. The corresponding fig-ure for the previous year was 30. Of the tota I examined this year there were only four who failed for certificates.

St. John Alnbulance BI"igade Finals.

A residential scene on one hand, complete \\'ith Dclisha Beacon, and factory working machinery 011 the other, gTeded \'isitors at the Brigade finals which \vere held on 31st at the Hotel Great Central, London, :\0 complain t s could be made on the arrangements :lnd staging of all the tests but we would otfer one tion and that is the Hotel Great Central IS becom1l1g too small to hold all who wish to winess the tests and larger premises are required,

The competitions \\'ere held under the direction of the Chief Commi sioner, Sir John Duncan, a sisted by Maj or p, G, Dar\'il-Smith (Brigade Secretary) and District Officer H, 1- \Vrigglesworth (Competition Secretary).

The committee responsible for the preparation of the te ts was: CoL C L Ellis (Surgeon-in-ChieI), Dr. Corbet Fletcher (Asst. Surgeon-in-Chief), Mrs. Ella Webb (Distric Surgeon, Irish Free State District), Dr. E. S. Bo\\'es (County Surgeon, Ko. 9 District), Dr. H. A. Dunlop (Corps Surgeon Ko 1 (Prince of Wales's District), Dr. E. Gamble (Div. Surgeon 1\0.8 (Duke of Connallght's) Distri.::t), G. Gibbons (Div. Surgeon No. 3 (E.) District). In charge of patient's make-up, Major 1- F. C IIos sack (Commissioner o. 10 District).

Judg es for the \'arious tests ,,"ere::\Ien: Team test, M, ,Ilster) 1\1.R.CS., L.H,.CP " (Di\ Surgeon To.1 (Prince of \Vales's) District), assi ted by S, E. G odwin, L.R.CP, (Div, Surgeon No. S District). Indiyidual and Dual Practical with Oral

Questions: Capt. W. N. \Vest -Vlatsol1, M.D. (Asst. Commission e r No. 5 District), H, Girling, B.01" 1\LR.CS" L.R,CP. (Diy. Surgeon TO. 3 (VV.) District), and J. l\1. Wilson, O,B.E., M.A.) M.B., Ch.B, (Commissioner, Wales), l'niforms: E, A, Richards (Commissioner, No, 8 (Duke of Connaugh t 's) District) and Capt. VV. Goodley, 1\LC (Comn;issioner, No.1 (Prince of \Vales' ) District)

\\ omen: Team test, First Aid: S. Bree, l\I.B., :\1.R.CS., (Asst. Commissioner, No. 10 District), aSSIsted by, Blood, L.R.c.p" LRC.S,; Home Nursing

Section: :\llss C. 1\I. Roy, R.R.c., 1\1.1\1 (Principal Matron, Q.A.I.l\1. T.S). Individual and Dual Practice with Oral

Questions, First Aid: E. Llewellyn, M,B., Ch.B. (Centre Surgeon, \Vales); Home ursing: Miss 1\1. Cochrane, R.R.c. platt-on, Charing Cross Hospital); Bedmaking: E. SaL11:ders (Sisler Tutor, Royal Free Hospital).

:;\1. Han-ey Reeves, i\..R.R.c. (Lady Distnct Supt., No, 3 (E.) District), and Miss E. 1\1. Rideout (Lady District Supt., TO. 1 (Prince of Wales's) District),

Throughout the day the competitions were followed by an crowd and the \vork done amply repaid the. tllne We must add our quota of praise to the patlentS,111 the team tests. rn the men's tests especially we admIred the most natural way the" policeman /I was knocked h.\: the" lunatic /I; incidentally the former had t o recel \ e slIght attention during- the proceedings.

DUrJng the afternoon H.R.H. Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, Dame Grand Cross of the Order) visited the competItIOns to present the awards. On arrival Her H,oyal Highness inspected the guard of honour under the con:mand of Asst; Conyni.ssioner S. J. (No. 1 CPt ,lI1ce ?f Vifales ) and r,eeeivec1 by the Eall of Scarborough, SIr PerCival V/llklllson, Sir Aylmer IIunter- Weston, Sir] Ohll Duncan and others.

PRESE TATION OF A\VARDS.

The of Scarborough presided over the subsequent pI esentatlOn ceremony, It was, he said, his honour and 111 welcom,ing Her Royal IIighness whose gl eat \:,ork 111 ambulance In South A frica was well known. ReferrIng to the work of the Brigade) Lord Scarborough

A I D. Ju ne,

empha ised the importance of making wielely kno\\'n that the work was of a vol u ntary nature and that the members were not) as the pl1blic seemed Lo think, paiel sen'ants

1 0 form of voluntary service could he finer than the Brigade, which has now extended greatly overseas. The strength of the Brigade \\'as increasing anel \\'as now o\'er 65,000, an increase of 3,500 O\'er 1933; Cac1ets were o\,er 12,000. Du ring 193-+ a remarkable increase ill the l1u1111)er of cases had been recorded and oyer had rc.ceiyed aLLention. The Order \\'as very proud of its offspring and the work on which the members were cngag'C(l. l\Iention was also made of the special training of personnel in the protection of the civil popu lation in gas attacks operatillg in the o 1 District. This work will soon be extended to other districts.

Sir John Duncan, Chief Commissioner, announced the results, which were :-

DE\VAR IJ CHALLENGE SH [ELD.

Team.

1 vVolverton

2 Crewe "A"

3 Brighton Police -+ Shoreditch

Jun e , 1935.

FIRST

Dcscri/1lion of Cusc.-The sccne represents a house in a narrow slreet just off the main thoroughfare in Stonsgate. The constable knows that in this house there is a male patlent 111 charge of an attendant. Suddenly sounds of a struggle are heard within the house; and the patient and his attendant are seen wrestling- together in front of the \\ indow, The atLendant calls for help; and after a few seconds the constahle adYallCeS up to the steps and k:lOC1<S loudly at the door.

Immediately the door opcns; and the patient bursting out of the house, knocks the constable do\\'n the steps, at the foot o[ which he lies on his hack-limp though conscious. The patient also falls dO\\'l1 thc steps, knocks his head anel is found on his back unconscious with a fractured right leg and a scalp \\·ounc.1 of the forehead. The attendant does 110t appear because the patient locked the door of the sitting-room behind him; but, if not sought within five minutes by competitors) he ",ill appear at the window and loudly call to be released. He kno'v\'s all the local details as well as the con table.

Inquiries at Hospital of Competition Hall will il1\'ol\,c the ab ence of the messenger for three minutes,

T\\'(J stretchers and t\\'o hayersacks (but nO,blanket ) are available at the IIall 'where the Demonstration takes place, and \\'ill be loaned by the Secretary in charge of arrangements.

The urses' Team Test

Card of Instrll c tioJ1.-Being in charge of the First Aiel room, you are howing your team the conditions under \\ hich the girls work ill this factory, situated in a mall pro\'incial town. Act as soon as you have witnessed the scene ab o ut to he enacted. The t\\'O girls are sisters.

Dcscriptioll of Casc.-The Team Leader is in charge of the First Aid room of the £actory and has invited the members of her team to watch the co nditions under which the girls \\ 'ork. At the beginning of the test the \\'h o le team is in the machinery r OOl11, the leader demon trating to the others, A Oa h sho\\'s that the emergency has arisen. A telephone me sage to the doctor elicits the inslruction ., Do ,,,hat you can. Take the patients to the First Aid room. l\Iake them as comfortable as possible, and prepare the rOOI11 as for an emergency operation, before I arriYe,"

Staging of Tcst.-T\\'o rooms are presented on a

Symons Eccles" Challenge .CuP : ,c Trimble" Trophy: Woh'erton. Crc\\'e A." Ellis" Cup: Corp!. L. Hibberd, District. Shoreditch, No.

PERROTT IJ CIIALLENGE CUP.

Team. District. Paignton No. 9

2 Shrewsbury 7

3 Aylesbury 2

Great Yarmouth /I 10

5 L1anelly Priory for Wales

6 Reclhill and Reigate No, 8 7 Wellingboro \l ictoria

c, Corbet Fletcher IJ Trophy:

" Chalmers IJ Trophy: vVelling-boro Victoria, :: :r he Mountgarret " Cup: Redhill and Reigate.

, EllIs Cup:. Lady Amb. Officer A. 1\1. Garland, Pa1gnton, No 9 DIstrICt.

Royal Highness graciously prcsented the shields. troph.les, cups a1:d individual prizes, congratulating recIpIents 011 theIr successes

We noticed at the o'athering many distingl1ished men:hers of the Order, and many old who in the past were competItors 111 these compet1t1011s.

THE TESTS

For the men the Team Test set was as follows :_

Card of fllstnlction ----:-Your.team is participating in a demor:st r at1On of FIrst AId) whlch takes place this aftcr111 Stol1sgate. As none of you know this small protown, you have come along on this bleak and cold mornll1g- the Del':lonstration Hall, which, as you find) IS sItuate 111 the ma111 street right opposite to the Cottage HospItal.

Having discovered the Hall, you stroll towards the next at the corner of which) at this moment) you are stand111g and chatlll1g to a friendly police constable If anyth111g happens, act as yo u see fit.

The vVolverton T eal11

Winners of the "Dewar" Challenge " Trimble /I Trophy; o 2 District Cha lenge Cu p; Buckinghamshire Com petitions

Shield, II Oxo" County

Stagillg of on platform a hOllse wilh front door (and knocker), four front steps and a. passage way into a itting-room, \vherein place the patIent and attendant and also such things as may be necessary for test (e.g.) blankets) broom-handles, boards for stretcher, etc.). Build a gaJ1gway at one end of platform to permIt movements of teams carrying a loaded stretcher. Place a Belisha Beacon on the edge of platform where the gang'way ends; and at the side of the platform, erect a large sign" To the Hospita1," with a finger pOllltll1g rOllnd the corner.

Dre s patient in nightcap and in nightgowll o\,er!apping' his trousers . Depict cOl1.tused, wound on rIght side of Iorehead and cover thIS vnth Ius cap; and alse simulate on his right leg a simple at the union of middle and lower thirds and involvlllg both bones. Strap a piece of cork acrosS the back. of the l?olice consta,blc (who is in full uniform as such) 111 the mId-dorsal regIOn to r epresent marked irregu l arity of spine.

T he Paignton Nursing Team.

\ Vinners of • C Perrott" Shield; Lady .\.ll1b, Officer ..:\.. 1\1. Garland, Capta.in of the Team, also \\'on the" Ellis" Cup; No.9 District" Burn" Shield; County Trophy" Gale" Shield.

raised platform, Facing the stage you sec on yoyr _left the \\'orkroom of a factory of a small t o wn. ThIS I tully equipped; and two girls, l\Iary and ] are een hard at work. 1\1ary catches her forearm 111 the 111 a C}1ll1 cry ,and sustains a compound, complicated fracture o t the radiu, Jane, becoming aware of \\'ha.t !1ClS ialls down in a dead faint. The igns of 111Jury \\,111 be founel to he represented arti5cially, in a life!ik e a l1lann.er po 'sible. On your rig!1t is the FIrst AId room \\' !uc.h IS fully equipped hut 0\\'1l1g to. re.cellt redecoratIOn I 111 a slate of disorder. The palllt IS, ho\\ e\'er, fully the furniture cl ean and the floor scrubbed. Both g'Hls are wearing sleeve. The First Aid and machinery rooms arc connected by a narro\\', angulated passage.

In the Indi\'iclual and Dual Practical Te ts the follo\\'ing were set:-

Officer or MClJlbcr ill florist \\·hile ma.king a \\Teat11, has placed. the frame on a bent naIl on which i:3 resting a plece of frayed flex attached to an

elecrric table-lamp :lI1d has received a senre electric shock.

1n fallin o unconscious his back is pierced at the level of the twelf31 dorsal Yertebra hy the blade of a pair of scissors lying on the floor; this pe11etrat.es to the spinal cord causing slio'ht damag'e and gIvIng use to ome of sensation in the leg ; the blade remains embedded 111 the back ancl on being \\ ithdrawJ1 the tip is found to be broken off. There is an electric burn of the fingers and palm of the right hand.

Bearers Nos. 1 and -L-Patienl No.1 in jockey outfit (or shirt sleeves and belt) is lying semi-prone on his right side \\'ith his right arm underneath him, just beyond the jump. IIe has complicated fracture of the right lower ribs with bleeding i11to the lung; also fractured righl clavicle and concussion. He is instructed to breathe rather fast and shallow) with frequent short coughs.

Patient o. 2) similarly attired, arrives at the end of the fOllr minutes) falls, gets up and waiks towards the ] udge, supporting his left elbow in his right hand and staggering a bit. IIe has simple fracture of the left clavicle and mild shock.

Bearers Nos. 2 and 3.-A man wilh shirt-sJceves rolled up and wearing a baize apron is lyin o unconscious on the floor of a space marked out to represent a greenhousesemi-prone on his right side) surronnded by broken glass (cardboard) He has a ring on his right little finger and has a wound with arterial bleecling extending from the base of the third right finger in front to a similar spot on the back of the hand. There is a simple fracture of the right radius and ulna just above the wrist, with deformity of the limb. Sprained right ankle and contused wound on the right side of his forehead.

Sisters Nos. 1 and 2.-Test A.-The making of a bed in five and having it ready for a patient who is being carned to the house. The patient has fallen out of a tree into a pond and is in a very collapsed condition.

Test B.-l. When warm) the patient begins to recover consciousness and compl a ins of pain in his riO'ht ankle just above which there is an uncomplicated dressing of this wound applying a roller bandage.

2. The compla1l1s of feeling sick and vomits, thereby spoIlll1g hIs undersheet, which has to be changed.

Sister No. 3.-A child aged 12 years, suffering from tuberculosIs of the lungs. He has been discharged from a sal11tonum. He now complains of seYere pain in the left side of the chest. The doctor has called and has ordered linseed poultices.

As the District Nurse is ill and the boy's mother is an Ignorant woman, the doctor has sent a message askino' sister lO. make the first poultice and put it on, tldy up a hLtle and leave the child as comfortable as possible, giving tIle mother any hints about his care. The mother will get anything for which the sister asks.

OBSERVATIONS AT TIIE Fl ALS.

It is said that :' onlookers see most of the game," whIch perhaps cxplall1s '1.\'hy one goes year <.liter year to watch the Certainly one sees a different side from tl:e I will not say players, for no competitor looks lIke a player.

I chose walch the watchers, as did others, J uc1gll1g. from the11' remarks. One Commissioner asked me questIOns about the C11rlS round a team leader's face. I t.hoyght he admired them. Perhaps he did, but he It werc 110t true that caps and veils were worn for hygienIc reasons, or \\'ere they meant to act as a frame to set off the curls.

Uniforms were altogether. intriguing, as far as the wcre Tt IS said that fashion to-dav IS havll1g ,a more .fe11l1l1lne lhis why nearly ail teams WOI e the hitherto forbIdden sIlk slockings? They

certainly looked well and drew the eye io shapely limbs, which were much exposed under what now seem very short skirts! One of the Important Ladies said she had made no unfavourable comments to the wearers and prefen'ed silk stockings. I hid my "mixture" clad legs and resolved to clothe them in silk in the fulure.

Talking of Important Ladies, what an amazing array of medals somc of them wore! The Jubilee Medal has ObViOusly proved a stumbling block. One saw it hanging as a medal or suspended on a bow-dangling above, below and alongside other decorations. Again, the feminine touch-blue bows) red bows and black bows all over the chest, sometimes in two rows. Yet the effect was unpleasing. One 1mportant Lady had hers neatly arranged in a rigid line, like a Commissionaire-the effect was infi 11 i t el y sm a rte r.

Being a woman, I suppose I should not criticise the officers' salutes. Yet, watching during the National Anthem, what a variety one saw. A certain Mig'hty Surgeon (I refer to his rcputation) not his figure) appeared to have his thumb to his nose. Behind him was a perfect naval salute-and we hear of militarism!

I did watch lhe competitions, enjoyed them, and learned a lot. Having been a victim many times, I felt the lot of the present competitor was happier than ours in the past. No mysterious darkness followed by dazzling light-plenty of room to move and the scene really realistic. I do think the Factory Inspector would have had something to say about unguarded machinery, though.

:Nlost of all I envied the nurses their team test judges. Somehow it reminded me of a wedding. The bride (or patient) was the centre of attraction, with the" guests" bestowing many aLientions on her-and sometimes rather ignoring the br.idesmaid. But the judge seemed to me like the perfect brIdegroom. It was essential he should be there-you cannot have a wedding without a groom or a competition without a judge. But he never forgot that his purpose was to answer when required, and not to steal the limelight. (We all know the latter type of judo-e.) He and his "best man)" to continue the seemed a palL After all, he scores in the long run. HIS verdlct, good or bad, is what counts. And his judgment is shrewd, as I well know. He has spotted my mistakes often enough

I must have been in a romal"ic mood for the Individual Test reminded me of a leap scen'e A man and a maid in a conservatory-or was' it a flower shop? He, comfortably listened to her impassioned speech as she knelt at h1S feet. Alas, she could not win him with a sigh she left him. He stood up and looked for next suitor.

I left him and chatted to a fellow" old soldier." We agreed that these people had a better t.ime than we did and both regreLted t.hat an increase of "pips" on ou; shoulders kept us out of the" Battle for the Shields.""B.M H."

We regret to announce the death of Mr. Edward William Fearn, who died on May 30th, 1935, nged 67 . Mr. Fearn was formerly a superintendent of Toynbee IIal! Division S. J, A B., wh ich he jo i ned as a private i n 19 14. He was p resident of the IIospita ll er's C lu b i n 1930. At a memor ial service he ld on Monday, June 3rd. at the Ch u rch of St. Bartho omew the Great, Smithfield, London, the fo ll ow i ng members of the Hospita ll er's C lu b attended :- Mr. W. E. Jackson (president), M r. A. E Wells (secretary), Mr. H. J ones, Mr. T McBride, M r E. A. Perry, Mr. P Bettlson, Mr. G S. Pasco, Mr. C J, Fitch, Mr G. C. Green, M r. Rushmere, M r. H. W Fi n cham, Mr. B. C. Fincham, Mr. W. Eason, an d Mr A W. Newton

The St. fohn Ambulance Brigade Dzst'?zct Repar/s.

N o. I (P rince of Wales's) District.

A record attendance of members paraded al the annual inspeclion of the No.1 (Prince of Wales's) District, which was held on Saturday, June 1st, in Hyde Park.

Long before the inspection commenced, crowds lined the ground and it was estimated that nearly 25,000 people watched the proceedings.

The inspecting officer, Major-General The Earl of Athlone, K.G., G.C.B., G.B.M.G., G.C.V.O., D.S.O., A.D.C. (Bailiff Grand Cross of the Order of St. John), was received by the Earl of Scarborough, Sub-Prior, Sir Percival Wilkinson, Secretary-General, Sir John Duncan, Chief Commissioner, Col. C. T. Ellis, Surgeon-in-Chief, Lady Perrott, Lady Supt.-in-Chief, and Dr. N. Corbet Fletcher, Asst. Surgeon-in-Chief.

pressed not only by their smartness, but also by the readiness of. the members to devote a considerable porlion of the 1r tIme and energy to the alleviation of sufferillO' humanity. He was also greatly interested ill the who had taken part in the parade.

On Sunday afternoon, 1\1ay 19th, members of No. 1 District co-operated with the Legion of Frontiersmen in a realistic Air-Defence Display at the London Air Park. A fleet of aeroplanes dropped high explosiye incendiary and phosgene and mustard gas bombs, and y\ llil s t the Frontiersmen clad in asbestos suiting rushed into the desolated zone to extingui sh fires, Brigade members attended the wounded. The rescuers worked in g as masks.

The Earl of .\thlone at the No.1 (Prince of District Inspection.

From lefl: Major-General Sir John Duncan, Chief Commissioner; Lady Perrott, Lady Supt.-inChief; the Earl of Scarborough, Sub-Prior; Earl of Athlone; Capt. \V. Goodley, District Commissioner; Col. C. J. Ellis, Surgeon-in-Chief; Dr. N. Corbet Fletcher, Asst. Surgeon-in-Chief.

I<ollowing the general salule and the National Anthem the inspecting officer was introcluced to the District Commissioner, Capt. 'vV. Goodley, and his staff

Dnring the inspection of the parade which followed, the band of H.M. Welsh Guards played selections.

The Earl of Athlone took the salute at the" march past," and great applause was giYen to the cadets and recruits.

The marching was of a good order and one again the ambulance sisters were included

At the conclusion of the ceremony the inspecting officer paid tri\)'1(e to the District. He was greatly i111-

District Officer Bower acted as commentator and explained to the yisito'rs exactly what was taking place.

No. II. District.

The District finals of the No.2 District, \\'hich comprises the counties of Berkshire, Bristol, shire, Gloucester, Hampshire, Isle of \Vlght, Oxfordsh1re, Somersetshire and \iViltshire, were held on Saturday, May 18th, at Reading. -

The judges were :-Men: Dr. W. Al1dland. Drs. Bow kill.. Alcock allel \\-. I-Iutlon (lIlcll\'l<ll1al).

Women: l\Iajor A. Barrett Carclew and Miss M. Mack (team), l\liss R. T . .1\ Iile s, M!s.s D. Grant and -Col. .c. }-L J ames (individual). CompetltlOn secretary was DIStllct Officer H. ]. Wrigglesworth. .

There were eight teams of men and five at and their work was witnessed by a good gatherIng ot supporters. ,

Major Darvil-Smith" C.B.E. Bucks), presided at the presentatJOn meetlllg and 111tl:?duced the Mayor of Reading (Dr. Holden), who IS a. Knight of the Order. rIe also referred to the assistance given by the school authorities the competition secretary and the tewards, and exte;lded thanks to them and the judges for the assistance rendered.

District Officer \Vriggles\\'orth announced the results, which \\'ere :1\1en :-1 and .r Oxo " Challenge Cup, vVolYertoll, 323 marks; 2, 316; 3, Cheltenham Friendly. Society, 306}; 4, Reading C.\tV.R., 305; 5, Portsmouth PolIce, 299; 6, BanbllrY, 295; 7, Fishponds, 294; 8, Swinc1on, 268.

Nurses :-1 and" Whittaker)) Challenge Cup, Aylesbury, 3-+5; 2, Cheltenham, 2871; 3, Southbourne, 275k; -+, vVeston-super-.I\1are, 225; 5, Reading, 155

The 1\Iayor presented the awards and stated that for 21 years he had been chairman of the Reading Centre. The Brigade had accomplished valuable work in Reading during the Jubilee celebrations. People were often surprised to hear that members gaye their services.

Vote of thanks to the 1\1ayor (or his attendance brought the proceedings to a close.

BRISTOL.-The Temple Division of the Bristo l Corps held a route march and field practice at Longwood Farm, Failand, by kind permission of Mr. P. A. James.

At Bo\yer Ashton, just outside the Bristol Boundary, 23 members with four stretchers marched 2.8 miles, uphill. to Failand. p1ajority of the members felt it was 8.2 miles traversed.)

The purpose of the parade being to give practice in transport methods with real obstacles, such as walls, hedges, styles, ditches, etc., a scheme was devised whereby it was presumed that a forced auction for the recovery of unpaid tythes had been held at the farm. A riot had occurred and rioters with numerous, severe and amazing injuries were lying in the fields and copse round the farm.

Four teams searched the farm, treated the injured and transported them to an Ambulance Headquarters establishment. A simple marking system was used and the competitive thus introduced

The 113th Troop (Redcli[f) Bristol Boy Scouts kindly co-operated hy providing the patients and making tea. Under their Scoutmaster, the Rev. F. A. R. Chapman, these boys entered the spirit of the scheme and entered one stretcher team.

Div. Supt. A. E. Scott expressed his pleasure on the SLlccess of the venture and further practiees are to be held.

The men, all of whom are railway men, thoroughly enjoyed the clay. One member, Pte. Harry Cox, although now 10 years of age, set a fine example in keenness and efficiency.

No. III. District.

. qn Saturelay, May 25th, Colonel C. I. Ellis, Surgeonand Lady Perrott (Lady Supt.-in-Chief) inspected some 100 members of the North and South \Varwickshire Corps at Wilnecote They were accompanied by Major J. Orton (C01111TI1SSlOner) and Lady Willoughby de Broke (Lady County Officer), and after the inspection Col. Ellis took the salute at the past.

AID. June, 1935.

Lady Perrott presented a long service medal to Cadet Supt. Mrs. Young, of N uneaton, and the King's Jubilee Medal La Lady Div. Supt. Miss Ollis (Dudley) and Lady Div. Supt. Mrs. Hewitt (Coventry).

Major Orton presented Jubilee Medals to Asst. Commissioner Dr. D. IV1cCo l1 (Tamworth), District Officer and Secret:lrY H. II. Wilkins (Longford), and Corps Supt. W. A. Hirons (Ceventry).

WOLVERHAIIIPTON.-The first church parade of the vVo!verhampton Corps was held on May 19th, when the Mayor (Councillor Morris Christopher), vvho is a lso treasurer of the Wo!verhampton and District Corps, attended.

The parade was under the command of Corps Supt. W. 'vV. Burton and Diy. Supt. Jackson, and included a number of officers and men from the North Worcestershire Corps The parade a lso included nurses for the first time, from Bushbury and , in addition) cadets.

The Mayor welcomed County Officer P. H. Schofield, Corps Supt. A. \Ninbow, Corps Treasurer J. A. Harris, Corps Secretary E. Lakin, Div. Supts. Vf. Ollis (Dudley) and B. Dunn (Lye) and Amb. Officers Mills, Cooper and Dudley.

The Mayor's Chaplain (Rev. J. Wilson, M.A.), gave the address and after the service the Mayor thanked the members for their attendance.

No. IV. District LANCASHIRE.

JUBILEE honour of the Silver Jubilee of Their Majesties the King and Queen, twenty-two Jubilee Medals have been distributed among the va riou s ranks of the Brigade in this District.

LlvERPoOL.-The Annual Inspection of the Liverpool Corps was held on Saturday, May 18th, at the Edge Lane Tramway Depot. Over 1,200 members paraded under the command of Corps Supt. Co lonel D. C. Leyland Orton. The inspec t ion was conducted by the Commissioner, Mr. W G. Smith, O.B.E., who was accompanied by the Lo rd Mayor of Liverpool, and the Lady Mayoress, Lady District Supt. Mrs. Tweedale, C.B.E., and District Officer Colonel G. C. E. Simpson, O.B.E , F.R.C.S.

The Commissioner congratulated the Corps on the splendid turnout and expressed his appreciation of the work done during the year, particularly during the Royal Visit.

The Lord Mayor presented to Corps Surgeon W. Murrey Cairns, C.B.E., M.D., the Brigade Service Medal, and President's and Vice-President's Badges to M1'. J. Nixon and Mr. M. A. Hankey, J.P., re spective ly.

PRESToN.-On the occasion of the Silver Jubilee celehrations the members of the Preston Corps took part in a parade, march past and Royal salute, which was held in Moor Park.

At the Children's Fete an ambulance tent was provided and equippcd with bed, rugs, first aid materials, etc., with Lady Corps Officer Miss Turnbull in charge. assisted lJY Lady Supt. Miss D. Yates and Lady Ambulance Officer Miss Duxbury. Four ambulance men were posted in the va ll ey Div. Surgeon Dr. Denman and Lady Div Surgeon Dr. Glass were also present

Owing to the heat a busy time was experienced and 94 cases received attention

A fireworks disp lay was held during the evening and Lady Div. Supt. Miss Allen took charge of the tent. First aid posts were arranged at various parts, with Corps StlPt. E F. Millington in charge. -

June,

1935

Corps Supt. Millington received a persona! letler of appreciation from the Mayor and the Clerk of the Longridge U.D.C. also sent all appreciative letler to memhers of Long-ridge Division.

ST. I-IELENs.-The Soulh- West Lancashire Revieyv was held on Saturelay, ::\Iay 25th, on the St. Helens Recreation Football Ground at City Road. The Units assembled in Victoria Square. w h ere the Commissioner, M r. W G. Smitb , O.B.E., laid a wreath on the Cellotaph prior to the mareh to the football ground, which was led by the Clock Face Colliery Banel.

Corps Supt. Potter, vVigan, was in command, wilh Corps Secretary 'vii!. E. Searl, LiYerpool, as Adjutant. Lady Corps Supt. Dr. Joyce was in charge of the ;..rursing Divisions. After the :\farch Past competitions were held and the trophies \\ ere awarded to St. Helens Ambulance Division and Hindley ursing Division

Lady District SupL Mrs. Tweedale, CR.E. ill addressing the Units. urged the .\fursing' Divisions to form \ Toluntary Aid Detachmcnts. The Commissioner can

A I D. 313

A trophy was received by the winners of each Section and these with certificates y:' ere presented by the 11ayoress of Todmorden, Mrs . W. Fle ld en.

No. VI. District.

IV1IDDLESBROUGIf.-lt is well known how great an inlerest llas been aroused in the clangers of Chemical Warfare and, to keep abreast of the times numbers of the 1Iidcllesbrol1g-h Central Division and the'l'\ursiw·· Diyision attended lectures on First Aid in Chemical Warfare whieh were held at their headquarters during the closing- 'Necks of last year. These lectures ""ere conducted hy Colonel Gale and were particularly interestilw and instructive. This new branch of study proved SO popular that sixteen amhulance lllem1Jers, eig'ht nursino' members and one police constable successfully passel' the examination. Doctor :0[urphy, of and Doctor Fallows, of con.ducted lh.e examination, and expressed their sJ.tlsfactlon \\' ltl1 the h1gh standard of knowledge shown l)y the entrants.

The members \\'ho gained nr<;t certificates in the subjects are :-Supt. J. McArthur, Amh. Officers J. Pearson

P1IOtograph 1 [Leeds J.fercury Lady District Supt. 1\lrs. Birkbeck presentinR the Leeds Corps Shield to the Hunslet and Holbeck Divisional Team.

gratu lat ed the members on the fine turnout and paid a tribute to Supt. \iVarren of the St. Helens Di\ ' isiol1 for the ahle manller in which the Rev1ew had heen organised.

TODMORDEN.-The Annual Review of the South-East Lanca hire Corps ane! Divisions took place at Centre Vale Park, TodnlOrdell, 011 Saturday, June 1st. Over 2,000 memhers paracfed and were inspected by Colonel G. A. Moo!'c, CM.G., T.D., M.D., CM., Assi tant Chief Commissioner of the Brig-ade, who complimented the members on their proficiency.

The Competition results were annoullced as follows :Ambulance-Section" A," J(ochclale; Section (. B," Torden; Section (. C," Haslingden; Section" D," Bury; eclion "E/' H.amsbottom.

Nursing-Section A," Bury; Section" B," Crompton; Section c.." I-Ieywood.

Girl Cadets, Roche; Boy C(ldets, Roche,

and C J. Halliman, H.-Sergt. L. Baill, CorpJ. J. Espin, Privates A. E. Bain, C. R. Broom, C. \V. Broom, \\'. DO\Y]e, F. Harrington, T. Jackson, ill. McGinn, A. E. P::trsolls, A. Raistrick, S. Robson) Amb. Officer H. Barber of Eston Division, and Police Constable C. J. Sigs\\'orth. The members of the Nursing Division are :-Amb. Sisters L. Cox, E. Dickie, .1\1. Peacock, V. Pickersgill, Thompson, .1\1. Unc1erwood, E. \\'ilson and J. \iVood. It is imperative that member of V.A.D.'s should possess a knowledge of this subject., if only to be able to impart the information to their friend' and neighbours. Many people have frightened themseh es with thoughts of aeria l gas attacks and they expect first aiders to know all about the matter. They do eem wonderfully reassured when the difficulties of attack ancl the varioLlS mean of llrotectioll are explained to them. Therefore, if only for this rea on, the ubject is well worth the time spent in stl1dy.

Another examination is to be held shortly to enable members who \\'ere llnayoidahly absent from the last to pass their test,

FIRST

No. VHf. ( Duke of Connaught's) Disttict.

A combined Review and Church Parade of th e units in No. 8 District was held at Folkesto n e on June 2nd, when nearly 3,000 members, men, nurses and cadets, were on parade.

The inspecting officer was Lt.-Ge n eral S1r Alfred Bingley, K.C.I.E., c.B., Knight of Grace, Order of St. John, and was met at the station by Commissio n er E. A. Richards and his staff, and the Mayor of Folkestone (Councillor Richard White) He inspected a guard of honour composed of men, nurses and cadets of the Folkestone Corps, under the command of Corps Supt. J. Boulton, and presented the bar C?f the service medal to Pte. Burden and A.S. M1ss Dav1s. A tour of inspection of the Royal Victoria Hospital by Sir Alfred and special party then followed.

Before proceeding to luncheon, a rec eptlOn of supporters was held at the Leas Cliff Hall.

The Mayor presided over the lunch eon, at wh1ch the Commissioner and his staff were the guests of the town, and gave the Brigade a hearty welcome to Folkestone. He referred to the importance of the voluntary service of the work.

Sir Alfred Bingley replied. He traced back the history of the Order and gave particulars of the work of the Brigade.

Commissioner Richards also replied and thanked the Mayor for his kindly welcome and invitation. Rcf.e rring to the work of the District during- last year, 25,091 cases received attention, the 66 ambulances conveyed 22,598 cases, involving a mileage of over 301,000 miles; road accidents numbered 4,076, with a mileage of 28,995.

After lunch, the inspection was h e ld on the Leas, nearly 3,000 ,members being on parade . Of this numb e r about 500 were nurses and 500 cadets.

Si r Alfred Bingley inspected the Brigade and took the salute at the march past which followed.

The parade then proceeded to church, after which tea was served in the Marine Gardens Pavilion. At this function the inspecting officer informed the Commissioner and those present that the parade had been an outstanding success.

We should like to congratulate District Officer H. G. 'vV rigglesworth on his organisation, also the Southern Rai lway who made such exc.elle nt ar r angements for the thousands of visitors who took advantage of the company's splendid senice of trains.

No. IX. mstrict.

We offer Our congratulations to Mr. Hedley V. Miller, County Commissioner for Devon) on the honour conf.erred upon him by His Maj esty t he King in the Birthday Honours List. To all members of the Brigade in Devon) the Order of the British Empire will be accepted as a compliment not only to M1'. Miller but also to the ambulance movement in Devon as a whole.

SIDMOUTH.-COl. J. E. H. Balfour) C.M.G ) D.S.O., presided over the annual dinner of the Sidmouth Division.

The valuable services of the work was referred to by many speakers. The need of a new ambulance was also mentioned and it was hoped that local subscripbions would meet the demands.

Supt. Iri sh informed those present that members were out to give every assistance where needed.

During the evening a clock was presented to Sergt. Hart as a wedding present, and certificates and labels to successful examination candidates. The were made by Col. J. E. II. Balfour,

I D. June , 1935.

No. X. District.

The first bi-county in spection took place at Danbury Park, the residence of Brig-Gen.]. T. Wigan, c.B., D.S.O. , president of t h e Chelmsfor d Division, on Sunday, May 26th

The Divisions represented and h e officers in charge of them were as follows: Braintree, Supt. Schofield; Chelmsford) Supt. 'vV. E. Norfolk; Dunmow, S upt. Plumbley; Harlow, Supt. Ha wksworth; and Saffron Walden, Supt Perry; Che lm sford Nursing Division, Supt. Mrs. Warren; Che lm sford Cadets) Cadet Officer Aldous; and t h e Braintree Cadets) Cade t Officer ] ameson.

Altogether there were about 100 on parade, a nd they were examined in various branche? of first aid wo r k by Assistant Commissioner Dr. S. Bree, of Manningt r ee. There were also present: General Wigan; Co l. A. P. Churchill, Essex County director of the B.R.C.S.; and Col. G. H. Coleman) County secretary Subsequent ly Dr. Bree took the salute and the ma 1' chpast.

The insp ect ing officer congratulated the members on t h eir smart turn-out and o n the efficiency of their first aid work.

CROMER.-The proceedings of Cromer Council were recently interrupted) when in the presence of officers and memb e rs of Cromer Division , the Council Chairman (Mr. Robert Croom e) present ed to Div. Supt R. L. Randall (secretary) the King's Silver Jubil ee Medal. Among thos e present were the divisional surgeon, Dr. A. Burton, County Officer W II. Balls) M1'. E. M Hansell (treasurer), and First Offic ers T. L. Randall and F. R. Carter. County Officer Balls said the King had awarded medals to Norfolk Suffolk, Cambridgeshire) and H e rtfordshire in No. 10 District and Supt. Randall had be e n chosen to rece ive the medal awarded to Norfolk ambulance divisions. That was indeed an honour well deserved, and to the Superintendent he offered the congratulations of the 23 divisions in Norfolk and his own.

Mr. R. Croome t hen pinned the medal on Superintendent Randall's tunic and said it was fitting that th e pr esentation should he a public one. Mr. Randall had d evoted 34 years to the Cromer Am b ulance Division and they wished him many more years of useful service.

Supt. Randall returned thanks, but said the division when it started in 1901 owed much to the late Mr. A. E Salter and Mr. E. M. Hansell. That evening there were present two officers each with 25 years' service and one sergeant with 20 years' service.

Dr. Burton added his congratulations and referred to the Superintendent as the mainspring of the division ---. _.

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Przory for f/l/ales.

CHIEF COl\I\>lISSlONER'S V1SIT TO CARDIFF.

Th e ge n erosity of the Marquis and Marchioness of Bute, in accommodat in g the largest gathering- of Brigade U ni ts in th e Principality ever staged by the Priory for \ Va les in the spacious gro und s of Cardiff Castle, providing- h ospitalit y for a coup le of hundr ed g-uests and making- a grant at the rate of 1/ - per head for all on parade, enabled th e Priory to make this year's visit of the Chief Comm issioner, MajorGeneral Sir J oh n Duncan, KC.B., C .M. G ., C.V.O., O.S.O., worthy of th e o_cas on as a Silver Jubilee Celebration, specia authority h av ing b ee n granted for associating the evcnt with the Celebrations, although held on Saturday, May 4th, two days prior to the officia l anniversary of His Majesty's accession.

In the s h adow of the hi sto ric Norman Keep, 3,537 ambu lance men, women and cadets, representing the Cardiff, Newport, Rhondda, 1\ l erthyr and Aberdare Centres and Caerphilly Sub-Distl-i ct, wer c drawn up, under the command of Captain T. E Ri c hard s, J. P., Commissio n er for the Rhondda Centre, in seYen l ong lines, of which the following- of1icers were in :Commiss one r s.-Dr. E. Llewellyn, Dr. S McCormac, Mr. D. M. Davies and Dr. J. M. Wilson. Assistanl COl11missioners - Mr. G. Payne, Dr. S. B. Turner and Mr. 'vV. H. Jones.

Staff Offi ce rs.-1\Jr. G ]. Rowlands and 1\lr. G. Davies.

Lad y Staff Officers. - Ml's. F. 1. Rich es, Mr. 1\ 1. Lucas, M. B. E., Mrs. S. B. Turner and Miss G. Richards. Lady Co rp s Su perintendent.--Tbe H on Ir s. ]. H. Bruce.

Assista n t Commissioner J. H. Da\'ies and Staff O fficer

B. E. Maberly acted as Par ade Adjutant and Sergeant

Major

Id ea l w.:!ather prevai led and the of the Rhondda Centre Brigade a nd .l\lelingriffith Bands added to the attractiveness of t h e occasio n. A l arge nu mber of spectators witnessed the insp ec tion -a dmississi on tickets having been so ld at 6d each in all the areas co ncerned, the proceeds of which help ed to d efray the cost of travelling and othe r expenses.

Th e Chief Commissioner was accompanied in his inspection by the Com mi ss o n er for Wales (the Hon. J ohn H Bru ce), the Assistant Commissioner for 'vVales (1\ lr

A. G. E. ]. Fud ge), the Surg'con-in-Chief for W ales (Lie ut.Co l. ]. E. H. Davies, D.S.O., M.R.C.S.) and the Ass istant Lady Sup e rin tende nt-in Chief for 'vVales ( L ady (Herbert) Lewis, O. B E.).

In welcoming Sir J o hn, M1'. Bruce referred to the specia l sig nifi ca nce of this memorable evcnt be ca u sc of its association with the Silver Jubil ee It was only fitting an d right, h e sa id, that the Pri ory s h o uld pay a spec ia l tribute of homa ge, lo ya lty and devotion to the Throne in thanksg iving fo r the 25 years' r eign of tbe Kin g, who is Sovereign Hcad of the Order. Th e Chief Commissioner in hi s remarks sa id that in n o other p art of the United Kingdom w as the Brigade m ore ac tive than in South Wales. R e fer rin g to the" magn i i'ice nt work" of he Brigade, he stated that la st year m e mb ers atte nd e d more than 520,000 accide nt s, of which 17 ,000 were 1110tori ng accidents. Such serv ices, which w e r e being extended year by year, involved an enol mou s amount of se lf-s ac rifi ce a nd co nferred g r eat benefits on th e public. Sir John complimented the Parade on the splendid turn-out and r e ferr e d in terms of grateful

appreciation to the generous measure of assistance given by the Medical Profession.

The following letter to the Commissioner for Wales by the Chief Commissioner on 1\lay 1 6th, was received with gratification by all concerned :-

"I was immens e ly impressed by the fine parade of the units drawn from Cardiff, Rhondda, :'.lerthyr, Aberdare and Crerphilly distri cts on :'.Ja y 4th.

"The turnout was good and the marching excellent. You apologised for some of the men being- in plain clothes but this was no one's fault and I appl-eciated the fact that these members did t urn up at all as no one lik es to be in plain clotheS when other memb ers are in uniform.

"The fact that these larg-e numbers were present, most of whom had come from long distances and had already done a day's work, is a fine testimony to their disci pline and pride in the Brigade.

"I must thank those who were responsible for the organization of the parade which was mo"t efficiently carried out. realis e that this must have entailed a great amount ot careful wurk.

"What I saw at this parade convinced me that the work of the St. ] ohn Ambulance Brigade is being carried out with zeal and enthusiasm in South Wales. You may well be proud of the units in South \Val es for the efficiency of which you are resp ons ible."

J UBILEE CELEBRATIONS, AMBULANCE SERncEs.

The visit ot H. R. H. The Prince of Wales to in connection with the \\'elsh National Jubil ee Celebrations on 1\ldY 11th, pres e nted a special demand on the services of Brigade members. The Glamorgan, Rhondda and Aberdare centres r esponded readily to an appea l for yolunteers to supplement those of the City of Cardiff' Centre; and by 10.0 a. m. 235 members had reported for dut y to the Commissioner for Cardiff, Dr. Edgar Llewellyn, who was assisted by Staff Officers B. E. rab e rl), and W. H. J ohnson, Lady StafT Officers 1\1rs. Lucas, 1I1.B E., and l\liss G. Richards, Lad)' Corps Supt. l\liss V. \ V. Rees and Corps Officers W. Field a nd 'vV. Cotter. First aid v,'as render ed to o\'er -+00 cases, many of which were removed by ambulance. From morning until evening these voluntary workers, whose sen'ices are e ntir ely gratuito u s, remained on duty; and while their presence, with all the sacrifice is taken for granted by the majority, several expressions of gratitude were received at the headquarters of the Priory for \Vales subsequent y from those whose injuries n'ere tended or who were taken home in the Priory ambulances .

Th e Chief Constable of Cardiff, f\lr Jam es A. 'vVilson, O . B.E., expressed thanks and appreciation of the valuable sen' ices rendered; and the following l etter .vas received from th e Lord layor of Cardiff :-

Dear 1\1r. Bruce, I would like to take this first opportunity of thankingyo u and your o rganisation for he splendid services rendered to the visitors and citizens of Cardiff on the occasion of thE' Wel s h Silver Ju bilee Celebrations 011 Saturday last. In mall)' directions ] have heard of the kindly help rendered by the mem bers of your Order, and I am indeed grateful to you.

Among the many congratulations reaching me just now I do feel that (he success of the day was only made possible

316 FIR S T

by the co-vrdinated efforts of so many and in which you played so generous a part.

BeLieve m e to remai n, Faithfully yours, JOliN DONO\'A N, Lord Mayor.

SERVICE MEDAL AWARDS.

His Ro ya l Hi ghness the Grand Pri or h o.s a pprov e d t he award of ninet ee n se r v ce medals and seve nt ee n service medal bars to th e und erme ntion ed :-

Se17Jice ll1"edals ( fifteen yean' elficiencJ/ ).

l\lonmouthshire Centre.-Corps Supt. J ]. Leach.

Glamorgan Coun ty Centre.-Corps Secretaries T. J. Thom as and A. Poole, Corps In spector of Stores 'vV. Reg-an, Di v. Supts. W A. Carter and T. Hockin, Corpls. 'vV. B. Williams and F. R. Clark.

Aberdare Centre.-Divl. Supts. F. Davies and \V. Anthony, Private A Forster.

Car m a rth e n s hir e Centre. -Amb. Officer G. E. Smith, Lady Amb. Officers 1\1. Protheroe and L. J a me s , Amb. Sister E. Scott.

A 10. June, 19.35

Glamor ga n County Centre.-Divl. Supt. J Jon athan.

Borough of Merthvr Tydl11 Centre. - Oivl. Supt. E. J. Wayt.

City of CardiFf Centre.-Lady Amb. Olfice r R. Nurton.

CWMAl\!.·\N AMBULANCE llALL.

On Saturd ay, Jun e 1 st, a long c h e ri s hed aim was fulfilled by the official ope nin g of th e CW l11aman Arnbulance Hall; and inte re sti n g details w e r e recalled of the history of am bulance "vork at C"vmaman, b eg un 46 years ago and co n tinued w ith ve ry c r e dit ab le re s ults to th e present day.

The n e w hall ha s be e n co !werted fr o m o ld stable buildings, ow ned by Mr. O. M Evans-Bevan, who re a dily agreed to l ease the prop e rt y to the Cw m ama n Divi s ion ; and the m embers undert oo k the work renovation, transforming the o ld buildin g int o a beautiful H a ll.

T he H a ll was gai y decorated with bunting for th e ope nin g cere mon y, ",hich was performed by the Hon. J ohn H. Bru ce, in the presence of a larg e assembly. Corps Surgeon Dr. C. B. F. Millar presided; and in recounting the stages which h ad ed to the acq ui s ition of the H a ll , paid

Razlway Ambulance News.

Inter- Railway Com petition Fi nal.

SOUTllERN Ri\IL WAY AGAIN SUCCESSFUL

THE 19 3 5 competition was brought to a clo se on Friday, 1\Jay 24th, when th e nine finali st teams co mp ete d a the Great Central Hotel, London.

Th e r e w as a notic eab le increase of visitors and the advent o f n ew teams added int e re s to the proceedings. Th e te s ts were well staged; in fact for the first time we were pleased to find th at individual staging was exce ll e nt, and left little to b e im agi ned. The" restive hor se" in one test provid e d a humorous interlud e To the onlooker the work don e appeared, in the main, to be goo d but some very se ri o us blund ers wert: made, notably the mis s in g by some teams of the fractured n eck of the fe mur in the t ea m test. In this fracture first a iders sho uld r ea lis e th at seldom are the complete s igns of fracture present; in mo st cases o nl y the everted foot and shone nin g can b e seen The m a rkin g s h eets will provide much food for thou g ht.

PR ESENTATION TO MR. T.

O. MEIN.

During the lun c he on int e r va l the opportunity was taken to m a k e a presentation to Mr. T. O. Mein, who recently retired from the office of ambulance sec retary to the Great Eastern S ec ti o n, L. E. R.

Mr. E. A. Ri c h a rd s, on behalf of the R a ilw ay Se c ret a ri es and a few friends, as ked M r. e in to accept a platinum and go ld chain as a mark of d eep reg-ard in which he w as held, and expresse d the hope that Mr. I\lein would long be spared to b e associated with the am bulance movement.

Capt. Cahusac, secretary of the S. J. A.A., associate d himself with the r e mark s of 1\ 1r. Ri c hards. H e regretted Mr. M e in's r es g natil)n but w as pl eased to say that 1\1r. Mein would not b e lo st to the mo ve m ent.

Mr. L aze nby (L.M.S.) and Mr. Pap e (S .R .) a lso gave expressions of thanks to Mr l\l ei n for hi s un t irin g eFForts in ambu lance affairs over a period of m a ny years.

5 Lond on and North Eastern (Dukinfield) 302

6 London, Midland and Scottish (Agecroft) 295*

7 Great Western (Small Heath) 287;

8 Gr eat Western (Fishguard) 253

9 London, 1\lidland and Scott sh (Bush bury)

Maximum m arks 548.

Th e Horsham team were therefore winners of the Challenge Shield; and the 1\1. & Gt. N. Joint Railway team the" Cor b et F etcher" Cup.

With this result the Southern Railway have no,v \von the Shield on 1 0 occasions, the London & orth Eastern 8, the L ondon, Midland, Scottish and the Great 'vVestern 7 and other compa ni es twice.

Sir R obert Horn e presented the trophies and individual prizes and congrat ul ated the recipients.

The cha irm an thanked Sir Robert for his presence and for presenting the prizes. By his presence he showed the interest taken by officers of the railway companies in ambuance work. O\'e r 25,000 certificates had been issuC'd to railway workers whi c h was a wonderful record. Sir A.ylmer a so extended thanks to the doctors, to lhe stewards, and last but not east, 1\1r. D. G. Monteith, the competition secreta r y Sir R obert replied and thanked the chairman for his r emarks . H e was very pleased to be present; railway c()mpani es look with a dmir ation on the work of the ambulan ce men and the time they devote to the subject was an excellen t exam pie of self -sacrifice.

THE TESTS.

For the team test the following was staged CARD. - T ime.-3 o'c l ock on a Saturday afternoon in Apr il. Th e weather is fine and SUllll)'.

Pl ace.-You fo ur men are trespassing 011 a colliery siding about 220 yards from the colliery

Royal :\Tational Eisteddfod, Neath, Ambulance Committee.

Seated, f rom left: Watcyn Ev a ns, General Secretary; T. G. J e nkins Secretary; Al d erman]. C. Rees, Chairman; Dr. Emrys Owen, Vice-chairman; Miss Grace J ames and Chief Constable P. D Keep

Borough of 1\lerthyr Tyd fi l Centre.-Pte. J. S. Davies.

Rhondda Ce ntre. - Pte. T. ]. Prothero e.

Borough of Newport Centre.-Pte. VI/. Ball. Service Medal Bars (twenty years).

Borougl-i of Newport Centre. - Commissioner Dr. S. McCormac, Corps Supt. J Barb e r.

Aber dare Ce ntre. - Staff Offic e r D. Evans, Corps Supt.

E J a m es, Di\'1. Supt. ). J efferies.

City o f Cardiff Centre - Di vl. SupL A. H. G. Field, Amb. Sister E. Pawley.

Borough of Merthyr Tydfil Centre.-Divl. Supt. D. Jones, Ptes. A. W. Baker and D. 'v\'. D av ies.

Rhondda C e ntre. - Pt e D. J. L ew is.

Service il I edal Ban (t we nty jive yea1's)

Rhondda Centre - Centre Surgeon Or. M. C. O. Hurly, Corps Treasurer G. Edwards, Pte. ]. Lewis

tribute t o the three g u a rantor s, the vo luntary work e r s and a ll who had contributed.

Mr. George Hall, M. P., expressed pleasure in being present and sa id th a t the achie\'cl11ent was a worthy ribut e to the history of the Mov eme nt in Cwma1l1an. Mr. Bruce receiv e d the key frorn Corps Superintendent D J enkins, and opened the Hall to the accoLllJ,animent of loud c h eers; a nd Mrs. Bruce w as afterwards pre se nted with a bouquet by Miss En a Millar, on b e half of the Divi s ion OPEN COMPETITIONS.

The open compe tition s, ambulance and cadet, in connection with the Abprdare General Ho sp it a l Fete, will be h eld on Saturday, Septemb e r 14th. Full p a rticular s can be obta in ed of Mr. George T. J ones, 10, Foreman's Row, Abernant, Aberdare

Mr. Mein, in accepting the gift, thanked them from the bottom of hi s hea rt. If , h e said, 1 can co ntinu e as a member of the co mmitt ee of the Ord e r of S t. J 01111 nothin g would give me greater plea s ure.

DISTRIBUTION OF PRI ZES

Lieut.-Genera l Sir Aylmer Hunt e r-Weston, Chancellor of the Order of St. John, pl'esided O\'e r the subse quent pri ze g ivin g- ceremony. H e w as s upported by Sir Rob e rt H orne, c hairman, G. W. R., Sir Per c iva l Wilkinson (S ec retary General of the Ord e r), Mr. G. F. Thur sto n, Di v ge n e r a l manager

L.N.E.R., Col. G. Sz l umper an d l\lr. W. G. Pap e ( S.R.), a nd the judg-e s Dr. A. T. L a kin, of l\lan c h este r, who offic iated in the te a m test, and Dr. A. 1\1. P ollock, of Tunbridge W e ll s, who jud ge d the individual sect ion

Sir Ay lm er introduc ed Sir Robert Horne to the gathering a nd t h en ca ll ed upon Sir Perciv a 'vVilkinson to a nnoun ce the re su lt s , whi c h were :

1 2 3 4

T eam Southern (Horshalll) Midland and Gre at Northern Joint Southern ('vVaterloo "A ") London and North Eastern (Tyne Dock)

l\larks.

You know that- the coll iery is closed; there is a w atchman in so e c h arge; there is a fully equipped first aid room ; the hospital is 3 miles away; a doctor lives 1 mile away, and that he is the colliery d octor; the police ambulance is a\'ailable, if needed. Tim e a ll owed, 20 minutes, beginning when you r eceive this card

Action on stage An elderly down the lin e towards the co lliery. arm as if beckoning to the team. across t h e near rail, and lies sti ll.

man is seen staggeringHe is moving his right He falls to the ground

A ll members of team to proceed to accident 4

With all spee d 2

N oting- surro undi ngs of patient 2

R ea lisin g there s n o danger from traffic (If questioll re "Ira/ft c" £s asked allow on?), 1.) 3

N oti ng position of patient 4

Noting po sitio n of his right foot 2

T est ing po s iti o n of right foot... 2

Dedu ct ion therefrom 2

Steady an d s upport ri ght leg at once 2

A ny v isible h ::e m orr h age? (No) 2

Ca utionar y and encouraging " 'ords 2

I s there a n y r espouse? (No) 2

Reali s in g the patient is not conscious (lj qlfesfi'ol1 re "consciollsness" I'S asked rzll07.fJ 0111.)' 1.) 3

Makin g patient sa fe 4

Improvi s ing 4

l\[o\ iilg patient off the rails

v\'ith c"ery care

1£ r eason gi\'en

Pla c in g pa tient on coats, etc

Jf reasons g-iven

Covering patient

Se ndin '; fo r flrst aid materials

No . + the need for extra materi a ls

1 o + giving the neces sa ry instructions

Blankets

Co ld \.vater

Ho t \ovater bottles nol nceded at presen t

Hot water botLies needed later o time to be wasted

Oil arrival at hut, ask wat c hman : If he is a first aider? (No)

For hot tCiI, exlra sugar, leaspoon

To prep are hot wate r for drinks, and h ot water bottles

To keep his hut \\ arm

To telephone for the doctor

Stating what has happened

Staling where the patient i"

Stating lhat Ilrst aiders a r e in attenda n ce

To telephone for the police ambu lan ce

Examination of patient : -

Colour of face? ( Flushed)

Pulse. "Present?" (Yes)

" Character?" (Slow and full)

Breathing. "Present?" (Yes)

" Character?" (I n c lin ed to s nor e)

Odour of breath? (Noth ing to note)

Recogni z ing possibility of a lcohol (No)

Examine head for injur ies

Examine ears an d nose

Examine mouth

E'\arnine eyes Open easily? (Yes)

Fixed? (If t('sted, Yes)

Pupils equa ? ( If tested, TO)

Examine trunk :-

Front 3, Back 3, Groins 2

Exam in e upper limbs

El imin ate fractures b efo re testing joints for mo ve mcnt s

Noting fixity of ritiht sho ulder

Examine lower limbs

Remembering position o f right foot

Testing left leg only for movements

Testing left leg for limpness

Testing temperature of b ody (Raised)

No sym ptoms sough t for

No symptoms m ent ioned

Diagnosis and report to doctor :at alcoho 2, Apoplexy 2, Paraly sis 2

Dislocation of right s h oulder

Caused by t h e fall. "

Because patient moved it before falling

Fracture of right femur

Suspected because of position of the right foot

Caused by fall

Because pat ie nt was ab le to walk

Inse n sibility

Shock

Treatment :-

1J, ajLer making lzis diag nosis , .No. </ decides that, beyond lIlal,ing th e patient sale and keejnng him wann, jU1,ther trea tment will aggrevate his condition, and 1'e llZoves th e patient to shelter at once , the team sh a1l1'eceive Ih e marks allowed /01' treabnent, and an additional 20 marks.

Raise head and s houlders

H ea d turned to one side

A I- D.

Undo tight clothing

N ot fanning pat ent ( int e nt iona l)

Di scrim in ation Tr eati n g apo pl exy Jjr sL..

Th e n ri ght le g

Co ld ap plied to h ead cont inu o u s ly vVarrnth to abdomen

P ass 7 band ag-cs

Splint ."

Care at a rmpit

Tic bandages

Small arm sling

Broad bandage

Careful padding

Ca r ef ul handling- throughout

Not giving anyt hin g by mouth lintenLi ul1rll)

I s the patient co nsciou s (No)

Tra n s port :Prepare and test stretcher

Blanket o n st r etcher

Load stretc h e r. Corre ct PO::>iLiolls

Lift patient 1, lower patient 1,

Comfort of patient 2, examine patient 1

Lift stre tc her 1, adjust sli n gs 1

Property of patient on stretc h er

Fir st ai d equipment returned

Kind of road? (Leve )

Marching ., Cbange numb ers"

Examine patient 1, ad ju st 1, Ill arc hing 2

H as ambulance a rri ve d

Send man to get hu t ready

Hot ,v ate r bottl es ...

Come and meet st r etcher p a rt y

Arrangements at but

P atie nt's feet towards fire

Doctor will arrive 2 mimdes be(01't tlte tUlle hmif. R eport to D octor (as diagnosis i Ambulan ce will arri'l'e at the time limit.

Team work throughout

for after-care. Tr a n spo rt to hospita

The individual tests set were :-

No. l. - R ende r fir s a id to a patient sufre rin g f r om fractures of the 5th a nd 6t h rib s on th e l eft s id e, with a n injury t o an intern a l organ. Also to state the s ign s a nd symptoms of h re m o rrha ge from an inter nal organ. Time allowed 5 minute s

No. 2.- 0n holiday on D a rtnl('l or a nd on a fine m o rning, while walking alont', sees th e oca l hunt pass. vVhil e a. straggler far behind th e others is passing him hi s horse trips and h e is thrown o rr. No.2 ha s to r en d e r first a id in 8 minute s to the p a tient, wh o has fractured hi s left co llarbone and s prained his e ft ankle. Th e patient li ves 6 mil es away, and no assistance of any kind is avnilable.

No.3 is on hi s way to work at 8 a. m . wh e n a gi rl run s out from a hou se a nd says that her father went t o the ga rage h a lf an hour ago, and th a t though the car engine s runnin g a nd she can see h e r fath e r in th e a dj 1ining pot ling s hed, he does not answer her ca l1s a nd s he cannot open t h e shed d oo r. He is found to be sitting u:1 co n sc o u s, s urre rin g fmm ca rbon monoxide poisonin g, over a tube le a ding from the ex haust pipe of the car. First aid to be rendered in 8 minutes.

No s . 4 and 5 are shutting up a small co untry station (of whi c h th cy are the sa le st aff) at 1 a.l11. after the d e partur e o f the last train. Th ey no t ice a s m a ll s tr ea m of blood

june, 19.3 5. FIRst coming frolll under a lavatory Joor and find a man insid e with gas h es on the left s id e o f hi s throat and his left wrist, and a blood-stained razor on th e noor. First aid appliances a re m·ailable. A doctor li ves half a m il e away. Ho sp it a l a nd ambulance 1 mile a\V3)'. First aid to be rendered in 8 minutes.

]unc.ES' COi\DIENTS.

Ollce again we have been favoured with the co mm e nt s of the ductor s who acted as judges.

TESl ilY A. T. LAKIN, 1\1. B. ,\I tho ugh "ma rks ob tain e d" indicat e the success in a compe titi on, it is not ,"ufTic iently J'ecogll ised that "marks lost" are a r('liable guide to the quality of the \Vork done; the loss of 150 Illad(s and more out of a total of 5+ 8 is not the standard thi:lt is expected from picked teanls in a COI1lpetition of this sta ndin g. J am impatiently "'aiting for the informati\'e analysis of mark s that will be issued later by the compet tion secreta r y; it will r epay \'ery careful st udy. The general impressio n s In l11y mind are that the examin at ion of the patient was lao theoretical, laborious and timc'_'last in g; tre;ltment was too stereotypecl and not adapted to the needs of the case; the great \\'aste of time and effort; tbought and care for the patient \\'as ta lk ed about but not Jispla) ed ; the lack of in itiati\'e ; the absence of the" qualifIcations of a first aider," esp ec ially resource and discrimination, a nd that e \ 'ery competitor ovcrlooked the fact that "actio n s speak louder than words."

Now that I have had time to r eview the compet ition, and to ascertain what lessons] ha\'o learned, I regret that I am dis a ppoint e d, and the lessons are all abo ut points that must oe avoided; I saw the same me thods, the same" eyewa s h ," the same mistakes that have been seen year after year e\'er since competitions were started; il is regrettable a nd should b e remedied.

1. Tn keep an elderly man s uffering from apoplexy out in the sun and lying on cl,l d metal rails when there is a fullyequipped first aiel room cluse at hand is not good first aid.

2. To see teams of pi c ked ambu lance men (presumed to be th e pick l1t the railway ambulance world) waiting for ambulance I1H1.t eria l and I,illing tim e by unn ecessary work unlil it arrived, wben 4 improvis ed bandages and a h and kerchief \\' ould hcn'e l1lade their patient perfectly safe and ready tor remov a l, does not reRect much credit on their initi at i\'e and re so urce; yet e\'ery team did it, and instead of the p at ient being safe a nd snug and the team working in comfort with all the necessary appliances handy, in 7 minute s, t h e patient was endangered , the team did unnec essary work in di sco mfort for 15 minute s

3. "Sending for first a id m ate rials" st iJl meClns, <IS i t has done for 30 years, "gra b e"erything- in sight and tak e i t to the team" ; to see No. 3 :,truggling with a load of material including to il et jugs (one full of co ld wat er) \\'as really fun n y w h en see n first, but to see it 9 times aroused pity for the burdened one, and disappointment with the captai n for not g iving explicit instructions. The point that practically a ll the eq uipm ent was unnece ss ary, and every ca ptain took enoug h time to make a diagnosis before sen din g for th e materials suffic ient, see m s to indi cate that marks not material were t h e r ea l n eed.

4. On a rrival of th e doctor, sentenccs from th e manual wer e recited, but the patient w as still tre ate d , and the in st ru ct io n s of th e d octor gai ly ignored.

5. I w as disgusted with the" abso l ute bilge" that was poured forth ill a n e nd eavo ur to score marks, about apologies for tres pass in g - o n e team actuaJly suggested rin ging up the co llier y l1lanag-er to apo lo gise (fancy what \\' o uld really h appe n ao;; it was Saturday afternoon a nd t h e col liery was closed) - not n ot ifyin g tl1(' police because they did not want oc kin g

A In. 319

up, and s u c h lik e-I hey ove rboked the point that a life \vas in danger, and nOlhing elsE' mattered until the patient was safe or placed in the hands of ot h er responsible persons. It wa s fortunate for the teams that there was no provision against this in the marking sheet-if considered necessary, it should have been done after the patient had been sent to hospital, but, in that case, the judge would ha\ e known nothing aboul it-th at would have been better for the team and the judge would have been devoutly thankful.

6 One man, who had to real fractures of the 5th and 6th ribs on the I('ft side, togother with an injury to an internal organ, did his work very well, and th e n inform ed me quite ser iou sly that if the li ver was the internal organ injured, h e would expect o find blood in the urine. (Nearly goo d enough for" Next, p le ase, N.C. F. ").

Sir Robert Horne's distinction between" competit iv e First Aid" and ., benefi cie nt First Aid" was wonderfully clever; it will be a glor iou s time for everybody when " compet iti\'e First Ad" is brought up to the standard of " I eneficient First Aid."

bwrnnUAL TESTS 13'1' A. 1\l. POLLO CK, :'11.:\., :'ILB., CH.B.

Judging in the Railway Finals was again a great pleasure to me. l\lr. :\Ionteith and his stewards took such pains with the staging, time -table, and other arrang-ements that everything went smoothly from the tirst. The tests went, for once, almost exactly as I expected. But though they ,vere done in accordance with plan, the manner in which they were car ried o ut was by no means satisfactory. Broadly speaking, diagnosis was Kood but treatment bad.

Tn test for o. 2, where every endeavour had been made to get competitors to think of the horse as a means of transport, aJl but one ca re fuJly tethered the noble animal (a rockin a hor se with no tail! ) to the convenient gate. The putting of a fracture of the clavicle was deplorable. Braces were left tig-ht, th e shoulder was not kept back and only one compet itor tried the pulse o n the injured side; gentleness in handlin g w as rather l ac kin g, and a real patient would have had a goo d to say about this.

The test for No. 3 w as, I thought, the easiest of the three and all competitors made a good s how. But \\'hy wait for a bu c ketful of water to be brought out frol11 the house in order to soak a h and ker chief for putting oyer the face before pulling out an un co n scious person from a \'cry smaJl shed? And why, 011 \\'hy, did one competitor even put such a handkerchief over the face of the unc onscious patient? The artificial respiration work \\' as very disappointing. Lack of i) ra ctice seemed to me to be evident, and [his was the case with practically every candidate.

The test for -:\ as. + and 5 ' wa s w ell done in al1 cases, and provided the best exhibition of first aid. Competitors always seel1l to do better in the presence of a good honest ha:: ll1orrhage. A cut throat doe s not n ecessari l y mean. involvement of the carotid artery, as more than one co mpetItor seemed to think. No team took steps to guard aga inst the s 'Jicid a l patient trying to tear off his banda?"es or otherwise frustrating tbe good intentions of the first

As Dr. Lakin said, there \Vas tuo much plRytng to t he judge" and consequent of the. patients. How to e limin ate this from competIt Ion work IS a problem. The judo'es won't be " pl ayed to "-the patient must be the cen?ra fi gure. Te verthel ess, the aJ I-round standard very high , and if fut u re team s are to do. better, they :v111 have their work cut out to beat these splendId representatives of the British raih\·ays.

When you write to any of our Advertisers kindly mention FIRST AID. It dosen't cost you anything and it pleases the Advertisers, and Us

Great Western.

The thirteenth annual outing of the ambulance g'old medallists held in London on May 25th) was an unquahfied success. These gatherings, comprised of members of the staff holding the Company's gold medals and bars for IS, 20, 25 and 30 years' first aid efficiency, have m the past taken place in various parts of the country, and the sele.ction of rhe Metropolis in Jubilee year was ':l popular move. The party, numbering 650, includmg v.:1ves, assembled from all parts of the line during the morl11ng, an excellent luncheon being served at the Corner House, Street. Among the guests were Mr. J. F. Lean, Assistant to the General Manager, Mr. C. T. Cox, DIV. Supt., and Miss C. A. Ault, Ambulance Centre Secretary.

A tour of London, including the Tower, Westmmster Abbey, the Houses of Parliament and other places of interest, was made. during the afternoon, and was. greatly enhanced on the return journey by the partJ,' a?le to join with the loyal crowds who greeted MaJ estJes the King and Queen on theIr way to Buckmgham Palace after their tour of South London.

The party reassembled at t.he House, afterwards dispersing to theIr vanous destmatlOns. The arrangements were excellent and were in the hands of Mr. R. F. Borrough, Div. Ambulance Secretary London A. Division and his capable committee) whom t'he thanks of the medallists are due for a most enjoyab le outmg.

DORcIIEsTER.-Members of the Dorchester ambulance class received their examination awards and prizes at the hands of the Mayor, Mr. F. C. James, at the Women's Institute, County Hall, on May 14th, Mr. A. E. Murphy, Asst. Div. Supt., Bristol,. gratulated the Dorchester team on wmnmg t he begmners competition trophy, the" Digby" Cup.

The Mayor, who was accompanied by the Mayoress, said the G.W.R. staff were his old colleagues, and t hat he had formerly worked at the station when ambulance work was far less popular than it is to-day. Their work had meant the saving of life up and down the country.

Tributes of thanks were made to Dr. Broadway for his instruction and to Mr. 1. R. Launchbury, class secretary. An excellent concert, including items from the Novelty Aces Band and other artistes, was organised by Mrs. W. G. Mills.

HONoURs.-As a result of recommendations made by the Great Western Railway Central Ambulance Committee, the following members of the staff have been admitted to the Venerable Order of St. John in the undermention ed grades.

o!ficer (Brother): Mr. James Clarke, Signalman, Kensington, Addison Road

Serving Bl'others: Mr. R. F. Borrough, Clerk, Audit Office, Paddington; Mr. A. J. Starr, Blacksmith, Locomotive Department, Caerphilly; Mr. W. Stephens, Piermaster, Docks Department, Cardiff; Mr. W. E. Harri es, Blacksmith, Engineering Department, Whitland; Mr. T. James, Signalman, TraffIc Department, Bynea; Mr. M. Homeyard, Goods Guard, Traffic Department, Tondu. lond on, Mid land and

Scottish.

The final of the \Nomen's Ambulance Competition took place at Euston on Thursday, May 23rd, when teams from Manchester, Glasgow, Leeds and London competed for the challenge cup.

Al n. Ju n e , 193 5.

The judges were Dr. G. S. Phillips (team), and Drs. D. W. A. Bull and J. J. Robb (individual).

A number of supporters witnessed the event at which some excellent work was done. For the team test the competitors had to deal with a woman who had tripped on a stair carpet, whilst carrying a tumbler of water, and had fallen down fOLlr steps in a narrow passage . She was found to be suffering from bleeding palm of hand, fractured leg, and later signs of. apoplexy were present. The individual tests were of a hIgh character and vaned in nature

Mr. 1. G. Darbyshire , Chief Officer for Labour and Establishment, presided at the subsequent prize distribution and an.noLlnced the results as follows: 1st, Euston Oddments, 382; 2nd, Glasgow, 3651; 3rd Manchester, 353! ; 4th L eeds, 309.

Lady Hartley, wife of SIr Harold Hartley, vlcepresident of the L.M.S.R., gratiously presented the prizes and, in reply to a vote of thanks) congratulated the competitors on ,their excellent work.

Each judge in t urn offered suggestIons to the competitors for future occasions

Mr. Derbyshire was pleased that the female staff continued to take an active interest in first aid work. About 12 per cent. of the men employed by the Company were trained first aiders but it was a fact that theIr services were more in demand by road users than on the railway system.

Over three hundred of the Staff and their friends enjoyed the Second Annual Concert and Dance of the Ambulance Movement at Oamden Station on Friday, May 3rd, at whioh the presentation of awards was made by lVIr. A. 1. Castleman, London District Goods

Mr. Nixon, Goods Agent, occupied the cha¥nd was supported by Mr. P. Richardson, Accounts Department, Mr. A. R. Ewer, Motive Power Department, and the District Ambulance Secretary, Mr. Milburn.

The Chairman, in welcoming Mr. Castleman, expressed the gratification of the Staff at his alttendance, a nd remarked on the efforts that ,had and were bleing made by the Ambulance Committees to incr ease not only the members, but also the efficiency of the Ambulance men at Camden, the figures so far as the Operative Staff were concerned being 1933, 42 members; 1934 75 members.

Before making the Presentation, Mr. Castleman mentioned that he was very pleased to see that London was making great progress, 'and quoted from the General Secretary's report for 1934 showing there had been an increase of 113 members over the corresponding period for 1933 in the London Area, and he. wished to thank those who had made this result possible.

Nearly 100 certifica tes, vouchers, medallions and labels were presented, also Gold medals for 15 years' service to Messrs. Cadenhead and Holliman, Accounts Staff, Messrs. Bendall and Twigg, Operative Staff.

The f.ollowing awards gained in competition amongst 1.!he Operative Staff were also presented. Station Individual Cup, G. Ki rkham; Silver Medal, S. A. Purves; Bronze Medal, W. D. W. Peyton; First Year StudentsClass Competition Silver Medal, D. H. Hall.

Mr. Castleman also took the. opportunity of presentin g his trophy for the best Individual on his Staff, which was by Mr. G. Kirkh am for the sec-ond time i 11 succesSIOn

At the conclusion of the Pres entatio n, Mr. Dickinson thanked Mr. Castleman for his presence and voiced the r eRret of the Staff at the unavoidabl e absence of Mrs. Castleman, and asked him to accept on Mrs Oastleman's behalf a bouquet from the Camden Operative Staff Ambulance Men.

A very enjoyable concert was arranged by Mr. A lbert Warby, and dancing was afterwards indulged in under

June, 19.35. FIR S T

tile direction of Mr. Softly-a very happy evening where old ,ambu lance colleagues renewed their friendships and made new ones.

DERBY.-The C. & W. Ambulancc Corps organised a successful social gathering at the Railway Institute on May 24th.

Mr. E. PUgSOll, C. & W. Works Supt., presided al1d distributed the awards. There were 15 certificates, 5 \'ollchers, 8 medallions and 52 labels. Of the 81 who sat for the examination, t<herc was only one failure.

TAMWORTII.- The annual clinner and presentation of awards gained by members of the class was held recently, when lVIr. W. Davis presided, supported by the Mayor and Aldermen Leedham and Dormer and Messrs. Ede (D.G.M.), McDonald) Parker, Smith, 01Urch, Manton, Perkins, Findley, Hatton, and Drs. McColl, Barford, and Thompson.

After welcoming the guests the Ohairman called upon the Mayor to make the presentations. He said it was an exce llent thing to realise there was such a fine body of men attached to the stations ready to render assistance if required.

Alderman Leedham said the travelling public should realise the vast number of railwaymen ready to assist in times of trouble and should be thankful. Mr. H. W. Ede, replying, paid eloquent tribute to the men and to the III em bel'S of the medical pro fession assisting our classes, whilst Mr. Smith thanked the Class Secretary, Mr. Patterson, for the splendid work he had done for the class.

l on don and North Eastern.

The ninth international competition between Scotland and Eng-land L.N.E,R. teams was held at Glasgow on Tuesday, ::vIay 28th.

The spacious headquarters of the St. Andrew's Ambulance Association wcre utilised for the event, the judges beino' Dr. A. Dryden Moffat) J uniol', of Glasgow (team), and Capt. A. C. White Knox, of London, (individua l).

In the team test, competitors had to treat a man caug-ht in a wrecked carriage and suffering from a lacerated wound of the right arm and the frontal region of the head; and also a fracture of the left thigh. After treatment, the pat.ient had to be conveyed to t.he ambulance 500 yards away, scaling a five fool wall al:c1 llcgotiati!1g a ditch [our feet deep and twelve feet WIde. The llldividual tests consisted of practical and viva voce Among the number of spectators were 1\1r. II, H. Halliday, f4'presenting Sir Ralph Wedgwood; Mr. G. Mills, Div. General Manager, Scottish Area; Mr. R. Gardiner, Supt. Scottish Area; Dr. McBride, Chief Medical Officer; Dr. lac1\1ahon, 1\Iedical Officer, Southern Area; Col. H. S. Colc, Police Chief; 'Messrs. R. S. Beveridge T. Smith, W. Goodley and S. Cooper, Ambulance Secretaries; Mr. C. C. Anderson, Secretary Special Ambulance Committee; 1\11'. Vol. Reekie Fer O llsol1, General Secretary, Mr. Henderson, Ass!'. Secretary, St. Andrew's Ambulance Association, Mr. T. O. ::\1ein and others.

M1'. :YIills presided at the presentation ceremony and announced the results as follows: 1st, Dukinfield, 2nd, TynC:.' Dock, 300; 3rd, Dundee Tay Bridge, 269; 4th, Kipps Works, Coatbridge, 215. This was the sixth occasion that an England team had been successful.

A fter the presentation of the Challenge Shield, Mr. IIallidayproposed a vote of thanks to the St. Andrew's

AiD.

Ambulance. Association, for the use of the premises and, together WIth the St. John Ambulance Association, for the excellent arrangements.

Following the meeting a luncheon was held at the Grand Hotel. Mr. Mills proposed the health of M1'. I-Ialliday ,and welcomed the English visitors. In reply, Mr. HallIday thanked the company for their kind hospitality. .;.\Ir. T. O. Mein) on behalf of the competitors) thanked the host for the arrangements made on their behalf. The English Ambulance Secretaries voiced their appreciatIon and expressed pleasure at the excellent arrangements made for the competition by Mr. Beveridge.

The Third Individual Competition for the best men from the Ambulance Classes in the District under the control of the Lincoln L.N.E.R. Superintendents, and the No. 5 Ambulance District was held at Lincoln on Saturday, ::\Iay 11th. Thirteen classes sent the man judged to be the best in Ambulance work in their own class, and the Judges were Drs. Hadley and Picken of Lincoln.

After a second test had been given the Championship for the District was a\Yarded to 1\1r. 1'Iatthews of Tuxford, ';'\1r. Holmes of Firsby was a very close runner up, and the third place was ultimately awarded to Mr. Galloway of Langwith Junction, Tn the una\'oidable absence of the District Superintendent anel District ::\Ianager, Mr. E. H. OVv'en, Sack Supt. 1)re ideci at the presentation of a\\ arcis, and expressed his pleasure at having' witnessed such a satisfactory competition. The cups and medals were presented to the competitors by ::\'1r. F. Probert, Asst. District Supt., by whom the men were urged to press forward in the good work thev ,,,'ere doinO' in the district.

- The Judges, assistants and teamakers were thanked by l\fr. S- J. Harrop.

The surprise of the afternoon \\'as the reception of a Gold l\Iedal from an "Anonymous" donor, by whom it was desired that it should be awarded to the man holding only a certificate or YOl1cher. as an encouragement to new members coming into the mo\ ement. This was awarded to Mr. IIarry Stanley of Louth, the holder of a \'oucher, and by whom, stranRe to say, the highest number of points was gained for the Oral Test.

Ambulance from News Cuttings the Press.

The Editor invites Readers to send newspaper cuttings on matter of general interest for inclusion in this column.

HOT \VA TER BOTTLE DA1\GER.

Carelessness in the application of hot water bottles was mentioned by the Coroner at a Stepney .inquest on a 7-f-year o ld man who recei\'ed an extensi\'e burn on the thigh while in hospital.

The Coroner added: "I think the hospital authorities had better tig-hten up their procedure as regards the application of hot water bottles to unconscious patients. This must not happen again or it might be a serious matter indeed."

A solicitor who appeared for the L.C.c. said that he w ou ld bring- the question to the notice of the hospital authorities.

Evidence was gi\'en by a nurse that after the mar:'s mi ss ion, altogether six hot waleI' bottles were placed JI1 hIS bed. The bottles were placed in woollen blankets before being put into the bed. The man died from bfllnchitis.Dally Telegrapll.

Ou r N u rs es' P ages.

COM P ILED BY AMBULANCE SISTER .

No. 1 DISTHlcr, S.].A. B.

ARE l. - v\Tar office inspections hove been held of the undermentioned Voluntary .\id Detachments whose members comprise Nursing Divisions of the Brigade in this Area.

V.:\.. D. 58. -This detachillent, formed from the \Villesden 1\ursing Division, was inspected by Oram on l\lay 23rd. He 'Nas accompanied by Lady District Officer, Robinia, Viscountess j\[ ountgarret, O. B. E., the County Controller.

The Inspecting Ofl1cer cong-ratulated tbe detachment on its good work, particularly in regard to gas mask drill.

SOUTHALL NURSIl\G DI\ ·rsION.-O n Tuesday, May 28th, Lady District Officer Viscountess :'Ilountgarret carried out an inspection of this Division, and also of the Cadet Nursin a Division. This inspection was followed by one for V.:\.. members by l\lajor Carr, R \.l\1. C., on behalf of the v\Tar Office, when all showed keenness and acquitted tbemseh'es well.

V,.-\.D. SURREY 128. - This deta c hment was inspe cte d at the Royal Hospital, Richmond, by :'Il ajor Hodgson, R.A.M.C., on l\lay 29th, when the County Controller, Col. Rennie, paid his first visit to the detachment. The Commandant, Miss West, was congratulatsd on the splendid displ.ay and enthusiasm shown by those on parade. 1mmembers were strongly urged to consider accepting mobtle membership.

Prior to this inspection, Asst. Commissioner \\'arren and Lady District Officer Lady l'Ilountgarret inspected C. 1.16 (Richmond) 1\ursing Cadets. There \\'e re 24 on parade under Cadet Officer :'I1iss Mack, and an excellent demonstration of bandaging was o'iven. The Assistant Commissioner congratulated Miss l\lack on the work of the young people, and presented two efficiency badges gained by members.

V.A, D. l\lrDDLESEX 106,-:\lember.:i of this detachment who also form the Ealing Nursin cr Division were inspected byMajorH.F. B. R.A.M.C., on Tuesday, l\1ay 21st,. at the Institute, Ealing. He was accompallled by Lady Dlstnct Officer, Robinia, Viscountess Mount.garret, County Contro}ler for l\liddlesex the Mayoress of. Cty. Cr. 1\1rs. E. H. Brooks, President of the DIvIsion; and Asst. Commissioner S. ]. Warren. The Mayor of Ealing also attended during the evening,

. A demonstration on gas mask drill was gi\'en by a section of the detachmt'nt, the army type of mask beincr used At the cry of "Gas," each nurse flung- open the of canva.s bag, pulled out the mask and slipped it over her head 111 less than a second. Other sections of the detachment gave demonstrations in First Aid and Home K ursin(T as also did the cadets attached to the detachment. t>,

Major Dixon said he was very pleased with their display. It was one of the srnartest demonstrations he had ever seen, and he had been very much impressed He urged that the number of mobile members he increased.

The thanks of the detachment to the Inspecting Orficer were proposed by Asst. Commissioner Warr e n, and by Lady i\[.ountgarret, who also expressed Lhe wish to see more mobIle members in this detachmellt, .vhich is now over 60 strong

No. 2 DISTRICT, S.J.A B.

GOSPORT AND \L\ ·ERSTOKI<: NURSING D I\ JSlON.-Praise

\\'as accorded the members of this Division by the Co u nty Controller, Major-General Sir Richard Luce when he inspected them at the icholson Memorial Hall iast month.

The Division was set the task of treating casua l ties supposedly left after an enemy attack had been beaten off in a small , "ill age. -\ small improvised hospital was set up to de,d with the more serious cases, and remainder \Vere dea l t with at a dr ess ing station. Treatment was also given to a fe\'er case. <-

Sir Richard ex pressed satisfactior, with all the work and said tbe members not only knew how to carry out task, but also the reason for the treatment. He gave a special word of praise to the cook. He said he to see more mobile members and more recruits.

A:'\l\UAL CADET CO:l]['ETITION.-The annu8.1 competition for the Alexander Cup, open to teams of nursing cadets, was held at Calmore Hall, Totton, on Satl1rday, June 1st Six teams entered the r.esults showed a \ 'e ry keen str u ggle. Tests were set In first aId and home nursing includin a bedmaking. ::,

Dr. J, Clayre judged the team work, Lady Corps Supt. 1\1rs. Mustard the individual first aid and 1\lrs. Coward the individual home nursing. Cup was to South;:tmpton No.1 team, the Wll1l1ers, by Lady Corps Supt. 1\1rs. l\Iustard, who congratulated them on their success. They gained 152 marks The other teams were placed as follows :-Ca lmore No 1, No.3, Soulhampton 10 2, each 150 marks; CalmorE' No 2, 130 marks; Shirley, 119 marks.

Dr. Clayre said that he was impressed by the h ig-h standard of work, and especially the commonsense use d by the cadets. He hoped that all would continue their association with the Brigdde, and later ""ould join the adult spct ion.

Votes of thanks were proposed by Miss Everett A.R.R.C., and heartily accorded to the judg-es, to Ie H. S: Thomas for presiding, and to all those who had assisted.

No, 3 DISTRICT, S.].A.B.

Ul\EATON NURSING DIVISION.-Much to the rearet o f ambulance workers in the district, Lady Div !. S u pt. Mrs. E. Henley, of the Nuneaton Nursing Division, has ju st ten d e r ed her resignation to Distri ct Commissioner Major Orton, M . D ., on the grounds of advancing age and failing- hea lth.

Mrs. Henley, "who was the only Lady Superintendent i n Warwickshire the rank of Serving Sister of the Order, had not missed a parade since she joined the Br p-ade 28 years ago.

She was also COI.nmandallt of the l ocal Vo untary A id and dunng the war spent a cons iderable t ime nurSll1g the wounded at Weddington Hosp i tal, N un eato ll. SI:e. h as dOlle much to improve the ei'ficiency of the N ur s in g DIVISion, and last year started a nurs i ng cadet section.

Ko. 4 DISTRICT, S.J.A. B

PRESTON NURSING CORPs. - District Comm iss io n er W G ?mith, O. B.E., inspected the N u rs i ng D ivis ions co mpnslng the Preston Corps, at H eadquarters, on Tu esday, June 4th

June, 1935.

FIRST

La d y Co r ps S u pt. Mrs A. Howard, A R. R. c., took c h a r ge of t he parade, and an excellent demonstration of first a id h o m e nursing, and invalid cookery was given. yvrarrants of appoint,ment. \\:ere presented to newly app01l1ted officers by the CommiSSiOner, and certificates wo by gi rl cadets were handed to them by il l rs. Derham vicepresi d ent of the Corps

DUKINFlELD URSING DIVISION.-'1. handsome inlaid mahogany bureau was presented to Lady Div. Supt. I'll rs Challe n ger, on Saturday, l\lay 25th, in recog-nition of her appoi n tment as a Serving- Sister of the Order ot St. John of J er u sa l em. She is the first Dukinr"ield \voman to recei\ ,c this h ono u r, wh ic h bas been conferred for twenty years' \'a lued service to the Nursing Division there.

T he was made at a social gathering at the Town Ha ll at wh ich a company of nearly 150 ladies and gentlemen were the guests of Alderman and Mrs. J. 'vV. Underwood, the presidents of the Am bulance and 1\ ursin !>' Divisions respectively. Invited guests included Alderma'; and Mrs Cooke, Dr. J. R. S, Park and Park, Dr. and Mrs Brice, Dr. G ladys Brice, 1\1r. and l\Jrs. Dickinson, Dr. McF ie, and Supt. Powell.

Co onel Challoner, County Commissioner for Cheshire p r esided, and paid a warm .tribute to the service rendered b;' Mrs. Challenger. The Bngade was an entirely 'ol untary movement and often got more kicks than ha'pellc e. honou r of being appointed a Serving- Sis 'e r \\'as gained not mere ly as a result of examinations, but for a life devoted to the alleviation of the surferings of others,

An interesting review of the movement in Dukinfield was gi\'en by Dr. Park, who said the first class was held in the late '80 s. Shortly after the first clast:; st<1.rted, Colonel Trimble attended a meeting of all those interested in ambulance work, and in '1900 it \\'as decided to form the Dukinfie d branch of the St. John ,\mbuinnc e \sso ciation. The Mayor for the time being wa s president. Later on Dr. C larke took an intensE' interest in the work <1.nd formed the Ambulance Diyision. :'IIrs. Bardsley "'at:; the first Superintendent of the Nursing Division, and on her death she \\'as succeeded by 1\lrs. Challenger.

Dr, Park recalled the establisl:l11enL of the militan h ospital at the vVe llington-stre pt School in 1917. "I wan-t i t to be clearly underst00d," he added, "it \\'<1.S a Sl. John hospital. " The Dukinfield Tursing Division had been parti c ularly successful, and \...-as one of the largest in Cheshire. There WE're 60 adults and 20 cadets all benefiting- by the ad\'ice and tuition of Dr. Gladys Brice, a worthy daughter of a \\ 'o rthy fat h er.

I n making the presentation to 1\1rs. Challenger, Dr. Park said she had been eng:otged in tbe "'ork since 1915, and had bee n Lady Superintendent since 1919. By h er general ma nn er, dete r mination and ability she had kept the members toget h l.:f, and a ll appreciated her work.

The inscription the bureau read; "Presented to S u per ntende'1t Martha Challenger by members and friends of t h e D u k i nfield St. J ohn Ambulance 1\ursing Di\ ision, in h o n o u r of her appointment as honorary service sister."

In acknowledging the gift, 1\1rs. Challenger said she d eep l y appreciated the honour of appointment as Sen in o S iste r , and s h e desired no present for carrying on work she love d. Whe n she was doipg ambulanee work she b e lieved s h e was doing work and helpin; her n eig h bo ur. :-, -

Co l. C h alloner ass u red the people of DukinEeld thal b ot h th e Ambu l ance and Nursing Divisions were highly effic ie n t an d a cre d it not onlv to Dukinfield but to the wh o le co u nt r y

Su ppe r was provided for the guests, "who later spent an i m e i n the Council Chamber, dancing to music by the M a j estl c Band. Me G reenwood was 1'11. C , and during th e eve nin g so n gs were rcndered l\ l iss Edith Jenkins.

A I D. 32 3

No. 5 DISTRICT, S.J B.

T AT Nottinghamshire

, urSlng DIVISions, compnslng 176 members, were inspected at on Sunday, Ju:-:e 2nd, by Lady District Supt. ;\J.rs Blrkbeck, who \vas accompal1led by Assistant CommiSSioner ;\1r. A. B. Gibson, J.P., and County Suraeon Dr A, la Touche Darley. '"

D,ivis.ions on parade included 'vVorksop, Nottingham City, Central, BulvYel:, l\lanvers, i\lapperly, Basford, 1'\ oLt!l1gham Corporation Passenger Transport, Staplef ord, Sulton, i\1ansfield, Bilsthorpe, Ra1[Jworth, and Harworth , They were drawn up under the command of Lady Distri ct Officer \V. Gibson.

Owing to rain, a portion of the proceedings had to be but the Di\'isi?ns were inspected individually by 1\Irs. Blrkbcck, and examll1ed by Dr. Darley.

The 01ay or and of l\lansfield, Cr. and E. \'1. attended, and the former presented 15 years' service med als to Lady D1\·. Supts. Vi'yse (NotLinaham City) and Miss Stanley (Carrington), and also a President's Badge. to l\liss :'Ilann e rs, who was recently appointed to the ;\1 ansheld ursing Division.

Addressing- the :'Ilrs. Birkbeck spoke appreciatl\ ely of the work carned on by the Notts. Divisions, and ?f the invaluable work of i\Ii.ss Gi!)son. They were engaged In a day-to-day struggle With di sease and ignorance, and now thaL accidents wer e so freguent, it was necessary to ha\'e men and women trained and willing to give sen'ice in the cause of the community.

V.A.D. AT XOTTI:-\GILuJ, - The annual inspection of the yol.untary Aid Detachments comprising members of the Corps and \Vorksop ursin cr Di\ ision wa s held in t h e Ropewalk \\ring of the General Hospital, on Sunday, l\Iay 12th. <:>

The I nspecting Officer w as M ajor R. H. C. Pryn, R. A. 1\1. C of Lich (leld, and he was accompanied by Lt.Col. ]. Jardin e, County Controller. Gibson, the Ass!. County Controller, \\'as in cha r ge of the parade, \"h e n ol1le 85 officers and members from the following detachments were represented: Xo. 114 ( Nottingham ), Commandant Oldfield; No, 124 Commandant ;\lrs. Paling; No. 102 (\Vorks<,p), Commandant 1\liss Grea\'es; 1\0. 112 COIlll1landant i\lrs. StanLon; Xo. 134 (N ottingham), Corn mandan t ;\1 iss Clo\\', F 01 ImYl ng an ill pection of uniforms, demonstrations of the application of the Thomas sp lint and of artificial respiration, bandaging- and gas mask drill were gi\'en. The inofficer also closely questioned the members on matters relating to the work for which they wer e enrolled.

-

1\0.8 Dl5>TRICT, S.J.A B.

HO"E a concert held at St. Barnabas Hall, Ho\'e, on \Vedne day, :'Ilay 29th, medals and other a\\'ards were presented by the !\Iayoress, !\Irs. C. S. Loadsman , to those members of this Nursing Di"ision who had ,,'o n them They included 21 labels and pendants, 2 medallions, and 2 service cht:;\'rons.

Lady Div. SUpl. Miss A. Field-Comber gave a satisfactory report of the year's work. The records showed increases both in numerical strength and in the number of duties performed . .-\n interesting passage in her report referred to the experiences ot those members who took duty in London on Jubilee Day. Miss Field-Comber also acknowledged the strenuous work of those "w ho remained at Hove and Portslade, some of whol!, were on duty from 9.30 a.m. till midnight,

The competitions for the" \, hitcher" Shields had been revived; four teams competed in first aid and home nursing, and an individual competition "'as held in Erst aid for memhers ,yith less than three year's service. Dr. "'hitcher

the judge of the first aid., and Nursing Officer Miss vVorseldine of the home nursIng.

The junior "'Whitcher II Shield was won by A/ S K. Bishop. The senior Shield being gained by a team consistinlT of Lady Ambulance Officer S. Fraser, and Ambulance A. Bennett, W. i\lason and K. Bishop.

No. 10 DISTRI CT, S.J.A.B.

INSPE CT ION I1V LADY PERROTT , R. R.e. -. \n inspection o f members of Nursing- Divisions ilnd l\urs ing- Cadet Divisions was held in Christchurch Park, Tpswich, on j\lay 19th, by Lady Perr oLt,. R. Supt.-in-Chief.

Repres entatll'es of DIVISions frolll l\larch. Gt. \ annouth, Chelmsford anJ Colchester joined wilh the Suffolk Di\ ision s and Jl1ade a llltal of just O\'er 250 on parade.

All Dil'isiuJ1 s arrived in the morning, and were free to inspect the \mbulilnce Hall, which \\'as also used as a I'est room and the :'Iledical Comforts' D e pot. Lady Perrott, who was by b e r Staff Officer, i\Jiss Lethbridge, congratulated Ipswi c h on bolh premises, being particularly iJ1l11ressed with the latt er, which she said was the most complete she had ever

After lunch Lady Perrott proceeded to the park for her in <;pection. She was accompanieri by Distri c t Commissioner ]\[ajor Lady District Supt. \lrs Porter, the l\lavor <l.nd i\layoress, and Lady Blanche Cobbald, president of the SUFf01k I Dil isi ons. UnfortunateIy rain came dO\\'n hea\ ily but the prograll1me was g-one through in spite of it.

The march past was well carried out to the music of the band of the Ipswich Corps, which also led the Divisisns through the town to tea. This was held at the Picture House Cafe at the ill\ ' itation of the l\1oka, Beechholmc and Broadwater :"Jursing Division s, and the Lady Corps Supt. took the chair.

The !\layor welcomed the visitors to the tOWIl, and commended the lo ca l m embers on their work during- the Jubilee celebrations.

Lady Perrott urg-ed members to attend camp, and congratulated them on their turn-out.

During the afternoon a Jubilee medal was presented to l\lrs. Wall age (Beechholme), and a badge as HOIl. President to Mrs. Hossack.

NATIONAL TRAINING 600 officers and members of Voluntary Aid Detachments passed through the :\Tational Trainin g Camp at Northwood Park, near vVillchester, before it closed on June 11 tho Instruction was given in Firsl Aid, Home Nursing, First Aid in Chemical Warfare, Sanitation and Hygiene, Camp Cookery and Drill.

Tht! effects of gas without masks, and the <ldjusiment of masks during a gas attack were tested by the release of tear gas in the parle

On Wednesday, May 22nd, the camp was inspected by Lieut.-Genl. Sir H. Knox, Adjudant General.

Mr. H. Twiss was agailJ Camp Commandant.

Items (Divisional news and cOll1petitions, social, interesting duties, lectures, etc.), for this page should be sent to Ambulance SiSler, ('./0 The Editor , FmsT Am, 46, Cannonstreet, London, E.C.4.

St. An drew's Ambul a n ce Ass oci ation.

We offer to Mr. Well wood R. Ferguson, general secretary and treasurer, our heartiest congratulations on the well merited award conferred upon him in the King's Birthday Honours list.

Mr. Ferguson feels that the award, Order of the British Empire is not so much a personal one but a gracious recog-

nitio n by His l\1ajesty of the nne work carried o u t hy the S'. .\ndrew's Ambulance Association for so many years

The annual ambulance competitio n he d under the auspices of Kirkintillo c h Ambu lan"e Association took p lace in the Dri ll Hill, Kirkintil loch, on Saturday afternoon, l\lay 25th. There \>,las an entry of five teams fo r the « Fern lea " Trophy, ,,\'hicn is open for competition alllong teams i n Kirkintillock and district, whi le two entered for the " Armstrong-" Cup, which is confined to the Kirkint llock section. The (( Fernlea" Trophy was won by Auchengeich Col ie r y No 2 with 85 points in ora l and 82 in pmctica l , and the (( Armstrong " by Kirkintillo c k (( B" tcam with 88 in oral and 78 in practicaL

The annual ambulance competition for the Lour Cu!" open to teams ot first and second year students in the county of Angus, was h e ld at Arbroath 011 Sunday, l\ l ay 26th.

There '\ler.:! teams frol11 Dundee, Arbroalh, Forfar, and ;, l ontrose, and the exallling officers were i\ l essrs. A. vVebster and P. I\1urray, Perth.

The competition, which was in pracrical and transrort \vork resulted : 1, Dundee ;Vest, 183 points, 2, Forfar, 178 points, 3 (equal), Dundee East and :\rontrose, 162 points, 4, Arbroath, 135 points.

Police Ambulance News.

BIRi\IINGHAl\ l CITY PULlCE.

In the 26th annual competition for the "Rowland Mason" Challenge Cup, held on lay 15th, (( C" Division with 370J marks were placed first, fol lowed by « E " Division, 360 marks; (( A II Division, 354t marks; (( B" Division, 3281 l1Jarks; and '( D" Division, 322 marks. (( C II Division also secured the (( Nelson" .l\Iemorial Cup for the best divisional am bulance record for the year. The « Tailby II Cup, for individual work, was won by P. e. 1\65. P. Barrett.

The judges were Dr. vV. E. Audland, Capt. Henton White and Dr. E. W. Parsey.

The Lord Mayor (Alderman S. J. Grey) presented the awards and cong-ratulated the men on their \.\'ork.

REIGATE BOROUGH POLlCE.

A handsome silver bowl has been presented to this force by Mrs. Topham Richardson, of Me r sthall1, widow of :\'lr. J. Topham Richardson, J. P., to be competed for by first aid teams of the Reig-ate and Redhill Divisions. The fi r st cOll1petition will take place early next year; meanwhile P.S. Atkin will co-operate V'\ ith the Chief Constable ( \ lr. VV. H. Beacher) in selecting the teams.

CITY OF LONDON SPECIAL CO STABULARY.

On Wednesday, May 15th, the annua compet.ition for the (( Sir Wi ll iam Smilh II Challenge Cup was he l d at headquarters.

Four learns, one froll1 each division, competed and were iudged by Capt. A. C. White Knox, l\ J. e., M.B. (team) and Capt. F. E. Bendix, l\1.R.e.S., L.R.C.P. (individual).

Among the interested spectators who witnessed the team test. were Commandant G. T. Foxon, Capt. W. Good ley, M.e. (Commissioner No.1 D istr ict, S. J .A. B.), !\Ir. D. G. Monteith (Com petition Secretary, S. J. A. A.) and other officer;; of thli! force,

The private has given the lead. Now, Hospitals, To\,vn Councils and Public }'J uthorities are investing too The reasons are clear. If dependability in running, road stability, economy of maintenance and all the other A u stin traditions are of val u e in a car, 0011) llluch more so are they in an Amb ulance?

Fully equipped with every mo d ern refinement, the 12, 16 and 20 h .p . Amb u lances offer, each in their own sphere,. able investment value. D etailed price list and speClficatlOns are available on request.

A FEW SPECIAL PEATURES OF AUSTI AMBULANCES

Body of best English ash and oak, aluminium-panelled for durability and easy cleaning. Semi-elliptic, zinc-interleaved springs on non-/ttbricated for the patients' utmost comfor: [Vide, tlflobstmcted dOOril lay for qUIck enfl)' and exit of stretchers. Triplex l'/ass throtlghout for safety. Ample tion. Full and ojjiciallJ-approved mtenor eqtlipment. Sp ecial fittings as required.

Th e team test d epicte d a street-m ending sce n e; the watchman dropping ofT to sleep fell on to the fire and susta in ed a burn on the forehead, a co mpound fracture of forearm and fractured right fibula.

At the supper whi c h followed the competition the Commandant presided and congratulated the competi.tors on the splendid show they had given. H e t h a nked the Judges and ste wards for their assistance.

Capt. White Knox announced the result, which "vas 1st, D Division, 193 marks; 2nd, ;\ Di\'is ion, marks; 3rd, C Division, marks; 4th, B Division, marks. COl11lllentina- on the \\'ork don e in his section, Capt. \\,hit e Knox said that t h e quality of the work had increased 50 per cent. O\'er that of last year. He was as tounded at the high standard showl1 and congratulated all competitors on their effic iency Capt. \Vhite Knox also thanked the Commandant for presiding and also for the interest lIe takes in the \\'o:k ; to Commander C. G. Emery a nd Serg-t. Craft for arranging the competition; to Sergt. T. Ro se (City Police) and his men and to the patient. H e was also pleased to see representatives of the St. J ohn Ambulance l\ ssoc iation and Brigade presen t.

Capt. Bendix addressi ng the co mpetitors assured them it had been a pleasure to judge the ind vidual test. l\lore attention and more practise w as requ ired in individual competitIOns. Every member must strive to be as good, if not better, th;J.n the TO. -+.

Th e Commandant then presented the cup and indi\'idual silver spoons to 0 Division, and also the" f\lcRea " Cup to S. C. Hattam. This latter award was \y on at the indi\'idua competitions held on May 1st.

AplJreciations of the S.J.A. B.

THE follo wing letters have been received at St. John'S Gate:-

" I am commanded by The King to express to you, and through you to all the mem bers of tbe St. John Ambulance Brigade who were on duty in London on 6th, His entire satisfaction with the m anne r in which their work was carried out. Ilis .\lajesty and Her Majesty the Queen ful ly realise the difficulties of dealing with casualties in the midst of such vast crowds as were assembled to greet Their Majest ies last Monday, and rejoice to think that such excellent provision was made for those to whom the strain of that memorial day proved too much.

For myself, I heartedly congratulate all those associated with you in the success you achieved in difficult conditions.

Yours sincerely,

(S

"As Com mandant-in-Chief of the Nursing Corps and Divisions of the St. John Ambulance Brigade, I desire to express my appreciation of the services rendered by the 1,000 J ursing Sisters who were on duty in London last Monday.

During the course of my drive to and from St. Paul's Cathedral, I had man y opportunities of

AID. June. 1935.

observing the manner in which they performed their arduous du t ie s , and I s hould like this expression of my admiration w be conveyed to all Nlirsing Members who were on duty ' on that memorable occasion.

(Signed) ELIZABETH."

[We feel sure that Sir John Duncan, as Chief Commis s ion e r, g reatly appreciates these messa g es of thanks and, we, in turn, offer him our congratulations on the wo nderful work done by his members during the Jubilee Celebrations].

Coming Events.

The Editor will be please d to receive particulars of fonh· coming events for inclu sio' (free nf charge) under thi$ head in g.

J UNE.

22. - North Ridi ng- of Yorkshire (No.6 District, S.J.A. B.) Ambulance and N'ursing Inspection, South Bank near Middlesbr oug h.

22 0pen Competil iOIl, 1\ 1iddlesbr o ugh Central Di\ isioll ChaJlenge eLi ps.

22.-- Roy a l Halifax InlJrl11 a r y and Gala ".\ lderman Whittaker " Shield Competition, Halifax.

2-+.--St. J ohn's Day.

26. .\leeling- of ti le St \ndrcw':,: \l11hulance \s sociation, Riding of Y o rkshire B. R.C S \nnual County Competitions.

29.--Brig-housc Infirmaries and Hospitals Annual Open Competition, Brig-house. JPL\'.

5. -I naugural i'lleeting of th e Florence 01ightingale International Foundation, London.

6 -13 .-Stavc ley Coal and Ir o n CO.'s Ambulance Brig-ade Camp at :\orth Denes.

i. -F inal Competition J 'aliona l R oad P assenger Transport A_mbulance \ ssociation, \Vest Brol11wich.

U.--Elland Demonstration and Carnival " Dempst er" Shield Competition, Eiland.

20. No. 1 (Prince of Wale s's) Distri ct, Flag- Day.

26. Royal \Vel sh Agricultural Show \mbul ance Competilions, Caern<lvon.

27.--Cardig-allshire County, Prior y for "Val es, Competit ions. Cross wood.

27 --. \nnual Stretc her Competition, Bristol Centre, S J \ Gardens, C lifton.

27-Aug-. 12. --Scott ish V. ,\. D. C am p, Aboync. AUGUST.

3-10.--. \nnu al Camp Nursing Personnel S .] ,, \. B., Rossall Sc h ool, near Blackpool.

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ELLA 0 DEMONSTR ATION Ar\D CARNIVAL.-Ambulance Competition for the "Dempster" Ambulance Shield will take place o n Saturday, .July 13th, 1935. F!rst three prizes to the va lue of £10 i If more than 20 entncs, f('ur prizes. Three prizes :vi11 be awarded to tl:e individual co mpe titors gam m g the number of marks outs id e the prize winning teams. Entnes close July 10tb , 1935. Open to all teams, Association or Brigade. Entry forms on application to H. Hor sfal l, 30, George-slreet, Elland, Yorks. Cheap fare s L.M ,S. R y. N.B.--Elland Bri ga d e will not compete.

We are prepared to supply Ambulance Secretaries and others with specimeo coples of this Journal for distribution among their members. Apply to the Publishers, FIRST AID, 6 Cannon St., London E·C-4·

igned) JOlIN GIL\IOTJ R."

Queries and Ansvvers to Correspondents.

QJeries will be dealt with under the following rules:-

I, - containing Queries must be a.ar ked un lbe lUp left hand corner of tbe envelope "Query," and add essec-l'IRsT All>

46, Cannon-street, London, E. C. 4.

2, -All Queries must be accompar:ied by a "Query Coupon " cut from the current issue ot the J (lurna!, 01, in case of Queries from abroad, from a recent issue.

3,-Th€ Textbook, to which refe ,ence te a adt in this column is the 38th 11928) Edition of S,J.A.A. M: nual oJ} ilSI Aid.

SEPTIC ] NFECTION OF \VOUI\DS.

T.T, (Dristol)-During my short but varied experience as a first aider, I ha\'c been L;reatly puzzled by the li abil ily to sepsis which I find widl injuries to butcher's assistants.

ha\'c had occasion to treat many minor c uts sustained by \\'orkers engaged in \'ery dirty work, e, g., melal sortcrs, pI u III bers, tinsm iths, etc. In practical Iy c\'ery casc the injuries ha\'c healed up quile satisfactorily ,

Yet OJt oj about 15 "butcher's injuries" casi ly cight or tcn ha\'c de\'eloped sept ic puisoning. I n fact these people seem to take it as a matter of course that a cut will fester sooner or later,

Is there an) thing- in the thcory that rlnima blued COlllillg- in Clliltact \\'iLll hUlllal1 blllod scts up a rl'acticlll which CaL!ses septic poisoning to set ill, or is it entirely due to the fact that thcse people generally lea\'e their il1jury C, posed for a considerable lime before treating it?

The de\ 'e lopmel1t of sepsis in a \\'ound s due to the action of sC'ptic germs and to no other cause; and yuur second suggestion is definitelv a. contributory causc s incc the long-er a rccent wound is (eft exposed to air the is the risk of the el1try into it of septic gertlls -N. CORBET FLETCIlER.

EX:UlINATION I-loWLER,

L. R. (Charlton Park), - In a recent examination I asked one candidate what he "'ould do for a patient who was bleeding profusely from a cut throat; and I was intensely amused when he replied in all seriousness :-" IlJlllledialely apply ll/ratltre between wound and lLeart! "

Goocl! Next please! !-N. C. F.

AN ApPRECIATION OF TlIE BRIGM)E,

C.S (Lonclon),-The following incident will think be of to readers of FIRST Am, as show in g the opinion whIch the people that matter holJ of the work clone by the of the. Sl. John Ambulance Brigade. occaSIOn recently to v isit a well-known \Ve st nd Consult ing- Phy sician J was surprised to learn \,:,hen I entered his rOOI11 that he recognised J1le as l1(1.vlng be.en on duty with the Brigade on Jubilee Day, and to lIsten to the enthusiastic words with which he at began to extol the Brigade.

Hc IIlf?nned me that h e was vie\ving the procession from the WIndows of the Rot'al College of Phys" , . I l ' J, lClans , lat ,W.lt 1 1.1111 were a number ot the prominent physl,clans III t.he country; that their principal interest was 111 watchlI1g- the work of Our Brierade l1lemb d I dd d " I I:> ers , an 1e a e - t would have done your ears good,

A I D. June, 19.35 , could YOZt ha-ve heard /lIe colllphlllenla1]lrelllarl.-s Ihai wel'e passed." The praise he himself gave certainly could not ha\'e been better; and he finished by saying, " all agreed thallh e s.j..-l. B. .fllm/·slzed bY/aI' tIL e best parL 0/ the Slzow,' and I cons/del' it mm"7JelloZls Llzal such a large body oJ lIl elt and U'Olllen can be /(01 10Kt'lher 7.0110 are wdli1l/( af all li'IIICS 10 li','ve of Ilzeir leisure hours 10 benPjit olhers. "

Such praise and coming- from such a quarter, will, I feel sure, be a further to our mcmbers to carryon their good work.

We thank you for your leller which speaks for itsE'If.N.C.F.

THE .-\Tl\IB:NT OF TAR BURl':s.

E.G. (Surbiton).-ReccnLly in a Nursing Journal 1 came across the attached quotation which sets forth the advice of a German Surgeon with reference to the treatment of Burns and which interested me the more because it confirms your advice as stated in the Query Column in the March 193 4 issue of FIRST Am.

"-VVhen Burn s ::lre caused by Tar or other strong-Iy auhesi\'e lllaleri(1.l it is well advised to w::lit until drying has taken place , for thereby a covering th<lt is practically ste rile and that diminishes pain is fOrIned. After hardening and after ame li orat ion of the pain, the Tar is remo\'E cl with benzine or ctiler."

Thanks for your letter and your 11('\\'S cutting-. It is good nrst aid to int erfe re only \\'hen ther e is need to prevent aggravation of injury or condition. - N. C. F.

RHIO\ AL OF fOREI GN DODY IN TJ J [W,n.

P.U, (Cape TO\\'n, Suuth Africa),- The follu\\'ing story \\ -ill probably inter est readers of FIRST At]) :-

A boy \\ ho \\'as fishing from the rocks at i'lIossel Bay accident(1.lly 5\\';:\ll o\\-c d the hook to \\'hi ch hi s line \\ 'a.s attached. failin g to bring it up, he c ut the line near his mouth and hurried homc, where his p a rents tried an ingenious plan.

A ball of lead was piercecl, and through the hole the lin e wa s threaded. The lead \\'as then gteased and the boy swallowed it, Its \.vcight dislodged the hook from his and both the ball and the hook were easily pulled up.

Bold measures sometimes succeecl, as in this instance; but good first aid suggests that, as in such a case no pressing danger to life was present, the boy should have been taken to a surgeon at the [Jrst possible opportunity - N. C,l'

RISKS OF FOREIGN BODY IN TIlROAT.

B. C. (Swindon)-One of the ri sks which follow the impaction of a Foreign Body in Throat was disclosed at a recent inquest, which revealed that tbe death of a young woman was indirectly due to her having swallowed a small piece of wire while eating cabbage. The coroner decided that she died from septic pneumonia caused by the wire which had o dged in the base of her tongue and resisted the errorts of the Surgeons to rC1110\'e it. Now I wonder if prompt and efficient first aid could have done any good in such a case.

Even ts clear! y prove that from the ou tset th is case was beyond the scope of first aid, and that a ll a 6rst aider co uld have dQne would have been to advise the patient to co n s ult a doctor w ith out any delay. - N.C.F.

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UNFORTUNATE ERRORS.

E. L. (Salford)-(1) R eadi n g through the Queri(;s and Answers in tJle May iss u e ::>f FIRST A.IO, I feel that I must refer to the one headed" .\11 U nfortul1ate Error," and also to you r remarks thereo n While I that sympathy must be extendE:d to the team wh o made the error, I would point out that .Il1Jury was an indi\'idual test and that the carel dei1nltely staled " Treat this youlh, who has been bitten by a snake 011 the ankle."

(2) vVith reference to yo ur rel1lark " That modern compelitions should pro\·ide more or !ess for exact representations of injuries," I would l ike to tell what took place at a compet iti on recently !l e ld In London. According to the progral11 me, gIven to spectators, the patient was supposed to be 3 u ffenng from a Fractured Femur. Although Page 13 of the Textbook tells us the definite signs of a Fractured Femur, and although these were repeated ly sought n ot one \\'as given as present by the judge except the position of the patient's foot which lay on the ou ter side

Takino' into consideration the fact that the patient was

I ask you if the teal11s \\'ere justified in testing whether a fracture had occured o r not, by placing the foot in its natural position, lea.'iing go, .an.d noticin a if the foot fell back to its outer Slde ThiS IS what judge apparently wanted! Your views on this matter would be greatly appreciated, though I consider it to be another " u nfortu nate error."

(1) Your further explanation does Ilot cause me to alter m)' opinion. Signs of injury ought to have been marked on the patient's ankle; and if these had been so marked the team captain's "unfortunate error" \\'ould have been designated" a com petition howler."

(2) If y o ur statement of facts is correct on this point, then I shou d label such action as "a competit ion howler" on the part of the judge, who must have overlooked Rul e 3 on p 56 of the Textbook. - l .C. F

DIAGNosrs OF FRACTURED SPINE.

II. B. (Shefiield) - Please tell me how a Fractured Spine ca n be detected by a first aided when the patient is unconscious. [recently heard an instructor state that one special sign would always be present in a m a le patient; and find that this is a vi ew accepted by a large number of ambulance men.

The diagnosis of a Fractured Spine by a first aide r , when the patient is unconscious, is a most difficu lt proposition since no definite and easily recognisable signs or symptoms are present. The history of the accident or the 1l resel1ce of marked irregularity of the sp in al col umn might iustify him in deciding to treat for this injury.

The special sign to '"vhich you refer is somtimes, present when the injury to the spi n a cord is situate in the ce r vica region.-N. C. F

TREATlIIENT OF FRACTURED SPI E.

J. H ( lorl11anton).-Supposing that in a railway shunt in g yard the buffer of a wagon, which is being sh unt ed, hits a brakeman in the back and ca u ses him to be thrown on his face with a fracture of spine, I desire to know why the Textbook (Rule 4, p. 62) in st ru cts u s to roll the patient on Lo his back? T o me it is s ur e l y wiser to treat such a pat ient and to r e m ove him face ?ownwards ',,\lilh a ll the dan gers of aggravat in g his inJury and to leave it to the hospilal authorities to d ec id e for or against rolling him on his back.

Your views coincide with my own; and in spite of this instruction which was introduced at the last r ev isio n o f the Textbook, I see no reason to ::tIt er my opin io n as set out long since in my WIry and Whe1-ejOl'e in First Aid (p 20).N.C.F

TREATM ENT OF CA RJ30Ll C ACID BURNS.

J.H. (N o rmanton) .- On p. 29 5 of the l'day of AID YOU r e produ ce a n Individu al Test whi c h figured 111 the 'Poli ce Na ti o n a l Comp e tition a nd whi ch r eq uired treatment of Burns caused by Carbolic Acid, Wilh so lution of baking so da.

Bya c uri ous coinc iden ce h a d a s imil a r t est in a compet it ion some tim c ago; and of ac,king- thc che mi st for a solution of w as hing so da 1 asked for a so luti on of Ep so lll Salt s 111 so duing 1 w as giv in g th e s pec ia l treatment for Carbolic Acid as sct out o n p. 175 of the T ext b ook ill the Chapter on Pois o n s Whi ch is the co rre ct r e med y, please?

Your treatment w as more in accordance with t!le tenchina of the T extboo k than is that which s g iv c n in tlli s test. 1::> As a fact, h owever, Epsom Salts so luti o n is n ot effecti\·e an ant id ote for Ca r bo li c Acid; an d, if I h appen to sp las h my skin with Carbolic Acid or Lysol, I imm ed ate ly s w ab the part widl methylated sp irit and so prevent a n y ill- eJTects.N C.F

N EW USE FOR COMI'ETITLON TE TS.

N. F. (Cast le ford)- ln the fIlay iss u e of FH,S"!' AID you on p. 295 an individual test in which 2 marks are g iv en for summoning "Preferably the man's own p anel do ctor. "

As t he T extbook do es not discriminate between doctors on or olT the p.:lI1el, I w onder if t hi s s a n advertisement br the National H ea lth Insurance an d the fact that panel doctors do come quickly when s umm o ned in ser ious eme r ge ncies It so, it is a new use for competit io n tests.

I arrree; an d in my turn I wonder if t h e judge \.\'ho set the testwas on t h e panel and if he a lso set thc ot h e r indi vidual test whi ch d oes not require s imilar act ion Lo be taken -N .C.F.

Territorial Army Ambufance Competition.

TilE ann u a l competition for the Challenge Shield w as held at the Ro yal Army Medical College, illban k, London, on S at urd ay, ;\1ay 25th.

The competition i s ope n to squads of the T er rit o ri a l Army, medical uni ts and the recognised s tret h er bearers borne on the esta bli shment of ot h er units in th e T e rrit or ia l Army throu g h o ut Great Britain.

The co mp etit io n was judged by Lieut.-G e n e ral J. A H art iga n, Dire ctor-G enera l of the Army Medical Service, whilst the trophies were presented by General Sir C h arles Bonham-Carter, Dir ector-Ge neral of the T e rrit o ri a l Army.

The r es ult was 1, 128t h (vVessex) Field Ambulance, 2, 146th (West Riding) Fi e ld Ambulance (last year's winners). Other field ambulances com p e tin g w e r e the 132 nd (North Midland). 143rd (South Midl a nd), 149th ( lort humbrian), 152nd (Highland), 15 8t h (Welsh), 161 5t (E as t A ngl a n) and 1 64th (W es t Lan cas hir e ).

Owing to heavy pressure on space, it has been found necessary to hold over many items and photographs until the next issue.

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VOLUME XLII.

(No. 493, July, 1935, to No . 5 0 4, June, 1936).

DALE, REYl\OLD. " TD., 4,

LONDON: S & CO L 6 CANNON STKEET, E.CA

INDEX.

Advice to First Aiders, 46.

Air Protection and the S.].A.B., 19.

Ambulance Man in the l1ine, The, 114

Ambu lanc e Man Looks at Gas, The, 27, 56, 84, 111, 138, 167.

AMBULANCE NEWS CUTTINGS FROM THE PRESS:-

Amputates Own Foot, 184.

Bird's est Causes' Three Deaths, 130.

Bird's Nest Leads to Death, 297.

Boy with Brittle Bones, 184 .

Boys' Ordeal on Pyl on , 102.

Chi d Stung to Death, 13U.

Cycle His Ambulance, 198.

Dangers of Petrol in the Home, 198.

Drowned in the Bath, 198

Fatal Fire Game, 184.

Fishing Rod Saves Life, 130.

Gassed in Bathroom, 297.

Killed by Broken Tumbler 297.

Killed by Peanut, 297.

Killed by Toy-Gun, 130.

N early Choked During Rescue 130.

Rescued by Engine Men, 297.

Saved by Umbrella, 184.

Wasp Sting Antidote, 102.

Youth Scalded at \;>Y o rk 102.

Ambulance Work in a Country T own, 173.

Apoplexy: Caus'e and Effect, 287.

Blc;>od Transfusion Congress, 37.

British Red Cross Society, 93, 266, 294.

Blood 1 ran sf u sio n Service, 74. c

Ca rb on Monoxide, 210.

Colliery J?-mbulance News, 55, 87, 150, 311.

Commerc Ial Motor Tran spo rt Exhibition 150 Convulsions, 182

Detailed Marking Sheet, No. 45, 70. No. 46, 131, 140.

" No. 47, 179.

Durham, Cleveland and Westmorland Districts Ambulance League, 229.

EDITORIAL :-

Annual Report of the B.R.e.s., 1. B.R.CS. Rheumatism Clinic, 277. First Aiders and A.R.P. Work, 249. Great Example to OtherS', A, 305. Greeting, 137.

In Memoriam, 193. Mixed Classes, 81, 109. Police and First Aid, 221. S.J.A.A., The, During 1934, 53. S.lA B. At Home, The, 25. Essentials of First Aid, 2. Extracts from the Manual of Instruction for the Royal Naval Sick Berth-Staff, 196, 222, 250, 278, 306.

First Aid Treatment of Burns, 13, 38.

Nielson Method of Artificial Respiration, 207. Club, The, .102, 129, 140, 184, 214, 235, 258, 298. HurS't Stretcher EqUlpment, 231.

International Life Saving Congress, The 27th, 63. Is It Worth While? 83. L

Lectures in Elementary Anatomy, 95, 128, 174. Legion of Frontiersmen, The, 4.

LETTE RS TO THE EDITOR:-

Bird's Nest Causes Three Deaths 134.

Competition Marks, 146. '

First Aid Treatment of Burns, 134, 146.

Laymen Lecturers, 6, 35, 70, 99.

Loading Stretcher, 183.

Record for Service, A, 183.

Solution for Burns and Scalds, 70. M

Massage: Its' Relation to First Aid, 257.

National Road Passenger Tran spor Ambulance Association, 5, 242, 311.

New Ambulance of the In valid Transp ort S.lA.A., 176 New Year's Honours List, 181.

Obituary, 298.

Our Nurses' Pages, 18, 44, 71, 100, 126, 156, 185, 211, 239, 267, 295, 324.

Participants Impression of the Royal Silver Jubile e, A, 22. POLICE AMBULANCE NEWS:Brighton Borough, 125. Chesterfield Borough, 180. City of London, 154. City of London Special Constabulary, 65, 125, 180, 293 , 323.

Leeds .city Police, 293. Metropolitan, 154, 180, 238, 293, 323. North East Yorkshire, 125.

Police National First Aid Competition, 180, 208, 236, 266, 291.

Rotherham West Riding, 65. Shrewsbury Borough, 125. Stalybridge Division, 65.

Port of Bristol Authority, 113, 311.

Practical Points, 323.

Priory for Wales, 11, 36, 64, 94, 120, 149, 175, 204, 230, 259, 285, 316.

QUERIES AND ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS:-

Acrilavine for Burns 188, 246.

Acute Abdominal Pains, 330.

Arteries to Lobe of Ear, 20.

Artificial Respiration With Fractured Ribs, 20, SO.

Artificial Respiration With Fractured Spine, 104 Aspirin, Action of, 104 Blue Bag for Stings, US'e of, 20.

Causes of Asphyxia, 20.

Choice of Arm Sling, 328.

Classification of Snake Venom, 300.

Competitor's Plaint, A, 244.

Complicated Fractures of Ribs, 216

Compound Fracture with protrusion of Bone, 244. Compression of the Brain, 218.

Control of Hremorrhage from the Wrist, 78.

Definition of Insensibility, 216.

Detailed Marking Sheet No. 47, 218.

Diagnosis of Corrosive Poisoning, 188.

Disadvantages of Tannic Acid, 162.

Effects of Cold, 216.

Error in Diagnosis, An, 76.

Examination Howler, 20, 48, 76, 104, 132, 160, 188, 216, 244, 272, 300, 330.

First Aid Box, A, 104, 134.

First Aider's Dilemma, A, 218.

Foreign Body in Stomach, 302.

Formation of Three-handed Seat, 160

Fractures of Leg and Patella, 246.

Freeing Hands of Germs, 162.

History of Treatment of Burns, 160.

Hot Pack, Administration of, 106.

Humour in Competition, 20.

Humour in First Aid, 132, 216, 246, 274, 302.

Ideal Dres sing for Wounds, 106. Lifting Patient into Bed, 302.

Lockjaw from Infection of Wounds, 300.

Meaning of "Fracture," 244.

Methods of tying Reef Knots, 216, 272.

Origin of Term "Solar Plexus," 330.

Performance of Artificial Respiration, 244

Picric Acid with Burns, 134 Pim Challenge Cup Marking Sheet, 330.

Pipeclay for Corrosive Poisons, 300.

Plaint of a Competitor, 76.

Plaster for Wounds, Use of, 188.

Poison by Lavender Water, 50. Pressure Points, 106.

Prussic Acid, Action of, 188.

Regulation SplintS', 274. " and Haver sac 300.

Ring Pad, Use of a, 162, 190.

Rules for Treatment of Insensibility, 76

Shock from Abdominal Injury, 300. Strychmne as ,Cause of Insensibility, 272.

Tannic Acid Treatment of Burns, 132, 162.

Thanks to the Doctor, 104.

Transport of Fractured Spine, 218.

Treatment f or Corrosive Poisoning, 188 of a Bruise, 162. Apoplexy, 21 8.

Burns, 48, 132.

Burns and Scalds, 78.

Burst Varicose Veins, 274.

Carbolic Acid Poisoning, 190 Complicated Fracture of Ribs, 274. Compound Fracture, 272 Epilepsy, 188 . Food Poisoning, 20. Fracture Below Elbow, 272.

Fractured Clavicle, 132. Fractured Femur, 302, 328.

Fractured Humerus, 20, 48, 328.

Fractured Leg, 244.

Fractured Pelvis, 274. Hiccough, 246.

Injuries to Kidneys, 274. Nose-bleeding, 132. Poisoning, 104, 132. Rupture, 22 Scalds and Burns, 190. Snake Bite, 48, 50. Sprained Ankle, 22, 104 Sprained Ankle Indoors, 160. Venomous' Snake Bite, 328. Wound on Forearm, 78. " Wounds, 302. Woes of a First Aider, 76. R

RAILWAY AMBULANCE NEWS :Great Western, 15, 42, 66, 97, 122, 151, 177, 205, 232, 261 , 288, 318.

Inter-Railway Competition Final, 40, 151, 177, 261, 288, 320. London Midland & Scottish, 15, 42, 66, 97, 122, 151 , 178, 232, 262, 289, 318 London & North Eastern, 16, 42, 98, 123, 152, 178, 205, 234, 263, 290. Metropolitan Line (London Transport), 98, 234. M. & G. N. Joint, 262. Southern, 16, 43, 67, 99, 124, 153, 179, 206, 235, 264, 291, 319.

REVIEWS :-

British Red Cross Society First Aid Manual, 181. Catechism of Air Raid Precautions, A, 106 First Aiel for Everyone, 203. First Aid in Emergencies, 148. Health & Nursing in the Home, 17. Hygiene or the Gospel of Health, 203. Modern Treatment of Burns, The, 134 s

'a fety First and First Aid Exhibition, 125. Salve for Protecting Skin from Injury by Gas Warfare 286. St. Andrew's Ambulance Association, 5, 82, 124, 194, 265, 286. St. John Ambulance Association, 30, 54, 82, 110, 166, 194, 260.

ST. JOHN AMBULANCE BRIGADE DISTRICT REPORTS :Brigade Headquarters, 280, 312. No. I (Prince of Wales's) District, 7, 31, 59, 88, 115, 141, 169, 199, 225, 252, 280, 312.

INDEX.

No. II District, 7, 31, 59, 89, 116, 144, 200, 227, 280, 313.

No. III District, 8, 59, 89, 116, 144, 227, 254, 282.

No. IV District, 8, 31, 59, 90, 117, 145, 170, 200, 227, 254, 282, 313.

No. V District, 9, 33, 60, 91, 118, 145, 171, 201, 228, 254, 314.

o. VI District, 9, 34, 118, 146, 171, 201, 228, 255, 283.

Io. VII District, 34.

o. VIII (Duke of Conl1aught's) District, 10, 34, 62, 91, 118, 172,202,256, 283, 314.

No. IX District, 10, 34, 62, 92, 119, 146, 172, 229, 256.

No. X District, 35, 93, 172, 202, 229.

Northern Ireland (Ulster) District, 284.

St. John Ambulance Brigade Final Competitions, 308.

t. John Ambulance Brigade Overseas, 26, 113, 148, 166,270, 298, 315.

Tor Hip Sling', The, 147. Transport of Patients with Suspected Fracture of the Spine, 184.

Treatment after Dro wllil1g, 69.

War Gases-Table II, 29.

Wimbledon Ambulance Festival, 284. Working Men's Club and Institute Union, 65. Workington Annual Competitions, 6. Illustrations.

'laT AID Journal for the Ambulance nub 3auT'slng

NOTICE TO READERS.

FIRST AID is published on the 20th of each month. The Annual Subscription is 35. 6d. post free: single copies 3d.

EDITORIAL.

Bristol Centre S.JA.A. Annual Competitions, 30.

Chislet Colliery Ambulance Team, 43.

Competition Team of C. & J G. Potter, 110.

Cumberland Motor Services, Ltd., Ambulance Section, 6.

Eppleton Colliery" D" Team, 87.

Henderson, James H. H., S.A.A.A., 286.

His Late Majesty King George V, 195.

Houghton Colliery Team, 311.

" Hurst" Stretcher Equipment, 231.

Littleton" E" Team, winners Cannoch Chase Colliery Competition, 55.

New Ambulance at St. John's Gate, The, 176.

POLICE ;-

" B /I Division Birmingham Special Constabulary Ambulance Class, 293.

"

F /I Division Metropolitan Police, winner of "Pim" Trophy, 1935, 236.

Port of Authority Competitions in Progress, 113. Prospect DlvlslOn, South Australia, Inspection by Col. J L. Sleeman, 315.

PRIORY FOR WALES;-

Bargoed S.].A.B. and Voluntary Aid Detachment 37. Cadet Nursing Division, 317.

BUIlth Wells Division, Dedication of New Ambulance , Fishguard and Goodwich Cadet Division 67. Holyhead. Division Inspection, 1935, 95.'

Kenfig Hill Team receiving the "L1andinam" Shield, 285.

Monmouth Ambulance Hall and Fire Station Opening of,64.

Welsh National Road Ambulance Competition, 120.

RAILWAY AMBULANCE ;-

Inter-Railway Competition: Horsham No.1 (S.R.) winners 1935, 17. Waterloo A (S.R.) winners 1936, 320.

L.M.S.R.; Glasgow "B" (Women's) Team receiving the Cup, 318. No. VIII Dlstnct, Division No. 1 Officers at Annual Competitions, 289.

L.N.E.R.; Clayden, W., 16.

Colwich Traffic Ambulance Team 98. Scene of the Team Test at Stratford Challenge Shield Competitions, 289.

M. & G.N. Joint: Annual Competitions in Progress 263. South Lynn Competition Team, 41. Metropolitan: Gathering at Scotbridge House, Rickmansworth, 99.

S.R.: Horsha!ll 1 Team receiving the S R ChampIOnship Shield, 290.

ST. JOHN AMBULANCE BRIGADE: No.1 (Prince of Wales's) District.

Barnet Division Annual Dinner, 226. District Officers' Dinner, 142. Hackney Division, 115. No. 69 N. Division, Southern Railway Corps (Southern) Tableau, 72.

Officers at East Ham Inter-District Competitions', 115

Presentations of the No. 69 N. Division Southern Railway Corps (Southern), 19.

Taylor, Supt. J. E., Southall Division, 144. No. II District.

Fishpond Division, City of Bristol Corps, 89. Somerset County Competitions presentations, 255. South BuckS' Corps-Opening of New Headquarters, 281. Window Display by Supt. F. R. Stent, Bath City Division, 10

No. III District.

Sa1tley L.M. & S.R. Team at Work in "Dewar" Final, 310.

Stourbridge Division, Dudley and District Corps, 90. Whittlesey Division, 145.

No. IV (Lancashire) District.

Bury Nursing Division-lOO Years of Service, 32. Liverpool North Division, Liverpo o l Corps, 60. No. V District.

Central Nursing Division, Leeds Corps, Gas Demonstration, 186.

Glover, Div. Supt. E. D., Armley and Wortley Divisions, 33.

Members of Armley and Wortley Divisions at Armley Feast, 61.

Paling, Div. Supt. W. G., Lough Division, 33.

No. VI District.

Bishop Auckland Division, 9.

No. VIII (Duke of Connaught's) District.

Dartford Division Jubilee' Day Tableau, So Herne Bay Nursing Division receiving the "Perrott II Shield from the Duchess' of York, 310. Horsham receiving the "Three Counties" Shield, 314. Thanington Section, Canterbury Division, 171. Tunbridge Wells Division-New Standard Ambulance, 92.

No. IX District.

Launceston Station Opening and Ambulance Dedication, 119.

Lt.-Col. Blackwood, D.S.O., County Commissioner at the Cornish Units' Inspection, 10.

No. X District.

Ipswich V.A.D. Inspection, 127.

Thanington Section, S.J.A.A. Competition Team, 86. Tor Hip Sling, The, 147. Wildridge, MisS', 186.

Its aim and object being the advancement of Ambulance Work in all its branches, the Editor invites Readers to send Articles and Reports on subjects pertaining to the Movement and also welcomes suggestions for Practical Papers.

All Reports, &c., should be addressed to the Editor at the address below, and should reach him before the 12th of each month, and must be accompanied (not necessarily tor publication) by the name and address of the Correspondent.

Subscriptions, Advertisements and other business Communications connected with FIRST AID should be forwarded to the PublishetS, DALE, REYNOLDS & CO., LTD., 46, CANNON STRERT, LONDON, E.C.4.

7 elegraphic Address-" Twenty-jour, London." Telephone-City 37IO.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE B.R.C.S.

IN all departments continued expansion is sho\vn in the an n ual report for 1934 of the British Red Cross Society. Trained personnel now totals 3,391 men and 18,891 women attached to the V.A.D.; and 1,376 men and 1,792 women members of the Red Cross Detachments. Air Ambulance Detachments have increased to four, East Lancashire having one and Surrey three.

Apart from the usual trail1ing First Aid in Chemical Warfare has occupied a prominent position, and during the past year 2,266 awards in this subject were issued.

The efficiency of the mem hers was successfully applied in a wide variety of activities, including first aid on the roads, at the seaside, at camps, dispensaries and dressing stations, &c. Auxiliary work in hospitals, assistance at clinics, and home nursing were among the duties carried out by the nurses. The usefulness of the Clinic for Rheumatism has been well evidenced by the interest taken by the med ical profession. During 1934 there were 98,656 attendances for treatment, an increase of over 4,000 against 1933.

The Blood Transfusion Service also received increased calls there being 3,855 transfusions against 3,017 for 1933. l\Iem bership now totals 1,881

The Junior Section also reported expansion there now being 405 Links with a membership of over 27,000. During the year nearly 2,000 junior certificates and awards were earned.

Reports from County and Overseas, together with the statement of accounts, complete the official report for 1934.

Owing to heavy pressure on space, it has been found necessary to hold over many items and photographs until the next issue.

Essentials of Fi rs t Aid :

By N. CORBET FLETCHER, M.A., M.B., M.R.C.S.

FIRST AID is a special science which is allied to medicine and surgery only in that it is based on the same fundamental principles. Hence the need for medical practitioners and trained nurses to study first aid, although with them the a.ngle of approach differs from that of lay persons, SInce the former must bring their knowledge dO"Y,n, whereas the latter must raise up, to the requirements of first aid.

THE HISTORY OF FIR?T AID.

Further, first aid has been practised down the ages, and many fine examples can be .found the classics and in the annals of the vanous natIons. In those times, however, it was sporadic and the outcome of individual charity. As an organised science first aiJ dates from the Geneva Convention of 1864; it owes everything to the St. John Ambulance Association, which, founded in 1887, brought out the first edition of its textbook in 1878, and to the late Sir James Cantlie, then :vIr. Cantlie, a far-seeing and enthusiastic surgeon, who had a controlling influence on this manual from its first to its 1908 edition, and in this way by his genius converted first aid into a science. Of this textbook more than 3,805,000 copies have been sold.

First aid has three objects-preservation of life, prevention of aggravation of injury or condition, and provision of proper transport; and it teaches its students the art of improvising equipment when the need arises wherein it differs essentially from medicine or surgery. It is strictly limited in its scope, which, as I discovered years ago, can be neatly expressed by the initial letters of the word MISHAPS. This is the more interesting, since the second half of my key word -HAPS-includes all the conditions for which (Hcemorrhage, Asphyxia, Poisoning and Shock) active measures are required from first aiders, and whereby lives may be (and are) saved by them.

Time will not permit me to deal exhaustively with the whole rarlge of first aid to-night; and so I propose to speak brieAy on the treatment of the various conditions within the limits of first aid. MAIMS.

A maim being defined as the loss of an essential part of the body, this word provides us

*A lecture g iven during the Special Course in Public Health and General ursing for Registered Nurses held recently at the College of Nursing.

with a general term which .fr.actures of bones, dislocations and spraIns of F .or none does first aid insist upon an exact diagnOSIs, and it is content always to treat as the more serious injury. Further, improvisation enters into the treatment and transport of condItIOns; and first aid teaches its students how quickly articles of everyday use may be utilised as bandages and arm-slings, and also how easy It IS to manufacture a stretcher out of two poles and two coats or sacks or a blanket with a cov pIe of \V"al king sticks as traverse bars first only comes into action when med Ical aid IS not avaIlable.

With jractu1'es first aid lays down the need to control the broken limb on the spot with splints and bandages or with other means of restraint (proper use being made of "nature's splints"e.g., lower bandaged to upper jaw, upper limb to trunk, and lower limb to its uninjured fellow) ; to avoid exposure of the part except when the fracture is compound; and to select the most suitable method of transport, be this by handseat, stretcher, wheeled vehicle or amhulance. In the connection it stresses the importance of removing in recumbent position and by ambulance all cases of fractures of skull, spine, pelvis and thigh.

With d£slocations and sprains of joints first aid teaches that there are two lines of treatmentoutdoor and indoor. I n the former emergency the injured joint is not to be exposed but to be supported - proper use agai n being made of " spli nts." In the latter, consequent on the swelltng which quickly develops in injured joints, the limb is to be exposed carefully and supported on pillows, while the joint is to be treated by continuous application of cold till the arrival of a doctor, whose services are invariably sought at the first possible moment in this and in all other emergencIes. INSENSIBILITY.

With cases of insensibility first aid teaches that to the untrained person this condition is apt to create panic, and that of all conditions it is the one in which active interference is to be deplored, exception being made only in the case of asphyxia. It requires that nothing should be given by mouth; that the patient should be treated mainly as for profound shock; and he should invariably be removed to home or hospital recumbent, and by ambulance or other wheeled vehicle.

SCALDS AND LOCAL INJURIES.

This section includes various local injuriesscalds and burns, bites o( animals (including venomouS ones), bruises, stings, foreign bodies and so on.

With scalds and burns first aid emphasises the urgent need to cover the part quickly and so to protect the patient from the pressing dangers of shock and sepsis; and it teaches that oily applications are to be avoided especially in these days of tan n ic acid treatmen t. The St. John textbook sucrgests the use of bicarbonate of soda solution, on b the grounds that it is efficient and that it is usually available or easily procurable, while it teaches that special attention must be given to the treatment of shock in these conditions.

With bz'tes of venomous an i mals first aid teaches its students to seek immediate means of blocking the venous return and so to prevent the poison passing into the general blood stream, for which purpose, in this ins ance only, it encourages bleeding.

\Vith bru£ses it favours the continuous application of cold as a means of restricting further escape of blood from the torn vessels at the seat of injury.

\Vith jorezf[?l bodz'es in ear, eye, nose and stomach first aid emphasises that in most instances active interference will do incalculable harm; and it urges its students to adopt a passive attitude except when the foreign body is in the mouth, throat or lungs and is obstructing the patient's breathing.

HAEMORRHAGE AND \VOUNDS.

It is noteworthy that scientific first aid first established its reputation by its successful preventive treatment of fractures and haemorrhage, both of which still occupy positions of importance in the St. John examination for certificates.

With izaemorrizage, therefore, first aid stresses the dangers of severe and uncontrolled loss of blood, especially arterial; and, by teachinff its students the location of the main pressure pomts, it shows how in most emergencies bleeding can be controlled. At the same time it impresses on its students that with this condition it is almost as important to protect from shock and to keep the germs out as it is to keep the blood within the vessels of the body.

ASPHYXIA.

Through the proper application of artificial respiration first aid has saved many of and it may happen that some first alders can carry out the movements morecorrectly,.and fore more efficiently, than certain medIcal tioners who rely on medical textbooks ll1 many instances there is a faulty deSCrIptIOn of these movements.

Schafer's method holds the field as the ideal

form of artificial respiration. in the performance of which first aid insists on the necessity of a good and regular body-swing and of the transmission of the operator's body-weight through his rigid upper limbs.

POISONING.

Perhaps no emergency offers more serious difficulties to the medical practitioner than do some cases of poisoning by mouth. Fortunately for its students, first aid simplifies both the diagnosis and treatment of this condition, since it directs prompt attention to the patient's mouth whether burned or otherwise. By this means it obtains a hint as to the poison taken, whether corrosive or non-corrosive, and its appropriate treatment.

If the mouth is burned no emetic is to be given lest further damage be done; but, if it is not burned, then an emetic is to be given at once and repeated till vomiting occurs. In all cases the doctor is to be summoned forthwith and the antidote peculiar to the poison, if known, is to be administered without delay.

SHOCK.

For all emergencies first aid seeks to im press on its students the urgent need to give prompt attention to the treatment of shock, which so often kills its victims. I t therefore teaches that the cause must first be removed from the patient or the patient from the cause, if possible; that the patient must be kept throughout in a recumbent f-osition ; that he must be wrapped up warmly in rugs or blankets to retain his own body heat, and, if practicable, be packed with properly protected hot water bottles; that, except he be unconscious, or injury to an internal organ be suspected, he should be given hot drinks in sips; and lastly that, if the shock be marked or slow in its reaction, he must be removed to home or hospital recumbent and by ambulance.

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The legion of Frontiersmen.

A fillip to first aid in the L eg io n been by the publ shing-, in a circular letter to 'particulars of arrano-ement between the Chief Co mmI ssIOne r of the St. John Ambulance Brigade and the of the Legion of Frontiersmen, whereby the Chief Comml:slOner expresses his gladness to accept the offer ?f the se r vice s of mem bers of the Legion to co-operate wIth th e St. J Am bulance Brigade in the eve nt of gas attac.ks, LegIOn assisting to man first a id posts a nd decoIltammat.lOn ce ntr es, on the understanding that members of the LeglOn are parE'd to carry out du ties to them by the et1lef Commissioner or his representatIve. Th e Governme?t Department concerned h as give n its approva to this arrangment.

The Legion has estab li shed a. Scho o Chemical \\ ' arfare duties, its first premises re mg at Pro vIdence Place, Islington, the School being formally opened by Sir J ohn Duncan, and in str u ctors being by the Welsh Guards By kind permission of t he authontJes, the School has now been moved to the Duke of York's Headquarters, Che lsea. The provinces. are n?t lagg ing ?ehind the cap i tal in training t h emse l ves m anti -gas first aId and protective measures.

orthern mem bers are taki n g a lead in g part in an important move to provide instruction on a lar ge sca le in gas protection. Twenty-eight men from the Nofth have received an intensive course in ant i-g as fi r st a id at the Duke of York's Headqua rt ers, with the object of preparing them to become instructors in their own lo ca lities Leaders of the movement in the North include Captain Hammer of Durham County, a nd Lt. Knowles-Fitton of Dewsbury. Other members are from Manchester, Leeds, York, Bradford, Sheffield and Newcast le The L egio n in the orth has an air communication squadron which is co mpo se d of six aeroplanes owned by members, and this is bein g trained to carry urgent medical and other supplies.

LOCAL NOTES.

NORTH-EASTERN AREA.-Th is Ar ea includes units at Middlesbrough, Darlington, Billingham, Newc as tle, Sund e rland and Berwick-an-Tweed, and first ai d is a s ubj ect on the Area Training Syllab u s. Each unit h as two trained first aiders on its establishment, but most of the members of all ranks hold certificates The senior Medical Offi ce r of the Area is Lt. C Russell Corfield, M. D., the Medical Supt. of the lunicipal Hospital, S und erlan d , who ha s had medical service with the South African Forces, and is well known as a judge of ambulance and nursing competit ions in the North

SUNDERLAND.-First aid instruction is goi n g on here under Lt. R Burns, M. B., l ate Surgeon-Lieut., Royal Navy, who practises i n the tow n Dr. Burns jo ined the Legion as a Trooper, and h as only recently accepte d promotion to the rank of Medical Officer; he has the assistance of Tr. Mushens.

SOUTII YORKSHIRE AREA - Lt. Dufty, M. D., County Surgeon, S.J.A. B., previously M.O. to the Sheffield Squ a dron, has retired and been suceeeded by Dr. Froggatt, a Trooper in the unit, who has been promoted Lieut. on becoming 1\1. O. Two se r gea n ts of this Are a have attended the Gas Course at Chel sea Barracks.

POCKLlNCTON AND MARKET VVEIGH TON.- Ser gea nt Curtis and Co r pora l Smart, M.C., attended the co urse at the Gas School, and secured distinctions in the examination.

'EWCASTLE - Trooper Bolt has passed the Gas Course and has been appointed Lce. -CarpI. Among the members of this unit is Corps Sergt. Major Wray Smith, D.C.M ., !'1. M., of the St. John Amb ulan ce Brigade, who, however, IS not accepting any officia l first aid a ppointment in the

AID.

Legion, preferring to serve as a non-medi ca member, but he has been of service to his unit as an old band at ambulan ce work on many occasions.

YORK. - Lt. W. Day, who commands York Squadron, is an officer with war-time R.A.M.C. service, and he is training his men in first aid pending the appointment of a Legion Medical Officer.

SOUTH S USSEX AREA.-First aid work continues under Lt. M cG regor, late Lt. -Col., R A M. C. and District Surgeon S.J.A. B. Ov e rseas. ., LONnoN. - M edi ca l work in the London Area IS organ Ised by Dr. Malc0lm, who has experience in Patbology and Hygiene in South and East Africa.

HEADOUARTERs -Cap t. N. W HamIller ha s relinquished at bis own request the of Principal M edical Officer to the Legion on bis l eav ing London. He has been appointed to an a dministrativ e post on the staff of the Northern Command. He is to be succeeded by a disting uished phys ician who, during the war, h eld a consultant post to the Royal Navy. An announcement will be made in due co ur se.

AIR DEFEN CE AND ANTI-GAS BRAN CH - M a jor H. Stuart Bla ckmore, C.B.E., R.A.M.C., has joined the tea c hing s taff at the Central S c ho o l, a nd become a m em ber of the S c hool's Advisory Committee, other members of whi ch are Col. E. G. Dunn, D.S O., Col. E. A. Ewart, D S.O., Capt. R. A. Smith, M I.E.E., and Fli ght -Lt. J. Armour, RA.F

Coming Events.

The Editor will be pleased to receive particulars of forthcom ing events for inclusion (free of charge) under this heading.

J ULY

26 - Royal Welsh Ag ri c ultur a l Show Ambulance Competitions, Caernavon

27.-Cardig-anshire Co unty , Prior y for W a les, Competitions. Cross wood.

27.-Annual Stretcher Compet ition, Bristol Centre, S.l A.A. Zoologi ca Gardens, C lifton.

27.-J nspection B o lt on Corps (No.4 ( Lan cas hire) District), S.J.A.B

27.-Final Comp etitio n s of the Cannocl{ Cha se Centre, S.].A.A , Cannocl{ Mining College.

27-Aug. 12. -Sco tti s h V.A.D. Camp, Aboyne

28.-Inspection Fylde North (No.4 (Lancashire) Distri ct), S.J A.B. AUGUST.

3. - Ambulance Fete, Kirkham.

3-10.-Annual Camp ur s ing Perso nn e l S.l A. B., Rossall School, near Bla ckpool.

10. -A nnual Competitions, Nelson Corp s, S.J,A.B., Nelson.

17. - Bilsthorpe Ambulance Challenge Cup and Individual Competitions, Bil s th or pe.

SEPTEMBER.

14. -Open Ambulance and Cadet Competitions, General Hospital F e te, Aberdare.

15.-Annual Church Parade, South Metropolitan Gas Co., S.J.A.B , Christ Church, Old Kent Road.

4 (Lanc as hire) Distri ct Ann u al Conference, Oldham.

St. Andrew's i\mbulance Association.

Th e annual m eeti ng of the Association was h e ld at headquarters, Glas gow, on Jun e 26th, when the Lord Provo st of Glasgow, Sir B. Sw a n , presid e d.

In th e report It was stated that 40,929 calls had been made on th e ambulance wagons durin g the yea r, and the total number of pa t ie nts ca rried since the formation of the Association was now 720,674. In Glasgow there bad been 18,433 turnouts in vo l ving 18,887 cases, of which 9, 7 87 were acc ident s and the r e maining number were cases of illne ss. Speci a duti es had been performed at football mat c h es, etc., whi st at the a unchin g- of the" Que e n Mary" 375 members were on dut y.

The Lord Provost moved the adoption of the report and stateme nt of accounts H e knew from hi s own experiences t hat the serv ices of the members of the Associat ion were in va luabl e.

Colonel D. J. Mackintosh, who secon d e d dr ew attention to the work of the aeroplane ambulance se r vice. Las t year t hey had 22 cases brought from I s l a)" Arran, C a mpbeltown , Colonsay, South Uist, Tire e, Mull and Barra. Commenting o n the in st ru ct io n a l work Co l. Mackintosh state d that 10,000 pupils were trained eve r y yea r in fi r st aid and sick nursing.

During- the yea r 1,565 accident cases in which motor vehicles were involved were attended by the H eadq u arte r s' Staff Th e ambu lan ce wagon fleet now number 80, of which 14 are statio n ed in Glasgow.

First a id classes conducted numbered 577 and nursin g classes 56, at which 9,824 persons r eceived instruction.

KIRKCALDY.-Mr. Da vid Gatherum presided at the an nu a l meeting of the Kirk ca ld y committee.

The secretary reported that the work was sti ll in creasing, the motor ambulance h avi n g been ca ll ed out on 393 occasions, coveri n g 3,157 miles; 367. pupils enro ll e d for the first aid classes a nd 1 6 for home nursing.

As in previous yea r s m embe rs of sect ion s w it hin the Burgh of Kirkcaldy, Mr. T. A Galloway, commanda n t, Sinclairtown , in c h arge, patrolled Links Market, 36 men a nd 15 wom a n turning out. They dealt with 17 cases, consist in g of cuts, bruises, and faintings. The committee tendered a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Galloway a nd all others for their se r vices Th e committee with a view to keeping the amb ul ance wagon service up-to-date, purchased recently a Roll s R oyce saloon car, which is being converted into a sa lo on amb ulan ce.

FO UND.-Bro n ze Medallion No. 286672, in L eam in gton. Owner can obtain same on application to Di v Supt. Walton C liffe, "Morwenna," 76 Clarendon-street, Leamington Spa.

Members of the Halsted Di v isi on, S.]. A B. and B R. C. S. N ur ses from Colchester and Chelmsford were responsible for the first aid arrangements at the Essex Show.

Glascote Colli ery team were decl a red the winners at the 4t h annual competitions of the Warwickshire Collieries Am bulan ce Le ag ue which were held on S at urday, June 22nd, at Nuneatoll.

ERRATA :-" Th e' Holg-e r Nielson Method of Ar t i6ci a l Respiration." In 6g. 4 whi c h accompanied this article in the May, 1 93 5, iss ue the positions sho""n of the feet an d knees should b e revers e d i for ri g ht read left and vice vena.

National Road Passenger Transport Ambulance Association.

The 6nal round for the "Stirk Cha ll enge Trophy," which is held under the ausp ces of the above Association, took place on Sunday, July 7th, at Red House Park, ,,vest Bromwich. Owing to the increased number of entries re ce ive d for this competition it "'as found necessary to di vi d e the country into areas and conduct eliminating contests, the number of teams from each area going into the final being governed by the number of teams competing.

Th e Northern Area was represented by the following teams :-Huddersfield Corporation Tramways and Sheffield Corporation Tramways. ?\1idland Area :-West Bromwich Transport Department, Birmingham Corporation Tramway and Omnibus Dept. and Nottingham Corporation Passenger D ept. Southern Area :-East Kent Car Co. (Canterbury) an d the Western Welsh Traction Co. (Aberdare).

Th e staging for the Stretcher Test was made by the West Bromwlch Tr ansport Dept. assisted by the han. sec ret a r y (Mr. D. Hardy). Those present included the IVlayor of West Bromwich and Walsall and the Departmental Chiefs of the various Transport undertakings. The followin g acted as judges :-Dr. Col. G. H. L. Hammerton, of Dewsbury (stretcher), Dr. F. L. Richard, of Walsall (individual practical), and 1\1r. Edward D. Glover, Han. Secretary Leeds Centre, S.J,A.A. (viva voce)

On conclusion of the competition the Mayor of vVest Bromwich addressed the gathering on the value of first aid work and sa id that vVest Bromwich were doing all they could to further the interest in that work among their employees, and he asked the judges to gi\'e a report on the work that had been done by the teams. The result was then announced as follows :-

1, Nottingham, 348t points; 2, Birmingham, 330 3, West Bromwich, 319; 4, Aberdare, 316; 5, Huddersfield, 284 ; 6, Sheffield, 260; 7, Canterbury, 196.

Th e donor of the trophy (Mr. ]. H. Stirk, Chairman of the East IVIidland Traffic Com missioners) handed to the capta in of the winning team the trophy to be held for 12 months and a go ld medal to each member of the team and co n g r atulated them on their success; the runners up r eceiving cases of fruit spoons.

The Competition is open to all Road Passenger Transport Undertakings in the United Kingdom, and the Han. Secretary (:\lr. D. Hardy, B'ham Corporation Tramway Works, Kyotts Lake-road, Birmingham) will be pleased to send a copy of the rules to an y Road Passenger Undertaking interested in the competition.

The Cen tral A rea, No. 1 District, S. J •-\.. B., held its a nnu a l church parade on Sunday, June 23rd, at St. Clement Dane's Church, Strand_

FIRST AID IN DEFENCE AGAINST CHEMICAL WARFARE

By D. J COLLINS , C B., C.M.G., M.D. Major-General and H STUART BLACKMORE, O B E., M.R .C S" L.D.S., D.P.H. Major, R.A.M C. Single Copi es 7d post free. Per dozen 6s 6d. May be obtained from DALE, REYNOLDS & CO. LTO. 46. Cannon Street , London, E C.4

Annu a l Competitions.

For the second year in succession the team representing Cumberland :\iotor Services, Ltd., were adjudged the winners of the" Dr. Isaac Fletcher" Challenge Cup. The competition is open to teams in the borough of Workington, and Dr. Isaac Fletcher (donor of the trophy), Dr. Adam Brown and Dr. Hodson Fletcher judged this year's event. o b-, Mr. ]. H. P. James, Director of Education, presided over the proceeding-so He commented on the excellent work which had been done and realised that such a display was only possible after weeks of study and strenuous work.

Each judge -addressed the competitors and commented favourably on the:"york done. test given by Dr. Hodson

aider, who can give of his experience learnt u nder the Divisional Surgeon.

I still maintain that many Brigade lay members are better teachers than the BrigadE' professiona l members. After all, a great number of ou-r people are in the teaching profession. It would be logical to say a doctor shou ld take lessons in teaching before he attempted to teach. If only some of them would!

The principal points on this subject seem to be :-

1. Doctors and nurses are frequently unavailable or irregular for courses of lectures.

2. Fees are a difficulty. One feels ashamed to go on asking for free lectures.

3. Both difficu \ties could be got over by lay lecturers

4. Appointment as lay lecturer should only be after a practical as well as a theoretical examination in the subjects and in teaching.

5. Fairly frequent re-examinations in order to keep the appointment as "approved lecturer" would obviate the danger of old fashioned methods being taught hy those past the work. They would also ensure the lecturer keeping u p the work. I suggest bi-annual re -examinations

6 The Brigade in Canada has lay lecturers. The Red Cross has a similar examination. Therefore it is not a dangerous novelty.

7. The authorites in England need a lot of pushing- and persuading. As the writer of the first letter on this subject, I hope many others will help to push. "Many drops wear away stones."

Yours, etc., "CLASS SECRETARY."

The St. 10ltn Amb u lance

Brzgade Dzst1'zct Reports.

No . I ( Prince of Wales' s ) District .

NORTHERN AREA.-The annual field day of the Northern Area was held on Saturday, June 22nd, when gas practise was held at the Vale of Health, Hampstead Heath. Capt. A. C. White Knox, Asst. Commissioner, assisted by District Officers C. T Osburn and 'Irs. MacFadden, was in charge and about 150 members took part.

Two tents were pitched, representing evacuation centres for treatment, where nurses were in charge, squads being in waterproof clothing 2l.nd rubber gloves. Fifty yards from the tents a first aid station under capable officers was installed From this point the whole area could be watcred and some 30 men were stationed fully equipped with gas masks and protective clothing.

Patients, in pairs, were placed out provided with a smoke and ground bomb. Yellow labels indicated their injuries.

On a given signal the first pair lit their bombs and immediately there was a cloud of yellow smoke which lasted 10 minutes. Other bombs were exploded at twO minute intervals.

A social followed at which Dr. Stanley J. Davies, Corps Officer W. H. Miller, Supt. Webb (New Cross), Amb. Officer Deadman (L.ee. Tramways), Amb. Officer Harbottle (Eltham) and Amb. Officer Symonds (Lewisham) were present.

The competition was, as usual, run on modern lines and some excellent work was witnessed by a large gathering.

L.P.T.B. (METROPOLITAN LINE) CORPs.-On Thursday, July 2nd) the second competition for the" Clarke" Shield, presented by Arthur B. Clarke, Esq., for inter-divisional competition, was held in the Ambulance Hall, Neasden. The judges were Corps Supt. Kersley, Southern Railway Corps, (first aid section) and Div. Supt. H. V. Shrosbree, Hurow and Wealdstone Division (uniforms and drill).

Each team was required to attend a patient suffering from a gunshot wound in the left arm and burst varicose vein in the right leg.

Cumberland Motor Services, Ltd., team winners of " Dr. Isaac Fletcher" Challenge Cup.

From left: Inspector W. C. Hamill, ]. Bell, W. Davidson, H. Gale, ]. L. Brown, and ]. vValley, captain.

Fletcher was "Give the uses of cold water as stated in the Textbook," and he was surprised how well the answer was given.

Mrs. James presented the cup and individual prizes, the latter having been supplied by Mr. John Walker.

The results were announced as follows :-1, Cumberland Motor Services Ltd., 260; 2, United Steel Co., 243; 3, L. M. & S. R., 236. Individual prize, "Walker" Cup, ]. Whalley, captain, Cumberland Motor Services, Ltd.

Mr. S. Walker was Secretary of the competition.

Letters to the Ed itor.

We are in no way responsible for the opinions expressed, or the statements made, by Correspondents.-EnIToR.

LAYMEN LECTURERS . DEAR SlR,-

It is interesting to read the suggestions of " Yet Another Class Secretary" on the above subject.

':fhe writer is, perhaps, a bit drastic in suggesting a candidate should enter for exan: inations without attending any .01' 2 pparently bemg other than splf-taught. Perhaps thiS IS possible, many people are self-educated and do well, yet in most cases some guidance is received, even if only by correspondence.

I do feel that when dealing in human lives the selffirst aider might be a decided danger. it is not a subject. in. which it is safe to learn by your mistakes. So I would mSlst on lectures by an experienced and qualified first

DEAR SIR,-

As an old Red Cross member who has had considerable in first aid lectures, and for many years given instruction in the practical work to our members and tbe police of our town and district, I can fully support" Class Secretary" in your May issue, also, I would like to point out one serious drawback to the lectures given by the doctors. In many cases they give splendid instruction to the class, which, unfortunately, is more suitable for medical students, but very little of the real first aid instruction. I certainly say-what does it matter how the members obtain their knowledge providing they can pass the examination.

The withdrawal of present restrictions would be a great help to us who are most anxious to maintain the strength of our Detachments, Yours faithful! y, "ASSISTANT COMMANDANT."

Immediately men donned their masks and, taking spare masks, stretchers and haversacks, rushed to the injured where masks were applied and injuries treated. All casualties were conveyed to the forward post where further squads took over. The ground around No.1 Tent was treated with bleach and the patients were here treated for mustard gas by the nurses, and then removed to Tent No.2, where more detailed was given to the injuries. A smoke bomb was exploded outside the tent and the nurses carried on their work in masks.

Men from the Tottenham Gas Division gave a display of their special breathing apparatus. Decontamination squads were to have proceeded with clearing the ground but time was too short.

The lessons learnt during this practise were such that future practises are to be arranged.

The proceedings were watched by the Commissioner, Capt. Goodley, and members of his staff, including District OAicer Bower who assisted with the layout of the display.

BRICKLAYERS ARMS DIVISIoN.-On Saturday, June 22nd the annual Divisional competition was held at All Saint's Hall, New Cross. Corps Surgeon H. A. Dunlop acted as j udo'e, other officials being Sergt. Ironmonger (team steward) and Mr. J. Lear (timekeeper), whilst Corps Supt. A. J. Green supcrvised. Div. Supt. C. Harrison, assisted by Amb. Officer P. Stevenson, was in charge.

The result was: 1st, 89/1 Division (captain, Pte. J. Warden), 124 points; 2nd, 89/2 Division (captain, Sgt. E. Dunn), 3rd, 89/3 Division (captain, Pte. A. Brudenell),

Mr. C. H. Bowell, District Traffic Superintendent (Met. Line) presented the shield and congratulated the teams. The judges commented on the work and complimented the competitors on their keenness and general smartness.

Two further interesting presentations took place. On behalf of the Commissioner, Corps Supt. J. A. Gravestock handed to Geo. Hally, Esq., his warrant of appointment and badge of office as President of the Corps. Mr. Hally said he greatly appreciated the honour and would do all possible to further the work of the Corps.

Mr Hally then presented medals for the best first second and third year members, a competition promoted by Mr. Hally as an encouragement to the younger men. The winners this year were Messrs. Robert Wilson, Leslie Wetton and Leslie Powell, first, second and thi rd year respectively.

A class of instruction in first aid for men will commence at the Aldersgate Ward School, 181, Aldersgate Street, E.C.l, on Tuesday, September 17th, 1935, at 7.30 p m., and will consist of 12 lectures, 6 of which will be given by a Surgeon. Fee for the course, including examination, 3s. 6d. Particulars can be had of Mr. F. W. Bishop, 208, Downhills Park Road, N.17.

Forty members of the East Ham Division, S.].A.B., in charge of Supt. A. E. Ambler, took part in a gas defence display held on Saturday, June 29th, in the playground of the Lathom Road Schools. District Officer C. E. Bower directed the display during which rea listic effects were produced with the aid of smoke bombs.

We are prepared to supply Ambulance Secretaries and others with specimen copIes of this Journal for distribution among their members. Apply to the Publishers, FIRST AID, 46 Cannon St., London E.C.4 .

The competing teams had to treat a watchman who had had an apoplectic seizure and fallen on his fire. As an experiment a radio microphone was installed by Corps Officer G. Miller and proved very successful.

The result of the competition was that the team under the leadership of Pte. Grant occupied first place and was awarded the" Miles)} Cup. Other members of the team were Ptes. Lloyd, Stone and Quick. Individual competition winners were: P.te. Tod (1st and 2nd year); Pte. R. Lloyd (3rd to 5th year); Pte. Waller (6th to 8th year); and Sergt. Barnes (9th year and onwards).

The awards were presented by Corps Supt. Green who also handed to Dr. Dunlop a barometer as a token of appreciation [rom members of the Arms Class.

No. fl D is t rict.

The first Somerset County rally was held at Bridgwater, on Sunday, June 23rd, when about 300 mcmbers paraded.

The units were inspected by County Commissioner J. Cox, who also placed a wreath on the vVar Memorial. The parade subsequently proceeded to St. Mary's Church, where the Rev. C. Cousens Fetch gave the address.

The second annual competition between Divisions in Berkshire, for the" Sir Felix Pole" Shield, was held on

FIRST

Sunday, June 23rd, at Northbourne, Didcot, when seven teamsThecompeted. judges were Dr. J. B. Horan (viva voce), Dr. J. R D. Webb (individual) and Dr. H. Chaffer (team) Didcot " B " <team under CorpI. H. Carter were adjudged the winners and received the trophy from the Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire (Mr. A. Thomas Lloyd) who during the competitions had accepted the presidency of the Didcot Division.

Supt. A. J. Eggleton, assisted by Amb. Officer G. Durman and Hon. Sergt. J. Birmingham, organised the event.

On Sunday, June 23rd, nearly 1,200 men, nurses and cadets of the Hampshire County paraded at Southampton

A I D.

Centre) were presented. The inspection followed and included an examination of 16 ambulances.

Following the inspection, the whole parade, nearly 1,000 strong, marched past at which Dr. Corbet Fletcher took the salute. The members then reformed in front of the saluting base where the inspecting officer presented long service awards.

Addressing the parade Dr. Corbet Fletcher referred to <the forthcoming Golden Jubilee of the Brigade. His report on the parade would be one of congratulations to the officers and he was glad to see that his old friend, the County Commissioner, had a lieutenant who was backing him up. He offered the county congratulations and good wishes for the future.

Cheers were given for the inspecting officer and Lady Forester.

Among the guests were <the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress, Lord Forester, Sir Charles Rafter and Lady Rafter, Sir Charles Grant Robertson, Dr. G. St. Johnston (chairman) and Mrs. St. Johnston and Mr. C. C. H. Moriarty (Assistant Chief Constable).

T he Lady Mayoress presented to Mrs. B. ]. T. Ford her badge as vice-President of the Birmingham Nursing Corps.

N o . IV. D i s t ric t LANCASHIRE.

Jubilee Day Procession at Darttord.

Original Tableau of the Darlford Division which took first prize.

for. the annual inspection by the County Commissioner, Major A. Tennyson Smith, M.D.) CM., who was accompanied by Lady Perrott, RR.C., Lady Supt.-in-Chief and the of Winchester and Southampton. '

C G. H. Morse (Asst: County Commissioner) was In charge of the parade, Major F. O. Chapell acting as Adjutant.

Lady Perrott presented a Service Medal to Miss N elthorpe and addressed the gathering congratulating the county of on an excellent parade.

After the l11SpectlOn the parade attended a special afternoon service at St. Mary's Church.

No. III. District. BIRMINGHAM COUNTY.

The annual inspection of the Birmingham County was held on Sunday, July 7th.

The corps paraded 738 strong, under the of Captam J. Henton White (County Commisand. Colonel B. J. T. Ford (Assistant CommissIOner), whtle others of the county staff present were Count.y Surgeon. E. W. Parsey, County Officers W. E. Balla! d, G. E. Kmgsnorth and E. Elliott (County Secretary) and. Corps Officer J. E. Matthews.

The mspecting officer was Dr. N. Corbet Fletcher and while he was officiating at Spo:-ts Gro.und) Edgbaston, Lady Forester was conductmg an mspectl.on of the nurses who paraded more than 250 strong m the Great Hall of the University.

Dr. Corbet Fletcher was met \"ith the "G I S I t " f h' h enera a u eater w lC the County Staff and Sir Charles Rafter (Hon. PreSIdent of the Birmingham County

BAcuP.-Gratifying success attended the efforts of the organisers, collectors, and workers in connection with the annual sale of flowers for the funds of the Bacup Corps, and the collections) which amounted to £75, revealed an increase of £5 3s. 1ld. on the previous year. Lady Supt. Mrs. Nichols, A.R.RC, was in charge of the Bacup depot. The Stacksteads district was organised by the Mayoress (Mrs. Marshall) and Lady Amb. Officer Miss C Hoyle.

BLACKBURN.-The units of No. I Area held their annual review at Blackburn on Saturday, June 22nd, when Colonel C. J. Trimble, CB., CM.G., with Lady District Supt. Mrs. Tweedale) CB.E., inspected the parade.

District Officer Major J. A Mackenzie was in command of the parade and District Officer R Clegg was in charge of the Nursing Divisions. The local arrangements were made by Corps Supt. Mellor and the officers ancl members of the Blackburn Corps, who are to be congratulated on their preparations.

BLACKPOOL.-Blackpool, Lytham St. Annes, and Lytham Divisions were inspected by the Commissioner, Mr. W. G. Smith, O.B.E., at Black:'ool, Sueday, June 23rd. The Mayor and Mayoress, Alderman and Mrs. George Whittaker, attended and with the Deputy Mayor and the Chairman of the Education Committee showed great interest in the event. The weather condi,tions were very favourable and a large crowd thoroughly appreciated the different phases of work done.

LIVERPOOL.-Sixty men of the Liverpool -Corps attended a special Whitsunday festival service at the Liverpool Cathedral, at which the offerings were for the work of the Brigade.

The strength of the Liverpool Corps at the end of 193.4 was 1,233 all .ranks according to the annual report whIch was recently Issued. The Corps consists of 18 ambulance, 8 nursing, and 7 cadet divisions Over 9000 cases were treated and 23,448 duties undertaken. Hospital duties numbered 1,002, removal of patients 590, and ambulance

FIRST

mileage 2,228. The inauguration of invalid transport has justified its existence.

than 400 cases of collapse or fainting were dealt WIth by Mal?chester and Salford Corps during the annual Whltsuntlde procession of 20000 Roman Catholics through the streets of Manchester: The cases treated wel:e from the spectators and those taking part in the processlOn, whIch was headed by Dr. Henshaw Bishop of Salford.

The annual Church Parade of the Manchester and Salford Corps was held on, Sunday, June 23rd, when the mem?ers attended St. Ann s Church. The Rev. Paton VV:-lll1ams was the preacher the lesson was read qy DIV. Surgeon Capt. .N. W. Rawlmgs. Asst. Commissioner W. Maxwell Reekle, O.B.E., J.P., and District Officer Colonel C H. S. Redmond attended, and the parade was commanded by Corps Supt. W. E. Naylor.

The Corps was inspected a t Belle Vue, Manchester, on Saturday, June 30th, by the Surgeon-in-Chief Col C 1. Ellis, T.D.) M.D.) CM., who was supported by the C:ommlsslOner, M1'. W. G. Smith, O.B.E., Colonel C J. Tnmble, CB., CM.G., Lady District Supt. Mrs. E. Tweedale, CB.E., and several members of the District Staff.

As usual,. a very fine display was given, and the express.ed pleasure at being able to such an admtrable d1splay which revealed a very hIgh standard of efficiency.

TrroRNToN-CLEVELEYs.-Thornton-Cleveleys Division grateful for the help afforded by a successful whist dnve held last week at the home of Mrs. Holmes. The proceeds were in aid of the Cadet Division.

ORGANISATIO .-The following is an extract from an by .Asst.. C. H. Fowler Jones:Grousmg IS mamly a dlsease of the liver; it should be cured. grouser his own cure by trying see from th.e pomt of V1ew of others; by dispelll11g. the Idea that. he IS the only intelligent member of the .or b.y .p:-ovmg his superiority, if it is there by limitl11g hIS Let h1m be tolerent of the views of othe.rs, glvmg credit for at least as much intelligence as hImself and domg a.l1 he can to work in friendship with then:. What the Bngade wants, and has) is sincere, stralghtforward, honest-to-goodness men and women who understand their work and have one object: to get on with It and through with it in a satisfactory manner. We have a phrase; "Play the qap1e" means your part to tl:e best of your ablhty and.m perfect. fnendship with fellow members. The baSIS of organIsation is " First Ald." In particular this is the knowledge that is indispensable to the members of the Units."

N o V . District.

NOTTINGHAM.-The final competition for the " Sl?aight" Cup, presented by the late Corps Supt., Major H. W. Spa1ght, for annual competition by teams from the ambulance divisions of the Nottingham Corps, was. held on June 2nd when the four teams who had qualtfied at the preliminary test presented themselves Dr. Gilroy Glass (Div. Surgeon, Nottingham CorporatlOn Passenger Transport Division) who judged the event.

The result was 1, Nottingham Corporation Passenger Transport, 121; 2, Bulwell, 106' 3 Sneinton 95· 4 Robin Hood, 93. , " ,

The Sheriff of Nottingham (Councillor Wallis Binch)

A I D. 9 presented the cu.p and individual prizes to the winning team and prIzes to the runners-up.

CounCIllor Binch also presented the "Ambulance League Cup" and medals to the Cinderhill team vvinners of the recently concluded Ambulance League and the "Officers' Cup" and medals to the runners-up' Mapperley team ' Commissioner A. !3. Lady District Supt. Mrs. Blrkbeck Lady DIStrIct Officer Miss W. Gibson were among the mterested spectators.

YlETHERBy.-The Wetherby and Nursing

Dl':lslons were on duty at the Conservative Demonstration whlCh at Bramham Park on June 29th, at which the PrIme Mln1ster was present. first aid stations were equipped and over 50 casualtIes were attended during the day. Members were on duty from 12 noon until 10 p.m.

N o . VI. Di str i c t.

BISHOP AUCKLAND.-Since the formation of the BIshop Auckland Division the members have treated over 2,000 cases, these include road accidents, etc. Road patrols at week-ends are a usual feature and during WhitSlln week-en? first aid posts were erected on the main roads, at whIch many cases were treated. This duty was

Bishop Auckland Division.

under the command of Div. Supt. S. B. Paydon. A public duty was carried out, under Amb, Officer W. H. Turton, at a gala held on Vfhitmonday in the Bishop's Park.

first review and inspection of the North Riding of Yorkshtre was held at Grangetown) Middlesbrough, on Saturday, June 22nd, when the County Commissioner, Mr. F. P. Wilson) assisted by County Surgeon, Capt. N. W. Hammer, inspected the parade, which was under the command of County Officer]. Walker.

Following -the inspection, competitions took place. The results were:-

Middlesbrough Central Division Challenge Cup: 1, Eppleton, 301; 2, Dean and Chapter) 282; 3, Goldthorpe and Barnborough, 281. Judges were Dr. F. W. Hebblethwaite (team), Dr. Watson (individual) and Dr. Stainthorpe (oral).

Cleveland Social Service Challenge Cup: I, Middlesbrough Police, 422; 2, Loftus Social Service Centre, 410; 3, Smith's Dock A) 396. Judges were Dr. H. Fallows (team), Dr. P. Brown (individual), County Surgeon Capt. Hammer (oral).

Middlesbrough Nursing Division Challenge Cup: 1, Darlington Nursing Division; 2, South Shields, Gateshead, Drs. R Harkness, R lVlurray anq H, p, Storey judged this event.

No. VHI : ( Duke of ConnaugJit ·s ) District. BRIGHTON.-COJ. G A. Moore) e.M.G.) Asst. Chief Commissioner, inspected the Brighton Corps on June 19th. The inspecting officer was accompanied by Officer H. J. Wrigglesworth, District Officer DavId Bryce and Lady District Supt. Mrs. Falwasser.

Dr. A. E. Drynan (Corps Supt. and Surgeon) was in charge, assisted by Corps Officer T. E. Marsh and Corps Treasurer H. J. Grace.

Among those present were Alderman Frank G .. Beal (Hon. President of the Corps), Capt. W J. Hutchmson (Chief Constable) and the Rev. H. A Eyton-J ones (Chaplain of the Corps).

Following the inspection Col. Moore · witnessed displays and drills by different divisions.

On Sunday, June 23rd, the new ambulance of the Brighton Corps was dedicated by the Rev. H. A. EytonJones.

The new vehicle, the purchase of which was made possible by the generosity of Mr. H. A. Baily, J.P was presented to District Commissioner E. A. Richards by the Mayor of Brighton (Alderman S. 'G. Gibson) who expressed the hope that the open-handed generosity of Mr. Baily would serve as an example to others.

DovER.-The annual inspection of the Dover Corps took place at Crabble Athletic Ground on Wednesday evening, June 9th, hy Dr. N. Corbet Fletcher, Assistant Surgeon-in-Chief. After the inspection and the march past, the Corps gave a display of squad drill and ambulance work.

The Inspecting Officer, in a short address at the conclusion, said that he was particularly pleased with the strength of the Cadet Division It was on the younger ones that the future of the Brigade rested. The Brigade as a whole were very good.

No. IX. Distric t .

The annual county parade of the Cornish Units was held on Sunday, June 23rd, when nearly 500 paraded at Redruth for the inspection by the County Commissioner (Lt.-Col. VV. Blackwood) DSO , M.B.), who was accompani e d by ex-Commissioner E. Trounson , Asst. Commissioner Vv. Vv. Johns o n and Dr. R. H. Hadfield

AID.

County Officer S. M. Landrey was in charg'e of t h e parade and) following the inspection) h e companies formed a procession and marched to the Wesley Methodist Church, where an impressive service was conducted by the Rev. J. H. Watson

Tea for visitors was served in the Recreation Ground, where the parade reformed and marched past the inspecting officer, who took th salute

Col. Blackwood was well pleased with the efficient and smart turnout.

The exce llent arrangements were made by members of the Redruth Division under Officer e.. c. Pe ll owe.

Considerable pleasure and satisfaction is felt in Devon, particutarly in the Areas concerned, at the promotions in the Order of St. John to the Gracie of Officer of Mr. H. J. Vick) of Paignton, the Assistant County Commissioner of the l\lid-Devon Area, and Major S. R Gibbs,

Przory for "U/ales.

J.

WELSH MEMBERS IN HONOURS LIST.

His Majesty the K i ng h as been g r aciously pleased to sanction the following admissions to and promotions in the Venerable Order of t h e H osp ita of St. John of J erusalem, approved by C h apte r -General on t h e recommendation of the Priory for Wa es -

Dante oj Justice:

T h e Lady Kylsant, C.B.E., Coomb. L1angain. Ladv President, Carmarthenshire Centre. (Promoted from of Grace).

Knights of Grace:

R. Wilson Bartlett, Esq., J.P., F.S.A.A., Newport, Mon., Chairman, Centre (From Commander).

Evan David Jones, Esq., L1anelly Chairman, Carmarthenshire Centre. (From Commander).

Co III III anden (B1'0Ihers) : Samuel Trevor Beard, O. B. E., Abergavenny. CommiSSIOner, Monmouthshire Centre. (From Officer).

Captain Sir Henry E. E. Philipps, Bart, Picton Castle. President, Pembrokeshire Centre and Commander of Slebech. (From Officer).

Commodore Sir Richard Henry Williams-Bulkeley, Bart, K. C. B., V D., Beaumaris. President, Anglesey Centre.

C07nmanden (Sisters) :

The Lady Howard de Walden and Seaford, C. B. E., Cbirk Castle. Lady President, Denbighshire Centre. (From Officer)

Irs. Mary Caroline Inge, The Plas, Tao-y -B';v1ch. Lady President, Merionethshire Centre. (From Officer).

Lady (Rhys) Williams, l\liskin Manor. Lady President, Rhondda Centre. (From Officer).

OffiC81'S (.s isl ers) :

Tho. Hon. 1\1rs. J. H. Bruce, Mountain Ash. Lady Pr-esidenf, Aberdare Centre

Mrs W. T Canton Penybryn. Lady President of i\lerthyr Tyd6l Centre.

;\lrs Bickerton Edwards, BOl1cath. Member of Ambulance Commiltee. (Promotedjrom Serving Siste?'.)

!--ady Howard Stepney, J. P., Llanelly. Late Lady PreSident, Cannarlhenshire Centre.

Serving Brothers:

_ .' .Pr. John Edward Brereton, Surgeon to Tonyrefall Dlvlslpn; Corps SUJ=:t. A. H. G. Field, Cardiff; Corps Supt.

D. J, George, Cwmparc ; Ambulance Officer F. P. Hopkins, Corps Secretary :E. G. Howells, Pontycymmer; Dlv. SUP,t. D. M.E., Trele\\'is ; Div. Supt. Eud),l James, Kenfig HlIl ; Corps Supt. D. G. John, Briton Ferry; Corps D. L. Jones, Barry; Ambulance Officer J. T. LeWIS, I?uffryn Onll\.,·)'n; Di,·. Supt. R. R. Payne, Swansea; Dlv. Treasurer J. Perkins, Oglllore Vale; Dr. H. B. Pierce, Div. Surgeon, Aberdare Capt. D. G. Richards, M:mber Merthyr Centre Committee; 1\1r. C. H. Smith) Pnory Headquarters Staff; Div. Supt. A. E. Williams, Barry.

Serving SistpH :

Lady Supt. Mrs. Sarah Evans, Barry; Lady Ambulance Officer Miss M. Howell, Bridgend; l\liss G. E. Ross, M B. E., Priory Beadquarter Staff.

r-e11u11l Vote of Tlzanks :

Sergeant E. T. Bowell, Caerphilly; Assistant Commissioner F. R. Hortor, Barry Dock; Divisional President Sydney S. Lewis, Pontardawe; l\Iajor Arthur Reade, D. S. 0., M.C., President, Monmouth Divisi@n; Divisional Surgeon Dr. S. C. Varley, Cljdarh, S\vansea; Divisional Surgeon Dr. - E. Walsh, Ystradgynlais.

I.e., T.D.) M.R.e.S., of Barnstaple, the Asst. County CommlsslOner of the North Devon Area. Both these Staff Officers have been extremely active on behalf of the St. J ol1n Ambulance Association and Brigade and set an example in devotion and efficiency to all ranks under their command

Barnstaple were successful in winning the" Forester" Cup, the annual competition for which was held at Ilfracombe. The" Lutterell" Handicap Cup was secured by Combe Martin.

The competitions) open to Divisions in North Devon and vVest Somerset, were j udg-ed by Dr. Venn Dunn (County Surgeon), of !orquay) Div. Surgeon O. Morris, of Braunton, and Dlv. Surgeon Dickenson.> also of Braunton.

Prizes distributed by Mrs. E. Penn-Curzon

M.RE., Major F. H. Thomas p.Jesided over the ceecl1l1gs supported by Lady Perrott (Lady Supt. - in-Chief) and officers 9f the competing divisions.

Supt. Dl:11ce the Ilfracombe Division were responslble for the of tbe competition.

Blackwood, D.S.O., County Commissioner, tak1l1g the Salute at the Cornish Un its inspection.

shown, from left: Ex-County ComITiiSSlOner Trouoson, Asst. Commissioner V./ W. Johnston, Mr ]. G latton (Chairman, Redr u t h -Camborne U. D. C.), and the Rev. J. B. Watson .

When you to of our mention FIRST AID. It dosen ' t cost you anyth ing and it ,/[ -' I:'" Il "

Officers (B rot/ze1's) :

Alderman George Frederick Evans, Cardiff. Chairman, City of Cardiff Centre.

Francis L1ewellin Jacob, Esq., Tondu. Late President, Rhondda Centre.

Thomas J ohns, Esq., Ferndale. President, R nondda Fach Corps

Steven Jones, Esq., Aberystwyth. Commissioner, Cardiganshire Centre.

Arthur Lucas, Esq., Merthyr Tyd61. Staff Officer in Brigade. (Promoted from Serving Brother).

Henry Stuart Martin, Esq., Pontyclun. Late lVlember Finance Committet:'o

Hubert McVicar, Esq., M.E., Pontypridd. Lower Rhondda Corps.

Ma j or Alfred Ernest Priddle, J. P., L1al1\\'fst. Chairman, Denbighshire Centre.

Dr. Vachell de Acton Redwood, R hymlJeY: Centre Surgeon, Monmouthshire Centre.

Trevor Roberts Esq., Ponth i r. Member, Committee.

John Arthur Sandbrook, Esq., Editor-ill - Chief, vVestern Ma il and Echo, Ltd.

Majol'-General J ohn Va u ghan, C.B., C M.C , 0.5.0.,

D. L., ], P., Do lgelly. Chairman, Merionefhshire Centre.

Colonel Charles Ri chardson White, T. D.:]'.E., M B., etc., 1\ 1erthyr Va le. Late Corps Surgeon and Superintendent

POPULAR \VELSH BRIGADE ApPOINTMENT.

The nursing side of the Brigade in vVales, which rerreseats. of the total strcngth of 12,253, has receiyed a stimulus by acceptance of office on the part of H. R. H. the Duchess of Kent of Lady Superintendent-inChief for Wales. In this capacity Her Royal Highness has indicated her willingness to be associated with the work of the Order within Principality; and it is earnestly hoped that 1936 may offer an opportunity for a personal "isit. The office was formerly held by the Dowager Countess of PlYhlouth, who shared the deep interest taken by the late "Earl of Plymouth in the work of the Priory for Wales, of (\'hich he was the first Sub-Prior, in addition to holding the o!l-ice of S ub-Prior of tile Grand Priory; and the Chapter at the Priory at its on June 25th recorded grateful thanks apprc ciation of Ladyship's services.

CARDIFF ROAD TH.ANSPORT TEAMS FIRST CONTEST.

The first:' Cardiff ar,d·District Road Transport Am bulance Competition was held under most fav(lurable auspices on vVednesday, June 5th. The presence of the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress and the g('nerosity of the City Corporation in granting the free use of such dignified accommodatio.n as the City Hall, contributed to the success of the occaSlon and justiAed the enthusiastic manner in which the General

An interesting window display by SUI't. F. R. Stent, Bath City Di,·ision.

Manager of the Transport DepMtment had fostered the movement from its beginning.

In his opening remarks as Chairman of the presentat ion ceremony, Mr. Forbes acknowledged the assistance given by the South Wales and Monmouthshire Motor Omnibus Proprietors' Association and authorities of a number of important undertakings, in enablin!S the P;iory Wales to bring into being a very welcome mnovatLOn, wlllch he felt sure would become an annu II event.

Five teams entered and the adjudication was carried out by Major A. W. Anderson, M.B., Ch.B., Dr. J Davies, Dr. R. Baird Milne and Dr. C. Armstrong. Major Anderson, in "peaking on behalf of the Judges, said he was surprised at the amount of knowledge shown by all the teams, which, "vith the exception of the winning team, were beginners. His remarks were endorsed by Dr. Milne; and Dr. Edgar Llewellyn announced the results as under :1, Newport Corporation Tramways Dept., 288 points; 2, Cardiff TO. 1 Corporation Transport Dept., 199; 3, Cardiff No.2 Corporation Transport Dept., 197 ; 4, Messrs. T. White & Co., 193t; 5, West Monmouthshire Buses, 186. Alderman G. F. Evans, who is an Officer of the Order, proposed thanks to the] udges, for their valued services and to the Priory for Wales for having taken the initiative in organising- the competition.

The Hon. John H. Bruce (Principal Secretary and Commissioner for Wales) empLasised anomalies existing at present in conditions arising from the Traffic Regulations. Express and contract carriages, for instance, are required to carry first aid equipment, though no provision is made to ensure its correct application in case of accident. On the other hand, stage coa c hes, which, though stopping at comparatively short intervals, travel through miles of country districts where services of doctor or nurse would be vainly sought, are not expected to be equipped with any ambulance material to meet the all-too-likely possibility of need. Mr. Bruce said it was splendid to find that the proprietors of the most important undertakings and their staffs were prepared to remedy the omissions of statutory obligations by voluntary effort; and the Priory for Wales was grateful for the ready co-operation of the authorities of all undertakings who had made it possible to establish a 'Welsh National Road Transport Competition, which would be held for the first time in October.

The Lord Mayor of Cardiff (Alderman ] Donovan, (C. B. E.) presented the cup given by Mrs. Cornelius Griffiths, who was called upon to hand replica cups to members of the winning team; aud the Lady Mayoress (Miss Kathleen Donovan) presented medals to the second team. The Chairman expressed the thanks of all present to the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress for their interest in adding this event to the engagements of a strenuous year of office. A vote of Lhanks to Mr. W. Forbes was passed on the motion of Mr. Bruce, seconded by the Chairman of the Transport Committee, Councillor Henry Johns.

BRECKNOCKSHIRE CENTRE ACHIEVEMENT.

One of the latest developments within the County of Brecknock, of which the Chief Constable, Lieut.-Colonel C. G. Cole-Hamilton, is Commissioner, is the acquisition of a new ambulance of the Builth Division of the Brigade, which is being maintained under the Home Ambulance Scheme of the Joint Council of the Order of St. John and Briti'ih Red Cross Society, from whom a grant of £100 was received towards the cost.

The new ambulance was dedicated at a service on the Groe Green, Builth Wells, on June 9th, when the Wye Valley Corps, comprising the Builth Wells, Erwood, Hay, Llangammarch, Llanwrtyd and Llanwthwl Ambulance, the Builth Nursing and Builth Cadet Ambulance Divisions, paraded at full strength, and marched to the grounds accompanied by the Chairman and members of the Builth Town Council and representatives of other

A I D.

The Venerable Archdeacon H. J. Church Jones, M.A (Vicar of B u i lth), conducted an impressive service of dedication, and the amb ul ance was formally handed over to the care of the Divisional Supt. by the Commissioner, who emphas ised the responsibility resting- upon the Corps and appealed for continued loyalty and devotion.

The First Aid Treatment of Bu rns. *

By T . E. A. STOWELL, M.D ., F. R.C .S. (Ch£ej Med£cal Officer, Imperial Chem£cal Industr£es, Ltd.)

I AM limiting my remarks to the first aid treatment of burns and sca l ds. I spoke on this subject a few months ago and if there are any present who heard me then I would apologise for the repetition.

Dedication of the new Ambulance of the Builth Wells Division.

Captain S. T. Beard, O. B. E., Commissioner for Monmouthshire, gave an inspiring address on the great work and traditions of the Order. The Chairman of the Council, Mr. T. S. Hamer, J. P., promised the whole-hearted support of the Council in the furtherance of the objects of the Order, which he hoped would not lack the support of the general public.

Great credit is due to Corps Supt. W. D. H. Powell, Divisional Supt. 'vV. T. Haines and Transport Officer G. Newell for their services in connection with this new development.

RHONDDA INTER-COLLIERY CONTEST.

The seventeenth Annual Inter-Colliery Ambulance Competition amongst teams drawn from Divisions connected with the Powell Duffryn Associated Collieries, Ltd. (Western Area), took place at the Duffryn School, Ferndale, on Saturdav, June 15th.

The judges were Major A. W. Anderson, M. R., Ch. B., Ogmore Vale, and Dr. G. M. Mitchell, Treforest, whose awards were as under :-

1, Ferndale No.1, Corporal J. ]. Williams, 180i ; 2, Maerdy, Corporal ]. Reynolds, 160; 3, Naval, Supt. Rees, 156!; 4, Tylorstown, Corporal J. H. Phillips, 138!; 5, Ferndale No.2, Corporal J. Williams, 136; 6, Llwynpia, Supt. D. O. Williams, 129!: 7, Duffryn Rhondda, Sergt. W. G. Davies, 115 ; 8, Britannic, Sergt. ]. Williams, 94.

The awards were presented by Mrs. Gwilym Jenkins, Ferndale; the first team receiving the "Peter Haig Thomas" Shield anu a wrist watch each, the second securing the" George Oliver" Cup and a wrist watch each, and the members of the third team \\ ere recipients of fountain pens.

After the competition, the teams, officers and g-uests were entertained to tea by the generosity of the Chairman and Director of the P. D.A.C., Ltd., at the Wesleyan Hall, Ferndale.

Corps Secretary W. R. Matthews, S. B., St.J., was responsible for the arrangements.

Does y our colleague read F IRST AID , if not , send us his address and we will post him a copy .

In teaching any particular method of first aid one has to remember the very strict limitation of the traini ng which the average first aider undergoes. There is a widespread superstition among employers that because a worker has attended a few lectures under the auspices of one of the first aid organisations and has been awarded a certificate of proficiency, he is competent to deal with any injury that may come before him in a factory dressing room. The first essential in any surgical procedure is surgical cleanliness and I say with complete conviction that few first aiders has even the most elementary knowledge of surgical cleanliness.

This limitation has proved a serious handicap in the first aid treatment of burns. Although for a long time I was in doubt, I now believe that in tannic acid we have a first aid dressing which is safe in the hands of the semi-skilled.

Scalds are produced by moist heat, such as boiling water, steam, hot oil or tar. Burns are caused by dry heat, such as :

(1) Fire

(2) Contact with a rail, wire or machine charged with electric current, or by lightning.

(3) Friction caused, for example, by contact with any rapidly moving surface, e.g., a revol ving wheel. These are called "brush burns." Burns may also be caused by corrosive acids or corrosive alkalis.

I will speak about the special treatment that is necessary in the cases of acid or alkali burns later, but apart from these and burns caused by tar, the method of treatment is the same.

r do not propose in a short lecture such as this to describe the various degrees of burns, but I must mention the first three.

The first degree consists of a mere reddening of the skin.

In the second deg r ee a blister is raised I n the third degree the superficial layer of the skin is destroyed.

* Extracts from a paper read at the National" Safety First" Congress.

There are other degrees of burns which are classified according to the depth of the destruction of the tissue. There treatment is the same as the burns of the earlier degrees, but the most serious, and therefore the most important burn is a burn of the third degree, in which the superficial layer of the skin is destroyed. The area of the burn is of far more serious import than its depth.

The dangers to life which result from an extensive burn are:

(i) The severity of the pai n ;

(ii) The loss of fluid, and

(iii) The absorption by the blood stream of the products of tissue destruction.

PAIN.

Immediately beneath the skin are masses of delicate and highly sensitive nerve endings. When the superficial layer of the skin is destroyed, these nerve endings are exposed and this exposure is the cause of the intense pain which results from a burn of this degree.

Loss OF FLUID.

In a burn of the second degree, as you all know, a blister is raised. This blister is filled with fluid which has exuded from the damaged layer beneath. In the third degree, the covering of the blister is destroyed and fluid pours out; indeed from a burn of any considerable extent, several pints of fluid may be lost. The loss of circulating fluid results in the symptoms of profound shock and unless it is controlled, like severe hcemorrhage, will resul t in the death of the patient.

TOXIC ABSORPTION.

The third danger, caused by the absorption of products of tissue destruction, begins to manifest itself on the third or fourth day onwards. We have a patient who has been burnt, whose burns have been treated by one of the older methods. The burnt surface is clean, the patient is quite comfortable and appears to be going on satisfactorily, even without any serious rise of temperature. At the end of a few days we find he becomes slightly dull and listless, and then slowly drifts into unconsciousness and death.

He has passed through the dangers associated with the agonising pain of the burn and the risk

to life caused by the loss of large quantities of fluid, but succumbs to this conditition, which is caused by the absorption of poisons from the burnt surface.

Therefore our treatment of burns should have three objects:

(1) Immediately to relieve the pain.

(2) To control the loss of fluid; and

(3) To prevent the absorption of those .. poisonous bodies which kill the patient some days after the receipt of the injury.

There have been a number of remedies used from time to time in the dressing of burns. Among these I would mention carron oil and flour-merely to condemn them. Carron oil consists of a mixture of oil and lime water. It has no effect on the pain. It is a method of infecting the wound with pathological organisms and should be banished from every ambulance box and aid post. With the recent advances in the treatment of burns, it would be no more than justice to compel any person who permitted this preparation among the stores of an aid post to consume the contents of every bottle containing this dangerous preparation.

The same condem nation applies to the household remedy of flour.

I have been asked what is my objection to bicarbonate of soda. Frankly, I do not know what action bicarbonate of soda has on a burnt surface. It will not appreciably lessen the pain; it will not lessen the exudation of fluid; and it will have no effect on the absorption into the blood stream of those fatal poisons of which I have already spoken.

For many years picric acid has been the standard treatment of burns. The action of picric acid is to coagulate the albumin in the exuded serum on the burnt surface and this coao-ulated b albumin protects those delicate nerve endings and so lessens in a truly miraculous way the agonisin a pain of the burn. It is very dramatic to see screaming child suffering from burns. One approaches the child with one's lint rung out of a solution of picric acid, and as one approaches the child with this yellow rag, the scream of painnow aggravated by the terror of the approach of the doctor-rises to the piercing shriek of the steam whistle. Almost immediately after one has applied the gauze soaking in picric acid solution to the burnt area, the shriek drops to a contented croon.

the point of view of lessening the pain, plcnc aCid was. a ve.ry satisfactory dressing. It is; moreover, antiseptic, but it exercises very little control over the loss of fluid and has no action of any practical value .which prevents the absorption of the products of tIssue destruction. It steers the patient between the rocks of pain and sepsis to be wrecked on the reef of toxic absorption.

Occasionally one comes across a patient who is susceptible to picric acid and in whom the application of picric ac;id produces a dermatitis. Such cases are, however, very rare and do not constitute a very serious objection to the picric acid treatment of burns. Another risk from this treatment but again not, in my opinion, a very serious one, is that absorption of the picric acid into the blood stream in some patients may rarely give rise to symptoms of picric acid poisoning.

In tannic acid we have a preparation that controls the pain as satisfactorily as picric acid; it prevents the loss of fluid and it fixes on the surface those products of tissue destruction so that they cannot be absorbed into the blood stream and by its use we are saved from the tragedy of the death of c: patient at the end of some clays when his early progress after the burn fflIed us with hope.

I would here pay a tribute to the patient, scientific work of an old friend, Mr. Philip Mitchiner, surgeon to St. Thomas's Hospital, for it is mainly due to his research work that the tannic acid treatment of burns has been put on a scientific, safe and practical basis.

The following equipment is necessary at the aid post which may have to cleal with burns:

(1) One 2-pint enamel mug marked In ounces.

(2) One 8- inch enamel dish.

(3) One stirring rod for crushing tablets.

(4) One bottle containing 250 tannic acid tablets of the following com position: Tannic acid ... grs. 1 7 Perchloride of mercu ry gr.} Boric acid gr. 1 (One tablet dissolved in 2 ozs. water gives a 2 per c€nt. solution bf tannic acid).

(5) One' pair sharp scissors.

(6) One pftir forceps.

(7) One roll adhesive tape.

(8) G,allze : 4 I bs. in i -lb. packets.

(9) Cotton wool, wh ite, absorbent: 11 lb. in 'i -Ib. packets.

(10) Bandage5, open wove: Three 6 in., 4,in., three 3 in., six 2 in., twelve 1 in. . _ . .

(11) One jar vaseli ne and spreader ' (vaseline for appl ication to eyelids and unburnt area round eyes in burns of the face).

(To be concluded\.

When corresponding with advertisers kindly mention "FIRST AID."

Razlway AmbulaJ1ce /Vews.

Great Western.

LEAMINGTO .-The Crown Hotel, Leamington, was the scene of the combined social evening' and smoking concert of the G.W.R. and L.M.S. Railway ambulance classes on June 1st, when awards gained in recent examinations were presented Dr. W. Traill- Thomson presided, and those present inclucted Mr. W. E. Hart (Div. Supt.) G.\iV.R.), Mr. C Rayner-Smith (A sst. Supt.), Dr. H. Mason) Councillor A. H. Swadling, Councillor C W. Gardner, Mr. W. Bryan, and a la rge number of past and present railway officials Reports of the progresses of the classes were read by the respective secretaries) MessL R. R. Harris (G.W.R.) and E. H. T. Slinn (L.M.S.) proving that ambulance work at Leamington is in a strong position. Awards were presented to successful members by Messrs. W. E. Hart and M. Saunders (L.M.S.R.) who congratulated the recipients A presentation was made by Mr. RaynerSmith of a pipe to 11r. Harris on behalf of the class members. Dr. I-L who has acted as class lecturer for a period 6£ thirty years) was made the recipient of a gift from the members in appreciation of all that he had done for them.

BORTII.-The celebration dinner of the Borth ambulance team was held on June 14th at the Grand Hotel to mark their success in winning the" Loxdale" challenge shield at the Divisional competition for the Central Wales Division. The chair was taken by Col. Sir George Fossett Roberts, O.B.E.) lP., who, proposing the toast of the St. John Ambulance Association, expressed his keen interest and wished them future success. Mr. D. Spurrell Davies and Chief Constable Steven Jones responded. The former of whom said the movement brought out both discipline and the desire to help others. The Chief Constable emphasised the remarkable growth of the movement in the county. There were now) he said, in addition to the G.W.R. classes 33 classes in Cardiganshire with 700 students. Drs. Hywel Rees and l Butterworth replied to the toast of the medical profession proposed by Inspector E. E. Lloyd. The Loxdale Shield was handed to the winning team by Sir George Fossett Roberts, and the donor of the Y stwyth Cup, Mr. E. l :Morgan, presented his trophy to Me W. Evans, team captain. Individual prizes to members of the team were presented by )\1r. Spurrell Davies, and P. C E. l Evans-Mol:gan was made the recipient of a silver cjgarette case.

HONoURs.-Whilst the steady grClwth of the ambulance movement on the Great Western Railw ay is largely attributab le to the self-sacrifice 0 f employees who devote so much of their leisure in furtherance of the cause, no smq.ll measure of its success is due to the practical ep;Gouragement and assistance afforded by manyof the Company's officers in innumerable ways. Among those "\,,110 have been particularly prominent in this -respect over a period of many years are Mr. S. Morris) late Divisional Gloucester., NIr. F. G Wainwr\ght Divisional Superintendent Cardiff, and Mr. H. S. B. vVhitley, Divisional Engineer, WolverhampLon, and it is a plea ure to record that in recognition of their practical help -ana enco ur agement of the staff they havG. been recognised by ,admission to the Venerable Order of St. John of Jerus a1em in the grade of Serving Brother.

As a result of recommendations made by the Great Western Ratlway Ambulance Centre the following members of the staff have been awarded the Vellum Vote of Thanks of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem in recoonition of long and valued services to the movement :_ to

Mr. W. Scott) Chargeman Carriage Cleaner, Locomotive Dep.artment, Treherbert; Mr. ]. H. Griggs, Turner, LocomotIve Department, Barry.

london, Mid land and Scottish.

The seventh international ambulance competition between the leading L. M. S. teams in England and Scotland took place at Glasgow on June 18th. The arbiters in the three sections of t.he competition were :-Team test, Dr. R. A. Lennie, Glasgow; individual test, Dr. vV. Grant "lcAfee, Hoylake; oral test, Dr. T. C. D. Watt, Glasgow.

For the fifth time since its inception the honours of the contest went to England, as the following result sho\ys :Agecroft ( lancht!ster) 259t, Warrington 247t, Bushbury 237t, J\lossend 237t, Dundee (West) Perth 223l

Mr. S. R. Beale, a member of the Scottish Local Committee of Directors, who presided at the proceedings following the close of the competitition, offered cong-ratulations to the teams for their wholehearted efforts and expressed the appreriation of the Company of the interest shown by the stafr in ambulance work

vVellwood R. Ferguson, Secretary of St. Andrew's Ambulance Association, announced the results, following which 1\lrs. Beale very g-racefully prpsented the cup and prizes to the successful teams.

Hearty votes of thanks for their services were accorded J\Irs. Beale, the St. Andrew's Association, and the arbiters, on the motions of J\Ir. D. Cooper, 1\1r A. E. Pullar and Sir Robert Greig respectively, and Mr. J. Ballantyne spoke appreciatively of the able manner in which the chairman bad conducted the proceedings.

"-\.mong those present ""ere ;\1r. Charles Ker, Chairman of the Scottish Local Committee, and l\lessrs. W. H. C. Clay, V.,7. Crozier, A. S. Hampton, 'V. Holme", A. H. l\lci\lurdo and T. H. Moffat.

DERBY.-The presentation of awards gained by t he Officers' Ambulance CIa s were presented by Dr. Mandall Coa.tes at the Railway Institute on June 26th. A presentation \"as also made to Dr. Charles Penny as an appre,ciation of his untiring efforts.

C. E. Fry (stationmaster) presided over a large gathering of rail\\'aymen on June 19th -when Mr. Cooke, Area Ambulance Secretary, presented -awards gained at the recent examinations. He referrcd to the increase in the West Yorkshire Area and complilnented Mr. Cantwell, the Hucldersfield Secretary, on his contribution towards obtaining that increase.

A presenta t ion was made to 11r. George Stabler, the class instructor, as an appreciation of his 10no' and faithful service which extended for a period of 35 years. Owina- to the absence of Dr. Ina-ham, the Class Secretary, .a which wa to haye becn made to him, was postP9 11e9.

A mu ica l programme followcd the presentatIOns.

FIRST

London and North Eastern.

BrsHoPsGATE.-Recently members of the Bishopsgate Ambulance Division met at their headquarters to express the ir thanks to Mr. 'vV. Clayden for his services in the ambulance world and, with their good wishes, to speed him on into a .happy re tirement.

Mr. J. Bryson (the Agent), presented to Mr. Clayden a clock, suitably subscribed, from the members. He referred to Mr. Clayden's ambulance work which commenced in 1897. For thirty-three years he was secretary

A I D.

went on to give some excellent criticisms on the work done pointing out omissions which would assist competitors on future occasions.

The Cup and prizes were handed over by the Chairman, and Dr. Coutts Wood was the recipient of a silver cheese dish.

WHITBY.- The presentation of awards to the Whitby class was held on June 19th, when Mr. Gold, stationmaster, presided and complimented the class on its successful session

Dr. E. Bains made the presentations and was thanked by the Chairman for the work he and his father had done in connection with the class. Mr. Pinning, class instructor, was also thanked.

It was decided to hold a class during the winter and also endeavcur to enter a team for competitions.

Southern.

ClIARD JuNCTION.-Mr. S. Cudnlore, stationmaster, Chard Junction, presented the awards to the members of the class recently, which awards included Bronze Long Service Medals to Messrs. F.S. Bilyard and A. H. Holmes.

paid tribute to the very efficient manner in which they were able to carry out the many duties with which they were en trusted

NEWHAVEN.- The annual supper concert of the Newhaven (Southern Railway) Centre was held at the Labour Club, when Mr. C. M. Pritchard (Chief Asst. Docks and Marine Dept.) presided and proposed the toast of the Centre.

Mr. C. K. Relph responded and gave a brief resume of the work done.

AID 17

Mrs. Pritchard distributed the awards A gold medal for 21 years' service with the Centre, and presented by the Southern Railway Company, was awarded Mr. Harry Ince.

The Individual Tests Marking Sheets of the Inter-Railway Competition Final will be published next month.

Mr. W. Clayden.

of the Division, during which time he ga ined the Gold Medal and three bars, and was presented by the King at Buckingham Palac e with the insignia of Serving Broth e r of the Order in 1924. He also did valuable work with the S.J.A.B. for 29 years.

Mr. Clayden accepted the presentation and suitably replied.

RETFORD.-The annual competition for the" Maclure" Cup, for terms on the G. C. Section, was held on Saturday, June 23rd, at Retford.

Thirteen teams competed, the judges being Dr. C. Coutts Wood, of Bulwell, and Supt. W. N. Stansfield, Retford S.J.A.B., Mr. A. Hall, of Retford, being the secretary of the competition.

FoIIowing the competitions competitors and officials sat .down to tea provided by the Retford Co-operative Soclety. Alderman H. Howgate presided and apologised for the absence of the Mayor (Councillor F. Nettleton).

The Chairman welcomed the competitors on their return to Retford, this .being the fourth occasion the competition had been 111 the town. He emphasised the importance of competltlon work as a means of preparing members for the actt1al work.

Mr. Hall announced the result which was: 1, Trafford Park, 211; 2, Lan gw ith, 208; 3, Tuxford, 205. He also thanked the judges for their able assistance.

Mr. Sewell, Depot Supt., Langwith, read a letter from Mr. Maclure, the donor of the Cup, regretting his inability to attend.

D.r. Coutts \i'Vood addressed the competitors and drew attentlOn to the fact that he had observed incidents of missing- the big things and dilating on the trivial. He

Mr. A. H. Holmes, the popular Class Secretary, has rec ently been removed to Sherborne, and the members f)f the class took this opportunity of presenting him with a clock as a token of their appreciation for his labours on their behalf. In making this presentation to Mr. Holmes, Mr. Cudmore said his work had been appreciated by one and all. Mr. Holmes replied very suitably and asked that the members would give the same wholehearted support to his successor, Mr. Bilyard, in the duties he had undertaken.

Mr. F. J. Hancock, the District Secretary, added the thanks of the Centre for the interest shown, and appealed to the members to take up competition work so that their class migh be represented at the Divisional Competitions in 1936.

OKEHAMPTON.-Mr. P. C. Hayman occupied the Chair when the presentation of awards was made to the members by the Mayor of Okehampton recently.

In making the presentation the Mayor said how specially important it was that a body of men like those employed by the Railway Company should take up a study of this important work, and congratulated them on the excellent results they had already achieved.

Mr. F. J. Hancock) the District Secretary, said the fact that an increase of eight was shown on this year's results was appreciated but at the same time he did want to see even greater success achieved at this Centre.

On behalf of the class, the Mayor presented Dr. C. J. Sharp, the Medical Lecturer, with a Silver mounted walking stick.

DORcHEsTER.-Ambulance work in the county town of Dorset is carried on very earnestly, as is evidenced by the very large gathering which assembled at the Corn Exchange recently when the awards gained during the past session were presented on the occasion of a most successful concert arranged by Mrs. K. W. Abbott.

Mr. H. H. Lawford, the energetic Class Secretary, was able to report 100 per cent. passes at the examinations and stated that this was in no small measure due to the very able instruction given to the members by Dr. Dorothy Howse. The awards were presented by Dr. F. H. Rodier Heath who congratulated all those receiving awards, and

Reviews.

HEALTH AND NURSING IN THE HOME.

By Douglas Hay Scott, M. B., eh. B. London: Methuen & Co. Pr£ce 2IS.

This excellent book is dedicate rl to those who, suddenly faced with the responsibility of lookin g after a sick relative or friend, are forced so to act because the patient cannot afford the fees of a professional nurse; and it is essentially one that can be used as a reference by the laywoman when she is working out a problem of domestic sickness.

Within the covers of the book there are to be found the facts and instructions which arc included in three of the textbooks issued by the Association-first aid, home nursing and home hygiene. It goes deeply into the anatomy and physiology of the human body and then proceeds to describe accurately and carefully the rules on which health depends. Next, it gives an account of drugs and their uses with hints on their administration and various prescriptions, which will give joy to those who love to take physic at every opportunity ; and it closes its first half with a list and description of instrum ents and utensils used in the sickroom.

The nursing section proper occupies the second half of the book; and it begins with some historical notes before dealing with the qualifications of a nurse and the routine of nursing. This section is much to be commended

for its attention to detail and will prove most useful. Finally the book describes the nursing of infectious diseases; and it closes with the care and welfare of the infant.

Unfortunately, the price of the book-howe ver justified it may be by the excellence of its matter, which is based on the practical experience of a medical practitioner, and of its production on which clearly nothing has been spared-places it beyond the purses of those who nurse their own folk because they cannot afford the services of the state-registered nurse. Still it should find a place as a commenuable work of reference in the library of every Nursing Division of the Brigade or V. A. Detachment of the B. R. C. Society, becau se there it will be available for individual nurses to increase their knowledge and to obtain valuable suggestions in the nursing of special and difficult cases.

West Riding Police won the annual competitions promoted by the Otley Centre, S.] .A.A. and were awarded the " Falcon" Shield.

Dr. Ian Fraser, Commissioner for Northern Ireland, inspected the Banbridge Ambulance and Tursing Divisions of the S.].A. B. on Tuesday, June 18.

Six hundred officers and men, representing Mansfield, Sutton, Kirkby, WeI beck, Rufford, Mansfield Colliery, Chipstow, Ne\vstead, and Blidworth S).A.B., were present at a combined church parade at the Bndge-street Wesleyan Church, Mansfield, on Sunday, ] une 23rd.

Horsham S. R. Team, winners of the Inter-Railway Competition, 1935.

Our Nurs es Pages.

COMPI L ED BY AMBULANC E SISTER.

1 DISTRICT, S.J. A. B.

It is with regret that the Nursing Divisions in the District bid farewell to their Lady District Su pt , Miss Rideout, Dame of Grace of the Order, \vhose resignation took effect from June 24th.

Miss Rideout was appointed Lady District Supt. of No. 1 District in June, 1926, and during the intervening 9 years has endeared herself to the women mem bers of the District by her untiring efforts on their behal!, her fairness. in all her dealings with them, and her read mess to help in any way possible for the welfare of the Divisions under her charge.

In her retirement from Brigade work, Miss Rideout will carry with her the good wishes of every officer and member of the Nursing Divisions i11 the District.

On June 25th liss A. M. Walker took up her appointment as Lady District Supt. of No.1 District, a worthy successor to riss Rideout.

While they are proud of the fact that tlwir Lady District Officer should ha\ e been chosen for this higher office, officers and members of Central Area are filled with regret that they have lost a beloved District Officer.

Miss Walker was appointed Lady Divisional Supt. of No. 28 (Post Office-now Civil Service) Nursing Division in May, 1914, and was promoted to the rank of Lady District Officer, Central Area, in September, 1925. For nearly 10 years she has laboured unceasingly in the interests of the Area as a whole, but more especially in those of the N ursing Divisions under her care. Officers and members alike knew that in her they had a friend. Her tact, her ready encouragement, especially to new members, her helpful critismsalways kindly, and given at the right moment-and, above all, the example she set of efficiency in all she undertook, has done much to raise the Nursing Divisions in Central Area to the high standard to which they have attained. No function of any ursing Division was ever complete without her, and nothing but duty ever kept her a'vvay.

The District is fortunate in its new Lady District Supt., and without doubt Miss Walker carries with her to her new appointment, the warm good wisht's of every officer and member of Nursing Divisions in the District.

l\lembers of Nursing Divisions in the Di<;trict will welcome the two newly-aprointed Lady DIstrict Officers, who received promotion on June 25th. They are Miss Masson, formerly Lady Superintendent of the Civil Service ursing- Division, who goes to Central Area in place of Miss Walker, now Lady District Supt ; and Mrs. Morrish, late Lady Supt. East Ham Nursing Division, who fills the vacancy in Eastern Area caused by the transfer to Brigade Reserve of Lady District Officer Miss Curtis.

SOUTHERN RAILWAY CORPS (SOUTHERN) NURSING DIVISlON. - A happy evening was spent last month by members of this Division and their friends. The main feature on this occasion was the Annual Presentation of Awards, which, to the delight of all, was carried out by 1rs. McCaffrey, late Lady District Officer of the Area, to whom a vcry hearty welcome was accorded.

New members received their certificates at the hands of Lady District Officer Miss Grindley, and the" Webb" Cur (for team work) and the" Hayes" Cup (for drill) and other prizes won by members of the Division were presented to

them by Mrs. Hayes. In doing so, the latter commended the members on their work and efficiency.

During the evening a of rrac.tical was given by the Division, thIS WIth an 11l1presslve tableau showing the work ot the BrIgade.

The remainder of the evening-was taken up WIth a SOCial and dance, which were enjoyed by all present.

No.5 DISTRICT, S.]. A. B.

ANNUAL INSPECTION AT MANSFIELD.-The Annual Insrection of the Nursing Divisions in Notting-hamshire held on the Field Mill Football Ground, Mansfield (by l{(nd permission of the Directors), on Sun?ay, June 2nd.

The on parade comprIsed Worksop, Nottmgham City, Carrington, Notting-ham Central, I?ullwell, Manvers, Mapperley, Basford, Ashfield, Mansfield, Bdsthorpe Rainworth, and 176 officers and memhers were present under the command of Lady District Officer Miss W. Gibson. The Inspecting Officer was Lady District Supt. who was accompa:-.ied by the Asst. CommISSIOner for Nottinghamshire, Mr. A. B. Gibson, ]. P., and the County Surgeon, Dr. A. la Touche Darley.

The Divisions were inspected individually by Mrs. Birkber.k, and the County Surgeon examined practical work in bandaging, etc., a demonstrati0n of which was given. Owing to the intervention of rain, it was impracticable for the J nspecting Officer to take the salute at the March Past of the Divisions, and this had to be abandoned.

The inspection of the Divisions and the practical demonstrations were keenly followed by the Mayor and Mayoress of Mansfield (Councillor and Mrs. E. W. Mellors) who showed <Treat interest in the proceedings. After the inspection, thtMayor presented Service Medals to Lady Div. Supt. Miss A. Slaney (Carrington Nursing Division) and Lady Div. Supt. Mrs. E. Wyse (Nottingham City Nursing Division) who have 1.,oth completed 15 year's efficient service in the Brigade. He also handed to Miss R. Manners her badge of office, she having been recently appointed Hon. President of the Mansfield Nursing Division.

In the course of her remarks to Lhe Brigade, Mrs. Birkbeck spoke of her appreciation of the work carried out by the Nursing Divisions in Nottinghamshire, and of the invaluable service to the Brigade of Lady District Officer lV/iss Gibson. She aiso referred to the ever increasing necessity for the training of members to carryon the work, and to meet the growing demands on the services of Lhe St. John Ambu ance Brigade.

ANNUAL COMPETITION AT WOMBWELL.-The Annua.l Competition for Nursing Divisions in Womb well and District was held in the grounds of Wombwell Grange on Saturday, July 6th, hy kind permission of Mrs. The test, which was open to teams, was set and Judged by Dr. W. C. Jardine: and was a severe one. The marks allotted were :-1, Leeds Victoria, 255 ; 2, Rotherham, 244 3, Worsbro', 198 4, Barnsley. 180.

The winning team included IVliss Denton (captain), Miss M. Moody, Miss C. Hastings and Mrs. E. Gibson; and the runners-up, Mrs. L. Gilling (captain), Miss E. A Newell, Miss A. E. Braithwaite and Mrs. A. E. Gabbitas.

The Stewart Cup thus went to Leeds Victoria Nursing Divisioll who won it two years ago, and for the second year in succession Rotherham gained second p lace in the com petition.

FIR S T

In present ng the C u p to the w i nners, M r s. Wa l ker sai d that she intended to give a shield to be he d each year by the runners-up in this compet ition, which remark was received with applause. She commented on the sma ll n umber of spectators, and said that the general public di d not realise how interesting such competitions were, and how much they owed to the ungrudging services of members of the Brigade, otherwise they would give them their wholehearted support.

No. 9 DISTRICT, S.J.A. B.

PAIGNTON NURSING DIVISloN.-The formal opening of the Firt Aid Hut on the front, which is now in charge of this Nursing Division, took place last month before an impL1sing gathering, which included Assistant County Comsioner H. J. Vick, Mr. S. J. Huggin, Chairman of the Urban Council, Mr. R. Butland, Chairman of Paignton Centre, S.lA.A., Dr. and Mrs. Sawdon, and Sergt. Mothersdale, Paignton Ambulance Division.

The Nursing Division was drawn up in two ranks under Lady Div. Supt. Miss Whitehead, and so formed a

Air Prot ecti on and the S.J.A. B.

L ITTLE has been heard of the gas warfare instruct ions which have been taking place among the p ersonnel of the Brigade in London during the past year or so, but the extent of the work done can be well imagined when it is known that over 4,000 members are efficient.

I n view, however, of the recently published p lans of the Home Office for air raid precautions, the Chief Comm issioner of the Brigade (Sir John Duncan) arranged for an intensive course of instruction to a large n umber of selected officers, f r om all parts of the country, to qualify them to act as instructors in their own 2feas. By this means there will be a number of trained people among the general public whose services, if and when required, will do much to lessen the effects of panic.

Presentations of the 69 (N) Division So u thern Railway Corps (Southern).

guard of honour. The flag was broken at the mast by Mrs. Dixon, a former officer of the Division.

In his remarks, Mr. Vick said he was proud of the achievement of the team fr0111 this Division which won the "Perrott" Shield this year in the Brigade Final Competitions. He also congratulated Lady Ambulance Officer Miss Garland on her leadership of the team, and also for winning the "Ellis" Trophy, which is awarded to the leader gaining the highest number of marks in the individual test.

Souvenirs to each rnem ber of the winning team were kindly presented to them by Mrs. Dixon.

BRIGADE FINAL COMPETITIONS. -By an error it was reported in the last issue of this Joumal that No 6 District was represented by South Shield Nursing Division, wht'.reas it was North Shields Nursing Division had that honour. Both Division" are asked to accept apologies for the mistake.

NATIONAL TRAINING CAMP -Included in these columns last month was a paragraph on the National Training Camp held at North wood Park in J une.

It should have been stated therein t h at the camp was wholly and entirely an effort promoted by the Brit ish Red Cross Society, and to the latter Society apologies are tendered for the omission.

Items (Divisional news anJ competitions, social, interesting duties, lectures, etc.), for this page should be sent to Ambulance Sister, c/o The Editor, FIRST AID, 46, Cannonstreet, London, E.C.4.

The course has now been completed with very satisfactory results. Instruction was given in the various types of gases, their separate characteristics and treatment, care and application of masks, the use of air-lock whereby gas casualties are brought through specially constructed devices into the pure air, and the protection of buildings and property. In effect, the cou rse covered all phases of air raid work, especially precautionary measureS and decontamination.

The course also brought together officers from numerous centres, all of whom spoke highly of the social side of the instruction. Here stranger met st ranger, but left knowing that new friends had been made and that the esp1-zt de corps of the Brigade had been further cemented.

The Brigade is anxious to enlist the services of everyone who can and will give assistance. Anyone who holds a First Aid Certificate of the Association, and is willing to help, should get into touch with the local Brigade Officer, or make a pplication to the Chief Commissioner at St. John's Gate, London.

There is, of course, no need to emphasise the fac t t h at this work, as in the case of all Brigade w o r k , is entirely voluntary.

The

J

final contests for the" V/right" and" Portland " Shields presented for competition in the Notts and Derbyshire Ambulance League, were hel? on

une 22nd, at Wei beck Abbey. CollIery No.1 won the former trophy and Markham Colhery the latter.

Queries and Ans'Ners to Correspondents.

QLl::rJe, will be dealt with nnder the following rules;L etters con taining Queries must be marked on the top left hand corner of the envelope" Query," and addressed-FIRST AID 46, Cannon-street, London, E. C. 4.

2 -All Queries must be accompanied by a "Query Coupo n " cut from the current issue ot the Journal, or, in case of Queries from abroad, from a recent issue.

J. - T he Te xtbook, to which reference mlly be made in this col um n is he 38th (1928) Edition ofS.J.A.A. Manual of First Aid.

ARTERIES TO LOBE OF EAR.

N. B. (Wakefield)-Please tell me which artery supplies the lobe of the ear with blood. I have often wondered which artery we should compress supposing that a patient had the lobe of his ear torn. Is it the temporal or occipital arLery ?

The arteries to the lobe of the ear are in front of the anterior auricular from the temporal and behind the posterior auricular from the external carotid.-N . CORBET FLETCHER.

EXAMINATION HOWLER.

H.S. (Dudley)-In a recent examination a member of our class was told to demonstrate ho\\' he would establish the degree of insensibility in an unconscious patient. Somewhat agitated, he was trying to ascertain the (supposed) state of the pupils, and asked the surgeoI1examiner :-" A1'e the pupils minutely dzlated. Si,-P"

Good! Next, please! !-N.C. F.

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION WITH FRACTURED RIBS.

G.A. (Cannock)-Please lell me if it Nould be correct to apply Schafer's Method of artificial respiration in a case complicated by fractures of the fourth and fifth ribs Also would a compeLitor be penalised for using this method in any circumstances?

There is one method only of artificial respiration nised in Lhe current edition of the Textbook, The Committee have ruled that this must be applied in all cases of Asphyxia and that in those such as you name the operator must compress the thorax in s uch a way that no pressure is exerted over any fractured ribs

The reply to ):our second would depend largely on the way 111 whIch the competitor carried out these instructions. -N. C. F.

should be supported in a small arm sling, before the application of the sp lin ts

The flexion of the forearm wo uld bring the biceps muscles on the inside; the splints could then be placed on the front, back and outer side of the arm without touching Lhe biceps muscles.

Really and truly? By the way, have you ever read (and understood) the footnote to the front ispiece in the Textbook showing the skeleton and main arteries?

If not, then do so ; and having- done so, try again and treat someone as for Fracture of Humerus 'lear middle of shaft. Then, you w ill Gnd that, if you follow the instructions of the Textbook as laid down on pp. 68 and 69, the front splint does come plumb on the biceps muscle. N.C.F.

USE OF BLUE BAG FOR STINGS.

P. B. (Cardiff).-The Textbook on p. 131 tells us thRt we may apply a wet blue baR in the Lreatment of Sting-s of Plants and Insects. I shall be obl iged if you will tell us how the blue bag works in such cases.

Th e blue bag is useful because it contains a lk alies of which bicarbonate of soda is its chief ccnstituent. These are more efficient in their action when moistened with water than when applied dry to the injured part. - c. F.

HUMOUR IN COMPETITION

H.S. (Dudley) -At a recent Individual Competition for first and second year ambulance men, one of the questions was :-" A carboy of sulphuric acid has been broken and some of the acid has gone over this man's leg. What treatment would you g-ive?" The lad among the competitors replied :-" I would go down on my knees, put a wet handkerclZl'if over my mouth and send for a doctor!" Afterwards we told him that we report his reply to you because it was worthy of a wider circ u la tion

Good! Very good! !-N.C.F.

CAUSES OF ASPHYXIA.

W. H. (Neath).-In a recent competition a member of our team was asked to state the causes of Asphyxia and because he did not mention Sunstroke and Heatstroke he lost marks. As I rail to lind this among' the causes in my Textbook, I would welcome your ruling.

NeiLher do I find it in my Textbook! Provided, therefore, that the competition was conducted on the S .]. A.A. Syllabus, the answer is ruled out as delinitely a n unfair one. N.C.F.

TREATMENT OF FOOD POI SONING.

SPLENDID INVESTMENT!

STOP-WATCHES AT MAKER'S

A

TREATMENT OF FRACTURED HUMERUS.

lC B (Stroud).-I must express my s urpri se at the answers glv en repeatedly with reference to the application of splInts for Fracture of Humerus near the middle of the the last such answer being published in the March Issue of FIRST AID.

Personally, I see 110 difficulty in the matter In accordance with Textbook instructions, the forearm

1. D. (Plymo u th).--In the treatment of Food Poisoning the Textbook (p. 171) tells us to give full doses of castor oi l. Please explain how this acts and accept our best thanks for all your k ind help.

In Food Poisoning diarrhrea dernonstrates the presence and irritating effects of ptomaine poison in t h e bowel. Consequently, we give castor oil because it stim ul ates the bowel to more rapid action and so gets rid of these poisons the more quickly.--N.C.F.

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TREATMENT OF SPRAINED ANKLE.

S. N. (Coventry)- Pl ease the advantages \,:,hich accrue from eav in g the boot 111 pOSltlOn when treating a patient suffering- f r om a Sprained A nkl e out-of-doors, as is laid down on p. 84 of the T extbook

The advantages of not removing the bo ot (or s ho e) we have to treat a patient, who is out-of-doors, for Spra1l1ed Ankle are :- h 'Il (1) Limitation of the swe llin g of the WI almost certain ly and quickly foll ow and which wIiI be restrlicted by t h e pressure of the boot.. .

2) Protection from expos ure (and po ss lbl e.ag-g ra vat lOn) while the boot is bein a remu\'ed and the p reCise nature of injury settled-often a difficult ma.tter w}t h injuredjoints; and (3) Avoidance of delay (which w Ill be ag-gravated by the need to replace the boot on a swo ll en a nd painful ankle joint) in the removal of the patient to shelter or doctor. -

C.F.

TREATMENT OF R UPTURE.

1. C (Finchley)-ln a r ecent cou rs e of lectures the doctor emphasised that in no circumsta n ces s hould we apply hot fomentations to a hernia. sho uld be g rat e ful If you will tell me why he was so emphatic on this point.

One out of every ten men is said to suffer from hernia, which consists of a protusion of the bowel (often the result of abdominal strain) through the muscular walls of the abdomen. Its danger is that the protruding bowel may be constricted by the abdominal muscles and r es ult in obstruction to the local circ ul ation with co n seq uent st rangulation of the bowel.

In its treatment, therefore, we never use hot fomentations because these would hasten this complication by drawino- more blood to the part. On the contrary, '-'\'e endeavo ur to bdiminish any congestion present, partly bv placing (a nd keeping) the patient in a semi-recumbent position (thighs and shoulders raised to relax the abdominal muscles) and partly by the continuous app li cation of co ld to the sweIling.N.C.F.

A Participant's of the Royal Silver Jubilee, 1935.

LEFT home at the unearthly hour of 6.30 a.m. ; flew to the tu be, waited ten long minutes for a train, thought I'd be late, ran up the stairs at Liverpool-street Station. Met the Superintendent, " eyes right "-s nappy salute with two minutes to go.

I' Boys look smart from here," says the Super, smiling, and they were too.

The cream of the division marched to Aldgate Station headed by the Ambulance Officer, everyone out of step except poor old K-.

Marched up Northumberland-avenue, looking important, and were planted at the top of Whitehall facing King Charles the Martyr's statue, in Trafalgar Square. The sky was blue, the sun shone on the decorations and the flags, the bunting and the festoons, and the crowd-what a crowd. They we re very good natured, with a word of chaff for everyone, but like a chocolate cake ina window, so they began to wilt.

Work beaan at about 8.30 a.m. Short ones, b tall ones, fat ones, young ones, old ones, we treated and carried to the "station." By the plinth of Nelson's Column, a tall fat man crumpled like a pricked balloon-"Even at the base of Pompey's statue, Great Ccesar fell, oh, what a fall was there my countrymen, "-and what a weight he was too! We carried him on a two-handed seat (hear I pause to pay my respects to our leather belts, they stood the strain magnificently).

It was getting hotter every minute; the mounted police were waving (one had a monocle) -" Hi, Ambulance! " and pointed the position of the case from aloft. As miraculousl y a'S the Red Sea parted for Moses, so the crowd opened to allow us to fetch and carry. I picked up a child of about six in a dead faint, and followed the horse out of the throng. Saw Sergt. P. with a 1S-stone lady balanced on his shoulder stagger into the station, was too bus y to help him, anyway.

Never have I seen such a crowd, so much enthusiasm, and so many cases. When the cavalcade drew near I resumed my stand behind a sailor with fixed ba yo net anci between two perspiring policeman with happy faces; judiciousl y distributed a little of my now meagre water supply.

Tumult! shouts! pushing and surging, with the police laying back on the poor devils behindTheir Majesties the King and Queen I've never been so close to them, the y looked fine, absolutely regal. Stiff at attention we all were, nobody fainted for two whole minutes, there's patriotism for you then tbe Princes; the Dukes and the Officials.

A fainting girl is carried across the road, a shoe falls off her foot and lies there; a boy scout retrieves it and hurries after the bearers. Cinderella!

The sailors formed fours and marched off. I was wet to the skin with perspiration and exci tement the crowd blotted out the orderlv lines of the road and we returned to the station which looked like a jumble of hospital, mortuar y and dormitory. "Fall in !" Much praise from our Assistant Commissioner to our Super who passed it on to us.

" Thanks, boys. Parade dis - miss! "

Oh yes, the most unkind cut of all, before I hastened home to my bath, young S., acting as assistant to the Secretary, came to me, "Cohen," he asked, "how many cases have you treated? " - this about 1.30. "Thirty is my bag for the day," I replied, handing him my list And now boys, wait for my report on tbe Golden Jubilee 1"S.S.C." in the No. 30 (East London) Division Gazette.

BILSTHORPE

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PlaT AID Journal for rl)e an6 3)1ut'sing

NOTICE TO R.EADERS.

FIRST AID is published on the 20th of each month. The Annual SUbscription is 35. 6d. post free; single copies 3d.

Its aim and object being the advancement of Ambulance Work in all its branches, the Editor invites Readers to send Articles and Reports on subjects pertaining to the Movement and also welcomes l\uggestions for Practical Papers.

AU Reports, &c., should be addressed to the Editor at the address below, and shou Id reach him before the 12th of each month and must be accompanied (not necessarily jor fJub/ication) by name and address of the Correspondent.

Subscriptions, Advertisements and other business Communications connected with FIRST AID should be forwarded to the Publishers, DALE, REYNOLDS & CO., LTD., 46, CANNON STREKT, LONDON, E.C.4.

7 elegraphic Address-" Twenty -jo ur, London." Telephone- City 37 IO.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

EDITORIAL-

Th e S.J.A.B. al Home

FUA.NITUA.E

S. J.A. B. Overseas

Elastoplast Dressings .,.

The Ambulance Man L ooks at Gas

St. John i\mbul ance Association ...

S.lA. B. Di strict Report s

Letters to the Editor

Priory for Wales

Blood Transfu s ion Congress

First Aid Treatment of Burns

Railway Ambulance News

Coming Events

Our Nurses' Pages

Advice to First Aiders '"

QUERIES AND ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS-

Treatment of Burns

Examination Howler

Treatment of Fractured Humerus

Treatment of Snake Bite

Poison by Lavender \Vater

Treatment of Snake Bites Artificial Respiration wilh

EDITORIAL.

HAVING read the annual report

THE S.J.A.B. of the Chief Commissioner, Sir AT HOM E. John Duncan , we are greatly impressed by the fact that during 1934 the Cadet personnel increased by 1,413, whilst 82 new Di visions were formed. The Cadets are the backbone of the movement for the future and therefore, to learn that there are nearly twelve thousand boys and girls already interested in first aid, augurs well for the time when the adult acre is l:> reached.

In the adult section there was an increase of 3,514 of whom 2,441 were men and 1,073 nurses. The total number of Divisions at December 31st , was 1,430 men and 669 nurses, with a personnel of 49,845 anrl15,239 respectively, making a grand total of 65,084.

Commenting on the work of the Brigade, Sir John refers to the large n umber of new headq uarters which have been acquired by Units, and also the number of important functions where big crowds assembled, at which members did duty.

During the year 934, reported cases treated, numbered 524,237, as against 471,731 in 1933. No further proof (if proof is necessary) as to the usefulness of the self-sacrificing work of the Brigade can be furnished than by these figures.

Attendances at civil hospitals, clinics alld welfare centres, undertaken by the Nursing personnel, numbers 37,662, an increase of 10,020 over the previous yea r.

Road Service, as may be expected, increased in activ ity and 18,939 road accidents were treated. Throughout the country, 198 roadside huts and 984 first aid posts were manned by Brigade personnel.

An increase of 41 motor ambulances operated by members, is reported; the 293 vehicles carry-

This illustration shows the clear gangway for loading the lower stretcher when ()nly one case is being carried.

ing 112,342 patients during the year with a reported mileage of 1,304,619.

The training of personnel in Gas Warfare, the establishment of an Air Duties Division, the Medical Comforts Depots, of which there are now 112 and the Reserves to H.M. Forces are other , items dealt with by the Chief Commissioner.

In conclusion, Sir John Duncan tenders his thanks to the Commissioners for their valuable co-operation; and to members of the Medical and Nursing professions, fortheir generous assistance.

S.J.A. B. Overseas.

BOMBAY.-On Thursday, June 27th, Sir David Petrie, Chief Commissioner, S.J.A.B. OYerseas for the Empire of India, inspected the Bombay Corps..

Sir David was received by Assistant DIstrIct Commissioner G. Wiles, District Surgeon Capt. F. N. Kapadia, and Officiating District Supt. D. F. Panthaki.

Supt. Panthaki extended a warm welcome to Sir David. He expressed satisfaction that, following an appeal made by Major General C. A. Sprawson, Surgeon-in-Chief, a Muslim Nursing Division had been formed. The members of the Parsi Nursing Division had expressed their willingness to join the V.A.D. On the occasion of the Quetta earthquake members of the Bombay Corps offered their services and also contributed to the relief fund.

Sir David was pleased to learn of the Parsi Nursing Division and their decision to become V.A.D.'s He noted with pleasure the recent public activities ot the Corps. Ambulance workers in Bombay City had a record of public service which any unit might well envy.

Referring to the earthquake calamities, Sir David's advice can be summed up in four words" Be efficient, be ready. "

He was glad to note that the All-India Ambulance Competitions would be held early next year. Such functions did much for the promotion of ambulance work.

Since last he had visited the Corps they had lost the services of Major VV. Nunan and also Ir. W. R. S. Sharpe.

A portait of 1\1 r. Panthaki, presented by an anonymous donor in recognition of his services, was unveiled by Sir David.

The Inspecting Officer concluded his remarks with "No one who has seen you on parade can fail to be impressed with your numbers, enthusiasm and efficiency."

SOUTll AUSTRALIAN DISTRICT.-The Brigade in this State during the past few years has made rapir! sig-ns of progress, and has become better known to the general public since its inception in South Australia.

At present there are twenty ambulance and two nursing divisions, and the members attend on duty at various sports such as horse racing, Australian football, British football (soccer), lacrosse, rugby, hockey, basketball, baseball and bicycle racing, in addition to trotting, wrestling, picnics, swimming and skating.

One of the features of tbis country is the long transport sometimes necessary before medical aid can be obtained. It has been known of a case that had to be taken a distance of 300 miles on a railway section car before the patient could get the services of a doctor, This incident is quoted

AID.

to allow readers to realise the vastness of this wonderful country-Australia.

This District is fortunate 10 ha VlOg the servIces of Dr. S. L. Dawkins as Commissioner, whose untiring effort has brouCTht about the present healthy state of the Brigade. The officers and members are keenly looking forward to the visit of Col. J. L. Sleeman who is expected during the Centenary Celebrations of South Australia in the year 1936.

Elastoplast Dressings.

TIIESE dressinCTs which the medical profession use extensively, Rre that first aiders and those ill charge of ambulance rooms sllould not hesitate to obtain a supply and test for themselves as to the quickness, neatness and firmness that the dressings can be applied.

Elastoplast are made of an elastic cloth prepared with a medicated zinc oxide adhesive surface, and are excellent for injuries to joints, tep-dons, and also sports i.njuries. They give a firm support to the IOJured part but do not sl ip or restrict movement.

In addition to the bandages there are Elastoplast DressinCTs. These combine the same material as the ,vith a lint and gauze pad, medicated with Bismuth SubCTallate 5 per cent., thus providing dressings which are self-adhesive and antiseptic. There is also the Elastoplast crosswise dressing strip of a continuous pad of lint and gauze, makll1g It pOSSible to cut to any length required whilst still retaining the elasticity. This dressing strip is suitable for small or large wounds, incisions, burns, etc.

The prevention of sepsis, a most im portant phase in all accidents where the skin is broken, is one of (he many claims made by the manufacturers, Messrs. T. ]. Smith and Nephew, Ltd., of Hull.

Having had many occasions on which Elastoplast was used we can recommend this dressing and bandages as idea{ for instantaneous application. vVashing does not affect them, but they CRn easily be removed by a solvent such as eucalyptus, petrol or paraffin.

The Elastoplast Bandages are obtainable either plain or ventilated, from 1 inch to 6 inch wide to 5 to 6 yards long (when stretched).

The Elastoplast Dressings can be procured in all sizes and in small or large quantities from 3d per tin. The dressings can also be obtained in outfits containing 117 different types and sizes, packed in an enamelled box or a smaller outfil, in a cardboard container, is available. Supplies can be obtained from your usual supplier or, if any difficulty is experienced, readers should direct to T. ]. Smith and Nephew, Ltd., Hull, wbo wIll be pleased to forward name of the nearest stockist.

" The Story of the Red Cross" is the title of a pamphlet ;ssued by the British Red Cross Society to mem bers of the Junior Red Cross Links in schools throughout the country. It describes the history and origin of the internationally recognised" Red Cross" silSn ; and the origin of the Red Cross Movement by Henri Dunant.

;;, • E

COMPETITIONS, DANCES, etc.-The attention of the general public to your needs can be attractively arranged by purchasing copies of the Poster advertised in this Journal for all your Social and other activities. Samples will be sent on request.

The A mbulance Man Lool<s at Gas.

By CA PTAIN NORMAN HAMMER, M.R.C.S. (N. Riding of Yorkshire).

3' '&;

THE subject of the protection of the civil population against the effects of poisonous gases has occupied the public mind very much of late, and the question is regarded by the powers that be as a matter of sufficient importance to warrant the appointment of an additional Permanent U nderSecretary to the Home Office to deal with it. The St. John Ambulance Brigade, ever in the forefront of activity in all that concerns the relief of suffering and the saving of life, has, as many of my readers are aware, taken steps to instruct its members, particularly those who belong to Voluntary Aid Detachmen ts, in methods of com bating the ill-effects of these insidious and damaging substances.

Gas-attacks are written and spoken of as inevitably terrorising and casualty producing. But it can be shown that a gas-attack can be robbed of nearly all its effectiveness by taking thought for the morrow-by preparedness and a proper gasdiscipline, both on the part of the community and of the individual. We can say without exaggeration that an attack by poisonous gas is another form of the effect of environment to secure the survival of the fittest and the elimination of decadent and un worthy persons and races; for it is only those persons and those races that are too slack and too unintelligent to face up to facts before the event, and so prepare themsel ves for it, and too lacking in self-control and self-discipline to submit to a little discomfort during the short time of the actual exposure, who will suffer.

Panic is hoped for by the attackers as a major part of their effect, with its result upon natio.nal morale and interference with the normal workIng of producing factories, distributing centres, and means of transport and communication. All of these damaging effects can be rendered slight, if not prevented, if the elementary outlines of individual and collective protection are understood, and personnel instructed in their methods. Vve say that the Devil loses his power if we understand him; this is equally true of the bogey of GAS.

First, realise that the Service Respirator as at present issued is 100 per cent. protection for the eyes and lungs for all war-gases except one, the so-called poison smoke, and that this is provided for by the Mobilisation Container, which will be issued when required, and offers adeg uate protection. The rest of the body is liable to be affected only by actual contact with the jluz'd of the persistent gases, "Mustard" and LewIsIte; but

penetration takes a little time, and an easy treatment, minimising injury, is readily adopted.

On the principle that First Aiders observe in all their studies and work, that" To understand is half the battle," these articles will attempt to explain the salient points of the war-gases and the easy and effective means we can adopt to make a gas-attack little more disturbing than a local fog.

Remember, the respirator properly worn is adeq uate protection for eyes and lungs; an easy treatment, rapidly applied, prevents injury to the skin and body and almost any room can be converted into a gas-proof shelter, protecting a number of persons at a ti me. We shall consider the gases, the protection of the individual, the protection of small or large numbers of people, the decontamination of persons, buildings and areas, elementary Gas First Aid, and training and disciplinary measures to ensure protection and prevent loss of control which might manufacture danger out of a situation which really is merely annoying and slightly uncomfortable.

THE GASES.

First, to get an idea of the substances we are dealing with, we must understand that in this connection the term" Gas" means a little more than it conveyed to us in the days when we were doing elementary chemistry at school. I t has in this context a wider meaning, and includes ;-

(1) Actual chemical gases (chlorine and phosgene).

(2) Semi-solid particles suspended in a "cloud" or "smoke" (" D.l\1.").

(3) Liquids deposited by various means (shells, bombs, sprays, etc.), acting firstly by contact and, secondly, by giving off vapours till destroyed (mustard, lewisite, "S.K.").

Gases used in war are classified as Persistent and Non-Persistent.

The Persistent Gases are distributed as fluids, which act in two ways (1) by actual contact, and (2) by the effects of the they give off. They remain where depOSIted tIll removed or destroyed, and are active all the

The Non-Persistent Gases are In vapour form and are easily dissipated by various means, including natural places affected by them are clear in a short whtle. .

The two Tables published show gases claSSIfied as above, with notes on their properties,

method of use in attack, protection against them, and appropriate First Aid.

Table I. GASES.

'CHOKING' 'l'wJE' 'TEAR' 'TEAR' 'BLIS'rBRING' I I I I I PHOSGENE. 'D.M."C.A.P.' 'S.K.' MUSTARD. CHLORINE, LEW I SrT E.

I do not propose to quote the scientific and medical names for the groups (e.g. a choking gas is caJled a " Pulmonary Irritant," a blistering gas a "Vesicant" and so on), nor shall we use any of the names by which the individual gases are known to the chemist and the laboratory worker. VVe are out to understand, as far as the man in the street can, and not to learn high-sounding words to impress and confuse our friends with.

Now take the gases separately. This part may be a little tedious, but must be included for proper und e rstanding of what follows.

(Table II. - See opposite page).

The effectiveness of a gas attack, from the point of view of the attackers, depends very largel y, as we are going to keep on insisting, upon a number of factors not within their control. Firstly, it depends on the un preparedness or preparedness of the population attacked. Then other factors may also make a gas-attack relatively harmless. Let us consider the things that have to be taken into account by the attackers, and see how an attack ma y be robbed of its sting by any departure from certain optimum conditions.

CO NS IDERATIONS AFFECTING THE USE OF GAS AS A V1EAPON OF ATTACK.

A. - NoN-PERSISTENT GASES. B.-PERSISTENT GASES.

This should be disGussed in two parts-firstly, what factors will make it easy or difficult for the attackers to place an efjectz"v e concentraizon of gas in a given place; and, secondly, what factors will increase or lessen the damaging and casualtyproducing results of such a concentration. Vve must take Ton-Persistent gases and Persistent gases separately, as they are governed by different COil!:: iderations.

A. - NoN-PERSISTENT GASES. (i) FactOJ' s aJJectz"ng the CONCENTRATION of N-P gas at a gz"ve71 point.

1. A mount libel'ated.-Obviously the effect of the attack will be dependent initially on the amount liberated and to attain any appreciable result, a very la? ge volume of a Non-Pel'sistent gas has to be discharged.

2. The Weather is a matterof some importance. The Wz"nd must not be too gusty or too high.

The best wind for sending over a Non-Persistent gas is one of from 8 to 10 miles per hour, blowing steadily and without variation. The best times of day, from this point of view, are at dusk, during the night, and at dawn, when the wind is often as required, and when, too, the temperature is not too high; for sunshine or hot weather tends to dispel Non-Persistent gases, and hence diminish their effectiveness. Raz"n destroys a concentration of such gas, so the attacker will not use it while rain is falling.

3. The ground (its topography, vegetation, and surface) affects the persistence of a N -P gas, which fills hollows and valleys, and is easily blown away by the wind from high ground. A cloud of N-P gas can be seen rolling down and away from a hillside, billowing slowly along, and gradually spreading out, being blowf, away in eddies by gusts ot wind, till it is dispersed. Vegetation, high grass, growing crops, and so on, will hold a N-P gas, and prevent rapid dissipation. Surface affects persistency, e.g. marshlands will break up a concentration of N-P gas, the marshes own gases mi ing with the N-P gas and destroying its concentration.

(ii) Factors affecting the RESULT of that Concenbatzan of N-P gas.

1. The T",'me of Day. - Firstly, we have seen that night, dusk, or dawn are Ue best times from the point of view of getting a good concentration of gas. They are the best times, too, for that concentration to do its fell work, for it is at these times, especially at dawn or during the night, that the elements of (1) surprise, and (2) panic, will be most active.

2. A17wunt absorbed. - The amount of N-P gas absorbed by persons exposed to it will depend on :-

1. Surprise or not. This in turn will depend on other factors, e.g., time of day, as above described, and whether or not an adequate system of A.larm is operating.

2. P1/eparedness, i.e., is the population educated in protective measures; is there in force a system of policing gassed areas; are protective appliances such as respirators available?

3. Individual Protection. - Does everyone know how to wear a respirator do the respirators fit j how long does it take for them to get them on ?

4. Collechve protech01l. - Gas-p roof shelters; are there enough of them; are they easily accessible; is a proper system of control in action?

5. Alarm system. -Is a good alarm system working, or do people have to wait till they feel the first effects of the gas before they know that they are being exposed to it? (To be continued.)

5t. John Ambulance Association

BR1STOL CENTRE.-Dr. H. G. Kyle, Chai rm an of the Centre', presided at the Ann ua l Competitions whi c h were held on Saturday, July 27th, at the Zoological Gardens, Clifton. Ther e \\'ere six separate tests, the judges and results being- :-

"Beavis" Cup (men), 1, L.M.S. Moti\'es No.1, 196; 2, II. J. Packer and Co., 18 9 ; 3, Netham, 188. Jud ges, Drs. H. G. Kyl e and H. 1\1. Golding.

" 1\Jrs. Squire's" Cup (men), j, F ishponds o 1, 168t ; 2, H. J. Packer and Co., 158; 3, Netham, H7t· Jud ges, Drs. N. S. B. Vinter and F. C. Jenkins.

" NO\'icc" Cup (men), 1, Fishponds No.2, 181; 2, ]. Robinson and Co., 153; 3, Clifton, S.lA.B., 152. Jud ges, Drs. ]. I\10rlon Evans and S. Balch Green.

" Horace Walker" Cup (women), 1, Nursing Division, S.J.A.B., No.1, 165; 2, L.M.S. Ladies (handicapped), 163 t; 3, Nursing Division, No.2, 153 Judge, Dr. A. P Gorham.

A t D.

CHESTERFIELD.-The Sscond Annual Competition for the" King" Shield and" Hill" Cup, organised by Mr. T. Well s Chief Constable of Chesterfield, was held in th e Ou ee n' s Park, Chesterfield.

A goo d e rowd witnessed the competitiors, th e Chief Co nsta bl e of Le e d s, I r. Matthews, and his wife being present throughout th e day Dr. McKay, of Bolsover, set and judg ed th e t ea m test , for which 31 teams entered; whilst 90 entered for th e individual tests set a nd jud ged by P S. Hood, D. O. Turn e r a nd D. O. J ames of the Chesterfield Borough Poli ce. The team te st was well s taged leav in g nothin g- to th e imagination. The sce ne depicted was a cross roads where a motor cycl is t and pedal cylist collidl;'d, the latt e r s u sta inin g a compou nd fracture of th e ri g ht leg and co mpli cate d fra ct ur e of the rib s.

Th e team test winners were 1, Sheepbridge Stokes, 114 ; Wath Main Colliery and H a rdwi ck Colliery tied for secon d place with 111 ]Joints each, but afte r a fur t h er test the former team was placed seco nd. The first team r eceived the" King" Shield, whilst the secon d team were awa rd ed the" Miller" Cup in a ddition to individual prizes.

The St. !oJZ1t A 11zbula'Jz-ce

Brigacle I-IEADQUARTERS.

During .the absence of Col. C. 1. Ellis, Surgeon-inChIef, who IS at present on a world to ur , Dr. . Assistant Surgeon-in-Chief, will deputise for hnn.

No. I Prince of Wales 's) District.

No. 71 (TOTTENHAlvr A m EDMONTON DIVISION).- The Annual Church Parade of this Division was held on Sunday, J 1.11)' 7th) when the members, under Supt. F. J. Middleton, attended Tottenham High Cross Church where the service was conducted by the Rev. T. C. Brim{ey. Also on parade were Boy Cadets, under CorpI. Jarvis, and members of the 56th Nursing Division \vith Lady Supt. D. Parish in charge.

After the service the parade, headed hy the Edmonton SlIver Band) marched to headquarters where the dismissal took place.

No. II. District. COUNTY OF BRISTOL.

The Duke of Beaufort inspected about 500 members of the City of Bristol Corps on Monday) July 12th at the Bristol Gas CO.'s Sports Ground, Eastville.

The parade consisted of 16 Ambulance 3 NursinO' 3 Boy Cadets and 1 Girl Cadet Divisions with Corps

A. Cotton in charge. Others present were Corps Surgeon

N. H. Burgess, Corps Officer H. Trott) Messrs. C. Warr)

G. T. Usher, G. H. Bouchier (Chai rman, Gas Company), and other interested officials.

Reports.

opened the new headquarters. of the Oxford City Corps on July 14th.

Prior to the ceremony the Oxfordshire units were 1l1spected on Worcester College Cricket Field. Over 300 all ranks, were on parade, including COUllty Dr. W. Audlancl, County Surgeon Dr. C. Gardiner Hill and Major P. ]. Daf\'il-Smith (Headquarters BriO'ade Secretary). b

Sir John, after inspecting the parade and taking the salute at the march past, proceeded to the opening ceremony at whlch Lady Furley, Ald. the Rev. T. T. Blockle\", Col. A. C. H. and -:111': F. II. Ballard "were . Canon J enkms, Chaplam of the Order, dedicated the bUlld1l1g.

.After declaring" the Luilding open Sir J ohn emphasised the Importance of the voluntary \york done by members. The new headquarters would be an encouraO'ement for further efficiency. b

H e congratulated the County Commissioner on the smartness of the turnout and the efficiency shO\\'n.

No. IV. District CUi\/IBERLAKD.

KESWICK.-Members of the Keswick Ambulance and Nursing Di \"isions, under Supt. P'. S. Todd and Lady Supt. A. Marshall were 111sp ectecl by the Asst. County CommISSIOner, Lt.-Col. 2\ orma 11 Maclaren on \Vednesc1ay, July 10th.

[ Weste1'1t Dady P1'ess & Bn'stol Mirror

Jud ges taking part in the Bristol Centre Ann u al Competitions: Doctors D. Hall Beatson, V. Lu cas, H. 111. Golding, F. C. Jenkins, ]. A. L. Rob erts, J. i'llorton E\'ans, H. G. Kyle, Norman Burgess and .\. P. Gorham .

" l\Ialher" Cup (men or women). 1, Fi s hponds No.2, 155; 2, Wm. Butler and Co., "A," 1S3; 3, Filton, S.J.A.B. 151. Judges, Drs. J. A. Lanson R oberts a nd D. Hall Beatson.

" Cyril Lavinglon" Cup (men or women). 1, Bristol Docks, No.1, 179t; 2, H. J. Packer and Co 167..1· 3 L.l\I.S. Ladies, 166&,. Judges, Drs. orman

L. V. Lu cas

At the distribution of prizes 1\1r. R. E Bush, a Kni ght of G.raee of C?rder, commenting 011 the vo lunt ary work earned out 111 Bnstol, spoke of his experiences in A u stra l ia more especially his ambulance experiences. '

Alderman E. !'I I. D yer, Chairma n of the Bristol Dock COLl1mittee, praised the work of the Brio'ade in connection with dangerous accidents that h apnen at the Docks.

Judges referred to the excellent work of the competitors and all agreed that a high standard \\>as shown.

Thanks were accorded the Secretary of the Z oo l og ca l Gardens, to the judges and to Mr. \V. G. Hawkins (hon. treasurer) an.d Ir. E. A O. Webb (hon. secretary), who were responsIble for the smooth running of the tests.

]. S. Fry & Son s, Ltd "A" Team at work in the .• Cyril Lavington "Cup Competition of the Bristol Centre Competitions. Dr. Norm an Burgess is the jud ge.

The individual test was won by W. Goodwin, Markham Colliery, and was awarded the" Hill )) Cup. P. C. Goddard, of D o ncast e r, was second, and A. Box, o[ R oss in gton Main, third.

Mrs. Matthews presented the pri zes to the successtul co III p eti tors.

The day prov ed a great success and it g re at sa ti sfact ion to Mr. Wells who is really keen on furth er in g the ca u se of ambulance work.

L ETCESTE R. - Canon J. H. K. Boughton, vicar ot St. John the Baptist, recently dedicated the new ambulance of the Leicest e r Centre.

Mr. Wortl ey S. Lovell, c hairman and treasurer of the Centre, pa id tribute to the initiati ve of Mr. Harry Lockton, the sec r eta ry, in rai s ing a spec ial fund for the purpose of acguiring the ambulance.

Wh.en corresponding with advertisers kindly "FIRST AID "

Followin&, in spection and ma rch past, the Duchess of Beaufort chstnb ut ed senice medals and bars.

The inspecting officer in a short speech paid warm tnbute to the Corps. The parade) he said, reflects the greatest credit on everybody connected with the Brigacle. Some indication of the public confidence can be derived from the fact that in 1907 members of the Corps attended 5.257 cases while last year they were called to 26,2-+6.

HAMPSHIRE.

On Saturday, July 27th, County Commissioner Major

A. Tennyson Smith, accompanied by Connty Surgeon Dr. H. E. Rawlence and Lady County Officer Han. Mrs. Whitaker, inspected the Alverstoke Ambulance and Cadet the Gosport and Alvcrstoke Nursing and Cadet Dlvlslons; and the Anglesey and Lee ursing and Cadet Divisions.

About 125 members were on parade and followinO' the inspection and march past various drills were Later the insp ecting officers expressed their satisfaction with all they had seen.

The County Commissioner thanked the members for work during the Naval Review and specially mentioned Dr. J. Glen) Alverstoke Divisional Surgeon. IIe also presented the awards.

OXFORDSHTRE.

The Chief Commissioner, Sir John Duncan; officially

A nu!nber of the general public were present and watched with mteres t the various demonstrations which followed the inspection. One section demonstrated the us e of the new safety sheet in which it is impossible for the patIent to move during transit.

.The inspecting office r expressed his pleasure and satisfactIOn on the work done. He thanked Lady Supt. Marshall for arranging the h osp ital lent.

Supt. Todd thanked Col. :'Iaclaren for the kind words he .had spoken and assured him that it was the earnest deslre of all members to provide Keswi ck and district \\'i th a division \\'hich \\'ould be a credit to it.

LANCASHIRE.

KIRKII J\M.-A very successful fete in aid of the funds the Kirkham Ambulanc e D ivision was h eld, through the kmdness of J\Ir. and l\Irs. Duckw ort h, at Ribb)' Hall) on Saturday afternoon, Augu st 3rd.

There were Yariou; competitions, concerts, etc., and owing to the delightful weather a lar rre crowd of supporters.

The clay prior to the fete, while gathering eggs for the Refreshment Tent, J\Irs. Horrocks, wife o£ the Di\· Surgeon, slipped and broke her ankle, but) as usual, was found at her place of du ty, but on this occasion in a bath chair.

Trimble, C.B ., C.M.G., accompanied by the CommISSIoner, l\1r. VI. G. Smith, O.B.E.. and members of the District Staff, inspected the Oldham Corps at 'N emeth Park, July 20th , when the Corps celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of their formation. The Mayor ,

Photographs bJI courtes)I]

FIRST

Alderman Wrigley, and Mayoress with their supporters, attended, and the Mayoress graciously presented the Corps Trophies won during the year.

Corps Supt. Williams, who was in charge of the parade, called for three cheers for the Inspecting Officer, the Commissioner, and the Mayor. The of the Corps and friends were afterwards entertamed to tea by Miss Margery Lees.

ORRELL.-The Flag Day held 111 aid of the Orrell Division realised the sum of £7 lOs. Thanks are due to all who 'gave and the sellers who once again gave their services to such a noble cause.

POULTON-LE-FYLDE.-After the inspection of the North Fylde Ambulance Divisio.ns at Baines's Grammar School, Poulton, Col. C J. Tnmble, CB., CM.G., Inspect1l1g Officer, outlined briefly the object and aims of the St. John Ambulance Brigade to the large number of spectators who were present, and appealed to them to lend their support in this excellent cause. He mentioned that over

AID.

sion. "Winifred Baxter" Cup: Bacup Cadet Nursing Division.

W ARRINGTON.-District Officer F. Lomax, M.B.E., inspected the Corps, under Corps Supt T. 'Williams, and comphmented all ranks on a very credItable turn-out.

Before concluding, he presented Private W. ]. Clements with the King's Jubilee medal, and exp re ssed the hope that the recipient would be long spared to wear the decoration.

The inspection was witneSS1::d by a lar ge number of spectators among whom was Ald. F. Stringer, Chairman of the Health Committee.

LIVERPOOL.-A very interesting lectur e on Chemical Gases was given recently to the new Transport and Mobile Division (Liverpool Corps) by Major J. G. Paris, T.D., J.P., who in describing the gas and the release of other abnoxious substances said that the idea was not new and referred to the Assyrians of Biblical times.

After showing and describing the various masks and

100 Years' Service in the Bury Nursing Division.

From left-Dr. Holmes, Miss Holt, Miss Lamb, Miss Rich ardson, Dr. Smalley. 50,000 cases had been attended to in Lancashire alone last year .

Ambulance Officer Thomasson} Fleetwood Division, was presented with the second bar to his Service Medal. The parade was afterwards entertained to tea in the Dining Hall of the Grammar School.

ROSSENDALE V ALLEY UNITS .-C ol. C H. S. Redmond

T.D., M.B., inspected the Rossendale Valley Units at Seventh Annual Review at Bacup on July 6th. The event was well attended, and civic recognition was offered by the attendance of the Mayor and Mayoress, and the Deputy Mayor and Mayoress.

The Competitions were followed by the large crowd of spectators, and at the conclusion the following trophies were presented by the Mayor :-

" Lady Trickett" Shield: Bacup Ambulance Division.

" Graham" Cup: Crawshawbooth Ambulance Division.

:: Capt: Baxter"" Cup: Rawtenstall Nursing Division.

WIlham Brown Cup: Bacup Cadet Ambulance Divi-

gags that were used during the last war (from the primitive cloth) and giving first hand knowledge of a gas attack, the members were shown how to wear and quickly apply the latest gas mask.

The Hon. Corps Secretary (Mr. W. E. Searle), who saw much service in hospitals of Italy and Salonika} and who with permission of Corps Supt. Col. D. C. Leyland Orton, T.D.) organised the lecture) emphasised the necessity that every Brigade member should have a knowledge of and be efficient in, gas drill.

Major Paris further described various g-ases together with their deadly properties.

Such lectures as this are to be held until such knowl edge, in the Brigade, is genera l.

BURY.-The accompanying photog-raph r eprese nts a hundred vea l' s serv ice in the Bury Nursing- Division. Dr. F. B. G. Holmes, Senior Div. Surgeon with 31 years service. Dr. E. Smalley, Divisional Surgeon with 5 years service. Lady Divisional Supt. Miss K. Lamh with 24 years service.

FIR S T

Lady Ambula nce Officer Miss B. Holt with 21 years service. Lady Cadet Officer M iss M. Richardson with 19 years service a tota l of 100 years service.

Dr. Holmes and Miss Lamb are Officers of the Order of St. Jonh and Miss Lamb holds the Allied and General Service Medals for V.A. D. work during the Great Vi.7a r.

No. V. District.

ARMLEY AND WORTLEY DIVISION.-At the head of this Division is one who} for 21 years, has done much to increase the knowledge of first aid in the district.

Div: Supt. D. Glover joined the Brigade as a prIvate 111 19 13 and} 111 1919, when members returned from ac.ti-ye service, he was instrumental in re-organising the DlVlSlOn and apPol11ted Div. Supt. from Amb. Officer. His personal qualifications constitute a record. In addition to first aid awards Supt. Glover. holds the Nursing CertJficate and 10 pendants; the HygIene certificate with 8 pendants; the Sanitation Certificate and 9 pendants (the only. officer to hold such in the Leeds Corps). He obtal11ed the S.J.A. War ServIce Badge and in 1932 was admitted as a Serving Brother of the Orde;.

In addition to Brigade Work Supt. Glover is the Centre Secretary of the Lee.ds and in this capacity he has arranged 393 eXam1l1atlOns 111 all subjects with a total of 8,161 awards.

AID . .3.3

garden party of the Ambulance and N G urs1l1 g DIVISIons was held at the Hunslet Vicarage rounds. The event proved a huge success for a fine day rewarded the efforts of the committee.

Members of the Division} together with other members of the Leeds Corps, attended a Drumhead Service held at Cross Flatts Park manned the collection sheets. At the re-examInation held recently 37 members sat and passed. the . surgeons, Drs. Hollis and Adams: It IS antl.cIpated that the remainder of the Division wIll take theIr examination shortly.

LOUTI-I.-A vote of Thanks on Vellum of the Order whIch had been awarded Supt. W. q. Paling, was recent!; presented, to that gentleman at a SOCIal which took place in St. Mary s Schoolroom.

The Mayor (Ald. A. E. Maxey) presided, supported by the Mayoress, Ald. H. S. Walker, Asst. Commissioner Col.

Supt. Glover is a very popular lecturer and he has been responsible for a number of years for the staging, and arranging, competitions in connection with police) collier ies and tramway organisations.

HUNSLET AND HOLBECK DIVIsION.-On the occasion of the Leeds Corps inspection, members, in spite of treacherous weather) paraded in the largest number of men and thus gave their new superintendent, Mr. E. \.v est} every support on hi s first public appearance in that capacity.

Div. Supt. W. G. Paling, Louth Division.

\V. H. Fisher, County Surgeon Dr. Layin and Diy. Surgeon Dr. R. Thomson.

Mr. Paling gained his first certificate in 1892 with a Railway Ambulance Class He is the only remainina original member of the Louth Division which was formed in 1921. He enrolled as a private but in 1924 was promoted to Ambulance Officer whilst in 1930 he was promoted to his present position.

Col. Fisher fully appreciated the work done by Mr. Paling and asked the Mayoress to present the address. Supt. Paling, responding, remarked that any work he had been able to do for the Brigade was a labour of love.

The Mayor, on behalf of the citizens of Louth, also thanked Supt. Paling and his Division for the fine work they did.

NOTTINGIIAl\I CORPs.-The preliminary competition for the" Gibson" Shield was held on July 7th when Carrinaton, Robin Hood, Central (Nottingham), and Cinderhhl Divisions were the successful teams. The tests} which were

Div. Supt. Edward D. Glover, Armle.y ami Wortley Division.

FIRST

.' d d b C ps Offi F Carrier and 111dlvldual, were J u ge y or cer. Corps Supt. S. Ibbotson.

At the final, held on July 21st, thc. teams. wcre osed to be on duty at an all' display dunng which a .pal ajumped from a planc but whose parachute did open in time to prevent a rapid and heavy fall. T patient sustained a fractured base of the skull, wIth cond cussion and a fractured heel. All teams qUIckly realise the of the skull injury but only one team found the inj ured heel. The treatment and transport 111 each case was of a high standard.

The judge was Dr. Doris NickI ill, and the result was as follows: 1st, Carr1l1gton, 12J; 2n?, Cinderhill, 112; 3rd, Central (Nottingham), 101; 4th Robm Hood, 84. d I

The" Gibson" Shield, which was presente to t 1e Nottingham Corps several ago by the present Asst. Commissioner, 1\1r. A. B. Gibson, J.P., for annual competition by teams from the N otting-ham Corps, was presented to Carrington Division by Coun: c. M. Harper, complimented the teams on She also pI esen ted cigarette cases to the 1l1dlvldual members of the winning team and the runners-up.

The annual report for the Nottingham Corps for 1934, recently published, gives the of .Ambulance Divisions as 356 and that of the Nurstng DIVISIOns as 1+8, being a grand total of 50.:1- all ranks. Th.ese figure.s .do not include the returns from Aspley and C11fto.n Dl\;SlOl1S.

The cases treated number 5,299, of which 4,;65 were dealt with by the men and 464 by the nurses. Removals numbered 2,9.:1-8, "vith a mileage of 34,54.:1-; the nurses put in 342 attendances at hospitals.

The medical comforts depot continues to .be apP.reciated by the public as is evidenced by the ever 1l1Creas111g demands for requisites.

Competitions, the Annual InspectIOn and other such functions received their quota of support The Corps have to record the loss, by death, of Corps Surgeon l\Iajor H.\IIJ. Spaight, J.P., and Charles Lady of Grace of the Order and President of the Nott111gbam Corps. Both were concerned in the work t?e

The financial position of the Corps IS 111 a satlsfactory condition.

No VI. District.

Oyer 3,000 members of the Brigade III Durham an.cl Northumberland were inspected by Major-General Sn John Duncan, Chid Commissioner, on Saturday, July 20th.

County Commissioner Stanley Emberton was in command of the parade, assisted by County Officer G. R. Curry; the Nursing Divisions being led by Lady County Officer Miss M. A. Batey, A.R.R.C. County Officer H S. Crase acted as Adjutant.

Sir John Duncan was met by Dr. J. T. Batey at the Station and accompanied him to the parade ground where he was received by County Commissioner Emberton. The inspection followed, after which numerOUS displays took place.

One thrilling- display was an exhibition of rescue work from a mines gallery The" Singleton" Chair, which enables an injured person to be raised from the hold of a ship and lowered over the side, was demonstrated. An improvised hospital, made from scaffold poles and covers; stretchers made from odds and ends; an improvised kitchen and a marquee where six different methods of artificial respiration were demonstrated) also added to the interest of the event.

Sir Jo11n presented Service Awards and bars to numerous members and took the salute at the March Past.

A 10.

No. VII. Di s trict. weather for the Inspection of the Hereford Divisions which was h eld 111 the oTolll1ds of Dinmore Manor.

The inspecting officer was CoL J. .L. Sleeman, eM .G., eB.E., M.V O , Commissioner for Bngade Overseas, who was accompanied by Div. Surgeon L "V. MacGregor.

The men were under the command of Supt. G N. Bullock who was assisted by Amb. Officer W. J. SCrlvens. Lady Miss E . Long, O .R .E., was' in command of the nurses, Cadet Supt. V. E. Roberts the Boy Cadets and Amb Sister Miss C. Moore the Gnl Cadets.

FollowinO' the inspection Co l. Sleeman congratulated the parade their. excellent turnout.

A Divine ServIce was subsequently on the l awn adjacent to the old St. Chapel. at Dll11110re Mano r , at which the Rev. T WIlkmson officlated.

No. VIII. ( Duke of Connaught 's) ni ,s U'lCt. TUNBRIDGE WELLS.- The Annual Inspection of the TunbridO'e Wells Division was held on Wednesday, July 24th, when Assl. Commissioner Major W. H. Noble was the inspecting officer.

The parade, which numbered about tlurty, was under Supt. H. G. Whibley and Amb. Officers Owen Norman and S. Billenness. .'

Among those present were the Preslelent of the DtvIsion (Lt.-Col. C. B. Palmer) and 11 rs. the Mayor (Councillor E. B. Weekes, J.P.), Dlv . Surgeon A . M Pollock, District Officer Hancox, lr. J. B. Snell (vlcePresident), and the Chief Constable (Mr. quy Car}ton) Major Noble, after watch111g the vanous dnlls, etc., expressed his satisfaction at the display.

The Mayor added his quota of praise as also diJ Mr. Snell.

At the weddin o' of CorpI. H. R. Latter, a most popular member of the Wells Division, which took place on July 20th, members of the cliyision formed an archway of triangular bandages.

GUERNSEY.-Thirty-one members of the Ambulance Division and six nurses from the newly-formed Nurses Division paraded on the occasion of the visit of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales and did duty throughout the day on the route of Royal progress. From 9 a.m. until midnight members were ready for emergencies and 26 cases received attention.

No . IX. D istrict. DORSET.

Dorchester was the venue for the Annual Inspection of the Dorset Divisions. Over 350 members paraded under County Officer Dr. e M. Forbes, who was assisted by Corps Supt. E. S. Bennett and Lady County Supt. Mrs. Lansdown.

County Commissioner Dr. F. H. Radier Heath, who was accompanied by Robinia, Viscountess Mountgarret, was the inspeding officer and he took the salute at the March Past.

Also present at the function was the Mayor of Dorchester (Mr. F. C. James) and members of the Corporation.

Following the inspection the parade, marched to St. Peter's Church where the service was conducted by the Rev. A. Wilkinson Markby (Rector of St. Peter's).

Tea at the Territorial Drill Hall followed, and Dr. H. Heath took the opportunity of welcoming the Mayor and Mayoress to the gathering He a lso expressed thanks to those who had assisted in the arrangements.

No. X. District.

FIRST

BEccLEs.-By invitation of Sir R. Shafto Adair, Bart., members of Beccles and Yarmouth Divisions, spent a pleasant field day at Flixton Park.

About 60 members of the Beccles Division paraded under Supt. W. e Watts. Nurses were under Lady Supt. Mrs. Self, Boy Cadets under Sergt. Piper, Girl Cadets under Cadet Supt. Miss L. Robinson, and the Bugle Band under Bandmaster Stevenson. Yarmouth numbered about SO with Supt. Oglesby in charge.

Among the visiting officers was the Commissioner, :VIajor J . F . e Hossack, Lady Corps Supt. Miss B. Hossack, and District Officer Death. Sir Shafto was accompanied by Mr. and Mrs. David Trehern, Mr. David Treherne, Mrs. Gifford and other friends. A warm welcome was accorded Mr. Walter G. Roberts, president Beccles Division, who was accompanied by his daughter, Mrs. J. Ayler. Mr. H . Copeman, vice-President, was also present.

At the outset the members were inspected by Major Hossack and Sir Shafto Adair. Then followed the March Past at which Major Hossack took the salute.

The Commissioner presented Mr. and Mrs. Harold Cottam with warrants and badges as life vice-Presidents of the Beccles Division.

Tests were then the next order from which much benefit and enjoyment was received.

Subsequently a Drumhead Service was conducted by the Rev. P. R. J ohnso11, following which tea was partaken.

COLCTTESTER.-On Sunday, July 21st, about 150 men of the Brigade personnel in Essex were inspected by the Commissioner for Essex, Dr. S. Bree at Lexdon Horse Show Ground, Colchester.

County Officer H. W. Lee commanded the parade and Dr. Bree, who was accompanied by Dr. J. Coxhead Cook, of Clacton, inspected a smart turnout.

Subsequently a demonstration of various phases of ambulance work was given. This included stretcher drill, hand seats, etc.

Service Medals and other awards were presented by the Commissioner.

The first County Inspection of IIertfordshire was held in Hatfield Park in the presence of the Marquess of Salisbury, the inspecting officer being Maj or J. F. C. Hossack, Commissioner of the No. 10 District.

The parade was a credit to the County Commissioner, 11r. H. Langley Jones, who took over the County on January 1st last when the District came under County basis.

Major Hossack made a thorol1O'h inspection, following which he took the salute at the March Past.

Demonstrations in all branches of the work were given and Major Hossack examined each case

Major Hossack addressing the parade said it was a sad occasion as he came to sayan official "Goodbye" to ambulance men in Hertfordshire. The rapid growth of the district was getting heyond the capabilities of one man. One of the keenest men in the District ,vas the present Commissioner for Hertfordshire, Mr. Langley Jones who would discharge his duties with efficiency and competency.

Mr. Langley Jones thanked the Commissioner for coming from Ipswich to make the inspection. Major Hossack was still the Commissioner and no man would consider the occasion a farewell.

The "OECORA T O RS' & PAI N TERS' MAOAZll'o E" 8d. monthly) Is THE trade paper for all InteresterJ.Publlshio2' Office: .. 6 . Cannon Street. P .C ...

Letters to the Ed ito r.

We a r e in no way responsible for the opinions expressed, or the statements made, by Correspondents. - EDITOR.

LAY LECTURERS.

DEAR SIR,-

I have taken a keen interest in the question raised by " Class Secretary" and venture to express my views. For various reasons I do not favour the views of "YeL Another Class Secretary" and would emphasise the fact; in my opinion bOlh organisations, Association and Brigade, are incomplete without the medical profession.

To introduce the suggestion of "Class Secretary" would mean the services of the medical profession are no longer required, and to this I fail to observe where any useful purpose would be served.

We cannot dismiss from our minds for one moment the invaluable service rendered by the medical profession, and the interest taken in our classes, competitions and work. He asks what difference would it make whether the lecturer be a medical man, officer of the Brigade or a member of any Division? There is a g-ood deal of difference from a lecturer's point of view. The medical man, whose work brings him into everyday practical experience in addition to his college training-, is able to make a lecture more interesting

Officers of the Brigade or any member of a Division appreciate the fact that where there are such members capable of giving lectures they are very helpful, but again such lectures cannot be given in the same nature as from the medical profession, and, further, we do not possess the number of such competent lay-lecturers to cover both org-anisations. From time to time I have listened to socalled lay-lecturers and more often than not they have talked on what they did in Salonica and so on.

He men tions abou "Class Secretary" and Instructor. It may be averred that some enthusiastic member will take on too many posts and eventually get too many irons in the fire, and justice cannot be done to all. He either neglects one or the other or all.

As regards the candidate ·who has not attended a course of lectures gi\'en by "l. doctor. In my opinion an amenJment in the rules would not be wisdom.

He says to have lay-lecturers we would have more classes and more qualified members. It remains to be seen. Ne do not want to build too many castles in the air, because after all a practical man is invaluable even to a mining engineer.

In sonclusion, I would emphasise the need for more doctors to join our organisations and not to allow oursel\'es to gel lao swelled-headed.

Thanking you very much 1\1r. Editor, Yours faithfully, C. GRAY.

A class of instruction in tirst aid for men will commence at the Aldersgale vVard School, 181, Aldersgate Street, E. C.1, on Tuesday, Septel11ber17th,;;11 7.30 p.m. It will consist of 12 lectures, 6 of \vhicb will be given by a surgeon. Fee for the course, including the examination for the S ] --i. A. certificate, 3/ 6d Applications for enrolment to be sent to Ambulance Officer F. \iV Bishup, 20, Downhills Park Road,i 17.

P rz ory for //Vales.

GREETINGS FROM H. R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES.

Members attending the annual meetings of the Chapter and General Assembly on June 25th, heard the following encouraging message from the Prior, H. R. H. the Prince of vVales ;-

" Dear Lord Plymouth,

I regret it will not be possible for me to preside at the Annual Meetings of the Chapter and General Assembly of the Priory for Wales in Cardiff on June 25th, to express personally my appreciation of the past year's ·work.

It is satisfactory to learn that progress has been maintained in all branches during 1934. I am particularly pleased to observe that the Association Department, through which 16,183 awards in First Aid and Home T ursing were issued to successful students, was able to provide facilities for the formation of 17 Ambulance Classes for the Unemployed; and that the membership of the St. John Ambulance Brigade in Wales, now numbering 12,253 itlc1udes 3,992 Cadets. In the latter connection, I appreciate the stimulus received from the grant of ,£3,000 from the Pilgrim Trust, which was expended during the past four years il1 two-third grants. It is a fine tribute to the Senior Units that they were prepared in the interest of the boys in their localities to make the strenuous efforts necessary in hard times to raise the one-third contribution qualifying for grant.

The report of the Ambulance Transport Service, which last year dealt with the removal of 11 518 cases a .tota.l mileage of 222,366, is 1I1terest1l1g, In view of the growing importance of the ambulance a present-day need, and gratitude IS due for the cont1l1ued support of the ;\1iners' Welfare Fund, which enabled a new Station to be opened in 1934.

I shall look forward with interest to receivinO' details of the development recently organised by Co?:mittee representative of the Glamorgan Branch, B:ItlSh Red. Cross Society, and the Priory for Wales, WIth the object of extending the Joint Council Hospital Libraries Scheme. of the far-reaching influence and practical m1l11stratlOns of the Priory among the sick and injured are well to the fore in the towns and most of the of \Vales, while definite progress is be1I1g 111 the Northern Counties. In thanking ExecutIve Officers and Headquarter Committees for past I hope that renewed efforts on their part, comb1l1ed With the whole-hearted co-operation of the general public, will make the present Jubilee Year one of unprecedented progress in the work of the Priory for \Vales.

Yours sincerely, EDWARD P."

The the Right Hon. the Earl of Plymouth, P.C., preSided over the proceedings, which opened at 11.30 a.m., when members of Chapter, robed in the historic mantles of the Order, met in the Council Chamber for the annual meeting. Prayers were read by the Chaplain the Rev. Canon J. A. Lewis, Vicar of St. John's Church Ca'rdiff and reports were submitted by the Executive Office;s.

As Treasurer, Colonel H. E. M. Lindsay, C. B., presented a statement on the financial position of the Priory, reporting that the bank overdraft at December 31st, 1934, was ,£4,785 16s. 5d., while on the other hand there was a reserve of ,£6, 000 for t he replacement of ambulance cars.

Colonel E. J. Trevor Cory, O. B. E., rendered a report as Hospitaller of Bridgend ; and Mr. James Griffiths presented his first report to Chapter as Director of Am bulance. In the absence of Professor George Knox, owing to illness, the report of the Director of Transport was submitted by his assistant, Mr. Oliver Harris; and the Viscount Tredegar, whom the Sub-Prior welcomed on his new appointment as Almoner, reported on the charitable works of the Priory, in which connection it was recorded that no less than 4,726 articles of invalid equipment and medical requisites had been distributed in 1934. The report of the Registrar was read by the assistant Mr. E. D. Jones. At the close of Chapter, the Earl of Plymouth entertained the members to luncheon.

In the afternoon, the Deputy Lord Mayor of Cardiff (Councillor James Griffiths) extended a civic welcome to seventy members of the Order on the Roll of the Priory present at General Assembly. His Lordship said the City of Cardiff was proud to have in its midst the Welsh headquarters of an institution founded on noble traditions, and carrying out by modern methods the purpose of its ancient origin-the alleviation of suffering; and he hoped the meeting would be successful in helping to extend further the services for which there was unlimited scope and need.

The Earl of Plymouth expressed gratitude to the Deputy Lord Mayor for his presence and to the Corporation for the use of the C:lUncil Chamber. They met, he said, to review the activities of the Priory for Wales during 1934, in which the progress characterising each successive year had been maintained. Tile Priory was a progres<;ive body which aimed at keeping pace with the times. Through the Association Department they were continually increasing the diffusion throughout Wales of the knowledge of First Aid, Home Nursing and allied subjects. Their primary object was to make such instruction accessible to everyone.

The marked increase in Brigade work in Wales was particularly and while on the nursing side there :vas room for considerable expansion, they might take pride 111 the fact that Wales had recruited a larger n umber of Cadets than any other district of the Brigade.

"Appreciation should be expressed of the generous manner in which the Colliery Owners and Managements are Brigade activities, by subscribing to funds, promot1l1g Ambulance Competitions, presenting trophies and prizes, and providing accommodation on colliery premises for Divisional Headquarters," he added.

I' No clearer indication of the value which our Ambulance Transport Service is providing could be given than the continued recognition and support received from the Miners' Welfare Fund The high standard of efficiency attained in this direction is so widely acknowledged that public authorities and private individuals, sometimes from outside the Principality, not infrequently refer to the Priory for guidance in ambulance transport matters.

"I thank the Executive Officers and members of the medical profession whose willingness to lecture and examine is i.nspiring confidence in the voluntary services, by which the Brigade is contributing in no small measure to pubic welfare."

FIR S T

In the notice convening the meeting, members of the General Assembly were invited to express their views on a number of subjects concerning the work of the Priory; and the Hon. John H. Bruce, Principal Secretary ani Commissiouer for Wales, gave a general survey of the position from many aspects with openings for discussion. The speakers included Sir Henry E. E. Philipps, Bart., Mr. H. M Ing-ledew and Dr. Edgar Llewellyn, Commissioner for Cardiff, who, in connection '" ith the question of the shortage of the doctors required to give the necessary lectures, suggested that the Priory might propose the subject of First Aid for inclusion by the Welsh National School of Medicine as an optional, if not compulsory, study.

INSTRUCTION IN AIR RAID PRECAUTIONS. Early in the year, tl.e Ambulance Committee appointed a special Sub-Committee to deal with the question of the training- of Brigade personnel in Wales in air raid precautions, a subject which obviously calls for serious consideration since one of the objects and purposes of the Priory for Wales is " The rendering of aid to the sick and wounded in war, and the promotion of such permanent organisation during time

A I D. 37

ing wal in which the Lecturer presented his subject; and the Commlltee passed a vote of sincere appreciation and thanks to the Commanding Officer for the valuable services rendered.

Two Welsh Brigade Surgeons, Dr. Tudor Williams, and Dr. J. O'Sullivan, Cwm (Mon.), had the of an extensive course arranged by the Chief CommISSioner of the Brigade, Major-General Sir John Duncan, K.C.B., C.M.G., C.V.O., D.S.O., in London from July to inclusive, with a view to imparting instruction 10 their respective centres. Further measures for the trai?ing of Brigade personnel was agreed. Meanwhile, the actIOn of the Public Authorities in dealing with the problem is awaited with interest.

------.--.-------

Bl ood Transfu"ion Congress.

ON the initiative cf the Italian Association of Volunteer Blood Donors, the first International Blood Transfusion Congress will meet in Rome

of peace as may be at once available in time of emergency, including the provision of Technical Reserves for the Medical Services of the Forces of the Crown.))

A meeting of the Sub-Committee was held at Priory House on July 30th, when it was reported that a representati ve n umber of Brigad e Officers from Cardiff, Newport, Monmouthshire, Glamorgan, Swansea, Rhondda and Aberdare Centres, had attended a course of lectures arranged by the Commanding Officer, the Depot, the Welch Regiment (by permission of the Western Command) and taken by Lieutenant T. H. Trevor. The majority of these students are competent to give elementary instruction with the syllabus prepared by the Lecturer and the Text Book now available; and in practically every Corps in the industrial areas, from which most of the 12,253 Welsh Brigade membership is drawn, it is estimated that there is at least one Officer trained to instruct local Units in Air Raid Precautions. All members of the class, including doctors, Superintendents of rescue stations and those with experience of gas in mines, have spoken in enthusiastic terms of the extremely interest-

from September 26th to 29th next. Organising committees have been set up in several countries to arrange for adequate representation at the Congress, and eminent medical men and scientists in Europe and overseas have promised their support.

The subject of this Congress is one of paticular interest for the national Red Cross Societies, many of whom have started Blocd Transfusion Services of their own, and there should be a good sprinkling of Red Cross delegates at the meetings.

Full particulars regarding this manifestation may be obtained on applIcatIOn ei ther to the Secretariat-General of the Congress, Via Palermo 1, Milan (Italy), or to .Dr. A,' Tzanck, CEuvre de la Transfusion Sangutne d U rgence, Hopital St. Antoine, Paris.

Photograph by courtesy] [TrVesteJ1Z Mail S01dlt TrVales Vews.

A demonstration of Air Raid Rescue vVork by members of the Bargoed S.]. A. B. and Voluntary Aid Detachment.

The First Aid Tre atment of Burns .*

By T. E. A. STOWELL , M.D., F.R.C.S ( Cllief ,/IIedical O/Jicer, Imperial Chemical Indust7-ies, Ltd.)

(Concluded fi-om page /</.)

TIlE method is to make a solution of the tan n ic acid tablets at the rate of one tablet to every two ounces of warm water-preferably sterile. Before adding any water the tablets must be crushed and this crushing of the tablets presents difficulties unless it is done in the correct way. The ideal is to pound the tablets with a pestle in a smClll mortar. A very good alternative method is to crush them between the opposed bowls of two dessert or tablespoons. They can be crushedthough less easily-with a glass rod, before any water is added.

The dead skin over blisters should be removed with sterile scissors. The burnt area is then generously swabbed with tannic acid solution and covered with a dressing of 8 layers of gauze or 4 layers of lint soaked in the solution. This is covered with a bandage and allowed to dry. In the case of a burn of the hand the burnt limb can be very profitably dipped in the sol ution before the application of the gauze soaked with the tannic acid solution.

If an area of more than a few square inches in extent has to be dressed, it should be covered not by one piece of gauze eight layers thick, but by a series of strips. By so doing, not only does one secure more accurate fitting of the dressing to the burnt surface, but the subsequent redressing of the wound will thereby be made more easy to the surgeon and less disturbing for the patien t.

\N"hen dealing with a burn of the face, care must be exercised that the tannic acid solution does not enter the eyes. This is best prevented by applying a piece of lint covered with vaseline to the eyel ids and the unbztrnt area around the eyes. A mask for the face should never be used but the burnt areaS of the face covered by a of strips of gauze.

It is important to remember that the first aider should thoroughly scrub his hands before he makes the preparations for the dressing and, when is ready, he should again thoroughly hIS hand,S before handling the dressings. ThIS IS n,ot surgIcal cleanliness, but is near enough for practical purposes as the burn will be properly

* Extracts from a paper read at the " Safety First" Congress.

dealt with by the surgeon within at the most a few hours .

\Ve have so far been confining our attention to burns, but there is a duty of the first aider which is far more important than attending to burns, and that is attending to the patient.

It is inevitable that, in a burn of the third degree of any extcnt he will be in grave danger of shock. Shock must be prevented where poss ible and treated when it ar ises . The warmth of the patient must be attended to with meticulous care throughout. He should be exposed as little as possible and his dressings must be done bit by bit, only that portion of the body which is under immediate treatment being uncovered.

I have already em phasised the dangcr to life caused by the loss of large quantities of fluid which exude from the burnt surface and have described how this can be controlled by the application of tannic acid dressings The loss of fluid must be made up by giving the patient warm drinks, hot tea, coffee or cocoa, well sweetened with sugar and of a weak solution of bic3.rbonate of soda in warm water. Although considerable quantities of fluid may have to be replaced, they should be rep laced not by allowing the patient to swallow a large q uanrity of fluid at a time, but by continuously repeated sips. If big drinks are g iven at once, vomiting will inevitably be produced and vomiting increases shock.

BURNS WITIl ACIDS AND ALKALIS.

The treatment of burns produced by caustic acids and caustic a lkalis is somewhat different from the treatment I have already described. It must be remembered that if the pat ient's Cloth i ng is soaked with the corrosive fluid th1.t burning will continue until the clothing is removed. The general first aid rule of removing the cause of i njury must bc obeyed and, therefore, the clothing must be removed immediately, but, at the same time, every effort shou ld be made to keep the patient warm.

When the burnt area is exposed, the caustic fluid which remains on the sk i n must be by copiously flushing the damaged area w ith large quantities of water. Shock w ill be lessened if the water is warm, but speed is of greater impo r tance and, if poss ible, a st ream of running water shou ld

be directed on Lo the burn t area in order to wash away the corrosive

I have emphasised the importance of Jarge quantities of water because I find first aiders very often make the mistake of reg::trding the application of an antidote as of greater importance than the washing away of the corrosive, It is, however, an advantage if .:.n antidote is applied, but I would once again emphasise that an antidote is of less importance than large quantities of water.

In the case of acid burns, it is an advantage to add a dessert-spoon fu 1 of bicarbonate of soda or even of washing soda to each pint of water.

In the case of corrosive alkali burns, in addition to flooding as quickly as possible with large quantities of water, it is a great advantage to treat the burnt area with a solutiQn of citric acid-(3& tablespoonfuls to the pint of water)-but here aoain this is in addition to and not instead of the of the burnt area.

One sometimes sees recommended the application of a mixture of vinegar and water or acetic acid and water. This is a very ineffective remedy in the case of alkali burns. An alkali is what i<; known as a clystalloid. A crystalloid will penetrate the skin and produce corrosion of the deeper structures unless it is neutralised: indeed, this burning of the deep tissues by the action of corrosi ve caustics very often creates a serious surgical problem and can only be prevented by the application of a crystalloid acid which will also penetrate the skin and neutral ise the crystalloid caustic which has reacted the deepcr layers.

Citric acid is such a crystalloid and has the power of penetrating tbe skin and neutralising the caustic which has entered these structures. Vi neaar and acetic acid are colloids and therefore will enter the tissues, but will merf'ly neutralise the cau;:;tic which lies on the surface of the skin.

\i\Then the acid or alkali has been removed as far as possible by flooding the burnt area with large quantities of water, and has been neutralised as far as possible in the case of acids with bicarbonate of soda and in the case of alkalis with citric acid, the burnt area should be dre sse d with t:lnnic acid as I have previously described.

I can not leave the subject of chern ic :1.I bu rns without saying a few words about the very serious subject of tar burns. The danger from tar burns is not only that which arises from the destruction of tissues, but unless the tar is completely removed certain poisons of the phenol group are absorbed into the blood stream and, if they are absorbed in any quantity, fatal damage may be inDicted on the kidneys. Patients have died from kidney damaae arisin a from tar burns of only a few inches b b in extent.

The on I y satisfactory method I know of removi ng tar from the tissues is by the use of tr ic hl orethylene . Th is may be applied by means

AID. 59

of a special spray which is made by Messrs. Benton & Stone of Birmingham. I wish to emphasisc that it is a special spray, because the washers of an ordinary spray are destroyed by the trichloreth ylene.

In the cJ.se of burns of larger; extent, it will be necessary to swab the tar away with trichlorethylene.

The question may occur to your minds that the application of trichlorethylene to large areas of skin may produce symptoms by the absorption of this solvent. I believe there is no danger whatever of this.

I c:=t.n quote a recent case of a boy who fell beneath the open tap of a tar spraying machine and sustai ned tar burns of the face, neck, chest, both arms and forearms, of the abdomen, back, both thighs, bOch legs, and one foot. This extensive area was cleaned up with trichlorethylene and the boy made an uninterrupted recovery.

i'.Iedical trichlorethylene is not yet generally available on the market, as such. I believe ;t will be shortly, but in the meanwhile supplies ca,l be obtained through Imperial Chemical Industries Limited. When the burn has been cleaned with trichlorethylene, it should be treated with tannic acid as already described.

\i\Then the warmth of the patient has been attended to and the burns have been dressed, the next question to settle is-should this patient im mediately be taken to hospital. Here I wish to offer a very grave word of warning. There is a tendenc y, not an unnatural one, to get the patient to hospital as qui::kly as possible. How often do we read in the pless of an injured patient being rushed to hospital and dying in the ambulance on the way or soon after admission, A patient badly shocked should be kept warm, quiet, and at rest. " A little hurt may kill a wJunded man." The disturbance of transport may easily prove to be this fatal" little hurt."

One wonders how many of these patients who die in the ambulance or soon after admission to hospital might have survived had they been k.ept quiet and at rest in a -,'arm room instead of beIng rushed to hospital.

\Vhen such a patient is admitted to hospital what is done for him? Are his injuries attended to? Is he taken to the theatre to have his bu rns redressed ? No. He is put to bed, warmly wrapp ed up in blankets and treated .sh?ck which has been primarily caused by hIS InJunes, but aaCTravated by his transport. It should be a bb 'ff' f b O'eneral rule that no patIent su enng rom a urn h d or other severe injury should be transporte except on the responsibility of a medical man unless mouth temperature is over 98 degrees and hIS pulse rate below 100.

Ratlway Ambulance News.

I nter- Rai Iway Co m petit ion Fi n a l.

INDI\'Jl)UAL TESTS MARKING SHEETS.

No. 1. -Card 1. This man is suffering from fractures of the 5th and 6th ribs on the left side, together with an iniury to an internal org-an. Render first aid. Further card to follow. Time allowed for both,S minutes, beginning when you receive this card.

Do not apply any bandages round chest... J

Lay the patient down J his body inclined to the injured side 3

And supported there 3

Loosen the clothing 3

Gi ve ice to suck 3

Place left arm in large arm sling 3

Icebag over the seat of injury... 3

Keep the patient warm 3

Thought and care for patient throughout... 3

Card 2. vVhat are the signs and symptons of haemorrhage from an internal organ?

1. Rapid l()ss of strength, giddiness and especially when the upright position is assumed... 3

2. Pallor of the face and lips, and cold clammy skin... 3

3. Breathing hurried and laboured, and accompanied by ya\\'ning and sighing 3

4. The pulse fails, and may altogether disappear at the wrist 3

S. The patient throws his arms about, tugs at the clothing round the neck and calls for air (airhunger) 3

6. Finally he may become totally unconscious 3 Total 48

No. 2. - Y o u are on holiday on Dart moor, and one fine morning, while \\'alking alone, you lean on a gate and watch the local hunt pass. Just as a straggler far behind the others is passing you his horse trips up and he is thrown off. Act. road, 3 miles; nearest house,S miles; nearest telephone, doctor, hospital, and ambulance 7 miles. Time allowed, 8 minutes, beginning when you receive this card.

ote for J udge.-Patient to be lying on his side on ground, left fort entangled in stirrup, and groaning. Horse. Gate. Patient to 0e wearing bowler-hat, cutaway coat, stock, breeches, wellingtons, spurs. Two handkerchiefs in pockets. I rregul;:u-ity of left collarbone to be marked.

Go to horse's head and hold it 2

Gently disengage foot from stirrup and place on ground 1

Lead horse to gate and tie up securel y 2

Tell patient you are first aider and ask where he is hurt

(Left shoulder and left ankle) [Patient to szi up and, inclz"nz"ng head to left, to hold lelt elbow with ri'pht hand, and to ,s>roan] 2

Any visible hremorrhage (No) 2

Ask if he feels faint (No, only annoyed) 1

Examination :-

Shoulder-:-pain (Yes) ; arm partially helpless (Yes) ; swelling (No); deformity (Yes) ; irregularity of collarbone (Yes) ; decide fractured collarbone ... -+

Ankle. Remove spur and secure. Remove bool and sock. Pain at joint (Yes) ; loss of power (No) deformity (No); irregularity (No) ; swelling and discolouration does movemeJ1[ increase the pain (Yes) ; decide sprain

Treatment :-

Remove coat from sound side first

Undo braces on left side

Make handkerchief into pad 2 in. by 4 in.

Insert in armpit

Gently raise forearm well up

Keeping shou der as far !Jack as practicable, and instruct patient to gr ip shirt with fingers

Secure injured limb firmly to side by means of stock passed round elbow and trunk

Ascertain if pulse is present at wrist (N 0)

Relax bandage. Is pulse present (Yes) ; tie bandage

Ankle. Replace boot and sock; apply handkerchief tightly, centre on sole crossing in front, carried round ankle and tied

Wet bandage (pool of water in vicinity)

Replace coat

Ask patient how he feels (Better)

Ask where he Ilves (6 miles away)

Is anyone visible in the neighbourhood (No)

Ask if he can ride if helped on to horse (Yes)

Assist him to horse - human crutch

Help him on to horse

Untie horse and lead off

No. 3.-You are on your way to work at 8 a.m. when a girl runs out from a house and tells you that her father went to the garage beside the house half an hour ago, and that though the car eng-ine is running, her father, who she can see in the potting-shed adjoining, does not answer her calls and she cannot open the door of lhe shed. Act. TiI11e allowed, 8 minutes, beginning when you receive lhis card.

Note for Judge. - Car in open garage Exhaust p i pe connected to a tube which runs through a hole into adjoining shed. Door of shed jammed. \Ian inside sitting on bench with face over end of tube. Letter on floor. Window shut. Face pink

Tell daughter you are a first aider and reassure her... 2

Ask daughter to switch off engine of car... 2

Open door of shed Take a deep breath. Enter shed and drag patient into open 6

Is hreathing present (No) ; any pu lse (No) ; colour of face (Pinkish) ; any odour from mouth (No) 4

Immediately turn to prone position, head to one s ide, arms extended 2

I mmediate l y begin artificial respiration , 2

Position; rate; rhythm; correct pressure 4-

Ask daughter if any help avai able (No) 1

Ask her for nearest telephone (2 houses away) 1

Ask her to telephone for doctor and ambu l ance to come at once (carbon monoxide poisoning) and to send in any man she can lo assist, and to relurn as soon as possib le (Gid to be absent 2 minutes) 6

Meanwhile keeping up artificia l respiration 2

Immediately ajle1' gl1'l Izas g'01le man appears and oJ!ers his help

Is he first aider (No). Ask him to undo a ll light c lothing at patient's neck, chest, and waist 2

(If competitor suggests at this point instructing helper £n giving a1'tific£al resp£rat£on Judge will say, "Helper has a badly sp?'ained wrist and cannot Pe1101'112 artificial respiratzon.")

Any sig n of ret u rn of breat h ing (No) 2 (Gid returns. J udge : Doctor and ambulance will be he1'e soon )

Ask for h ot water bottles, blankets, sme ll ing salts, and wet towe l 2

Get ass stant to cover patient, and to apply tested sme ll ing sa l ts to nose and with wet towel. . 4 (lIt warning of 2 m£nutes to go Judge says: " You do not leel well enough to go on with the artificial respiration You decide fa lWlld 07Jtl1' to Lhis assistant," rwhose sp1'ained wrist is now healed.])

Note for J udge :-Patient to be sitting behind door, on seat, h udd ed up bleeding visible from gashes on left throat and left wr st-op",n blood-stained razor on floor-red stream visib le under door. Booking office marked Telephone. Steward to take message sent a nd to detain bearer for 1 minute.

Immediately open door 2

Note razor, carefully close it, and put in pocket 2 Is bleeding from neck wound bright red (No) ; spurting (No) 4

Is wound :lean (Yes) ; any evidence of foreign bodies (. 0) 3

Gent ly lay patient down, head and eft arm raiseu 2 Apply digital pressure to ne c k wound; does this control hcx;morrage (If properly done. yes) 3

11. & G. '. Joint Committee Team.

Gained second place in the Inter-Railway Competition and awarded the "Corbet Fletcher" Cup. Team from left, standing: F. Beales (reserve), ]. vV. 'Wakefield, 1. R. Gamble, G. Lake (Captain), E. Crofts and A. E. Dunbabin. Seated, left: Mr. H. ]. Goff (Han. Secretary); right: Mr R. B. Wa lker, T raffic Manager and President of the Centre.

Instruct assistant in glV1l1g art i ficial respiration Astride patient; positioning of hands; slowly down, quickly up; regular rhythm 15-18 a minute 6 ;\ny signs of breathing (No) 2

Total SO

Nos. 4 and 5.-You two are shutting u p the sl11a ll co u ntry station, of which yo u are the sole staff, after the depart u re of the last train. Time 1 a.l11 . N o 4 is looking round the l avatories and notices a sma ll streal11 of blood com i ng from under an "Engaged" door. He shouts for No.5, knocks on the door . and ca ll s to the inmate. There is no r eply NC'. 5 ar r ives. Act. Telephone, first aid kit, overcoats in book ing office. Fire out. Doctor, t Illik. Hospital, ambu lance, 1 mile. Time allowed, 8 minutes, begi nnin g whe n you rece i ve this card.

Is bleeding fro111 wrist red (Yes) ; spurting (Yes)

Is wound clean (Yes) ; foreign bodies (No)

Having excluded possibility of fracture

Quickly roll up sleeve and flex arm over fold at elbow

Is hccmorrhage controlled (If properly done, yes)

One bearer to control both h;cl11orrha!',r es

Is patient conscious (only just) (1); and weak) (1t) ; breathing (shallow and slgh1l1g) (1t) ; face (pale) (1) skin (cold and clammy) (it) ; puptls (equa l and reacting) odour from breath (none) (1)

Other bearer hurries to alTice, telephones to doctor, Attempted suicide. Veins of neck and arteries of left wrist cut. Patient collapsed. H<l:l11orrhage controlled

Telephone for ambulance. CoJlect overcoals and aid kit

Return to patient

Cover patient with overcoats

Place tourniquet in position on lower arm

Apply iodine over wound and surrounding- skin

Co\'er with dressing

Apply pad and bandage firmly ...

Extend arm; is hremorrhage controlled (If pror erl ) done, yes)

Support arm in St. John's sling

Remove collar and open shirt at neck

Resourcefulness in maintainim; pressure on neck wound ...

Applying iodine over wound and surrounding skin

Cover with dressilw'

and bandage firmly ... . ..

Is hremorrbao-e controlled (If properly done, yes)

Throughout carefully for any sign of patient tearing arC bandages, etc.... 10

Are colour and pulse better (Yes)

Give patient a drink of cold water

At half minute to go, Judge to say: "I am the doctor, what have you done?"

Controlled \'enous and arterial hremorrhage. Treated shock. 'Watched for further attempts at suicide. Ambulance on its way

Appreciation of situation and general smartness

connected with the ambulance movement throughout the Great Western Railway.

london, Mid land and Scottish.

PLODDER LANE. - The members of the Ambulance Class again took part in an exciting cricket match recently against the Little Hulton P.M. Club who were beaten by 1 run.

We congratulate the officers of the Class on their keenness to keep the class together during the summer months. We feel sure that this tcam spirit exercised on the field of playas well as at work will hring great success to the Class.

ROTHERHAl\I.-It is with very great regret that we record the death of 1\1r. A. E. Liggins, one of the best known ambulance m('n in the Rotherham district. For 35 years he has splendidly observed the tradition of the Order of St. John amongst his colleagues on the Rai lway on whose behalf we express our deepest sympathy to his relatives.

London and North Eastern.

NORTH EASTERN AREA.

CIIALFORD.-The fifth annual competItIOn for the "Edwards " Shield in connection with the Chalford and District Ambulance Class was held in a field adjoining the station on July 7th, and was witnessed by a number of interested spectators, including Mr. 'vV. E. J. Perks, Div. Ambulance Secretary, Mr. C. J. Drinkwater, Gloucester combined Ambulance Corps, and \\iYes and friends of the competitors. Two teams competed, the ad j udica tor being Dr. A. V. Dill, who imposed both team and individual tests. The trophy was awarded to 1\1r. V. H. O. Harris's team with a total of 131 marks, ana was presented by·1\Irs. Harris.

Ho:>ouRs.-Following the announcement made in the July issue that thrce Divisional Officers of the Grcat Western Railway, in recognition of their efforts in fostering the acquisition of first aid knowledge, han been admitted to the Order of St. John, we are particularly gratified to learn that Mr. Trevor Roberts, who has long been a Diyisional Officer in South Wales and a stal\\'art supporter of all phases of ambulance \\ ork among railwaymen, has, on the initiative of the Priory for \Vales, on whose headquarters Committee he railway interests, been admitted as an Officer of the Order.

Mr. Treyor Roberts is himself a qualified ambulance worker, gaining his qualifications as a member of a Great Western Railway class, and is Diyisional Traffic Superintendent of the ewport Diyision. It will be recollected that teams from Newport, Dock Street haye on numerous occasions won the Great Western Raihvay Director's Challenge Shield, and represented the Company at the Contest, w.hile amo.nO' the winning names on the Inter- Rallway Shleld is Pontypool Road, whlch also comes under ::'1r. Roberts' supervision. It can truthfully be said that this recognition of 1\1r. Roberts' good work in the first aid cause has given pleasure to the staff at every station in his Division, as well as to those

The Annual Meeting of the N E. Area Centre was held at Hull, Mr. John Wilks, of Middlesbrough, presiding. The delegates were welcomed by Mr Johnson, Asst. Superintendent in the absence of the District Superintendent, 11r. J. S. Harper.

1\1r. Sidney Cooper, the Secretary, in his report stated that 124 classes were formed, this being an increase of four over the last session. The districts concerned were Darlington with 20, Hull with 14, Leeds with 9, Middlesbrough with 20, Newcastle with 41 and York with 20. The numbers of awards gained were certificates 424, vouchers 316, medallions 276, and lab els 1,680, a total of 2,696. Since the formation of the centre 47,819 awards had been presented. The district accident returns were Darlington 22,974, Hull 15,615, Leeds 3,804, Midd1esbrough 7,499, Newcastle 11,377, and York 12,251, making a total since January, 1896, of 1,601,215.

The competitions were again a success, fifty-four teams competing. The Tyne Dock team were successful in winning the Group Competition, were placed 4th in the Inter-Railway Competition and 2nd in the International.

J\Ir. Thos. Hornsby the Divisional General Manager, York, and President of the Centre, had presented a handsome silver cup for the runners-up in the Centres final competitions and for the first year Middlesbrough "B" team were the holders.

Fifty-nine gold medals for 15 years, 10 bars for 20 years, 4 bars for 25 years and 6 bars for 30 years had been awarded the Centre.

The Secretary closed his report with thanks to District and Class. Secretaries, Instructors, laymen and all ot h ers who h ad rendered assistance.

Mr. Cooper, on b ehalf of the Divisional General Manager, presented Mr. G. H. Oakes, District Secretary, Hull, ::-1r. J. G. Hansell, District Secretary, Starbeck, and Mr. J. vV. Newton, Chairman of the Middlesbrough District, with the Company's long service gold bar for 30 years; to 1\1r. E. Dodds, of Walker Gate, a gold bar for 25 years; and to Messrs A. Noble, York, and A. Kirk, Stockton, the long service gold medal for 15 years.

Mr. Thomas Hornsby was again elected President; Mr. Alfred Atkinson, Secretary o[ the York Dis.trict, was elected Chairman; and Mr Sldney Cooper agam elected General Secretary. It was decided to hold competitions again in each of the Districts in 1936. The next ha1£yearly meeting will be in Darlington in January, 1936, and the Annual Meeting at Le eds in July, 1936.

It has given g reat satisfaction to the Railway Ambulance members of the L. & N.E. Railway (North Area) to be able to record the encouragement whlch has been extended to two well-known Amhulance workers.

At an In vestiture of the Grand Priory in the British Realm of the Venerable Order of St. John of Jerusalem, held in the 01apter Room at St. John's Gate, London, on July 19th, His 1\laj esty the King was graciously pleased to sanction the of 1\11'. S. Cooper, Centre Secretary, L. & N.E. RaJlway (N.E. Area) and 1\1r. VV. E. Twinham, tatio n Inspector, Hull, as Servll1g Brothers of the Order.

The Investiture was made by the Ea rl 0 f Scarborough, K.G., G.B.E., K.CB., T.D , Sub-Prior of the Order.

SOUTIIERN AREA. Great Central Section.

The annua l competition for the t. Bartholomew" Silver 01allenge Dowl and the "Pelham" Silver Shield, open to members of the G.c. Section, \\ as held at IIinton House, by kind permission of Capt. the H.ol1. Marcus Pelham and the Hon. 1\1rs. Pelham.

Capt. W. Goodley, J\1.C (Centre Secretary), judged the team test vhilst Dr. N. O'Raffcrty, of Daventry, judged the individual section.

Sir Joh11 Hewitt, Bailiff of Egle of the Order, Mrs. Lorna St. J aim Atkinson, Capt. the IIon. E. D. ButlerHenderson, President of the G.c. Centre, and \V 111 gCommander James were among the distinguished company present.

The result was 1, Tuxford, 2831; 2, Dukinfield, 281 3, Langwith, 278. Fourteen competed. 1\1rs. L. St John Atk1l1son presented the " Bartholomew" Bowl to Tuxford, together with inclividua l prizes, and the" Pelham " Shield and runners-up prizes to Dukinfield.

Capt. Goodley thanked and. 1\1rs. for the use of their grounds and their cont1l1ued kl11dness and interest in the work.

Capt. Butler-Henderson supported and paid tribute to the excellent work.

Thanks to the judges and to Mr. vv. E. IIobbs, the Organising Secretary, brought the proceedings to a successf ul conclusion.

Southern.

SOUTlIAMPTON -A large crowd of Ambulance 111en, together with relations and assembled at the Docks Fire Station at the presentatlOn of awards of the Docks Fire Brigade and the vVomen's clas s Mr. E. Uzze ll (Chairman, Docks Centre) preSIded and introduced 1\Irs E. J 1\lissenden ""ho pi·l"Sln.tcd thl' awards. In doing so Mr. Uzzell r eferred to the mterest in the movem en t always shown by 1\1r. and 1\1rs. E. J. Missenden.

The awards in addition to certificates, YOUCheL, medallions and labels, included two sef\'ice Il1cd:11s for even years which were awarded 1\[1'. vV-. A. Batchc!or,

A I D. 43

Outdoor Marine Dept., Southampton lJocks, and Mr. C. Simmonds, of the same department.

Missenden (Docks and :-Iarine Manager) replying on behalf of his wife to a vote of thanks said how pleased they were to associate themselves with Docks functions He was very proud of the cup which the Southampton and District women's team had won that year-the first time the cup had been won hy a team outside London-and he hoped it would long remain in their possession.

Mr. L. D. Petty (hon. Secretary, Docks District) proposed a vote of thanks to Drs. H. C Attwood and VI!. L. 1\1. Bigl)y who had lectured to the two classes, and to the Instructors, i\lessrs. H. J. Ings and F. C. Wren.

less than forty awards were presented to members who were successful at the Ambulance examination held at Exeter at the close of the past session. In making the presentation ::-1r. P. NU.nn, Div. Supt., congratulated the recipi ents on their vanous successes and paid tribute to the members of the Exeter team which had distinguished themselves in the Divisional competitions hy gaining third position. He said he looked forward to the day when he might be in a position to accompany the team to London to take part not only in the Southern Railway Final Competition but also in the Inter-Railway Final as ,,,ell.

Bum:.-1\lr. Trigger (Stationmaster) presided at a dinner recently held at the Belle Vue Cafe and which was attended by members of the Bude class. i\Ir. Da\\'e, class Secretary, prai ed the work of Dr. C. H . Bryne . They were grateful to him for the very I ucid and painstaking manner in \yhich he lectured to the class .

During the eyening the class a,Yards presented to the successful candidates and the opportul11ty was also taken of presenting the Certificate of Life :-lembership of the St. J ohn Ambulance AssoclatlOn to Dr. Bryne, by ::-11'. T. G. Brnnwll (Chairman of Ducle-Stratton Urban District Council).

--_._.---

Coming Events.

The Editor will be pleased to receive particulars of forth· coming evenls fN inclusion (free of charge) under heaciiT'g. AUGUST.

26.-No. -1-5 (1 orth Camberwell) Division, S·lA.B., Annual Benefit Concert, Divisional Headquarters, Albany Road, Camber\\'ell

1-1-.-0pen Ambulance and Cadd Competitions, General Hospit al Fete, Aberdare.

1S.-.-\nl1ual Church Parade, South¥ ;'[etropolitan Gas Co., S.J,A.B., Christ Church, Old hent Road.

26-29. -First Tnternational Blood Transfusion Congress, Rome.

28. o. -1- (Lancashire) District . \nnu al Conference, Oldham. OCTOBER.

19. -" C. \Vri ght" Memorial Cup Annual Competition, Clowne, near Chesterfield.

?3 -First " 'elsh :\ational Competition for Road Passenger _. Transport T eams, Cardiff.

26 -East Ham and Inter-District Challenge Cup Competltion, Latham Road School.. East Ham.

O u r Nurses' Pages.

COM P I LED BY A MBU LANCE SISTER.

No. 1 DISTRICT, S.J.

A. B.

A course of lectures for women on First Aid (0 the Injured will commence at Toynbee Hall, Commercial-street, E.1, on Friday, September 27th, at 8 p. m. Fee the course, including- the examination for the S. J. A. A. certJnc<l te, 3/ 6. Applications for e nrolment should be made to L a dy Div. Supt. Miss Israel, 21.3, Vicarage-road, Ley ton, E.10, or to Toynbee Hall.

A course of lectures for women on Home Hygiene will commence at Shoreditch Church, .1, on Tuesday, Septembe r 2-fth, at 8 p. m. Fee for the course, including the examination for the S.J.A.A. certificate, 3 6. Applications for enrolment to be made to Lady Div. Supt. l\liss Cotton, 45, Leith-ro ad, Wood Green, N.22.

No. 2 DISTRICT, S.].A. B.

DmcoT l\7URSING DIVISION.-A parade of members of tbe Didcot Tu rsing Division, arranged by Dr. Josephine Webb, who has re cent ly been appointed Superintendent and Lady Div. Surgeon, was held at Haddon Close, Dldcot, on Saturday afternoon, July 6th.

There were present members and prospective members of both the Senior Division and the Nursing Cadet Division, which lat te r has now 8 memb e rs enrolled, and 20 others joining in the near future The Nursing Cadets were in uniform for the first time.

The parade was inspected by Mrs. Cooper, of Chelsea.

Later, Dr. J. R. D. Webb, Div. Surgeon of the men's Division at Didcot, presided for the presentation of awards by Dr. H. Watts. The chairman spoke of the excellent services rendered to the Division for many years by Dr. Watts and of the keen interest he took in its welfare.

Labels and Pendants were presented to Ambulance Sisters Cuaden, Ackrill, Ruddle, Turton Rnd 'Wells.

The miniature c up for the best turned-out Nursing Cadet on parade was awarded to Joan Timms.

The Di vision was entertained to tea in the garden, after which were held, the successful entrants being :-

Message-giving: Team C, leader Ruby Hadfield.

Dressing burns: Ambulance Sister Ruddle, Nursing Cadet Stella Loveridge, and Helen Mattingley (patient).

Drawing the Ambulance Cross and describing what it stands for: Joan Timms and Grace Hamblin.

o. 5 DISTRICT, S.].A. B.

ROTHERHAl\l NURSING DIVISION. - A team consisting of Ambulance Sisters Mrs. Gilling (leader), Miss Newall, Miss Braithwait.e an d Mrs. Gabbertas entered for the competition for the" Stew a rt" Cup at Wombwell Grange on Saturday, July 6th. Although the mem bers, with the exception of the leader, had never been in a team before, they secured 2nd place and the Shield for the runners-up. Each member also received a case of sroons.

On Saturday, July 1 3t h, the same team competed at Bullcroft for the II 1rs. Humble" Challenge Cup, and were s uccessful in gaining the highest number of points. In

addition, each mem ber of the team was given a glass bOWl and stand.

This is the fourth year in succession that this cup has aone to a team from Rotherhal1l. On this occasion, Mrs. Gillin a the leader won the individual prize for the member OJ, obtaining the highest number of marks In the oral test.

GUERNSEY.

A Nursing Di\'ision of the St. John Ambulance is being- tormed in Guernsey. All members of the will join in wishing its members every success and happmess in their new sphere of activity.

V.A.D. INSPECTION AT NEWMARKET. - V.A.D. Suffolk 25 (British Red Cross Society), under its Commandant, Mrs. Marriot, and its Quartermaster, l\liss Pretty, paraded with the men's V.A. D. Suffolk 25 on the Cricket Ground, Newmarket, on Thursday evening, July 18th, for its annual inspection. This was carried out by Assistant County Director Miss Copinger-Hill, and Dr. Mottram and his wife.

An interesting feature of the proceedings was a gas mask test. Sergt. Instructor B. Cole (D Coy., Cam bs. Reaiment) had arrangt'd a smoke bomb demonstration. A was heard, dense clouds were seen to rise, and it was assumed that a gas bomb had been dropped. Members of the men's V.A. D. put on gas masks and rescued three injured men (represented by Boy Scouts). It was found that the bomb was simply an incendiary one, and after rendering first aid, the casualties were brought in to the two casualty stations which were staffed by the women V. A. D. 'so Here further treatment was given.

FIRST AID NURSING YEOMANRY.

On July 19th, Princess Alict'. Countess of Athlone, v isited the camp of the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry, situated at the side of Mytchett Lake, near Aldershot. Her Royal Highness was accompanied by Major General the Earl of Athlone, and was received with a royal salute.

The Princess inspected the members, 90 of whom were on parade under the Commandant, Miss M. Baxter Ellis, and took the salute when the corps marched past, first in slow time and then in quick time.

Then folIowed a demonstration of practical work, including recruits' stretcher drill, gas defence drill how to deal speedily with an ambulance that had broken down; and driving six-'wheeled ambulances

Her Royal Highness made a thorough inspection of the camp, and stayed to tea, during which the drum and fife band of the 1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards, played.

Addressing the Corps, Princess Alice said they must all make themselves as efficient as possible in case their services were needed; and she congratulated them on the excellent standard their work that afternoon had shown.

Cheers were given for the Princess and for the Ear l of Athlone before they departed.

Among- others wel-e General Sir. ]. F r ancis

Gathorne-Hardya::d Lady Isobel Gathorne-Hardy, MajorGeneral M. G. Taylor, Major - Genera l T. S. Coates and other officers of the Aldershot Command Staff, Major-

Austin

(a) (b) OF OF HOSPITALS ' MOTORISTS ' SPECIAL REQUIRE MENTS PRE-EMINENT NE ED FOR D EPENDABILITY

For thirt r ears now car owners have been testing the dependabilit y, len crth of\Je and freedom from trouble of Austin cars. For as Public authorities have been testing the safety, comfort sC1entific per C?

A · b 1 es In both fields there has been practical endorsement, w c 1S ustln am u anc hi £ ld confirme d by ever-increasing sales. And the latest result of t s two 0 expenence is the ew Austin Standard 20 h.p. Ambulance.. Ii

Here are a few of the special features : body; framework of best ?

ash and oak, leaded joints aluminium panellmg , mduroleum moulded floor-coverln b leather upho'lstery' lar cre leadin g from above windscreen to rear. co mpart db ki s stem' 1mprove ment ensuring draught-free ventllatlon; permanent Jac ng-. y b 11 d brakes; option of low-p.ressure tyre equipment; electnc warn1ng e an Triplex crlass. . 1 that make

It is like these, combined with Austin l<:>n g-term l?:restment va ue, so :any Hospitals, Town Councils and Public Authotlues say:

Invest in a dep en dable

ST ANDARD 20 h.p.

6-CYL. AMBULANCE (as illustrated above) £710. (Chassis only, £385.)

T his Ambulance embodies

J s long t wofold experience

General Evan Gibb, Honorary Colonel of the Corps, Admiral Sir William G oo denough, Lady Hailsham and Lad y Halifax.

CAIIJP OF TJJE l\C'RS1NG PERSONNEL, S.J.A.B.-A. "ery happy week has been spent in camp by some 160 members of ursing Divisions of the S.JA. B. at R ossa ll School, near Fleetwood, from August 3rd to 10th, ide a l weather pre\-ailing.

Mrs. Tweedale, C. B. E., A. R. R. C., J. r., Lady District Supt. No.4 District, whose personality co ntributed to the success of the camp was the Camp Commandant; ;\li ss Sinclair, Belfast, Mrs. Pi('k e ring, Doncaster, l\Iiss Dixon, Mrs. Turner, Miss Faber and l\liss l\Iawby assisted as Stafr Officers, Miss Sutclirfe most ahly carrying oul her dUl ies as Quartermaster. 1\1iss Hilliard, 1\1rs. Jones and I\lrs. PctterBailey provided the Staff and their instru ct ion in the wards was greatly appreciated by all.

Seq-ea nt Connor of the Loyals gaye daily lectures and instruction in Gas and Chemical \Varfare, Capt. Petter-Bailey l ectured on the same, and an interesting- le c ture was also given by a staff memher of the imperial Chel1licnl Co .-\t the end of the \\-eek nearly all in calllp took the examination in Captain Ra\\ lins and 1\1ajor McKenzie being the exal11!Oers.

A whist drive was held the I1rst night in camp; Sunday afternoon the nurses joined with the Dlackpool Division in a Drumhead Service on the Central Beach, Blackpool, at ""hich the Deputy :\Iayor attended, £20 4s 2d was collected to be sent to the Sl. John Hospit a l, Jerusalem; in the evening a concert was arranged, the music being much appreciated. Bathing parties were arranged, l\1iss BootIe, gi\'ing her services as instru c tress in swimming and life-saving.

Wednesday evening a Fancy Dress Dance was arranged, the originality of the cost umes as well as the dancing gi"ing much enjoyment.

Friday the inspection was taken by Colonel Trimble after the march past a systematic inspection of he \Vards and of the work done by those taking cookery (im-alid and plain) was carried out. A. gas attack was staged and the rescuers (I\lrs. Boothe, Manchester, and l\liss Smith, Hull) rendered first aid to J\l rs. Ward, Sheffield, also protectingthemselves whilst doing so

After the examinations and inspection, tension being relieved, the members on their last night enjoyed gamespotato and balloon races, musical arms and dancing. " The Day thou gavest Lord has endrd," (( Auld Lang Syne," and (( God Save The King" brought a st renuous day to a close. Many exprC'ssed the opinion that the number in camp would be greatly increased next year.

The daily routine consisted of Reveille 8 a. m. Roll call and prayers 8.35 a.m. Breakfast 8.45 a.m Room inspection 9.30 a.m. Drill 10 to 10.20 a.m Lectures and practical work 10.30 to 12.30. Dinner 1 p.m, Tea 4.30 p. m. Supper 7.30 p. m. Twelve members took early mornduty-7.30 a.m. - in the ll1eJical and surgical wards and 111 the theatre.

The Grace was sung as a round- cc For Health and Strength and Daily Food We Praise Thy Name 0 Lord! "there being four groups; this produced in the wonderful dining-hall a most charming effect, the echo resounding after the music had died away.

(Divisional news and competitions, social, interest1I1g duties, lectures, etc.), for this pag-e should be sent to Ambulance Sister, c/o The Editor, FIRST AID, 46, Cannonstreet, London, E.C.4.

Does your colleague read FIRST AID, if not, send us his address and we will post him a copy,

Advice to First Aiders.

C. I. ELLIS, Surgeon-in-Chit>f, S.J.A.B., at a recent inspection, commenting on the faults which he had noticed during a display pointed out the following :-

Stretcher bearer.:; were ordered to "quick march." That was a com mon fault and should be g uarded agai nst. There should be no "quick march" about it, because the danger of jolting a patient could not be stressed too much. He also noticed at the scene of the "d isaster" that there was no covering on top or underneath the patients. This was extremely imp rtant. In all cases of accidents there was the vital question of shock; it was so important, in fact, that if the patient did not recover from it he certainly ,vould not recover from his brcken leg or whatever injuries he might be suffering from. Therefore they would have to remember to cover up the patient above and beneath as soon as possible. It might help them, too, if they would, in such emergencies, think of the word "warm." This gave them the cl ue to the four essentials; the first, "\iVarmth," the second "Air," the third" Rest," and the fourth " Moisture."

.--,

Fifteen teams from all parts of South Yorkshire competed in the Thorne Colliery Ambulance Cur competition. Dinning-ton were t\e \\'inners, followed by vVheldale Colliery.

-3- -:::

Major A. Barrett Cardew, 1\1. C., 1\1. R. C. S., County Commissioner for Gloucestersbire, pr('sented the award-s gained by members of the City of Gloucester Division, S.].A. B., at a held recently at the Central School, Derby Road.

l\Ir. Allan Hannah, Larbert, is included in the late st li st of awards of the Kiflg'S Voluntary Medical Sen'ice :\ledal, granted through the medium of the St. Andrew's Ambulance Association. Other Larbert recipients are Messrs. Charles Smith md James Niven, of the Larbert section of the L. 1.S. Ambulance Brigade.

A course of lectures for men on first aid to the injured will commence at Toynbee Hall, Commercial Street, E.1, on Wednesday, September 25th, at 8 p. m. Fee for the course, including the examination for the S.J.A.A. cert ifi cate, 3/ 6d. Applications for enrolment to be made to Div. Supt. T. W. Trussler, 105, Wilton Road, Hackney, E.8, or to Toynbee Hall.

SOUTHEND DIVISION S.J.A. B. have for disposal a second-band Ambu lan ce in running order. Price £50. Arply 7+, Queens-road, Southend-on-Sea.

C LOWNE.-The Seventh Annual Ambulance Competition for the" C. Wright" Memorial Cup, va lue 75 guineas, wdl be held on October 19th, 1935, at the Clowne Council Schools. Open to all England. Stretcher Test and Individual Tests, prizes given for both eve nts. Full particulars and entry forms may be had from the Competition Secretary, Mr. H. Clarke, 59, Neale-street, Clowne, near Chesterfield.

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Queries and Ansvvers to Correspondents.

Queries will be dealt with under the following rules:-

I. -Letters containing Queries must be marked on the top left hand corner of the envelope "Query," and add.ressed-FIRsT A D 46, Cannon·street, London, E. C. 4.

2. -All Queries must be accompanied by a "Query Coupon" cut from the current issue at the 1nurnal, or, in case of Queries from a broad, from a recent issue.

3.-The Tex tbook, to which reference may be made in this column is the 38th 1I928) Edition of S.l.A.A. Manual of First Aid.

TREATMENT OF BURNS.

G. C. (SheiTield) - I read with much interest the article which was published in the July issue of FI RST AID under the heading Fi1'st A z'd T?'eat11l ent of Burns. As an am bulance attendant, it is imperati ve that, as far as possible, I should ha\'e my dressings prepared beforehand in anticipation of accidents; and so I shall be grateful if you will tell me if the dressing should be wrung out of a slightly warmed so lution, if I can keep a ready mixed solution, and where I can obtain the tablets.

It is imperative that the solution should be freshly prepared for each and every case; and the dressing can be applied as you suggest. So you cannot keep a "ready mixed" solution in stock. Personally, I am not yet convilll-ed as to the \visdorn of pressing tannic acid as a first aid remed y though some serious objections to its use as such have been remo\'ed by the introduction of the tablets. These can be obtained from or through any chemist. -N. CORBET FLETCHER

EXAlIlINATION HOWLER.

L. N. ( Ianchester) - In the course of a recent examination I asked one young lady what she would do if she went into an outhouse and founu a man suspended from a beam by a rope tightly fixed round his neck. To my great amusement she replied :-' ( J would SC1'eam at tlz e top oj my voice and run f)r the nearest policeman " Good! Next please! !-N.C.F.

TREATl\lENT OF FRACTURED HUMERUS.

J.c. B. (Stroud)-l must express my astonishment at your sarcastic reply to my letter which was published in the July issue of FIRST Am. I have been a reader of FIRST Am for over 30 years and ha\'e always taken a keen interest in your replies to queries. In fact I have wondered many times how you have the patience to reply to some of the queries submitted to you.

Now I am wondering why you used the words (( Really and truly?" It was not sporty of you and does not sound nice. In reply to your question I have read the footnote to the frontispiece in the Textbook many times; and in facl when I wrote my letter I was inclined to refer to it. I have also read many times the correspondence which was published in the June 1931 issue of FIRST AID between the Chief Secretary of the Association and yourself.

A I D.

So I repeat that, if the splints are put on in accordance with the instructions given in the Textbook, the biceps muscles are tucked nway (shall we say) on the inside.

All your correspondents are not youngsters in the work. I am as old as you are (I think older) and h ave been in the movement longel'. My first cel-tificate is dated March 1897 ; and I have been organising and instructing Divisions eyer since, for which I have asked for and received no payment.

Now, sir, I would alter the Lone of my letter because you ha\'e no g reat er admirer than myself and I hope that this little scrap will not alter our feelings towards each other.

Really and truly on this point you seem to possess a positive gift for misunderstanding 'what you read. First, you misunderstand Lhe instructions of the Textbook; secondly, you misunderstand the correspondence to which you refer and as the outcome of which (I happen to know) the instructions of the Textbook will be amended when the next revision is published; and lastly, you misunderstand my reply which was published in the July issut' of FIRST AID in gentle protest at the abrupt rejection of my considered statements by a layman! By so doing the last named you have at least created a precedent!

So, since it appears from your fu rth er letter that in spite of reading many times the footnote to the frontispiece in the Textbook, you honestly fail to understand, I will now elucidate the point for your benefit. 1 confess, however, that it is a sad job (and somewhat trying to my patience !) to have to explain such a simple matter in such detail to one who took his first certificate in 1897 :-

Now look at the frontispiece again, and hold your left upper limb in the position indicated. You will find that your left biceps muscle is then anterior to (that is, in front of) you r ldt humerus. N ow read the footnote :- " No matte?'

wlzat is the actual position of a p enon for purposes of description the body is supposed to be erect with the arms hanging by the sides and the palms of the hands directed forwards."

Pay special note to the words which I have put in italics. This instruction means that the biceps muscle is always considered as heing in front of the humerus, no matter what is the position of the upper limb.

Now look at p. 69 of the Textbook where yuu will lind these words :- (( Apply splints on the jront, back and outer side of arm." Note my italics.

We have already seen that the biceps muscle lies to the front of the arm; and, therefore, the front splint must lie plumb on the biceps muscle.

Lastly, look again at the correspondence already mentioned and note therei n that the Chief Secretary himself acknowledged that my contention is correct.-N.C.F.

TREATMENT OF SNAKE BLTE.

J. D. (Wombwell). In a recent competition for members of a Nursing Division, the card of instructions in one individual test read :- " Treat this man who has been bitten on lhe ankle by a snake. A doctor cannot be obtained; but all necessary appliances are available."

This test has caused much discussion with reference to the use of a caustic. Personally I read the card of instructions to mean that the snake was not of the venomous variety and that consequenLly Rule -+ on p. 132 of the Textbook should have been put into action by the competitors. Herewith we thank you for your ruling on this detail.

As you point out in your letter, the variety of snake is not specified in the card of instructions. I take it, therefore, that the competitor should have at once asked if it was

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venomous or not and that the judge would probably ha\'e given a definite answer.

On this answer depends the deCIsIOn as to the correct treatment, for, as you rightly state, the Textbook Leaches us not to use a cautic in the treatment of a bite caused by a venomous snake. - .1\". C. F.

POISON BY L-'I.'·ENOER \NXfER.

C.C. (Surbiton). - Recently I was told by a policeman of a case to which he was called. He found a woman suffering from the effect of haying drunk a quantity of cheap lavender water; and he treated her as for narcotic poisoning. The patient was bleeding from the nose; and he understands that blindness can be caused by drinking this solution.

Please tell me \vhat effects cheap lavender water would have on a person; if nose bleeding is a usual accompaniment and also if it is a narcotic poison.

The toxic effects which you name were in all probability due, not to the lavender, but to some other constituent of the lavender water, such as wood spirit (methyl alcoh.)l) ; The presence of this poison even in small quantities, in a draught swallowed by any individual may be followed by all the effects of a narcotic poison, including blindness and even death.

Alcohol causes the dilatation of the small blood vessels near the surface of the body. Consequently, any individual, who is liable to suffer from attacks of nose bleeding, would be particularly likely to haye one after swallowing a potent dose of wood spirit. -N. C. F.

TREATl\IENT OF SNAKE BITES.

]. B. (U I1ltali, S. Rhodesia) :-l\1r. Desmond C. FitzSimmons, writes in the South .-\frican Fa r7ll e7'S rf'eek(y with reference to the treatment of snake bites, as follows :_

"A simple but effective way of determining immediately whether the bite is from a venomous or nonvenomous species is to note whether there are t\\·o or more punctures. If there are two, it is probably venomous; if four or more, harmless. Glancing bites may, however, make thi., test valueless.

"Mr. FitzSimmons attaches great importance to sucking the wounds, provided that there are no sores or abrasions in the mouth. To have any toxic action, it is necessary for the "enom to get direct into the blood circulation, and it is not absorbed to any appreciable extent through the mucous membranes of the mouth or endothelial cells of the alimentary canal. Thus the swallowing of the poison is practically harmless.

"A warning is given against the frequently prescribed administration of alcohol, which, apart from adding to the danger by increasing the blood circulation, interferes with the neutralising properties of the only known specific antidote-anti-venom serum. Only in cases where the patient shows signs of collapse should a little bralldy or whiskey in water be administered; even then it is preferable to give black coffee or two tablespoons of sal volatile in water "

You will see that this authority states that black coffee or sal volatile are preferable to alcohol in the treatment of collapse following a snake bite. \ Ve should, therefore, be pleased to have your comments, and we thank you in anticipation.

the first aid treatment of snake bites alcohol (which IS rapidly absorbed 1l1to the bloodstream) is given in order to combat the efTects of the snake venom circulating in the blood.

Treatment the administration of anti-venom serum is, of course, a maltel- for the doctor. H, therefore, a doctor i s available you, as a flrst aider, will immediately hand Over your patient to him. If, however, medical assistance is not forthcoming you must act in accordance wilh the instructions of the Textbook.-N.C.F.

ARTIFICIAL RESPlR.\TION WITH FRACTURED RIBS.

A.T. (V.rorcester).-I was interested in your reply to a query published in the July issue of FIRST Am under the above heading- and I shall be m u ch obliged if yo u will be kind eno'lgh to answer the following questions :-

(1) You state that there is only one rl1ethod of artificial re piration recognised in the Textbook. Why, therefore, is Silvester's l\lethod described 111 an appendix on p. 224?

(2) You also slate that the thorax must be compressed so tilat no pressure is exerted over the fractured ribs. The Textbook definitely states that the hands must be placed" over the lower ribs " vVould not Schafel-'s Method dri\'e the fractured ribs into the lungs no matter where the fracture is situated?

(3) \Vhat method of artificial resriration would you use in a case complicated by fracture of spine in the reg-ion of the 10th and 12th thor1.cic \'crtebr.:e? 1 presume that Schafer's method would aggravate this injury.

lote, first, that the method of artificial respiration described on pp. 143-145 of the Textbook is a modification of Schafer's lethod 'which I prefer to call the St. John Prone Pressure Method.

Here are the answers to your questions ;_

(1) You will find at the top of p 214 of the Textbook a note to the effect that the appendices are not included in the Syllabus of Instruction of the First Aid Course. This means that the appendices are outside the scope of lectures, examinations and competitions; and that they are added to the book for general information

(2) You realise, of course, that the diagnosis of fractured ribs (and spine) in an unconscious person is a very difficult .proposition. Nevertheless, fractured ribs are not a contraindication to the use of the St. John Prone Pressure Method. The ofllcial answer (which I obtained from a member of the Revision Commiltee) is that the method must be modified so that no pressure, likely to injure the u n gs, is placed 011 the fractured ribs.

(3) In such an emergency, as you suggest, I agree that Schafer's :'Ilethod would probablr ag-gravate the loca condition. So I would adopt the St. John Method, modifying this by placing my wrists at a level above the fractured vertebrre and spreading- my fingers over the lower parts of the scapulcc.-N.C.F .

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'ijg'l)t lnbepenbtnt Journal for tl)¢ Ambulance nub 3}luT'sing

No. 495.-VOL.

NOTICE TO READERS.

FIRST AID is published on the 20th of each month. The An nual SUbscription is 38. 6d. post free; single copies 3 d

Its aim and object being the of Ambulance Work in all its branches, the Editor invites Readers to send Articles and Re ports on subjects pertaining to the Movement and also welcomes suggestions for Practical Papers.

All Reports, &c., should be addressed to the Editor at the addr ess below, and should reach him before the 12th of each month, and mast be accompanied (not necessarily /01' tJublication) by the nam e and address of the Correspondent.

Subscriptions, Advertisements and other business Communications conne cted with FIRST AID should be forwarded to the Publishers, DALE, REYNOLDS & CO., LTD., 4 6 CANNON STREET, LONDON, E.C.4.

7 elegraphic Address-" Twenty-jour, London." Telephone- City 37 IO

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

EDITO RIAL-

The S.J.A.A. during 193-f

St John Ambulance Association

Co lliery Am bulance News

The Ambulance Man Looks at Gas

Large Stock of Books on FIRST AID, NURSING and all Branches of Medicine and Allied Sciences_

Textbooks and all the latest works obtainable without delay.

ANATOMICAL MODELS, DIAGRAMS and WALL CHARTS suitable for Lectures.

LANTERN SLIDES. WARWICK & TUNSTALL'S FIRST AID SERIES (in Stock).

Particulars of the above or of COLLIE & WIGHTMAN'S SERIES forwarded on application.

LONDON:

H. K. LEWIS & Co. Ltd., 136 COWER ST., W.C.1 Telephone-MusEuM 7756 (3 lines)

S. l.A.B. District Reports

The 27th International Life Saving Congress

Fo rty Years Ago

Priory for Wales

Pol ice Ambulance News

Working- Men's Club and In stitute Union

Railway Ambu ance News

The Probationer's Corner

Treatment after Drowning

Detailed Marking Sheet o.-fS

Letters to the Editor

Our Nurses' Pages

Co ming Events

B. R. C. S. Blood Tranfusion Service

QUE RIES AND ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS-

Rules for 1 reatment of In sensibility

Examination HO\.\'Ier

Plaint of a Competitor

An Error in Di agnosis

Woes of a First Aider

Treatment of Burns and Scalds

Control of H remo rrhage from \Vrist

Treatment of Wound on Forearm

EDITORIAL.

THE n umber of certificates issued THE S.J.A.A. in England, Ireland and Wales

DURI J G 1934. by the St. John Ambulance Association during 1934, shows a slight decrease compared with the previous year, but it is interesting to note that more male passes were recorded in Home Nursing. The tot3.1 number of certificates in all subjects was 44,218; in addition, 40,712 were issued to Overseas Centres, an increa3e of over 8,000. In the case of reexaminations, 3. total of 72,125 awards were issued, this bei ng nearly a 2,000 ad vance over the previous year.

First Aid classes consisting exclusively of unemployed persons continued to be held but the number fell from 32 to 28. \i\Tith regard to other classes attempts are being made to give instruction to the personnel employed in lightships, lighthouses and coastal steamers. An increased number of classes were held by tnnsport undertakings.

It is reported that an agreement has been reached between the Royal Life Saving Society and the Association, on the methods of applying artificial respiration; also that the treatment of burns by tannic acid has been under consideration and the decisions arrived at will be incorporated in the textbook when next revised.

A substantial advance both in mileage and the number of patients removed, is reported by the Invalid Transport Corps, the actual figures being: mileage, 73,466 i patients 2,970, the increase being 1,841 miles and 166 patients. At the St. Paul's Ambulance Station, 1,011 cases were treated throughout the year, 56 being sent to hospital.

First Aid outfits continue to be placed in Police Kiosks, and during the past year 99 such outfits were issued in various parts of London. There are now some 250 outfits and the y have been of considerable service.

The Committee again expresses its deep appreciation to members of the medical profession who have lectured to, and examined, its classes; to the Centre and Class Secretaries, and to Lhose who have devoted so much time to the furtherance of the objects of the Association.

St. John Ambulance Association

BRISTOL CENTRE.--This Centre was founded in 1880, the first recorded meeting being- held on Friday, July 5th, 1889 at the Bristol University College. Amongst such well-'lmown names of Bristolians interested, many of whom have now passed to the great beyond, are Mrs W. H. Miles, Mrs. Barclay, Mrs. Proctor Baker, the Misses Barclay, Errington, Badcock, Helen Sturge and Wed more The names of the medical men who interested themselves in the work at the start are Drs. Wedmore, Ewens, Duncan, Parker and others. As time went on the names of General Davis, V.C., Alderman Fox, Professor Lloyd Morgan and others were added.

Classes were held with success from the initiation of the work candidates interesting themselves with great ardour, and 1890 the Railway Authorites at Bristol wished their employees to hecome first aiders.

The first intimation as to formll1g- an Corps in the City of Bristol was on May 23rd., 1890. Two sections were formed, viz., "A" Section at the Workmen's Club, St. Mary Redcliff, and "B" Section at the Y.M.C.A:, St. James Square. A third was to be organised Bedmll1ster. " B" Section was transferred to Broad Plain House, St. Phillips, in the year 1891.

To prove the efficiency of the work, in .the year 1896, Mr. E. C. Kingston--holder of a medaliIon--performed artificial respiration on a boatman who had been submerged at Clevedon, and was presented with the Honorary Testimonial of the Royal Humane Society,

The first Stretcher Competition was held at the Zoological Gardens in 1897. The late Mr. C. Beavis presented a Challenge Cup, which was won by the Netham Chemical Works' team.

During the years of the late War large numbers of men, on passin cy their examinations, ioined the St. John Brigade or the V.A. Detachments of the B. R.C.S., and from these bodies drafted on for work with the R. A. M. C the Military Home Hospital Reserves, the Royal Naval Sick Berth Reserves, and Hospitals at home and abroad.

The women largely joined the Red Cross V.A. Detachments and from these were sent to Hospitals all over the country.

As the years have gone on, on account of the increase in motor traffic and mechanisation of factories and other causes, classes have been on the increase. During the year 1933-34 some 56 classes were held, at which 956 candidates sat for lectures.

The Divisions of the City of Bristol Corps of the Brigade have had many new member., added to their numbers year by year.

Clzsses have been held in connection with the Port of Bristol Authority, Bristol Education Committee, Collieries, Factories, Police, Schools of Cookery, etc.

The records for the current year are equally good.

The Stretcher Compeition takes place yearly at the Zoological Gardens. The number of cups competed for is now six, and 30 valuable silver medals are presented to the successful competitors. The entries this year numbered 54 from all sections of ambulance workers in the City of Bristol.

A I D.

Some 20,000 cerlificates have been issued through the Centre since its inceplion.

EXMOUTH. A magnificent motor ambulance, the gift of Sir Knott, Bart., to the Exmouth Centre, was christened and dedicated on Sunday, August 4th. In ad dition to the ambulance Sir Garbutt Knott purchased a site with a 40 ft. frontage adjoining the Bastin Hall, where a garage to accommodate the ambulance is in course of erection.

The Rev. T. G. Shelmerdine (Vicar of Littleham-cumExmouth) and the Rev. Walter Yeomans (Minister Parade Methodist Church) dedicated the ambulance.

Mr. H. E. Law presided over the ceremony and was supported by Sir Garbutt Knott, Mr. Cedric Drewe, M.P., and Mrs. Drewe, Mr. L. H. Morris (Chief Constable of Devon), Lt.-Col. H. Spackman, County Officer E. J. Moors, the Chairman (Mr. A. E. Humphries), and members of Exmouth Urban Council, Supt. H. Southwell, and others including representatives of Exmouth V.A. D., Fire Brigade, &c.

Mrs. Drewe distributed examination awards and wa s the recipient of a bouquet of carnations.

Sir Garbutt Knott in a few brief sentences formerl y presented the ambulance to the Exmouth Centre.

Supt. Southwell accepted the handsome gift on behalf of the Association and expressed the gratitude of th e members.

Following the naming and dedication, Mr. Cedri c Drewe expressed sincere and cordial congratulations to all who had had a share in the ceremony.

Major Morris surprised the donor when he asked Sir Garbutt Knott to accept a beautiful silver model of the ambu lance as a token of gratitude and esteem from the committee.

Sir Garbutt who was taken completely by surprise expressed his thanks.

SWADLINCOTE.-- The Burton Brigade "A" team won thp. "Samuel Atkins JJ Memorial Cup and replicas at an amhulance competition held at Swadlincote on Saturda y, August 18th. The judges were Dr. R. Berwick, of Burton Infirmary, and Dr. E. M. R. Frazer, of Newhall.

Twelve teams took part. Burton" A" scored 112 points, Granville Colliery, S"vadlincote 111 points, and Wales wood Colliery 107 points.

Mrs. R. T. Green, of Bretby, distributed the prizes. Other competing teams were Cadley Hill, Donisthorpe, Rawdon, Snibstone and \\Thitwick Collieries, Burton Brigad e " 13," Swadlincote " A" and" B," and Derby.

The organising committee consisted of l\1essrs. H. Hardwick (chairman), D. Harvey (secretary and treasurer), W. Brown, C. Harvey, \V. Wilkinson, and Supt. D. Aldridge.

HULL.--The 5th Annual" Carver" Cup Competition (If the Paragon (Hull) Class was held on Saturday, August 31st, in the Technical College.

The judges were Dr. J Eric Crooks (team); Dr. C. Simpson (No.1) ; Dr. F. Deacon (No 2) Dr. A. G. Minn (No.3) ; Dr. C. A. Dean (No.4) and Dr. J. G. Lindsay (No.5).

Fifteen teams competed comprising five East Riding Police teams, Grimsby and Leeds City Police, Hull L.N.E.R. Police, Hull East, Dock Engineers, New Holland Stores, Grimsby Docks Goods, L. N. E. R., Cleethorpes S.J.A.B., and Parkhill Colliery.

The result was 1, Leeds City Police, 357 2, Hull East, 309t ; 3, Grimsby Police, 304.

The individual prizes were awarded as follows :--1, H. Ogden, Parkhill Colliery, 46 marks 2, J. Bell, Leeds Police,

39; 3, F. Wags taffe, Grimsby Police, S9 ; 4, B. Read, Leeds police, 7S ; 5, T. Moxham, Leeds Police, 62.

Unfortunately, Major Carver, M.P., and Mrs. Carver' were unable to be present for the first time since the inauguration of the competition, but at:!ong the interested spect.ators were Supt. Robson and Inspector Thompson, East Riding Police; Inspector B. Simpson, Hull L.N. E. R., Police; Mr. O. H. Lindberg, Asst. Supt., L. N. E. R. Hull. Messrs. T. Lamb, A. Batty, and Capt. S. W. Nicholas, S.]. A. B., Mr. and Mrs. Oakes, L. N. E. R. Ambulance Centre, Mrs. Dean.

Col. H. S. Cole, Chief of Police, L.1\.E.R., York' presided and stressed the urgent need for efficiency in first aid. He announced that, since the 1934 competition the competition secretary, Mr. W. E. Twinham, had been honoured by the Order of St. John, and that the King had

AID. 55 Colliery Ambulance News.

CANNOCK CHAsE.--The finals of the annual colliery competitions organised by the Cannocl< Chase Centre took place at the Cannock Mining College. Twelve teams, winners of previous rounds, competed, with the following result: 1, Littleton Colliery E., 178 marks; 2, Ca nnock and Leacroft No.3, 177 marks; 3, Walsall Wood No.1, 168 marks. Other teams w ere West Cannocl< Surface, Cannock and Leacroft No.1, Littleton A, D. & F., Mid-Cannocl< A. & B., West Cannock No.2 Pit, and Hilton Main No.4. The judges were Dr. D. T. McAinsh and Dr. G. M. Torrance. Mr. Jonathan Hunter (President of the Centre) presented the shield and silver medals to the winners, the" Pa yto n JJ cup and bronze medals to the runners-up, the individual cup

Littleton" E " team, winners of the Cannock Chase Colliery competitions. From left; J. H. Barker, R. Benton, R. Walmsley (trainer), C. Holgate (captain), J. Brough, A. Hargreaves (patient).

grac iously approved of his admission to the Order as a Serving Brother.

Mrs. Coles presented the cup and prizes at the close of the competition

Dr. Crookcs, in his remarks on the work of the teams, urged the great importance of speed in dealing with and of the necessity for first-aiders using their eyes and brains in their work.

Supt. Robson, E. R. Police, expressed thanks to the doctors, to Hull Education Committee for use of the college and to Col. and Mrs. Cole.

to G. H. Humphries, and the Junior competition c up to Hilton Main No.4 team.

NORMANToN. The Normanton and District annua Colliery ambulance cup competitions were held in Normanton Drill Hall on Saturday, August 17th. -1

The results were : - Park Hill (Wakefield) 30/"2 marks, \V ater Haio-h (Woodlesford) marks, Shydale (Featherh -) 1 stone) 276 marks, Pope and Pearson's (AI tofts 266"2 marks, Whitford 258 marks, Methley 219! marks, Newland (Normanton) 193t marks.

In the" Pickersgill " Rose Bowl CompetltlOn for JunIOr teams, Newland were winners with 148t marks and Park Hills runners-up with 121 marks.

COMPETITIONS,

DANCES,

etc.-The attention of the general public to your needs can be attractively arranged by purchasing copies of the Poster advertised in this Journal for all your Social and other activities. Samples will be sent on request.

Dr. E. W. White (Methlyy), and Mr. Godfrey Brookes, (Pontefract), were the judges and Mrs. D. Harrison (Whitwool) presented the prizes.

At the Aston L. 1. S. Ambulance Class outing to Holt Fleet on September 1st, 30 awards gained by members of the class were presented by Mr. P. E. Probert.

The Ambulance Man Lool<s at Gas.

By CAP TAIN NORMAN HAMMER , M. R.C.S. (N . Riding of Yorkshire) .

Continued J1'01IZ page 29.

B.-PERSISTENT GASES.

The considerations afiecfing the use of a PERSISTENT Gas vary a little as regards the optimum conditions to obtain. an effective. concentration. Further the questIon of DuratIon of Exposure has to be taken into account.

1. Weatlzer and wind.- Wind lessens persistence of a Persistent gas, but increases its evaporation, i.e., the amount and rate of vapour given off by it. Heat acts in the. same way, t? use it up quickly but at the same tIme to It give off its vapour rapidly and strongly. has no effect, but frost will freeze the lIquId as deposited and render it till it (but there is provided a breathIng space dUflng whIch the affected area or building can be DECONTAMINATED).

2. Ground. - I n hollows and sheltered spots, persistence is increased and evaporation slowed down. Grasslands reduce persistency, while ploughed lands increase it. Open country is better than woodlands from the point of view of persistency (Contrast Non-Persistent gases).

Mustard sinks into concrete and dissolves In tarred roads, have increasing persistency.

INDIVIDUAL PROTE CTION.

1. Protection of the person.

2. Decontamination of the person and of articles of personal use.

3. Food and water.

1. Protection of the person is twofold:

1. The Respirator, to protect eyes and lungs.

2. Protective Clothing, to protect other parts of the body, and especially meant for those who will be ready to work as FirstAiders, etc., in contaminated places.

THE" G.S. RESPIRATOR." (Mk. IV.)

In describing this comfortable and completely adequate apparatus, we will confine ourselves to the pattern known as The General Service Respirator, Mark IV. Other types are in use, but these show merely minor variations from the present model. Description will be in outline

on I y, to enable the chief parts to be recognised and their functions understood, leadIng up to Notes on the FITTING OF THE RESPIRATOR (very important and very simple) and FINDING FAULTS IN PROTECTIVE ACTION (equally easy and, if anything, of even greater importance).

TheG.S. Respiratorisof box type, consIstIng of afacepiece, covering the face from forehead to under the chin and excluding air excf'pt through a flexible rubber tube the" connectz"ng tube," which leads into it the containe1/, a metal filtering box carried in a haversac. Air passes into the container, through the materials inside, and passes on, after having thus been ?y way of the connecting tube, to enter the InSIde of the facepiece to be breathed. Expired air leaves the inside of the facepiece by a one-way Outlet Valve.

Let us take the parts sep::trately and see how they work, so that, understanding this,. we may be able to ensure that the apparatus gIves us the protection it is capable of.

f.-THE FACEPIECE.

This is made of sheet rubber covered on the outside with waterproof flex, i.e., material with a one way stretch, up and down only. It is to give complete apposition to the face at Its border, without kinking and leaVIng spaces through which air might pass. edges are bound with rubber tape to form a fittIng surface, which secures close peripherse apposition of the facepiece to the face.

2.-It is held in position by elastic headharness, running to a pad which rests com.for:ably on the crown of the head. This harness IS lIght, and its elastic straps are adjustable for length by runners like those on a chin strap.

3. - It has two splinter-proof glass eyepieces, which are prevented from clouding over on the inside by an arrangement whereby a of dry air passes over them. This a:rangem.ent IS. called the Tissot Channel, its openIngs beIng sItuated between the eyepieces. I n the newer Mk. V. these eyepieces are unscrewable

4.- The Outlet Valve lets out breathed air, and prevents the entry of air from the surrouning atmosphere.

(Facepieces are made in three sizes, but nearly everyone is fitted by the medium size on adjustment

of head harness. Persons not so fitted must have a smaller or larger size provided, or specially made in the case of very abnormal faces).

5.-THE CONNECTING TUBE.

Is of corrugated rubber, covered as the facepiece, and corrugate? to prevent kinking or cracking, if adjusted hurrIedly and awkwardly ?r stored folded up in the haversac for long peflods It leads air from the inside of the box container to the inside of the facepiece, which it enters through the circular metal valve-holder.

6 .-- THE CONTAINER. (Training container, type A). Is a box of corrugated tinned iron, containing f rom upwards :-

A dome-shaped air-space, into which the gasla den air is led by passing throu·gh the -inlet valve s ituated in the bottom of the container.

Above this dome-shaped space, roofed by a d ome of wire gauze covered with a thin sheet ?f c otton wool, comes a layer of charcoal; and In o rder above this are layers of filtering substances he ld ill place by sheets of gauze and cotton wool, ti ll at the top we get .

A blank space, occupied simply by a bent tin p late to hold the of the in posit ion. This blank space IS for the addItIon of such o ther protective and filtering substances as may n ecessary.

A bove this is a final sheet of gauze, and the e ntrance to the corrugated tube.

The whole outfit is carried in a haversack prov ided with a sling. When needed, the facepiece is pu lled out of this haversack and .the conta iner remainin a in the haversack, whIch IS worn, su pported by fhe sling now shortened in the m ethods taught in the dri Il, resting on the bre.ast.

For the respirator to give its full protectIOn, ce rtain things must be. Firstly, it must fit the face of its wearer accurately at the fitting edge, wi thout being too loose or too tight.

Secondly, its facepiece and corrugated tube must be in tact and ai r-tight.

Thirdly, the outlet valve of the facepiece must b e working properly, or it will no longer g as-laden outside air, or else it will hinder expIrat ion, or do both.

Fourthly, the contents of the must be undama a ed or they may lose their power to b fi lter and purify gas-laden air to render It breatha ble. Water in the container, the result of damage t o its walls, is a possible cause of faulty protect ion in service conditions.

[NOTE.-A "Special Service" Respirator is o n issue for the use of voluntary bodies. Its p rinci pie is the same; it varies slightl y forn: to s implify mass production. The contaIner IS a drum of water-proofed cardboard, attached directly to the front of the facepiece. To-and-fro move-

ment of air taks place through this drum-container on breathing in]

A.-FITTIN G AND TESTING OF RESPIRATORS.

B.-FINDIN G AND CORRE CTIN G FA ULTS.

The tests recommended to make sure that a respirator is efficient to protect its wearer are three in number. No one test is a complete standard by itself: all three must be taken into consideration:

(Ell courte sy 0/ Siebe , Con n an 0-" Co., Ltd.)

TIm MARK IV R ESP R ATOR I N P OSIT ION.

and the tests must be carried out in the o rder stated.

The desiderata are also three in number , arranaed in order of importanc e, as f ollows : -

b

1. The protection of the we a re r.

2 The comfort of the wearer.

3. The wearer's efficiency at work while wearing the respirator.

No. 3 depends on Nos. 1 and 2 , other thin g s being equal.

The Tests are :-

1. Visual fitting and breathing test.

2. Endurance or working test.

3. Cham ber test.

(To be performed In that order.)

If a ll these tests are passed, the respi rator protects its wearer 100 per cent. against all gases, and. when the l\lobilisation container is used, against" smoke" as well.

1. Visual jitting and b1 'eatlzz'ng tests.

1. Fall in your pupils or men to be fitted in a half circle round you . Have them put on their respirators, taking care that they dig their chins well in to the hollow in the face piece made for them, and that head harness is adjusted properly.

2. First take a look round and see if there are any glaringly obvious cases of bad Fall them out to deal with later, by changlrlg their respirators.

3. Inspect the remainder carefully one by one; taking note of the fo llowing points ;-

(a) Pad of head-harness to crown of head.

(b) Eyes central in eyepieces. If eyes appear in upper half of eyepiece when observed by an onlooker, the facepiece is to') large. If they appear in lo wer half of eyepieces the facepiece is too small.

(c) If eyepieces touch bridge of nose, facepiece is too smal l.

(d) Ask the man a question and watch him as he answers, to see ii free movement of the jaw is possible.

(e) Gr ip and twist the corrugated tube. If the man can breathe while you continue to grip the twisted tube, air is getting in under the edges of the facepiece, and the facepiece is too large.

NOTE Keep a roll of each man's 1"espirator sz'ze as found by the tests. Enter this size on all his documents. It is as imp ortant to him as his regimental number, or more so. If possible, let each man keep his O\vn respirator.

2. The endu1 ance test.

Observe the men at easy work, marching, etc., while wearing respirators If no breathing- i.e., if a man falls out in a very short whi le, and says that his breathing is very difficult, look for faults in his respirator. Usual causes of this a re ;-

a. Defective inlet valve . (Interference with air entry.)

b. Plug of cotton wool in neck of container. (Th is ma y work there in respirators that have never been used, or often are left there by carelessness when the respirator is assem bled before leavin g the factory.)

3. The Chamber test. (Tear gas usually used.)

No effects of any kind wi ll be felt if the respirator is in good order, is the right s ize and is properly worn . Men will often believe

that they have been in a chamber without any gas in it at all. To convince them that the respirator is all the protection y ou teach them it is, let them walk throu g h the chamber wit/LOut a respirator. Effects will follow, too trivial to cause damage but sufficient to instil a respect for, and confidence in, their respirators and the absolute protection they give.

B. FINDING AND CORRECTING FAULTS IN THE RESPIRATOR.

Two have already been mentioned :-

a. Defective inlet value.

b. Plugged neck of container.

Others are :-

c. \Vat er in the container. Damage to metal walls of container.

d. Damaged outlet valve.

e. W ou nds, cuts, etc., of fabric of fac epiece may lead to the rubber perishing, and airtightness being lost.

f. Cracks in face piece or tube due to lon g storage without being hung out periodically.

" DON'T S."

Don't scrub facepieces or headharness.

Don't strai n headharness.

Don't turn whole facepiece inside out when cleaning eyepieces with the Anti-Dim provide d. Do them one at a t ime, thus avoiding straining the facepiece. In " G.S. Respirator" Mk. V., and in "Special Service R espi rator," remove the eyepieces for cleaning.

Don't l eave facep ieces wet after c lean ing.

Don't use yo ur container as a football.

Don't throw you r haversack about while co ntainer is in it.

(To be continued.)

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KEEP your Copies of FIRST AID clean and tidyhave them bound.

Send your copies for the last Volume (July , 1934, to June, 1935) and we will return same bound in an attractive case of leather cloth, with the title of the publication in gold letters on the front and side and the eight pointed cross on front, for 6s., post free.

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Binding Cases only, 2s. 9d. post free.

DALE, REYNOLDS & CO., LTD., 46, CANNON STREET, LONDON, E.C.4.

The St. /olzn A nzbulance Brigade Dzst'J'lct Reports.

No. I ( Prince of Wales's) District.

No. 45 ( ORTII CAMBERWELL) DIVlsIO N -On Monday, August 26th, the Annual Benefit Concert, kindly arranged by the committee of the North Camberwell Club & Institute, was h eld. A splendid programme was enjoyed by abo ut 600 persons, among whom were members of seve ral divisions, incl uding Corps Supt. A. J. Green and Supt. C. Harrison of the Southern Railway Corps (Southern)

During an interval the members of the North Cambe rw ell Division" took" the stage and the Pr esident, Mr. A. Vaughan, who was supported by the VicePresident, Ir. A. Huggett, ex-p r essed his pleasure at being associated with the 45th Division. He mention ed the splendid 'work done by the Division during the Jubil ee celebrations and on the occasion of the Pantomim es and Children' Parties, arranged by the Club, at which hundreds of ch ildren were present.

Supt. H. J. Cade, in reply, thanked the Club for the support they gave to the Division. During the Jubilee celebrations the members collectively put in nearly 1,000 hours of duty.

Corps Supt. Green presented the awards and, in presenting Supt. Cade with his 23rd label, congratulated him on his attaining Supe rin tendentship and reaching his Jubilee in the Brigade. Continuing, Corps Supt. Green said: "I joined this Division myself in 1910, at the instigation of Mr. Cade, and have watched it grow." In 191-1-, when \ve en li sted en bloc, there were 17 members, but in 1920 only 5 members remain ed and the Division ",as almost disbanded. At present it numbers 40, which reflects great credit on Supt. Cade.

I\Ir. Huggett also added a few words of praise on the members and thanked the audience for their attendance.

No . 87 (SrroREDITCII) DIVISION.- This Division has st1s tained a heavy loss by the death of Supt. A. R. Hatley, which took place on Sunday, August 11th, after a few hours illness.

Supt. Hatley joined the Walthamstow Division in 1912, promoted to Co r pora l in 1915 and Sergeant in 1917. He transferred to the Shoreditch Division in 1922, and became Ambulance Officer the same year. In October, 1927, he was promoted to Superintendent. Supt. Hatl ey held the Sef\'ice Medal and one bar, and also the Vellum Vote oE Thanks of the Order of St. John.

At the funeral the lar ge congregation included the Deputy Mayor of Shoreditch (Councillor W. Davies, J.P.) , Alderman W. J. Fudge, J.P., and Councillor W. H. Girling (ex-Mayors) and other members of the Borough. The Brigade members present included District Offi cer McB rid e (also representing Ass t. Commissioner Dr. K. F. Lund), District Officer G. S Pasco, Offi cers and Members of the Division, Lady Supt. Miss Cotton (Shoreditch :-rur ing Division) and members of neighbouring divisions. The profusion of beaubiEul wreaths testified to the esteem in which Supt. Hatley was held.

No II. District.

SOUTII:\MPTON.- The Annual Insp ect ion of the

Southampton Corps Ambulance Diyisions was held on August 28th. Corps Supl. H S. Thomas was in charo-e. The inspecting officer was Major A. T ennyson Smi'th, County Commissioner, accompanied by County Officer Dr. H. E. Rawlence and Corps Surgeon Dr. John Clayre Addresing the parade ::'.Iajor Smith praised the members for the excellent work they were doing in and around Southampton. He congratulated the Corps on the splendid work it did during the Royal Naval Reyiew. The Corps. on that occasion performed 201 duties comprising 1,709 hours, and treated 273 cases.

The County Commissioner presented the Southern Railway 14 Years' Seryice Medal to Amb. Officer Sims. Major Smith also inspected the 'Woolston Ambulance Cadets, under Cadet Officer S. J. Allum, and congratulated them on their smartness.

No. III. District.

NORTIIAMPTOK.-Joining the Brigade in 1886, Sergt.

T. D. Higgins is the oldest member of the Northampton Corps He was promoted to his present rank, from Private, in 1915, and has been an active member until just r ecently when ill-health compelled him to give up ome of the \\-ork.

For 28 years he did regular transport duty during the day of the horse ambulance, and during the \V ar h e assisted unloading conyo),s, helped at various Auxiliary Ho pitals in orthamptonshire, and also did clerical \York \yith the Food Supply Depot for Hospitals. He was in charge of the Ambulance Room at Messrs. Phipp's Brewery and during the whole of this long period assisted in training men in first aid and also juniors in the Boy Scout movement.

In 1889 he was awarded the Royal Humane Society'S Medal and Certificate for aving life, and in 1910 the couts' Gold Badge of Thanks.

In 1902 he received the Seryice Medal of the Order and now has five bar to it. He was made a Serving Brother of the Order in 1925 , and holds the Vvar Service Badge of the Association. He also holds the King George's Coronation J edal.

No. IV. District CHESHIRE.

CREWE.-The members of the Crewe Corps were complimented by County Officer Capt. P. Reay \\"hen he ca rri ed out an inspection on August 28th.

Members demon trated various branches of their \Vork, and concluded with a march past.

Officers on parade included Corps Supt. Wesley Dale, Corps Secretary A. Brookes, Corps Surgeon J. D. Ingram, Co rp s Treasurer W Mason, Div. Supt. A. V. Gibson, J. Simon, F. Boffey, and Dr. C. R. Laing.

A Lady Ambulance Officer's warrant was presented to Uiss F. J. Day.

The" Pat Warneford" Cup was presented to "A" Diyision, winners of the inter-divi ion competition.

lVLl\cCLESFIELD.-Thc Macclc9field ..Ambulance and Nursing Divisions rcceived congratu!atlO.ns oOn a fil:e year of progress at their Annual InspectlOl1 111 the DnII Hall on Monday, August

The Inspection, whIch was conducted by Capt. P. Reay, M.C., of Prestbury, was a. very thorough one. and it was evident that both sectIOns were exceed1l1gly efficient.

Supt. E. Clarke had charge of men and the N ursing Division was under the supervlslon of the Lady Supt. Mrs. P. SwindeIIs.

LANCASHIRE.

BLAc[{PoOL. - In opening the new "Stothert" First Aid Post, Mr. R. M. Stothert, who had. very o-iven the Hut, together with all the medical and surgical ;quipment, to the Blackpool Divi;;;ion, said he the Hut would never be needed, and that the very fact of It being there would be a r:minder motorists and pedestrians to be cautious and aVOid any aCCident.

This is the second Hut that 1\1r. Stothert has given to the Blackpool Division.

The Mayor of Blackpool, Ald. George Whittaker, J. P , presided over the brief proceedings and was accompanied by the Mayoress, Mrs. G. V\'hittaker. OLhers present "vere

LIVERPOOL.-Supt. F. C. Williams o.f Liverp.ool Central Division, has been awarded the inslg111<l; ?f Servm.g Brother of the Order of St. J 01111 in recog111tlOll <?f hIS long and outstanding service as a member of the Bngade.

Supt. Williams passed his .first in. 1904 with the Cheshire Lines CommIttee, Jommg the Bng'ade in the same year. As a member of Bri.gade he joined the RA.M.C. in 1914, and after servmg 111 France. was demobilised in 1919. He is the holder of the Bngade Service Medal and two bars with a further bar being due.

As an employee of the Cheshire Lines Committee he took an active part in Railway Ambulance work and acted as instructor for seven years, during which time hundreds of men passed for their certificates. He was also the founder of the West Derby Ambulance Division.

To mark the occasion of such an important recognition of ambulance services, his brother officers and men of the Central Division invited Supt. Williams and Mrs. Williams to a function which was held at headquarters on August 14th. Those present included Corps. Supt. Col. D. C. Leyland Orton, Corps. Secretary, W. E. Searl, Councillor L. Jones, Mrs. Murray Gains, officers and members of the Central Division and Supt. Dee, A.M.T.

Liverpool North Division, Liverpool Corps.

l\Ir. and Mrs. Stothert, Ald. T. and Mrs. Fletrher, Dr. and Mrs. Rees Jones, District Officer VV. H. Gastall, representing the Commissioner, No. 4 (Lancashire) District, and Supt. G. Wilson.

On the proposal of District Officer Gastall, thanks were Mr. Stothert for providing and equiping the hut, Sir. Lindsay Parkinson for supplying the land, and the Chief Cons.table Mr. H. E. Derham for installing the telephone which communicated with the Ambulance Station and Fire Station.

LANCASTER.-About 100 members and friends of the Lancaster Ambulance and Nursing Divisions attendpd a supper and social in the Palladium Cafe, Lancaster. After the supper the Mayor presented awards to the members of both Divisions, and an inscribed silver cigarette case to Supt. Helme as a gift from the members of the Ambu lance Division. Mrs. Tomb proposed a vote of thanks to Asst. Commissioner Maior E. B. Poolev and official., and in seconding Dr. George commented- on the lack of support from the pUblic.

Division.

Corps Surgeon Dr. W. Murray Cairns presented Supt. V/illiams with a gold ring, and a wristlet watch to Mrs. Williams

The speeches which followed paid glowing tribute to the hard work done and the great popularity of Supt. Williams.

No. V. District.

The Annual Inspection of the Divisions of the North Staffordshire Area took place in Hanley Park. The inspecting officer was Commissioner Sydney W. Malkin. The parade assembled outside Stoke Station and, uncler Asst. Commissioner Dr. R H. Read, marched to the pa rade ground.

On arrival at the Park, a civic welcome was given by the Lord Mayor of Stoke-on- Trent, Alderman A. C. Harvey, who paid tribute to the work of the members. Among those present were the Lady Mayoress, Lady

FIR

District Supt., Mrs. Birbeck, Sir Francis Joseph and the Misses Joseph, Mr. R J. Ca rter, Ch ief Constable 0 f Stokc-on-Trent, and Miss Carter.

The divisions attending the inspection were: Burslem, Tunstall, Hanley, Shelton and Hanley Nursing, Biddulph, Congleton, Ford Green and Norton, Adderley Green, Cressw"e11 and Blythe Bridge, Meir and Longton and Longton Nursing, Stoke, Fenton, Stafford Coal and Iron, Chesterton, Newcastle and W olstanton, Alsager, Kidsgrove and Kidsgrove Nursing, Brittains (Cheddleton), Leek, Waterhouses and Leek Nursing, Uttoxeter and Uttoxeter Nursing, Burton and the Cadet Divisions.

Prior to the inspection, the Lord Mayor presented to Lady Div. Supt. Mrs. M . Jervis and Lady Amb Officer Mrs. A. Goodwin, the Service Medal and to Amb. Officer L. Pettitt a bar to the medal.

The Commissioner, accompanied by the Asst. Commissioner, the Lord Mayor, Sir Francis Joseph, made a tour of inspection during which musical selections were played by the band of the Salvation Army.

A 10. 61

removed to Leeds Infirmary and detained. The first case, unusual one, was that of a small boy who had been ?lLten by a monkey. Altogether 58 cases received attentlOn and 470 h ours of duty done.

The arrangements were carried out by Supt. Edward D. Glover, by Amb. Officers W. E. Pemmett, and P. J. MoreLon, WIth Staff- Sergt. R l\1. Wilkinson. The ambulance material, stores and equipment were under the able and energetic supervision of the storekeeper Pte. A. E. Ferguson.

PONTEFRACT.-Some 650 members of the Brigade attended the Annual Drum Head Service of the Pontefract Corps which was r e cently held in the Castle Grounds. Corps Supt. T .. C. was in charge of the parade the foIlow1l1g dIVISIons being represented: Pontefract , Armley and Wortley, Heckmondwike Dewsbury, Harehills, Rotherham, West Melton and B:ampton Hernsworth , Sou t h Kirkby , Featherstone, Thurcroft;

One relay of Armley and Wortley Divisional members on duty at the Armley Feast.

Seated, from left; Amb . Officer VV. E. Pemment, Div. Supt. E. D.Glover and Corpl. H. Taylor.

Standing; Corpl. A. Guthrip, Privates A. C. Ferguson, A. Hudson, A. Coates, F. Dobson and L. Clarke

After the inspection came the march past, the Commissioner taking the salute. Finally the parade re formed, and a brief address was given by the Commissioner, who t hanked the members for the zealous and efficient way they were still carrying out their duties.

The arrangements for the inspection were made by District Officer E. E. Dudley, and Corps Officer E. l\1. R. Nixon acted as inspecting officers' orderly.

ARMLEy -For the 18th year Lhe Armlcy and WorLle), Division did duty a t the Armley Feast and, working in relays, 36 members attended from August 28th to September 4th., the period of the feast. During the busiest days 16 nurses from the West Leeds Corps assis t ed.

An ambulance s t ation was erected on the fairground and cases attended included fractured ankles, sprains, g raized limbs, cuts and bruises, etc.: three people were

Goldthorpe, Thorne, Pudsey, IIkley, Morley, Shipley, Scunthorpe, Leeds City, Leeds Y.M.C.A., CampsaU and Norton and Ackworth. In addition the Doncaster Corps Bugle Band were also present.

The parade assembled at the Pontefract headquarters, ancl, headed by the Pontefract Corps Drum and Fife, under Supt. 'vV. Swallow, marched through to the Town Hall, where the Mayor of Pontefract, members of the Council and a posse of police joined the procession which proceeded to the Castle Grounds.

The Service was conducted by the Corps Chaplain (Rev. A. E. Duckett), the lessons being read by Asst. Commissioner O. F. Buxton.

The address was given by the Bishop of '''lakefield (Dr. J. B. Seaton) ,yho said that the Ambulance Brigade and Hospitals had been with us so long and did their ,vork so well thal people took them as a matter of

course. The public should realise more fully the value of these services.

After the service, visiting members were entertained to tea by the Pontefract Divisions..

This Service was the first occaSIOn on whIch the new colours of the No. 5 District had been used.

No. VIII. (Duke of Connaught's) Oist icl.

DARTFoRD.-The Annual Inspection of the Dartforcl Division was held at the Glentworth Club on Wednesday. August 21st, when Asst. Commissioner Major W. H. oble, accompanied by District Officer Hancox, made the inspection

The parade was under the command of Supt. B. Dale, assisted by Amb. Officer J. Brookwell.

After witnessing various drills, Major Noble expressed his satisfaction at the display and complimented the Division on its efficiency and smartness.

FOLKESTONE.-COI. G. A. Moore, CM.G., D.S.O. , M.D., inspecled the Folkestone Corps on Wednesday, September 4th. The divisions on parade and the officers in charge were: Folkestone (Supt. J. Huntley), Folkestone S.R. (Pte. Spicer), Folkestone Nursing Division (Amb. Officer ':\1iss Curzon Smith), Boy Cadets (Cadet Supt. G. Huntley), Nursing Cadets (Nurse Cadet Officer Mrs. M. Weaver). Also on parade: District Officer T. Potts, Lady District Supt. Mrs. Falwasser, Corps Supt. J. Boulton, Corps Officers L. B. Easton and R. Moat.

The inspecting officer witnessed squad drill, stretch e r drill, first aid} hand seats, etc., and insp ected the books and headquarters.

On behalf of the N.CO.'s of the Corps, he presented 1. trophy to the Corps for competition amongst cadets who had not passed three first-aid examinations. The trophy took the form of the eight pointed cross of St. John.

LYDD.-To commemorate the purchase of a motor ambulance by the Lydd, New Romney and District Division, a thanksgiving service was held on Sunday, August 25th.

addition to me.mbers of the local division representatIVes from Hast111gs, Ash ford and Rye Divisions were also present.

.The marched to the Lydd Parish Church to mUSIC supplied by the band of the Hastings Division.

Mayor of New Romney (Alderman M. TeichmanDerv1l1e) the Mayor of Lydd (Councillor G. T. Paine), together wIth Aldermen and CouncIllors from both towns also marched in procession from the Town Hall to with Mr. Ernest A. Richards (CommIssIOner), Officer H. J. Wigglesworth, Miss (Lady DIstnct Officer), Supt. French (Hastings DIvIslOn), and Acting Supt. Wood (Lydd).

The Rev. F. L. Gwatkin, assisted by the Rev. H. Hart and the Rev. H. W. Charity (representing the Free Church), conducted the and also gave the address.

Tea was later provIded for visitors in the Memorial Hall.

SNOWDOWN .COLLIERY:-The first Annual Parade and ServIce orgamsed by the Snowdown Colliery DIVIsIOn, was held on the Welfare ground on Sunday August 18th. Some 50 members including nurses and cadets from Folkestone, Canterbury, Dover, Tilmanston e were h eaded by the Glynn Vivian Miners' Mlsslon Banet

A I D.

The salute was taken by Major Noble (Asst. Commissioner); the service was conducled by Rev. W. B. Tooke, assisted by Missioner R. Carter, and an inspiring address was given by the Rev. C W. Carter.

After the service an inspection was made hy Major Noble and District Officer H. J. Wrigglesworth.

No. IX. District.

The Brigade in Devonshire has lost hy death two ,'cry prominent and much-beloved leaders: the Countess of Mount Edgcombe, Lady President of the Plymouth, South Devon and East Cornwa ll Area; and Major S. R. Gibbs, M.C, T.D., the Assistant County Commissioner of the N orlh Devon Area.

For several years the Countess of Mount Edgcombe has been officially identified with the Nursing Service of the Brigade. lIer Ladyship was also Vice-President of the Plymouth and District Ambulance Service of the Association.

Major Gibbs was untiring in his efforts to develop the work of the Association and Brigade, not only in Barnstaple, his home town, but throughout North Devon. His activities were rewarded by the insignia of Serving Brother of the Order and, in the last Honours List, he was promoted to Officer.

At the funeral service, which took place at the Parish Church, the Association was represented by officers of various committees under Sir Arthur Watson, CB.E., County Vice President. The Devon Divisions were under the command of County Surgeon E. Hoerman whilst the following County Staff Officers, led by County Commissioner H. V. Miller, O.B.E., were also present: Asst. County Commissioner H. J. Vick, Mid-Devon Area, and Lady County Officer

:'\1iss Hardie Jackson of the County Nursing Staff. Asst. County Commissioner Col. H. Spackman wa represented by Supt. E. A. Bowdcn, 1\1.B.E.

Following the Funeral Service a very impressive Ceremony took place outside the Church. County Commissioner Miller on the day of the funeral had received the Silver Cross Insignia with which Major Gibbs would have been invested had he lived. After paying a heartfelt tribute to the late Major Gibbs and calling upon those present to rededicate themselves to the work of the Order he exhibited the Insignia and then publicly handed it to Dr. Hoerman for him to pass to Mrs. Gibbs. The Function made a great impression upon the many Ambulance workers and their supporters present.

The Interment was of a private nature hut the Bearers were Ambulance Men under Div. Supt. F. G. Knott, Barnstaple Division.

PLY::\lOUTII.-A further very notable hono11r has come to the Brigade in Plymouth by yet another Boy Cadet gaining the honour awarded by the Order of St. J Ohll of Jerusalem of ({ GRAND PRIOR'S CADETSHIP " Cadet Sydney Bertram Jenner of the Plymouth Puhlic Central School Cadet Division, it is announced, has gained the proud distinction which is held by very few in the British Empire.

He has at all times been a keen and efficient Ambulance Cadet and his award has been gained by qualifying' during a period of years in examinations on the following subjects :-Elemenlary Fire Fightin o', Hygiene, Public Service, Clerical Ability, Handicralt Nature Study, Camping and Rambling, Physical and Organised Games, Signalling, Knowledge of the Order of St. John and its History, Elementary Home Nursing and even Elementary Cooking!

Grand prior Cadet B. S. Jenner, lik e the other two

FIRST

Grand Prior Cadets of the Cobourg Street Public Central School, who are now lo cal Ambulance Workers (Messrs. R. M. Warren and J. H. Wlll1ams), has been under the effic ient leadership of Cadet Officer E. G. V. Porter, one of the Masters at the School.

The 27th Internationa l life Saving Congress.

THE above Congress took place from August 8th to 10th at the Brussels Exhibition, and was attended by representatives of organisations from many countries. The Brussels Life Saving Society, La General BeIge, organised the event, and congratulations at the success are due to them fo r the interesting programme.

Delegates spent a considerable time in discussing the work of rendering assistance to the injured, the protection against gas warfare, and other subjects appertaining to life saving.

The outsta nding feature of the Congress was the interesting paper on "Uniformity in Teaching First Aid," given by Captain A. C. White Knox, M.C., M.B., the representative of the Order of St. John.

The subject of Lay Lectures was commented upon by the lecturer, who, speaking [rom experience gained in the St. John Ambulance Association and Brigade, said ;-

"The St. John Ambulance Asoociation has righ tly insisted that all its classes shal! be taught by qualified medical men who have a knowledge of first aid work and who must follow the routine laid down by it; and, considering the fact that there are some 2,500 doctors engaged in this work , the standard result of teaching ioS remarkable .

"It has been suggested that teachers who are not qualified medical men, but who, nevertheless, are highly trained first aiders, should be privileged on occasions to teach classes, but I strongly maintain that this practice would lead to great complications. Once begun, it is difficult to see where it might stop, and though there may be some poor lecturers amongst the profession, the great bulk oE them are infinitely better suited for the work than the so-called expert first aiders."

Capt. White Knox cmphasised the fact that good first aid must be simple to be sound, and that first aiders should not be handicapped by too elaborate methods. There were many textbooks, but the basic matter differed little, and the fundamen tal practice of first aid remained material! y the same. Free discussion and criticism of method and the co-operation of all societies in the production of a sound teaching was desirable.

In conclusion, the lecturer expressed belief that the great value of such functions as the Con-

that Op1l110nS may be expressed and Ideas discussed, and a common basic method of teaching first aid evolved from the whole. This wou ld take time, but the fraternity which exists at these Congresses would, in time, blend the products of the countries into a unanimous whole.

A number of decorations werE; presented to delegates, including the Membre d'Honeur de la Societe Royale La Generale Beige des Decores pour Actes de Courage et de Devouement to Captain A. C. White Knox.

The President of the Congress was M. Orner Closet, whilst Doctor M. Cuvigny acted as secretary

Forty Years Ago.

In this column we are publishing short extracts from the corresponding issue of FIRST AID of 40 years ago.

" FROM time to time one hears of different means of caring for sprained ankles, turned ankles, twisted wrists, etc" but the way now in vogue seems to give better results than any in the past. It is generally within an hour after the accident that you are called the patient, and find him suffering severely and wanting very much to know if 'anything is broken.' After examing for fractures, the part should be bathed in extremely hot water every hour or two, for a period of fifteen minutes at a time. Have the water just as hot as the patient can bear it, and apply with a sponge or cloth, rather than allow the ankle to remain in water; then dry and let the part rest quietly wrapped in flannel, when an application of hamamelis or veratrum and hamamelis may be made. Before retiring, apply a flannel bandage tightly round the swollen part, only being careful that the circulation is not shut off. It is surprising how the hot applications relieve the pai n and produce absorption, and how the bandage by pressure prevents swelling and infiammation."-From a report on "Sprains."

A church parade was held on Sunday, September 8th, by the Tamworth Ambulance and Nursing Division, who attended service at the Parish Church. The officers present included Assistant Commissioner Dr. D. l\1cColl, Supt. W. H. Chandler, Ambulance Officer "V. Levick and Lady Ambulance Officer Mrs. A. E. Owen.

Przory for //Vales.

PROGRESS IN NORTII AND WEST WALES.

The Ambulance l\1ovement is steadily gaining ground in Wales year by year; and while every county can now justify its appearance on an ambulance map of the Principality by virtue of at least regular classes, there rema.ins only one county in which the roots of the St. John Ambulance Brigade have not been firmly planted

Quite recently Anglesey has risen prominently into view; and on August 17th, the uniform of the Brigade was in evidence for the first time in that county at Ravens Point, Trearddwr Bay, the home of the Commissioner, Sir Henry Mulleneux Grayson, Bart., K. B. E., and Lady Grayson, who

and gave a demonstration of first aid ""hich was watched with keen interest and appreciation-Dr. G. Power Williams gi\'ing explanatory comments to the spectators with the aid of a microphone.

The Principal Secretary and Commissioner for Wales (the Hon. John H. Bruce) prefaced his remarks by expressing pleasure at the presence of Lady Magdalen Bulkeley, President of the Anglesey Branch of the British Red Cross Society, which was a happy augury of the close co-operation which existed between the two organisations. From the acceptance of the Commissionership of the county by Sir Henry Grayson, and the office of Assistant Commissioner by

FIRST

witnessE'd that afternoon had proved that his optimism when asked to organise the Centre, was not misplaced.

A similar advancement has been made in Cardiganshire, where the Centre President, the Earl of Lisburne, last month entertained all members of the Aberystwth Ambulance, Nursing and Cadet Divisions in the beautiful grounds of Crosswood on the occasion of the Annual Com petitions and Inspection by the Commissioner for \Vales In a County where Brigade Units in one town were almost the only sign of ambulance activity until the support of the Chief Constable was enlisted in 1933 when he was appointed Commissioner, it was possible to organise ambulance competitions on a comprehensive scale - divided into Senior and Junior classE's.

The major event was the contest for the County championship trophy presented by the Centre PrE'sident; a nd the first winners proved to be the Trawscoed team, follo wed by Aberystwyth Police second and Aberystwyth Divisio n third. Cardigan Town Police team was successful in th e Junior (Southern Section), and recei-:ed the shield prese nted by 1\lr. E. J. 1\lorgan, Aberystwyth, at the hands of hi s daucyhter, l\liss Eirlys Morgan; and 1\1rs. Evans, wife of Alderm:n John Evans, the donor, presented the Cardigan Castle Shield to the captain of the Cardigan Police team.

The Earl of Lisburne, who presented his trophy to the ca ptain of the Trawscoed team, paid tribllte to the excellent wo rk of the Chief Constable and to the County Medical Officer, D r. Ernest Jones; and considered that with such leadership th ere was no reason why the movel11ent should not continue to grow in the County. The Commissioner r('ported that t here were 30 classes held during last wintE'r, and the success of the work was very largely dependent upon the genero us services of the doctors and the support of representati\'e pe ople.

The Countess of Lisburne presented a fountain pen to ea ch of the four examining doctors, viz., Dr. E. Davies, Dr. j. A. Evans, Dr. J. C. Ashton, and Dr. E. W. Richards; a nd the Hon. John H. Bruce handed Priory Votes of Thanks to Dr. Selby Clare, Dr. J. A. Evans, the Reverend Frank E dwards and Mrs. C. 1\1. Lewis Evans in recognition of va luable services rendered.

Pl{ESENTATION OF A\vARD AT l\lOUNTA1N ASH.

Monmouth Ambulance Hall and Fire Station.

The Hon. John H. Bruce (Principal Secretary and Commissioner for Wales) addressing representatives of the Monmouth Division and local Fire Brigade in opening the building erected by the .Division at a cost of abuut £900. The enterprise was initiated with a subscription of £200 from the Assistant Commissioner, Captain L. Twiston Davies, D. L., J. P., F. S. A. A. (seen standing on the right of Mr. Bruce) ; and part of the building is sub-let to the Council for the purpose of a Fire Station.

kindly provided accommodation and hospitality for the first Inspection of the recently formed Holyhead Division. Among those present on this occasion were Commodore Sir Richard Williams-Bulkeley, Bart., KC. B., V. D. (Lord Lieutenant of the county), the Centre President, and Lady Magdalen Williams Bulkeley, the Dowager Lady Stanley of Alderley, Admiral Sir Percy Grant, K C. V. 0., C. B., Centre Chairman, and Lady Grant, Colonel the Hon. O. H. Stanley, D.S.O., Colonel L. T. Woolrych Perowne, V.D T.D. (Hospitaller of the Order of St. John), Mr. R. H Prothero (Chief Constable of Anglesey), Assistant Commissioner, and many local influential persons.

The HolyhE'ad Division presented a smart appearance;

the Chiet Constable, matters had gone ahead. The Railway Class at Holy head had always been a strC'nghold of ambulance work; and the present movemE'nt was really the outcome of their pioneer work.

Lady Magdalen Williams - Bulkeley presented warrants of appointment to the officers; and class awards were distributed by Lady Mulleneux Grayson, while long service awards were presented by the Lord Lieutenant who observed that the aims and objects of the two Ambulance Organisations were identical and he wished every success to their work in Anglesey.

Sir Henry Grayson thanked those present for their attendance and remarked that the efficient demonstration

1\1r. Theophilus Jones, M.E., of Aberdare, presided at t h e annual social and presentation of awards of the Navigat ion and Abergorki Ambulance Class, which was held on Sa turday, August 10th, at Mountain Ash. He complim ented the class on being able to carryon under adverse ci rcumstances, and intimated that in the near future all classes would be well advised to take up the study of gas rotection.

Dr. Scales, of Penrhiwceiber, presented the awards and thanked the class for the attention given during his lectures. T he result of the examination was proof of the interest t a ken.

Mr. Theophilus Jones, on behalf of the class, presented F. Howcutt, George \Vay, J. H. Jones, Frank Harfo rd and J. H. Thomas with suitable gifts in appreciation of se rvices rendered to the dass during the season, while Dr. Scales who has been lecturer to the class for the past five ye'ars, 'was presented with a handsome electric coffee percola tor. All the recipients suitably responded.

Thanks were extended to those who had assisted in m aking the soc ia l a success, the arrangements of which were in the hands of the secretary, Mr. J H. Thomas.

When you w rite to a ny of o ur Adv erti sers kindly menti on FIRST AID It dose n't c o st yo u anyt h in g an d it ple ases t he Advert ise rs, and U s

Police Amb ulance Ne ws. CITY OF LON DO SPECIAL CONSTAULARY.

During the summer months continuation classes have been held at which senior fir s t aid members of the Force have acted as lecturers, E'ach taking a chapter of the textbook. Th:se lectures have given opportunities for discussingvanous points, and have been of great interest and value.

Early next month it is hoped to commence a senes of Gas LecturE'S and instruction in Anti-Gas Protection work. The Chief Medical Officer, Captain A. C. White Knox, l\1.c., 1\1. B., will be the lecturer, a nd it is hoped great enthusiasm will be created amongst members of the F o rce.

ROTHERHAM WEST RIDING.

The Rotherbam West Riding ambulance team beat 20 other teams from Yorkshire, Lan-cashire and Cheshire in the 12Lh Annual Ambulance Competition held at Swinton. They obtained 322 marks out of 449, and were awarded the "S. C. Ward" Challenge Shield.

P. C. S. J. Allenby, of the winnin g team , was su c cessful in the individual competition, and was awarded the prize presented by Mr. S. C. Ward.

STALYBRIDGE DIVISIOK.

For the fifth year in succession there has been a 100 per cent. of passes obtainet.! by the Stalybridge Borough Poli c e Force in the first aid examinations.

The :\layor of Stalybridge (Alderman G. rotts, J P. ) presented the awards on l\londay, Aug ust 26th, and expressed his great pleasure being gi\ en tbe opportunit y of congratulating them on their success.

The number of awards gained by the members ar e now: labels, 30 ; medallions, 25 vouchers, 26; and certificates, 27. Every member of the Force is a qualified first aider.

Wo r kin g Men's Club and Institute Un ion.

THE Durham County branch of the above held an ambulance competition on Saturday, August 10th, at the Tudhoe and Spennymore Club.

Eight teams competed, and the judge was Dr. Steedman, of Blyth, whose awards were: 1, Horden, 319; 2, Ferryhill and District, 312 ; 3, New Hesleden and Dalton-Ie-Dale, 311.

Other teams were from Brandon, Easington Col l iery, Hetton and District, 1\1 urton Victoria and Saltwell.

'Ir. P. Richardson, of Ryhope, the ational and County President, presented the II Coun ty)) Cup and medals to the winning team and also medals to the runners-up.

Rat/way Ambulance News.

Great Western.

The r ecent Centenary celebrations of the Great 'Weste rn Railway have made but little refer.ence to first aid work on the railway, and it is true that 111 1835 such things as first aid classes were not contemplated by that embryo undertaking. For all the Great Western Railway can claim to be the pIOneers of the rall.way ambulance movement, for tbe first class composed entirely of railway employees was held at Paddington StatIOn as long ago as April 13th, 1878. There were -1-0 students.

From that time onwards rallway ambulance were held as found practicable, and it is recorded that 111 1895 no fewer than 2,480 Great \rves tern Rail:vaym en were qualified to rend e r first aid, and in the followmg year the railway became a Centre of the St. J .o hn Association with Her Royal Highness Pnncess Chnstlan as The Royal Princess evinced a \\farm interest in the welfare of the classes, and during her presidency, which lasted up to the time of h.er 1eath in 1923 , personally signed upwards of twenty-sIx thousand certificates gained by G.W R. ambulance workers.

It is noteworthy that the centre has known but three Presidents, the late Viscount Churchill, Chairman of the Company, becoming the second President in 1923, and on his death the present Chairman, Sir Robert Horne, succeeded to the presidency in 1934.

That ambulance work is extremely popular on the railway is evidenced by the fact that since the formation of the Centre in 1896, no fewer than 137,212 awards have been gained by its members. A considerable influx in recruits followed the passing of the Railways Act in 1921, when the Cambrian and Barry Railways and other undertakings were absorbed by the Great Western Railway

To celebrate the quarter of a century's activity of the Centre the Company instituted, in 1921) the gold efficiency medal (for 15 years' efficient first aid), followed later by the 20 year bar, the Quarter Century medal and the 30 year bar. A unique result of this award was the inauguration by the men of an annual {( Gold Medallists' " outing, held at different parts of the line, when these veterans could meet together. Sixty members attended t he first such gathering, held at Weston-super -Mare in 1922, but the outing rapidly grew both in popularity and in numbers) and this year some 650 members spent an enjoyable day in London, coinciding with one of the Royal Jubilee processions

A popular feature of the movement is the annual programme of first aid competitions organised by the Company, which are held on "Black Book" rules on all parts of the system each spring The series of contests culminates in the " Final" for the Directors' Shield and prizes, held at Paddington. Teams representing railways which now form the Great Wes te rn Railway ha ve won the Inter-Railway Shield on seven occasions, including two within th.e past three years. The" Harry Webb" Cup, the premIer trophy open to railway teams in the Principality of Wales, has been won by a Great Western Railway team nine times out of the eleven years dminowhich the competition has been held.

Although the Centre Secretaries were not known by name in the early days of the Centre, the post was first filled by Mr. Maunder, who was followed by Sir Felix

Pole (who later became General Manager of .the. Western Railway) . For twenty years, termmatmg 111 1929, the position was held by Me W. Chapman, and from then onwards the work has been m the hands of Miss C. A. Ault, who al so carried on the duties during Mr. Chapman's service with the Colours during the war period

london, Mid land and Scottish.

GLOUCEsTER.-The work of the L.M.S. Railway Gloucester Combined Ambulance Corps reached a very high standard in the competition for the "Dr. Gee" Challenge Cup at Gloucester. The competition was the Jubilee one for the cup given 25 years ago by Dr . Gee , surgeon instructor to the corps.

The winning team consisted of W Langford) J. Vaughan, H. Lowe and T. D. Silvey (Capt.), who gained 298 marks of a possible 330. The runners-up were H. Wager, G W. Smith, R. Gough, and A. J. Allison (Capt.), 274 marks.

Individual prize-winners were :-1, T. D. Silvey, -1-8; 2, J. H . Vaughan, 47; 3, W. W. Watts, -1-6.

LIVERPOOL.-A very successful ladies' first year ambulance class had concluded with 100 per cent. passes.

The certificates were presented recently by Mr. F. R. Hauxwell, District Goods Manager. He encou raged the students and hoped that a successful team would emerge for the competition next year.

Mr. ]. Beswick (Accountant) and Miss A. Howarth (Supervisor) were also present.

Dr. T. J. Coakley had acted as Lecturer, and Mr. J. S. Jones, District Ambulance Secretary, as Instructor.

ST. ALBANs.-The Annual Presentation of Awards was held recently, and about 100 members and friends attended.

Among those present were Mr. S. B. Carter) Outdoor Assistant to the Chief Operating Manager and Chief Commercial Manager, and Mrs. Carter, Messrs. A. W. Rogerson, G Howlett and Mrs. Howlett) and Dr. H. P. Jameson (class lecturer) and Mrs. Jameson) who were introduced by the Chairman, Mr. M. Hutton. .

The a wards gained, consisting of 5 certificates, 2 vouchers, 8 medallions and 24 labels) which represented 100 per cent. success of the class, were presentcd by Mrs. Carter, who afterwards also presented three long service medals gained by Messrs H. Banass, M. HuH on and H. Randell.

The" Vawdrey " Cup with replica was presented to J. Mask, winner of the class individual competition, and a cut-glass bowl (presented by Mr. Howlett) to the runnerup, Mr. H Norman Afterwards Mr. Carter and Mr. Rogerson both expressed their pleasure at being invited to attend and complimented the class on its achievements a nd wished them evcry success. Dr. Jameson also spok e on the interest taken by the men in First Aid work and exp,ressed pleasure at being asked to lecture the class, in which c:J.pacity he wou ld continuc to act as long as his servi ces were needed.

FIR S T

Votes of thanks to Mr and M r s. Carte r Mr. Rogerson, Mr. and Mrs and Dr. and Mrs Jameson were accorded by W. HeIghton and H. Randel l respectively and a pleasant evening was terminated by thanks to 01airman and also 1:0 the Secretary, who was responsible for the arrangements.

SPRINGS BRANcH.-The Annual Presentation of Awards of the Springs Branch L.M.S. Ambulance Centre took place recently. In the absence of Mr. Whitehead (.:'1.P Supt.) and Mr. Taylor Wykes, yard master, took the He saId that thiS year had been a very good one The Team got well up in the league,. and only mlssed the F1l1al Competition by a small marg1l1.

Mr. A. Ramsdale, who presented the awards, add ressed the meeting and then handed out eight first year an d four second year certificates, six medallions) twentytwo labels also one long service gold medal to Mr. J W. Battersby.' Mr. W. Ashton presented a beautiful cutlery set to the team trainer, Mr. R. Hart.

The Chairman mentioned that Mr. J. T. Bould, secre-

lance competitions for railwaymen was held at the Peterborough L.M.S. Wagon Works Sidings on Sunday, August 25th.

It was the men's keenness for ambulance work which l)rompted officials of the L.M.S., the L. .E.R., and the M. and G.N. to combine to give trophies for the competition, and the high standard of efficiency attained on the Ii rs t occasion must have more than justified the enterprise

Dr. J. E. Allan was the judge for the individual viva voce examination, and Dr. E. A. Holmes judged the team test.

Mr. R. Bennett (L.M.S. Agent, Peterborough) presided and ca11ed upon Miss Bennett to present the prizes.

'fhe team cup and replicas were awarded to L.I\1.S. Traffic F te3.m, which gained 8H points in the viva voce exam ination and 95 in the team test, a tota l of points out of a possibl e 200. The other results were: L. l .E.R. (New England) A, 74 and 71, 145; L.N.E.R. C, 59 and 87, 146; L.M S. Loc o., 60 and 88, 148; L.11.S Goods, 30 and +8, 78; L.N.E.R. No.2, 48 and 78, 126.

The individual test was won by Mr. A. Thurston with 30 points.

Dr. Holmes, on behalf of the judg'es, said the team ,

Fishguard and Goo d wick Cadet Division.

tar)" would be retiring shortly. The officials 'were sorry to lose him.

In making the presentation of a barometer to Mr. Bould, ':\1r. H.amsdalc hoped he would use it for many years.

'vVIGi\N.-A smoking concert was held at Bankes' Arms, Wallgate , \ rvigan, on Wednesday evening, ber 4th, on the occasion 'Of the annual presentatIOn of ambulance awards in connection with the Wigan L.M.S. Railway Ambulance Class.

Mr. W. Makinson, station master, Hindley, presented the awards to the successful candidates, briefly comprising 9 certificates 7 vouchers 2 medallions and 8+ labels, Mr. Atkinson a ba: to his gold medal.

Speeches were made by the Chairman, Mr. R. Parr, and Mr. J. T. Bould) secretary, Springs Branch Ambulance Class, and during the evening musical items were rendered by several members of the Wigan L.M.S. Male Voice Choir, assisted hy Mr. Rhoden.

The winter session commenced on Tuesday, September 10th, uncler the able tutorship of Dr. Elliott, to whom tribute was paid for the abilities shown during past sessions.

PETERBOROUGlI.-The first of a series of annual ambu-

were very good and well s.tretcher ?rill and the controlling of h<Emorrhage bemg pomts partIcularly well looked after.

A comprehensiye vote of thanks was proposed hy Mr. F. J. V'lard (Chairman of the Ambulance Centre) and seconded by Mr. J. H. Phillips, to I\liss Bennett, the Peterborough and 1. and G.N. railway officials, Capt. Mowbray (of the Central Sugar Co.), Mr. Bennett, and the Doctors who adj udicated.

The Committee who admirably carried out the arrangements were:' Mr. F. J. Ward (Chairman), Mr. T. Revell (Secretary) and E. J. Payne, E. Emblow, G. 'v\Tilson) E. Dunn, VV. Wllson, J. Usher, Sharpe and Cullup.

Southern.

Why learn Fi rst Aid? . A striking answer to this question was unfolded at an ll1quest held on August 15th by the South London Coroner (Mr. A. Dougl.as CO\:'burn).

A collision had occurred two days preVIOusly 111volvino a motor car and a motor cycle. The driver of the latter sustained a fractured skull whilst the occupants of

the car received cuts from broken g lass and suffered from shock.

Immediat ely the accident happ e n ed a man emerged rom a nearby house , followed by a woman carrying a first aid box. The man correct ly diagnosed a fract ur ed skull and treated the inj ured motorists.

The actor in this drama was 11r. Alfr ed J. Green, a raih,-ay en gine d river on the Southern Railway, whi l e his ass ist ant was Mrs. Ll oyd, whose hu sband is also an efficient first aider.

Th e Coroner paid tribute to the splendid way in which 1\1 r. Green had acted and on his d e posi t ion wr ote : "Mr. Alfred Green) who r e nd e red first aid in a most effici ent m a nn e r i s hi g hly commended fo r the skill and promptitud e in r ende rin g first aid to p e rsons who were inj ured."

Onc e again a rail wayma n has render ed assistance in a r oad accident and this bears out th e statement that a ltho u g h taught firs t aid for use in case of accident on the ra ilway, ninety per cent. of th e accidents attended by railwaymen occur o n the roads.

:Hr. Green h as for many year:; b een connected with the Southern Railway Ambulance Centre and is a Serving Brot h er of the Order Also he is Corps Superintendent of the Southern Railway Corps (Soulhern)

\ Vhy lea rn First Aiel? Th e r e is one answe r.

The Prouationer's Corner. *

P ULSE AND RESPIRATION.

THE Pulse is the movement felt in an artery and is caused by the alternate contraction and expansion of the heart.

The Pulse Rate can be taken in any artery near the surface, the most usual way of taking it is b y placing three fingers over the radial artery, wh ich is felt at the fron t of the wrist on the outer s ide. It may also be taken over the Temporal artery; this is more convenient with babies, and patients w ho se wrists may be covered with bandages. A watch with a second hand should be used, and the number of beats counted for one minute, or for half a minute and then doubled.

Points to be noted when taking the pulse :Rate of frequency, rhythm, whether regular, irregu lar, or intermittt'nt, volume, tension or compressibility, condition of the artery.

The Rate. - The normal n urn ber of beats per in an adult is from 70-80, in old people it IS slower. In childhood 80-100, in infants 100120. There are man y people in normal health who have an abnormally quick or an abnormally slow pulse. In disease it may vary from 30-180. It is abnormally slow in myxoedema, jaundice, brain tumour, uraemia or heart block. Abnormally fast in fevers and some heart conditions. A slow pulse is termed "Bradycardia," a fast one" Tachycardia."

* R ep rinte d by courtesy of tht: f1 -ish N urs£ng and Hosp£tal WorM.

AID.

The Rhythm.- The rythm should be regular, the interval between each beat the same, and each beat should take the same ti me.

Irregular.-The interval between the beats varies, and the vol ume also varies, some beats being more feeble than others.

Intermittent. - The missing of a beat either at regular or irregular intervals; a pulse can be both regular and intermittent at the same time.

The Volume.-Means the fullness of the pulse.

The Tension, or Compressibility is estimated by the force required to compress the artery in order to obliterate the pulse.

The Condition of the Artery. - Normally it should feel soft and elastic to the touch, in old age and certain diseases the arteries become hardened and cord like. This condition must not be mistaken for a high tension pulse.

Dicrotic.-A pulse that !5 i ves the im pression of being double; that is, one in which the main beat is followed by a secondary beat or wave which is more feeble than the first, the rate remaining unaffected (the second beat should not be counted).

Corrigan's or Water Hammer Pulse. - The pulse comes up quickly against the palpitating finger and then recedes just as quickly like a water hammer; this type of pulse occurs in Aortic Regurgitation.

A Soft or Thread y Pulse. - YIeans low tension, showing that a small amount of blood is being forced into the artery with each contraction of the heart. This pulse is easily compressed and is a sign of great prostration.

The Capillary Pulse. - Is visible in t he capillaries by alternate flushing and paling as observed in the finger nails or mucous membrane of the lip" through a compressing glass slide.

R ESP IRA nO

I .

Normal breathing is carried out by alternate expansion and relaxation of the thorax (costal factor), and by descent and ascent of the diaphragm (abdominal factor). Respiration consists of two acts: (a) Inspiration when air is drawn into lungs. (b) Expiration, when air is expelled from the lungs. By the process of respiration oxygen is absorbed by the blood and carbon dioxide and water are gi ven off.

Abdominal breathing is common in men, and costal breathing in women.

The normal rate of respiration is from 16-20. The pulse respiration ration is 4-1. In disease the respiration rate may vary from 10-60 or more. The best way to count the respiration is by observing the rise and fall of the chest while still holding the patient's wrist after taking the pulse. It is important that the patient should not know that

the respirations are being counted, as he may involuntary quicken them. A rise and fall constitute Olle respiration.

Points to note: Whether the respirations are rapid or slow, or irregular, shallow or deep, noisy or quiet.

VARIETIES OF BREA THIN G

Dyspnoea. - Means difficulty tn breathi n g, with or without pain.

Orthopnoea. - \\1 hen there is extreme diffic ulty and the patient can breathe only in the upright position.

Painful shallow breathing occurs in pleuris y, an d is due to the friction of the two inflamed su rfaces of the pleura.

Stridulent.-Breathing in Diphtheria.

Crowing. - Inspiration in Croup.

Wheezing. - In Asthma and Bronchitis.

Grunting.-Expiration of Pneumonia.

Sterterous.-Breathing of Apoplexy.

Sighing.-Respiration accompanied b y yawning, also spoken of as Air Hunger seen in Aci dosis , Profuse Hcemorrhage and Severe Anae mia.

Cbeyne-stokes, or tidal respiration, consists of a series of quiet respirations, each succeeding one becoming a little louder and deeper up to a climax, and the gradual return in the in ve rse orde r to shallow respirations with a complete abse nce of breathing for a short period (Apnea) betwee n cycles. It occurs in advanced heart and kid ney disease, sometimes in acute illnesses, and is usually the sign of approaching death.

Tr'eatlnent After Drowning.

DROWNING accidents, according to the 11lorlZl:llgPost medical correspondent, are the commonest of the many emergencies in which lhe human breathing mechanism fails long enough before heart fa llure and death to make restoration of breathing a matter of urgent importance.

Artificial respiration can be dangerous as well as inefficient-broken ribs are not unusual -a nd, in point of fact, it is much more difficult to perfo rm by hand than it looks.

That is one reason why mobile mechanical devices for the alternate compression and relaxation of the chest have been invented. Such machines, however, cost nearly £100, and until the price is red uced it seems unlikely that tbey will be widely ins talled by river and seaside authorities.

Two different types of machines are available. The first on the market was an American machine in which the patien t, with the head protruding

a tight rubber collar, is plac ed inside a hor.lzon cylinder. The air-pressure inside the cy II nder IS rh ythm y and lowered by a and each tIme aIr - pressure inside the cyltnder becomes lower than that outside air enters the lungs.

pu:np has , of course, a controlled output, and It IS claImed that pat ien ts suffering from diseases the upper spinal cord, in which respirafaIlure ensues-rare forms of infantile paral ySIS, for be e n kept alive by this method dUrIn g the SIX months required for what recovery is possible.

NE"\V ApPARATUS.

More recentl y a distinguish ed physicist has tnvented an apparatus which is in some respects simple. It consists of a large rubber bag which fits round the chest in much the same way as the more familiar bag of the blood-pressure :tpparatus fits round the arm.

The chest bag, after a certain amount of inflation, is attached to an electrically driven oscillating pump, of bellows type. The pump, by raising and lowerin g the pressure inside this bag, regularl y compresses the naturally elastic chest, which then returns to normal by its own elasticity.

Strange as it may seem, there are people, with di sease of the nerves controlling breathing, who cannot breathe and yet can walk about. I t was for this kind of patient that this second machine, which allows a certain l imite d freedom of movement, was designed.

In the end, hO\vever, the efficiency of practical first aid depends on an adequate grasp by the general public of the principles and detailed practice of the Schafer metho d of artificial respiration-much the best, as experiment easily shows.

It might be well if all children were taught it, as many are, by competent instructors concurrently with swimming.

The value of he a t as an aid to recover y is worth mentioning. It must be emphasised that artificial respiration is well worth carrying out, even in the absence of any sign of life, until medical aid can be obtained to stimulate efforts or to put an end to them on adequate evidence.

" BE\\ ARE," is the title of a little bo ok let of hints on the prevention of accidents published by the National" Safety First" Associati o n ( In c ), of Terminal Hou se, 52, ga rden s, London, S. \V.1. 1t has been co mpiled by the ario n a l Hom e Safety Committee \-vhich co mpris es repr ese nta ti ves of numerous bodies. The booklet has a foreword by H. R. H The Duk e of York and deals with many subjects, such as tire, safe u sage of gas appliances, first ai d in the h ome, the safe u sage of electricity, air safety, hints and pre ca uti ons for holidays and other da) s, etc. The cost' for single copies is 3d. post free, but larger quantities can b e s uppli e d by the publishers at a very reduced price.

Detailed Marking SheeL No. 45.

TEAM T EST.

CARD OF INSTRUCTIONS.-You four are working together in a Railway Goods Station. A colJeague runs up and tells yo u that a man has falJen from a waggon and cannot move. You know that, on your way to the accident, you "vill pass the ambulance hut, where there is full equipment; that a doctor lives half a mile from the Yard; and that the local hospital, where the Amb ulan ce is available, is two miles away Act.

STAGING OF TEST.-Arrange scene as Goods Yard with waRgon and railway lines and with ambulance hut in which place full equipment including two poles and transverse boards for stretcher and telephone.

Place man on his back across a line v/ith large piece of cork strapped to his spine in lumbar region and small piece, covered with red rag, over right tibia in middle of its shaft. Wet clothing over tibia.

IMMEDIATE ACTION.

Captain promptly keeps mEssenger as guide

Asks if he can give further details (No)

Instruct team to proceed forthwith

Detailing two Bearers to stop en route

And collect all equipment (3 mins.)

EXAMINATION OF PATIENT.

Ask if vi::,iblc blood or deformity (No)

If any funher risks to patient (No)

Cover with blanket now loosen clothing

Speak to patient (replies promptly) enco urage

.\sk if pain (lumbar 1'egion) : if elsewhere (No)

Ask if he can Illove lower limbs (1VO)

Test for sensation by touch and pain (None)

Examine spine and locate irregularity

Decide treat for fractured spine

Exclude other injuries to head, upper limbs

Chest, abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs

Locate irregularity of right tibia

And dampness: slit outer seam of trousers

Ask character of wound (small lacerated) ..

Ask colour of blood (1'ed) ; its flow (ooze)

Ask if bone protrubes throug-h wound (No)

Exclude injury to right fibula (No) .. .

Decide treat as compound fracture Tibia

Ask colour of face (pale) ; breathing (shallow)

Test pulse at wrist (weak) skin (cold)

Nov" 'phone doctor (Not at lwme)

Next 'phone hospital; report full details

Ask for doctor (No) : Ambulance (ro lIlins.)

TREATMENT OF PATIENT.

Decide treat leg without further delay

Detail bearer to hold foot and ankle

Do not let go till limh is splinted

1\pply iodine to own fingers and wound

Next clean dry dressing: bandage lightly

Apply splints on inner and outer sides

From above knee to beyond foot

Fix. bandages above and below fracture

Above knee: round both ankles

And broad bandage round both knees

Phone if doctor now at home (No)

Decide remove to hospital forthwith ...

Ask if there is shutter, door or board (No)

Secure transverse boards for stretcher

Fold blanket smoothly over boards :::

Without jerking slip broad bandage under head

.Scapulre, buttocks, thighs and calves

Tie free ends on each side of long pole

Load stretcher, 2 bearers on each side

AID.

Ask if change in face, pul se , breathing (No) TRANSPORT AND AFTER-CARE OF P \TlENT.

Lifting, ca rr ying and lowering stretcher

Method of loading the amb ul ance

Arrange tactful message to relatives vVatchful care during transit

Report to doctor (history, injuries, treatment)

Efficiency and co - operation of bearers

No.1 DISTRICT, S.J.A.B.

Letters to the Editor.

We are in no way re sponsible for the o pini ons expressed, or the statements made, by Correspondents.- EDITOR.

"LAYMEN LECTURERS."

DEAR SIR,-

I have read with interest the article in the December issue, and the subsequent letters, concerning this subject, hut I cannot agree that aymen le ct urers in first aid would be beneficial. If it was ever allowed the whole structure of our organisation would fall to the O'round, and our prestige as quali.fied " ambJlance immediately go. It is ImpOSSible for anyone to ll1struct in any professional subject unless are masters of it, so ambulance people Illust reahse the Importance of rule 12 in Cantlie's "First Aid to the Injured" and not take upon themselves the duties and of a .doctor. This, in my mind, applies equally to ll1structlOn as It does to the practical first aid side.

Now, on the other hand, supposing laymen were a llowed to lecture by Headquarters, who would consider themselves capable? We have a variety of people who no doubt would think they were entitled to be so allowed. What about Brigade Of!icers with years of experience, or the person who has won shIelds, cups and medals in ambulance competit ions, or the ambulance man or nurse who have a full time job at w?rks? Each .and of these will think they are qualtfied by expenence to lecture to new recruits and then friction is sure to arise So we are bound to that however clever and smart an ambulance person may and we have some wonderful first aiders in our ranks whom we all appreciate and value-still a layman cannot confi.d ence which is the per ogative of the medical man. unfortunatel?, will always arise-a professional m';'ii 1S always an exceptIOnally busy person-but when all is saId and done, the doctor's lecture is still the essential part and groundwork of all first aid training. I n all walks of life the i?enuine is miles ahead of the very- best substitutes. So obtam your doctor and get the best training.

Yours faithfully, EDWARD D. GLOVER Leeds Centre, S.J.A.A. Centre Secreta'ry.

SOLUTION FOR BURNS l\ND SCALDS. DEAR SIR, -

Many of your readers may find it useful to have on hand a solution of sodium bicarbonate for the treatment of burns and sca ld s. I kt:ep a so lu tion of double strength, i.e., 2 . dessertspoonsfuI to.a pll1t of water. This, when mixed With an equa l quantIty of hot water, gives a so luti on of correct an d a suitab le temperature An added advantage IS that one can have available a large effective quantity of. so lut ion. In a household where hot' water is usually avadable, to have a stock solution of 4 pints double strength, assures the first aider of 1 gallon of sooth in g lotion.

Yours faithfully, ALFRED HURD.

Our Nurses' Pages.

COMPILED BY AMBULANCE SISTER.

EASTERN AREA.- The competition for the Edith Ward Shield will be held at Lathom Road Schools, East Ham, on Saturday, November 16th, at 3 p.m. This test is also the eli minating one for the District competition.

CENTRAL AREA.-A course of lectures for women on First Aid to the Injured will begin at Toynbee Hall, Commercial Street, E.1., on Friday, September 27th, at 8 p.m. Fee for the course, including the examination for the S. J. A. A. certificate, 3/6d. Applications for enrolment should be made to Lady Div. Supt. Miss Israel 213, Vicarage Road, Ley ton, E.10, or to Toynbee Hall.

A course of lectures for women on Home Hygiene will commence at Shored itch Church, N .1 , on Tuesday, September 24th, at 8 p.m. Fee for the course, including the examination for the S.J.A.A. certificate, 3/6d. Applications for enrolment to be made to Lady Div. Supt. Miss Cotton, 45, Leith Ruad, Wood Green, N. 22. A class in Emergency Midwifery will be held at the Iidwives' Institute, Lower' Belgrave Street, commencing Tuesday, October 8th, at 7.30 p. m. A doctor and teachinO' midwife will be in charge and the students will have the of the museum of life-sized models . Fee for the course 2/-. Intending students should apply to Lady Supt. Miss De Levante, 46, Musgrove Road, New Cross, S.E.14.

No. 73 (Shoreditch) Nursing Division is holding a Whist Drive in aid of Divisional funds on Saturday, October 5tb, at 7.30 p m. at Shoredith Church Hall, .1. Ti cke ts, price 1/ 6 each, inclusive of refreshments, can be obtained from Lady Div. Supt. Miss Cotton, 45, Leith Road, Wood Green, N. 22., or from any member of the Division.

No.4 DISTRI CT, S.J.A. B. BOOTLE.-The BootIe Nursing Division did honour to their Lady Superintendent when a presentation was Illade to 'Iiss S. A. Morrison at a social at the Technical Schools. Before presenting 1iss Morrison with the miniatures of her decorations, Dr. Margaret Joyce, Lady Corps Supt., Liverpool Corps, briefly outlined Miss lorrison's career.

The organisation of the social, which had been arranged without Miss :\lorrison's knowledge, was carried out by a social committee comprising Misses L. McNaught, Jefferson, Martin, Paul, Pickering, and Johnson.

The history of the Brigade in BootIe is worthy of the splendid history of the Order, and the progress that has been made by the Bootie Division is due to the work of some wonderful men and women. Many present members such as Mrs. and Miss McNaught, Miss Kirk, and Mrs. Little have been associated with the Division since its formation. Mrs. V.i. Bell, who died this year, was also a foundfltion member.

Mrs. McNaught helped Miss Gi dl ow to the Boot Ie Division in 1906, and eight months later when 1\1 iss Gidlow retired, Mrs. McNaught became Lady Superintendent of what was already a Oourishing organisation. She retained that position until 1930, when she left the district for a short time.

CUTIIEROE NURS ING DIVISION.-Lady Div. Supt. Miss Rose Harrison has been honoured by the Order of which she

has been S.erving Sister in recognition of her long and I.n the SL John Ambulance Brigade.

M ISS JOIned the Nursing Division 30 years ago became DI VIsIOna l Secretary in 1908 and Lady Supermtendent years later. Throughout the war she rendered valuable aId at local military hospitals. In 1918 she became Superint endent of the Clitheroe V.A.D., and later, when the d etachment was reorganised in 1927 she was appointed Commandant.

COMPETITION AT ELsoN.-On August 10th the S.J.A.A. Centre at Nelson arranged a competition for members of Nursing Divisions iJl the neighbourhood. There were 17 of whom Miss O. Strickland, of Ripon, won the of points, 166, and was awarded the" :\[ary \,ytlkm so? Rose Bowl. Iiss Thirlaway (Ripon) was second With 163 marks; l\liss C. Foster (Leeds) third with 155 marks; and Mrs. Martin (Todmorden) fourth with 152 marks.

Mr. J. H. S. Aitkin, the President, took the chair at the completion of the tests, and said that there was no more praiseworthy or valuable work than that of saving life, and no movement did more in that direction than theirs.

The awards were kindly presented by 1\lrs. Aitkin.

MORPETH DETACHMENT, B. R.C.S.-l\lrs. James, the wife of Capt. Fullarton James, Chief Constable of K 01 thulllberland, who has beel'! closely associated with the l\[orpeth Detachment of the B.R.C.S. since 1912, and its Commandant since 19P, was presented with a gold fountain pen and pencil in a case last month.

Mrs. Atkinson, who presided over the meeting convened for the purpose, said how sorry they all were thaL l\11's. J ames was lea ving them shortly for the South. They were glad, however, that she was going to retain her connection with them by benlming Honorary Commandant.

Mrs. j. Jennings made the presentation on behalf of members and former members of the detachment. l\liss James, who had also been a member for a number of years, recei\'ed the gift of a handbag.

PORTSMOUTH DJ\ ISION, B. R. C S.- Vice-Admiral Sir H. K. Kitson, K. B. E., C. B., and Lady Kitson were the guests of honour at a party given by lhe Portsmouth Division of the B. R. C. S. at Goodies Cafe on August 26th, when the members bade farewell to Lady Kitson, who has resigned the position of Vice-President as she is leaving Portsmouth this month.

An eight-day clock and a book containing the names of over 80 subscribers were presented to her by the Honorary Secretary, l\(iss R. Arnison, on behalf of the Di\ ision, as a token of their appreciation of the work she had done as VicePresident.

Lady Kitson said it had always been a pleasure to help the Portsmouth Division. She paid a warIll tribute to the officers of the detachment, and expressed the hope that the Division would continue to grow and prosper under her successor.

SCOTTISH V.A. D. The annual camp of the Scottish Voluntary Aid Detachments, B. R. C. S., was held

last month at Craigendinnie, Aboyne, and was inspected on AU'Tust 9th by Colonel C. R. l\1illar, of the Scottish ComDeputy Director of :'I1 edica l Services.

Colonel Millar was received by the Commandant, Mrs. ]. R. Erskine, Duns, North Berwick, and members of her staff, and took the salute at the march past.

The main feature of the afternoon was a demonstration of how to act in gas warfare. Detonators, which '.vere et off, and smoke screens gave an impres<;ion of bombs bursting Everyone rushed for shelter to a nearby wood, but several "victims" collapsed on the way, and were treated by a stretcher squad wearing masks and protective clothing.

On the all-clear signa l being given, the members of the detachment reassembled, and Colonel Millar, through the Comm:lndant, conveyed to those present an express ion of his appreciation of the splendid way in which the novel demonstration had been carried out.

NURSING REFORMS OF Tl-IE 1 9TH CENTURY.

With the nineteenth cent ury begins th e era of serious ;{nd contin uou s reform in the nursi n g profession. Among the earliest of s u ch, was the impr ovement brought about in the 'thirties by two Roman Catholic Orders, the Sisters of l\lercy and the Iri sh Siste r s of Cha ri ty. Both comm uni ties started work in Dublin and steadi y gained in numbers and importance.

In 1836, Pastor F li edner, at Kaiserwerth on the Rhin e revived the ancient Order of Deaconesses, an d, in hospital attaclwd to the establishment, gave them in str u ction in nur sing as part of their training. In a few years they took over the nursing in a number of German hospitals the ir cc mother-houses" were opened al over Germany, and as far afie ld as Smyrna and Beirut, while institutions o n the Kaiserwerth model were established in the Unite d States Switzerland, Holland and In Enoland I nstitute of Nursing Sisters was started by Fry in

THE HOUSEHOLD PHYSICIAN

A Few 0' the Subjects treated :

-

First Aid

How to Treat Accidents

Influenza, Colds, etc.

Measles, Mumps

"

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Treating Diseases by Water

Herb" Root and Salt Remedies

Corns and Warts

Dieting for Disease

Treatments for Beauty

Physical Culture

Exercises for all Purposes

hat to Do in Emergencies

Treatment for all Skin Diseases

How to read Symptoms

The Lungs

Pleurisy

Hygiene, Anatomy, Pharmacy

The Principles of Nursing

Invalid Cookery

Surgical Diseases

Brain and Nervous Diseases

Diseases of Old Age

Diseases of Infancy

The Principles of Phrenology

Shingled and Bobbed Hair

Diseases of Hair and Head

The Diseases of Men, Women

and Children,

THEIR CAUSE AND TREATMENT, with complete instructions on the science of hygiene, physical culture, etc.

The 50 0 illustrations and full-page Plates and the Anatomical Models showing the Organs of the Human Body exactly as they overlay each other makes the reading matter more easily understood.

THE YOUNG WIFE and the experienced married woman will find all they want to know made clear.

S.J,A. B. OVERSEAS.

ADELAIDE No.1 NURSING DlvIsroN. - During the three months ended June 10th, 144 attendances on public duty were by at the Casualty Rooms at Glenelg, Henley, Semaphore, BrIghton and Grange, Trotting- at Wayville Oval, Cross of Gardens Woodville High School Sports at Alberton Oval; and a of 48 cases were treateJ.

Assistance has also been given at various classes where First Aid and Home Nursing- ha\"e been taught.

As V.A. 12 .members took duty at the Casualty Room, AdelaIde HospItal, and benefited considerably from the knowledg-e gained from the cases treated there.

Lady Dugan, with Colonel S. R. Burston Deputy Director of Medical Services, inspected the Annual 'Parade of the Voluntary Aid Detachment which was held at Government House on Saturday, June 8th. Three officers and twenty-four members were on parade under the Commandant Miss V. Watson. After inspecting the members in their neat blue uniforms, Lady Dugan was very interested in the demonstration of practical work, and expressed hEr admiration of the efficiency with which thev carried out their tasks and also at their smart appearance, '

1840, and several Sisterhoods began in the English Church with nursing as their main activity, though their members received but little training. One of these was St. John 's House, where the nurses received their training in certain London hospitals. During its period of greatest activ ity, St. J ohn's House underlook all the nursing- in King's College Hospital, in various other London hospitals, and from 1865-1875 in the Galignani English Hospital in Paris. Owing to the labours of Dorothea Dix in the United States, and of various physicians and philanthropists in Europe, the training of mental nurses began.

In 1859, at a schoo l, called La Source, was founded by the Comtesse Agenor de Gasparin. This was the first non-sectarian training gro und for nurses at which no vows were imposed. The pupils were given a liberal education and an adequate salary.

Florence Nightingale was born in F lorence in 1820, and passed the first years of her li fe in comfortab e an d cultured sur r oundings, receiving an education supe r ior to most girls of her day. From an early age she took an interest in nursing, and even tried to induce her family to allow her to work in an hospital. Their refusal did not lessen her determination to get all the training she cou ld

MOTHERS who wish their daughters to develop naturally will find exactly the teaching they need.

WOMEN OVER 40 will find their difficulties regarding health frankly discussed.

There are hundreds of subjects of value in all. The muscles, teeth, digestion, hair, food value, Ju-Jitsu, phrenology. Howto diagnose disease, from appearance of head, face, tongue, throat, chest, perspiration, etc.

Adenoids

Sleep, Beds and Bedding

The Eye, the Ear

The Throat, the Nose

The Chest, the Heart

The Stomach, the Liver

The Teeth, the Muscles

Infant Welfare -

The Expectant Mother

Happy Motherhood

Homrepathy

Neurasthenia

Anatomical Models

Family Medicine Chest 375 Prescriptions, etc., etc.

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Final tabl eau at the recent display of the 69th Nursing Division (Southern Ratlway Corps), depicting Florence Nightingale and her lamp.

FIRST

During a winter spent in Rome in 1847, she studied n:any institutions there, and in 1851 spent three months at Kalserwerth. Two years later she worked for a short time with Sisters of Charity in Paris, and then became the Superintendent of the Establishment for Gentlewomen during Illness in London. vVhile there, the work for which she is best remembered claimed her. In March 1854, the Crimean War broke out and, by the autumn, stories of gross neglect in the hospitals began to reach England. Florence Nightingale offered her services to her old friend, Sidney Herbert (the Secretary for War), by the same post he 'w rote asking for her help. As a result, she went the East to direct the nursing. From that moment for nearly two years she toiled without ever sparing herself.

On arrival at Scutari, she and her littl e band of 40 nurses were confronted with such numbers of patients as would have discouraged any ordinary woman. The hospitals lacked even the barest necessities. But she started at once on the double task of improving the condition of the hospitals and the comfort of the and of reforming nursing. She quickly established a diet kitchen and a laundry in which she employed the soldiers' wives, and the material needs of men were supplemented from a special fund. By her labours, the mortality was reduced in the following spring from 440 to 22 per thousand.

Later Florence Nightingale started recreation huts and savings banks for the soldiers, and at her own expense equipped a small house for medical research. She also sent long reports of the work 10 Sydney Herbert. During her stay in the East, she made three visits to the Crimea, and, in spite of critical illness, greatly improved the nursing and hospitals there. She flnally returned to England in August, 1856.

While Florence Nightingale was still at Scutari, her friends in England collected about £44,000 by public subscription, some £9,000 being contributed by all ranks in the army. This money, called the Nightingale Fund, "'as handed to her to tound a school for training nurses, and in 1859 the committee of the fund chose St. Thomas's Hospital, London, in which to start the new school. The Medical Officer was sympathetic, and the Matron, Mrs. Wardroper, seemed particularly suited to be the l eader of this pioneer undertaking. In June 1860 the Nightingale School was open with fifteen probationers. The Nightingale Nurses later carried the improved training to other ho spitals, and the era of modern nursing began.

simultaneo.usly with the founding of the Nightingale School, another pLOneer was maturing a plan that was destined to have great influence on nursing history. This was the Swiss philanthropist, Henry Dunant, and his plan was the creation of what is now known as the Red Cross. He was inspired in his task by having- been an eye-witness of the terrible and unnecessary sufferings of the wounded after the battle of Solferino in 1859. He worked hard to interest governments in a scheme for preventing such horrors, and in 1864, at an international conference, the famous Convention of Geneva was signed Under its terms, National Aid Societies were formed, and volunteer nurses, both men and them, and were given a training-. This InstructIOn vaned In quahty and extent, but in the German speaking the Cross "Motherhouses" early gave a conSClentLOus trall1l11g, as did also the Red Cross Societies in other countries. This was the prelude to the important work in training- nurses now done by the Red Cross in so many countries.

B.ranches of the North Riding British Red Cross Society organised a garden fete, which was held on Saturday, September 7th, at Burn Hall, Easingwold. Mrs. Edward at whose home the .rete took place, is Asst. County Director and was responsible for the organisation of the event.

A I D. Coming Events.

The Editor will be pleased to receive particulars of forthcoming events for inclusion (free of charge) under this heading.

SEPTEMBER.

26-29. -First International Blood Transfusion Congress, Rome.

27.-Derby Division, S.J. A. B., Dance.

28.-No. 4(Lancashire) Distri ct Annual Conference, Oldham.

OCTOBER.

5.-No. 73 (Shored itch) Nursing Division, S.].A. B. Whist Drive, Shoreditch Church Hall.

5.-Hants. County S.J.A. B. Cadet Competitions, Gosport.

5 & 6.-Course of lectures on "Anti-Gas Precautions" to members of the S.J.A.B., London.

6.-Northern Area No.1 (Prince of Wales's) District, Annual Church Parade, G rand Priory Church of the Order of St. John.

15.-Western Area, No.1 (Prince of Wales's) District Annual Social, Caxton Hall, Westminster.

19.-" C. Wright" Memorial Cup Annual Competition, Clowne, near Chesterfield.

23.-First Welsh National Competition for Road Passenger Transport Teams, Cardiff.

26.-East Ham and Inter-District Challenge Cup Competition, Latham Road School, East Ham.

27.-No. 85 (Borough of Ealing) Division, S.j.A. B., Church Parade, St. Paul's Church.

NOVEMBER.

16. -Eastern Area, No. 1 (Prince of Wales's) District, "Edith Ward JJ Shield Competition, Latham Road Schools, East Ham.

27.-Red Cross Ball, Grosvenor House, London.

B. R.C.S. Blood Transfusion Service.

THE Secretary of this Service has issued an appeal to telephone subscribers for assistance in obtaining the services of the blood donor. It so often happens that the telegram sent to the member required takes some considerable time to reach its destination, and, should that member not be available, valuable time is lost.

Consequently, the appeal to telephone subscribers is to accept telephone messages for transmission to the voluntary blood donor residing in their immediate neighbourhood. Should the request to convey a message be in any way, or at any time, inconvenient, the telephone subscriber has only to say so.

Readers who are willing to assist in this matter should forward particulars to the hon. secretary, Mr. P_ L. Oliver, O.B.E., 3, Colytonroad, East Dulwich, S.E.22.

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Queries and Ansvvers to Correspondents.

Queries will be dealt with under the following rules:-

x. -Letters containing Queries must be marked on the top left hand corner of the envelope" Query," and add-ressed-FIRST AID 4 6 , Cannon'street, London, E. C. 4.

2. -All Queries must be accompanied by a "Query Coupon" cut from the current issue of the J (lurnal, or, in case of Queries fr ( m abroad, from a recent issue.

3.- The TeKtbook, to which reference may be made in tbis cohmn is the 38th P928) Edition of S.J.A.A. Manual of First Aid.

RULES FOR TRB: AT:llENT OF INSENSIBILITY.

T. H. (L1andudno). - I have been a read e r of your pages for some years and ve nture to ask your opinion on the following :-

At the ational Eisteddfod Ambulance CompetttlOns a member of our team was asked to state the Rules for Treatment of Insensibility. He did so as per the twelve rules on pages 155 and 156 of the Textbook. On the test sheets to hand, Rules Nos. 1, 6, 7, 8, 9 are omitteu and the member was not allowed marks for including these in his answers. Included on the test sheet were these" rules" Carefully examine

(a) the patient for signs of injury,

(b) the surroundings for possible clues,

(c) maintain at rest any fractured limb or bone.

Two marks were to be given for each of these answers. Do yo u agree with this or is the whole of Chapter Xill to be taken as Rules for Treatment of Insensibilit y?

Had I set the question, 1 should ha ve included in my answer all details set out in the Textbook below the Subheading "GEneral Rules oj Tnatment 0/ Ins ens/ b/lz'iJ " on p 155 down to and including the first paragraph on p. 157. The instructi o ns which follow o n p. 157 fall under" Classification oj Cas es oj Ins ensibility" and on p. 158 under " Exa7l1inat7'01l if Ins ensible Patient, " though unf o rtunately such sub-titlEs are omitted from the Textbook.

Th e detailed marking sheet, which you quote, clearly includes other points - (a) and (b) being items which belong to the examination of an insensible patient while (c) is an amplification of Rule 7 which, you say, was omitted.-N. CORBET FLETCHER.

EXAMINATION HO WLER

l\LB. (Cambridge).-ln a recent examination I asked one candidate how m any pairs of ribs had a man. He hesitat ed for some time and at last replied :-" Twelve pain." This un ce rtainty prompted the spirit of mischief within me; and so I asked if a man did not possess thirteen pairs

On this point, however, there was no hesitation; and the candidate replied without a second's delay :" Plot since the days oj Adam.'''

Good! Next please! 1- C. F.

PLAINT OF A COMPETITOR.

T. H. (L1andudno). - In the practical est of the same competition we find that the judge has failed to give our

team c redit for work done and the explanations of our leader; and we reckon that in this way we lost 48 marks on 22 items.

Is it not possible to have special judges keen on first aid and alive to the work of a team? It is very disencouraging to find after months of practice that a competition is in the hands of doctor(s) inexperienced as judges.

Our team would be glad to read your remarks. Than 1{ing you.

Inquests on competitions lead nO'v"here! Nevertheless our sympathy goes out to you in this matter, althoug-h, of course, you can console yourself with the fact that, if the competition was conducted as you state, each team received the same treatment.-N. C. F.

AN ERROR IN DIAGNOSIS.

T. T. (Bristol).-In a reply to a correspondent published in the April issue of FIRST AID, you very aptly observed :" One swallow does not make a SU11Z1l1e1' " nor does one symptom (usually) make a diagnosis." Bya curious coincidence, members of our Corps were shown the truth of this in a most extraordinary manner, two weeks ago.

One of our members was called to an accident in which an elderly lady had been knocked down by a pedal cyclist. She had been struck in the chest, and complained of pain upon taking a deep breath. Her hands were lying loosely in her lap in a perfectly natural position. My colleague naturall y came to the conclusion that the ribs were injured and treated her accordingly, after which she was removed to hospital. Not wishing to be moved on a stretcher, she was ca rried to and from the ambulance by the 3-handed seat. She had not the slightest difficulty in putting her disengaged arm round the neck of the one bearer.

Then ca me an X-ray examination followed by the diagnosis. Fracture of the Right CLAVICLE.

So we may comfort the disgruntled competitor by reminding hi m that " Trutlz is stranger t!zan fiction," and by the same token" Accidents a1'e sometimes 1lZ01'e pu zzling than comjJe!ihon tests." Nevertheless I refrain from repeating all remarks of my colleague upon hearing the verdict.

In conclusion, may I express our great appreciation for your help in the past.

Perhaps I can beat your story. Last week a patient was admitted to a certain London hospital, certified as suffering from Shock and Fractured Clavicle. Upon admission, he "vas found to be completely paralysed and to be suffering from Fracture-Dislocation of tl e Spine in the cervical region. So you see that diagnosis is not always as simple as some newspaper correspondents imagine, that a doctor may make mistakes in an emergency; and that the man last in charge of the case has the easier task as far as diagnosis is concerned.

Incidentally, your report dri\'es h0111e one lesson of the Textbook, namely that with Fracture of Clavicle (alone among the fractures) the 10,;s of power is only partial. Th e function of the clavicle being to keep out the shoulder, it follows that, when it is fractured, the upper limb may be used to a greater or less degree.-N .C. F.

WOES OF A FIRST AlDER.

D. M. (St. John's Gate)--ln the August issue of FIRST AID you report in your" Examination Howler" that a lady, when askeu by an examiner what she would do if she found a man suspended from a beam, replied that she

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would scream at the top of her and run for a policeman This lady has evidently been reading the THE LANCET, in a rece::t issue of which I n ote the followinO" quotation from the ,. Official A1'ch£ves oj tlze Institztttif Ide ntificatlOn at Rio de.1an e h'o" :-

"A man hanged himself and was found and cut down by a passer-by. In falJ in g to the ground the man fractured his thigh and later sued his rescuer for damages! "

Clearly we were \.nong in attributing the lady candidate's incorrect reply to human weakness, to ignorance or too e xamination fever! So we thank you for your letter and Its suggestion.

the way, have you heal·d the oth.er suicide story? A young man decided to go down to the fiver and drown himself On his way he was set upon by a couple of murderous footpads. So he put up a big fight and routed his assailants. Then, being \ ery pleased witI-> hilllself, he turned and went. back home, having forgolten entirely the purpose which had taken him down to the river. - N. C. F.

A I D.

on ly h ave been more effect i ve but a so more ea!; il y performed. Your opinion on this point will be much appreciated

I ag r ee with yo u; and I am of the opinion that s u ch actio n would have been more consistent with the sp irit (if not the actual instructions) of the Textbook wliich discourages the u se of flexion in s u ch cases except" in an urgent emergency" (p. 106, par. 3) After a ll , there wer e two Bearers at work.

By the \-va)' the line you quote d oes not seem to me to read quite correc tl y Can yo u flex the ann on a fold at the e lbow ? Would yo u not rather flex tlzejo1'carm ?- N.C. F.

TREATMENT OF WOUND ON FOREARM.

S. P. (Cleethorpes) -Some members of o ur Division ar e much interested in the following problem on which we would much like to have your rulings :-

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TREATlIIENT OF BURl\:S AND SCALDS.

P.S. (Liverpool) - In the July issue of FIRST AID the author of the article on Tlze Treatm e nt of Bur1ls states that he does not knrJW what action of Soda has upon a burnt surface. In these circumstances I wonder why this remedy is included in our Textbook; and I shall be much obliged if you can answer my query.

Medicine is not yet an exact science, and some of us doctors occasionally use methods of treatment which, though they cannot be justined on scientific grounds, are approved by patient and doctor. Consequently I would not like to condemn a remedy as useless simply because its action cannot be explai ned.

The use ot Bicarbonate of Soda solution for Burns is an old-fashioned emergency method which has survived the test of time; and, after all, the method of treating burns in the artic1e - excelJent as it is-requires the services of a trained person and the facilities of a properly equipped ambulance room or its equivalent.

Bicarbonate of Soda solution for Burns was introduced into the Textbook as the result of the personal and satisfactory experiences of certain members of the Revision Committee in colliery and private practice extending over 25 years One of these has been good enough to supply me with the reasons why it was so adopted, as follows :-

(1) It is essentially a nrst aid treatment since it is readily available, easy to apply, perfectly safe and absolutely effective.

(2) It provides an easily obtainable sterile dressing.

(3) It easies pain at once and so prevents further shock.

(4) It cures blisters, if present, and prevents the formation of blisters.

(5) If persevered with as after-treatment, it cures without leaving any contractures or disfiguring scars.N.C.F.

CONTROL OF H iEMORRIlAGE FROM WRIST.

G.c. (Surbiton}. - In the test set in the recent Inter-Railway

Final for Bearers Nos. + and 5 the com petitors had to control bleeding from a wound involving- the arteries at the wrist. The marking sheet reads - " Roll up sleeve and flex arm over fold at elbow." Personally, I hold that digital pressure on the Brachial Artery would not

(1) In the Inter-Railway Competition we note that in the Individual Test for Bearers Nos. 4 an d 5 th e patient has severed the arteries at the wrist and that included in t h e treatment is the application of the St. J ohn Arm-s lin g To most of us th is seems correct a s there are no fractures or foreign bodies in the wound Some members, however, say otherwise and state that you yourself have stated that the only occasions fo r using the St. John Arm-sling are for Arter ial Bleeding from palm, and fractures of the Clavicle and Scapula.

(2) Further, please explain why the presence of a foreign body in a wound accompan ed by arter ial blt:'eufrom the palmar arteries contraindicates the use o f this arm sling.

(1) The St. John sling is specially indicated for a wounu with arterial bleeding from the pa lm , because it support s the upper limb in such a way that the fascia (namely, th e fibrous layer) of the pa lm is relaxed.

To appreciate this fact, extend your fingers to their uttermost as does the schoolboy when the (foolish) master is about to give him 4 cuts on the hand with a cane. Do this with your upper limb fully extended and also flexed as if in a St. John sling. In C:':1ch case test tile palm; and you will find that the resistance in the ralm is less when the limb is flexed. In other v;ords, the control of arterial bleedingfrom the palm is much more easily obtained when the limb is flexed and the hand is raised and clenched.

I n these circumstances I am of the opinion that the decision to apply the St. John Sling, as part treatment of a wound involving the arteries of the forearm, is not only contrary to the Textbook but also that it serves no useful purpose.

(2) The Tel\.tbook does not forbid the use of the St. John Sling with a foreign body in wound of palm; but it uoes forbid any pressure on the wound, especia ll y when the foreign body consists of glass or other substance likely to do further harm if pressure is exerted on it. Personally, having controlled arteria l :1cemorrhage by indirect pressure at the wrist and having- lightly dressed the wound, I wou ld support the limb in a St. John S lin g, because the relaxed palm would faci li tate clotting of the

The a nnual inspection of the Rotherham Corps, S. J. A B., took p lace on Saturday, September 7th, on the Thurcroft Main Cricket Grou nd The inspection was made by Lord Scarborough, and the Officers present inc lud ed Commissioner S W. Malkin, Asst. Commissioner II. C. Else, Asst. Commissioner Capt. O. F. Buxton, County Surgeon J. C. Sweetnam, Corps Supt. G. Wysehall, Lady Di strict Supt. Mrs. Birbeck and Lady District Officer Miss G. Ashberry.

THE ST. JOHN AMBULANCE ASSOCIATION, ITS AND ITS IN THE AMBULANCE MOVEMENT, BY

N. CORBET PLETCHER, M.A., M.B M.R.C.S.

"As a work of reference, the book will be excremely useful and should be in the library of all ambulance workers."-FIRST AID. Pl'ice, 3/6; post fl'ee,

T HE ST. JOHN AMBULANCB ASSOCIATION, St. John's Gate, LONDON, B.C •••

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<ijg"l)e Journal for fqt .Ambulance an6 3llut'sing

No. 496.-VoL. XLII.

NOTICE TO R.EADERS.

FIRST AID is published on the 20th of each month. The Ann ual Subscription is 35. 6d. post free; single copies 3d.

Its aim and object being the advancement of Ambulance Work in all its branches, the Editor invites Readers to send Articles and Repo rts on subjects pertaining to the Movement and also welcomes su ggestions for Practical Papers.

All Reports, &c., should be addressed to the Editor at the address below, and should reach him before the 12th of each month and must be accompanied massaril" jor 1Jublicatio,:) by na me and address of the Correspondent.

Subscriptions, Advertisements and other business Communicati ons conne cted with FIRST AID should be forwarded to the Publishers, DALE, REYNOLDS & CO., LTD., 4 6, CANNON STREET, LONDON, E.C.4. 7 elegraphic A ddress-" Twenty-four, London."

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37IO.

EDITORIAL.

Now is the time when new MIXED classes are being formed, and CLASSES. once again the subject of mixed classes for the St. John Am bulance Association certificates and other awards has been broached.

As is well known it is contrary to the Regulations of the Association to hold mixed classes of men and ·women, yet other societies have sanctioned this procedure with, as one correspondent puts it, disadvantage to the Association class secretary.

One may aver that such classes are not necessary except, perhaps, in small outlying places and, in the main, this is ri ght. But what of the rural districts? In villages where the services of a doctor are hard to obtain; where there are only a few inhabitants; where it is impossible to obtain a lecturer for more than one evening a week. Is population of such places to be ignored; their keenness to equip themselves for emergencies to be discouraged?

Not only in rural districts, however, would mixed classes be of value; during the past few years there have sprung up many new suburbs which open up new avenues for recruitment. It is a hard and somewhat thankless job to obtain support in a new district and we have in mind one definite case where a mixed class would have been instrumental in increasing the ranks of first aiders. In this instance 15 persons (nine men and six women) attended at a proposed course of instruction, but the expense of two lecturers' fees and other incidentals made it impossible to run the lectures and so the whole project was abandoned.

We feel it is time for the authorities to make a move and so assist class secretaries and others who wish to see the work go forward. Like all others this subject has two sides and we therefore

invite readers to voice their opinions as to whether mixed Association classes would be beneficia l or not.

St. John Ambul a n ce Association

PLYMouTII. - Increased activities during the 12 months ended September 30th, 1934, is reported in the recently issucd report of the Plymouth and District Ambulance Service. The mileage of the ambulance Heet was 78,777 miles and the total number of accident cases, invalids, hospital out-patients, and crippled children passengers carried reached the remarkable total of 29,392. I ncreases over the previous twelve months were: mileage, 5,831, passengers, 2,229. Road casualties numbered 1,222; sport, industry, etc 403; invalid removals 16,447; whilst over 11,000 crippled and invalid children passengers were carried In addition 32 patients were taken from ships. This is a wonderful record and one of which Plymouth and District can be proud.

Supplementing the small professional staff are 245 ambulance and 145 nursing mcmbers of the Brigade, being the adult personnel in the City of Plymouth.

Over 500 awards were gained at classes, and include certificates for first aid, home nursing, cooking, hygiene (juvenile), and l\lerchant Navy, in addition to vouchers, medallions, labels, etc.

The Contributory Scheme for ambulance service received the encouraging increase of £459 is. 5d. and thanks are accorded the organisers and col lectors for their honorary work. During the year the average weekly number of members who claimed and received benefits under the Scheme was never fewer than 18. Altogether 976 cards were handed to drivers for stamping, an increase of 224.

The Ambulance Sisters, led by Lady County Officer Mrs. Balsdon, Iatron of the Service, staffed the ambulance station, summer aid posts, accompanied the cripples' ambulance and several hundreds of patients, including journeys to distant towns. Help was given at the local hospitals and attendances maJe at the S. W. Clinic of the Devonian Cripples' Aid Association.

The happy and effective co-operation with the Plymouth City and Devon County Forces has continued, and both Mr. W. E. Johnson (Chief Constable of Plymouth) and Major L. Morris (Chief Constable of Devon) have shown considerable interest in the work. With regard to the City Police 274 awards were gained during the year.

Four calls were received to stand-by the lifeboat and 209 to fire calls.

The report closes with confidence in the future activities.

MUSLIM AMBULANCE SOCIETY.-The Centre of the Association with headquarters in Bombay is gradually increasing its work and usefulness. During last year, according to the annual report, a class in first aid for ladies was started and proved very successful.

The Ambulance Division attended 320 calls and transported 312 cases, travelling some 1,712 miles. In addition 203 miles were covered in attending 11 public duties at which 15 cases were treated. The Divisional team entered and were succf'ssful in winning- the" Lund" Shield Competition, Pte. Hamidali being the leader.

A competition for female members was held in November the highest marks being obtained by Bai N oor Bai and Bai Zainubbi.

The financial statement shows a satisfactory position and the report closes with a confident appeal for continued support.

A 10.

St. And rew's i\mbul a nce Ass ociatio n.

ALLOA.-At the annual meeting of the Alloa branch of the S A.A A , over which Mr. W. T. Procter, D.L., pr esided, Mr. J. S. M'Gibbon, secretary, reported that th e ambulance wagon had turned out 011 273 occasions in th e past year, as against 286 in 1933-34. There had been 51 accident cases and 222 cases of sickness. The avera ge number of miles covered by the ambulance on its runs in 1933-1934 had been 14 miles, and in the past year th e average run was 17 miles.

The following ofTtce bearers were elected :-Chairman , Mr. \-V. T. Procter, D. L.; vice-chairman, Mr. A. R. Procter; hon. secretary and treasurer, Mr. J. S. M'Gowan assistant secretary, 1\1r. J. vVotherspoon.

Mr. Procter, commenting on the success of the loc a classes, said that the advantages of knowledge of ambulan ce work were obvious. He appealed to the young mem bers of the community to take more interest in this work.

COWDENBEATJI. - On Saturday, September 14th, M r David Stevenson, ,"vho has been superintendent of th e Central Rescue Slation for 25 years, was presented with a walJet of treasury notes in recbgnition of his services.

The presentation was organised by the Cuwdenbeat h Co-operative Ambulance Section and subscribed to by all the rescue teams in Fife, Kinross and Clackmannon.

Mr. "V. Ferguson, secretary of the Section, presid ed over a gathering of about 120. In his remarks the chai rman recalled his early experiences as a member of t he ambulance team. On being approached, Mr. Stevens on had willingly helped them, and they had gained numero us successes. In 1922, they were first at Edinburgh; winn ers of the Fife liners' Cup, the Scottish Co-operative Cu p, second in the l\Iatthewson Cup and the Dennis Bayley Cu p, and fifth in the Scottish Championship. They had recei ved a le t ter from the general secretary of the St. Andrew 's Ambulance Association, stating that their record in he year's competitions was unequalled by any other team in Scotland. In 1925 they had accomplished no oth er team of miners had ever accomplished until then-the wi nning of the Scottish Championship. They had since w on the Dennis Bayley Cup (open to miners in Scotland), a nd had been second on four occasions. All the men had be en employed in the Fife Coal Company's pits, and their debt to \1r. Stevenson for training the teams was a great one. He had been an ideal instructor.

Other speakers also eulogized the work of M r. Stevenson.

Dr. William Reid made the presentation and ga \e further particulars of Mr. Stevenson's work. He al so referred to the great record of the Cowdenbeath Co-operati ve Section and wished them success in the future.

Mr. Stevenson suitably replied.

Dr. A. D. M. Young, lecturer to the Cowdenbeath C ooperative Section, commenced a series of first aid lectur es to the general public on September 22nd. A good numb er of new members were enrolled. The various coal companies rea!ising the need for first aid knowledge are return _ ing the fees to the men who attend and pass the examinatio n

EASTWOOD. - The Eastwood Section, which is always in attendance at the Rangers Football Ground, is now in its 27th year of establishment, under Commandant Willia m Macrae and Dr. ]. F. Lambie, both of whom are origin a l members. Duties have again been arranged at the Sco ttish Ice Rink, where the members' services are greatl y appreciated.

Mr. Macrea and his band of happy men are endeavou ring to raise a special equipment fund and to this end a

arand concert and late dance will be held in Pollokshaws Burgh Halls on Friday, October 25th. Tickets can be had, price 2/-, from Mr. C. Sharley, 16, Cogan-street, Pollockshaws, or of the Section Secretary, Mr. John Mason, 151, Sha w bridge-street, Pollocksha w. The annual whist drive and dance will be held, as usual, on December 24th, at the Headquarters of the St. Andrew's Ambulance Association, North-street, Glasgow. Tickets can be obtained from tile same source as those for the concert.

Is It Wo r th Whil e?

I HAVE often been asked the question " Is it worth while for me to give my time to ambulance workam I wasting my time?" To these queries the answer is yes and no .

From the lowest ranker to the highest officer all had to qual ify ; they had to start on the bottom rung of the ladder and work up, in a very similar way to which we have to do in our occupations, whatever they are. If we hope to succeed we must p ut the best into our efforts, whether it be work or p lay. Both the ambulance man and the ambulance si ster are Ii kel y at ti mes to make com mon errors, s uch as taking things for granted (a very serious e rrur) or becoming mechanical. To be a successf ul first aider it is not good enough to be satisfied w ith the knowledge imparted in the textbook. T hat book is a wonderful little work, compiled w ith every care and thought and no doubt has been written to cater for all-the intelligent and t he unintelligent-but it is simply a start off. I t hink it must often lead one to a point of eXf:ectat ion, and there one is left.

Are we content to remain at this point of ex pectation? Should we be content to do so at o ur various occupations? Are we, as human be ings (things of wonder and beauty), by any n atural instinct, satisfied to just grind along in one g roove? Is it not natural that we wish to be better than the otber chap? We have spared our t ime to learn; we have qualified; we have joined a n organisation that we have a right to be proud o f. We have taken upon ourselves the sacred p rivilege of helping suffering humanity, and to a nswer our question "Is it worth w'hile?" we must see to it that our work is well and truly done.

Ours is a job which calls for the best and nothing but the best will suffice. Our object must be efficiency, and this we can only achieve by c hecking over the small things - those little matters t hat sometimes are lost sight of. How often have we paused to admire a new buildIng? How, perhaps, we have just thought of all the details involved, the accuracy, level, etc., the beauty of line; or the latest model car with every small detail necessary for proper running; or maybe a beautifu l picture, or the exquisite work portrayed in a bridal gown Let uS imagine the thought and patience required to produced such a creation.

the. accomplishment, there is always seemIngly unimportant little details which have to be carefully considered, and to each individual who has p l ayed his or her part a share of the credit is due.

There is no doubt that the greatness and usefulness of the St. John Ambulance Briaade is due to the strict attention to details. Men :nd women who came, and have gone, before us were not satisfied with the mere knowledge that they were mem bers of the Brigade j their desire was to make not only themselves but the Briaade aenerally ffi b b e clent, and therefore a useful organ isation which by their devotion to the call of duty has gained world-Wide respect and gratitude. There must be a genuine desire by us all to put all we can into the work, to give of our best-again for the cause of suffering humanity.

Our time is only wasted when we feel satisfied and think we know all about first aid. I am afraid, from personal experience, that it takes a long time to master am bulance work. If we think our efforts are wasted let us just turn back to the last year. Was there a case, big or small, that we treated and which we know W::l.S properly done, and that perhaps saved the patient greater suffering? Do we remember a question that was asked us by someone, and were we able to answer it and put them right? If so, then that is to someone's advantage.

To come back to our query-" Is it worth while?" \iVhy certainly, it is always worth while to try to make this world better by our passing through. The days are nearly gone, fortunately, when first aid in the big towns was frequently needed and could not be obtained. By the advent of an am bulance service by the various councils, it is now possible for a bad accident in the street to be attended to almost at once. But the need of our services is still in great demand in the office, factory and workshop; in the home there is always the risk of accidents, and we must appreciate the fact that even a slight injury needs careful consideration. To be ready to rise to any and all occasions let us study our Textbook; try to understand it as the authors would have us do; let us attend our practices and ask our Surgeon, or in his absence, the officer in charge, the questions which we are in doubt about; attend as many duties as possible and get first hand practical knowledge. When we have nothing to occupy our minds let us build up imaginary cases and treat them. Analyse our own knowledge, pull to pieces all our doubts and fears. 'iVe shall then get chummy with the subject and shall not regret it as a something we think we have, but which we feel we have not.

Noone's time is wasted on a good cause if the time is employed on the betterment of that cause.-J.S. H.

The Ambulance Man Lool<s at ,Gas.

By MAJOR NORMAN HAMMER, M.R.C.S. (N. Riding of Yorkshire).

(Continued jronz pag'e 58).

[vVe must first refer to last month's instalmcnt of this series. In it some misprints occurred; no one who is familiar with the handwriting of the compiler of these articles will blame the compositor. On page 56, column 1, line 24, "have increasing persistency" should obviously be " thus increasing persistency." In column line 31, "peripherse" is a clear misprint for "peripheral." On page 57, column 2, line 2, the word" in " should be left out, or instead should should rcad " in and out." Then the illustration, too, seems to call for some comment. It appears to be the G.S. Respirator carried in some sort of " works carriage," perhaps a fitment used to take respirators one after the other during factory tests. As stated in the letterpress, our container is carried in a haversac, which, when the facepiece is on, or when it is desired to be alert and ready to don it, rests on the breast, supported by shortened slings and secured by a cord passing round the body much highcr up than the webbing shown in the picture. (See the Respirator Drill in the Textbooks). The man in the photograph does not seem to have adjusted his facepiece very comfortably; in addition it seems to be pulled down by tube and container, which is being worn rather low. Now to get on-J.

THE HYGIENE OF THE FACEPIECE.

1. As far as possible, let each man sdck to same respirator, for the same reason that we don't change over nosebags from horse to horse. .

2. Vlipe out the inside of the facepiece with Izal in water, one in two hundred. (About an eggcupful to a three gallon pail gives this strength).

3. Take special care of that part of the facepiece where the chin goes. (Sweat collects here). Again, let us say, properly fitted and properly worn, a repirator in good order is 100 per cent. protection for eyes and lungs against the poisonous smokes as well. It is not uncomfortable to wear, and with men who are used to it, there is little interference with working efficiency.

NOTE.-(1) The Mark IV has a projecting bill-like outlet valve.

(2) The Mark IV is as described.

(3) The Mark V and the Special Service Respirators have unscrewable eye-pieces.

(4) The Special Service Respirator has the cylindrical container attached direct to the facepiece, i.e., no box container and no connecting valve.

B.-PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.

The Auid of the Persistent gases gives rise t o symptoms if it comes into contact with the skin of the body, but, although its power of penetrating materials is great, protective clothing can be made which will resist penetration for a considerable time.

I t will not be necessary for ALL mem bers of the community to be equipped with this protective clothing or, for that matter, with respirators. A system of Collective Protection, to be described later in this series, will be adequate for that portion of the civil population which we can describe as "passive," i.e., all except those mem bers of various organisations, such as the St. John Am bulance Brigade, who are prepared to act as First Aiders, as organisers and controllers of the passive population, as staffs of Decontamination Stations (see later) and in other active capacities involving mobility and exposure. These form the "act'ive" or " executive" part of the population, and for these protective clothing will be available, offering varying degrees of resistence to penetration, selected according to the particular duties allotted, and hence according to the period of time for which these men will need to be exposed.

1. For example, for men engaged on such duties as stretcher bearing, an equipment similar to that worn by troops in the field will be sufficient, and at the same time so simple and so light that little effort or strain is caused by wearing it for reasonably prolonged periods Such an equipment might be as follows :-A steel helmet of service pattern, a respirator, leggings made of oiled fabric (as cotton cloth treated with linseed oil), and three waterproof cyclist's capes, to be worn in turn, and discarded when contaminated one by one. Boots will be wel1 dubbined, and preferably of chrome leather. These keep out mustard fl uid for 15 hours.

2. For men working in slightly contaminated places, e.g., on duty as controls at gas-proof shelters, this will be a suitable outfit :-Coats and trousers of oilskin, gum boots, long sea boots, or boots made of rubber with canvas linings (Proof for 10 to 12 hours), gas-proof gloves, steel helmet,

respirator. This kit offers longer protection but is slightly more fatiguing to wear; but the to wear it are engaged on duties which do not involve physical effort, and so the tactor of fati aue, and .,. b what IS stili more Important, heat retention, will not rise.

3. For those who are to work in highly conlaminaled places, e g., med ical orderlies and nurses of the Brigade in Casualty Stations we have some little difficulty. First-class must be afforded, and to attain ihis dearee of b resistance to penetratIOn, the clothing cannot help being both tiring to wear and of such a n:1.ture that the body is prevented from getting rid of its own heat by the normal and more natural method of the skin. A special suit and gloves must be worn, and of course the respirator. In addition a gas-proof hood is recommended. Owing to the fact that the body retains its own heat while this kit is being worn, people wearing it be relz'eved j1-equently; symptoms of !zeat collapse may appear after a half an hour in summer and an hour and a half in winter. A rest of fifteen minutes every hour helps, and a squad while working should keep up-wind. A specially porous underclothing of the (( Aertex" variety is to be worn underneath this protecti"ve suit.

PUTTING ON AND TAKING OFF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.

It is our experience that if a thing is to be done always absolutely correctly (and the putting on of gas-proof clothing must be absolutely right or it is than useless) and done, too, very often in conditions of hurry and excitement, it is best to train our personnel to do it always in the same way, step by step, by numbers. Then being drilled and used to doing it always well and correctly, they will do it so in any circumstances. This is the value of training and discipline. So let us get the steps z'n puttz'ng on gas -proof clothing.

A. PUTTING ON.

1. SupenJision of the whole process of dressing by one of the squad acting as valet is important. He dresses (and undresses, see later) the squad, and keeps a look-out during work for cases of badly splashed clothing or tools.

2. Putting on the clothing.

a. Attend to the needs of nature. (Bladder and bowels.) Do this as a routine first step, whether you want to or not.

b. Remove your own clothes.

c. Put on trousers. These are very long and buttoned down the side. They have straps like braces crossed and buttoned in front.

d. Put on boots.

e. Fold trousers over the tops of the boots.

A I D. 85

£. Put on jacket. It has a "stormproof" front..

g. Place respirator in " Alert" position. (See respirator drill.)

h. Put on gloves. Tied by dresser at wrists.

i. Put on steel helmet or Sou' Wester. proc.ess of donning complete gas-proof of thiS type takes an average time of ten mill utes.

pr?cess of taking off the clothing after work I,nvolvlng exposure is, obviously, a matter of equal Importance, and again, if not done absolutely correctly, means trouble and contamination to the man and his comrades.

B. TAKING OFF.

1. All clothing, after work, is to be ngarded as contal1zinated, whether it can readily be seen to be or not.

2. Clothing will be removed in special DECONTAMINATION CENTRES.

3. Outside every decontamination centre, have a shallow tin containing bleach mixed with earth, sawdust, or cinders. Rub your boots in it well, as on a door mat, before entering.

.4. The will be taken off by men speCially detatled and equipped for that duty.

5. Air-tight bins will be provided inside the cen tre for :---.::....

Lightly contaminated clothing. Heavily contaminated clothing. Articles (e.g., gloves) to be destroyed.

6. Articles will be placed in these bins as soon as removed from the wearer.

7. The processes of being undressed is as follows :-

a. Stand in the tray of "Bleach" and have your gum-boots bru'shed over.

b. The U ndresser will ask if y ou are aware of any part that may have been especially affected, in contact with 1\1 ustard, badly splashed, etc.

c. He will remove your helmet or Sou Wester.

d. Then your gloves.

e. He will undo the cord of the respirator and allow haversack to hang round your neck by the sling.

£. He will draw off your coat tail wards ,

g. He will let down the trousers, and instruct you to sit on a bench near the door facing outside.

h. He will remove your (1) h.)ots, and (2) trousers.

i. He will take off your respirator.

j. You go to the bath.

The kit will be placed in the appropriate bins, but clothing heavily splashed with mustard will be at once burned.

INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION. DECONTAMINATION.

1. THE PERSON.

2. ARTICLES OF PERSONAL USE.

First aiders will be familiar with the word " Contamination" from their Textbook, in its usual meaning of "infected" or "containing aerms ." Now they must learn of another type of b " I d ". d f contamination, meaning gas- a en lI1stea 0 "aerm-Iaden." The process of freeing the person, cJ;thing, material and tools (or buildings or areas) from gas is called "DECONTAMliVATION. The last two will be dealt with under" Collective Protection" later.

1. THE PERSON.

a. Have all clothing taken off by a protected assistant, and disposed of as outlined.

b. IE air-tight receptacles as described are not

c. Expose it to a vacuum or centrifuge, or d. Boil it in frequently changed water, or e. Expose it to a current of steam, as in a steam disinfector, or in field apparatus such as the Serbian Barrel, or f. Dump in the sea, or g. Clean it by certain chemical agents, such as are here enumerated ;-

1. Bleach. Bleach (Chloride of Iime) acts by oxidising the gas and rendering it harmless.

It is used as a dry powder, in its pure state, or as a paste (one part of bleach mixed in three parts of water), or diluted with earth, sawdust or cinders (one part of bleach to two or three of earth).

Bleach powder quickly loses its power if exposed to the air, and should be kept in

l\1embers of the Thanington Section, S.l.A.A., who were successful in winning the" Evans" Cup at Canterbury on October 5th.

From left, back row: S. Amos, D. Amos, H. Amess (trainer).

Seated: E. Baker, R. Mitchell, S. C. Wood. available, place the contaminated clothing in the open air, in a special place so that all know what it is, or mark it by some known sign, as a special flag or lamp, or a triangle of tin painted yellow (5 inch sides with a hole bored in top for fixing.)

c. The eyes call for first attention. A thorough wash out with warm water, a weak solution of bicarbonate of soda, normal saline solution, or weak Condy's fluid in water (potassium permanganate) provides adequate treatment.

d. Next the skin; remove all mustard from the skin by a thorough and complete scrubbz'ng with hot water and soap.

2. MATERIAL.

a. Burn it, or

b. Expose it to open air for 2 to 7 days In summer or 14 days in winter, or

opaque containers. Frequent renewals of the supply of bleach must be arranged for places where it is to be used. The pure powder causes a chern ical reaction on contact with mustard liquid wz'th the evolution of heat, and burns or actual fires may be caused unless this is known and precautions taken.

The paste or dry powder is used for the decontamination of boots, equipment, rifles, etc., and is to be smeared on and left on for three or four hours. In the case of boots, dry bleach is to be dusted into the seams.

Bleach in earth, sawdust or cinders is chiefly used for making a "sealing" layer over contam inated ground, etc., and will be dealt with under Decontamination of Areas

and Buildings, which will follow in our consideration of Collective Protection (later).

2. Chlo1"Z·ne. Also acts by oxidation of the gas. Articles can be cleansed by exposure ina gas cham ber to an atmosphere of one part of chlorine in one hundred parts of air. Chlorine releases hydrochloric acid and so this process will rot fabrics, clothing and so on.

3. The Hypoclzlorites. " Green solution" is known by name to most readers. It is a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and sodium hypochlorite. It may be used for decontaminati.ng respirators by steeping them in it, must be freshly mixed on the spot, by stirrIng for half an hour one pound of bicarbonate of soda in one gallon of the so-called "Commercial Solution" of Sodium Hypochlorite.

4. Certain substances dissolve mustard and so can be used to " extract" it from contaminated articles. These include petrol, naptha, methylated spirit, etc., and are chiefly used for decontaminating leather articles such as belts or harness. In addition to dissolving out the gas, they remove fat and grease as weI I, so the leather must be re-greased after cleansing or it win perish. (To be contz'nued.)

[Owing to repeated requests, the Table II of War Gases which appeared in our August, I935 issue, is now available in page form at the nominal charge of 2 -. per 50, post free. Applications should be sent, together with remittance, to " First Aid," 46, Cannonstreet, London, E,C.4.]

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Colliery Ambulance News.

PI XTON COLLIERIES.

The annual competitions arranged by the Pinxton Collieries' Ambulance Class were held in the Miners' Welfare Hall, Dr. Hurst, of Tibshelf, setting and judging the tests. Shields and other prizes were offered and the winners were: Team test, Shield and 1st prize, W. Shelton's team, 2, A. Duffield's team, 3, S. Tryner's team.

Individual (open), Shield and first prize, W. Shelton, 2, H. Richardson, 3, A. Duffield.

Individual test (1st year men), Shield and 1st prize, W. Tryner, 2, S. Tryner, 3, 'vV. Smith.

SHEEPBRIDGE COAL AND IRON COMPANY.

The competition for the « W. B. 1\1. Jackson" Shield, open to works and collieries of the above Company, took place on the Newstead Miners' vVelfare cricket ground, where a large crowd witnessed the work done by sixteen teams.

AID. 87

Dr. K.. H. Be.verley and Dr. J. K. A. Beverley acted as Judges: their placmgs being, 1st, ewstead Colliery No.1, 224 2nd, Sheepbridg-e Stokes Castings Works No.1, 214 pomts 3rd, Langwith Colliery No.2, 197 points. At the close 1\lr. A. H. M. Jackson, general manager of N ewstead and son of the donor, presented the shield to the wmners, also gold medals and prizes to the runners-up.

Drs. Beverley congratulated the competitors on their work.

EPPLETON COLLIERY.

The Eppleton Colliery "0" team has just completed another remarkably good year in the competition world.

The trophies won are: "Donald Bain" Shield " orth Mail" Shield, Middleshro' Central Division Bowl' "Lord ]oicey's" Collieries Cup, " L. D. Cup,

Eppleton Colliery" D" Team.

From left, standing; ]. Greives, Esq. (Undermanag e r) , R. W. Widdowson, A. Hunter, N. Holmes, T. Duff, W. Stokoe, Esq. (Colliery Manager).

Seated: ]. Gilliland (captain), R. Stoker.

South Shields Open Competition Cup, Speedway Cup, Horden Collieries Open Competition.

All mem bers of the team are attached to the Hetton-IeHole Division of the St. John Ambulance Brigade and are to be congratulated on the successful year.

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FouND.-The following awards have been found and the owners can haye same on application to the respective persons who have sent in the particulars.

l\ledallion No. 376999. Apply Div. Supt. C. W. Hipkins, 3f, Tennyson Avenue, 10tspur Park, Surrey.

A silver miniature ledallion, o. 241940, found in the Blackpool Tower, Tuesday, September 24th. Apply Amb. Offic.er W. W. Briggs, 87, Adelaide Street, BlackpooI. Silver Medallion, No. 119047: War Badge No. 2983, London. Apply Corps Supt. C. W. Kersley, 28, Halstow Road, London, S. E.10.

When you write to any of our Advertisers kindly mention FIRST AID. It dosen't cost you anything and it pleases the Advertisers, and Us

Th e St. fohn Ambulance B rigade Dzstrzct Reports.

No. I (Prince of Wales's) D i strict.

On Monday evening, October 7th, C<l:Ptain W. Goodley, 1\1.e. Commissioner, presented 55 ServIce Medals and 71 Bars to Officers, N.e.O.'s, men and nurses of the No. 1 Distri ct.

One outstanding feature was that six mem.bers of Hackney Division received a'wards for serVIces whIch lotalled 205 years. They were Div. Supl. R J. I-Iayes, Staff Sergt. S. J. Fisk and Pte. J. J. Rogers, fifth bar; Staff Sergt. T. \Voodbridge, fourth bar; Corpl. F. J ordap. third bar' and Amb. Officer L. Howard, first bar ThIS, we think,' must be a record for one division. Division was also to the fore, seven awards bemg presented for 172 years' service.

On Sunday, October 6th, a service was held at the Priory Church of The Order for the Blessed Gerard and was attended by members of the Northern Area, No. 1 District.

There was a good attendance, especially nurses, to hear the preacher, who was Bishop R S. Fyffe, D.D., SubPrelate of the Order.

The parade was under the command of Captain A. e. 'White Knox, M.e., M.B., who was accompanied by his Staff Officers, District Officer e. T. Osborn and Lady District Officer 11rs. M. I\IacFadden.

Sir Percival Wilkinson (Secretary-General) and Lady District Supt. 1\1iss Walker were among those present.

DAGEffiIA.I.\1.-The Annual Competition for the" D.B. Howard" Divisional First Aid Trophy was held on Thursday, September 26th, and after a good contest, Pte. L. A. Heath was adjudged the winner by a very small margin. The present holder, Pte. H. W. Blower, was second, and Pte. F. II. Deacon third. Mrs. Howard, the donor of the Trophy, was present during the tests, and acted as time-keeper.

A party of members of the Division paid a visit to Yorkshire on October 12th and 13th, leaving home on the Friday night. On the Saturday a visit was paid to a colliery and a competition held during the afternoon, in which several local teams competed. The evening was spent at the Wath Feast. On Sunday visits were made to the \Vath I\Iines Rescue Station and to several Colliery Ambulance Rooms. The journey home was made on Sunday night. Thanks of the Division are due to Supt. J. Poole, of West Melton Division, for his kindly interest in the pro j ecL

Members of the Division are assisting the Dagenham Branch of the Association in running' an exhibition demonstrating the apparatus needed for the operating Theatre of Romford Victoria Hospital. The apparatus includes an up-to-date operating table, shadowless lamp, sterilisers, etc. The exhibition is being held in connection with a Trade Exhibition in Romford, and it is hoped to raise sufficient funds to purchase the whole of the apparatus on show. The Romford, Hornchurch and Upminster \Vomen's Detachments of the RR.e.S. are also assisting.

No. 108 (EusToN) DrvrsroN.-A course of lectures on First Aicl to the Injured for men commenced on

October 9th at Divisional Headquarters, Rylands Hall, vVhitefield Institute, Tottenham Court Road, Should any readers wish to attend lhe now remal11111g lectures particulars can be obtained from Amb. Officer F. W. Edwards, 51, Duckett Road, Homsey,. N.4, or at Di\'isional Headquarters on Wednesday evenmgs.

HENDoN.-SaJcombe, South Devon, was the venue fur the annual camp of the Hendon Cadet Division CadetSupt. F. H . Hurford was in charge and ideal weather prevailed. .

Trips Vv ere taken to varIOUS parts ?f the Coun.ty, includino' one to Plymouth, where an enJoyahle and Interesting day was spent in the Dockyards visiting the warships An event.ful time was spent on board

Carrier H.M.S. Eagle, where ceaseJess questIOns we.re answered by the sailors. A mimic attack on a food ShIp, escorted by two destroyers, was wilnessed, whi lst a replica of Sir Francis Drake's ship" The Golden Hind," was seen sailing the harbour.

The farm at which the Cadets camped was rebuJ!t from an old historical castle which was inhabitated by Charles 1.

The Cadets' motto "For the Service of Mankind," was put into action b; the help given t? farmer in tying and stacking corn and barle!, mIlkmg the cows, feeding the pigs and in general helpl11g could, which delighted them immensely. Rabblt-catchl11g was another evening pastime and the Cadets were well rewarded with their catches, which pleased the farmer at the same time, he being overrun with them. Aft.er two weeks crammed with excitement the Camp was brought to an end .

SOUTHALL.-The eighth annual service organised by the Southall Division was held on Sunday, September 15th, at the Palace Cinema, Southall. The parade, which was attended by and held in conjunction with the local R.A.O.R lodges, assembled in Adelaide Road and marched to the Cinema. Associations taking part in the procession, in addition to the Brigade and the RA .O.R, were the Old Contemptibles, British Legion, 317th Anti-Aircraft Co., RE. (T.), Southall and Staines fire brigades, a n d the Royal Artillery Association.

The service was conducted by the Rev J. B. Harington Evans (vicar of Holy Trinity) and the Rev. T H. Butlin (vicar of St. John's).

Col. J T. Woolrych Perowne, V.D., T.D., Hospitaller of the Order, addressed the gathering and referred the fact that Southall Division was celeb r ating its SlIver Jubilee this year. During the years its histo r y was one of continuous progress and increased efficiency After expressing appreciation of the fraternal spirit sh own by organisations in joining the Brigade in the Service, Col. Perovme took a text for his address and chose that of the Good Samaritan. The speaker traced the histo r y of the local division and then referred to the origin o f the movement. Duties carried out by Brigade personne l was given

After the service Col. Perowne inspected the parade.

On Wednesday, October 2nd, the Southa ll Di vis ion

FIR S T

celebrated its Silver Jubilee, when a dinner was he ld at Fairlawn Hall.

Dr. A B. Brook (former ly Div. Surgeon) pres ided, accompanied by Mrs. Brook, and supported by Col. J. T. Woolrych Pcrowne, Capt. H. A. Fenton (District Surgeon), M r ] . Grossman, Dr. M. ]. Arnott and Dr. J. Flynn (Div. Surgeons), Supt. J. E Taylor, Lt -Col. J. ]. Llewellin, l\I.P., Councillor W. Garrod, J.P. (Chairman, Southa ll Counci l) Dr. E. H. R. Smithard M.O. I I., Drs. e. Vi. Scceombc) e. Cogswell, J. A. MacCarthy W. J. Craw ford and G. N. Fox, and other supporters of the Division.

Capt. Fenton proposed the toast" Divisional Surgeons -past and present," to which Dr. F lynn replied.

Memories of the start of the Brigade in Southall were recalled by 1Ir ]. Grossman in submitting the toast of the" Brigade and the No 55 Southall Ambulance Division." It. was, he said, 28 years ago in a little shed behind an irol1monger's shop that Supt. Taylor and I, and a couple of R.A.M.e. privates, started to form the Southail seclion of the Brigade. From that small beginning. he added, they had grown to that wonderful division which was doing such excellent work for humanity We feel that the Ambulance Brigade in Southall is something of which to be proud.

Replying lo the toast, Supt. J. E. Taylor stated that lhey had gradually gone on year by year increasing their numbers, increasing their interest from the public, and getting splendid support from the Council.

Supt. Taylor regretted the loss of Dr. Brook, who had left the district, but cup left behind by the fonner divisional surgeon had caused keen competition, being won hy SergI.. R Goodman.

Winners of other trophies were announced by Supl. Taylor as follows :-" Supl. Stone" Cup, Sergt. R W. Elines, Sergt. D. Gordon, Ptes. R Mead and A. W. Rowledge; ,( Willett" Cup, Cadets W. Matthews, J. V. March and W. Andrews.

In conclusion, Supt. Taylor paid tribute to the work of all officers, n'on ·commissioned officers and men in the Division, and said it was due to that spirit of unity that the Division was in the flourishing condition it was to-day. Other toasts given and responded to were: "The Visitors," by Dr. M. J. Arnott, to which Col. Perowne responded, and (. The Chai rman," by Col. Llewellin, response by Dr. Brook.

l\Ir. G. A. Creesey acted as loast master, and Mr. e. ]. Hutchinson was M.e. for the dancing. Music was supplied by the Nimbus Dance Orchestra.

No II. District.

BRISTOL.-The Fishponds Brigade of the City of Bristol Co r ps was or igina ll y B razil Straker of the "A" Division, but when this firm closed down it was carried on as lhe Fishponds section until 1930 when it was registered as a Division

The Division has a successful competition career. In 1931 they won the Corps "Harrison" Cup and have retained the trophy each ycar. They also held the " Beavis" Cup for two years, 1932 and 1933, and during the present year they have won the "Price" Cup and, through obtaining this trophy, represented the County at Bristol and Reading for th.e "Oxo" Cup

This year they entered for the" Squire," "l\{ather" and " Novice" Cups Competitions of the Bristol Centre S.J.A.A., and were successful in all three) a very fine achievement. This was the first occasion that the " Mather" and" ovice" Cups had been won by the same team,

A I D. 89

At the time the Division holds five out of eIght helongl11g. to the Association and Brigade. Smce the formatIOn of the Section, and then Division It has been uncler the supervision of Mr. H. J effries,

Fishpond Division, Cily of Bristol Corps. is now Div. must be made of the great help and valuable adVIce gIven at all times by Div. Surgeon Dr. Vintner.

SOUTIIsE.\.-Recently the members of the South sea Ambulance Division held their first annual outino- . Accompanied by friends they left by for Hindhead, \Vaggoners Wells and, by way of Churt and Farnham, to Winchester where tea was served.

The homeward journey was by way of Bishop's \ Valtham and the party arrived back at 9.30 p.m. after a very enjoyable day.

No. III. District.

opening of the \Vinter Social Season of the Birmingham N.e.O.'s Club took the form of a concert and was held on September 28th.

The guests of the evening were the D.O.'s and senior N.e.O.'s of the 143rd Field Ambulance (T.A.) who, with their wiYes and friends, enjoyed an excellent programme arranged by Sergi. vV. P. Lmve (Hon. Secretary).

Sergt.-:"1ajor A \V. Drew (Chairman) proposed the health of the visitors, to which Sergt.-Major Stevens (RA.l\I.C.) responded, remarking on the "Esprit de Corps" which exis ted between the two units.

Capt. Price (Corps Supt., Birmingham B Corps), also expressed pleasure at being a guest.

STOURBRIDGE. - A parade and public meeting was held on September 8th, to celebrate the 21st anniYersary of the Stourbridge Division.

The para.de assembled in Foster Street and, headed by the Lye Salvation Army Band, marched to the Town Hall. Representatives from neighbouring Divisions attended, whilst amono- those on parade was Supt. E. Davies, Amb. Officers W. E. \Veaver and A. E. Roden (Stourbridge), County Surgeon H. e. Darby, County Officer P. H. Schofield., Corps Supt. A. Winbow, Corps Officer Morris Christopher (Mayor of Wolverhampton), Corps Officer E. Lakin. Corps Sergt.-Major H. \"'ebb and officers of other Divisions

Viscount Cobham presided over the meeting, supported by representatives of the religious, public and social l ife of the district.

The Chairman said the object of the meeting was a

worthy one and a very just celebration, for was formed in the dark days of the War. Hls Lordshlp went on to give the origin of The Order through the ages. b'd ) Alderman]. Wright (Mayor of .Stour :I. &,e conveyed to the members ?f the Stourbndge DIvISlOn congratulations and good wlshes from the Borough, Corporation and Citizens of that Borough. . .

The Dean of Worcester (Canon A W. Davles) 111 his address referred to his connection town ar: d commented on the splendid work of the DlvlslOn. TheIr record was one of which they had every reason to be proud.Supt.

Davies expressed thanks to th.ose who had assisted that afternoon. They were partlcularly proud that Viscount Cobham was officially connected WIth the ambulance movement, being President of the local centre of the Association. He also thanked, among others, Mr. F. S. Bolton, ex-Supt. of the Division, to whom they owed a great deal of gratitude.

last respects. Representatives from other Divisions in the Manchester and Salford Corps attended, and there were many beautiful floral emblems.

OLDI-IAM.-About 450 delegates attended the fourth Annual District Conference at Oldham, Saturday, September 28th. Admirable arrangements were made by Corps Supt. Williams and his Corps. Prior to the actual meeting the members of the Dlstnct Staff and Corps Staff were entertained to lunch by the Mayor, who also offered a welcome to the delegates prior to the business meeting, which was held ill the Co-operative Hall) King Street. Major Blackmore) O.B.E.) Air Raid Precautions Staff Officer to the Chief Commiss ioner) and Corps Surgeon Capt. N W. Rawlings) on A,ir Raid Precautions and the teach1l1g of Fnst Ald respectlVely.

All who had contributed to the success of the meeting were suitably thanked and the proceedings were closed with the National Anthem.

Stourbridge Division, DudJey and District Corps.

No. IV. District CHESHIRE.

STALYBRIDGE.-The sum of £38 16s. was realised by the Stalybridge Ambulance and Nursing Divisions as the result of their flag day. Such a sum is a sure sign of the recognition of the public to the work done) and members of the Brigade greatly appreciate the assistance given. Every possible hour was sacrificed by members of both Divisions and the increased takings amply repaid them.

Stalybridge Divisions are making rapid strides and, with a view of having their own headquarters, are contemplating holding a Bazaar.

LANCASHIRE.

LrvERPOOL.-Austin Durrans, general manager of the Astoria, Walton Road) Liverpool) is Hon. President of the Aintree Ambulance Division) and in the last four years has been instrumental in raising £100 for the organisation. Through his efforts a First Aid Hut was opened on the East Lancashire Road a short time ago, and this has dealt with 150 cases; alongside the First Aid Hut there has just been opened a hut for the Nursing Association, this being the first of its kind in Liverpool.

MANCHESTER.-It is with regret that we record the passing of Amb. Officer N. Fitton) of Gorton Division. He was laid to rest at the Southern Cemetery) Manchester, on September 21st) and the members of the Gorton Amhulance and Nursing Divisions paraded to pay their

PREsTcN.-According to the annual report of the Preston Corps increases in membership continues, a pleasing feature being the increase in the juvenile ranks. Total personnel is now 335) being composed of 149 ambulance , 131 nursing and 55 cadet members.

., Services were rendered at numerous events, FIrst AId stations proving of great value. Seven nyrses a week's Military Hospital training and obta1l1ed satisfactory results. In the competition arena the Corps Ambulance team were successful in the "Lamport" Challenge Cup event for the seco[ld year) whilst in the. District Nurses' competition the High School team obtall1ed 2nd place (" Southport" Cup) and Co-operative .4th in the "Trimble" Shield event· the Co-operatlve obta1l1ed 1st place in the" Howard" R;se Bowl) High being 2nd; the latter team also won the Home N urs1l1g Challen ge Shield. In the Corps Competit ions the results were: Ambulance: "Galloway" Cup, Headquarters; "Smith" Cup, Cadet Singleton; "Johnstone" Cup, Cadet F. Salthouse. Nursing: The" Woods" Rose Bowl and" Derham" Cup, won by Miss Sellers) High School Divisior:. The Medical Stores rendered much useful se rVI ce, t hanks being due to Mrs. Birkett and her helpers. Very satisfactory reports were received from inspecting officers, and thanks are due to the whose assistance in lecturing) etc.) is much apprecIated.

WIGAN.-A Church Parade of the members of the Brigade was held at the being held at the Ashton ParIsh Church (Holy Tnl11ty), conducted by the Rector of Ashton (the Rev. W. R. H. Hall). There was an exceptionally large congregation.

FIR S T

Ambulance men from the Ashton Divisions, under Amb Officer Powell and Sergt. Green) and the Divisiom from Wigan) Standish) Orrell, Hindley) Inc e and Haydock assemb led at the Market Square) and were escorted by the North Ashton Brass Band and the Lord Gerard's Own Scout Bugle Band The parade caused a great deal of interest in the district) and the route was lined with spectators. Many officials of the Brigade attended the parade, and these included Corps Supt. Potter, Corps SurO'eon Boyd, Corps Officer Bolton, and Corps S.M. Parker Members of the proposed Ashton Nursing Division under Mrs. Varcay also paraded.

During hi s address the Rector of Ashton briefly sketched the history of the Brigade since it s inception in 1877. Lik ening the work of the Brigade to that of a Cfuistian) the Rector said it was fitting that the Ashton Branch should attend the Parish Church to receive the blessing of the Church in their work. They would go from the presence of God strengthened and encouraged in the great work they did for mankind.

After the service the men returned to the Market Square.

No. V. District.

LEEDs.-Once again) on the occasion of \II/oodhousc Feast, the City Division of the Leeds Corps) under the command of Supt. H. Outhwaite) were called upon for duty on Woodhouse Moor.

During the period of the feast) September 70th to 24th, thirty cases were treated at the Ambulance Tent erected 011 the fair ground) four of which were removed to the General Infirmary for further treatment.

The Ambulance Division were very ably assisted by 35 Officers and Ambulance Sisters of the Victoria Nursing Division, tmder Lady Supt. Mrs. J. L. Renton, working in relays of one Officer and four Sisters in turns of four hours duration.

Corps Surgeon S. T. Rowling paid a visit of inspection to the Ambulance Tent and expressed himself satisfied with the arrangements made. Div. Surgeons Drs. H. Sugare and L. C. Lodge a lso did duty, and on two occasions one of the oldest members) Res. Corps Officer A. Abbott, arrived to do his bit.

During this same period 25 Officers and men of the Ambulance Division did) in all) 325 hours of duty) in some cases in torrential rain.

Thanks are due to all ranks for untiring service, especially the acting Div. Storekeeper) Pte. E. Hanclyside, who, in spite of the worst gale experienced in Leeds for some considerable time, stayed Dn duty the whole of the night of Thursday, September 19th.

NOTTINGHAM.-The Nottingham Corps) as in pl-evious years, undertook the ambulance duties in connection with the Goose Fair, held in the Forest, Nottingham, on Thursday, Friday and Saturday) October 3rd, 4th and 5th. The First Aid Station, kindly provided by the Nottingham Corporation, was open from Monday) September 30th, to Sunday, October 6th) Staff Sergt. Longstaff and ,Corpl. Morland being in attendance at the Station for the time prior to the opening of the Fair at noon on October 3rd and after the closing about n'lidnight on Saturday.

Members of the Ambulance and Nursing' Divisions of the Corps were on duty and staffed the Station and patrolled the Fair Gro und each day from about 10 a.m. until afte r midnight) upwards of 300 cases being recorded. The maJority of the patients were abrasions and fainting cases, but amongst the more serious ones was a lady who received a severe bite from a monkey, a youth who fell from a roundabout and sustained a lacerated wound of

A I D. 91

the leg) necessitating stitching by Dr. G. H. Parker, the Corps Surgeon) who was on duty at the time) and who also attended to a man who received lacerations caused by falling when climbing over a fence.

The arrangements were supervised by Corps Supt.

A. G. Weller and Lady Corps Supt. Mrs. Paling, assisted by Officers .o! the Ambulance and Nursing Divisions.

. addItIon to the First Aid Station) the Nursing Dlvlslons also staffed each day of the Fair a Children's Creche. where babies and young children could be left and lost chIldren cared for until claimed or restored to their parents.. creche arrangements were supervised by L ady DI.stnct Officer Miss W. Gibson) as in former years, a?d dunng the three days 70 children) including a baby SIX weeks old) were left at the creche, and 28 lost children were dealt with.

No. VIII. ( Duke of Connaught's ) Oistrict.

.

The largest school of instruction on air raid precautIons yet held by the Brigade took place on October 5th and 6th, when some 275 Officers of the No. 8 District including a few from No. 1 District, met at the Great Central Hotel) London, to receive extensive instruction with a view to becoming instructors in their own areas.

At the outset, Commissioner A. C. Richards introduced the Chairman) Dr. W. Bentall) O.B.E.) and other lecturers, and emphasised the importance of being' prepared for any emergency that might arise.

The Chairman then introduced the subject and the syllabus, calling upon Mr C. E. Bower to give Lecture No.1.

This dealt with the history of the use of chemicals iI: warfare Whilst most persons were under the impresSIon that 1915 saw the first use of such] it a definite fact that as long ago as 431 B.C. the Spartans burned wood soaked with sulphur and pitch. Other instances were given, until the lecturer reached the first attack during the Great War in 1915. Literature of the subject was then given and) for the benefit of readers) the works suggested were : " Effect against Gas)" price 2d.; "Tactical Notes on Defence against Gas)" price 4d.; "l\Ianual of Treatment of Gas Casualties)" price 2s.; and "The Official History of the War) Medical Services) Diseases of the War," Vol. 2) price 25s. These were in addition of the A.R.P. Handbooks, of which No. 2 was the basis for teaching.

Mr. E. W. Jackson then lectured on "Glossary of Words or Technical Terms contained in A.R.P. No.2." These, in some cases) were enlarged upon by simple experiments which were of an interesting nature.

Lecture No.2 was given by Mr. J. P. Flavin, who dealt with the su b j ects of weather condi tions and the effects on gases and also the method of projection. The lecturer pointed out how high winds) rain and the presence or absence of foliage affected the severity of the gases and also the effect of climatic conditions. Bombs from aircraft was the method suggested to be the most effective in attack, as such would not have to withstand the shock of discharge from a gun and could have a much thinner casing, thereby containing a larger quantity of gas

Mr. C. E. Bower gave lecture No.3) dealing with the classification of gases. The lecturer also explained what 010king Gases were and their effects on the human body.

Lt.-Col. S. Hunt) M B.) gave the last lecture for the first day, dealing with Tear and Nose Gases also Non-War Gases. The latter might be thought to be misnamed, but the lecturer pointed out that various gases such as carbon dioxide could be utilised but were not actually war gases.

Saturday evening was given over to an excellent variety performance presented by Mr. Joe Grossman, of the British International Pictures) Ltd. Film) Stage and

B.B.e. Stars gave their services as a gesture from their profession to the work of the Brigade. The artistes included the Geraint vVilliams Orchestra, Farr and Fern] Syd Brossley, Italia Conti]s Famous Children, !<atrina Boranoff] Ken Warrington, Tony Smythe] and Starr, Alec Davies, Haver and Lee, Gene Harns] Eve Lynette The Cadyle Cousins, Bert Hollman, and Syd Courten'ay and Lola Harvey. Commissioner Richards thanked Mr. Grossman and his friends for their excellent programme which was greatly appreciated.

Blistering Gases were dealt with on Stmday morning . Dr. Bentall dealt with Lewisite Gas] its symptoms and first aid treatment] and also the nature and action of Mustard Gas. Treatment of this gas was given by Mr. e. E. Bower, being followed by a description of protective clothing from 1\'[r. J. P. Flavin and decontamination by Dr. Bentall.

For two hour practical work followed under the direction of 1\1r. L. R. Allum. All present did gas mask drill to become used to working in masks.

Other lectures were Protection of Rooms for Treatment and Shelter] given by Mr. Bower] who fully explained the use of the air-lock; the Organisation of Aid Stations] by Dr. Bentall, and Specialised Treatment] by Dr. Corbet Fletcher.

The course closed with a short address on A.RP. Organisation by Major H S. Blackmore, O.B.E., M.Re.S

Before dispersing those in attendance] at the instigation of 1\'[r. Richards, passed a vote of thanks to the Chairman] lecturers and all who had in any way assisted.

The course was organised by Major P. G. DarvilSmith (Brigade Headquarters Secretary) and District Officer H. J. Wrigglesworth, to whom congratulations are extended for the splendid smooth running of the course

ROClIESTER.-On Sunday, September 8th] the new and splendidly equipped motor ambulance of the City of Rochester Division was dedicated by the Dean of Rochester (Dr. Francis Underhill).

The dedication service was attended Ly the Mayor (Councillor William Longley) and Mayoress, Dr. N. Corbet Fletcher (Asst. Surgeon-in-Chien Sir Park Goff] K.C.] M.P.] District Officer T. Potts] members of the Rochester N ur:;ing and Cadet Divisions] and representatlves from neighbouring Divisions.

The Mayor, presenting the ambulance to Dr. Corbet said the Brigade]s devotion to duty was beyond praIse and the self-sacrificc of its members on behalf of the public ,,,as outstanding.

In accepting the ambulance, Dr. Corbet Fletcher detailed briefly. the part taken by The Order of St. John 111 the provIsIon of transport for patients-stretcher litter horse ambulance and now motor-since 1874 ] realised what The Order had done in this respect. He then placed the ambulance in the custody of Supt. A. Cole of the Rochester Division. ]

A civic inspection followed, after which tea was in Corn Exchange. Here] the Mayor, vOlcmg a hlgh tnbute to the work of the Division stated that during the past six years the old ambuladce had carried 5]066 patients and had travelled 57,000 miles.

Dr. S::orbet Fletcher spoke in praise of the smartness and effiCIency of the members on parade and said his report of the Division to the Chief would be one of admiration.

TUNBRIDGE WELLs.-The Tunbridge Wells Division has ad.ded another modern ambulance to its present fleet of and on Sunday] September 15th] the Rev e. A. McCormICk dedicated the new car.

The Mayor (Council.lor. E. B. Weekes] J.P ) handed over the ambulance to Dlstnct Secretary H. J. Wriggles-

AID.

worth] who was deputising for the County Commissioner, Major W. H. F. Noble. He was sure the whole town owed a debt of gratitude to the Brigade for their work.

M r. Wrigglesworth] in accepting the ambulance] reminded those present that the Tunbridge Wells Division was the second oldest ambulance unit in the British Empire. He charged Supt. Whibbey to use the ambulance for the sick and suffering of Tunbridge Wells.

Among those supporting the Mayor were Me A. R. Kelsey (Divisional vice-President)] Div. Surgeon A. M.

The new Standard Ambulance of the Tunbridg-e Wells Division.;

Pollock, Inspector F. Hilton (representing the Chief Constable)] and the Rev. H. J. Warner, who assisted the Rev. C. A. McCormick.

The ambulance is on a Standard 20 h.p. chassis fitted with special ambulance springing] hydraulic shock absorbers and medium pressure tyres. Tunnel ventilators are provided on each side of the windscreen for additionai interior ventilation. The screen and windows are of Triplex safety glass, the window being adjustable on spring balances and fitted with spring roller light-proof blinds. The interior is fitted "lith a stretcher designed by members of the local Di\'ision] and there is provision for an emergency stretcher in addition to accommodation for sitting patients and attendants. All interior fabric is washable.

No. IX. Distric t.

TORQuAY -The annual inspection of the Torquay and Paignton ambulance and nursing Divisions and. Torquay and Paignton cadet nursing Divisions took place at Torquay Recreation Ground on September 29th.

Following an open-air service] conducted by Rev. W. H. C. Williams] Vicar of St. Luke's, the four Divisions were inspected by Asst. County Commissioner H. J. Vick and Lady County Officer Mrs. R. Balsdon] who were accompanied by Div . Surgeon J. Quinlan and Dr. H. C. Adams] Surgeon of the Paignton Division.

Mr. Vick took the salute at a march past, and demonstrations of first aid were watched by an interested gathering which included the Mayor of Torquay (Mr. A. L. J. D]Espiney)] the deputy Mayor (Mr. W. Denis Thomas)] Alderman E. H. Sermon, Colonel Rowland Ward] Mr. Frank Callard (President, Torquay Rughy Club)] Mrs. Field of the Division), Mr. J. S. Huggl11s (ChaIrman] Palgnton Urban Council)

Mr. W. White (Secrebary, Torquay Rugby Club)] Mr: R A. Edgcombe (Chairman, Rugby Club), and Mrs. M. Warneford (President of the Nursing Division).

The was in charge of Supt. E. W. Hingston, Palgnton DlvlslOn, and music was supplied by the Torquay Salvation Army Band.

FIRST

The A ssistant Commissioner referred to the air raid precautions and pointed out that Brigade members were not belligerents or acting in any way as fighting forces. They were just getting prepared to undertake the removal of, and attend to, casualties in the event of air raids.

The Mayor paid tribute to the work done by the Divisions and congratulated the members on their efficiency. He referred to the duties done on the beaches and thanked them for the many public services rendered.

N o. X. UiHrict.

YARMOUTH.-The Yarmouth and Gorleston Divisions were inspected by County Commissioner T. A. Cook, M.P.] on Sunday, September 22nd.

The Yarmouth Division was under Supt. H. S. Oglesby, whilst Supt R e. Hannant was in charge of the Gorleston Division. In addition representatives of the Yarmouth Nursing Division] under Miss A. Fiddy, were also present.

Mr. Cook, who was welcomed by the Mayor (Mr. Arthur Harbord] M .P.), and the Chief Constable (Mr. B. W. Smith), witnessed a display of drill and later inspected the parade

The inspecting officer, who was accompanied by County Officer W. H. Balls, expressed himself much impressed with the parade and congratulated all members on their high standard of efficiency.

The Mayor presented· Amb. Officer J. W. Westmoreland with a Vote of Thanks on Vellum, of the Order of St. J 01111] in appreciation of his services for ambulance work.

The Chief Constable said Mr. Westmoreland]s ambulance work had been well-known and appreciated in several other places besides Yarmouth. He became identified with ambulance work in 1904] and in 1906 joined the Spalding brigade] which he left with the rank of Sergeant in 1916 to come to Yarmouth. He was promoted an officer in 1932, and was still an active member of the M. and G.N.R. ambulance association) with which he had been connected th roughout the period of his first aid work.

NORTH WALSHAM.-The annual inspection of the North Walsham Division was held on Sunday] September 22nd. The parade was in charge of Supt. G. B. F1:1ller ] others present being the president] Mr. John Dlxon and Dr. J. Duncan Hart] M.e. (Div. Surgeon).

Asst. Commissioner T. A. Cooke, M .P., carried out the inspection, being accompanied by County Officer W. H. Balls. Members demonstrated stretcher work and subsequently paraded in Park Lane, where lVIr. Cook conthem on their smartness and efficiency. He publicly to congratulate Supt. G. B. Fuller on hav111g conferred upon him the honour of being admitted a Serving Brother of The. Order.

. M.r. Cook added that they were extremely fortunate 111 the able of Dr. Hart and the support of pron:111ent 111 the town such as Mr. John Dixon and MISS G. Wtlk111son. He hoped the neighbourhood as a whole would recognise that the Division was performing useful service that was voluntary from beginning to end.

Coming Events.

The Editor will be pleased to receive particulars of forth. coming events fur inclusion (free of charge) under this heading.

OCTOBER.

23.-First Welsh National Competition for Road Passenger Transport Teams, Cardiff.

Ham and Inter-District Challenge Cup CompetitIOn] Altmore Avenue School, East Ham.

27.-No. 85 (Borough of Ealing) Division, S.].A.B., Church Parade, St. Paul's Church.

NOVEMBER.

2.-Annual Dance No. 19 (Temple) ursing Di"ision S.]. A. B.] Westminster Cathedral Hall, S. W.1. ]

8.-Hospitaller's Club Meeting, Bonnington Hotel, London.

H. - Annual Dinner B. R. C. S. Blood Transfusion Service Empire Restaurant] Victoria. ]

16.-Eastern Area] 10. 1 (Prince of Wales's) District "Edith Ward" Shield Competition, Latham Road Schools] East Ham.

16.-" R. A. Jones" Challenge Cup Competition] Southendon-Sea.

23.-A.nnual Dinner] East Ham Division, S.] .A. B.

26.-MetropQlitan Police « Parson" Shield Competition Final. Peel House.

27. -Red Cross Ball, Grosvenor House, Lo:-:don

30.-No. 1 (Prince of Wales's) District, S.J.A.B.] Annual Officers' Dinner] Great Central Hotel] l\larylebone. DECEMBER.

7.-Eastern Area] No. 1 (Prince of \Vales's) District, "Statham" Trophy Competition, Conference Hall, West Ham Lane.

13.-Hospitaller's Club Meeting] Bonnington Hotel, L o ndon.

British Red Cross Society.

MEMBERS of the City of London Branch, B. R.C.S., of which the Lady Mayoress is President, were welcomed at the Mansion House on Tuesday, October 8th. The Lord YIayor and the Sheriffs were present. After the Colours had been transferred to the champion detachment (No. 24), a demonstration entitled "A First Aid Post at a Country Fair" was given.

Long service medals and bars were presented by the Lord Mayor, Col. Sir Stuart Sankey, K.C.V.O. (Chairman of the Branch), and Mr. George Gollin. The Lady Mayoress distributed the followi ng awards in addition to badges and bars-Perks Shield and City of London Territorial Association Shield, No. 24 Detachment Sankey Bowl, Miss Jarvis (No. 14 Detachment); Crosby Cup, No. 32 Detachment; Gollin Cup, Miss Gladys Tritton, (No. 24 Detachment) Frances Cup, Mrs. Noreen Aitken (No. 10 Detachment) ; Evans Cup, Miss Baker (No. 14 Detachment).

Afterwards the nurses were entertained at lea.

FIRST

Przory for f/Vales.

HEAnQUARTER NOTES.

The annual report of the Principal Commissioner for vVales for 1934, which has Just been gives many striking the high. rate at which ambulance work In Wales IS develop1l1g PartIcularly encouraging are the figures relating to the membership of the Brigade in Wales, quoted below.

Priory for Wales recently considered the question of organisina- annual Welsh Brigade Final Contests for representative teams for the nineteen Centres in Wales with the result that it was agreed to work up the Centre Contests durincr 1936 in preparation for the initiation of Cadet Finals in 1937. A difficulty 'which frequently arises in Cadet competitions is the varied extent of the knowledge possessed by the competitors, as Cadets on attaining the age of 16 years are required to take the Senior Certificate though still remaining mem bers of Cadet Un its. It has been decided therefore to organise the competitions in two sections for boys and two for girls, viz. (1) for those between the ages of 11-16 trained only on the Preliminary textbook, and (2) those of 16-18 years in possession of the Senior Certiucate.

Year by year the Priory is adding Lo its programme of competitions; and this a notable addition will be the Welsh National Road Transport Ambulance Competition for teams of men employed by Road Passenger Transport U ndertakings, which takes place this month for the first time.

During the summer months there has been considerably more activity than usual among Brigade U nits by reason of their desire to become proficient in the treatment of gas casualties according- to the recently published textbook " Air Raid Precautions Handbook No.2." The seriousness with which Welsh Brigade members are regarding this opportunity for increasing their qualifications to render public assistance under every conceivable circumstance is indicated in the fact that nearly 1,000 copies of the handbook have been purchased from the Stores Department by Brigade personnel, although a syllabus and standard of examination are only now on the point of issue.

AMBULANCE WORK DURH,G ABERDARE CARN1VAL WEEK.

PRESENTATlONS AT PENRIllWCElBER.

The ann u al presentation concert of the- Penrhiwceiber Ambulance Class was held on Saturday, Octobe r 5th, at t h e Cwm Cynon HaJl, Penrhiwceiber, when over a hundred awards were presented to members of the Clas.;;, the Brigade Division and Cadets.

Mr. R. C. Morgan, M.E., in the absence of the President, Mr. W. A Morgan, M.E., presided, supported by the Hon. J. H. Bruce, Principal Secretary and Commissioner for Wales, Dr. J. M. Wilson, Centre Commissioner, Aberdare, Mr. Gomer Davies, Assistant-Commissioner, Staff Officer Glyn Davies, Dr. Gwilym Pierce, Centre Surgeon and Dr. J. F. Scales, Divisional Surgeon.

Dr. W ilson presented first aid certificates, remarking that he had watched with pleasure the growth of the Cwm Cynon Divisoni.

lectur es i n Element a r y Anatom y*

By A DOCTOR.

THE word Anatomy is derived from two Greek words meaning, "I cut up." It is the science which deals with the form and structure of the parts of the human body, the smallest partIcle of which of which is called a Cell. This is composed of jelly-like substance called Protoplasm, with a central part called the Nucleus. There are various kinds of cells, such as bone cells, muscle cells, epithelial cells, etc.

The noteworthy increase in Cadet membership calls for a final reference of gratitude and appreciation for the grant of £3,000 from the Pilgrim Trust, the last instalment of which is reflected in the past year's fig-ures. The effect of this g-rant cannot be summed up completely in figures - encouraging as it may be to record an increase of 69 Cadet Units and 2,185 personnel during the period 1931 to 1934. It was a clarion call for a special endeavour on the part of the Senior Divisions, who where challenged to earn grant by putting up one-third of the amount required; and the response was wholly of the St. John spirit.

Having recruited such a fine body of Cadets, the chief consideration now is the maintenance of interest; and as in the case of the seniors annual competitions are proving the most effective agency. The Ambulance Committee of the

Although Aberdare Park was gay during the Carnival \-\leek, it was soon proved that ambulance provisions were likely to be needed; and no less than 200 cases were actually attended to by either the Sl. John or Red Cross personnel on duty. Members of the following Divisions of the Brigade participated in the work :- Dyffryn Aman Ambulance and Nursing, Aberdare Ambulance and Nursing, Abercwmboi and Cwmaman Ambulance. The First Aid Committee are indebted to Mrs. T. Walter vVilliams, R.R.C., for her services in lending beds and bedclothes for the First Aid Stations at the Parle The Boy Cadets did yeoman service to their seniors, both Red Cross and St. John's, throughout the week. The duties were organised by a Committee consisting of Chairman, Staff Officer Emrys James; viceChairman, Staff Officer Glyn Davies; Supt. ]. Jefferies; Amb. Officer Dd. Davies; Supt. D. R. Williams; Supt. D. Williams; Supt. J. C. Parker; Hon. Sergt., C. S. Craven; Supt. J. North and Section Leader Dan Isaac (B. R. C. S.). The organising Secretary, to whom praise is due for the excellent arrangements, was Cadet Supt. George T. Jones, Duffryn Aman Division.

Ambulance Competitions featured in the programme and were carried out very successfully. In the open competition, judged by Dr. Haydn Stubbins, Ystalyfera and Mr. C M. Kitto, Tredegar Rescue Station, 1st place was secured by Ystradgynlais (Capt. D. J. Walters), 2nd by Duffryn Aman.

Trelewis (Capt. A. S. Bounds) was successful in the Boy Cadet Contest, second place being divided between Duffryn Aman and Ogmore Vale,

In the Girl Competition, 1st place was awarded to Ferndale B (Capt. E. R. Thomas), followed by Ferndale A.

Tnspection of Holyhead Division, 1935.

The first Brigade Inspection to be held in the Anglesey Centre, took place in the grounds of Ra\-ens Point, the home of the Commissioner, Sir Henry Mulleneux Grayson, Bart., K.B.E., who is seen on the right of the Commissioner for vVales (the Hon. John H. Bruce). The new Ambulance, towards the purchase of which a grant was made by the Home Service A mbulance Committee, is proving a valuable acquisition.

Staff Officer Glyn Davies presented the Cadet awards ard Mr. Gomer Davies the vouchers. Both encouraged the reci pients.

The Hon. J. H. Bruce addressed the gathering on the objects of the Brigade and the value of servil e. He presented a Service Medal of the Order for 15 years' service to Supt. W. Anthony, who joined the Mountain Ash Division in 1918; wa.;; promoted Ambulance Officer in 1929; transferred to the Cwn Cynon Division, and promoted Superintendent in 1932.

During the evening an excellent programme of music was given, being organised by Cadet Supt. 1\1. R. Morgan and Sergt. J H. Thomas.

Votes of thanks to the urchestra and artistes who ga\'e their services, and to the Chairman, terminated the proceedings.

The class secretary was Mr. W. J. Richards.

When correspond ing wl t.h ad vertisers ktndly :n ent ion /I FIRST AID ."

Tissues.-Collections of cells are called Tissues, such as bone tissue, muscle tissue, etc.

Organs.-Particular parts of the body which have special functions to perform are called Organs, such as the lungs, which are the organs of respiration. These organs are com posed of more than one kind of tissue; the heart is composed of muscular tissue, nervous tissue, fatty t issue, and connective tissue.

Systems - The organs of the body are arranged in Systems according to the functions w h ich they perform, such as :-

The Osseous or bony system.

The Muscular system.

* Reprinted by courtesy of tht; Irish Nursing and H()sjital World

The Alimentary or Digestive system

The Circulatory system. The Respiratory system. The ":\ en'ous system.

The Lymphatic or AbsorptiYe system

The Osseous or Bony System -The skeleton is the bony framework of the body, it is made up of a number of bones, some of which are separated by cartilage. The bones provide attachment for the muscles, they also support and protect the softer structures of the body.

There are 206 bones in dn adult skeleton, arranged as follo\\'s :-

Bones of the head and trunk: "\Tertebral col, umn, 26; Skull, 22; Hyoid bone, 1; Ribs and sternum, 25.

Bones of the extrem ities: L pper extrem ity, 6-l- j Lower extremity, 61 ; Bones of the ear, 6.

The bones are div'ided into four types: long, short, flat, and irregular. The long bones are found in the lim bs and consist of a shaft and t\VO extremities example, Humerus, Femur, Radius

Short bones are found in the wrist and ankle. Flat bones are fOJ.nd on the outer surface of the cranium. Irregular in the spinal column.

The back-bone, or vetebral column, is the central portion of the skeleton to ,,,hich all the other bones are attached, either directly or indirectly. It supports the skull, which rests on the first vertehra, which is called the Atlas.

The Skull. - Consists of the Cranium (or brain box) and the Face. The cranium consists of 8 bones, the face ot 1+ .

The Bones of the Cranium.-One Frontal, one Occipital, two Parietal, two Temporal, one Sphenoid, one Ethmoid.

The Bones of the Face.- T,,'o Superior }Iaxillary, two 1\ asal, two Lachrymal, two Palatal, one I nferior t\\'o }Ialar, two I nferior Turbinated, one

The Occipital Bone. forms the back and part of the base of the skull; a large circular opening perforates the lower portion; this is called the Foramen :\Iagnum. Through this the brain cavity communicates with the spinal canal. There are two projections of bone, one on either side in front of the foramen magnum. These are called condyles, and fit into corresponding depressions on the first cervical vertebra. This joint permits the nodding and rocking movements of the head .

The Parietal Bones, which form the the side walls of the skull, articulate with the upper port ion of the occiptal bone

The Frontal Bone 1S united with the two

parietal bones behind' it for m s t he f or eh e a d a nd the r oofs of orbits of the eyes

The Sphenoid Bone (similar to a b a t in s h a p e) forms part of the base in f r o n t of t h e oc ci pi t al bone part of this also co n sists in the formation of the orbits

The Ethmoid Bone (which is sieve l ike) is p e rforated b,' a number of small open in gs, t h r ough "'hich pass branches of the olfactory or ne r ve s of smell. This bone occupies the space b etween the o r bits

The Temporal Bone is sa id to be so - ca ll ed because it is situated where the first wh ite ha irs appear, indicating the effects of time . I t a r t ic ul ates with the occipital bone behind the sphenoid bone in front and the parietal bone above . P rojections from the temporal bone uni t e "with projections from the cheek bones, form i ng an a r ch .

The Superior Bones, in wh ic h the upper teeth are set, form the u pper jaw and pa r t of the hard palate the remai nde r is formed by the two palatal bones .

The :\ asal Bones are situated between the sockets forming the bridge of the nose

The Lach rymal Bones are two s m a ll b on es separated f r om the nasal bones by na r row p roj ections of the superior maxilla r y . They are groo,'ed for the nasal ducts, through which the tea rs are conveyed to the nasal cavities.

The I nferio r Turbinated Bones form the walls of the nasal ca vities

The Vomer is shaped like a plough - share It separates the cavities of the nose .

The :\I a lar or cheek b ones, which form the most p r ominent part of the cheek, are joined to the superio r maxillary in front. Their proces s es unite with projections from the tempora l bo n es part of these also help to form the sockets of t he eyes

The Inferior or lower jaw, is t h e largest and only movable bone in the face In it are fixed the lower set of tee t h; it a r t icu la t es w it h the te m poral bone.

AL tbe annual competItIOn for the "Greaves' lJ Cup, open to pri\'ates of the Duoley Division, S. l A.B., P te. E. Parkes secured the a'A'ard for the second time. Div. Supt. \\', Ollis judged the e\'ent.

COMPETITIONS, DANCES, etc. - The attention of the general public to your needs can be a ttractivel y arranged by purchasing copies of the Poster ad v ertised in this Journal for all your Social and other activities. Samples w ill be sent on request.

G,'edt Westel'n.

Another successful year of ambulance \york 1S recorded in the annual report of the Great \\' estern Raih,"ay Ambulance Centre for the t\\'elye months ended Tune 30th) 1935, and reRects great credit on the diyisecretaries, committeemen and class ecrelaries thro ughout the line. The number of successful students during the year \\'a 7,391) an increase of 185 oYer the pre \ 'io us year' total. and an encouraging feature of thes e hrrure s is the fact that they include no fewer than 657 :-ec ruits. The number of awards gained under the Cent re for the past ten years is giYen in the follo\ying table ;-

and enamel, has thi year been in tituted and several members of the s aft \\ill shortly for its possession.

RecognitJOn of the good \York accomplished by the Centre ha been forthcoming from the 0 rder of St. John, dunng the year one member has been promoted from ernng Brother to Officer in the Order. 9 others ha\'c been admitted a Sen-ing Brothers. and '-otes or Thanks haye been awarded in t\\·o other case. In addition, four of the Diyisional Officer haw been honoured by admission to the Order. one a Officer and three a erving Brothers.

The Exeter and Plymouth Divisions had a close run for possession of the" Athlone" Bo\yl, which is awarded fo r the Diyision gaining the highest percentage of certi· cate members. The trophy \\'as \\ on by Exeter, with a percentage of 12.93 the Plymouth Di\'i ion percentage bemg 12.92, and these figures furnish proof of the healthy -tate of the moyement in the \\-est of England. Th is is the first time, since the award of the trophy in 1927, that It has pas ed out of the possession of the London A. or Swindon Diyisions, \\'ho haye wrested it from each other 111 past yea rs .

The series of first aid competitions organised thro ughout the line in the spring proyed as popular a eye r, 304 team (an increase of 8) participating. The Directors' Shield was won by the Small Heath team at the final competition at Paddington, \\'i th Fishguard Harbour as runners-up, the latter being awarded the Carnll" Cup. The Beginners' trophy, the "Butt" B?wl, was won by the Pontypool Road team. At the \\ elsh Inter-railway competition. the Barry Locomotin tea m were successfu l in winning the "Harry Webb JI Cup.

Valuable first aid has been rendered in innumerable mstances, many of these b2ing in connection \yith road accidents, by members of the staff throughout the year, and the reports of such cases \\-e re adjudicated upon by the Company's Chief lIedical Officer, and gold silver and bronze medals and special certificates awarded in selecte d cases. These \\'ere presented by the Chairman of the C?mpany, The Rt. Hon. Sir Robert Horne) K.CB.

DUrIng the year no fewer than 398 efficiency a,,'ards ha\'e been awarded, including 242 gold medals for 15 year, 93 bars 20 years, 49 Quarter Century medals, and 14 bars, 30 years' efficiency The total number of such awards issued since their inception in 1921 is 3, 115, made lip as follows :-15 year O'old medals, 1.822; 20 year gold 888; 25 year gold medals, 329; 30 year gold bars, A further efficiency a\yard, the 35 year bar, in gold

C1L\LFORD.- The annual smoking concert and distribution or awards "was held at Ye Olde Pain wick Inn ,. on eptember 19th, being preceded b\' the annual cIa which R. H. Tar'som pre ided. and offiCial appomtments ,,,ere made for the coming ses ion. At the subsequent concert 1\1r. H. O. Harris took the chair and was supported by Sir Harry \Vaters and Dr. A. Y. Dill (e..'{aminer and lecturer). E. J. Perks. Diy, Ambulance Secretary, ga\'e a brier report of the progress of the moyement in the Gloucester Diyis iol1 referring to the substantial influx of recruits. Si; Harry \Vater pre ented awards, including a number of gold medals and bar for first aid efficiency, and complimented the members on their ability to deal \yith an\' mishap that might occur. Dr. Dill also congratulated the class on it efficiency. Since its inauO'uration l3 of the members have gained 1 - year three the 20 year bar, and one the Quarter Century medal.

:\EWPoRT.-Fearis ·s Cafe. ::'fe\\ port. \\'a' the sceIlL LIt the annual dinner of the 1 e\\'port, Hio'h Street. cla on eptember 9th, which was presided oyer by ilIr. \\-. E. Baine, Diy. Loco. Supt. Among the large company p'resent "'ere 1\1r. A. G. E. C Fudge, Deputy CommisSlOner for vVales) Dr. S. and local officers of the Company. The chairman, who aid the success of the cIa s was due to splendid organisation. paid tribute to it in tructor) whil 1\1r. Treyor R oberts Diy. Supt.. made an appeal for further new members. Presentations of cIa_s a\\'ard and g-old efficiency medal' \\'erc made by ::\1es rs. A. BlackalI. Trcyor Roberts and \\ -. E. Baine '. Pre entations on hehalf of the cIa_ \\ cre also made to Dr. Verner, lecturer, and :'Ir. C H. Hopkins, secretary.

London, Mi(H a lld an d Sc ot t is h.

CLYDE.BANK.-The Clydebank cla: held an outing to Kes\\'ic k recently when 160 members and friends trayelled by a special train.

:'leals were sen'ed en route. and a yery enjoyable day was spent, although the ,,'eather conditions \'1ere not too fa\'ourable.

It is hoped that new members may be added to the ection as a result of the outing.

PLODDER L.\XE.- The first outing of the class took place on September 22nd. The party. numbering 62, yisited 1\Iorecambe where a very happy day was spent.

The officers of the class are to be congratulated on the arrangements made.

W ATFORD - The presentation of awa rds place on September 17th, when Mr. G. L. Darbyshl re, Chlef Officer for Labour and Establishment,. presented 12 first year certificates, 17 vouchers, 3 medallIOns , and 39 labels. In addition 3 gold medals and 2 gold b::rs were awarded.

Mr. Bunker, Station Master, preSided over a large o·atherino- and was supported by Messrs. Hope, Powell Als;pp, and Dr. Renwick, class lecturer.

Mr. Darbyshire) in congratulating the. class its rrrowth said that railwaymen had t he ablllty to nse to and expressed the hope the class would continue 011 the upward grade, and gam more members and honours in the competitions.

The other speakers reiterated Mr. Darbyshire's remarks and wished the class eyery success.

WOLVERIIAMPToN.-On behalf of the members of the ambulance movement we offer hearty congratulation to Mr. VV. Burton clerk Goods Department, Wolverhampton, who has r'ecently been awarded the King's J Medal for his services to the ambulance movement 111 the Wolverhampton District.

In addition to his extensiye railway ambulance connections Mr. Burton continues to render yeoman service to the St. John Ambulance Brigade in the neighbourho od, and we feel sure that his colleagues of the Brigade throughout the country will join us in offering Mr. Burton our good wishes for his further preferment in the ambulance movement.

london and North Eastern.

NORTH EASTER1'\ AREA.

The members of the Stockton class held an enjoyable outing to Middleton-in-Teesdale, on Sunday, September 8th. The weather was ideal and on arrival all did justice to a generous breakfast, after which an enjoyable 4i--mile walk to High Force was undertaken. Here the party spent a good time amongst delightful scenery and returned to Middleton-in- Teesdale for dinner.

Following the meal Mr. J. H. Wilson, class secretary, welcomed Mr. S. Cooper, Centre secretary and Mr. J. Willis, District secretary, and outlined the object of the gathering which, in his mind, went a long way to keeping the class members together. Mr. Willis replied in his usual pleasing manner.

Mr. Cooper then presented the class awards for the 193-+/35 session which consisted of 4 certificates, 3 medallions and 17 labels. The o utstanding feature of the meeting was the presentation of 3 long service oold ba rs for th irty years' and 2 gold medals for 15 years' tlOns. 1\1r. Cooper, on behalf of Mr. Thos. Hornsby, Div. General Manager) in a few well-chosen words handed the awards to .Messrs. J. W. Newton, John H. Wilson and James Starr (30 years' bars) and Messrs. Albert Kirk and Walter Atkinson (gold medals). Mr. Cooper then gave a resu.me of last session's activities in the N.E. Area congratulatmg the Stockton class and wishing them success in the coming session.

The party left Middleton -in-Teesdale at 6 p.m., which 12 hours at Barnard Castle, after which the Journey home was completed.

SOUTHERN AREA.

COLWICK.-Although formed only three years ago the Col wick Traffic Ambulance team has had extraordinary success in competitions this year. The record is:-

Qualifying of the « Officers'" S:up, h e ld Nottingham, 1st prize and awarded the Sanderson Cup. In the final they were placed second.

L.N.E.R. Western Division Competition, 1st and winners of shield Nottino·ham and District Railwaymen's Ambulance League championship of League and winners of cup. " Jubilee" Shield) presented by Dr. M.utch, competecl lor at Nottingham, 1st and winners of shIeld.

"Nottingham Journal" Compe t i t ion, qualifying round, 1st; final, 4th.

L. .E.R. Bulwell and District Railwaymen's Cup Competition, 1st and winners of challenge cup. Vlith this record behind them memher. of the team are looking forward to a successful year during 1936 and will endeavour, among other competitions, to represent the L.N.E.R. in the Inter-Railway Competition.

On Sunday, September 29th, Mr. Lee) yardmaster, presented 30 awards to members of the Carlton and Netherfield ambulance class.

Shunter H. Lambert, of Mistley Station, has been presented by the directors of the L. & N.E.R. with a gold medal for fifteen years' efficiency in ambulance work. He has also been a member of the Manningtree and Mistley branch of the S.].A.B. for the past twelve years, and takes very great interest in anything connected with ambulance work.

Metropolitan line (London Transport)

A t the invitation of the President, Mr. J. S. And e rson, the presentation of awards of the Metropolitan Lin e Centre was held in the grounds of Scotbridge House, Rickmansworth , on Saturday, September 14th.

As the members, who were accompanied by their ladies, arrived, they were welcomed by the President and his wife, who threw open their beautiful grounds for the pleasure of their visitors The members greatly appreciated this privi lege and inspected the well-designed gardens, greenhouses and paddock at their leisure.

Tea was served on the picturesque lawn , o n one side of which runs the River Chess. At the presentation ceremony, Mrs. Anderson graciously presented the awards, chief of which were special certificates awarded to W. Warrener, for the furtherance of first aid; to J. Spicer, J. W ,ard and H. Warnett, for meritorious rendering of first aid. Altogether there were 16 certificates, 19 vouchers, 13 medallions and 106 labels. The final award was to the secretary, Mr. J. A. Gravestock, who w!1s the recipient of a gold label from the members.

Mr. Gravestock, on behalf of the members, thanked Mr. and Mrs Anderson for their kind hospitality, which had been greatly appreciated. Regarding the work of t he Centre the year had been a very successful one but still further expansion was hoped for.

Cheers were accorded Mr. and Mrs. Anderson, and the President, who refused to make a « speech," expressed his appreciation of the work done by the members of the Metropolitan Line. He hoped that everyone had enjoyed thei r visit; it had given Mrs. Anderson and himself much pleasure to entertain them.

Among those present were Mr. F. W. Watkins (vicepresident), Mr. A. J. Wehb (vice-chairman), Mr. Ernest Evans (District Supt. Met. Line), Mr. A. Price (Div. Traffic Inspector, Rickmansworth), District Officer Claridge (Western Area, No. 1 District, S.J.A.B.) and Corps Treasurer C. Bowell (Met. Line Corps, S.J.A.B.).

Southern.

When Relayer T. Grevatt was knocked down in BaIcombe Tunnel recently he sustained a crushed foot, dislocated hip and other injuries.

It is pleasing to know however that first aid was very efficiently rendered by Relayer J. Harmer and Lengthman G. E. Penticost and that the :Meritorious First Aid Certificate of the Southern Railway Centre has been awarded to both men .

Congratulations are due to them not only for efficient treatment but a lso that they have given their time to study fi rs t aid.

The presentation of awards to successful members of the Locomotive Running Department, Fratton, was recently held at the Loco. Depot. ifr. E. S. Moore, Western Div. Loco. Running

Supt.), made the presentations. Mr. A. E. Hoare presidc:d, supported by .;'v1r. C. W. England, Goods Agent, Portsmouth anel Southsea, and Dr. L. }'vI. :;\1aybury, class lecturer.

Mr. Moore congratulated recipients and urged them to continue with the study of first aid, and if possible to enter a team for competition work. He also \'oiced his very great pleasure in meeting Dr. Maybury, and personally expressing thanks for his interest in the cIa s. Dr. Maybury in reply stated that he was pleased to be of assistance, and was encouraged by the interest shown, particularly by the men attending the class. Mr. G. Prow, Class Secretary, mo\'ed a vote of thanks to Hoare for presiding, to E. S. Moore for making the presentations, and to the doctor for his val ued assistance.

Letters to the Editor.

We are in no way responsible for the opinions expressed, or the statements made, by Correspondents.-EDITOR. LAY lEN LECTURERS.

DEAR SIR,-

Having read with interest the correspondence on the above subject I feel that it is a subje('t bristling. wit.h difficulties, owing to the fact that nearly every first alder IS suffering- from a fatal eg?ism, and either as to length of serYlce or speCIal tramtng was gIven to the would be rc lay lecturer" or, as I would prefer, lay teacher, the results would be what we get no\\' from doctor lecturers in an accentuated form, i.e., a reading of the book in front of the class.

I have had 1-+ years experience as Assistant Lecturer, under 7 different doctors, and with only one exception they ,"vere all failures as teachers, and I often got "Carryon I ha ve a case to attend to "or "I don't feel in form tonight, you lecture and I will listen." .

If some special qualification ::ould be accepted It would undoubtedly help in spreading the good work, as it would enable us to run much smaller classes than is at present possible. With doctors' lecturing fees, plus cost of books and bandao-es the expenses are at present almost prohibitive.

If the °examination was still ('arried out by a doctor the standard could still be kept as high as at present or, as would be the case I am sure, raised to a higher grade, and thus the whole work would be better and more enthusiasm created.

Yours faithfully,

Dn·. SUPT., 1\1. R. S. Teacher.

L. N. E. R. Col wick Traffic Ambulance Team.

Metropolitan Line (London Transport) Gathering at Scotbridge House, Rickmans\vorth.

Our Nurses' Pages.

COMPILED 13Y AMBULANCE SISTER.

;\/0.1 DISTR[CT, S.J.A.B.

CENTRAL AREi\.-The Annual Dance arranged by No. 39 (Temple) Nursing Division will be held on Saturday, 2nd, at he \Vestminster Cathedral Hall, Ambrosden Avenue, Ashley Place, Victoria, S. W.1. Tickets, 2/6 each in c luding refreshments, can be obtained from Lady Div. Supt. l\1 rs. \\Ta lton 10, Sand well Crescent, West Hampstead, N. W.6, or of any member of the Division.

The War Ofrlce in spection of V.A.D. London 120, London 298, London 346 and London 350, a ll formed from ursing Divisions of Central Area, was held at Toynbee Hall, on September 28th.

Markers were placed at 2.50 p.m. and the detachments fell in at 2.55 p.m. The Inspecting Officer, Maior H. B. F. Dixon, M.C., R.A.M.C., arrived at 3 p.m. accompanied by Lady Ir vin g, Asst. County Controller. There were also present Lady District Supt. liss Walker an d Lady District Officer Miss Masson.

Major Dixon inspected the parade, and spoke to man y of the members, and then witnessed gas-mask drill.

The "Take cove r" whistle sounded, and those on parade hastened into the building- ""hich had been made gas rroof and suitable for use as a First Aid and Personal Decontamination Station.

Boys were rlaying ball on the Parade Ground when " gas" and high explosive bom bs were dropped from enemy aircraft. The second whistle sounded for "Collect wounded" and the V.A. D. 's, masked, gloved and supposedly su itably clad, each carrying a spare g-as mask, appeared with stretchers and light equipment and rapidly rendered first aid and transported the patients to cover. They had to pass through an air lock and decontamil13.te their boots by walking through bleach trays before entering the Reception Room, where other V.A. D.'s took particulars and gave a chit in duplicate to eac h patient. From there they passed to the Undressing Room where more members, masked, gloved and clad in gas-proof gO\'v'ns, removed the patients' contaminated clothing, tied one of the chits to each bundle of garments, and sent the clothes away in bins to be decontaminated.

The patients were then passed on to the Bath Room, where the contaminated areas of the skin were either scrubed with and water or smeared over with a bleach paste, the latter bell1g allowed to remain on for not more than 5 minutes.

The next room was the Redressing Room where the patIents were clothed in spare clothing and, according to the treatment required, were sent to rooms adapted for medical and surgical cases. The Medical Room had a V.A.D. in charge Of. a Haldane's Oxygen Apparatus (kindly lent by Messrs. SIt'be, Gorman & Co. Ltd.), and here in bed was a suppose? to be from phosgene gas poisoning, With pneumOI1la anticipated. Preparation was made for tear gas cases, and teams of V. A. D.'s were ready with Thomas Splints for cases of fractured femur.

There were other injuries, caused by high explosive bombs and mu sta rd gas, alsu to be trtated.

The labelled clothing, when decontaminated, was retur?ed the holders of the corresponding chits, and the patient, If well e nough, was checked out after the "all clear" had sounded.

After the building and work had been the detachments again formed up on the Parade Ground, 'and tht'

Inspecting Officer and Lady Irving exrressed t hemst'h'e s quite statisfied with all they had seen.

\VESTERN AREA.

HARROW N URS[:--iG D[VIS[ON. - Cong-ratu lations to N u rsing Cadets J. M. Burton, K. Birtonshaw, R. StevcnS0n, '"=. B. Burton and G. Roots on gaining the Grand Prior's 13adge

This award s presented by The Order to cadets who ha\'t' obtained twelve or more certificates for proficiency in suhjects set out in Regulations for Cadet Divisions.

A course of instruction in Home Hygiene for women will begin on November 4th, at 159, vVillcsden Lane, N. VV. The lecturer will be Supt. P. Bettison. Particulars can he obtained from Lady Supt. Miss Rooff, A.R .R.C. at the ahove address.

ACTON NURS[NG DIVIS[ON.-This Division joined with Acton and Hammersmith Division at an Annual Church Parade, which took place at the Dalling Road Church, by kind invitation of the Rev. Schofield, on September 29th

The occasioll was also the Harvest Festival.

] n spite of a deluge of rain there was a good attendance

The parade marched to church headl d by the Sherherds Bush Prize Band. The Assistant Commissioner was presen with District Officer F . Clar;dge, and congratulated Sup t. Appleton on the success of the parade in spite of the weath er. He also thanked those who had turned out for their exhibition of pluck and espirit de corps.

The rain having abated slightly, the parade march ed back after the service to Starch Green for the dismissal.

No.9 D[STRICT, S.J.A.B.

V.A.D. INSPECTION AT DEVONPORT. - Plymouth V.A. D. s attached to Nursing Di\'isions of the Brigade, demonstr ated tbat they are prepared for any eventuality at their Annual Inspection, on September 13th, held at the Royal Sailors Rest.

Devonport became the scene of an imaginary air raid for the occasion, and five detachments demonstrated how to deal with the victims. Those on parade were mem bers of V.A.D. Devon 100 (Plymouth Co-operative Nursing Division), Devon 112 (Ford Nursing Di\'ision), Devon 114 (Friary and Devonport Nursing Division), Devon 116 (Sherwell Nursing Division) and Devon 124 (Plymouth Central Nursing Division). Two of the detachments, Plymouth Central and Ford Nursing Divisions, wore the latest pattern gas masks issued for general war service.

This inspection was carried out by Major W. H. Cornelius, R.A.M.C., and Ylajor R. D. Davy, R.A.M.C., on behalf of the War Office, and Lady County Officer Mrs. Balsdon, Asst. County Controller.

Men from the Devonport Ambulance Division, undel' Ambulance Of-fic<r F. Harris, acted as stretcher-bearers, and the Plymouth Public Central School Cadet Division, under Cadet Of-ficer E. V. Porter, as patients. Among the Brigade Officers present was the County Commissioner, Mr. Hedley V. Mrller.

The detachments had to treat a patient who had sustained severe burns of the right leg and left arm, and was unconscious; a fireman who had a compound fracture of the

femur and concussion; a man who was suffering from a body wound and shock; and to bear in mind as they did so that a ll these people were also suffering from sl ight mustardgas poisoning-.

After her inspection, Mr s Balsdon r e ported that she found the detachments satisfactory, and Major Cornelius remarked that he was very pleased with the work he had seen.

No. 10 DISTRICT, S.J .A. B.

A ST. JO[-[N AMBULANCE BHIDE. - Miss Elizabeth Barr, \vho is well known in Brigade circles in 1 rswich, was married at All Saint's Church, Ipswich, on Saturday, Sertember 4lh, to Mr. Richard Thomas Sulton.

Miss Barr was one of the foremost among those who were responsible for the formation of the 1st (Ipswich) Air Duties Division of the Brigade.

At her wedding, a guard of hOlh)ur was provided by members of the Division. The C'l'rl'mony was performed by the Rev. S. C. Calver, vicar of the Church, and afterwards a reception was held at the Crowil and Anchor Hotel, Ipsw ich.

Previously, the bride had been presented with a \N eslminster chiming clock by friend s in the Air Duty Divisions while at a farewell gathering she had received at the hand, of Lieut.-Col. M. MacEwan a brooch consisting- of the Air Division wings with the cross of the Brigade superimposed

OF AWA-RDS AT THE ISLE OF \VI GIl T -

- H. R. H. Princess Beatrice, president of the Island branch of the B.R.C.S ., pres e nted trophies won in competition a mong the women's V. A. D. 's during the year, at (l gathering held at ""'es ton Manor on September 26th.

The Princess's Shield for the best team in First Aid and Home Nursint; went to the Ryde detachment (captain, i\1rs. A. Butt); the "Waistell" Cup for the runners-up, to the East Cuwes deC(l c:lment (captain, Mrs. K. Streets) ; and the " Guise Moores" Cup for the best individual performance to Miss E. M. Caws, of Ryde.

Mrs. B. E. Abbott, of Cowes, on completing 20 years' serv ice, received a clasp to her long service medal.

The Princess was received by Lady Seely, deputy president, and Captain H. J. vVan.!, J. P., t.he County Director. At the close the V.A. D.'s raised cheers for her on the call of Captain Ward.

Colonel de la Pryne, secretary of the National V.A. D. Council, complimented the Island detachments on their efficiency, and on the large proportion of mem bers who had volunteered for general service with the for ces in case of war.

Items (Divisional news and competitions, social, interest, ing duties, lectures, etc.), for this page should be se nt to Ambulance Sister, c/o The Editor, FlRST AID, 46, Cannonstreet, London, E.C.4

FIRST AID IN DEFENCE AGAINST CHEMICAL WARFARE

FINEST TERMS

The Hospitallers' Club.

THE opening meeting of the Club for the 1935/6 season was held on October 11 th, at the Bonnington Hotel, London. The President, Mr. E. W. Jackson, presided, supported by Mr. A. E. Wells, Secretary, and Mr. F. E. Stallard, Treasurer.

After welcoming the members Mr. Jackson introduced the guest of the evening, Mr. E. Ralphs, Asst. Commissioner, No.4 ( Lancashire) District.

Some interesting correspondellce was read by the Secretary, one letter being from Dr. S. L. Dawkins (Commissioner South Australia District, S.J.A.B. Overseas), who wrote giving particulars of the activities of the Hospitallers' Club in his District. It was unanimously agreed, on the proposition of !Vir. Standingford, which was seconded by Mr. T. McBride, that fraternal gree tings should be sent to Dr. Dawkins for the continued success of the Club's counterpart in South Australia.

At the completion of general business Mr. Ralphs addressed the gathering on the work of the Brigade in Hong Kong, in which district he was Assistant Commissioner. He briefly described the district and customs of the people and the medical customs. First aid classes were commenced before the war, but it was during the war that the Brigade came to the fore and released for active service members of the R.A.M.C. A useful V.A.D. was established and did yeoman work. The Chinese, continued the lecturer, were ideal first. aid men, their bandaging being good, neat and skilful. They were also loyal and reliable, and many instances were given to substantiate that statement. The last report available gave particulars of 70 classes in first aid and home nursing, these were held in all languages, and work done at 11 welfare stations. At clinics over 125,000 cases were attended and over half-a-million persons vaccinated against smallpox. This last service was undertaken at the wish of the Government and has done much to stamp out this scourge.

Following questions Mr. Elliott, of Birmingham, proposed a vote of thanks for the most interesting lecture. Mr. Warren seconded and the proposition was carried with acclamation.

The next meeting will be held on November 8th, and members are reminded of the annual dance which takes place on December 7th at the Cora Hotel.

AmbuJance News Cuttings from the Press.

YOUTH SCALDED AT WORK.

A lad named E. Jenner, who works at Acton, was sprinkling water on coke, when, by mistake, he threw Some of the water into a furnace. The steam blew out and severely scalded on the face and hands. He was taken tu the Acton Hospital, where he was admitted as an in-patient.Mzddlese:c County Times.

WASP STING ANTIDOTE.

SlR,-Reading in the" Morning Post" of the death of two people from wasps' stings; and knowing of a certain remed y, I should lik e to make it known.

I was having tea some years ago at a garden party and took a small cake from the dish , not observinh" there was a wasp on it ; and so got badly stung on my tungue.

I soon asked for a bit of tobacco; moistened it with a little te2. in the saucer, and put it on the spot, and in les s than tell minutes the pain was gone and I finished my tea.

This remedy was given me by a man who had been orchid collecting for several years in South America and th e West Indies, and he found it most beneficial with the bites and stings of other insects. M. R. LAKE. -Morniug Post

Boys' ORDEAL ON PYLON.

Two fourteen-year-old schoolboys, Robert Gardner and Daniel Whitfield, who climbed the steel girders to the top of a 175 ft. grid pylon, near Elswich Station, Newcastle-onTyne, recently, were badly burned when a strong wind ble\' them on to the electric cables carrying 66,000 volts.

After coming into contact with the wires the boys wer e thrown back on the top of the platform of the pylon and had amazing escapes from death.

Police, firemen and electricity officials lowered the Loys to safety on ropes while crowds of people anxiously watched the rescue work.

Gardner was severely burned on the hands and feet and lay on the platform of the pylon screaming with terror. H e was in a semi-conscious condition and his clothes were almost burned from his back. His companion was also Sketclz.

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Queries and Ansvvers to Correspondents.

Queries will be dealt with under tbe following rules;-

1. -Letters c o n taining Queries must be marked o n tbe tu p left band corner of tbe envelope" Query," and addressed-FIRST AID 4 6 Cannon'street, London, E. C. 4·

2 -All Queries must be accompanied by a "Query " cut from the current issue 01 the Journal, or in case of Queries fom abroad, from a recent issue.

3.- Th € Tex tbook, to which refer ence may be made ill. this is the 38th \1928) Edition of S.J.A.A. of rm! Ald.

TIIMoiKS TO THE DOCTOR

As each October comes round, it is our pleasing duty to accord Dr. Corbet Fletcher our most sincere thanks, and also those of our readers, for his untiring assistance as Honorary Medical Correspondent to FIRST Aw during the past twelve months.

For twenty years this sen ice has \'olunta:t1y undertaken by one \.\'hose time is fully occupied; and dunng this 10llK period the outstanding fact remai:ls that not. once, in health or in sickness, has Dr. Corbet F letcher faded to provide his monthly .'

It is impossible to Visualise the time and trouble whIch the answering- of queries requires; each one has to be .carefully thought out and the anS\\ er gi.\ en cl.early and conClse l y. During- his long sen ice to first alders III all parts of the war Id Dr. Corbet Fletcher has received and answered over 2,500 queries, \'"hich n o t only give \ aluable information to the sender but also to every reader. - EOlTOR.

HOWLER.

D.S. (East London)-In a recent examination the doctor asked a member of our class to tell him what is the main cause of Bleeding from the Nose; and he was immensely amused when the candidate replied in all innocence :-" Poking it into anotlter man's businf'ss!"

Good 1 ext, please 1 1- J. C. F.

TREATMENT OF POISONING.

G.C. (Surbiton)-vVbat treatment would you recommend if, on being called to a case, you had good reason to suspect Poisoning by mouth but could not definitely decide whether the poison taken was a corrosive, an irritant or a narcotic. This question "was recently discussed at our ambulance meeting; and, as we could not arrive at a decision, it is submitted for your ruling.

The classiflcation and treatment of Poisoning by mouth is based in our Textbook on the condition of the patient's mouth. If, therefore, you are called to a case such as yo u describe you would at once examine the mouth for signs of burning If these present, you would trcat for Corrosive whereas if they were absent you would treat for NonCorrosive Poisoning. This done, you would watch patient and continue treatment in accordance with the General Rul es set out on p.p. 172-177 of Textbook.-N.C.F.

A FIRST AID Box.

S J. (Bootle).-Herewitb I send two photographs of a first a id box inv e n te d by myself. Th cyare n ot sent for the purpose of r ece i ving a pat on th e back, bu. general intercst. I am a member of the .Gootle ])I VISlo n of the S.].,\. B. whi ch I joined in 1928, th o u g h I sti ll c lass myself as a beginner. :\1)' real object. in sen din.g th e is for criticism o r 0111l'rwlsc and, If the Editor sees fit, for publication in FIRST AID.

Congratulations on a good flrst a iJ box w hi c h "\ ill se r ve your Di vis io n well. 1\lyone crit icism is that packets of cotton wool sho uld not be exposed t o a ir at lIl e lr e nd s and that they s h o uld be comp lete y covered in, as a r e your bandages . Otherwise I h ave nothing but praise.-N.C.F.

ARTIFICIAL R ESPlRATlON \vITII FRACTURED SPIN E

A.T. (\Vorcester).-I much appreciate yo ur r ep lie s to Iny queries in th e August iss ue of FIRST , \ll) und e r the headinK ArtiJicial Respiration with Fractured R ibs, but wou Id like to say that the' C officia l answer" to m} query as a i\-en by a member of the R evisio n Committee s h o uld , in ""my opinion, be included in the next edit io n of the T extbook.

l\fany thanks for letter and s u ggestion which w e pass to the Revision COl1lmittee, the members of which, I know, always welcome constl-ucti\"e criticism.-N. C. F.

TREATMENT OF SPRAINED ANKLE

G. C. (Surbiton) - On p. 8-+ of tbe Textbook there is given the treatment of a Sprained Ankle Out-of-Doors, the bandage being applied o\"er the boot. In the test set in the recent Inter-Railway Final for Bearer No. 2 marks were allotted for removing boot (vVellington) and sock; and, after diagnosing a sprain, for replaci n g boo t and sock. I wonder if you ag-ree w th this; and further i f the injury would not have been aggravated by replacing the boot. Wellingtons are difficult things to put on in any case and with an injury to the ankle 1110re so. What treatment wou ld yo u give? l\Ieanwhi e I thank you for your kind assistance in t hi s matter.

, \ greater autbority than I-Sir James Cantlie, to. withas laid it down that the only way to J"<"move a vVelhngton boot when there is reason to suspect a fracture of the l eg, is to'slit it down the back! Eyidently those responsible for this test forgot these instructions which used to figure in the Textbook and which caused so much discussion when the modern boot (and shoe) with its spliced back came in to ge n era l u se

So, of course, I cannot but agree WIth yo u that the so luli on of the test was not a good one. Indeed, I question very much if it was good first aid to attempt to remove it in the circ u mstances - .e.F.

ACTION OF ASPIR IN

T e. (Folkestone). - In the September issue of FIRST AID, replying to a query beaded C C Treatment of Burns," you wisely wrote -" Conseq u ent l y, I would not lik e to condemn a remedy as useless sim pl y because it s ac tion cannot be exp la in ed." To-day I learn from my Sunday n ewspaper o n the authority of a recent article in the LANCET that doctors do not know how aspirin kills pain. Yet most of us know that it docs!

There was n ot much" wisdom" in my s tatement which was merely the teaching of exper ien ce.-N. C. F.

FIRST

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PRESSURE POTNTS.

A. B. (York).-In a recent examination I asked to exla in ,,- II I knew about the Pressure POInts; and I co uld reply that these were to be compressed in order to cut off the arterial supply of blood 111 cases of severe hGemorrhag-e. As my examine r seemed to h ave expected more than I gave, I shall welcome your further exp lanations.

vVith reference to the Pressure Points yo u co uld have told your examiner- .

(1) That all these are small, usually sItuate d oyer bone, and easily compressed by the pulp of tl:e thumb.:

(2) That, being small, their precise locatIOn IS Vita ll y important both to secure efficient cont r ol of the artery supp l ying the wounded part also to avoid pressure on the vein and nerve accompany1l1g the arte r y; a nd

(3) Tbat in every case there is a right and wrong Jlosition for the patient and operator.

You could also have added-

(1) That for the control of a:terial bleeding the position of the patient and part both dunng and after t r eatme nt are almost as important as pressure;

(2) Th at these are the three essent !a l steps. i.n the control of arteria l bleeding-position of patIent, pOSitIOn of part and pressure; and

(3) That the Textbook :ecomme.nds indIrect pressure in all cases of arterial bleedmg \.vhde the wound is being examined and treated" (p 94)-1 .C.F.

IDEAL DRESSIN G FOR \\ ·OUNDS.

P. S. (Bristol)-Recently in our ambulance we had. a n animated discussion as to what was the o ea l dressIng for wounds The Texthook (p.96) lays it down that such dressing must be clean, dry, soft and absorbent, and makes certain suggestions. As, however, we cou ld not agree among ourselves, we decided to approach you on the matter.

First Aid with « whatever is at hand" and not with prepared appliances and dressings. Indeed, it rarely allows choice of dressing. 1n these circumstances medicated gauzes are really beyond the scope of first aid

Choice of dressings, when this is possible, deper.ds on whether antiseptic or aseptic methods are favoured to d ea l with the dangers of haemorrhage antl sepsis which are common to all wounds. Theoretically we should se lect aseptic (germ free) dressings for clean wounds and antiseptic (germretarding) for dirty wounds. Through experience, however, we know that it is easier to infect a wound in an eme r ge n cy than to protect it from infection; that dry antiseptic dressings are most suitable for all wounds; and that the ideal dressing for first aid purposes is dry boracic lin t, but which is mildly antiseptic, non-irritating and practically non-poisonous.N.C.F.

AOMINISTRATION OF HOT P ACK.

F. F. (Abertillery)

- Being in doubt about the instructions for giving a Hot Pack, as detailed on p. 161 of the Hom e Nursing Textbook, the members of ou r D ivis ion de s ir e to know what is the exact position of the blanket a nd mackintosh sheet that are first placed on the bed. Some are of the opinion t h at the mackintosh sheet, with the blankets on it, is placed over the patient after wrapping him in the hot sheet. Others say that the blanket sho uld be placed over the patient fi r st and the mackintosh s h eet

Your difficulty would not arise if you set to work to

carry out the administration of a H o t Pack exactly as given in the Textbo o k.

If yo u first place a bl a nk et over a m ac kintosh sheet on the bed and then r e m ove bed clothes except th e blankets and place a s h eet below the under blanket, you ha ve your patient lying between blank e ts ready for the further treatment.

By-the-way, the Textbo o k leaves it to b e understood that the damp blankets and mackintoshes shoul? be remo ve d when the patient is p ut int o warm wollen clothll1g and placed between dr y blankets.-N.C.F.

Reviews.

A C\TECHlS;\1 OF A IR RAID PRECAUTIO S.

By Major Torma n H amme r, 1\1. R .C.S. London: ] o hn Bale, S o n s & Dan iel sson, Ltd., 83 - 91, Gt. Tit chfi e ld- street, 'N t. Price IS. net __ by post IS. 3d,

Those wl,o, as members of S.J.A.B. or B.R .C.S., a r e preparing- to qualify as instructors on the of. A ir R aid Preca utions will welcome \"holeheartedly thiS littl e book which has been comp il e d by fllajor Norman Hamm er, and is an e labo r ation of his interesting an d instructive articles now appea rin g in FIR ST AID.

Ins tr u ctio n by questions and their answers is an old an d well-tried method; and the author s co rdi a lly co ngratul ated on his exce ll e nt u se thereof. Within a compass of 100 pages he sets out some t21 q u est ions and ans\\'e r s on Ai r Raid Pre ca ution s, Protection of Civil P op ul al ion in C h em ica l Warfare, an d First Aid treatment and Nursing of Gas Casualties. Thu s he covers the whole g round of the official manual; and by a system of tabulation an d by setting out the details in his own racy style he s u cceeds in simplifying the s ubect in h ap py fashion.

The catechism is of such s ize that it can be carried a bou t in the pocket and st udi ed at odd moments; and it is, of course, well and clearly printed on good paper. In conclusion, we suggest that, when the second e diti o n is publi s hed, as it surely will be, the vario us sections should be number ed and more clearly separated, an d th at there s hould be added an index, which will increase considerably the va lu e of this most u sef ul book.

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Its aim and object being the advancement of Ambulance Work in all its branches, the EdItor invites Readers to send Articles and Reports on subjecls pertaining to the Movement and also welcomes su ggestions for Practical Papers.

All Reports, &c., should be addressed to the Editor at Ihe ad dress below, and should reach him before the 12th of each month, an d mUSl be accompanied (not necessarily lor 1Jublication) by the name and address of the Correspondent.

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CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

ED ITORIAL: Mixed Classes

St. John Ambulance Association

The Ambulance Man Looks at Gas

Por t of Bristol Authority

S. J.A.B. O ve rseas

The Am bulan ce Man in the Mine

Co ming E ve nts

S. l.A.B. Distri c t Reports

Prio ry for \Vales

Ra ilway Ambulan ce e ws

St. Andrew's Am bulance Association

Sa fety First a nd First Aid E x hibition

Po

O ur Nurses'

Lec tures in t.lementary Anatomy

T he Hospitallers' Club ...

Am bulance N ewscu ttin gs from t he Press

QUERIES AND ANSWERS 10 CURRESP0NDENl S -

EDITORIAL.

WE make no apology for again MIXED referring to the subject of mixed CLASSES. classes for the St. John Am bulance Association awards.

It is very evident by the number of letters received in response to the Editorial in our October issue that a change in the regulation would not 0nly be welcomed but enthusiastically received. It is not possible to refer to all th'e letters, but here are extracts from three :-" At last! There will be hundreds of enthusiastic first aiders who will thank you for your effort to get the regulation rescinded. It has been handed down from the Victorian age when the sexes were poles apart. But to-day, when men and women work side b y side together, the authorities should certainly remove the han on mixed classes." (2)" My suggestion is that mixed classes be allowed for the lectures, and separate rooms be available for practical work." (3)" If it is permissible to hold mixed classes in home nursing and other subjects, why not first aid?"

There may be am bulance secretaries "\vho are definitely against altering the regulation, but, if so, we have yet to meet them. During the past month many functions have been visited, and our question-" Do you agree that mixed classes would be the means of increasing the ranks of first aiders, and are such classes necessary ?"-was put before many first aiders, and in no instance did we receive a negative reply.

\Ve did not confine ourselves to one body or to one sex. Doctors, men and nurses were approached, and in every case the answer was II Yes."

It is now in the hands of the St. John Authorities to give those respon'5ible for the formation of classes the assistance they require. Mixed classes would greatly ease the secretaries in time and money, and we feel sure the movement would benefit by increased membership.

St. John Ambulance Association

CANTERBURY.-The second annual competition for the " Evans" Cup, given to encourage first year men, Association or Brigade, was held recently in the Drill Hall, Canterbury.

Captain V. Sittart Howard, R. N. (ret.) presented the awards to the Thanington Section, S.J.A.A. team who were successful in winning the Cup. He also spoke strongly of the need of men learning IIrst aid.

It is hoped that the number of teams in subsequent competitions will increase.

COVENTRY.-At the annual meeting of the Coventry Centre, Lord Willoughby de Broke was elected President, following the resignation of Lord Leigh, who had held the position almost c ontinuously since 1914, on the grounds of medical advice.

A I D.

The report showed that the past year had been one of steady progress, 105 certificates being gained.

The President expressed the fe,lings of the committee over the loss of NIr. L. B. Bagshaw, the late president, and also the late Mr. T. Seddon.

NIr. H. Tebbey, in view of his many years' service in the interests of. Am work was unanimously elected chalflllan, with Mr. Colm Seddon as a vice-chairman.

KINGSBRIDGE.-At the annual meeting- of Kino'sbrid"'e Centre, on October 28th, it was stated there women's nursing classes at Loddiswell and Aveton Gifford and that instruction would also be given during the at Stokenkam, Torcross, Kellaton, and Ford.

During the past year 18.1 patients had been removed by the ambulance, covenng a distance of 6,562 miles.

Officers elected were :-President, J\Ir. P. F. Wise hon. treasurer, Mr. J. Pearce. '

DAR\vEN.- The competition team of the C. & ]. G

The Ambulance Man Lool<s at Gas.

By MAJOR NORMAN HAMMER, M.R.C.S. (N. Riding of Yorkshire).

Contiuued j1'om page 87.

3. THE RESPIRATOR can be decontaminated by the fo llowing means :-

1. The facepiece. If contaminated by liquid mustard-destroy it.

If contaminated by vapour- (a) expose whole fa cepiece to a current of hot air. (b) Hang it in t he open air, for a longer time in cold weather than in hot. Take care not to expose it to direct sunl ight, as this will damage the rubber. (c) Expose It to an .atmosphere of 1 per cent. chlorine in air, as descfl bed above.

2. The container. Take no notice of conta mination by vapour If, contaminated by liquid s oaking through the haversack, treat by carefully wiping over with naptha, being careful to see that n o liquid naptha gets inside the container. Don't use methylated spirit as this damages the lacquer w ith which the tin container is coated. Or, cover for ten minutes with bleach in vaseline, and wipe cl ean.

3. The haversack. As for the facepiece.

All the foregoing section has dealt with the p rotection of the INDIVIDUAL, and before golI1g on to the methods of COLLECTIVE or MASS PROTECTION, we must refer to the q uestion of FOOD and WATER.

Compdition Team of C. & J. G. Potter.

.The Mayor of Coventry (Alderman T. E. Friswell) who preSided moved a resolution that they place on record the great work Lord Leigh had done.

l\1iss ]. J. Holder, hon secretary, reported that 282 awards were pre s ented during the past year. These included and 63 preliminary first aid, 38 adult and 47 preItml?ary for home nursing, and 10 preliminary for home hygiene

HEBDEN BRIDGE.- The 48th annual report was presented at the annual meeting held on October 31st.

During the year two first ':lid and one home nursing cla.sses were held, as a result .eight new members joined the Bnga.de A male home nurs1l1g class was instructed but the was held in this year. Drs.]. R. B. Dearden and]. AitchIson were the honorary lecturers.

KETTERING - The annual meeting of the Kettering Committee was held on 17th, when Mr. T. N. Bird, the President, presided.

Potter branch of the Wall Paper Manufacturers Ltd., Darwen, have this year been successful in winning th e "Alderman James Cocker" Jubilee Ambulance Shield and the" Her.bert Shield both of which are for open cum petitIOn 111 the dlstnct of Darwen. This is the firs t occasion on which both trophies have been held by tht:; sam e team at one time.

The team commenced competition work in 1927 sinc e when.13 events have been entered, winning shields on four occasIOns tln .d on four other occasions having secured either second or third place. Further successes are to be expected fror,n a tea.m such this which practices every week, th e maJol- portIOn of their work being taken from the advice and sheets given in this Journal.

Does your colleague read FIRST AID, if not , send us his address and we will post him a copy.

1. Food.-M ust be stored in gas-proof containers, i.e., air-tight bins and tins, boxes lined w ith oilskin, with tightfitting tops. Vapour alone w ill not render food harmful to those who eat it, b ut if it bas been in contact with liquid mustard it must be destroyed. It is safer to get rid of all f ood after any kind of exposure. Tinned foods a re safe for use after the tins have been decont aminated.

2. Water.-Water that has been exposed to a ny form of contamination is dangerous. If the exposure was to mustard, even washing in it will cause symptoms, while drinking of water exposed to the" smokes" gives rise to poisoning by the arsenic they contain, which dissolves in the water.

COLLECTIVE PROTECTION.

This heading involves a wide sphere of consideration :-

1. Measures to prevent impairement of morale (panic; interference with the normal working of

producing and centres; dislocation of communications, transport of food and material; slackening of the will to conquer).

.2. Measures to organise mass- or group-protectIon of n urn bers of persons from exposure to gas; to set up a system of decontamination stations for those exposed; and to arrange for the treatment of gas-casualties.

3. Measures to preserve tbe public services (light, water, sanitary, etc.) intact.

4. Measures to render harmless buildings and areas contaminated by gas (;\IASS DECONTAMINATION, as opposed to PERSONAL DECONT AMIN A TION! already dealt with).

1. MEASURES TO PREY£. T IMPAIRI\IE l T OF NATION AL MORALE.

As we have said, one of the major effects hoped for by the attackers is the production of fear or, at the least, of loss of confidence. Previous educatz'on of the whole of the civil population, from now on, in the adequacy of the protective and defensive measures that can be adopted against gas will rob a gas attack of half its sting. Gas discipline, plus proper provision of protective appliances and clothing, of well-organised systems of alarms and warning signals, shelters, aid-posts, and decontamination centres, will make gas relatively harmless, and hence much less Lkely to be used. A trained and level-headed population, with adequate arrangements, is more likely to be spared a gas-attack than one known or believed to be easily damaged or stampeded.

By Gas-Discipline we mean the training of all members of the community in the outlines of antigas precautions, and the train ing of the" active" section of that community in methods of assisting the remainder.

By the" active" section of the population we mean police, fire brigades, employees of public services, personnP.1 of First Aid bodies, and members of other recognised organisations who may be utilised as part of the nation's anti-gas machinery in yarious non-medical ways, e.g., in manning Decontamination Centres, forming Decontaminating gangs for buildings or roadways, acting as drivers of transport vehicles, as police and controls, etc.

It is expected that as many men will be required to act in these auxiliary and non-medical

FIR ST

A ID . 113

ways as will be needed for the more definitely First Aid and Nursing " 'o rk, which will be undertaken by the S.J.A.B. and the B.R.C.S. in conjunction with certain general and municipal hospitals. It is possible that even:J. larger number of non-First Aid personnel will become necessary, and it is with this in view that First Ai<.l authorities have accepted the offer of the Legion of Frontiersmen to act in any way that the First Aid Commander may direct, the non-medical body taking its instructions, through its own Cbief, from him. This arrangement has the approval of the Government Department concerned, and tbe interest of the First Aid Commander has been shown by his becoming a Vice-President of the Legion, and by his consenting to perform the opening ceremony of the Legion's Central School of Chemical \Varfare at the Duke of York's Headq uarters, Chelsea, in January last.

By the" passive" portion of the popula.tion we mean all who are not so employed, and who will need the assistance afforded by the various protective

It cannot be stressed too often or too strongly that, although an attack by gas is demoralising and damaging to an UNINSIRUCTED AND UNPREPARED population, complete safety is conferred by reasonable PROTECTJ V E PRECA UTIONS plus an average intelligent PRE UNDERSTAN DJ NG. People must be taught that Gas is NOTthe nightmare that they may believe it to be ; that it is a simple matter to render it relatively harmless; and that it can have adverse effects only by reason of spineless panic, or of a conceited overconfidence leading to neglect of the precautions taught by those who have taken the trouble to find out beforehand. Those who have thought and spoken of defensi ve and protecti ve tactics in relation to Gas have in the past been laughed at as either scaremongers or kite-flyers; now it is amply demonstrated that they were talkll1g sense.

So, to prevent the impairment of morale, Gas Educatzon of all sections of the community is the first step; the provision of an adequate p7 otecl'ive system the next.

While referring to the matter of the instruction of the community in the outlines of Gas Precautions, it is emphasised that those responsible for appointing lecturers and teachers should insist upon evidence suitability for this very responsible task; for Just as First Aid can so easily be wrongly taught by untrained and inexperienced so can this. But any deviation In the teachll1g from what IS correct and wise may prov.e a of gra seriousness, out of all proportion to Its apparent Importance.

2. MEASURES TO ORGANISE MASS- OR GROUP-PROTECTION FOR NUMBERS OF PEOPLE;

TO SET Up A SYSTEM OF DECONTAMINATION STATIONS FOR THOSE EXPOSED; AND TO ARRANG E FOR THE TREATMENT OF GAS CASUALTIES.

1. GROUP PROTECTIO I

The protection of the passive population from gas can be considered under several heads :--

A.-PREVENTION OF EXPOSURE.

1. An alarm system" giving warning of a gas attack, will enable the passive population to seek refuge in GAS-PROOF rooms, sizelten, or buildings. Any room with sound walls can be made gas-proof.

2. A system of Gas Polz'cz'ng will prevent the passive population en teri ng areas contam inate d with persistent gas, and will divert traffic awa y from areas being affected by non-persistent gas.

B.-DECONTAMINATION OF THOSE EXPOSED.

Decontamination stations will be established, equipped, and staffed; they will be sited In accordance with the plan drawn up by the responsible officer or staff. Here will be carried out th e decontamination of thuse members of the passiv e population who have not been prevented from exposure to gas, as well as the members of the active population exposed in the course of thei r duties. Material will be decontaminated or destroyed so that it no longer is a potentia l source of danger.

C.-TREATMENT OF GAS CAS UALTIES

Arrangements will be mClde for the collection , decontamination, First Aid treatment, evacuation, and medical treatment, of gas casualties. Ga s police, stretcher bearers, First Aiders, transport personnel, and nursing staff will have to be recruited, trained, and rendered mobile.

(To be contz'nued.)

[Owing to repeated requests, the Table II of War Gases which appeared in our August, 1935 issue, is now available in page for m at the nominal charge of 2/ -. per 50, post free. Applications should be sent, together with remittance, to " First Aid," 46, Cannonstreet, London, E.C.4.]

A week of inten s ive training was held at the Headquarters of the British Red Cross Society, 14 Grosvenor Crescent, London, comme n c ing November 4th. Thre e hundred and seven ty-four officers from all part s of Gre at Britain attended lectures in hygiene, sanitation, first aid in chemical warfare, nutrition, and how to teach.

Por t of Bristol Aut ho r i t y.

THE Bristol Docks Committee entertained the mem bers of the first aid classes at the offices, Oueeen-sq uare, Bristol, on Saturday, October 12 th. Alderman E. M. Dyer (chairman), presided, while those present included Messrs. G. S hallard (Port of Bristol Authority), R. H. Jones (ge neral manager), Frank Brown (asst. general manager), W. P. Wordsworth (docks engineer), W. A. Smith (asst. engineer), H. K. Bubbear (d ocks supt.), B. S. Caws (Messrs. Elders and Fy ffes Ltd.), Commander J. Whitla Gracey ( Haven master), E. Stanford and W. R. Harford (Mess rs. Spillers Ltd.), E. S. Harris (Messrs. Jo hn Robinson and Co., Ltd), J. A. King (Messrs. C. J. King and Sons, Ltd.), S. C. Parkin (E mployers' Labour Association), and Doctors A . P. Gorham and J. A. L. Roberts.

Five teams took part in the competition for the cup and medals presented by the Docks Committee, one from Messrs. John Robinson and Co., Lt d., and four from the Port uf Bristol.

themselves for examination, the same number as last year, and 75 were successful. The Docks Committee's grants were made to the 50 successful candidates of the Port Authority.

Four teams trained under the Port Authority's scheme competed in the annual Bristol Centre stretcher com petition, held on Jul y 27th . Team No. 1 was succesful in winning the "Cyril Lavington" cup for improvised emergency work, the team obtaining 179 & marks Ollt of a maximum of 200. Messrs. John Robinson and CO.'s team \vas second in the Novice cup with 159 points out ot a maximum of 220. During the year ended September 3Uth, 1935, no fewer than 1,206 cases were treated at the docks surgery, and the total number of patients removed to the medical institutions by the docks am bulance was 2 10, incl uding 172 employees of the Authority's tenants. Alderman 0 yer also referred to excellent work of docks am bulance and driver.

During the evening Alderman Dyer presented the cup and medals to the winning team, also the certificates, vouchers, medal! ions and labels. Fount3.in pens were given to Mr. H. Owen (instructor), A. E. B. Hitchin (hon. secretary), S. J. Austin (assistant hOIl. secretary) and a barometer to Dr. A. P. Gorham, and a volume "Haig" by Duff Cooper, to Dr. 1 orman Burgess, the lecturers.

S.J.A. B. Overseas.

On Friday, October -hll, Colonel J. L. c.i\1.G., C.B.E., l\1.V.O., Chid Cul11missioner S J.A.B. On;'rseas, left England for an extensive isitation t o Units O\ ersens.

The test case was that of a patient who bad fallen from the quay wall into the water, and when rescued, was unconscious and apparently drowned, with a fracture o f the middle right arm and a contused wound on the forehead. The judge was Dr. J. A. L. Roberts.

The winning team was No. 5 of the Port Authority, comprising Messrs. A. Hack (capt.), R. Mitchell, \ V. Brooks, S. Bidwell and E. Prudhoe. No. 6 team Messrs. T. F. Evans (capt.), L. Garrett, J. Rowleclge, H. G. Freeman, and H. L. \tV ill iams was second, and Messrs. John Robi nson's team touk third place.

Following the com petition the teams were entertained to when Alderman E. Dyer mentioned that seventy-seven men presented

He arriH d at Cape Tuwn on Octob e r 21st and aft e r making variuus inspections", ill for Australia, arriving at un December 6th. From there he will g-o tU Adelaide (December 21st), (D_e cember and Sydney (January 2nd, 1936). J anuary :Jtll, approxlIllately, to J anuary 13th will be spent in ew Zealctnd. Sleeman will then return to Australia and the follOWing IS Ilis itinerary: Arrive Sydney February 22nd, visit Brisbane February 24th, returning to Sydney on 7th. Arrive in l\1elb onrne lar ch 16th, visit Tasmania l\larch 23rd to 28t h and lea \ e Melbourne l\larch 29th. Arri\ e Adelaide Aprii 2nd, Frcl11antle A.pril 13th, leav.ing on April 271h on ,. S. S. Strathaird." H e is due back \0 London about '\Iay 21s(.

NEW

\1r. VV. C. J. Osman has been admitted Brother of the Order of St. J ohn 1\1r. 0 man became a melnber of the Brig-ade 22 years ago, and in add!tion t.o occupying the position as Superint endent of the IS also Han. the Ashburton sub-centre, a pOSIllon he has held Since the 1I1seption of the centre.

The Divisional competitions of the Ambulance Division were hdd o n eptel1lber 2:Jth. In a keen

Plwtograph 101] I Brt"slol F,ve7ling Pus/ Purt of Bristol Authoritv CompeLitions in Progress.

competI ti on Pt e L. Wood (l eade r) , Scrgt. T. Grav es, Ptc s L. H Eastwick an d BaRley were th e winn e r s. Corps Supt. ]. Dickson pr esenled the "Ch ap m a n" Cup and vases.

Other Divisions, amb ul ance a nd nursing, arc car rying out their usual weekly parades at which lect u res are give n and stretcher drill and other 'N ork is carried out.

.\ meetim; arrange d by Supl. E. Gray, of the Ka iapoi Cenlre, was held at Oxford on September 25th, to assist the format ion of first aid classes. Commander C. H. K ers ley, Secretary of t he Ce ntre , and 1'1r. F. J. Ashworth a lso attended the meeting and it was resolved that a branch of the Associal ion be formed.

Supt. Gray drevv allentioll to the need for forming- a division of the Brigade in Oxford, when public duties could be performed by the local mem bers.

The A.nbulance Man in the Mine.

TIlERE can be few occupations in which the value of an efficient ambu lance man is better shown than thaI of mining. He has need to rely almost entirely upon himself, for medical help is not available, in almost every case, until the injured man has been taken to the s urfac e; and in some mines at leas t an hour must pass before a doctor sees the patien t.

\,vhat irreparable damage could be done in that time; and what unnecessar y sufferi ng could be caused The conditions under which the ambulance man works are impossible to reproduce for compet ition practice, w hile it is equally difficult to convey an impression of them to anyone who has not spent some time in the solid blackness of the mine.

The injured man ma y be completely buried and difficult to find. Care must be taken to clear a way to his mouth, avoid stepping or sliding stones on him. Or he ma y be partly covered, but in danger of more falling stones. Quick release is imperative, yet care must be taken too rough, hurried handli ng will further complicate the inj ur y Some times the stones have to be levered with crowbars off the injured man, and care as to the placing of levers and the probable slide of the stone is necessary.

Always present are the dangers of falls on the rescuer; and somet imes it is unsafe to delay even for the slightest treatment until the patient is removed to a place of safety-if there is one. On ol:e I had a large ambulance box flattened, With Its contents, b y a stone that fell between the patient and myself.

The colour of the face can be no guide in these cases, for all faces are black. Hot water or anything hot is not obtainable. Keeping a cut clean seems hopeless in the thick cloud of dust al\Vays hanging around. All examinations have to be carried out by the light of a feeble lamp that

must not be tilted the least bit, or it will go out; and sometimes it cannot be lifted for fear of gas. Im ag ine ge. tin g a stretcher and burden along a tunnel that is not higher at any part than twentyfour inch es , with a constant stream of water flowing a long it! Even when the mainways are reached , there is rarel y width for the stretcher to be carried t\\'o ab re ast, an d a coal tram is rough travelling [or a badly injured man.

When the miles of roadways have been traversed, a nd th e long wished for daylight has been reached, tre a tment seems very much more simple. Plenty of room , plenty of light, hot water a nd stimulants are available. The bruised and gri med minf'r must be washed cleaned and prepared for hospital, the doctor and relatives informed, and a clear report of the accident wri tten.

These days, miners travel to work by lon g distances, and so come in for their share of the road accidents. Thus the ambulance man 1S ever on duty, and very few are the days on which he has not some call or other on hi s sk ill. -B L. COOMBES.

Coming Events.

The Editor will be pleased to receive particulars of forth. coming events for inclusion (free of cbarge) under this heading NOVEMBER.

23.-.--\ nnu a l Dinner, East H am Divi s ion, S.].A. B.

26. of London P oli ce "Aldermen's" Cup CompetitIOn

26.-Metropo li tan Police "Parson" Shield Competition Final. Peel House.

27.-Red Cross Ball, Grosvenor House, Lo:-:don

27.-Ann ual Supper, No. 1 (Stoke ew in gton) Nursing Division, S.]. A. B., Divisional H ea dqu arlers.

30.-No. 1 (Prince of Wales's) Districl, S.].A.B., Annu al Officers' Dinner, Great Central Hot e l, Marylebone. DECEMBER.

Hospitallers' Club Meeting, ort h al11p ton 111slltu le o

7 - " Lily Herbert" Competition, Southend-on-Sea.

7.-Eastern Area, No. 1 (Prince of Wales'S) Di str ict "Statha m" Trophy CompetiLion, Conference Hall: West Ham Lane.

S.-Service at the Priory Church of the Ord er of St. John, Clerkenwell.

13. - Hospitaller's Club Meeting, Bonnington Hot e l, London.

H.-No. 107 (York Ro a d, L.N.E.R.) Divi s ion Dan ce, Alexandra Palace.

When corresponding with advertisers kindly mention "FIRST AID."

The St. fohn Ambulance Brigade Reports.

No. I (Prince of Wales's) District.

Some 15 0 officers of No.1 District attended a course o f anti-gas in st ru ction h e ld at C hil tern Hall, Bake.r Street, on October 19 th a nd 20th.

The Commissioner presided ove r the gathering, among whom were the Assistant Commissione r District and County Surgeons) District Staff and othe rs .

On the first day the subj ect was introd u ced and in a ddition to the exp lanation of the glossary of the terms o be employed during instruction, the effects of weathe r methods of projection) the act ion and classification of each g as was discussed. Choking gases, Nose gases, Tear gases a nd other gases were f ull y exp l ained and the first aid t reatment given.

On the Sunday, Blister gases were dealt with and during the afternoon demonstrations of Gas Masks, Drill, Air Lock, etc.) were given. Protective clothing, decont amination, aid stations and general organisation were other subj ects discussed

The lecturers were Messrs. C E. Bower, J. Standingf orel, L. R. Allum, E W. J and A. E Wells.

WESTERN AREA.-The 4th Annual Social of the \Vestern Area was held at Caxton Hall) Westminster, on Tuesday October 15th when the Assistant Commissioner ( Mr. Sydney J. Warren) and Mrs Warren welcomed about 2 50 visitors.

Those present included the Commissioner (Capt. W. Goodley M C) and Mrs. GoodIey, District Surgeon Capt. Fenton Miss Fenton, Lady District Supt. Miss \ i\1alker, Countv SurO"eon Dr. G. R. H. Wrangham, District Officers F. and F. S. Stratton, Laely District Officer

and his l ady. He also welcomed the members of the Headquarters staff and referred to the honour bestowed on D i strict Officer Capt. Franks) having been elected Deputy :vr:ayor of Stoke N ewngton.

Dancing continued until nearly midnight to music played by Ted Wood's Band) the master of ceremonies being Amb. Officer Owens of O. 70 Division. Spot prizes were presented by Mrs. Warren.

A most successful and enj oyable evening was the yerdict of all visitors and the Area is already looking forwa r d to next year's eyent.

EAST HAJI.I.-The East Ham and Inter-District Competition was held on Saturday, October 26th) when eight teams competed for the silver challenge cup presented by Mr. H. Jacobs. The judges were Asst. Commissioner Capt. F. E. Bendix and District Officer C. J. Fitch (team); Dr. W. D. reil (viva voce); District Officer C E. Bower. assisted by Corps Supt. Walsoy (practical).

Among lhe interested yisitors "vas Capt. Goodley and 1\1rs Goodley) Asst. Commissioner Capt. Kendall and -:'Irs.

H ack n ey Division S.J .A. B.

Last four m embe rs seated, from left, Supt. Hayes, Amb. Offic e r Howard, Staff Sergt. Woodbridge and Pte Ro ge r s, were re cent ly presented with service a wards totalling 135 years se rvic e

Robin ia, Viscountess Mountgarret) O.B.E. Others. present included District Officers Capt. Franks) Green, PIers and Bu rt on who were accompanied by their ladies, District Office r ) T. McBride, and Laely District Offi cer Miss Grind ley

At the supper interval Asst. CommiSSIOner "Y1,:rren presided and ill a s h o rt speech welcomed the CommlsslOn er

Offi cers present at the East Ham Inter-District Com petitions.

Kendall) Asst. Commissioner Capt. White Knox, Mayor and l\Iayor ess of the Borough, Ald e rman T \\ Burden, J.P., Councillor and l\Irs. H. B. Harper) COl1ncdlor and 1\1rs. BouJtwood, District Officer Haines and Mrs. Haines, District Officer Kemp, Lady District Officer. Morrish) Mrs. Fitch, Mrs. Bower, Mrs. Ambler, Dlstnct Serg·t.-lVlajor Elam) and others.

LThe scene of the team test depicted a London street with a Belisha Crossing, jewellers' shops)' etc A cyclist knocked down a man on the crossing and the team found both persons suffering from slight 'Whilst a ttending these patients a smash and grab was .s t aged and a pedestrian in trying to stop the bandIt a bullet through the axillary artery In fa1l111g patient cam e in contact with a coster's barrow and sLlsta1l1ed fractures of the spine and fibula t,?gether ':'ith a ankle. Jus t in case the teams fin.lshed theIr work 111 allotted 20 minutes a woman pass111g the scene gave a SCI eam and fell down in a faint.

In spite of all the excitement which surrounded them the competitors carried on with their \\'ork in an efficient manner.

Mr. Harris, Divisional President, presided over the presentation ceremony, the result being announced by Supt. A. E. A Ambler, who, assisted by Amb. Officer W. H. Morrish, was responsible for the organisation, as follows: 1st, Grays, 409; 2nd (" Eith Cup), West Ham, 3991; 3rcl, Barking, 390. Other teams \\'ere East Ham, Arsenal, Beckton, Southend and Dagenham.

The :;\Iayor presented the competition a\\'ards and also the East Ham Divisional wards as fo11o\\s: 'c vVinifred Harper)) Shield (for viva-voce), Pte. R. Browse; rU1111erup, c. Edith \Vard )) Cup, Corp!. \V. Muddle; " Raie Harris" Silver Cup, for squad efficiency, Corpl. \V. Muddle, Ptes. A. Lloyd F. Rich and R. Herring; "Mary Ambler's" Cadet Shield, Cadet E. Male.

The Mayor, in reply to a vote of thanks. stated how intensely interested he was in 'w hat he had seen. He wished to extend to the Brigade his personal thanks for the kindly services rendered by members during his year of office.

Capt. Goodley proposed thanks to the Judges, to which Capt. Bendix replied.

SOUTIIGATE.-The Annual Church Parade of the No. 118 (Southgate) Division was held at St. Paul's Church. \Yinchmore Hill, on Sunday, October 13th.

The parade, which included representatives from numerous divisions in the Northern Area, including officers and sisters from the No. 74 (Finchley and Southgate) Division, numbered over 120 and was under the command of Capt. A. C White Knox, M.e., M.B., Asst. Commissioner.

Led by the District Band the parade marched to the church, where the Rev. G. Harold Lancaster, M.A., conducted the service. In his sennon the Rev Lancaster dealt briefly with the history and obj ects of the Brigade.

After the service the parade marched to Station Road for dismissal.

No. 22 (HOSPIT.\L Si\TURmy DIVISION.-The "'inner of the" Flore11ce )) Trophy for the current year is Pte. R. C Bedwell, Pte. R. R. Stead being the runner-up.

No. II. District.

ALDERSIlOT.- Three teams competed in the competition of the Aldershot Corps held on Wednesday, October 30th.

The competition was decided on team and individual work, Corps Officer C Rolfe judging the former and Corps Officer A. E. Davy the latter.

The result was: I, Aldershot, 163 points' 2 Traction Company, 160; 3. Farnborough, 109. ,

In the <lhsencc, through illness, of Mrs. Parker, her husband, J. B. Parker, President of the Traction Company Division, handed the cup and miniatures to the sLlccessful team, comprising Sergt. Atkins) Ptes. Johnson Frickers, 1\1oore and Levy.

He also handed certificates from the Southern Railway Ambulance centre to Corps Officers A Hewitt and VI. Sherrin for thirty years' service.

A. Tennyson-Smith, County CommisSIOner, Hampshire. presented :1.wards at the annual dinner of the Alton and District Division.

:,ho is leaving the district, was the reClplen.t of a slh'cr clgarette hox from his personal friends and a sJlvC'r watch from the Division.

AID.

BOURNEMOUTII.-On Saturday, October 26th, th e Mayor of Bournemouth (Alderman J. R. Edgecombe) presented Grand Prior Cadet Badges to members of the Bournemouth Corp Cadets.

The recipients. were: Sergts Sybil Savory, Beryl Harns, Jean Coggll1, Corpls. Barbara Wright Kathleen Ryc1e, Sheila Spiers and Cadet Joan Thornton. 'They also received first aid cases, which were gifts from the Corps

BANBURY -The Annual Church Parade of the Banbury Divisions was held on Sunday, No\'ember 3rc1. The parade, which numbered about 70, included nurses and cadets and among those present were the Mayor and (Councillor S. and Mrs. Ewins)) Dr. e. GardinerH1l1 (County Surgeon), Dr. T F. Briggs (Div Surgeon ).

Dr. E. J. L. Wells (1 ursing Div. Surgeon), Supt H Bagley, Lady B.arrelt and Cattell, Cadet Lady Supt. Mrs C Gardmer-Hlll, Mrs. Krelle (Matron, Horton HospItal).

The Vicar of Banbury (the Rev. A. L. E. Williams ) preached the sermon.

WITNEY.-As the result of a flag day the sum of £20 6s. 62d has been added to the funds of the Witne y Division, and thanks are due to the ladies who carried out the collections.

The annual dance of this Division was held on October 9th, when there "vas an attendance ·of about 150 who to the music supplied by Jim Soame's Bane!. During an 1l1terval Supt. ]. C. Chesterman made sympatheti c reference to the death of Pte. E. Cantwell the victim of an accident the previous day. Pte. Cantw'ell was one of the most enthusiastic members of the Division and would be. g!'eatly missed. Dr. W. E. Audland, County miSSIOner, sent an expression of sincere reo-ret at the los s the I?ivision had sustained. The .dance w:s held in spi te of thIS sad occurrence at the speClal request of the wi do\\' of Pte. Cantwell.

At the funeral of the late member the coffin was draped with the Brigade colours and members of the Division acted as bearers.

The number of beautiful wreaths bore witnes s to the esteem in which Pte. Cantwell was heIr!.

N o. III . D istric t .

On Sunday, October 20th, the new Brigade Colours, presented by Col. B. J. T. Ford, Asst. Commissioner to the Birmingham County, were consecrated by the Bishop of Birmingham (Dr. E. W. Barnes).

O:,el: 700 members were on parade, under County CommlsslOner Capt. ]. Henton White, including nurses and cadets.

The service was held at the Parish Church of St. by the Rector (Canon Guy Roberts) , m address, traced the history of the Order sinc e 1tS mceptlOn to the present time.

The colours were returned to the colour party and the service concluded with the singing of the Nationa l Anthem.

Following the service the County Commissioner and Henton White entertained a large gathering to tea 111 the Queen's Hotel.

Extending to. Col.. Ford the thanks of the Brigade, Capt. Henton sald they had not only to acknowledge a great and the thought that prompted it, but also. they were :ndebte? to Col. Ford for having mad e poss1ble occasIOn WhlCh was historic Tt was primaril) through h1S endeavours that such a ceremony had been consummated, and they owed him their gratitude. Their thanks were also due to Mrs. Ford who, with kindly thought, had presented a mahogany case in which the

wlours would be enshrined in their headquarters as a perpetual reminder of a tradition.

Acknowledging the exprcs sions of goodwill, Col. Ford said he was honoured at being allowed to present something that was emblematic of a high service.

(Note: Birmingham County claim that they are the first unit to possess officially recognised Ambulance Brigade Colours, but we believe that the Central Area of o. 1 (Prince of Wales's) District, have been the proud possesso rs of such colours for some years.-Editor).

NORTI-IAMPToN.-The annual meeting of the Weedon Division of the Northampton Corps was held on Tuesday, October 8th; the Pre ident, Mr. J. D. Brown, presiding, supported by Dlv. Surgeon Dr. e. H. Sedgwick, Div. Supt. C. Jones, Div. Secretary F. Warwick and Corps Supl. W. E. Edwards, M.B.E.

In his report Supt. Jones stated that the past year had been one of progress Cases treated and public duties carried out both showed increases over the previous year. All v\,ho attended the examination were successful. During the year a Wayside First Aid box had been supplied and eq uipped at Flore; this was made possible by the good effor ts of P.e. Farum, of Flore, who made the box and raised the funds to purchase the equipment. A team under CorpI. Griffin entered the "Marquis of orthampton}} Cup com petition and, although not successful, a good show was put up. CorpI. Upton competed in the L.ilI. & S.R. compet ition, securing second place, being only half a mark he hind the winner. The next winter session would, at first, be devoted to the A R.P. instruction.

Dr. Sedgwick presented the awards gained during the year. He was proud to be their Divisional Surgeon.

After the Chairman and Corps Supt. Edwards had add ressed those present, the meeting terminated.

No. IV. District . CHESHIRE.

The finals of the Cheshire Ambulance and Nursing Co mpetitions were recently held at the Winnington Recreatio n Club, by permission of I.CI. (Alkali).

The judges were :-Men: Dr. Jackson, Manchester (te am); Major Hamilton, Manchester (individual); Mr. Fowler] ones (uniforms). T urses: Dr. Kcfalas, Liverpool (team); Dr. Forsyth, Liverpool (individual). Other offic ials included Supt. Cotter (Birkenhead), Supt. Mason (Crewe) and Supt. Dale (Crewe).

Results were:-

Men: 1st and {( Whittaker II Cup, Crewe (captain, Amb. Officer Gibson); 2nd and "Cheshire Motor-Cycle Union}} Shield, Barnton (captain, Sergt. e. Moore); 3rd, Reddish; 4th Camme]], Lairds, Birkenhead, 5th, Altrincham.

Nurses: 1st and" Laird II Rose Bowl, Hamilton Memorial) Birkenhead (captain, Lady Supt. Mrs. Williams); 2nd, Reddish; 3rd, Northwick.

The ambulance prizes were presented by Mrs. Darlingto n, President of the Northwich Division and the nursing by Mrs. Fearns of Stockport.

Mrs. Challoner presented the" Challoner" Boy Cadet Cup to the Northwich Boy Cadet Division, and the /I Challoner" Girls' Cadet Cup to the Hamilton Memorial Birkenhead Girls' Cadet Division

Service awards were presented to members of the NorthwiC'h Division by Commissioner Col. Challoner. as f()ll()ws :-Bar. Supt. J. H. Johnson and SC'rgt. J. Goodier;

A I D. 117

medals to Amb. Officer II. Roberts, Sergt. E. Barker and Pte. J. Thomas.

Col. Challoner thanked the judges for their services anel the LCI. for the use of the hall.

Capt. Reay tendered thanks to the ::.l'orthwich Division for the successful arrangements, making special reference to Supt. J. H. John on and Sergt. FL E. Simcock, the Divisional Secretary.

The annual concert and presentation of awards of the l\Iacc1esfield Ambulance and Tursino' Divisions was held on vVeclnesday, Octoher 30th, when Mayor. (Ald. R. L. .Hidderley) presided and complimented the Bngade on theIr excellent \york. County Officer]. A. K. Ferns distributed the ambulance awards, whilst the G. S. Hidderley ) presented those gained by the nursing members.

Supt. E. Clarke expressed thanks to tho e who had helped to make the event a success.

LANCASIIIRE.

ASI-ITON-IN-MAKERFIELD. - The Division has obtained permission to operate a road patrol service in the main street of the township on Saturdays and Sundays. The patrol will be on duty from 10 a.m. until midnight in case of accidents and they are to be allowed to erect a tent on the Ashton Recrea tion Ground to be used as the centre of operations. Ashton is one of the main roads from Blackpool to the :\Iidlands and Potteries. and during the week-ends a large amount of traffic passes through the town.

L.-\NCASTER.-About 90 members and friends attended a social evening organised by the Social Committee of the Lancaster Ambulance and Tursing Divisions. The (CouncilIor 'V. M. Simpson), who was accompanierl by the Mayoress) commented on the work done by both Division in the Borough, and said he would be pleased to give any help he could.

Supt. Helme thanked the l\Iayor and l\Iayoress for attending and presenting the various awards.

Lady Supt. Hudson seconded the yote of thank. Addresses were giyen by Dr. George and Dr. Tomb, the latter stating that he would like to see new members at their lecture commencing next

LITIIERLAI\J). - The first seasonal dance organised by the Litherland and Ford Corps \\'as held in Litherland Parish Hall. The function was attended by a hundred members and friends in addition to Acting- Corps Supt. W. F. Tomkins, and Councillor J. A. Vincent Vice President.

ST. HEl.EN's.--A social evening and presentation of ambulance awards was held at the St. Tohn Amhulance Headquarters, Salisbury Street. St. Helens. when the YicePresident (Councillor J. Thackray. J.P.) presented the awards.

Supt. vVarren apologised for the una\'oiclahle ahsence of the President (Capt. R. A. Spencer, and reportee! that Councillor A. Dodd hac! consented to he come the I)econd Vice-President of the Division.

Councillor Thackray. in presenting the a\\'ards, complimented the recipients on ability and interest in what he described as a Chnstlan ::-foyement. IIe was amazed at what he \\ itnessed at City Road on the occasion of the South-\\'est Lancashire RC\'iew and \\'as of the opinion that to see 700 men women. and bo): (l1lc1 g'irl cadets so intere. ted 111 the voluntary work I)t

First Aid deserved more practical support than t h ey received.

Mr. and Mrs Horrocks provided the music, and were thanked for thei r services.

No. V. District.

NOTTINGHAM CORPs.-The Annual Flag Day collection in aid of the funds of the Nottingham Corps and Divisions, held this year on Saturday, October 19th, realised a gross total of £153, this being approximately £30 less than the 1934 total. The extremely unfavourable weather conditions experienced this year undoubtedly had an adverse' effect on the result of the collection.

Two Church Parades were held on Armistice Sunday, the members of Cinderhill Ambulance Division attending morning service at the Cinderhill Parish Church, whilst the members of the Bulwell Ambulance Division attended the morning service at the Bulwell Parish Church. In both cases members of other Divisions of the Nottingham Corps were invited to attend.

OBITUARY.-The Robin Hood Ambulance Division, ),Tottingham Corps, sustained a loss by the untimely death, as the result of an accident, of Pte Albert Bramley, who died in the - ottingham General Hospital on October 19th. Pte. Bramley received injuries whilst at work on the 19th ult., as the result of a falling ladder blown over during the gale experienced on that date, the inj uries subsequently proving fatal. He was a most popular member of the Robin Hood Division, and was a keen participator in the Competitions held by the Nottingham Corps, and was also ahnys willing- to undertake public duty whenever called upon.

As a last token of r espe ct, the members of the N ottingham Corps furnished the bearers at the Brigade funeral of Pte. Bramley, which was also attended by Corps Supt.

A. G. Lady Corps Supt. Mrs. Paling, Lady Corps Secretary MISS Oldfield and other officers and members of the Corps, and sincere sympathy was extended to Pte. Bramley's widow and child.

No VI. Dist r ict.

i\IIDDLESBROUGH.-At a social evening held by the J\Iiddlesbrough Central Ambulance Division, on November 2nd, 1935, the chief feature of the evening was the presentation of Service, First Aid, First Aid in Chemical Warfare, and Royal Life Saving Awards.

guests were the Mayor-elect of Middlesbrough , CouncIllor A. Elstrop, County Commissioner F. P. Wilson , ]. Walker! Supt. M. Fletcher of Darlington. DIVISIOn, representatives of the Royal Life Saving SOCiety, Flag-Day collectors and members of the Nursing and Ambul a nce Divisions.

pres enting the Service awards) the County CommISSioner expressed his sincere appreciation of the work performed by the recipients and hoped that their worthy efforts would continue.

Councillor Elstrop, when presenting a bar to the Service Medal to the County Commissione r, who has just recovered from a serious illness, hoped that his return to health and duty would be permanent. He expressed his extreme pleasure in lJeing allowed to hand the award to the County Commissioner, whose friendship he had enjoyed for many years

County Commissioner Wilson then presented the awards to the members of the MiddlesbrouO'h Nu r sing and Ambulance Divisions. 0

A I D .

After refreshments had been served, a dance concluded the evenlng's programme

In addition to the bar presented to t he County Commissioner, County Officer J. Walker, Supt. M. F letcher (Darlington}. Supt. J. McArthur (Middlesbrough Central ) and Amb. Officer C. J. Halliman (Middlesbrough Central) also receiyed bars.

DONCAsTER.-J\lembers of the Doncaster Corps attended the Doncaster Parish Church in connection with the celebration of St. Luke's Day.

The address was given by the Rev. L. L. Knightall Vicar of Woodlands, and the hymns were accompanied b): the Markham Main Ambulance Band. The lessons wer e read by Corps Supt. D. Macaskill and Mr. R. H . Hepworth .

FEATllERSTONE.-Two members of the Featherstone Cadet Division have qualified to receive the Grand Prior' s Bad ge They are] ames Murray and] oseph Hutchinson

Two other cadets ha\'e already pass ed eleven subjects.

No. VIII. ( Duke of Connaught ·s) Dist ict. , ADDIscolIBE.-On Sunday morning, October 27 th the Addiscombe Division paid their fifth annual visit St. Mildred's Church, where a special service was held.

The men were under the charge of District Offic er Prew and the nurses were under Miss N F. Waters.

The Vicar Dr. Charles W. Budden), in hi s welcome to the DnTlslOn, stated that their ambulances ha d already this year eighteen thous a nd miles) carrymg SiX and forty-three patient s, and that during the same peflod they had rendered fi rst aid to the sick and injured in nearly a thousand cases.

third collect, medals for long and distmgUlshed servIce were presented by the Vicar to Amb. 9fficers H. G Chester a,nd A. Scott, both of whom had put m fifteen years of contmuous service in addition to th eir \I\rar services. When presenting the' medals Dr. Budd en said that "it was fittin g that services done in Christ' s name should be acknowledged in His church."

ASHFoRD.-The annual inspecti o n of the Ashford Corps was held on October 30th, Major F. oble bein g the inspecting officer.

Five Ambulance and one Nursing Division were on parade, also Girl Cadets.

Following the inspection, drill and stretcher work was carried out to the s.atisfaction of the inspecting officer.

Those present mcluded Mr. P. H. ] ones (Chairman of UD.C), who offered to give a silver cup for competition among the Girl Cadets District Officer Pott s Lady District Officer Miss Way, Co'rps Supt. F. ]. Mil es; Corps Secretary S. Marsh, Corps Officers]. Henneker and C. Hayward, Supts. Bunting, Holtum) Jackson, Staples and Long, and Cadet Officer Mrs Tym

EAsTBouRNE -On Sunday, October 27th members of the Eastbourne Division, under Supt. A. ]. Burnage an d Cadets, under Pte yv. Field) were inspected by N. Corbet Fletcher, ASSIstant Surgeon-in-Chief.

Among those present Were Mayor (Councillor MiSS Thornton) J.P.), Mrs. and M1SS Sydney Smith (th e donors of the Beaeh Hut), Dr. SIdney Williams (Div Surgeon) and the Chief (Mr V!. H Smith).

varwus apphcations of bandages, artifiCIal resplratron) stretcher drill and hand seat s.

FIRST

Dr. Corbet Fletcher closely examined uniform and equipment) and concluded his inspection with congratulations on the good show He also expressed his pleasure on iearning that the Division had started a fund to purchase headquarters because, he said, no Division that had its own headquarters had ever lapsed.

At the conclusion of the inspection the Mayor pr esente d awards gained during the year.

No. IX. District.

To mark the cccasion of the reti rement from the pos ition of Asst. County Commissioner, Exeter and East Devo n Area, of Lt.-Col. H Spackman, a parade was held at Exeter Headquarters last month, when men of the Exe ter Division showed their appreciation of the Colonel's services and help by a suitable presen ta tion.

Supt. E. A. Bowden said they were all ext remely sorry that Col. Spackman was leaving them. B oth he and Mrs. Spac kman had been of very great help to the organisation. Co l. Spackman had been a personal friend to th em and had been an officer respected by everyone in the Division.

AID. 119

ambulances with room above for lectures, and a drill ground at the rear.

There was a large gathe ring pr ese nt at the dual ceremony, the members of the Division being under Supt. R. H ea rd and members of the B.R.C.S. under Commandant Mrs. Others present included Dr. J. A. R. GlennIe CDl:'. Surgeon), Mr W. T. Mills (Secretary), Cadet Supt. R. GIbbens, County Surgeon Col. J. P. S. Ward, County Officer Thomas Perkins, County Officer S. M. Landrey, District Supt. W. H. Hearn, Officer L. J. N. Richards, Div. Supt. C Moyse.

A procession was formed at the Town H all and headed by the Municipal Band, marched to the new building where the Mayor, who was accompanied by the Lord Bishop of Truro and other clergy, handed over the car to Div. Supt. Heard.

Supt. H ea rd in accepting the ambulance said it was complete with every improv ement and the comfort of patients assured.

The Bishop then dedicated the ambulance, whilst the Mayor remark ed that they now had an ambulance station which would meet r eq uirements for some time to come.

Capt. N. R. Colville then opened the door of the building, stating it was a pleasur e to see such tangible evidence of generous support.

A special feature in connection with the ceremonies was that of the J\layor of L a un ceston, who is a private in the Brigade) presiding over the gathering in his ambulance rather than civic, uniform.

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Station Opening and Ambulance Dedicalion at Launceston, by the Lord Bishop of Truro. The layor of Launceston, in his private's uniform, is on the right.

Dr. R. Gray, in presenting a suitcase, said Col. Spackma n, who is leaving for South Africa, was one of those office rs r ea lly want ed in the Brigade-a man of great exper ie n ce who realised the importa nce of ambulance work.

Col. Spackman in r eturning thanks said he was really sor ry to leave the Brigade They were engaged on a very la udable work.

J\1rs. Spackman, who \vas also present, was the rec ipi e nt of a bouquet from Ha ze l Casling, the two-and-ahalf year old dau ghte r of CorpJ. Casling.

L\uNCESTON.-A red-lett e r day in the history of the Launceston Division was recently r eac h ed when a new a mbulance was dedicated and a new ambulance station opened. The Division was formed in 191-1- under the Dr. T. W. Shepherd, and for years a room over the FIre Station had been utilised for drills and accommodation for the first ambulance secured elsewhere. Difficulties, however arose and it was decided to build an ambulance st ation. 'The site was secured and when close on £900 had been collected the J\layor laid the foundation stone in April last. The building provides a garage for two

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The Northern Division (Hull Corps) S.].A. B., held a carnival dance on To\'e mber 1st at which about 200 persons were present.

COMPETITIONS DANCES, etc.-T he attention of the gen e r a l pu b l ic to your needs can be attractivel y arra n ge d b y p urc ha sing co p ies of the Post e r ad vertise d in thi s Journal fo r a ll yo ur So cial and other acti v ities. Sa mpl e s will b e sent on request.

Przory for //Vales.

WELSIl ATIONAL R OAD TRANSPORT AMBULANCE COMPETITION.

Persistent erforts on t h e part of the Pri o r y to promot e the st ud y of A mbul a n ce W or k amo n g Ro a d Transp o rt \,vod<:ers were realised on vV ednesday, O ctobe r 23rd, when seven teams took part in the first vV e lsh National Road Transport Ambulance Competition, h e ld in the Asse mbly R oo ms, City Hall, Card iff

For many years past colliery and railway workers, the police and St. J ohn Ambula.nce h ave been encouraged to maintain First Ai d effiCie n cy by m eans of specific annua l competitio n s; and no o n e can den)' .t h at the road accident flaures justih' s imil ar efforts to pr ovide s u ch effective ame li o r:tive as n training in AIllbulance

in January, 19 3 5, is representative of all Passe n ge r Tran sport Undertaking-so Mr. W. E. Gough, Chairmen of the Motor Om nibus Proprietors' Association, whi c h has presented a trophy for annual competition, is Chairm<ln for the year with Mr. W. Forbes General. M rll1a g:e r, Cardiff Corporation Transport Department as Vi ce -Ch a irman such officers as well as the ve nuE' of the competition to be va ri ed from year to year. Mr C. Thoma s, Secretary of the Associat ion is Hon o rary Secretary.

NIr. W. E. Gough presided at the presentation ce rem ony, which was g r ace d by th e presence of the Mos t Hon. th e Marchioness of Bute, D B. E. ; and called upon the Jud ges t o g i ve th e ir co mment s Dr. S B. Turn e r ( B a rgoed), Dr. R. S. Morri s -Thom as

P1wtograplt [rrres te1'n Mail c."" Soutlz vVales News.

vVelsh National Ro a d Ambulance Competition.

The County Borough of Newport Electricity and TraIllw ays Department Team at work

can ell sure. \ Vhil\.! the presellt l\linistry of Transport regulations d eman d the carrying of first aid o ut fits on "express" or "contract" carr iages, there is no s u ch stip ulation with regard to the ve h icles travelling long journeys by fare stages of less than one shi llin g, often through lon g stretches of country roads between towns. Stillmore pressinK is the need for drivers and con du ctors to be qualified in the u se of s uch outfits, otherw i se rendered en tirel y u se l ess One has only Lo imagine their feelings if appealed to fruitless ly by pa ssenge rs in an o ut of the way spot to u se the clluipment provided by an und e rt aking at the behest of the State to under sta nd why a large number of such wor k e rs, stimulated in many c<...ses by their emp oyers, h ave b ee n devoting voluntarily a certai n amount of their lei s ure durin g the past twelve months to the study of Am bulan ce vVork.

The Committee responsib le for this ational Competition, set up at a meeting convened by the Pri o ry for

FIRST

Th e D ep uty Lord Mayor of Cardiff (Councillor] ames Gri ffiths) pres e nted the Cup to the captain of the Aberdare tea m, the members each recei ving- fr om Lady Bute a miniature Cup. M e dal s were prese nt e d by the Deputy Lady \layoress a nd Alderman Fred Evans t o the second and third teams.

Mr. Hu g h M. In g ledew, Honorary Solicitor to the Pr ior y proposed thanks to the Jud ges, paying high tribute to their unl1 agg in g interest in the furtherance of Amb ul ance Wor k; a nd thanks were accorded to the Chairman, Secretary a nd to the Priory for vV a l es o n the proposition of Mr. N. ]. Young, General Manager, Newport Borough Electric ity and Tr amways Department.

The tea m test set for these team" t h e majority of whom had never compete d before, was as under :-

"You are passe n gers 'waiting for a 'bus at the cross roads A motor-cyclist with pillion-rider collides with the 'b us. Both riders are thrown, the man having hi s left leg e ntangled in the framework of the cycle."

The pillion-rider is thrown on to h er head.

Dri ver of Cycle: Compound fracture of left l eg, with arte ri a l h cemorrhage, temporarily stoppe d by pressure on pop lit ea l artery.

Pillion Rid er: Fracture of sku ll , with comp r ession of bra in, a lso hremorrhage from palm of hand.

DETAILS OF TEST.

Two of team proceed to eac h case; Captain superintends

Drive r of Cy c e: gently release from cycle

(Hre morrhage appea r s) bright red (yes) spurting (yes)

L\.p ply p ressure to femoral artery

As k if controlled (yes, if done properly)

"\pp l y tourniquet

Atte nd to v\'0und on leg, iodine fingers and wound, dressing

Deformity (yes) ; pain (yes); swelling (yes) irreguarity (yes)

Loss of power (yes) bone protruding (yes)

Do not test for unnatural movement or crepitus

Steady limb ; do not apply extens ion

Splints; correct length, padding

App l y sp lint s

Pi llion-rider: Unconscio u s (yes) give nothing by mouth

Brea thing (stertorous); face (Bushed); pupils (unequal)

Raise head and shoulde l-s

L impness of arm and leg on one s id e; pu se (full and s l ow)

Decide compress on of brain ...

Wou nd on h ead, hcemorrbage (yes, slight, dark red)

Ca n fracture be felt (yes, dent inside of skull)

Iod in e fingers, wound, dressing, ring-pad, bandage

App l y i ce o r co ld water

Pa lnl. of hand: Hremorrhag-c (yes, severe) ._

work, a function was h e lc1 at the Cardiff Y.M. C. A. on Saturd ay, October 26th, for the purpose of presenting first aid certificates to successful st udents who have been attending a course of l ect ures given by Dr. 1\1. Myerson and organised by Corps Offic e r A H. Field.

Representations were made by the Priory to the South Wales Area Tri m ming Board and the Coal Trim mers Union in November, 1933, pointing out the desirability of instructing Coal Trimmers in First Aid; and Classes have been held in Cardiff, Penarth and Barry. It is intended to extend the movement to other ports, viz. Newport, Port Talbot and Swansea; and eventually to maintain int e rest by means of an annual Welsh National Coal Trimmers' Competition which the Priory has undertaken to initiate.

Dr. Edgar Llewellyn, Commissioner for Cardiff, attended the Meeting of the J oint Control Board of the Cardiff, Penarth and Barry Coal Trimmers and presented the Certificates, the recipients on their success and encouraging them to keep efficient and up-to-date in the knowledge they had obtained at a sacrifice of many Sunday mornings.

COMPETITION AT RESOL\ EN.

The "Mary Jenkins" Cup was competed for at the Vivian IIall, Resolven, on Saturday, OctoSer 26th, by teams from Resolven, Cwmgrach, Glynneath, Aberc1ulais and The contest is arranged annually by the Resoh'e n Di\'ision among Brigade teams in the ;:-.Jeath District; and the Cup was presented by Councillor 1\1rs. Jenkins ,,,ho generously supports Ambulance \Vork and frequently places the Vi\'ian Hall at the dispos al of the local Units for Brigade functions. The practical test was judged by Dr. E. Owen, ; and Dr. T. Davies, Aberdulais, judgecl the theory. The Glynneath Team received the Cup at the hands of the donor; and a large gathering of spectators included Staff Officer J. Richards and Corps Officers D. Johns, W. T. Richards and 1. Downs.

Dr. Gavin Muir presented the awards to mcmbers of the Newcastle City Division, S.].A. B., all Thursday, October 31st.

During the three months ending September 30th the new ambulance of the Becc1es Division, S J.A.B., remo\'ed 46 patients cO\' ering 8t8 miles. One journey w as to a London hospital.

(l\Jaerdy) and Dr. ]. P. J e nk i n s (G riITith sto wn) a ll agreed that Ul e work h a d b ee n satisfactorily performed fr om a practical point of v ew mo s t of tb e mistakes which wer e made being du e to nervou s ne ss and inexperience in competition work. Th e Prin c ipal Secr e tary (the H o n. John H. Bruce) a nnoun ce d the r es ults as under :-

Order of M e rit. 1 2 3 4 tied.

T ea m.

Abe rdare U. D. C. Transp o rt

W este rn vV e ls h Omnibu s Co., Aberdarc County Borough of Newport Electricity and Tramways Dept. Red and White Services, Aberdare West Mon. Omnibus Road, Blac kwood

and White Ser v ices, Chep s tow

Bright r ed (yes) ; spurt in g (yes) attend to thiS first.

Treat hcemorrhacre from palm of hand

Ca rry t o h o u se, (human stretcher, h ead raised)

Extras: Use A A box for 'phone, and A.A. man for traffic

Neatness a ncl care

Co-o p erat ion of team

Leadership of m ember in charge of teall1

Stretcher drill

As first fruits of efforts made to encourage those engaged in the coal-trimmin g industry to take up ambu l ance

Colonel C. 1. Ellis, C. T. D., i\l.D ., Surgeon-inChief, St. J ohn Ambulance Brigade, arrived in England from his ,"yorId tour on O\'e m bel' 7th. During his absence Dr. Corbet Fletcher , A.ssistant Surgeon-in-Chief, carried out the duties of the senior rank.

FIRST AID IN DEFENCE .\.l-;.\I1\'ST CHEMICAL WARFARE

By D. J. COLLINS, C.B., C.M.G. M.D. Major-General and H. STUART BLACKMORE, O.B E., M.R C.S., L.D.S., D.P.H. Major, R.A.M.C. Single Copies 7d. post free. Per dozen 65. 6d. May be obtained from DALE REYNOLDS & CO ., LTD., 46, Cannon Street, london, E.C.4

Ratlway Ambulance News.

Great Western.

BARRY.-The Barry station ambulance class held Annual Dinner on November 2nd, when Mr. F G Wa.mwright, Div. Supt., presided and presented exammatlOn awards to successful members, as well as three gold efficiency medals (IS years) and a Quarter medal awarded by the Company. 11r. J. H. Gnggs was presented with the Vellum Vote of Thanks of the Order of St. John for exceptional services rendered to the ambulance moyement over a long period of years.

PLYMOUTH DocKs.-The success of the Plymouth Docks ambulance class in gaining 100 per cent. after an eight weeks' course of instruction (37 cates and 4 labels) was celebrated at a concert and dmner held at the Masonic Hall on November 2nd, when Mr. E. VV. Gould, dock manager, presided. 1\1r. J. H. Swallow (deputy Chief Docks 1\lanager) wa,rmly the members on their success, and pald speclal tnbute to their Secretary, Mr. P. Thomas, who had inaugurated the class on being removed to Plymouth from South v\Tales, where he has been a most prominent ambulance worker. Mr. Swallow said an ambulance t.raining was particularly valuable at the docks, where accidents were liable to occur. The awards were kindly distributed by Mrs E. W. Gould.

SALTNEY AND CUESTER.-An enjoyable evening was spent by members of the Chester and Saltney classes at the City Arms Hotel, Saltney, on October 18th, when Mr. Pritchard (depot master) presided, and spoke of the valuable work constantly being pedonned by members of the movement; he congratulated the Chester teams on their competition successes. In presenting the awards :Mr. R. E. Lampitt (Asst. Div. Supt.) referred to the encouragement given by the Great Western Railway Company in the acquisition of first aid knowledge, which was valuable not only on the railway but to the general community. A special tribute was paid to 1\1r. J. A. Martin (Div Amb. Secretary) and to Messrs. G. Ellwood and W E. Burdett, Secretaries of the Chester and Saltney classes respectively. An enjoyable concert was rendered during the evening.

ABERCARN.-The Beaufort Hotel, Newbridge, was the scene of the first annual dinner of the Abercam and District ambulance class on October 16th, when 1\1r. W. E. Field, of N ewbridge, presided and made the presentation of awards, assisted by 1\I[r. M. vVebber of Abercarn. Mr. Field congratulated the class on its progress, no fewer than 10 new members having taken the certificate. The presentations included a- gift from the class members to their instructo r , 1'1r. C. Bryant, it the hands of Mr. H Heywood. The r e was an excellent musical programme.

VVELSII INTER-RAILWAY COMPETITION -For the tenth time since the instituLion of the Welsh Inter-Railway Ambulance Competition in 1923, this contest has been won hy a team from the Great Western Railway. At the competition held on ovember 5th at Cardiff, the Fishguard Harbour team, who had figured in the Company's

Final competition, and are the holders of both divisional and local trophies, were awa r ded the "Harry Webb" Cup, with a tota l sco r e of marks The team is composed of Messrs G. H. E. Pointer (captain), F. Sparkes, ]. H. L. Williams and G. H. Tay l o r.

London, Mid land and Scottish.

BEDFORD.-The Bedford and District Ambulance Association held their annual dinner on October 19th, when 1\I[r. D Mathieson (President) presided, supported by othe r officials

Mr. E. G. Horton (Distr ict Engineer) presented the awards. Since last year Mr. Horton had had the pleasure 0f presenting to two members of the class, 11r. W. Whilden and Mr. F. Keech, certificates presented by the Company in recognition of first aid work re11dered in the case of acc ident.

Mr. Ernest Coles, in reply to the toast" The L.M.S. Railway Ambulance Centre;" stated that in the past year they had a hundred per cent passes in examination

BIRMINGHAIII.-The Birmingham (D.G.M.O. Claims) Oass re-opened its winter session on October 29th, when Dr. C. St. Johnston lectured

At the conclusion of the lecture, opportunity was taken of presenting to the successful students awards gained at the last session, and the lecturer, in a few well-chosen words, heartily congratulated each recipient when handing them their awards.

On behalf of the class members, the District Secretary, Mr. J. E . Matthews, expressed to Dr. C. St. Johnston their sincere thanks and appreciation of the personal interest he took in the class, the success of which was due in no small measure to the interesting manner in which the lectures were given. He also associated with his r emarks the enthusiastic and efficient manner in which Mr. Berwick carried out his duties as Secretary and Instructor; the votes of thanks) seconded by Mr. F. ]. Haynes, were carried with hearty applause.

BRISTOL Loco.-Some 360 people were present at the annual concert and dance held on October 19th.

Mr. H. Whittaker (District Loco Supt.) presided, s.upported by Col. H Rudgard, Dr. P. S. Rankin, Supt. Cotton and others.

Awards were presented by Col. H Rudgard and included a 2S-year bar to Mr. G. Blackshaw, and a 20-year bar to Mr. C. V Shopland.

On behalf of the class a presentation was made to Mr. E. Stiles, of an easy chair, on his retirement from the service Mr Stiles has been connected with the ambulance movement for 43 years.

BURTON-ON-TRENT.-As the result of the annu.::d competit ion for the L ocal Heads of Department Inter-Divisional Cu p, Signa l were p laced fi r st, followed by Carriage and Wagon second, and Western Loco third. Seven teams competed Dr. F. C. Thompson and Dr. L. Pickett were the judges.

Mr. F. Edwards (President of t h e Burton L.M.S. Centre) was present, suppo rted by Mr. Muggleton, Ch ief Contro ll er, M r. L each, Station Maste r Cou n cill or C. F.

FIRST

Whetton (Chairman of Burton Town Centre), Councillor G. Rider (Secretary to Burton Town Centre), and Mr. G. Smith, Hon. District Secretary, who carried out the arrangements for the competition.

DERBY -Awards gained by members of the Derby eM.E. Department class were distributed by Capt. G. S. Bellamy, Works Supt.

A presentation was also made to Dr. $t. John, lecturer to the class) to mark his completion of 21 years in that capacity

Capt. Bellamy, who presided, refer.red to. successes o-ained by members of the class, and pald a hlgh tnbute to Dr. St. John, to whom he presented four pieces of china

Dr. St. J oh11, expressing his thanks, said that the success of the class was not necessarily due to his lectures , but to the efficient work of the instructors.

LIVERPOOL.-The "Dr. De Vere Shortt" Cup Competition was recently held at Liverpool, when Exchange No.2 team gained first followed by Edge Hill Goods second and Lime Street thIrd.

Five team presented themselves before Dr. \lV. Duncan and Dr. 1\1. Solomon, who acted as judges.

OLDTIAuI.-At the annual smoking concert and presentation of awards to members of the Oldham class, Mr. J. H. Hunsworth (Stationmaster, l\Iumps), presided, supported by Mr. ]. Burtwistle (Goods Agent) and 1\1r. J. \V. Perrins, J.P.

Alderman Shannon (Deputy 1\Iayor) presented the awards, remarking that there was 110 finer work 111 the country.

Dr. Rowan, who is leaving the district, was 1he recipient of a clock as an appreciation of his serYices during the past eight years. He in turn presented the " 1\lorgan " Trophy to 1\1r. J. Johnson.

A lon o service 111edal and chall1 was presented to 1\1r. II. Ander;on (Clas Secretary) hy 1\1r. Barlow (District Secretary).

PETERBOROUGII.-The sixth annual dinner of the Peterborough L. 1\1. S. Ambulance Class was held on October 21sL.

1\1r. R. Bennett (Di trict Controller) presided oyer a gathering' of about 100, supported by 1\11'. L. Darbyshire (Chief Officer for Labour and Estabhshment), and other officials.

1\lr Darbyshire responded to the toa t of "L.1\I:S. Railway," and presented to Dr. Allen the -yel.lu111 of a Ide member of the St. John Ambulance AssoclatlOn. He also presented the awards for 1935.

Mr. F. G. Waite, on behalf of the members, presented Dr. Allan with a suit case

\VILLESDEN.-Mr. J. A. Picknell, Distri.ct Controller, presided at the annual concert and presentatIOn of award helel on October 11 tho _

Mr. E. Norton, Class Secretary, reported 8.) awards had been gained and that the Company had. gwen them the use of a larger hal! for classes and Mrs. J. Munk presented the awards, lllclu?ccl IS-year gold meda l s to Messrs. Edwar?s, Stephens, TllUhrell and Tearle, 20-year to Mr . G. Blgnell, and 25-year to Mr. P. Forster.

"THE PLUMBER « JOURNAL OF HEATING, " IS monthly) is THE paper for all progressive tradesmon - Office: -46, Cannon Street E.C.".

london a nd North Eas t e rn.

NORTH EASTERN AREA.

On Tuesday, October 29th, Dr. e D. Wilson of Darlington, gave an exceedingly interesting and instructive lecture on Air Raid Precautions before a large company in the Mess Room) Faverdale Wagon vVorks, Darlington, which ,vas the first of its kind to be delivered to members of Railvv' ay Ambulance classes in the North Eastern Area.

Dr. Wilson described the action of the various gases, treatment of affected persons, decontamination, gas masks, protection and safety, on both personal and collective lines. Owing to the time at his disposal, Dr. Wilson could only allot a few minutes to each phase of this world-wide problem.

The lecLurer finished by saying he would be amply repaid for his effort if he had stimulated interest with a view not only ho\v to prepare for such eventualities, but to instill into all how ghastly gas attacks were, and thc fervent hope that all nations in the near future would decide to banish the horrors of gas warfare.

Dr. \Vilson has been the lecturer to the Faverdale Wagon Works class for many years, and in addition has kindly con sented to give a series of lectures to the Ladi e s' Class at Darlington for the present seSSlon.

A hearty vote of thanks \\as extend ed to Dr. \\"ilso11 by 11r. Cooper, Centre Secr e tary, York.

The a\\ ards gain ed in connection with the Hartlepool Am bulance Class were presented at a social evening held in the Golden Anchor Hotel, Hartlepool , on Saturday , October 19th, at which 1\1r. F. vVindebank presided.

1\1r. K. P. vValker (District Goods and Dock Manager and President of the 1\liddlesbrough District Council) r eferred to the benefit derived by first aid students, and to their valuable \\ork in giving assistance to others; he was supported by l\1r. S. A. Finnis (Asst. District Goods and Dock Manager).

1\IL J. Willis, District Secr e tary appealed for new entrants to the various classes, and mentioned that the North Eastern Area \\ 'e re an..'(ious to increase their membership during the present session to 3,000.

Various musical and yO cal it ems \Ver e rendered by the " J oIly Boys Concert Par t y," and selections by Mr. H. Lee and 1\1r. \V. Bruce.

-:\11'. \V. La\\' on (class chairman) moved a hearty v o te of thanks to ],I1L \\Talker and 1\1r. Finnis, and the various artists , and also th a nked :\11'. \Yind ebank for ably carryin g out the duties of chairman.

Owing to a prior appointment, 1\1r. Cooper, Centre Secretary, York, r egretted he \vas unabl e to attend.

SOUTHERK RE \.

The Cambridge Division held its annual meeting recently in the Ambulance Halt 1\11'. R. H. R. Garraway (Asst. Loco Supt. and Pl:esident of the Divisi on). presiclcd. A number of officlals were also pres ent \\'1th a large muster of members.

During the year S20 cases recelved attentlOn) 16 bemg conveyed to hospital.

Mr. Garraway presented the a\vards and wished members every success in the future.

The annual meeting of the Lowestoft Division \\ as presided over by the President) Capt. L. H. Rhodes (Harbour Master).

Mr. W. G. Elsey (Secretary) again reported a Iul year's work. All members passed the eXa1111natlOn,

two (Mr. C. Allen and Mr. H. qual!fied for the gold mecIcd, whilst Mr. E. J. Sp1l1ks had quabfied f\lr the o'old bar for 25 years' service. There were 712 acclelents during t he past t\\'eln months.

The prelimilJary competition for the Great Central Section was held at Sheffield during' the week end i ng November 9th. Forty teams competed, the judge being Dr. K. H. Beverley.

At the final competition to be held on Thursday, December 5th, at Mary lebone Stat ion, the following teams will compete :-Tuxford Loco, Langwith Loco, N easden Loco, Stairfoot, and Dukinfield \Norks. The winning team will represent the G. C. Centre in the Inter-group competit ion, to be held next year, to decide which teams shall represent the L. N. E. Railway in the 1936 Inter-Railway Competition and the L. N. E. R. England and Scotland International.

Southern.

E ,\STLEl(;lL-The annual concert and presentation took place at the Railway Institute last month. :\1r. \"1. Bl1tt (District Secretary) presided, supported b,' Dr. A B. \Vallace and Dr. L. Green.

- Over 180 awards were presented, including- oyer 100 labels.

Dr. Wallace was presented with a clock in recognition of his services and IvIr. Meatol1, instructor, received a suit case.

A framed for oYer 30 years' long service was presented to 1\1r. Illston by 1\1r. Cooper, station master at St. Denys.

REDBRIDGE.-The ninth annual competitions organised by the Redbriuge Celltre were held ;u Southampton on Saturday, November 2nd.

Among those present were ::'1r. E. A. l{ichards (Welfarc Assistant) ami :\Irs. Richards , Alderman Mrs. Foster Welch, Councillor and :\1rs. R. K Sinclair, l\Irs. Oswald' Magniac, Miss ) oall 1\1agniac, Mr. R. P. Biddle (Asst. Docks and Marine l\lanager) and Mrs. Biddle, Mrs. E. Twiss, 1\1r Gilling ham and many o t hers interested in the work.

Dr. R. R DLU1can (team) and Dr. J. Stanley Davies a cted as judges, whilst the competition was uncler the supervision of Mr Robert Gillingham (Chairman, Redbndge. Centre), asslsted by members of the competition commIttee.

Mrs. Oswald presented the awards and prizes as follows:-

Gro'up 1: I, Rec1bridge Cup and prizes presented by M:-. \"1. W. Graham, Easlleigh Carriage Works, 134; 2, pnzes presented hy S.R. Diyisinnal Officers, Southampton Central No.2; 3, prizes presented hy Eastleioh Loco. Dept, Eastleig-h Running Shed; 4, prizes presbented by ge:1tl e man of Southampton, Southampton Docks A; 5, PrIZCS presented by Redbridge Centre, Southamp t on Docks E. Fourteen teams competed.

Group 2: 1) Redbridge Cup and prizes presented by 1\Ir. \V. \V. qraham, Redbridgc C) 113; 2., prizes presentee! by. S.R, SLatlOJ11l1asters, Engineers, Docks; 3, presented by Redbn?ge Centre) Redbridge B; 4, 12 r1zes presented by Redbndge Works supervisors and clerks, Southampton Docks H; 5, prizes presented by Alderman Mrs: L. M. Foster 'vVelch) J.P., Southampton Docks. G. ThIrteen competed in this group.

MISS J ?an Mag-mac " Silver Jubilee" cnps, a speCIal gift of the Reclbndge Centre to commemorate the King's Silver Jubilee, to all competitors.

A I D .

Mr. Richards presided over the presentation ceremony. The Redbridge competi tions had, he said, become the biggest event of its kind in that area of the Southern Railway.

Mr. R. Gillingham asked ::'1rs. Oswald Magniac to present a handbag to Mrs. T. Haslett, as a token 'Of appreciation from the Redbridge Centre for the way Mrs, Haslett had helped the annual competition to expand, and for the efficient way she had always got a willing band of helpers to do the catering

Miss Joan Maton handed a bouquet to Mrs. Magniac and Miss Jean Wateridge (daughter of :\IIr. G. Wateridge), hon. secretary of the Redbridge Glass), offered a "Jubilee" Cup, both of which Mrs. Magniac accepted amid applanse.

Votes of thanks to Mrs. Magniac, the judges, stewards, dOllors of prizes and all who had assisted, terminated the proceedings.

St. Andre w's .L\mbul a nce Association.

DUNFERi\ILINE.--At the annual meeting- of the D u nfermline Committee, over which 1\1r. vValker presided, the Secretary, !\Ir. R. VV. Currie, reported that 8 first aid classes and one home nursing class had been held during the year with the result that 2-+6 members had attended and passed the examinations. The" Mathieson" competition, for which 15 teams competed, was one by Co\vdenbeath, Dunfermline, E. R., being- 2nd. Four ladies' teams competed for the Rose Bowl in the Home Nursing Section. It was agreed that the practical and transport section be combined next year, and decided to raise funds for a new ambulance wagon.

FIFE.--Under the aupices of the Fife Coal Co., Ltd., a lecture on "First Aid in Mines" was given by 1\lr. W. Ferguson, Secretary, Cowden beath Co-operalive Section, S.A.A.A, to miners in the Kinglassie Area. 1\lr. S. Benson, manager of the colliery, presided. Following the lecture, practical demonstrations of the roller and triangular bandag-e and the application of sp l ints were given by members of the Section. This \\las greatly appreciated by those present.

L.\OYBANK.-Ladybank Ambulance Section have agreed to hold a class in first aid work in conjunction with St. Andrew's Ambulance Association Dr. J. A. Morris, honorary surgeon of the Section, has been appointed cl ass lecturer and Mr. A. Carstairs, class secretary.

EDINBURGI!.-At the close of the opening lecture of the Waverley Station Ambulance Section, Mr. Alexander J\Jorrison, C.A , secretary of the Edinburgh Centre of the St Andrew's Ambulance Assoc ation, presented Vol u ntary Medical Service Medals to Dr. J. M. Deuchars, honorary surgeon, and to Sergeant Harry Bowler.In paying tribute to the recipients, Mr. Morr ison said that Dr Deuchars had been connected with the amb ul ance movement for 25 years, and wit h the Waverley Sect io n for the past 13 years, during the l atter period of which t h e section had gained the East of Scotland Shie ld tw ice, the North British Cup four times, and the Mary MacDouga ll Sh ield.

Mr. Morrison also expressed h is appreciation of the work and self-sacrifice of ambulance workers such as Sergeant Bowler, who is a passenger guard attac h ed to Waverley Station, and who recently was presented with the L.N.E. R Long-Service Medal after 17 years' serv ice

Sa fety Fir st and Fir st Aid Exhibition.

Do WE MAKE THE MOST OF OUR MUSEUMS?

By PRIVATE OWE JONES

TillS question came to my mind when I visited the Horniman Museum, East Dulwich, London, a few months ag-o. Many of the exhibiting cases were empty, and it occurred to mc that it would be a good thing if these could be used for an exhibition of spccimens and objects t hat would to fIrst aiders, also studE'nts of home nursmg and hygIene.

A few weeks before, at the conclusion of a course of lectures, our Hon Surgeon took a small party of us over Guys' Hospital 1\Iedical l\luseum we found there many interesting and instructIve these, on the whole, were too advanced for the lay I1lmd.

ThoucYh from time to time, artists, photographers, 'Yardenertand other hobbyists are attracted to our municipal ;nd national museums, I do not believe that the vast army of first aiders, now numbering many have ever been really catered for. I consider that th.ls. should be done and would suggest that among the should be a complete skeleton ""ith the bones dIstInctly label.led, and either specimens of of the vanous parts of the human body with the lITIportant and main arteries clearly marked and nanled. by might show the pressure points. thiS, ?thers

the leading features of the prtnclpal With cards attached giving brief details-temperature, 1I1c.ubation period, etc. Artificial respiration could be eIther illustrated by charts or working models. Even the automatic moving picture machine might ?e .. . Our class surgeon is in the habit of dlumll1at1l1g. lectures Oil the blackboard \"jtb coloured chalks, and It IS surprising how much more impressive this is th:=tn merely repeating or enlarging on the The vanous forms of insensibility might be displayed In thiS :va)'. For. students of hygiene, models of modern c1\Velltngs and J1ats. Also a miniature garden city and a slum area (for comparison) as well as the harm the l1y does should bc pro\ ided.

Closely allied to the work of the ambulance but in no way associated with .it, i,: that of the Safety,f 1r: t .\ssociation and, as II preyentlOn IS better than cure, tl:IS Society might be asked to co-operatc in the .Ioan ot material that would make good propaganda. A Beltsha bea.:on a marked crossing could adorn the enlt:ance TIle Life Society should also be able to contrtbute some useful exhibits

In ordcr to make the exhibition even more attractive the St. John Ambulance Association and the British Red Cross Society should be asked to loan and other objecls of historical interest to intersperse With the other exhibits.

Modifications of this scheme might cover a l1lobtle exhibitiL)L1, road or rail, or the formation of small permanent museums.

If the curator uf a mUSf>um situated in or near a park could be prevailed upon Lo this scheme" lea and fellowship in the open could be el1Jo) ed at the clos.e of the visit and the intermingling of the members of the v:::nous Societies concerned, viz., the St. John Al11bula.l1ce Bngade and thi:l British Red Cross Society, also the senIOr members

* Whilst the Curator of the Hornimall Museum approvcs of the schell1e, he regrets that he has no for a conclition. The cases in question were awaltll1g repallltlng and reG l ling,

A I D. 125 of the Boys' and Girls' Brigades and Scouts should be all for the good.

The atLendance at our art galleries and museums, I be l ieve, compares very unfavourably with the audiences at our theatres and cinemas, and an idea of this sort should popularise these centres of learning and encourage the study of first aid.

----.-.----

Po li ce Am bu lanc e N ews .

BRIGHTO T BOROUGH.

The competition for the Challenge Cup presented to the Brig-hton Borough Police Force by Alderman l\liss l\largaret Hardy, 1'11. B. E., J. P., to commemorate the attention shown to her by the Police during her year of Mayoralty, was held cn October 28th

Dr. C. E. Witcher, County Surgeon, S.J. A. B., judged the individual tests, while Dr. L. A. Parry adjudicated on on the viva voce. The competition was for individual work, and eleven competitors, including the "National" team, entered.

The result was: 1, P.C. N. \V. :\lcLean, H2 points; 2, P.C. C. Anscombe, 138; 3, P.C. V. Smith. Hardy presented the cup to the winner, and said that if ever she was involved in an accident she hoped he would be somewhere in the vicinity.

A special prize was presented to P.C. K. Custance for being first of those not members of the team.

The Chief Constable (Captain W. J. Hutchinson), assisted by Sergt. Chisnal, was responsiblo for the arrangements.

CITY OF LONDOK SPECIAL CONSTABULARY.

On the occasion of the annual inspection of this Force, which \\"as held on October 6th, first aid awards gained during the year were presented by tIle Lord and Lady :\layoress.

The Lord I\layor presented the team and awards, whilst the Lady 1\1ayoress presented certIilcates, vouchers, medallions and labels to the successful members. In all se\'enty awards were presented.

The first aid continuation classes are stdl be1l1g and in the ncar future it is hoped to arrange on :--\Ir Raid Precautions, to be given by the Hon. ChIef OOicer, Captain _\. C. While Knox, '\1. c., 1\1. B.

JORTH-EAST YORKSHIRE.

The al1nul competition for the « Palmer," Alll.bulance Trophy, open to police teams in '\ or[.;:shlre, ,,:as held at York on October 9th. Tweb'e teams competed, 111c1udino- the holders, L.N.E.R. Police, York.

Fi\-e points separated the first and te'lall:, }he re ult beino': 1st, Sunderland, 239 ; 2nd, '\ ork, 2.A, Jrd, Grimsby, 232. Last year's winners were placed fourth. SHREWSBURY

BOROUGII.

F. Davies, Chief ConsLable, presented 7 certificates, 2 I 1 nledall ion and 20 labels to members of the vouc leI'S, <, 0 9 I Shrewsbury Borough Police Force, on Thursday, ,ct. t 1. Out of 50 members of the Force, -+3 ha\ e gam.ed medallions and sis: have passed from 10 to 12 examinations. Every man is now a holder of a tirst al 3\\'ard.

Our Nurses' Pages.

COMPI L ED BY AMBULANCE SISTER..

No. 1 DISTRICT, S.].A. B.

The dates on which the Annual District Competitions opent to women members in the district, will take place as under :-

ursing Bowl - Preliminary, February 15th, 1936. Final, March 7th, 1936.

MacFadden -Individual Practical and Viva V[lce, March 14th, 1936. Team Test, April 18th, 1936.

Mountg-arret-April 18th, 1936.

Brooks' Efficiency-April 4th, 1936.

MacRae (for Ambulance and Nursing Cadets)-February 8th, 1936.

Each Area will hold its own eliminating tests for the MacFadden, Mountb"arret and Brooks' Competitions as heretofore.

It will be noted that the drill competition for the Brooks' Trophy will be held prior to the District Final Competitions and the cup will IJe presentE-d to the winners on April 18th, as will also the a\\'ards won in the ursing Bowl and l\lac Rae Com petition s.

The District Final Competitions will be held at the Northampton Institute, St. John's-street, Clerkenwell, E.C.1, on Saturday, April 18th, at 2.15 p.m.

o. 72 TUDOR

(ENFIELD) NURSING DIVISlON.-On

Saturday, September 28th, officers members and friends of this Division spent a most happy afternoon at St. John's Gate.

The party assembled outside the Priory Church, '."here they were met and heartily welcomed by II. W. Fincham, F.S.A., Knight of Grace of the Order, Assistant Librarian and Curator of the Order's 1useum, and Custodian of the Priory Church.

The Church was visited first, where Mr. Fincham gave a brief history of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem. Having been conducted round the Church and the Crypt and inspected t.he treasures there, the party proceeded to the Gate House, where a visit was paid to the library and museum, and from thence to the Council Hall and the Chancery.

As they left those wonderful building-s, with their awe-inspiring atmosphere, everyone felt what a great and sacred privilege it was to be attached to such an Order.

The party were very grateful indeed to r. Fincham for his kindness in giving up his Saturday afternoon for their pleasure.

No.5 DISTRICT, S.].A. B.

TODMORDEN NURSIl'\G DIVISION.- Two teams from this Division took part in the Wilson Shield Competition at Elland on Saturday, October 26th, when Dr. Ena Morrison ?f Cornholme, and Lady Supt. Miss Lamb, Bury, acted as Judges.

The winners were Burley Kirkstall, Leeds Corps, with 161 marks, and each member of this team was presented with a handbag. Todmorden" A" came second with 158 marks, each member receiving a case of fruit spoons and servers. Hebden Bndge were third. In all, thirteen teams entered, Todmorden "B" team gaining fifth place. This Division, although small, is yet very keen and active. Nursing Officer Mrs. Pitter Bayley was one of the 15 mem-

bers of the Brigade chosen frolll the British Isles to take a course of anti-g-as training at the Small Arms School, Winterborne, Salisbury P lain. This is the first time women have taken army training on th is subject. Fifty women were present and they took part in the theory and full practical demonstrations given to Officers and N. C. O. 's to enable them to lecture on the subject.

V.A.D. COMPETITION AT CIlJCHESTER.-A competll1on open to the nve women's Voluntary Aid Detachments in the Chichester Division of the B. R. C. S., was held at the Lancastrian Schools, Chichester on Saturday, October 19th. Teams from Arundel, Sussex / 122, Bognor Regis, Sussex/88, Chichester, Sussex / 76, and Midhu r st, Sussex / 26 took part.

A silver cup to be called the" Hay" Cup had been presented for the competition by Captain Hay, of Bognor Regis, the winning team to holJ it for one year. The schools were placed at the disposal of the Division by the headmaster, Mr. Trotte-r, who with his staff had done everything possible to make the competition a success.

The judges were Dr. A. Higgins (Chichester), Dr. M. Pearson (Selsey), Miss Morrison (Matron of Haslemere Hospital), Miss Gambier (Matron of Graylingwell Hospital) and 1iss Welldon (Commandant Hants/12) who inspected uniforms at the commencement of the competition.

The results were :-1, Bognor Regis, 459 marks; 2, Arundel, 429 marks; 3, Chichester, 385 marks; 4, Midhurst 363 marks.

The Deputy President, Violet, Lady Beaumont, O. B. E. was present, together with Lady Turing, Mrs. Hankey, Mrs. Mitchell, Mrs. Butcher, Mrs. Harding- ewman and Miss Hav (Vice-Presidents and also Commandants), Miss Stokes (County Secretary), Mrs. Constable (Divisional Secretary), Mrs. Hay (Commandant), Mrs. Townshead (Lady Supt., Arundel), Mr. Hoad (Commandant Sussex 63), Mrs. Perown (Commandant) and Miss Hollist (Quartermaster Sussex 76).

Presenting the Cup, Lady Beaumont congratulated the teams on the excellent work they had done, and said she was glad to be able to give the trophy to Miss Hay and the Bognor Reg-is Detachment. They were all grateful to Captain Hay for his generous gift to the Division. Thanks were also due to the Chichester Detachment for all the hard work they had done in collecting the equipment required, and for providing t.eas for the teams and officials. Mr. Trigg had lent four beds free of charge, for which they were grateful, and the matron of the Royal West Sussex Hospital had also helped by lending equipn\ent for various tests.

The team winning the Divisional Cup would represent the Division in the County Cup Competition to be held at Brighton next month.

B.R.C.S. COMPETITION AT CCKFIELD -The " Blount" Cup, competed for annually by teams of six members from the B R C. S. Detachments in the East Grinstead Divtsion was won by the Uckfield, Sussex 57, "A" team.

The competition was held on Saturday, October 19th, at the Ucldleld Drill Hall, under arrangements made by A. T. Mockett, Hon. Sussex 59, and four teams competed.

FIRST

The cup was presente d last year by Mrs. Edward Blount, O.B.E., Dep u ty President, for competition annually, and was then won by C r owborough, Sussex 59.

V.A D. inspections have been held at the following places :HARROGATE.-The Annual Inspection of the S.J.A.B. V.A.D.'s and Harrogate Nursing Division took place on Wednesday, October 9th, at the Church House, Harrogate. There was a very good attendance of members.

The inspecting officers for the War Office were Brig.Genl. W. Sandys, C. B., C. M. G., of the Territorial H eadquarters, and Major A E. S. Pringle-Pattison, R.A.M.C., Lad,' District Officer Miss Herdman, Dr. L. Wesley-Smith, Divisional Surgeon, and Col. Milburn were also present. The members were formed up in two ranks for inspect ion of uniform, after which they were divided into pairs, and each couple had practical work given them, followed by questions on First Aid, Home Nursing and Chemical Warfare.

Major Pringle-Pattison said that the First Aid work was very good, and showed that the members were most capable at putting theory into practice. In Home Nursing there was a decided interest in the work, and all knew the reason for various treatments.

Miss Herdman specially emphasised three points: the smart appearance of the whole parade; the clean and always well-kept equipment; the increase in numerical s trength, the large attendance, and the number of public duties performed and cases treated during the year.

Brig.-Genl. SanJys said he always enjoyed coming to the Harrogate Detachment, as they .were such a happy company. Great credit was due to them for the way in which they carried out their work, especially for the public duties they undertook in the town. They wanted people to understand that the work of the St. John Ambulance Brigade was work among the civil population of the country, and that it was the V.A. D. 's who came under the s upervision of the War Office.

HovE.-The members of the Hove Nursing Division, S.J.A. B., who form a Volunt.ary Aid Detachment, were inspected at their headquarters in Livingstone-road on Saturday, October 19th, by Major Hadden, of the Royal Herbert Hospital, Woolwich, Lieut.-Col. de Salis, D.S.O., Assistant County Controller of the B. R.C.S., and Dr. Whitcher, Assistant County Controller, S J.A.B.

A feature of interest was the Decontamination and First Aid Station. On crossing the courtyard at the back of the building, the officers were met by a in protective clothing, complete with gas mask, who, after requesting them to rub their boots in bleach powder, held back a corner of a safety curtain to enable them to enter a special air-lock.

Passing through, the visitors found a central hall leading to a number of compartments labelled Reception, Dressing, First Aid, etc. urses in overalls were attending to " patients" who were affected by mustard gas and other casualties. They received necessary treatment and were made as comfortable as possible to await the arrival of the doctor.

The main building was formed into a temporary hospital and shelter. "Patients" in the assembly hall were suffering from various illnesses, while upstairs was an isolation case. Tempting trays of diets were displayed in the kitchen, and a "case" of carbon monoxide gas poisoningwas brol!ght 111 and promptly treated.

The inspecting- oJficers expressed themselves extremely pleased with all they saw.

IpSWICII.-The Ipswich Detachment, comprising memof the St. J?hn Ambulance Brigade, was inspected by Major C. K. SmIth, M.C., R.A.M.C of Colchester Hospital on 14th. Col. the Lord O'Hagan, County Controller, Mrs. Copll1ger Hill, Assistant County Director, Councillor Mallett (the Mayor),. Major Hossack, Dr. Pringle, LO.H., Mrs. Hossack, PreSIdent of the Ipswich ursing Division and Corps Supt. Fiddy were also present. '

Great interest was shown in the demonstrations dealing with first aid in Chemical Warfare. As some cadets were

Major Smith inspecting the Ipswich V.A.D. exposed to a " gas attack," the V. A. D.'s quickly put on their own masks, and proceeded to put masks on the casualties, and to give them necessary treatment.

A gas-proof room had been pro\ ided and fully equipped. Leading to this an air-lock had been constructed.

In his remarks, 1\lajor Smith congratulated the members on their efficiency in all branches of the work, stating th a t the explanations on the gas demonstration showed a good grasp of the subject. He was pleased to see that the five mobile members who had taken their training this year had such excellent reports.

Another point he noted, was the presence of boy and girl cadets as patients. He hoped that after their ground ing in the junior branch they would become useful members of the senior.

The evening concluded with refreshments.

RAfllSGATE. - Ramsgate Police Station was transformed into a "war zone" on Wednesday, October 30th, for the annual inspection of the Ramsgate Nursing Division, which forms the local V.A. D. Major J. Cullenan, R.A.M.C., wa s the Inspecting Officer.

The Marchioness Camden, President of the Kent V.A. D. attended, together with Colonel Pye Oliver, County Controller, and Lady District Supt. 1\lrs. Falwasser, Asst. County Controller.

urses in gas marks rushed to a supposed victim of a gas bomb explosion at the Police Station and after rendering first aid, conveyed him to hospital.

RIPON. -l\Iajor Ross, R. A.1\I. c., accompanied by Brig. General W. Sandys, C. B., C. M. G., County Controller for the West Riding, inspected the Ripon V.A. D., and Ripon and Kirkby ialzeard Nursing Div;sions of the S.J.A.B., on October 29lh. There were als0 present Lieut.-Colonel W. Scatterty, 1\1. 0, M. A., Assistant Commissioner of the Brigade, Miss Atkinson, :\lrs. Dalton, Vice-President, Mrs. Sandys and Mrs. Howald Vyse.

The Inspecting Officers expressed their approval of the work of the Divisions, and Lieut.-Colonel Scatlerty presented it service medRI Lo l\liss Herdman.

ST. rlLBr\Ns.-The GO\ ernment's ne\v scheme for instructing the general public in first aid in chemical warfare was referred to by Lieut-Col. J. S. Dunne, when he attended the Annual War On'ice Inspection of the V.A.D. (HerLs 38) at St. Albans, on Saturday, October 19th.

Colonel Dunne, who is Controller of the Herts British Red Cross Society, and Mr. Langley Jones, County Commissioner for IIertfordshire, S.J.A.B., have both been approached by the County Council as to whether they "viII assist with the working out of the schE'llle in the County.

Lieut.-Colonel Elliott, R.i\. M.C., was the Insptcting Officer, and at the close of the inspection he offered '""arm praise to the detachment, congl-atulating them on their efficiency.

An interesting innovation t.his year was a number of ." surprise cases" written on slips of paper and handed to members for them to act upon. These and the set nursing casE'S were ery efficiently tackled. Among them were cases of cerebra-spinal meningiris, fractured leg, sllake bite, wound in the abdomen, and frosL bite.

PRESENTATION OF CERTIFICATES AT WALTO T. -At a gathering of the \\Talton Detachment of the B.R.C.S. on Tuesday, October 22nd, Lady Boyd-Carpenter presented to 27 probationers certificates gained in a first aid examination for which 30 probationers sat.

Mrs. Owens, Assistant County Director, presided at the meeting.

Replying to a vote of thanks, Lady Boyd-Carpenter said she was very pleased to hear how well the detachment was doing.

Mrs. Owens congratulated the members, and said the examiner's report slated that a very high standard of first aid knowledge was shown. There were three great needs in Red Cross work. The first. was organisation; no work was well done unless it was ",ell organised. The second was discipline, which did not come naturally, but had La be practised. Thirdly there ",ere ideals, and Lhey always had to remember the ideal of helping others.

Mrs. Tottenham, the Commandant, acknowledged the sen'ices of Dr. Bigger and IVIrs. Kinch in training the candidates, and expressed thanks to those who had attended and supported them on that occasion.

Items (Divisional news and competitions, social, interest, ing duties, lectures, etc.), for this rage should be sent to Ambulance Sister, c/o The Editor, FIRST Am, 46, Cannonstreet, London, E. C. 4.

l ect u r e s in Elementary Anato m y.*

(By A DOCTOR.)

TIlE vertebral column, spinal column, or back bone, is formed of a number of small irregular bones called vertebra, separated by discs of cartilage. This bony column forms the axis of the body, and with it all the other bones of the body are connected either directly or indirectly.

There are thirty-three bones in the vertebral column, which is divided into five different regions :-

Cervical-7. Thoracic or Dorsal-12.

Lumbar-5. Sacral-5. Coccygeal-5.

A vertebra consists of a body which is placed in front, from this springs two arches forma canal through which the spinal cord passes; from the outer surface three projections arise, two from the sides, which are called lateral processes, and one posteriorly, called a spinous process.

The vertebrae are held together by strong ligaments which are attached to the processes, the latter also provide points of attachment for muscles. There are small arches between the pedicles of the vertebrae which allow the spinal nerves to pass through from the spinal cord.

The average length of the spinal column in the adult male is 28 inches, in the adult female 24 inches; a quarter of this length is made up of the in tervertebral discs of cartilage.

Curves.- When viewed sideways the vertebral column has four curves, the convexity is forward in the cervical region, backward in the thoracic, forward in the lumbar, and backward in the coccygeal portion. There is also a slight lateral' curvature usually to the right, in the upper thoracic region. This is said to be due to the more frequent use of the right arm, as the curvature IS to the left in left-handed people.

To r'erpetuate the memory of the late Assistant Commandant E. A. Boyd a memorial tablet is to be placed in Well-street Congregational Church, Coventry, by the local division of the British Red Cross Society.

The Slough Urban District Council have approved the allotment of a piece of ground on the old waterworks site in Burlington Road being handed to the St. John Ambulance Brigade for the site of the Brigade's Headcluarters.

Development of Curves.- When a child is born the thoracic and pelvic curves alone are present. The cervical curve is developed when a child begins to hold up his head and to sit up, the lumbar curve when he begins to walk.

The Atlas.-The first cervical vertebra is called the atlas. It differs from the other cervical vertebrae in that it has no body and no spinous process. It consists of an an terior and a posterior arch, and two lateral masses, which support the weight of the head, there being two concave sur-

* Reprinted by courlpsy of the Irislz Nttrs1'ng and Hospital World.

faces, ca l led facets, which articulate with the condyles of the occ i pita l bone, and allow the nodding movement of the head, the foramen or opening in the l atera l mass transmits the vertebral artery and the fi rst spina l nerve .

The Axis . -Or second cervical vertebra, differs from the others in that it has a vertical tooth -l ike projection called the Odontoil process. Th is fits closely against the inner surface of the anterior a rch of the atlas, and is held in position by a powerful ligament. When the head is turned the skull and the atlas rotate on the process of the axis. This vertebrae has a spi nous process, a body and a small transverse process.

Poin ts in which the vertebrae of various regions differ :-

Cervical Vertebrae -Differ from the others by the presence of an aperture or foramen in the transverse process for the passage of the vertebral artery, vein and a plexus of sympathetic nerves.

The Body-Is smaller :lnd broader from side to side than from before backwards.

The Spinous Process-Is short and bifid, except the seven th, which is called "the vertebra pro m inens," its spinous process is long and nearly horizontal, not bifurcated, and can easily be felt at the back of the neck.

THORACIC VERTEBRAE.

The bodies increase in size from above downwards.

The Spinous Processes are long and directed downwards.

Facets for' articulation with the ribs.

LUMBAR VERTEBRAE.

The Bodies.- Very large bodies, wider from side to side than from before backwards.

The Transvere Processes are long, slender and horizontal.

The Spinous Process is thick, broad and somewhat quadrilateral.

The Sacrum is a large triangular· shaped wedge of bone, and is formed by the five sacral vertebrae being fused together. It is fixed between the hip bones.

The Coc.::yx is a small triangular bone consisting of vertebrae, the first sometimes exist as a separate bone, the remaining three being fused together; these correspond with the tail in the lowe r animals.

The Ribs are long, slender bones; there are 24 r ibs, 12 on each side. These are connected with the thoracic vertebrae behind, and vvith the sternum in front. The first seven pairs are connected to the sternum by means of Costal Cartilages, and are called the ing five pairs are called False RIbs. fhe cartl-

lages of the 8th, 9th and 10th are each con to tbe cartilage of the rib immediately above it. The 11 th and 12th are cjll1ed Floating Ribs because their anterior end is free.

The Sternum, or breast bone, is a long flr.l.t bone, and consists of three parts, the Manubrium, the Body, and the Xiphoid process. The latter is formed of cartilage at first, but this becomes ossified in the adult.

The vertebral column, together with the ribs and the sternum, form an elastic bony framework which protects the thoracic organs. It is so constructed that it expands and contracts with the expansion and contraction of the lungs in the act of respiration.

---._.--The Hospitallers' Club.

THE monthl] meeting of the Club was held at the Bonnington Hotel on Friday, November 8th, when the President, Ir. E. \V. Jackson, presided, and welcomed to the meeting, Dr. Goddard, of Hobart, Tasmania, '\"ho was on a visit to this country.

After the usual business proceedings, during which the Secretary, 1\1r. A. E. \,yells, announced the application of five new members, the President introduced the speaker for the evening-Lt. C. H. Bur'wood, \\'ho addressed the meeting on "Breathing r\pparatus with Regard to Diving."

Lt. Burwood mentioned that for 21 years he held the record for deep water diving, having gone to a depth of 228 feet. He described the practice of raising a diver who was some 300 feet below water; how every so often the diver had to wait for periods varying from 10 to 40 minutes, to become accustomed to the atmospheric pressure, taking probably nearly two hours to reach the surface. The prese?t day method of assisting a diver to the surface, was by the of a chamber in which \\ as an attendant, together \.nth refreshments, &c. This chamber was lowered to meet the rising di\'er ; the journey now took about "fO. minutes as against the much longer periods taken by the earb.er The speaker also referred to his many expenences WIth breathing apparatus at home and abroad.

Following questions, l\1r. Bettison proposed, and lr. Burton seconded a hearty vote of thanks to Lt. BUf\\'ood for his most interesting and instructive address: Mr. Jones and Ir. l\lcBride supported the motIOn, mentlOnmg the \\'onderful \York for humanity that Lt. Burwood was carrying out. The motion was :::arried with acclamation.

Lt. Burwood in reply, intill1ated that he "'ould be pleased to "isit the Club on a future occasion and gi\'e a talk on II Diving."

LADY IIOSPIT_\LLERS' CLUB.

The 100'ember meeting of the Club was held on the 2nd inst when l\lr. \Villiam P. '\Vest, AR.San.I., addressed the on If Food Supplies," dealing with \'arioLis duties carried out by the food inspector.

Therl:' were, he said, three essl:'ntials of life: air, water and food. The first two been brief1y dealt with, the speaker went on to fooJ, beginning with meat; the various methods of the slaughter of beasts, the inspection of same and other in teresting- items were gi ven.

Tin foods came next and the speaker was of the opinion that a certain \'al ue of the food was destroyed when tinned. He describ ed ho\\' ce rtain containers became" blown" and the way in hi ch some manufacturers overcame this condition. Fruits, vegetables and other supplies were dealt with including cold storage application.

The speaker emphasised the importance of cleanliness of foods eaten ra\\' and condemned the practice of exp05ing food on footpaths were g-erms settle. He urged his listeners to buy only from shops where the goods ,,,ere cO\·ered.

Referring to food inspection at ports, markets, etc., !\Ir. \V est stated that \'ery seldom, if e,'er, \"ere mistakes made by the inspectors as the food supply was watched very closl:'ly indeed.

The speaker concl'jded his address with the that nursing divisions would find a course of home hygiene of great interest.

After questions had been asked and answered the vicepresident of the Club proposed a hearty vote of thanks to :'IIr. West for his most interesting address.

Inexpensive Stop-Watc h e s an d Alarm Watch.

was made In these three years ago to a very inexpensive stop-watch supplied by j1essrs. A. Arnold & Co., 19, Clerkenwell-road, London, E.C.1. \Ve have now received from the same firm sam pIes of improved lever stop-watches, suitable for laboratory workers and medical practitioners, and sold at corresponding low prices. The pocket-type 30hour stop-watch has an enamelled dial graduated in one-fifth seconds, and a side lever projection which stops and starts the centre hand; iL costs only 15s. Od., and is guaranteed for three years. A very neat centre-seconds wrist watch, operated in the same way and complete with strap and unbreakable glass face is sold at 15s., and with a guarantee of three years is remarkable value for the money. Each of these watches has also the hour-hand and minute-hand of an ordinary time piece; the cases are of chromium nickel.

Arnold's "appoinment alarm" watch is fitted with a bell inside, which can be set to ring at any desired time by adjusting an index hand on the hand. The back cover opens to form a rest for keeping the watch upright on the desk; the alarm mechanism can be put out of action when the watch is only needed for ord i nary purposes. The price, with three years' guarantee, is 25s.

The "DEC OR AT O RS ' &. P A I NT E RS MAGAZI N E " 8d. m o nthly) Is THE tr ade pape r for all i n terestedPubllshin&, Offi c e: 4 6 , Cannon S t reet, E.C

Ambulance from News Cuttings the Press.

T he Editor invites Reade l s to sen d n ews p ape r c u ttings on maltel of general interest fo r i nclusio n in this c o l umn

CHILD TUNG TO DEATH.

When a ten-months-old boy in Torgau was out in his pram, a wheel ,,"ent over a wasps' nest. The wasps settled on the child's head and stung him, and a l though he was rushed to hospital he died some hours later.-E-veningStandard.

NEARLY CHOKED DURING RESCUE.

Nhile rescuing a woman bather froll] the sea at Plymouth, Charles Kittle, the bathing superintendent, fought ag:linst death by suffocation. For he had dived in fully clothed, and as he swam through the rough sea his collar and tie began to shrink.

Nearly strangled, he struggled on, managed to reach the woman and hold on to her until a lifeline was thro\\'n to them. They were dragged to safety, but when Kittle reached the shore he was almost Sketch.

FISHlNG ROD SA.\'ES LlFE.

.\s an angler, Mr. Harold Jennings, approached the Leeds and Li\"c rpool Canal, near Armley Park, last he saw a woman floating in the \\ ·ater. \ Vith a of his rod, he dre\\' her to the side and hauled her to the bank. She ,,"as unconscious but responded to first aid treatment.llornhzg- Post.

BIRO'S NEST CAUSES THREE DEATHS.

l\Irs. larie 1yers (aet 30) and her t\\'o sons, Dennis (aet 8) and William (aet 3) were found asphyxiated yesterday in their second floor apartment at South Keel r Avenue.

Fire Captain Ed\\'ard McLaren of rescue squad o 7 discovered the burner of a gas heater in the kitchen was lighted. But, it was found, the vitiated air from the burning gas was not being carricd off through the flue because a bird's nest had fallen down the pipe, blocking it. Fumes from the heater and the burning up of the oxygen by the flame caused the three deaths.-Cizicag-o Sunday Tribun e

KILLED BY TOY-GUN.

An toy-gun tragedy has occurred in Glasgow resulting in the death of five-rear-old Torman 1urdo McDonald, who was killed by a pea from his toy cannon. The child was playing with the toy when a pea stuck in the barrel of the gun. He put the end of the barrel in his mouth and was sucking it when the spring was released and the pea was shot into his throat.

Later in the evening he accompanied his relatives to a carnival at Rutherglen, but on his return home five hours after the mishap he was seized by severe convulsions and died.

The post-mortem revealed that he had died froIll asphyxiation and convulsions, and the report indicated that the. choking had been caused by the swelling of the pea whICh closed the wind-pipe.-Dm ry Mail.

The annual competitions for S. ] .A. B. cadets in Hampshire were held at Gosport. Alderman L. J Parham, J.P., presented the awards as follows :-Boys, Seniors, "Pittard" Cup, Gosport Juniors, ee Gosport Rotary" Cup, Winchester. Girls, Seniors, "Pittard" Cup, Charminster' Juniors e Hon Mrs. Whittaker's" Cup, Southampton.' ,

De tailed Marking Sheet No. 46.

TEA:'] TEsr.

CARD OF IKSTR (;CTIO:\' .-A man after alightillg frolll a trai n is seen to lagger and fall on to the line between the carriages, striking hi::; head in the fall ag-ainst a buffer. He can be seen lying, apparently un co nscious, over the near rail '\\ ilh a wound on right temple which is bleeding profusel y. Ti me Ii 111 i t 18 minu tes.

Sen d No.5 for ambulance box and stretcher 2

.\s k for carriage to be uncoupled and near part of train backed away from patient 3

:\0. -+ jumps on to line and applies digital pr ess ure to bleeding wound over a pad 3

Then rapidly ties handker c hief or narrow triangular bandag-e around head as t empo rary dre ss ing 2

Ask No.2 to help in lifting patient by human stretcher on to platform :;

EX.\J\IlKATION OF PATIENT.

Ask if conscious (110)

Lay paticnt on his back with head to one side

.\s k colour of face (flllslu-d)

Raise bead and shoulders

Cndo tight clothing at neck, chest and waist for doctor and am bulance rresh air, keep back crowd

Keep patient warm, coats, etc.

TREATJ\ IENT OF VVOUND.

Pa d on pressure point for Temporal .-\rtery

Iod ine to lingers, wound and skin around Fix dressing and pad with narro"v bandage

EXA:\llNATJON FOR OTll ER I:-IjURIES.

Test breathing (slzallo'w) pulse (mpid, 7f.1eak)

Ears, mouth, no e for bleeding (none)

Pup ils of eyes (dilated)

Test if patient still unconscious (yes)

Chest, abdomen and limbs

(If examination corre:::tly performed, Judge says "T here is a simple fracture of right arm abo\'e elbow.")

-\sk if reason to suspect wound with fracture (no) -+

Do not expose the fracture -+

(NoTE.-In the right lower outside pocket is empty bottle labelled e, Tincture of Belladonna.")

:'tlarks for this at any time during the examination of the patient 6

FURT IIER TREATJ\IENT OF PATlE:\T.

Do not give food or stimulants while patient is unconscious -+

Cor re c treatment of Fractured Humerus. 10

Remove to waiting-room pending arri\'al of ambulance 8

(J udge at this stage says :-" Patient has regained conscio usness and becomes "ery delirious.")

Give emetic, salt or mustard and water repeat till patient vOIl1its cover warmly 6

Fo llowed by hot coffee 2

:'tlarks for general ef1icienc), and smartncss 12

Total 120

WILL DEFINITELY GIVE YOU A HIGHER PRIC E ON YOUR PRESENT MACHINE FINES T TERMS TO SUIT YOU IN 0

FUSS ALL 1936 MODELS RE FERENCE IMMEDIATE DELIVERY GU ARANTORS B.S.A., A.J.S" NORTON, STRICT SECRECY RUDCE, SUNBEAM

Thc o. 1 (St. John's Gate) Division, S.].A B" held a divisional dinn r on October 26th. Captain Iacleall, O. B E. (president) and l. J. A. Want, ]. P. (vice-president) were present.

Queries and Ansvvers to Correspondents.

Queries will be dealt with nnder the following rules:r. -Letters containing Queries must be marked on the top left band corner of the envelope" Query," and add.ressed-FIRsT AID

46, Cannon-street, London, E. C. 4.

2. -All Queries mnst be accompanied by a "Query Coupon" cut from the current issue at the J (lurnal, or, in case of Queries f Olll abroad, from a recent issue.

3.-The Textbook, to which reference may be made in this column is the 38th 1I928) Edition of S.J.A.A. Manual of }oust Ald.

TREATMENT OF FRACTURED CLAVICLE.

E. R. (Rotherham)-The Textbook (p. 67) under.instructions for treatment of Fractured Clancle tells us 111 Rule 6 to "Tighten the Sling." Please tell me if. this should done in a ll cases or only in cases in which the pulse IS a bs e nt as s ug-geste d in Rule S.

Th e arm-sling is to be tightened in all cases to ensure effi.cJent support of the upper limb must ?e supported. For this reason tlJe patient who has fractur e d hIS cr usually suppo rts it (upper limb) at the elbow \nth hiS hand," as the Textb ook states on p.66. T.he absen.ce of the pulse indicates that the body bandage is too tIght and obstructing the c ir c ulation .-N. CORBET FLETCHER.

EXAMI:-.IATION HOWLER.

M. R. (Ca nnon St. )-In a rec ent exam ination I asked a candidate if he could name the bones \Vhich formed the skull. Of course. I realised that this description does not fiRure in the Textbook; but, as the candidate had donc ' quite well, I thought th;.Jt I would give him an « ext r a." Ima gi n e, therefore, my amusement when he replied :- " 01lefro7ltal, two sz"deals, one backal and two topals!

Good! Next please! ! -N. C. F.

TREATMENT OF POISONING.

E. R. (Rotherham)-In the treatment of poisoning by one of the drugs named on p.p. 174-177 of Textbook under « Poisons which Require Spe c ial Treatment" (say Carbolic Acid) please tell me if after g iving the special nelltralising agellt (viz Epsom Salls) the other substances (viz. Lime-water, whitening, &c ) named on p. 173 should then be gi \'en or not.

Read again the instructions in Rule (b) (i) on p. 173 and note that these read '(. or or ." I n other words your patient wants something which will neutralise the poison and nol" a meal of antidotes."-N.C.F.

AID.

treated a man who was su ffcring frol11 a fractured leg. I( I put on two improvised splints I used ha ndkerchiefs for the five bandages I covered patIen t with my overcoat to combat Shock and saw him off to the hospital in an ambu.lan ce." "'Nb,:,.t abou t pullino- the patient's leg? " enquired one of the Itsteners. " Oh No Ie;; pulhng It's a fact," replied the recruit in all innocence.

Good! Next please! !-N.C. F.

TREATMENT OF BURl'S.

E. T. (Beccles).-In an article on the Treatment of Burn s published in the August issue of FIRST AID the author states-I( 'When dealing with a burn of the face a mask for the face should never be used but the burn t areas of the face covered by a series of gau ze ." In our Textbook (p. 129) we are directed to use a .mask of cotton wool lint or linen. Will you please gIve you r ruling on this point?

Your problem is an easy one, because all first aid work undertaken under the authority of the St. Jobn Ambulance Association must be strictly in accordance with the instru ctions contained in its Textbook. Then, if anything should go wrong with any case treated by you, you have an unimpeachable defence.-N.C. F.

TANN1C ACID TREATMENT OF BURNS.

E. R. (Rotherham).-Please tell n:e if consider that Tannic Acid is a suitable first aId drcsslng for Burns for use hy first aiders in the ambulance rooms of a larg e Steel Works. I ask the question because the various articles and statements publi:"hed in FIRST AID seem to me to be somewhat conAicting on this point.

Yes-provided that this treatment is undertaken und er the authority of the medical officer of the 'Norks and by fir st aiders who have been specially trained by bim to carry it out in a properly equipped room.

The confliction of opinions to whIch you refer, anses simply because certain authorities are seekinR to expand the scope of first aid and to include thereunder the treatment rendered byspeciallytrained first aiders, State regI stered nurses and even medical praclitioners. To me (and, I believe, to all the members of our Textbook Committee) firs t aid remains and must remain as "the immediate, temporary and efficient assistance rendered in sudden illness and accident" by those who hold an official certificate in first aid and not by specially trained individuals.-N. C. F.

TREATMENT OF NOSE-BLEEDING.

P. T. (Glasgow)-In the treatment of Nose-Bleeding th e Textbook (p. 117) tells us in Rule 3 to apply cold ove r the spine at the level of the collar. Please tell me wh at purpose is served thereby

II not

FIRST

SPLENDID INVESTMENT! STOP-WATCHES AT MAKER'S PRICES

A gilt· edge to investment because these

HU IOUR IN FIRST AID.

D. S. (East London) - A young recruit had just experienced the thrill of his first case; and on the tollowing lecture evening he related, with great excitement, how he had

The temperature of a part may be 10vYered either directl y by an ice-bag- or indirectly by the evaporation which application of Lint wrung out of cold water. EvaporatIon requires heat. Consequently the loss of heat which acc.ompanies either method, acting on the muscular walJs, bnng s about constriction of the suptn£lcial and deep vessels. For this reason cold applied to nape of nE'ck is beneficial; but it also stimulates the he2.t centre which is situatea in the lower part of the brain and reflexly brings about contraction of the peripheral vessels. - N.C.F.

A Fl RST AID Box.

S.]. (Bootle).-:'Ilany thanks for Jour kind remarks which appeared in the October issue of F1RST AID with reference to the firsl aiu box which 1 have compiled. The reason why the cotton wool is exposed is because, the rolls being loa long, J had to cut gth of an inch off the ends. I realise that the ends hould be covered; and I have now obtained some cellophane to remedy this faulL. Good! Very good! c. F.

P1CR1C ACID W[Til BURNS

E.T. (Beccles)-"'e have been told by a nurse that we must 011 no account use Boracic Lint in conjunction vvith Picric Acid. Of course, one would naturally use ordinary lint; but I wonder if there is any special reason for this statement. Your kind ruling- will bE' appreciated.

is no reason 1-.::no\vn to Ille why Boracic Lint should not be used with Picric Acid, which, if used in solution, should painted and allowed to dry on the burn before the lint is applied. Like you, however, I should prefer to use ordinary lint.-1\.C.F.

Reviews.

THE MODERN TREATMENT OF BURNS.

By Philip H. l\litchiner, 1\1 D., F.R.C.S., London; Bailliere, Tindall & Cox Pn'ce 5s.

In this most interesting book there is a clear and concise acc.ount of the latest method of treating burns and scalds which to !he cred it of Mr. Philip l\litchiner, a member of the Surgical Staff of St. Thomas' Hospital. In the first the author exhaustively with the subject In Its different beglOnlOg with a consideration of the of death ":Ith these inj uries and passing on to a descnptIOl? of the varIOUS methods of treatment, including therein a detatled account of that by tannic acid. In the next 2 chapters he tells us all about var!ous special burns, from those due. to the sun to those resultll1g from chemical agents and of the. war. gases He ends with a chapter on otllel of tann.lc aCid and an appendix in which he tabu(With full ll1structions) an elaborate outfit for first :lld purposes Unfortunately the outfit could only be useu II1 a. fully eY:l1pped ambulance room (or its equivalent) by speCially Personally we support the ReVISIon CommIttee of the St. John Ambulance ,\ssl;clatlOn because it insists on treatment which can be out. by a. first aider in his first year; but we \vonder If .tbe tanmc aCid compress, wbich he describes, would not brIdge the between the treatment suggested by the of thiS book. and that taught by the Revision Commlttee.. In the.se CIrcumstances we believe that those for II1formatlon and ed ucation this book was written 'will bnd It most useful and most instructive.

you write to any of our Advertisers kindly mention FIRST AID. It dosen't cost you anything and it pleases the Advertisers, and Us .

Letters to the Editor.

Weare in no way responsible for the opinions expressed, or the made, by Correspondents.- EDITOR

FIRST AID TREATMENT OF BURNS. DEAl{ SIR,-

In the discussion which followed the address on till " First Aid Treatment of Burns)J (which was published in the J ul y and August issues of FIRST AID) I was remind ed of an omission-a n omission not serious in industrial first aid where full E'qllipment is available, but an omission of some importance when the tannic acid method is adopted in the treatment of burns in what I would call domestic practice, where a freshly-made tannic solution or Mitchener's tannic ac id tablets are not imrnediately available

Tea, especially Indian tea, is rich in tannic acid. I think that strong' tea is even more readily available in most houses than bicarbonate of soda, and may therefore be regarded as essentially a first aid treatment, easily to apply, safe and more effective than the older remed)blca.rbo.late o.f soda. The boiling renders it certainly more sterIle than bicarbonate of soda I t more effectively eases pain, and in addition controls the lr>s s of fluid, and is theremore effectiye in preventing shock, both primary and secondary, than bicarbonate of soda.

I sug-gest that perseverance and after treatment is a matter for the surgeon and not for the first aider.

I am sure these points are appreciated by the Revision Committee, and I ha ve little doubt they will be given their due weight in future editions of the Handbook. <. It will be a little time before the next edition is in our h ands and it is for this reason I suggest that these points be brought to the notice of readers of FIRST AID at this stage.

Yours faithfully,

THOMAS E. A. STOWELL, M.D., l.R.C.S. Chief ledical Officer, Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.

BIRD'S NEST CAUSES THREE DEATHS.

SIR,-

Several years ago I think I remember reading of a case where a boy going to take a bath was and asphyxiated through the gas exhaust of a gas heater being closed by a bird's nest.

I thought the case very unusual; but on October Slth, 1935, the "Chicago Tribune" carried the repvrt of the death of three persons who were asphyxiated from the same cause. So I send you the report for your "News Cutting» Column.

I thought it sufficient important to clrawattention to the fact that if the outlet had been covered with a wire net these people would be still alive.

Y fJurs very sincerel y, H. W. GENTLES, l\1.B., CM., Clzairman First r1 id, Cllicago Clzapter, A merican R ed C"OSS.

[In the January (1926) issue of FIRST AID we published a report of a man and his wife who were asphyxiated through the same cause. -EDITOR.]

The annua l din ncr of the Lewes Division, S.J.A.B., was held on October 23rd, when Supt. G. T. Johnson pres id ed. Since the formation of this division in 1930 about 3,000 cases have received attention

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'laT AID

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NOTICE

FI RST AID is published on the 20th of each month. The Annual Subscription is 3S. 6d. post free; single copies 3d.

Its aim and object being the advancement of Ambulance Work in all its branches, the Editor invites Readers to send Articles and Re ports on subjects pertaining to the Movement and also welcomes suggestions for Practical Papers.

All Reports, &c., should be addressed to the Editor at the ad dress below, and should reach him before the 12th of each month, an d must be accom panied (not necessarily /01' publication) by the name and address of the Correspondent.

The Perfect Fluid Diet

Subscriptions, Advertisements and other business Communications co nnected with FIRST AID should be forwarded to the Publishers, DALE, REYNOLDS & CO., LTD., 46, CANNON STREET, LONDON, E.C.4.

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37

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EDITORIAL.

To our readers at home and GREETING abroad, to members of the Medical Profession who contribute so largely to the success of this Journal, and to our advertisers, we extend cordial greetings for the Festive Season now upon us, and full measure of health, happiness and prosperity during 193 6 .

First aiders during 1935 have had a year of increased activity. One has only to remember the extra duties carried out and the extra cases attended during the Sil ver Jubilee Celebrations to gain some idea of this increased activity. Instruction, too, has increased with the study of Air Raid Precautions. This latter service is of great importance, but we sincerely hope that the knowledge ga ined at lectures will never be required to be put into actual operation.

Durin g the year it has been our pleasure to receive many letters of praise and congratulations on the contents of this Journal, and we take this opportunity of thanki ng readers for their letters and the confidence they place in us. During 1Sl36 we shall endeavour to make FIRST Am of even grea ter interest with instructive articles on all subjects. We are at all times ready to receive suggestions for such articles, and therefore do not hesitate to write should you wish for an article on a certain subject to appear. One further item: do not delay sending in reports until a few da ys before press day. Early copy greatly assists in allotting space for the various subjects.

Our last woreis for 1935 are" A :'Ierr y Christmas to all and a Prosperous New Year."

Owing to heavy pressure on space, it has been found necessary to hold over many items and photographs until the next issue.

This illu ;tration shows the clear g-angway for loadi ng the lower stretcher whefl only one case is being carried.

FIRST

The Ambulance Man Lool<s at G as .

By MAJOR NORMAN HAMMER, M.R.C.S. (N. Riding of Yorkshire).

( Continued j?'om page 1 2.)

A.-PREVENTION OF EXPOSURE.

1. Alarm System.

2. Gas policing.

3. Gas-proof shelters.

A 1. The Ala'!'m System used must be one that can be operated im mediately without use of the lungs. A system involving the use of the telephone to carry the warning to selected stations, from whence it can be spread locally by means of horns operated by corn pressed air, or by gas rattles, is one method. The wireless can be used for the same purpose; and, in these days of loud in every home, it offers, in addition, a splendid way of spreading a general warning, as does the 'phone, all subscribers receivino- a " o-eneral 11 " B b b ca. ut some method must in all cases coexist which will warn the man in the street without a wireless set or telephone; for this it is difficult to find a su bstitute for audible local'lvarnz"nus b set In action by an initiating message sent by other means from a headq uarters to local stations.

A 2. Gas-polz'ct"ng by specially trained voluntary personnel will be of assistance in picketing streets or districts, to prevent after the. actual attack; and similarly WII! warn traffic, dUrIng an attack, of locaiities affected, so that it may seek shelter without pass! ng through or near danger zones. Water taps carrying contaminated water must be put out of use, and the public taught that boiling does not free contaminated water from o-as. The ,. rushing" of shelters, with resultinbo- contamination be prevented; and children, aged, and Sick looked after. If great disturbance should by mischance occur, looting will be prevented, and densely populated areas patrolled to check firmly and calmly any sign of indiscipline at the outset.

A 3. Gas-proof Shelters.

Ie Any room with sound walls can be made gas-proof. "

T¥z"ndo'l?s, putty them and nail curtains across. These curtainS should be of "Cloth Union Ant'lII f " gas, or 0 wetted blanket.

and other openz"ngs must be stopped up With thIS material.

. Doors should have stri ps of anti-gas cloth nailed around them to make them gas-tight.

In shelters, aid posts, etc., a special type of az"r-Iockgas-prooJ entrance and exit will he provided of which particulars are given below.

When a room is about to be occupied as a gas-proof shelter, all fires and other means of hea ting it must be put out, as they will draw in outsid e air. Outside every gas-proof room or shelt er there must be a t1'ay of bleach, in which tho se entering are to rub well their boots to preve nt them treading in contaminated earth, etc.

AIR-LOCK GAS-PROOF ENTRANCES AND EXITS.

Double doors reinforced with gas-proof mat erial and gas-proof curtains in close contact wit h door frames. Make this as an approac h In the form of a covered way with gas-proof door s at each end to make an air-lock or gas-valv e. Make the covered way between the doors lon g enough to contain a stretcher with bE'arers. Th e " Manual of Field \Vorks" gives these details to make this air-lock :-

I' A frame of 4 inch by 1 inch tim ber covere d with anti-gas cloth is fixed flush with the wa ll sloping outwards at an angle of twenty deo-ree s from the vertical. Anti-gas material is cut th e required size, so that when fastened to the top of the !rame it will cl.ose the entrance completel y, leavmg about nIne Inches resting on the groun d. Three pairs of laths are nailed horizontally on th e curtain to keep it stretched. The lath on th e underside must be one foot shorter than the on e on the front so as to clear the frame. The lowe st of the should be four inches from the groun d Two curtains should be provided, one at the inne r end of the air-lock covered way, and one at th e outer end, the frame sloping outwards at the outer end, and inwards at the inner end. All wires an d must pass thro.ugh these frames, which ma y be Widened on one Side to allow for the hol e through which wires and pipes pass mus't be mad e They must not in any way interfere With the adjustment of the curtain. The air-loc k should in all cases be not less than three feet long , so as.to a :nan to stand in it and adjust on e curtain behind him before he opens the inner one ; and a.s stated should if possible (and definitel y must In the case of Aid Posts) be long enough t o .take a stretcher and bearers."

PROTECTION AGAINST NON-PERSISTENT GASES.

1. Cl05e all openings; make air-tight.

? Establish inside a positive air-pressure by electric motor or hand-power machi ne pum pi ng air in, taking the air fronz as high as posszble and jilte7'z"ng zl. It will be the duty of authorities arranging group-protection shelters to make these facilities available.

3. !t is that special buildings shall be prOVided fOl: ch tldren, old people and the sick, w ith a mechanIcal means of renewing the oxygen of the ai r inside.

PROTECTION AGAINST PERSISTENT GASES.

1. See the Alarm System and Gas-policing pa ragraphs preceding.

Z. Immediate evacuation of contaminated rla ces and policing to warn persons and traffic fro m entering affected localities.

3. Contaminated persons to go direct to the De contamination Centres strict discipline and su pervis ion to prevent them entering public gas she lters till passed and docketed as safely deconta minated.

4. Immediate placing of contaminated areas out of bounds for all purposes, and immediate dec ontamination of areas and buildings. (See Mass Decontamination later).

Shelters, General.-Shelters will contain a su pply of neutralising agents, i.e., chloride of lim e, permanganate of potash.

Should gas enter a shelter, try neutralising it by sprinkling these substances in powdered form. Hence a gas shelter must be equipped with :-

a. A DETECTING reagent to indicate the presence of even a small percentage of gas in the air of the shelter.

b. Neutralising agents as above.

c. A powdering machine.

Fulle1' Detaz'ls of the proofing of rooms and she lters will be found in the Air Raid Precautions an d Chern ical "\7\T arfare textbooks.

To CLEAR A GAS-PROOF SHELTER OF GAS AFTER THE ATTACK IS OVER.

1. Non-perszstent gases. Use a charcoal br azier to draw in fresh air from outside, and de stroy and drive out fumes.

If only one door.-Place brazier in miudle of do orway.

If two entrances.-Place brazier in doorway th rough which draught is corning outwards. For cellars and dug-outs.-Place brazier twoth irds of the way up the steps.

2. Persz"stent Gases (vapours j7'om contaJ7Z'';Jlated em'tlz, etc., trodden z"n.) Decontaminate the sh elter as in " Mass Decontamination" (which see in later paragraph).

AIR SPACE PER PERSON IN GAS-PROOF SHELTERS.

Three to three and a half square feet of ground

AID. 139

or floor space in a shelter or room 8 to 10 feet hio-h gives a breathing limit, if air or oxygen is nol newed, of three and a half hours.

PROVISION OF SHELTERS IN NEW BUILDINGS.

Underground. In new buildings, gas proof rooms can be arranged for as follows :-

<;ellars and basements, with open ings capable of beIng bl ccked up or being converted into airlocks. At the ground-level, between the basement and the superstructure, have a bomb-proof layer of concrete or ferro-concrete; as far as possible provide similar layers at each floor and at the roof.

The well of the staircase should also be of this material, and shaped like a chimney.

\7\Tater and gas pipes should be outside this well; electric wires and the air-inlet for ventilation of the basement should be inside it.

""V\Te have dealt with the methods of groupprotection under the headings of :-A. Prevention of exposure. (The alarm, gas policing, and gasproof shel ters.

As part of the same heading, we must deal with :-B. The organisation of decontamination stations for cleansing those exposed, and, after, with :-C. The handling of cases of gas-injury.

B. D ECO, TAMINATION CENTRES.

2B. DECONTAJ\IINATIO , OF THOSE EXPOSED. Decontamination centres ,vill be provided in which those who have been exposed will be freed from contamina tion by the process described in "Individual Protection--the Decontamination of the Person." Thus they will be prevented from becoming gas-casualties by the act ion of the gas penetrating their clothing, as it will in time if it is not taken off; and they will be prevented from being sources of contamination to others.

Gas-casualties will be subjected to the process of decontamination plus the first aid applicable to their condition.

A Decontamination Centre should :-

1. Be gas-proof.

2. Have trays of bleach at the outer entrance, in which those about to enter will cleanse their boots, and preventing them from treading-in contaminated mud or earth.

3. Have gas-proof air-locks ac entrance and at exit long enough to take a stretcher with bearers.

4. Have an entrance lobby or receiving room, leading to

5. An eye room, where the eyes are treated as described in "Decontamination of the person" (in "Individual Protection "). From here cases go on to

6. A long middle room provided with baths for the treatment of the body, and the

air-tight bins, as described, for disposal of gas-laden clothIng and articles of equipment. This leads to

7. A dressing-room in which the affected persons are fitted out with fresh and gas-free clothing. Lastly,

8. An exit lobby, in which a certain amount of clerical work of a simple nature may need to be done, including the issue of a time-punched docket to show decontamination at certain place and time.

9. From here freshly decontami nated persons are discharged back to duty, to their homes, to public shelters, or if necessary to Hospital for treatment. No person from a contaminated area will be allowed in a public shelter during a period of activity without a docket of decon tam Ination.

(To be continued.)

[Owing to repeated requests, the Table II of War Gases which appeared in our August, 1935 issue, is now available in page form at the nominal charge of 2 -. per 50, post free. Applications should be sent, together with remittance, to " First Aid," 46, Cannonstreet, London, E.C.4.]

The Hospitallers' Club.

TIlE annual dance of the Club was held at the Cora Hotel, London, on Saturday, December 7th, when over 100 members and friends enjoyed a very pleasan t and happy evening.

During the interval the President, Mr. E. W. ] ackson, welcomed mem bers and friends to the Club's dance of the year and hoped they would have an enjoyable time. He thanked Mr. F. E. Stallard, who acted as M.C., the members of the Band, and Mr. A. E. \ iVe ns, for their services in making the event a successful one.

Numerous prizes were presented during the evening for novelty dances, which added to the enjoyment of those present.

LADY HOSPITALLER'S CLUB

The monthly meeting was held at the Northam Institute, Clerken well, on Satu rday, December 7th, Mr. E. Ralphs addressed the gatheril.lg on. the of the Brigade in Hong Kong In whIch dIstrIct he was Assistant Commissioner for some considerable time. This was of great interest to those present and the photographs "'hich I} r. Ralphs passed around the meeting were greatly appreciated.

Detailed Marking Sheet, No. 46.

INDIVIDUAL TESTS.

BEARERS Nos. 1 AND 2 - You two are at home on a dense foggy night practising for this Competition when your young brother slips off the kitchen fender, pulls a kettle of boi lin g water off the stove scalding his rig-ht hand, and strikes his nose so violEntly on the floor that it bleeds freely.

Act as you should. Time limit 7 minutes

Hurry to pat ient

Sympathet ic encountgement

Promptly cover nose lightly with handkerchief

Assist patient on to chair Ileal' tc ble

Which is a\vay from the fire

Do not open window owing to fog

One Bearer holds his head slightly back.

Instructs h im to breathe WiLh open mouth

Undo tight clothing round neck and chest

Raise patient's left arm above head

Other Bearer obtains basin of cold water and lint

To apply to nose and back of neck

Also basin of hot water from hot-water tap

To which baking soda is added

A dessert-spoonful to pint of water

I n which place scalded hand

Taking care not to break blisters

Apply strips of lint soaked in fresh lotion.

Cover with cotton \vool and bandage li h'htlj

Apply a large arm s lin g correctly

If Lleeding persists, feet in hot water

Do not allow patient to blow his nose

Treat shock-hot tea and warmth

Send for doctor giving full d eta ils General promptness and efficiency

BEARERS TOS. 3 AND -!-.-You two with your havcrsac arc waiting at a quiet spot for your bus (due in .l hour), when you see a you.ng man jump off another bus before it stops.

He falls to the ground and utters a sharp cry of pain.

Weather hne and dry. Render first aid. No other help al lowed. Timit limit 8 minutes.

Hasten to patient ,.. " 2

Sympathetic inquiry as to seat of pain (fhgl7l Ankle)... 3

Warn patient to keep still 3

Comforting words -you are first aiders :.. 4

Careful inquiry if pain elsewhere (No) 5

One Bearer steadies right leg '" 2

Other Bearer examines right thigh, knee-cap and leg (Fraclured .Jfz'bula) '" .,. ,..-J. Now undo haversac and prepare splints, etc. 3

(1Y. B. [-Jere patz'enf gi'lJes a SC1'{'am and Izas a 1J71'!d Epilep& Fit )

Immediate protection of tongue with gag -J.

LT ndo collar and protect head.. -J.

.Method of restraining right low e r limb only ;)

(Remo\'e gag and support head on rolled-up coat 3

N. B. Judge wzll indicate wizen fit is over.)

Face on one side, warmth to body -J.

Splints and bandag es for Fractured Fibula 6

Ensuring that fracture is still simple (l'es) -J.

(N.ll. f-Jere a passing' doc/or lak es clw1-g'c.)

General promptness a nd efficiency -J.

60

Does your colleague read FIRST AID, if not, send us his address and we will post him a copy.

The St. fohn Ambulance

Brzgade Dzs{f/zct Reports.

The second A.R.P. course arranged by Brigade IIeadquarters was held in London on November 23rd and 24th, and some 275 delegates were present from all parts of England, \i\Tale s and Ireland. Representatives were also present from overseas ,

The Chairman on this occasion was Maj or H. Stuart Blackmore, O.B. E., M.R.CS., L.R.CP.) D.P.H.) who had the assistance of Mr. E. W. Jackson, :\1r. C. E. Bower, Captain A. C White Knox, M.C, M.B., Ch.B., and Mr. L. R. Allum as lecturers and demonstrators.

The course followed in a like manner as that recently held by the No.8 District, which was reported in the October issue of this Journal, and included the history of the subject, classification and properties of the gases) method of projection, influence of weather, etc. Each gas in turn was described and treatment of same fully discussed by the expert lecturers. Decontamination) gas mask drill, protected clothing, air locks and aid stations were other subjects fully dealt with. For some twelve hours the members studied the subject step by step and the number of questions asked at the end of each lecture was evidence of the interest taken.

During the Sunday morning session the Chief Commissioner, Sir John Duncan, addressed the gatheri:1g.

He W::lS very g l ad to welcome members and dehghted to see their outstanding interest in the subject. Sir John mentioned that within a week of the publishin o of the A.R.P. No.2 the Brigade held its first course in London.

The scheme o£ the Brigade was first to train instructors, and this was being done by courses being' held in London, with a systematic scheme of training and a definite syllabus of instruction. Instructor's certificates would be issued) but these would be carefully g r aded.

Sir John referred to the way in which Continental countries had been training for some time, and he thought it yery wise that our Government had at last issued general instructions on the subj ect. Instructions were started in London and the 0 rdel' of St. John and the British Red Cross Society had agreed to assist the Government as much as possible. He attached great importance to the scheme, of which the Brigade was an important element.

In London there were three factors to be considered: Decontamination Centres; Casualty Stations; and Base Hospitals. It has been decided that the Brigade) Wit!l their greater numbers, should take over the first. and It was therefore essential that members be fully tramed as they would ve to take the foremost part in dealing with casualties at such stations. The B.R.CS. \Vould take charge of the Casualty Stations; such arrangements were not hard and fast.

In the Provinces the schemes would be under municipal authorities. Here again the be ca ll ed upon to assist and) further) to tram the. cIvIlJan population either at divisional lectures or at speClal ones.

Sir John wished members present, on their return home to hold classes at once for all rank and file and so all members would be efficient and prepared.

He also referred to the A.R.P. Auxiliary to the Brigade, whereby persons attending public would be asked to join this s'pecial branch of the BrIgade.. would have to pass their annual A.R.P. re-eXam1l1atlOll,

and be under Brigade instruction in times of emcr);enc)" but would not of necessity be first aic1ers.

Sir John was certain that this new duty would bring the Brig:l,:le more before the general public and would add to its strength. It was essential that all members bc fully prepared and instruction should be carried out systematically and thoroughly,

At the end of the course Sir John thanked :l\Iajor Blackmore and the lecturers for their great assistance.

Mr. H. J. Vick, of ;"1id-Devon, on behalf of the visitors, also thanked the Chairman and the lecturers) whilst 1\11'. H. F: Skidmore, of Reading) expressed appreciation of the work done behind the scenes by Major P. G. Dan-iI-Smith, Brigade Secretary, and 11r. H. J. Wrigglesworth) who were responsible for the arrangements.

The social side of the proceedings were by no means overlooked. On the Saturday evening the Stores Department of the St. John Ambulance Association provided an excellent variety entertainment, rendered by leading amateur artistes, which was greatly appreciated.

It was pleasing to walk round the various groups congregated and discuss matters of interest with those from other parts. The friendship and esprit-dc-corps of the Brigade was further cemented at this course and many were sorry when, with the course completed, came the parting of old apd new friends.

Included in each person's satchell was a very neat little diary for 1936. On the front cover) printed in colour, appears the Standard of the Order whilst the contents include three page on" Principles of First Aid." Copies of this diary can be obtained from the Stores Department at St. John's Gate at 3§d.) post free) or, if a gross is ordered) at 3s. per dozen, post free.

No. I Prince of Wales's) District.

Three hundred and fifty-seven members and friends of the No. 1 District were present at the Annual Officers' Dinner and Dance, held at the Hotel Great Central on Saturday, November 30th.

Captain W. Goodley, M.C (Commissioner), and among the guests present were: Lt.-General SIr Aylmer Hunter-Westoll, K.CB., D.S,O., R.E.) J.P. (Chancellor of the Orde.r), and. Lady IIunter-\Veston; :01ajor-General Sir PerClval WIlkll1son, K.c.l\I..G C.B. (Sec retary-General of the Order), and Lady \Vl1k111son; Major-General Sir Jolm Duncan, K.CB.) Cl\I.G.) CV.O D.S.O. (Chief Commissioner); Colonel G. A. ;"loorc Cl\I.G D.S.O., (Asst. Chie.f ioner); Lady Perrott, R.R.C (Lady Supt.-1l1-ChIef); Mrs. Lancc10t Dent, A.R.R.C (Lady Supt.-in-Chid, Overseas); Dr. N. Corbet Fletcher (Asst. Surgeon-in-Chicf); Lt.-Col. R. Bingham, D.S.O. (Secretary of the Order); Lt.-Col. SIr HuO'h Tumbull KB.E. (Commissioner City of London Police), and Turnbull; Lt.-Col. Sir P., R. Lal,lrie, CB.E , D.S.O. (Asst. Commissioner l\letropolItan PolIce)) and Lady Lauric; G. Abbiss. E q.: and F. Abbott, Esq. (D.A.C Metropolitan Police); Captall1 A. N. Cahusac, M.C (Chief Secretary S.J.A.A.), and other

distinguished persons who take great intcrest in Brigade work.

Following the toasts of t. The King" and « The Queen, the Princc of vVales,. and the Duke .0 r Connaught," proposed by thc Ch;urman, Asst. sioner S. J. Warren gave that of "qur '!'llTIC did not permit the proposer to mentlOil each O" uest nevertheless the welcome was nOllc the less Slllcen:. He a special welcome to the ladies) ,,·ho did much to encourage their menfolk. WIth the toast was coupled the name of Lt.-Col. Sir Aylmcr Huntcr-Westoll.

In reply Sir Aylmer, in his own inimitable way, said how pleased hc was to be pr ese nt and to. learn that each year the number present at functlOn howed an increase over that of the prevIOUS year. He greatly appreciated the work done by the No. 1 District to th e community.

The Chief COl11missioner proposed the toast of "Thc Prince () r \i\Ta les's District and the Chairman." Rcfer-

Captain Goodley spared no effo rt s in his endeavour that al l work entr usted to him was carried out in a n c ffi cicIl( manner and thanks to the Cummissioner's devotion t() duty and fine examp le, No. ] District had reache.d a very hio-h standa rd of efficiency. Sir John extended hIS thanks tab the Commissioner and the District and hoped they would be as sl1Cces ful in thc future as they had heen in the past.

Captain Goodley, all rising to respond, was greeted \\ ith musical honours. He thanked Sir John ror his kind remarks. " l hope," saie! the Commissioner, "it will he my privilege and to work under your c01l1mancl r0 r man y yea rs to come.

111e District was increasing in strel1gth eac h year, and allowing for withdra'i\"als, the nUlllber at thc c11cl or the year would be nearly 8,000. During the present year ove r 107,000 duties hael been carried out and over 33,000 cases treated. Referring to the Juhilee clay duties h e wished to thank the Commissioner of No.8 District a11d

FIRST

eve ry memher o£ Distric t V- know llow much he appreciated theIr serVIce and l0'ycnty. "

Following the d1l1ner, dancll1g hcldm the Wmtel Garden, District Officer Burton as M.e.

Congratulations are due to Dlstnct Officer Captall1 L. L. Franks on the excellent arrangem.ents made for this event. This was the arranged under his supervision, and wI.th nl:lmhers so does his work increase, but wlth a smIle on hIS face he tackles t he problem and each year the event proves hetter than the last.

An appreciation: The followin.g were found among the mail rcc eived at Dlstnct Headquarter s, addressed to District Officer Bower. and Supt. Allum and the effort is worthy of WIder publICIty, hencc the reproduction:-

AID.

The latter all can try again, When they know morc of "Gas."

My pen runs dry, but read this verse', For something rhymes with" Gas." So leav e your desks, and pause awhile, And drink a glass of "BASS."

A H G.

EAST RAM.-On Saturday, November 23rd, the East Ham Amhulanc e and Nursing Division's Annual Dinner was held un'de r thc chairmanship of Dr. F. J. McKettrick , J.P. (Div. Sur geo n). Those present included Mrs. McKettrick, the Maj or and Mayoress of East Ham (Councillor and Mrs. Pope ), Capt. W. and M:-s. Goodley, Asst. Commisisoner Capt. F. E. BendIX, D IstrIct Officers Fitch, Hain es, Bower and Kemp, who were

S t" S JAB) winners of the Chis let Collier Ambulance Team (a lso members of the ec,..'on, y Kent Coal Owners Challenge Shield for 193;,.

From left: E. Marshall, H. Anles, W. Culver, the Re\". V. T. Mac)" Privates T. Askev and H. Lye.

T\o. 1 District Officers' Dinner.

Commissioner Captain W. Goodley, M" c., can be seen standing on the right.

ring to the work of the Brigade as a ,,,,,hole, the more he saw of it the more surprised he was at the funds collected by the members to carryon their work. Over £80,000 was collected last year by their efforts. As the work of the Brigade was carried out without advertisement) he was of the opinion that the public did not realise the essential nesessity of it. The services rendered was of national importance. Sir J olm spoke of the AR.P. instruction and thanked members of the No. 1 District for their assistance in this matter, especia lly District Officer e. K Bower.

During the present year, continued Sir John, work of the district hael been very heavy and for the special dutie s carried out in connection with the Jubilee celebrations a special letter of thanks had been received from His Majesty the King.

The District was happy in thelr Commissioner.

his members for the assistance rendered on that day Relations between the policc forces and the Brigade was of a very cordial nature and the letters o£ thanks received from the City and Metropolitan Forces were greatly appreciated. No matter how often the calls came the No.1 District had never let them down.

The municipal authorities and the public were, continued the Commissioner, more appreciative of their services and he was pleased to state that the proceeds fro\11 the Flag Day showed a 30 per cenL incre ase over last yeaL

Captain Goodley referred to the resignations of Miss Rideout and Miss Curtis; both of whom had rendered exce ll ent services to the District. He exp r essed his appreciation to his Assistant Commissioners for their he1p; his thanks to his District Staff, to the Stores Department, his publicity officer and others. He wished

In Berkeley Street, at No. 10, There is a mighty mass Of documents; all dealing with That Horrid subject" Gas."

You men in charge, have worked so hard , The knowledge to amass, From No.2 of A.R.P., f "G "? Say, do you dream 0 as"

S0111C men could talk and talk all day, But a ll they do is Gas.

With you it is another tale. You your subject-" Gas."

You've ta ught us well, and many a man, And also many a lass.

W ill bless the day, when under you, "G " They took a course on as.

Now come "exams." and some will pass, While others fail, alas.

I d' C' s Supt \Y a lsby, Lady accompa11lcd by theIr ales., OIP :, Offi 1\1 s District Supt. Miss \i\T alker, Lady DIstrIct Offi cer h, Supt. Ambler, Lady cer". Og-ilvi e and other officers and frIends. ., "

Dis t rict Officer Fitch proposed t}le t. o. 1 Dlstnct e d ref er'r ed to the rapid gTo w t h In numbers a ndbth an '-' C G dIe' had een O'reater efficiency created S111ce apt. 00 ) Commissioner. . .

Capt Goodley in reply , stated that the Dlstnc t ,,,a s '. h de took Th e re was indeed No. 1 in everythl11g t ey un r . I me 200 divisions with a memhershlP. of near) now so H believed in effiCIency first, 8,000 men and wom,en. e eferred to the duties howeyer, and !1l!mbel s rIb ations and to ca rried out dUrIng JubIlee and ot er ce e r th fact that Eastern Area was always to the fore. e C f "Nos 8 D'strict Officer Kemp proposed the toast 0 'h 151 D' "It W::JS he said a pleasure to see t c and Ivlslons.. ., c, ! h too-ether. \V ay the two c1n'ISIOI1S worked 111 .armon y b. Supt. Ambler and Mrs. Ogilvy replIed. They dId not

wish to be thanked for services rendered; they were only humble students of the doctors.

Amb. Officer Morrish) who acted as Toastmaster) proposed the toast of "Our Guests" and referred to the "three wise men from the East (Capt. Goodley, Capt. BenclJx and Corps. Supt. who were now at headquarters, but \'/ho were originally memhers of the East IIam Di"ision. IIe welcomecl the l\Iayor and i\Jayoress and other members of the Council.

The layor and Councillor Harper responded. Following the dinner, dancing was continned until a late honr.

DAGEXII.\l\I.-For the second year in succession the ])agenham Divisi on were successful in winning the" R. A. Jones" Challenge Cup Competition, wh ich was held at Southencl on Saturday, Noyember 16th. In addition to the Dagenham team Barking (runners-up), Chelm ford, Grays, Southend) Romford, BenAcet, Ilford and East Ham competed.

The judg es were Dr. S. Bree and District Officer E. \\T. Haines.

The C11P was presented to the winners by Mr. E. Cecil Jones, J.P.

o. 11-1- (Lo.xDoK TR ,\NSPORT CE "TRAL)

DIVISION -A "arIet)' concert and presentation of awards was held at the Central Repair Depot, Charlton on Noyember 1-tth and, in spite of Parliamentary activities, there was a lal:ge gatherIng present to enjoy the programme of mUSIC and fun.

.Those present Sinclair (Rolling Stock Engll1eer) and l\Irs. S1l1clau, DlV. Surgeon W. G. Watson and Mrs. "Vatson , Amb. Officer Cook (No. 103 Div.) and ::\1rs. Cook. Amb. Officer G. C Deadman was in charge, whilst the secretary was Sergt. J. ]. Mann.

J\Ir. S1l1c1alr presented 18 labels 9 medallions 4 and 10 certificates) also the'" Jones" Ann'ual EffiClency Cup to only), to J. A. Preston, for the second year 111 successIOn) together with a replica presented by a member of the walking section.

Amb. Officer Deadman announced that Dr. Watson had given.a shield to be competed for annually by privates 111 first aiel work, and for the initial award would be presented to. ?te. C Epps, the runner-up in the " Jones" cup competItlOll Thanks were due to the Doctor for his gift, which was much appreciated In r eply to a vote of thanks Mr. Sinc1air said how much h e admired and appreciated the voluntary work of the Brigade.

SOUTIIALL.-Congratulations to Div. Supt. J. E. Taylor on his election as a member of the Southall Council.

Supt. Tayl?r joined the Brigade in 1908) being one of the foundatlOn members of the Brentford section of the Acton Division, which was under the charge of Mr. ].. Grossman. Business Mr. Taylor to Southall and, wl.th Mr Grossm.an, a sectIOn was formed in that town, be111g registered 111 1909. In 1910 the Southall Division was established and from that date to 1914 classes were arranged for policemen, firemen and others A class was formed for the females, but before such lectures could be held the War our Supt. Taylor and all of the DlvIslOn enlIsted i n the R.A.M . C on August 1914. Tn 1922. Division was re-organised hy Supt. 1 aylor and.the DIVISIOn from that day has made great ... clases wcre held and as a result DlvlslOn was formed in 1927 There is now 111 Ambulance, a Nursing) and a boy and o'irl cadet DlvlslOns. b

A I D.

In of his work Supt. Taylor was invest ed With the 1l1Slgl11a of Serving Brother of the Ord e r in 1925, and h e is the proud possessor of the King's Coroni:l-

FIRST

The Presid ent presented awards and said he was proud to be their p r esident. He a lso asked Dr. Bernard to a silver cigarette case from the members of t he DIVlslOn as an appreciation of the services rendered to them.

Dr. Bernard) in accepting the g if t, thanked the members, and hoped new faces would he seen at the lectu.res in tyrn had much pleasure in presenting the PreSIde nt WIth hIS badge of office

dance in the Baths Assembly Rooms, Lytham. A of young people participated in the dance be111g provided by the Savoy Dance Band. SOCial proved vcry successful and enjoyable largely owino' to the work done by Supt. Clarke and Sergt Eastham.

" 3 Team, Standish Cadets) won the Cup 111 a competition for ambulance teams at StandIsh Council Offices. Councillor R. Finney (Chairman of Standish Council), presented the cup to the team.

WHALLEY.-There was one of the largest attendances for rr:tany ycars at the Annual Whist Drive and Dance held 111 connection with the Whalley Division, S.J.A.B" at Assembly Rooms ) Whalley. Dancing was to music supphed by the Cosmopolitan Orchestra.

Dr. drew attention to the number of tak111g first aid and nursing ce rtificates in the neighbourhood and appealed f o r even greater interest in the work.

Supt. J. E. Taylor, Southall Division. tion l\Iedal) Sen'ice l\Iedal with two ba rs, and the Jubil ee Medal. Two years ago he was made :l. lif e g ovemor of the Southall-Norwood Hospital.

No. II. District.

Box.-The ann ual inspection of Box Division wa s held on Tuesday, December 3rd, in the Bingham Hall by the Cou.n1y Commissioner. Fifteen members parade d under .Dlv. SUP.t. Pepler. After inspecting the ranks, and watchl11g: work, the Commissioner compliment ed the men on theIr turnout and efficiency. The Hon. Mr s. Shaw Mellor, Diy. President, Dr. ]. G Thomas, Div Surgeon, and the Rev. Mallin, were also present.

CIIELTENHAM.-The annual Ambulance Division C0111petitions of the Cheltenham Corps were h eld on Novemb er 27th, when six teams competed.

The judges were: Team test. Div. Surgeon F. D. P. Evans; practical,. Lady Diy Surgeon Gwendole n Brown; viva voce, Dl\T Surgeon R H arvey; individual , County Surgeon W. Hutton.

The results were: 1s t (" Shewell" Shield), "B " team (Corpl. Gorton, captain)1 280· 2nd (re Suraeon's " C ) " D " (S D ' b up , team ergt. ent) captaIn), 258 ' 3rd (" S' "C) "F" (C Immons up, team orpl. Herbert) captain) , 256.. T}le two teams. represented the Friendl y SOCieties DIVISIOn and the thIrd team the Town Divisi on.

Individual results: Seniors- 1st (" Clark" Cup ), Corp i. Gorton i, 2nd, Sergt. V\:'ilcox (Town Division ). JUl11or.s- lst ( St. John Hospital" Cup), 1st, Privat e Hawkl11S (Friendly Societies' Division); 2nd Privat e West (Town Division).

Lady Presenton presented the trop hies and other awa rds.

No. I Il. District.

VVIIITTLESEy.-A smoking concert was recently held for members and friends of the Whittlesev Division the President (Mr. T. Stark) pres iding, supported by 'Div. Surgeon A. Bernard. Mr. M. Ma ize, J.P.) Corps Offic er Bhke and Supt. G. W. Foster.

Whittlesey Division.

Mr. Maize, Chairman of the Local Magistrates, exp ressed, on behalf of the Police and other public bodies, tha nks to the Division for the work carried out.

Corps Officer Black (late Supt. of the Division) wished the officers and men success in the future

Supt. Foster in reply said that the people of W hittlescy appreciated their work. Thanks to assistance rece ived the final payment on the motor ambulance had hee n paid. In Dr. Bernard they had the best surgeon tha t any Division could wish for and he appealed for new members.

The Division was registered in March, 1931} and is now 30 strong. The ambulance has carried 266 pati ents, all without chargc) covering over 5,500 miles. Over 1,000 case s have recei ved attention.

No. IV. District LANCASHIRE.

After seven months' leave of absence through illness, D istrict Officer]. H. Cleal (Serving Brother of the Orde r), has been compelled to apply to go on the Brigade Reserve, as his medical adviser definitely forbids res umption of duties at District Office.

Mr. Cleal has h ad a life-lon g interest in ambulance wo rk and whilst Superintendent of the Blackburn Hi gher Div ision of the Lancashire County Constabulary had the pleasure of seeing his team win the" Pim " trophy at the National Po l ice Competition.

For about three years after his retirement hc was Co rps Superintendent attached to District Staff, and after his appointment as Dis t rict Officer became District Secretary for No 4 (Lancashire) District on the reorga nisation of No.4 District.

His services in this capacity were hi gh ly esteemed and the District loses a zealous and ener getic Staff Officer on his retirement. It is a pleasure to know that his conncction with the Brigade will not be seyered entire ly and his many friends will wish him a speedy recovery to his won ted health and strength.

LYTlI AM .-The Lytham Divisions opened their winter session with t heir month ly social, a doublc whist drive

WIGAN.-It is announced that the Divisions of the Yilgan have embarked on the establishment and 1l1stallatlOn of roadside ambulance boxes. The scheme is progress and several boxes are now evident on the hIghways. The boxes are made of ,vood with a alass panel which people wi.ll have to hr ea k to obtain the \ey. the eqUIpment Will be availahle) includin g lOd111e, spl1l1ts) bandages, etc., and it is fully expected that the public wil.1 not abuse their use, as no charge is made.

Space WIll not allow of a detailed account of the work of the Wigan Corps, but it has steadily increased in numbers and efficiency since its formation. To -day the Corps consists of thirteen Divisions) ambttlance) nursing and cadets, male and female. A large number of members continue to render voluntary services to the public in treet, factory, worksh op, at public gatherings, and in the home These services are so much as a matter of course by the public that their voluntary nature is not always appreciated.

No. V. District.

PONTEFRAcT.-The annual individual competitions of the Pontefract Corps were held on Saturday, ovember 30th.

The judg es were Dr. T. H. Taylor (Barnsley) for the men; and Dr. B. Hart (Armthorpe) for the nurses. Corps Supt. T. C. Amery presided oycr the function, supported by The }\layor and 1Iayoress (Councillor T. J. Sides, J.P., and Mrs. Sides), and members of the Corps.

After welcoming the Mayor and Mayoress, Supt. Amery referred to air raid precautions instruction and appealed to members to carry out the traditions of the Order.

The Mayor, in responding to a yote of thanks, agreed with Supt. Amery ihat although no one liked war it was essential that they should be prepared. He paid tribute to the members who had qualified for recognition of long and efficicnt servicc. Pontefract wa proud of Corps StlPt. Amery .

The results of the competitions \vere :-l\1en : .I Sides" Cup, Mayor's Medal and first pri ze, L/Corpl. C. IcLaughlan (South Kirkby); 2, Sergt. G. B. Kelly (South Kirkby); 3, Pte. D. Purcell (Monckton). Second and thi rd places were decided after a second test.

urses: (( J\Irs. Corfield" Cup, Mayoress' J\Iedal and first prize A/S 11rs. Ineso11 (Hcmsworth); 2, A / S Mrs. Smith (Pontefract); 3, A/S 1\Iiss vVright (Pontefract).

The l\Iayor and 1\ Ia;> 'oress presented thc prizes,

The following service awards were also presented: Service Medals: Corps Officer A. Leyland, Corpi. S. \iVilkinson, CorpI. R. Bullock, Corpl. J. lVIacDonald) and Corpl. W. Foster. Second Bar: Corps Officer C. Hornby. The following appointments were announced: Dr. D. Dyson as Corps Surgeon Nursing Divisions; Sergt. Secretary W. W. Key as Ambulance Officer.

No. VI. District.

joint class of the Darlington Friendly Societies Ambulance Division and Darlington ursing Division has completed a course in A.R.P. instruction. The Lecturer was Major N. Hammer, County Surgeon, whIlst demonst ration <; of the respirator were giyen by the P.S.I. of the 5th Durham Light Infantry (T.A.)

County Commissioner F. P. Wilson has appointed DIv. Surgeon H. L. Koebner to take the examination to be held in the near future, and it is expected that la rg e proportion of the members will qualify for the c Personnel" certificate of the Brigade. Selected officers and other ranks are h oping to have the opportunity of preparing to qualify as Instructors) Grade 2.

BILLIKGII AM:.- The annual inspection 0 f the I. C. I. Ambulance Division (Billingham) was carried o u t by the County Surgeon, Major N. Hamm e r who deputised for the County Commissioner.

This Division is ina strong and flourishing condition and showed great keenness and effic iency . All ranks are of a high standard and officers -and N.C.O.s well up in their duties.

No. IX. District.

.'1>VISTOCK.-Th

A 10.

Let te r s to th e Ed ito r.

We are in no way responsible for the opinions expressed, or the statements made, by Correspondents.-EDITOR.

FIRST AID TREATMENT OF BURNS.

DEAR SIR, have read with interest the correspondence on th is important subject and the pleasant review in your Novemb er issue of my rerently published book on burns. May I insi st on the great importance ot £mmedzate application (as a firsL aid measure) of either a compress of tannic acid 2 per cent. solution or one of warm tea, which is surely safe for any " first aider in his first year?" This is the only means of preventing surgical shock and collapse, which as I ha ve endeavoured to point out in my book is bound to occu r under any other treatment by a first aid man.

40, Harley Street W.1.

Yours truly, PHILIP H. MITCHINER, M.D., M.S., F.R.C.S.

[While we agree that a compress of warm tea woul d be useful and in truth a first aid method of treatment, ye t we wonder how often warm tea would be available fo r immediate application in emergencies outside the home.EDITOR]'

COMPETITION MARKS.

DEAR SIR,

On looking through the judge's marking sheets for th e Team Test of a Competition held in London on Novemb er 15th, 1935, in connection \vith the Metropolitan Police , I n o tice there are 10 marks allotted for" loading the patien t on to the Stretcher, three bearers being on the Right side," also for the treatment of a simple fracture of the collar bo ne no marks are a warded for the St. John sling. but 5 mar ks given for securing the left upper limb to the trunk hy tw o broad bandages.

The T or H ip Sli ng .

By COL. E. M. COWELL, D.S.O., F.R.C.S.

THE subject of stretcher-bearing is a fascinating one, and the last word has not yet been said on the subject. After studing the methods of transporting casualties by air and on the sea, and introducing the ,. Universal Stretcher Sheet, ,,* I have turned my attention to the problem of evacuat ing casualties from low galleries in Mines.

Facilities were given me of visiting the Tilmanstone Colliery at Dover, and learning first hand the difficulties of the problem.

I found that with the old methods employed it was hard work for a party of six men to get a st retcher case from the far workings, say 2t miles fr om the main shaft, in three hours.

In this mine the conditions were good and the ro of average 3 ft. 6 in. high. When it is neces-

sorbo-pads to fit comfortably on the bearers' hips. On either side are fastened two separate straps joined below in a ring to which a loop is attached to hold the handle of the stretcher pole. These straps are so situated that in the vertical position the weight of the stretcher falls down the centre of the lower lim b (Fig. 1).

If the bearer stoops or crawls, the front strap comes out of action, and all the 'weight is carried by the rear strap, which is still down the centre of the thigh (Fig. 2). REseLTs.

From actual personal experience, we have found that a 10-stone man can be carried a mile in less than 25 minutes, vertical carry, across easy country. This compares very well with any other method of hand carriage of a stretcher, four or even six bearers being required to carry one stretcher, and generally taking 40-45 minutes to· cover the mile.

.

e annual inspection of the Tavistock DIVIsion, which members of th e Devon County Constabulary. from Tavlstock and the district, took place at the. Tavlstock Ambulance Station recently. The Inspectmg officer, County Officer T. D. Perkins, of Plymouth, who "vas accompanied by the County Surgeon, Lieut.-Col. J. P. S. Ward, of Tavist ock, congratulated the Bngade on their smart turn-out. Col. W ard also congratulated them .

The Brigade, who were under Supt. E. G. Smith) Lleut-Col. A. O. Youn g (Divisional Surgeon) Amb. Officer C. B. Fnse, and F. Barnacott, took part in mfantry and stretcher dnll, first aid, artificial respiration, and dealt wIth a number of mock accidents.

TORQuAy.-On Sunday, November 17th, the Mayor of Torquay (Col. '\iV. Rowland Ward) presented Service awa rds as follows :-Men: 2nd Bar, A.mb. Officer Davey; 1st Bar, Corp1. A. J. Western; ServIce Medal, Pte. G. Stone.

1st Bar, Lad y Amb. Officer Mrs. Drew; ServIce Medal, A/S G. W ells and A/S Mrs. Richards.

C O MPETITIONS, DANCE S etc.-T h e attention of the general public to your needs can be attractively arranged by purchasing copies of the Poster advertised in this Journal for all your Social !lnd Qther a.;tivities. Samples will be sent on request.

I cannot find in the Textbook (on which intruction t o the Police is based) any reasons for variation in the Stretch er drill or the. treatment of the collar bone, although I have n o doubt the Judge has reasons for the alternate treatment, I am sure both the competitors and their lay instru ctors alik e appreciate the views of one or more of our expert Judges on these questio[)s, perhaps the judge of this par ticular test would like to enlighten your readers on th e subject.

Yours truly, A LAYMAN INSTRUCTOR.

[A copy of the above letter was forwarded to the jud g e concerned and his answer is as follows - " I felt sure that the observant Fi rst Aider realising that he must a void pressure ave1 01' on the chest when a com pound fracture of th e Sternum is present, so as to prevent any agO'ravation of the fracture .hampered breathing, not apply a St. John slll1g In thIS case. He would, however, use hi s lever out the broken clavicle by placing a pad In the armpit and securing the left upper limb by two broad bandages, first one round elbow and trunk and the wrist and pelvis. Now with regard to the vanatlOn 111 the stretcher drill, on p. 193, line 4, ther e appears .tl:e words 'unless otherwise directed by No.4, clearly glvlOg No.4 the authority to place the 3 bearers on the Right side of the patient, if by doing so No.4 considered the risk of aggravating the patient's condition would be diminished. Then the three bearers must kneel on their right knees, as stated on p. 210, line 18. Had A Layman Instructor' witnessed the loading of this patient with th e three beqrers on the left side, he would have noted how th e patient groaned with pain when the injured left shoulder was held firmly cOlllpressed against the chest of No. 3 bearer.-Yours faithfully, R. B. DUNCAN "].

s ary to transport a stretcher under a 3-ft. or even 2 -ft. roof, the only way is to drag it along the ground, a most laborious proceeding, and desperately uncomfortable for the patient.

At first the solution seemed to be to deSIgn a l ight wheeled car to take a stretcher, .whe.re tramways existed. This plan ha? tn many mines and discarded, the objections bemg numerous and too obvious to be described here.

Mr. Basil Monk, who was studying t.he problem with me, then suggested carrying by some form of belt fastened round the hips.

The Hip Sling was eventually evolved, and in its early trials has proved most satisfactory.

DESCRIPTION OF THE ApPARATUS.

The Hip Sling consists of a strong rot-proof broad canvas belt fastened with chrome leather straps and strengt'hened at back .wit? steel str ips to prevent buckling. It IS lined WIth

*Des::ribed in the September 1934 issue of Am.

In the mine under a 3-ft. 5-in. roof , we carried a 13-stone man 200 yards fast as the rest of the party could walk, over a rough surface. The temperature was 85 and the humidity saturated, but we remained perfectly fresh and could have gone on indefinitely.

Personally, carrying the same man without the Hip Sling I could only manage 20 yards, being unable further owing to muscle cramp.

ADVA lTAGES.

In addition to the mere fact of being able to carry a loaded stretcher in a stooping or crawling

FIG. 1.

FIG. 2.

FIG. 3.

Fig. 3 shows two men carrying a heavy man under a 24-inch table, crawling on their hands and knees.

pOSItIOn, a most important fact is that the bearers have their hands free. This may often prevent a bearer falling when he sturn bles, since he can hold out either hand to support himself by a pit prop. He can carry a lamp in one hand and, if necessary, a canary cage in the other.

The Proto or Salvo apparatus can be worn, and does not interfere with stretcher bearer (see Fig. 3), and the bearer can adjust his oxygen at any time without lowering the stretcher.

OTHER USES.

In cross country carries, as in the Lake District, I think the Hip Sling will prove very useful.

The sling is very comfortable, the weight of the stretcher does not affect the bearer to the same extent) being scientifically distributed, and the hands are free all the time. Si nee the head end is heavier, the bearers should change every 5 or 10 miuutes.

In circumstances, where it is necessary to get a man out under a low roof, as in a sewer, the Hip Sling, by allowing a rapid carry, may save life.

CONCLUSIONS.

1. A sim pIe, easy and efficien t method is provided of carrying heavy men long distances by the smallest number of bearers and in the shortest time (vertical carry).

2 . A practical means is given of carrying a loaded stretcher under a low roof, on the hands and knees, even while wearing oxygen apparatus.

The price of the Hip Sling manufactured for use in mines, that is rot-proof canvas, chrome leather, rubber hip-pads, and hand-stitched and riveted, is £2 17s. 6d. each.

A cheaper model is provided for use above ground where the conditions do not give such deterioration.

Binding Copies of "F.A."

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Send your copies for the last Volume (July, 1934, to June, 1935) and we will return same bound in an attractive case of leather cloth with the title of the publication in gold letters the front and sic.:e and the eight pointed cross on front, for 6s., post free.

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AID. Reviews.

FIRST AID IN EMERGENCIES.

By Eldridge L. Eliason, M. D.

J. B. Lippincott Coy., 16 St. John Street, W.C.2. Pn'ce 7s. 6d. net.

This exct:iJent book, the author of which is an American surgeon, was first published in October 1915, is now in its eighth edition, and has been entirely revised. To keep it upto-uate, paragraphs on new subjecLs have been added, and in some places treatment has been radically altered. It is "veil written, well illustrated and equipped with a good index and also a thumb index, both of which facilitate reference to its pages in an emergency. In short, our one criticism is that the author has fallen into the common error of mi sspelling" Silvester," whose I1ldhod of artificial respirati on (curiously enough) takes pride of place over that of Schafer

At the same time, it is noteworthy that the book, whi ch is written for an American public, in many places passes beyond the limits of first aid which we, on this side of th e Atlantic and under the guidance of the St. Jchn Ambulanc e Association, allot to first aid. The reason for this is becau se as the author definitely states, it may happen that as " with explorers and hunters the patient may be br removed from medical aid." These indude a full description of the metho ds ?f. reducing certain dislocated joints, of strapping inju reu Jomts and fn'lctured ribs and even of stitching wound s. Again, certain striking (and to us undesirable) differences in treatment are noted. Thus, the application of a hot water bottle is recommended to a hernia which the first aider cannot reduce; oils and the oily substances are named as first choice of dressings for burns and lacerated wounds; and a rigid stretcher or board, on to which the patient must be sli d and not lifted, is the only method of transport for cases of fractured spine. ----. _.

S.J.A. B. Overseas. NEW ZEALAND.

Work in New Zeal an d continues to flourish. Dr. F. F. A. Ulrich has been appointed Corps Surgeon to the South Corps, and Mrs. M. Morgan, Lady Cadet Supermtendent of the Lyttelton Nursing Cadet Division. A new divisio.n has been in the South Canterbury Corp s and wdl be known as the TJlnaru Railwny Amhulance Di vision. provisional registration has been granted to the New BrIghton Cadet Nursing Division.

It has been decided to give a cup, to be known as th e "St. John Ambulance Memorial Cup," to be competed fur annually by divisional teams. It is intended to perpetuat e the memory of the late Sister Katherine Peck, as well as other members of the Brigade.

At the usual weekly meeting of the No.3 Division on October 24th, trophies won at the Corps competition wer e pr:sented. The divisional "A II team, Corpl. W. Barnett , Privates <? W. Armstrong and ]. Dunlop, receive d the ASSOCiatIOn s memorial cup and rose bowl, Pte. ]. Dunlop the champion squad member award; and Amb. Officer N. Milne the ambulance officers' squad cup.

Anti-gas training is receiving the attention of officials it is that such training will shortly be included m the curncu lum of the Brigade Overseas.

Two girl members of the National Reserve Cade t Nursing Division (Auckland) have been awarded the Grand Prior's Badge. This is the first occasion that the much coveted badge has gone to Auckland.

Przary for //Vales.

INTER-RAILWAY AMBULANCE COMPETITION.

Selected Teams of the Great "Western and London, Mi dland and Scottish Railway Companies competed at the City Hall, Cardiff, on Tuesday, Novemb e r 5th, in the annual com petition organised by the Priory for the" Harry Webb" Cup.

A spectacular type of team test gave the onlookers, of who m there were a good numb e r, plenty of inter est and provide d good scope for demonstrating a high standard of effic iency. The appropriate scene was a St at ion. " The tea m enter and see a man push e d off the platform on to the line just before a train is due into the Station. He fractures and dislocates his right hip. Whil e the men are attending him the man on the platform shoots himself through the left lung He is suffering from internal h ce morrhage."

Since the institution of the competition by the Priory in 1923, the trophy has been won on eight occasions by the fo llowing Teams of the ·Great vVesteru Railway Company: New port Alexandra Docks (three times), Newport Dock St reet (twice), BJ.rry Loco., Pontypool R oad ., A" a nd Car diff Newtown; and twice for the L. M.&'S. Railway by the Abe rsychan and 1 alywain and Ruthin Teams. The proportion may be somewhat explained by the fact that the two C::>m panies do not operate to the same extent in vVales. For insta nce, of the 16,183 awmds of the St. John Ambulance Assoc iation issued by the Priory during- 19 34, 2,849 were g-a ined by students in G. W.R. Classes and 616 by of the L.I\LS. The Railway Companies are performtng a great public service in the encouragement afforded to their to study Ambulance \\'o rk, particularly as the perce ntage of the travelling public who have the misfortune to require first aid is infinitesimal. The last issued Annual Reports of the Secretaries of the two Ambulance Centres sho w that 8,597 L.M. S. students in England and Wales, and 7,39 1 G. W. R. employees qualified in Frst Aid during the prece ding twelve months.

The Hon. John H. Bruce (Principal Secretary and Com missioner for Wales) presided over the presentation cere mony and announceu the results as under :Tot a l\1arks

1st, Fishguard Harbour G. W. R. 270t

2n d, Knighton L.1\I. &. S. R. 268t

3rd, Docks G. W R. 26 8 t 4th, Ruthin L. &. S. R. 251t 5th, Abergavenny Junction, L.M. & S. R 248

The judges, Dr. S. 1cCor mac, for Newport, Divisional Surgeons H. B. Pierce (Aberdare) a nd C. A. Bence (Cardiff), commented on the work and congrat ulated teams on the generally high stand<l:rd shown, the only criticisms being that a little extra care mlg.ht have ta ken in the handling of the patient and less tJme spent In discovering injuries.

Mr. Bruce welcomed the presence of 1\lr. J. F. Lean, Principa Assistant to the General Manager, G. W. R., presented the Cup, and other officials of the two Companies. Individual prizes were handed to the members of the Knig-hton team by Mr. C. H. Tait (District and Good s Mallager, L. M.S. R., Swansea) ; and MIss C. Ault, G. W. R. Ambulance Centre Secretary, warmly congratulated Ne.\\'port Docks G. W. R. team, who tied for second WIth Knighton, the latter obtaining higher marks In the Individual Section.

HEADQUARTER NOTES.

Reference was made bv Mr. Hugh M. Inglede'v\", Honorary Solicitor to the for Wales , who presided at a

Meeting of tbe Council, held on t\Ionday, November 26th, to tbe irreparable loss the Priory had sustained in tbe death of its Treasurer, Colonel H. E. l\lorg-an Lindsay, C.B., D. L. , ]. P., who had devoted himself whole-heartedl), to the work of the Order of St. John of which he was a K'1ight of Justice.

The tollowing were appointed to represent the Priorvon the respecti\'e Bodies of the Grand Priory for the next triennial period :-Chapter-General: Lieut-Coloncl E. ]. Trevor Cory, O. B. E., A. G. E. J. FudlSe, D. M. EvansBevan and the Hon. J ohn H. Bruce; Council :-The Hon. John H. Bruce and A. G. E. J. Fudge (Deputy) ; Ambulan ce Committee:-The Hon. ] ohn H. Bruce and :\1r. A. G. E. ]. Fudge (Substitute).

Profess or George Knox presided at the meeting of the Ambulance Committee, at which the formation of an Ambulance Division at l\Iaesycyml11er, Cadet Ambulance Units at Llanelly and Abercanaid and a Cadet ursing Division at Cefn Cribbwr wac; sanctioned; and a list of twenty-five appointments in the St. John Ambulance Brigade included those of the Hon. t\lrs. John H. Bruce as Lady Centre Superintendent, Aberdare Centre; t\lrs. Florence Da\ies .as Lady Centre Officer, Aberdare L entre Dr.] P. J. Jenkins as Staff Surgeon, lonmouthshire Centre; DL. H. \N. E. Dickey as Staff Officer, CaernarvC'nshire Centre; and G. F. Tu ckwell as Staff Orficer, 1\10nmouthshire Centre. Dr. R. Baird Milne, Surgeon to the Bridgend Division, reported on the work of restoration voluntarily U1:dertaken by local members of the Brigade at the old Hospice of .the Order in Newcastle Hill, Bridgend, presented to by Lord Kylsant in 1918. It was agreed to submll cerlalI1 proposals for the further prog.ress of -."lIrk for the ':ipproval of the Hospitaller of Bndgend, Lleul.-Col?nel E. ]. Trevor Cory, O.B.E., who had offered to £100 to\\'ards the cost of the scheme for the preservatIOn of the ancient buildinu- and erection of an annexe for use as a meeting place f;r Centre, Corps and Divi.sional Work.

The Ambulance Committee has deCided to run the first Brigade Boy and Girl Cadet Competitions in Wales in 1937, di\'ided into two sections, viz., Senior for Cadets of 16 to 18 years of age, trained on the senior course or and Junior for Cadets of 11 to 16 years of age, on the preliminary course or courses only. Comp.etltiOn rules Jcr both sections have been issued; and With a \ Ie\\' to for the Finals, each Centre has been asked to organise [\nnual Eliminating Competitions for Cadet Ambulance and Tursing Teams, in the two sections referred to ab?"7' l1l enc ing 1936. In 1937 the winners of the Competitions will represent each at the FI.nals at Cardiff, Glamorgan County Centre ba\'lng two bo) teams, for East and \Ves t.

CAERPH ILL Y U. D. C. D1\'ISION.

The initiation of the \V elsh National Ambulance C;ompetition for Road Transport \Vork ers .has created conSiderable new interest which is not entirely to the Association side. At Caerphilly, for instance, the 1I1troduction of the study of first aid among the of the U. D. C. Omnibus Undertaking has led to. a a Division of the Brigade. l\1embers thiS new C1llt With their friends, met recently al the C1.lve .A;ms Hotel for_a dinner and presentation of awards_ which It IS hoped t,o mal,.e an annual event. Councillor T. Edwards, Hon?rar) dent, presided, and the toa t to the U. 'F' Ambulance Division ably proposed by the Clel k, [\J r.!. < 'b D S B Turner ASSistant Owen, was responded to yr... ,

Commissioner, Caerphilly Sub-District. Mr. E. T. O'Connor (Manager, Caerphilly Omnibus Service) presented the Certificates, congratulating the men on the tho r ough manner in which they had taken up the work and the success ('If their efforts, which reflected credit on the instructor, Supt. W. E. Hyatt. Other guests included Mr. R. T. Brown, Mr. T. ]. Coggins, Dr. E. Savage, Councillors E. Brinson, J.P., J. Roach, D. R. Carlick, M. V. Harding, D. Thomas and others.

Co m nle r ci a l Motor Tr a n sport Ex h i bition.

THE twelfth international exhibition was held at Olympia, London, November and among the interesting ex·· hibits were latest models of ambulances.

The Austin Motor Co. Ltd., Long-bridge Works, Birmingham exhibited 20 h. p. and 18 h. p. models both of six The former had acco?1modation for.2 stretcher and 5 sitting cases, a low loadll1g body, Tnplex glass throuCYhout, two doors at rear which opened to the full width of the body, and medicine cupboard. It was fitted with Lomas fitting-s and all necessary accessories, and had a coach-built body. The 18 h. p model was constructed to take 2 stretcher cases with seat for attendant and also had a coach built body. Both models can be fitted with Carters' patent elevating gear.

On the stand of Cammer Cars, Ltd., of Biscot-road, Luton, Beds ., was shown an entirely new special twostretcher ambulance de luxe. The main features were :one rear door shutting on the off side with lighting attached, one near side door, built-in seat on near side for 5/6 sitting patients, st ret c her equipment, accommodat.ed on the off side, comprised 2 patented all-steel featherwe1ght unbreakable stretchers and speciallo:l.ding gear manufactured by Charles Hurst, Ltd., Belfast. Each stretcher had fo ur brass run ning wheels and telescopic handles and was covered with double laced and deta c hable canvas. With this gear it is not necessary for the attendant to enter the body of the vehicle when loading. The body work was by Lambeth Motor Body Works Ltd.

Morris Commercial Cars, Ltd., Adderley Park, Birmingham exhibited a C.S. de luxe model which had a load of 2 stretcher and 5/6 sitting patients and was fitted with Carters' patent elevating gear.

Clement Talbot, Ltd., Barlby Road , London, W . 10, exhibited two ambulances, "AY/9 5" and "AY/75." The former was fitted with a 2-stretcher body and bad 2 stretcher platforms on tubular pedestals, sponge rubber bed and pillow, detachable back rests, first aid drawer, folding chair and other fitments. The other m0del was similarly fitted but had a smaller horse power.

On the stand of the Vauxhall Motors, Ltd., Kimpston Road, Luton, was exhibited a Vauxhall special ambulance, built to the urder of the St. John Ambulance Association headquarters by Herbert Lomas, Ltd., of Manchester. The interior was of polished walnut, and cork flooring. It had a special platform, upholstered armchair and tip seat, and accommodation for one stretcher case. Also exhibited was a Bedford de Luxe ambulance with the body work done by Spurling Motor Bodies, Ltd., of the Hyde, London, N W. 9. Doors at rear opened flush with body sides, in terior panellingand wood fittings being of best varnished plywood ]t had a low rear step and accommodation for one stretcher and 5 sitting patients or 2 stretcher patients, also attendant. Equiqment included 2 stretchers, stretcher bed, medical cabinet, water bottle and large splint curboard.

The "Romac ,. Motor Accessor ies, Ltd., The Hyde, N. W. 9, exhibit compact first a id o u tfits fOI" motorists and also for the general pub lic

Colliery Ambulance News.

LITTLE T ON COLLIERIES AMBULANCE SOCIETY

The annual supper of the above Society and presentatio n of awards was held recent ly when Mr. A. 1. James (President ) presided.

The Chairman referred to the early days of the Colliery and was pleased that the Society had made progress year after year. During the past year the Colliery " A " Team had won the Coalowners' this being the fourth occasion the trophy had been won by a Littleton Colliery Team.

The Cup given by the Colliery Company for the tea m doing best in the district competition had this year been won by Messrs. C. C. Holgate, R. Benton, J. Barker and Jess e Brough. The same team were awarded silver medals by th e Company and others interested. Messrs. G. Humphries, F. Addison, ]. J Walker and H Dyson comprised the next highest team and were awarded bronze medals. They also won the shield given by Mr. R. Payne, and gold-centre medals.

Reference was made to the honour of Serving Broth er of the Order of St. John conferred upon Mr. R. Walmsle y, who is chairman and instru cto r of the Society.

About 250 awards, including those for home nursin gand home hygiene, were presented by the President.

Mr. Walmsley, in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr. James for presiding, urged more employees to join the ambulance classes.

YORKSHIRE COLLlERIES AMBULANCE LEAGUE.

The 6nal competltlOn for the" Lane-Fox" Shield was held on Saturday, November 28th, at Sheffield, when the winners of the six eliminating contests presented themselve s before Dr. J. E. King, of Chesterfield, who judged the work done for the third year in succession.

There was a tie for the first place but after a second test Barnborough Main were adjudged the winners, beating Nunnery by one roint. Other placings were 3rd, Dinnington; 4th, New Monkton No.2; 5th, Park Hill; 6th, Bullcroft Main. Mr. T. Briscoe (Manvers Main) won the individual event and was awarded the" Embleton" Cup.

Mr. J. H. W. Laverick of Tinsley Park Colliery presented the trophies and medals.

AN IDEAL GIFT.- Why not arrange for a copy of FIRST AID to be sent to your friends each month by post. The small sum of 3/6 will pay for one year's subscription. Orders and rem ittances should be forwarded to the Publishers, FIRST Am, 46, Cannon-street, London, E.C.4.

We are prepared to supply Ambulan c e Se c retaries and others with specimen copies of this JourDal for distribution among their members. Apply to the Publishers, FIRST AID,.46 Cannon St.. London E.C.4 .

Rat/way Ambulance News.

Inter-R a ilw a y Co m petition 1936.

The above competition will be held on "Wednesday, May 27th, at the Great Central Hotel, London.

Two teams from each of the four group railways will compete together with the winning team of the ungrouped railways competition.

Gre a t We ster n.

ARERYSTWYTII.-The annual dinner of the Aberyst\\'yth class was held at the Belle Vue Hotel on oyembe r 8th, when the class President, Mr. R. J. R. Loxdale, occupied the chair, and glowing tributes were paid to the work of ambulance men, both at Aberystwyth and in the Central vVales Diyision generally. :\11'. Loxdale distributed class awards and a number of the Company's gold efficiency medals, as well as competition prizes. Colonel F. T. BO\\'ler proposed the toast of the :\Iedical Profession, and said the classes ,,,ere dependent for their succcss on the hclp and encouragement afforded by thcir doctors.

NEWTON ABBoT.-Sixty-eight successful members of the Newton Abbot class received their awards at the station on oyember 8th at the hands of 1\11'. C. J. ChallenO'er District Goods Manager. The gathering was presided by ]\'[r. A. W. H. Christison, Div. Loc. Supt., and a number of the Company's efficiency awards for 30, 25, 20 and 15 years' service were also distributee!.

GLOUCESTER.-The annual competition for the " Vassar-Smith" ambulance competition took place in the Prince's Hall, Gloucester, on November 23rd, when. NIr. L. J. A. Callaway, District Goods :Manager, presld.ed. Six teams contested with great keenness the possessIon of the trophy, the judges being Dr. F. H. Spragu.e for the team test, which represented. an. aeroplane aCCldent, and Mr. F. J. II. Stallman for tests. There was also a bandaging test judged b;y Sister Denly At the conclusion of the contcst toe W1l1ners of the shield were adjudged to be Team E Vl. with 80 marks, the runners-up being 1 eam F (captal11, E. J. Co lle y), 77 marks. In the indi\'idual section) Mr. R. P. Sims came first "with 78 marks, and 1\1r. C. T. Dr1l1kwater fi rst in the l)anclaging section with 90 per cent. marks. _

Amono' the interested spectators ,\'ere the 1\1ayor and M ayorcss f Gloucester, Mr. and "vV. H. Nicho.lls, the City ni g h Sheriff, Mr. H. CollIc:', and Mrs. Co llI er, ;l,nd office rs of the Great Western Railway. The Mayor, w ho presentcd the trophy, congratu!atec1 not only the winners hut all the teams on their excellent work. Inc1iviclual prizes were presented by the Mayoress. A special presentation of a g'o ld .was !o Mr. I n. Dec, C hairman of C011111l1ltee, 111 recognItIon of his services to the Corps.

ABERAvoN.-A s ucc essful fUllction was held at the "vVa1nut Hot l' I, Ahera, oll, ()r; Novetl1her 16th , whl'1l

the annual dinner of the Aberavon class was held, under the presidency o£ 11r. 'vV. H. Bodman (Asst. Div. Loc. Supt.), who was accompanied by Mrs. Bodman Dr. R. T. Williams, class lecturer, presented the class challenge cup and photographs, and Mrs. Vlilliams the President's special a "wa rds for the two most efficient first year men. while Mrs. Bodman distributed class awards and gold efficiency medals J..lresented by the Company. Some interesting figures regarding the progress of the movement were giycn hy :\1r. J. Long Did. Ambulance Secretary.

enthusiastic gathering took place at the Queen's Hall, 'vVeston-snper-l\lare, on November 26th, when members of the Company's ambulance class met to receive their gold efficiency awards at the hands of 1'1r. A. Y. R. BrO\,n (Asst. Div!. Supt). :VIr. W. N. Pellow (Div!. Loc. Supt.) was in the chair and was well supported by local offic ers A musical programme was afforded by the Adult School Orchestra and a party of G.W.R. artistes from Swindon :\Ir. H. N. S. Edwards presented the certificate and medallion a\\'ards aained in the recent examination. Dr. E. R. Clutterbnck thanked for his personal intere t in his students. 11r. A. C. Napper (class secretary) gave a short report of the session's work.

POIU T\LHOT DocKs.-The an11ual dinner and presentation of awards of the Port Talbot Docks class was held at the Walnut Tree Ho te l on oyember 23rd, when an enjoyable musical programme was proyided. 11r. D. E. Cameron, :i\1.I.:\1.E., presided and was supported by local officers of th e Company. Captain Slater, Dock l\laster, presented examination a\\'ards and congratulated the memhers 011 their success

london, Mid land and Scottish.

The tenth annual rcport of the L.:\I.S. Ambulanc e Centre was issuecllast month and coyers the period of 12 months ended J nne 30th, 1935.

NUMBERs.-Excluding Scotland an? the number of students passing the exam111attOnS was 8,.)91. This, we are pleased to notice, sho\\'s an ovcr 1he previllus year of nearly 50. I is also to 1101 t' that there is an increa ed number of _ the District CompetItIOns -+/6 teams entered the final competition being \\ '0 1.1 h.Y Ag-ecroft. This team was also llccessful in Wl.11J1l11g" the Eno'land and Scottish International. and ohtamed SIxth in the Final. Seyenteen cntered in the prelImInary rounds for the Women s competition, the final of which was \\"on by Euston (Oddments) team.

l\IERITORIOUS A\v.\RDs.-Dunng the year u.nder reyie\\' fir t awards \\ cre made to J. E. :\laskell LtI1c ,man' Asst., Jo r thamptol1, and E. \\'. G. \i\Till csden. Certificates were presented to \\. D. \\. Franks, Ticket Collector, Westcliff, and \V. R. Adams, Parcel Porter, Clifton Down. The first awards take the

form of clocks , suitably inscribed, and will be presented al the 1936 Final competition.

LONG-SERVICE AWARDs.-Since the :formation of the Centre, 2,539 medals, 1,262 twenty years' bars, 549 twenty-fiye years' bars, 186 thirty years' bars, 30 thirtyfive years' bars, and h\'o forty years' bars have been awarded. In addition, 723 medals and 889 bars hayc been awarded to Scottish members.

HONouRs.-During the past lwelve months recognition of seryices by the Order of St. John have been received by members of the L.M.S. Centre, and g r eat satisfaction and p leasure was expressed when Sir Josiah Stamp, G.C.B., G.B.E., was promoted to Knight of Grace.

CONCLUSIO:\T.-Mr. Gilbert S. Hill, the energetic General Ambulance Secretary, to whom we extend our congratulations on the past year's work, places on record the invaluable help receiyed from members of the Medical profession, District Secretaries, District Committee members, Class Secretaries, Instructors and Divisional Welfare Supervisors. He also refers to the generous assistance provided by the Railway Company, in numerous ways, which is greatly appreciated by all concerned.

LElcEsTER.-The presentation of a\\"ards lo ok p lace at a Smoking Concert held at the Victoria Hotel, last month. 11r. A. H. Bloxham, Goods Agent, presided, supported by officials of the company.

Mr. D. S. Inman, D.G and P.M., presented 48 first aid awards, also 15 ·years' Gold Medals to Messrs. H J ebbett, H. J. Lowey, E . Massey and A. J. Norwood; 25 years' Gold Bar to G. Hempstead and a 30 year Gold Bar to C. J. Astbury.

Mr. Bloxham paid tribute to the work done by the members.

Dr. Binns, who has been with the Leicester Class for 21 years, was presented with a cut glass fio\\'er vase as a token of appreciation from the members of the class.

LIVERPOOL.-Afler nine years' service as District Secretary, Mr. J. S. Jones has found il necessary to retire. Recently a presentation was made to him by Mr. F. R. Hauxwell, Liverpool District Goods Manager, who spoke highly of his work. Mr. G. S. Hill (General Ambulance Secretary ), Mr. Knowles and Mr. Genovese (Chairman, Liverpool District Ambulance Committee), also added their quota of praise.

The presentation took the form of a gentleman's wardrobe. The ladies' class also presented Mr. Jones with a pair of gold cuff-links.

SWANsEA.-The annual presentation of awards to members of the St. Thomas Class was held recently at a Smoking Concert.

The presentations were made by Mr. C. H. Tait District Goods and Passenger Manager, who compl mented the members on their success.

Mr. A. W. IIamer, Asst. Distric t Goods and Passenge r Manager, presided, and passed a vote of thanks to Dr. W. H. Thomas, Class Lecturer, and Mr. A. H. Hayard, Class Instructor, for their services during the past seSSIOn.

London and North Eastern.

Many interesting facts are revealed by the Annual Report of the Special Ambulance Committee on the progress of ambulance work on the Lond on and North

A I D.

Eastern Railway during the year ended September 30th , 1935.

The total staff employed by the company in 1935 was 171,339, against 169)72 in 1934. Th e number of awards gained reached a figure of 6,296, compared with 6,388 last year, whilst the railway classes formed numbered 311, a decrease of four on the previous year. It is of interest to note that seven ladi es' classes were :formed during the period under review.

The number of gold medals and bars awarded was 137 and 76 respectively, making a total since inception of 997 medals and 816 bars.

The number of teams taking part in competitions held under the Company's a uspices was 207) a decrease of eight compared with the previous year.

During the year Mr. T O Mein r etired from his position as Centre Secretary for the Great Eastern Section, and the supervision of his Centre has been taken ove r by Mr. W. Goodlcy, the Centre Secretary of the Great Central Section.

Grateful thanks are expressed to Ambulance Secretaries, Class and other officials for their assistance to the ambu lance moyement.

NORTH-EASTERN AREA.

The members of the Gateshead Park Lane Permanent Way Ambulance Class held their Annual Social in St. Edmund's Hall, Gateshead, on November 15th. Mr. J. Knight (President) occupied the chair and was supported by Mr. S. Cooper, Centre Secretary, York; 11r. A. E. Armstrong District Secretary; Mr. G. Murray, District Chairman) Mr. G. R. Bosomworth) Vice-President; and Mr. S. E. Smith, Class Secretary Mr. S Cooper presented the awards gained during lhe 1934/35 session and congratulated the class on their 10 0 per cent. passes. Mr. Cooper then gave an interesting report of the ambulance movement in the orthEastern Area during the 1934/35 session.

Mr. Kni ght appealed for further new members, and hoped that all the members would do all they 1)Ossibly could to obtain new members during the present session and thus assist Mr. Cooper in reaching the 3)000 mark which he mentioned in his previo u s remarks.

The fourth Annual Ambulance Competition for the Hull District Officers' Cup was held in the new lecture hall, Paragon Station Yard, H uI1, on Saturday, N ovem ber 16th.

Seven teams entered for the contest and a large C0111pany saw the trophy go to Paragon No.1 with 216 marks. The runners-up were Hull Police with marks.

Mrs ]. S. Harper, wife of the District President, kindly presented the cup to Mr. A. O. Sayner, Captain of the Paragon No. 1 team.

The judges for the competition were Dr. L. P. \ rVilson and Dr. O. G. Prosser.

The occasion was also notable for the p r esentation of the Company's lon g-service gold awards. On behalf of the Divisional General Manager, Mr. S. Cooper, Centre Secretary, York) presented gold medals to the :following, who had successfully passed fifteen examinations: Messrs. G. S. Aldis, H. J. R. Hodges) W. Jarro ld, H. J. Larman, H. Radford, and R. H. Ward. Twenty years' go ld bar to Mr. W. E Twinham, and t hirty years' go ld har to 11r. A. J. Carlisle.

Mr. J. S. Harper, who presided, congratulated the winning team and expressed the wish that everything possible should be done to form new classes in th e Hull district.

Mr. Harper was well supported by the District Vice-

FIRST

Presidents, Supt. Teasdale and Inspector B. Simpson (L.N.E.R. Police), Mr. E. V. Taylor (District Goods Manager), Mr. J. R. Jewi tt (Yardmaster, Hull East)) Mr. O. P Hutchinson (District Shed Supt.), Mr. W. T. Atley (Mechanica l Engineer), Mr. W. Garden (Works Supt. Docks Engineers). Mr. W. \rVells Hodd (Works Manager, Faverdale Paragon Works, Darlington ), was also present.

M 1'. G. H. Oakes) District Secretary, and his Committee ably carried out the arrangements in connection with this competition.

The presentation of awards in connection with the Dock Engineers' Class, Hull, took place last month. Mr. H. Hudson, Docks Engineering Accountant, occupied the chair, accompanied by Mrs. Hudson and Miss Z. Harrison, B.A. (Australia); 11r. J. S. Harper Dis t ricl Superintendent; Mr. S. Cooper, Centre Secretary; 111'. G. H. Oakes, District Secretary; Mrs. Oakes; Mr. J. Charlton, Class Secretary; Mrs. Charlton; Mr. W. H. Lambert, Class Instructor; Mr. C. Marshall, Class Chai 1'man; Mr. and Mrs R. Ritchie; Mr. and Mrs. W. Garden were also present.

Before a very l arge company) Mr. Hudson in the course of remarks, said, "I would like to pay a tribute to the work done by our railwaymen, particularly those whose work lies within our city. I have often thought of the sacrifices made by the men in giving up their leisure for the benefit of others and of their wives and families for sparing them, for this we say) 'Thank you.' "

Mrs. Hudson kindly presented the awards to members of the class, which consisted of nine certificates, one "oucher, five medallions, and fifty-four labels.. .

Mr. S Cooper spoke of the wprk now be1l1g on in the N.-E. Area, and complimented the Hull d1stnct 111 the work they had done.

A case of cut l ery was pre en ted by M1SS Z. Harnson to 11r. W. H. Lambert on behalf of the members of the class for his service as instructor.

Mr. J. S. Harper, in proposing a vote of thanks to 11r. and Mrs. Hudson, spoke of the good work done by them. Mr. R. Ritchie seconded the vote of thanks, which was received wi t h acclamation. Mrs. H. Huclson., wife of the Class President, presented a silver cup to the class, which will be competed for annually.

SOUTHER AREA.

The final competitions of the Great Central Centre were held on Thursday, December 5th, at Five teams) which occup1ed the first five pos1tIOns 111 the eliminating round, competed, the judge being Captain F. E. Bendix) M.R.eS., L.R.c.P.

Mr. V. M. Barrington-Ward, Supt. of. the L1l1e, Western Section, presided at the presentatlOn meet111g and called upon Capt. W. Goodley to announce the results which were: 1st, Tuxford Loco. , 27-H: 2nd, Dukinfield Loco , 3rd , Langwith Loco., 251L 4th N easden L oco., 24M; 5th, Stairioot, 2101. H1ghest individual, H. Barden, captain, Neasden Loco. team. Sir Ralph Wedgwood (Chief Gen.eral 1Ianagcr), senled the Challenge Shield and. pnzes, congratulat111::, all members on their work. Su Ralph regretted the absence of the Centre President, t?e Hon. Butler H ende rson, who was indisposed, and J.n a short spe.ech said that forty teams ente red the prelJm1l1ary competltI01?

The number of classes held throughout the year on thIS section was :forty-four, the total number of awards Q'ained beino- 894. Seventeen go ld medals for fifteen service and eighteen for a further period of five years were gained, mak1l1g a total of 265 since the inaUGuration of the award. He expressed thanks to the Class Secretaries) Doctors and Instructors

All) • 153

for the interest they take in the movement and for the services they haye rendered.

Capt. Bendix addressed the competitors and C0111mented them on their work. He emphasised the importance of the treatment of hccmorrhage first. He wished to thank Capt. Goodley for the splendid arrangements, to the pa6ents and other helpers.

The proceedings closed with votes of thanks to Sir Ralph \rVedgwood and 111'. Barrington-VVard.

Southern.

FINAl, C01'[PETITIo:\T.-The competition for deciding the two teams to represent the Southern in the InterRailway contest, 1936, will take place at Southern Hous e, Cannon Street, on Tuesday, April 28th next.

HORSIIAM.-At the instigation of 1\1r. F. A. Tro tt, Class Secretary, Capt. A. C. White Knox, 11.C., M.B., Ch B., visited Horsham on Wednesday, November 27th and gave a lecture on Gas defence of Civil Population. Some 250 persons were present. and included railway repres entatives from Horsham, Brighton, Henfield, Steyning', Three Bridges, Guildford, Worthin g; Brigade representatives from Horsham , Crawley, Cranleigh; ancl also representatives of the l oca l Fir e Brigade, Police and Rover Scouts

Dr. D. C. Williams pr esided over the gatherin o and introduced the lecturer.

Capt. White Knox, 1!l the short time. at his disposal, dealt with the various kmds of gas, paymg more attention to the persistent type (mustard, etc.). The effects of weather, the method of proj ect iofl... the of. decontamination and air centres were also d1scussed bnefly yet clearly. Gas mask drill was also shown with a nIark IV and a S.S type and the respirators passed around the meeting for inspection.

Following questions the Cha1rman proposed a vote of thanks to the lecturer, which was seconded .by Supt. W Jarrett (Horsham)) who informed \Nh1te that Horsham Division were already studY1l1g the subject.

GUILDFORD.-The Annual Concert of the Guildforcl Ambulance Class took place at Guildford recentl y, ,,,hen Mrs. Rogers (wife of the lecturer), presented the a\yards. Dr. and 11rs. Rogers were supported by 11r. E. Richards (Welfare Asst. to t.he General Manager) and wife, the departmental chIefs and 11r. A. Barr 0'\ (Ambulance Secretary).

Mr. Richards congratulated all the members of the class and spoke in appreciative terms of the of the lecturer (Dr. Rogers). It would, he knew, glve those present much pleasure to learn that the latter has recently been honoured by being app,0!nted a of the Order of St. John in recogl11tIOn of hIS serV1ces. Dr. Rogers thanked the members of the for their kindness and courtesy always. shown to h1m and said he took pride in the fact that th1S was the fift.h year in which they had had 100 per cent. pa ses 111 the examinations.

PooLE.-The members of the ambulance class run. in connection with Poole held. a tly when they enterta1l1ed the1r ex-Pres1dent, ::\11. recen , PI) J Barrows (formerly StatIOn at e . The Chairman (Mr. S. Tiller) expla1l1ed that the occasion was to make a presentation to 11r. Barro:\ s of a morninG tea service and tray in Poole pottery, subscribed to by all past and present members ate

class. He spoke of the esteem in which Mr . Barrows was held, and thanked the latter for the interest he had taken in the class during the period h e was stationed at Poole.

Mr. Barrows, in reply, said he was deeply touched by the expressions of kindness and good feeling which has actuated the members of the class. His interest in the ambulance movement was a very real one and h e hoped that in his new sphere he would be given the opportunity of further advancing its in terest.

Po lice Amb ul an c e News . CITY OF

The annual competition for the" AIJermen's" Cup was held on Tuesday, November 26th, at Snow Hill Police Station, when four teams, one for each division, competed. The judge was Capt. Russell V. Steele, M.B., B.S., County Surg-eon, S.J.A.B., who, at the close of the competition, congratulated the competitors on the high standard of work.

Among- those present were the Lord 1\layor and Sheriff:>, Alderman Twyford, Sir Hugh Turnbull (Commissioner), Capt. Davison (Assistant Commissioner), Chief Supt. J. H. Booth, of the City Police Major Chalk (Acting- Chief Staff Officer), and Commander C. G. Emery, of the City Special Constabulary Mr. D. C. Monteith (Competition Secretary, S.J.A A.), Capt. W. Goodley (Commissioner, No.1 District, S.JA. B.), and 1\1r. F. H. Sully.

The result was announced as follows :-

1. "C" Division 376 3. "A" Division 361t

2. "D" " 361t 4." B" " 360

Individual: P.e. 147 " D" G. Bugden.

Sir Hugh Turnbull presented the cup to the successful team, whilst 1\lr. Sully presented his cup to the Individual winner. This was the first time the" Sully" Cup had been competed for, and was donated by Mr. Sully as an appreciation of the work done by members of the City Force.

The tests were of an interesting nature. In the team test a bricklayer fell from a ladder and sustained a compound fracture of lett tibia and fibula, simple fracture of left clavicle and contused wound of right temple. The individual test was that of a cyclist who had been thrown on right shoulder in the kerb. On examination, it was found that he was suffering from a fractured rig-ht humerus, near shoulder, capillary of left palm and shock.

The competition secretary was Sergt 15 D. T. Rose, whilst Sub-Inspector J, Mumford was scrutlneer, and Corps Supt. A. Green (S.J.A. B.) timekeeper.

MET ROPOLl TAN.

Twenty-three teams entered for the "Parsons" Shield competition, and, following the arrangement" made last year, two preliminary competitions were held one on November 13th and one on !\ovember 15th. Both \Vere held at Peel House, the judg:s t:e.ing Dr. R. B. Duncan (team) Dr. H. A. Fe'1ton (tndlvldual). Some good work was :Wllnessed, and at the conclusion of each competition both ludges gave some practical hints.

!he final tests were held on November 26th, when the finalists presented themselves before Capt. A e. White Knox, M.C., M B., Ch. B. (team), and Capt. F. E. Bendix, :\1. R.C.S., L. R.C.P. (individual).

In the team test the competitors had to treat a man who had fallen through a gl roof, feet first, on to a factory Aoor some 15 feet below. lIe was found to be suffe r ing-

AID .

from impacted fracture of both thighs, fractured base of skull, w ith arteria l hcemorrhage from wound near right temporal region, and capillary bleed i ng- from back of both hands. In addition, concussion was present, followed by compr-ession and shock.

The individual tests were very exacting. Nos. 1 and 2 dealt with treatment of a man who had slipped whilst alighting from a 'bus and sustained wound on face, arteri::ll hremorrhage, and strained muscle of the left leg; Nos. 3 and 4 with a man suffering from gun shot wounds and fracture of left humerus; whilst No.5 had to describe the carotid artery and the internal and external. and describe and demonstrate control of bremorrbage from left carotid.

Col. Drummond, Deputy Commissioner, announced the results, which were as follows :-

1. "'y" Division 265 6. "S" Division 217

2. "F" 248t 7. "P" 212

3. "J" 239 8. "TA" 205

4. "X" 228t 9. "I I" 201

5. "'vV" 223 10. '1\, " 190t

Individual aggregate, "Y" Division, 104.

The Deputy Commissioner presented the awards to the successful team and thanked the judges for their services. He also congratulated the competitors on their keenness and wished them success in their endeavour to bring the "Pim" trophy to London.

Both judges addressed the competitors. They were of the opinion that the work done was of the highest standard.

Mr. George Abbiss, Deputy Assistant Commissioner, thanked Col. Drummond for his attendance and the officials of Peel House for the comfort given.

The competition secretary was Inspector Stephen James.

Coming Ev ents .

The Editor will be pleased to receive particulars or forthcoming events for inclusion (free of charge) under this heading.

DECEMBER.

24.-Annual Whist Drive and Dance Eastwood Section, SI'. Andrew's Ambulance Association, Glasgow.

25.-Christmas Day. A Merry Greeting to All JANUARY.

l. - A Happy New Year.

11.-Lady Hospitallers' Club Annual General Meeting.

13 - " Dowsett " Cup Competition, Southend-on-Sea.

17.-Hospitaller's Club, Annual General Meeting.

18.-Annual Dinner, Southend Association and Brigade. 18 and 19.-1\11 England A.R.P. Course of Instruction for S.J.A.B. Members, London.

21.-No. 9 District (London) National Police Competition.

FEBRUARY.

G.-Annual Dinner, Dag-enham Division, S.J. A. 13

7.-Annual Socia l Central Area (No.1 District), S .J .A. B. Shoreditch Town Hall.

8.-Annual Dinner HospitaUer's Club, Connaught Rooms, London.

8.-" MacRae" Cup Competition, Ambulance and Nursina Cadets, No.1 District, S.J,A. B. t"> 12. - Stratford District, L. N. E.R. Annua Competition.

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Our Nurses Pages.

COMPILED BY AMBULANCE SISTER.

No.1 DISTRICT, .J.A. B.

A pre<;entation of unusual interest was made by the Commissioner on November 21st, to Miss E. 1\1. Rideout on her retirement from the position of Lady District Superintendent. It took the form of a wireless receiver and cutlery, which had been subscribed for by the N"ursing and Ambulance Divisions in the District.

On her retirement in June of this year, :\liss Rideout had completed thirty-six years untiring sen·ice in the Brig-ade. She was enrolled in No. 9 (Royal Borough of Nursing Division as an Ambulance Sister, and in June, 1912, wes promoted to Lady Su perincendent of i\ o. 18 (vVhitehall) Nursing 9ivision which she formed. In 1912, also, she formed V.A. D. London / 10S and became its first Commandant.

While still in charge of Whitehall r-,Tursing Division, Miss Rideout became Staff Officer to the Lady District Superintendent, Lady 'Wilbraham, in 1913. During the \var she equipped a number of important air raid stations in the :\Ietropolis, and was responsible for the nursing staff at them. She also worked regularly at Halkin House Surgical Supply Depot.

In recognition of her valuable work for the Order of St. John, both previous to and during- the war, Miss Rideout was awarded the Insignia of Dame 01 Grace of the Order in :\lay, 1919.

On the recommendation of Lady Onslow, then Lady District Superintendent, Miss Rideout was appointed Lady District Officer in 1923, and was transferred to District Headquarters staff. Three years later she was promoted to fill the vacant post of Lady District Superintendent, which she held until her recent retirement. In this position she carried out the important and onerous work of Public Duty Officer for Nursing Divisions with unflagging energy and efficiency. Held in high esteem by all who came in contact with her, Miss Rideout will long be remembered with deep appreciation.

A course of lectures and instruction for women on "First Aid to the Injured" will be held at District Headquarters, 10, Berkley-street, E. C.i, com mencing Thursday, January 16th. The lecturer will be Dr. N. Corbet Fletcher. Fee for the course, including examination, 3/ 6d. Applications should be made to Lady District Officer, Mrs. MacFadden, 23a, High-street, N. W.8.

CEI\TRAL AREA.- The meeting of Area Officers and Divisional Representatives on November 22nd was a special occasion, as Lady District Supt. Miss Walker attended, and was rresented with gifts from officers and members of both Ambulance and Nursing Divisions of the Area in appreciation of her untiring work during nearly 10 years as Lady District Officer. County Surgeon Capt. R. V. Steele was also present and c2.ch Nursing Division sent one member to represent the Ambulance Sisters.

On behalf of the N"ursing Divisions, Asst. Commissioner Dr. K F. Lund, in a witty speech, asked Miss Walker to accept a Super Infra-red Ray Generator with stand. From letters received, Lady District Officer Miss Mason subsequently remarked that there was no doubt as to the love and respect felt for vValker by every officer and member of Central Area Nursing Divisions.

Supt. ]. G. Palmer asked Miss \i\Talkers' acceptance of an expanding travelling case in calf, as a mark of aITection and esteem from the officers and mem bers of the Am bulance Divisions in the Area.

Thanking all for their gifts and good v, ishes, the Lady District Supt. said she was glad she was still able to keep in touch 'with ber many friends in botb Ambulance and ursing Divisions of the Area. She had spent many happy days among them, and had many pleasant memories. vVith regard to the infra-red ray apparatus, she was pleased to say that at the present time she had no need to use it for herself, but she was glad to think that she would be able to help others who were in need of such treatment.

District Officer T. McBride said that it looked as if one gift was meant to keep 1iss vValker at home, and the other to send her away. But everyone in Central Area loved her and felt that she would always be one of them.

EASTERN AREA.- The Annual Competition for the "Edith \-Vard" Shield and also the eliminating round of the MacF::Idden competition was held at Lathom Road Schools, East Ham, on Saturday, November 16tb. The tests were witnessed by a large gatlwring, including the Mayor and Mayoress (Clr. and Mrs. Jesse Pope), Miss Curtis, late Lady District Officer, the Commissioner and Irs. Goodley, Asst. Commissioner Capt. Kendall, District OfficE.:rs Bowers and Fitch, Lady District Officer Mrs. and Supt. Ambler.

A topical event was staged by the judge, Capt. F. E. Bendix, Assistant Commissioner, Southern Area. A speaker, delivering an election address, was seen to fall from a van. He was lying on the ground with an overturned table and a broken tumbler beside him. It was found that he was suffering from a broken patella, and a wound on the right thigh accom panied by venous haemorrhage, concussion, and bru ises on the head. The audience was much amused by the remarks of a sandwich man, who proclaimed that he was a "man of haction," but was really only a general nuisance, as he obstructed the teams in their \vork.

The winners proved to be East Ham, the team consisting of Lady Ambulance Offi,:er Mrs. vVoolford, and Ambulance Sisters Miss Houghton, Miss vVest and Miss Tassell. They gained 376 points. Other results were :_ Bromley, 350; Barking, 330; West Ham, 3]0; Grays, 312t; lIford, 307l

The individual practical test was judged by Lady Div. Surgeon Dr. Thomson; yiva voce, Dr. E. H. Whiting, County Surgeon, Eastern Area; and uniforms, Lady District Supt. Miss Walker.

Captain W. Goodley, M. c., Commissioner, presided, and presente d the trophies to the winners as follows:-

" Edith Ward" Shield, East Ham; "Adamson" Rose Bowl, for the member gaining the highest individual marks among the teams, Amb. Sister Miss Snow, East Ham.-" Papworth" Cup Jor First Aid, .-\mb. Sister Miss Penney; " Davie" Cup for Home Nursing, Amb. Sisters Miss Penney and Miss Tomkinson (tied); "Edith Ward" Bowl for improvising, Amb. Sister Miss Houghton. Cadets-" Edith Ward" Shield for First Aid, Cadet 1. 1\1iller; " Morrish" Cup for Home Nursing, Cadet Bax ; " Margaret Eaton" Shield for teams (improvising), Corpl. J. Woolford, Cadets]. Giddings, N. Bax, E. Twose. Barking.-" Leftley" Cup, Amb. S ister Miss Snow.

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FIRST

Dagenham.-" Swann" Cup, Amb. Sister :'IIrs. B. Hall; "Cadet" Cup, Cadet H. La\·is.

Capt. Goodley said he was pleased to see so many teams and regretted that two had had to fall out at the last minute owing to iIlness. The work done was good. He thanked them all for the interest the\' had taken, and advised the winners to practice hard for the District Final Competition.

A vote of thanks to the judges, "patients," stewards and East Ham Nursing Division (who sen'ed refreshments), was proposed by Asst. Commissioner Capt. Kendall; and the Commissioner was thanked for attending and presenting the trophies on the motion of Lady District Supt. \Valker.

No 2 DIS TR ICT, S.] -1. B.

BANBuRY 'uRSING Dn'lsION.-Dr. C. J. L. "Vells presided at the annual general meeting of this Division, which was held at Banbury Town Hall , on i\ ovem ber 25th.

The report for the year ended De cem ber 31st last, v;as presented by the Div. Secretary, who said the strength of the Division had been maintained.

:'I1embers had put in H7 hours of duty at the Horton Hospital and the Orthopccdic Clinic.

The Di"ision had acceded to the reque st to affiliate with the British Red Cross Society to form a Voluntary Aid Detachment, provided they were regarded as an immobile unit. :'Ilrs. G ardne r Hill had been appointed Commandent, :'IIrs. Cattell, Assistant Commandant; Mrs. Barrett, Lady Sup e rintendent, and Mrs. \Vorrell, S to rekeeper.

A Cadet Division had been formed, and at present was 14 st rong.

A satisfactory financial position was reported as at December 31st, 193-+, there being a balance in hand of £27 16s. 1d The 1 93 -+ flag day had realised £28 11 s. 3d., an amount which, although down on the pre\ ious year's result , was considered satisfactory in view of the unfavourable weather experienced on the day of the collection.

:'Ilrs. Gardner Hill congratulated the members on their fine team work; a nd Dr. \Vells said the report was \ ery sat isfactory. He dwelt on the usefulnes s of the Division in actual contact with accident cases, urging that it should be be more widely known that the member's work was not co nfined to lectures and theoretical treatm e nt of cases.

LEE-ON-SOLENT. - One of the mo st successful social functions at Lee-on-Solent took place at Lee Towers Restaurant last mon th , when a ball was held in aid of the local i\ursing Division of the Brigade.

A feature was the fancy dresses, a considerable number seizi ng the opportunity to display their artistic skill and ingenuity.

The organising committee expressed their thanks to the donors of the prizes and to the management of the restaurant for giving free use of the dance hall.

TO 5 DISTRICT, S.J,A.B.

CENTRAL URSI 'G DI\ ISrON, LEEDS CORPS. -Leeds had its first demonstration of first aid to casualties from gas attacks frolll the air at the annual inspection of the local Voluntary Aid Detachments held at the Y.M.CA., on l\' ovem ber 30th.

The demonstration was vvitnessed by General Sandvs, the County and a representative from the War Office, and was arranged by the Commandant, 1\1rs. Mitchell.

A girl was supposed to have been overcome by the bursting of a gas bomb. She was rescued by a stretcher party wearing the rubber clothing and gas masks prescribed for work during air raids. A gas mask was placed over her face, and she was taken to a model decontamination station w.hich been erected in the building and then to a First Aid StatIOn.

A I D.

The officers of the detachment recently look special instruction in air-raid work, and are no\\' trein i ng the members of the detachment.

SKIPTON DI\'ISIO.': . -Ser\'ice :\ledal in recognition of 15 years' efficient sen'ice with the Skipton ursin e>' Division were presented to Lady Supt. :'IIiss Parkinson and A.mb. Sister '\Iiss Jowett at a special parade of the Division and of the Ambulance Di\ ision, h e ld in the Cattle Iarkel prior to the Remembrance Ser;ice on Sunday morning , 10th. The presentations were made by Corps. Officer \V. Reynolds who also offered his congratulations.

Lady Supt. Miss Parkinson joined the Brigade in 191 9, and three years later was made Secretary to the Tursing Division. She also acted in a similar capacity when special efforts were made to raise money on behalf of the funds, and supen'ised the arrangements of a bazaar in 1931 when nearh£300 was realised for the Ambulance Hall funds. She also acted as instructor to Girl Guides and other lo cal organisations. :'I1iss Parkinson became Superintendent of the Xursing Division this year in succes ion to her mother.

Amb Sister Miss Jowett joined the Brigade in 191-+, and was mobilised the following year, first taking duty at Leicester, then at Epsom, and later at Brig-hton illi1(tary Hospital, being demobilised in 1919 D es pite difficulties and lengthy absences she has remained ir. close association with the Skipton :\ursing Di\ ision.

6 DISTRI CT, S.J.A.B.

HuLL CORPS.-To mark her sen'ices as Lady Corp::. Supt. of the Brigade, Mrs. Cecil Harrison was presented with a clock and a \\Tistlet watch on K ovember 27th.

Corps Supt. C. Bailey presided on this occasion, and said that although Mrs. Harrison ,vas ending her acti\'ities the Brigade, she was only going on the reserve. She had completed 20 years' sen ice, 1St as Lady Corps Superintendent.

'\Irs. Hubert Johns o n, O. B. E., made the presentation on behalf of the county and corps staff, and mem bers of the :\ ursing Di visions.

!\Irs. Harrison responded, and made parting gifts to the Nursing Corps and the V.A.D. formed from its members. The gifts were two clocks, one for individual work in the competition for the Hampson Cup, and one for gas drill in the V. A D. :'Iliss B a rron received the gifts on behalf of the competition committee.

County Commissioner 'V. T. Atkinson presented Barron with her warrant as Lady Corps Supt. in succession to Mrs. Harrison.

BRIGIITON AND HOVE DI\:r SION, B. R C. S.

This Division has suffered a seyere loss through the re ignation, owing to ill-health, of Mrs. Cripps, its Hon. Secretary.

l\Irs. Cripps, who has held the office for nine years, has given of her service quietly and untiringly throughout th e whole of that period, and it will by very difficult to fill her place in the Division.

One of the most important branches of the work ill which Mrs. Cripps bas been interested during her term of office has been the Hospita Library collect ions. On three occasions she made the highest collection in all Eng and and for five years gained second place. This year the lotal number of volumes she has sent through to Headquarters has reached over e ght thousand.

Items (Divisiona l news and competitions, social, interest, ing duties, lectures, etc ), for this page shou ld be sent to Ambulance Sister, c/o FIRST AID, -+6, Cannons( r eet, London, E. C. 4.

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Queries and Ansvvers to Co rr e spondents.

Queries will be dealt with under the following r ul es:r. -Letters containing Queries must be marked on the top left h a nd corner of the envelope "Query," and add-resse d -FIRsT A ID 46, Cannon·street, London, E. C.4.

2. -All Queries must be accompanied by a " Que r y Cou p on" cut from the current issue ot the Journal, or, in case of Que ries fT(}m abroad, from a re cent issue.

3·-T h€ Textbook, to which reference may be made in this coh:mn is the 38th 1I928) Edition of S.J.A.A. Manual of First A d.

TREATMENT OF SPRAINED Al\'KLE Il\'DOORS.

P. S. (York.) - The Textbook seems to me to be a little vague in its instructions as with reference to the treatment of Sprained Ankle (p.84) "when tlze patient is indoors 01' after reaclzing sIt e /Ie? ." So I write to ask what it means when it tells us to Ctreat as above." Does this signify that we are to re-apply the bandage and wet it as for treatment out-of·doors? Your kind ruling on this point will be much appreciated.

The Texthook teaches two methods of treating a Sprained Ankle - lhe first, when patient is out-of-doors, by the mechanical pressure of a tight bandage and the second, when patient is indoors, by the physiological process of causing the blood vessels to contract consequent on the action of continuous cold applications.

Others find the instructions on the treatment of Sprained Ankle vague; and this point has often given rise to a query, the last such being dealt with in the February 1934 issue of FIRST AlD. This is due to the facts that in the Textbook the indoor instructions are repealed twice; and that the second (which you quote) refers to the instructions which figure in the opening section. Consequently, when patient has reached home, you would not re-apply the tight bandage but :vould support and expose the joint and then apply cold contll1uously.

it would be interesting to know how many people In these clays wear "boot and stocking!" - N. CORBET FLETC[]ER.

EXAi\IlNATlON HO\VLER.

L. R. (Charlton Park)-In a recent examination I asked a canJidate to tell me all he knew about the thorax. You may well imagine my amusement when he replied"Til e thorax is a bOil)! cage 7IYlziclt first expands and tlzen expirFs. "

Good! 1 ext please! !-N. C. F

HISTORY OF TREATMENT OF BURNS.

G. c. (Surb.iton). - In view of the active interest now being taken In the Treatment of Burns, I enclos(' a histor ical summary which was published in a recent issue of "New Health» and will rrobably appeal to your reauers :-

I' Like many another thing, the of Burns ha:, undergone a decided change since' Carron Oil' was used for them. Carron Oil (so called because It was hrst used at the Carron Ironworks in Scotland,

in the eighteenth cent u ry), is a m ixture of eq u a l parts of l ime-water and l inseed oil. It is not an elegant preparation ; but the alkali and the oil h ad a somewhat soothing effect on (he injured nerves. Further, it kept out the air which is so painful to exposed ser.sory nerves

"The next substance used was 'Carbolised Oil,' olive oil containing a little carbolic acid. This was an advance in that it did not form a messy emu lsion, the carbolic acid was an antiseptic and also a slight amESthetic. The pain therefore was mitig-ated Since, however, oil is not absorbed by the skin, it contributed nothing directly to the healing process-the growth of new epidermis over new connective tissue. Further, oil is a dirty dressing, soaking through bandages into bedclothes.

" The next advance was made some twenty-five or so years ago, when Picric Acid was used. This acid coagulates the proteins of the damaged tissues and is to some extent an antiseptic; and it was used in watery solution. Its g-reat drawback is its intensely yellow colour, which stains everything it comes in contact with.

"Finally Tannic Acid was introduced some ten years ag-o. This coagulates the proteins, leaving a coagulum which excludes the air; and it is found that healing (' granulation ') goes on excellently well below the dark<:oloured mass of acid, blood and tissue. In due time the wound is found to have formed its new covering below the coagulum, which may then be washed off painlessly. There is also on the market a preparation of Tannic Acid in jelly which is well adapted for the purpose of treating burns."

Many thanks for your letter and ne'vvscutting which is most interesting and draws attention to the fact that each new remedy was on its introduction vaunted as specific. Twenty years ago I remember hearing the great James Cantlie speak about the then latest method of dealing with burns and scalds and prophecy that some members of his audience would live to see great changes in the first aid methods of treatment. In my turn I venture to say that thE' last 'Nord has not yet been written on this SUbject-in spite of the arrival of Tannic Acid. - l .c. F.

FORl\IATION OF 3-HANDED SEAT.

G. C. (Surbiton)-Rumour has it that at a recent examination you emphasised the need for the bearers, when forming the 3-handed seat, to grasp their forearms just above the wrists Please tell me if in this insta - lce Dame Rumour is speaking the truth, more especially as the Textbook (Rule 1, p. 186) tells us to "grasp the wrists."

Look at Fig. 73 and you will note that there is a triangular space between the lower ends of the forearms of the bearers. In other words, if the 3-handed seat is formed (as laid down in Rule 1) by the bearers grasping thei r forearms well down at the wrists, then there will be no interven i ng space and an unduly severe strain will be thrown upon the engaged hand and wrist of the bearer who is to carry the patient's injured lower limb. Consequently for the 3-handed seat the bearers should grasp their forearms just above the wrists and so create a small triangular space between the lower ends of their forearms, as is indicated in Fig. 73.

Your query has caused me to make an interest ing- discovery because it h as for the flrst time made me realise that nobod)' can g1'asp lz£s own wn·st.l If yo u remember that the anatomical wrist corresponds w ith (and is somet imes called) " the heel of the hand," then you will find that you cannot encirc le your carpus with your own hand unless your fingers are exceptionally long! !

In short, the Textbook is (and has always been) technically wrong when it tell us to "grasp the wrist." It shou d read for the -!--handed seat_C' grasp the lower end of

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the forearm at the wrist" ; and for the 3- handed scatgrasp the lower end of the forearm just above the ""ris t." Nevertheless, we know that if in spire of this we tell a nOI1first aider to grasp his wrist h e invariably does ?VItal WI' 7.vanl /u'/Jl to do .I ,I .I

Also, if you want a l ittlc mental exe r cise, read through the instructions for the formation of handseats a nd note how many times the Textbook uses the word "arm" where •• upper limb" or .• fo r earm" would be mort: technically correct.

In conclusion, who among us can say that he (or s h e) knows all that there is to be known abo u t first aid? At least, I know that cannot and that I sti ll h ave somethi n g to Jearn. - N.C.F.

DISAIJ\ ANTAGES OF TANNIC ACllJ.

1\1. N. (Doncaster)-Advocate of the Tannic Aci d Tr eatment for Burns (which was introduced 10 years ago by Mr. E. C. Davidson of Detroit) wou ld have u s believe that with this remedy all is plain sai lin g It is, therefore, interesting to find that another authority in the November 23 issue of the BRITISH MEDlCAL JO URNAL s u o-g-ests something which he considers more efficac iou s tannic acid and that he tabulates 3 serious disadvantages of the last named remedy, as follows : _

(1) The coagulum formed is course, toug h a nd not transparent, it may conceal the presense of pus with consequent 1I1Jury to the subsequent epithe lial tissues and the production of extensive sca rrin g.

(2) Tannic Acid is most destructive to clothing- a nd hed linen, this fact necessitating for the protec:tion of the bed a macintosh which ., acts on t h e burnt area like jaconet used with a fomentation" ; and

(3) Tannic Acid rapidly becomcs unstable in the solution for use, the result being that Its e mployment 2S most cltmb e nome both as a first at'd measure and also in hospztal pmcl1'ce" (my italics).

The last statement causes me to pa use and makes me wonder what you will have to say about it.

:\Jany thanks tor your letter which by curious c han ce reached me a ?<iys after I had dealt with the previous on tannic aCid. All can say is that (as have said a Textbook should not officially recognise new remedies or new methods unless these have been well tested and that enthusiastic advocates of new remedies sbo uld reme?lber that some old-time remedies sti ll d o goo d worleN.C.F.

TREATMENT OF A BRUlSE.

B. B. (Sand e r stead). - While on Br igade dut y at a loca theatre I was called to attend a n actress, w h o whde at the back of stage had a nasty fallon to a box, thereby knoclnng- her out and badly b rui s in g her bac •.:.

I treated her for shock; and when slJe had come round ] found that. she had a very bad bruise on the ri ght s id e of ber back Just above the bone, which was by no means small. I applied ordmary sa la d oi l and massaged same with what I understand to be termed the" rubbing" motion, wh ich the patient infor med m e great! y eased the pai n.

f used rr:ethod as had b een app lied to m yse lf when I bad ly brUised my thigh. On reportin'Y the case my and the treatment h e kindly mformed me that he had never heard of suc h a for a bruise and I shou ld h ave used water. to .my Text.book I see it reads as follows : _ Apply a of 11l1t soaked in equa parts of sp irit and "';.ater, or Ice o r co ld water dressings."

l: our comments on the above would be app re c iat e d.

A I D.

By yo ur own confess on yo u convict yo ur se lf of a breach of l:3ri ga d e R egu lat ions which require yo ur to treat all cases as la id d own in the Association T extboo k. N .C. F.

USE OF RIN G PAD.

R.C. (St r OUd ). -At a competition h eld recently in this town I was. su rpr ised to see t h e teams put o n a rin g pad and to.url1lquet for a wound of tbe right temple, With severe artena l h cemorrhage. Your observations on that form of first aid treatment) with or without a fracture of the skull, would be appreciated.

As it stands, yo ur lluery is not understood, because a tou rniqu et is "an instrument for compressing the main artery of upp er or lower limb." I take it, therefore, that yo u r efer to the app li cation of a narrow bandage for the purpose of holding a ring-pad in position.

The ring-pad is only indicated when with a wound of fo r ehea d or sca lp a fracture of sku ll is present or s u spected (Textbook p. 103), and it is advocated to avoid any pressure on the subjacent fracture. - N.C. F.

T ANNIe AClD TREATMENT OF BURNS.

W. R. (Liverpool)- Your reply to the query submitted by E. R. (Rotherham) and published in the November issue ?f FIRST AID was most interesting. TOW I am wonderIng if you r co r respondent is aware that Tannic Acid J e ll y with Acriflavine is recommended for the treatment of burns and scalds and is more adaptab le to factory cases than Tannic Acid solution.

You do n ot say by whom the jelly is recommended' but ag r ee that a ll is well if the recommendation comes the medical officer in cha r ge of the factory.-N. C. F.

FREEING HANDS GERMS.

L. D. (Arg-yllshire) - H erewith a cutting frolll a recent issue of TH E TIMES :-

"Within the last 10 years it had been discovered t h at h?althyyeople might unknowingly carry about with them 111 theIr throats the particular germs which were the c.a u se of blood poisoning. These might pass in to the fall, for example, on a surgical dreSSing, I11fecllon mig-ht be carried to the wound. This ?isc?very .h ad. greatly the difficulty of pre\'ent1ng I11fectlOn 111 materl1lty work.

"The problem had attracted the attention of the director of their laboratories, Dr. Colebrook, an d his staff, and with the help of a new ant septic wh ch was now avai lable they had evolved methods of precaution which were very promising. One of the g rea test difficu lti es of ope r ative work has a lw ays been to free the hands from germs. At ast they had a method which if it did not destroy the germs knocked t h em ou"t so thal they were rendered harmless for several hours."

Please tel me to what disinfectant o r method of disinfection this cutt in g refers.

Th e n"ews c uttin g, being torn from ils context, I r egret ll,lat I can n ot place lhp specia l var iety of di si nfectant. Clearly, howe ver, the report refers to o n e of severa l modern disinfectants which are claimed to be mo[-e efficac ious ess injuriou.s and less dangerous tha n their fellows of a gene r atIOn. - N. C. F.

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CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

ED ITORIAL

True Ambulance \V ork

St. John Ambulance Association

S. J. A, B. Overseas , ,.

T he Ambulance Man Looks at Gas

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S .J. A, B. Distric t Reports

Ambulance Work in a Country Tm.vn

Le ctures in Elementary Anatomy

P riory for Wales , " '" " ,

Ne w Ambulance ot the Invalid Transport, S,J .A,:-\.

Rai lway Ambulance News

Deta iled Marking Sheet, No. 47

P olice Ambulance Nevvs

Rev iews Coming EYents Convulsions .,'

L etters to the Editor

T ransport of Patient s with Suspect ed Fracture of Spine

T he Hospitallers' Club ,

,\ mbulance News Cuttings from the Pr ess

O ur urses' Pages

Q UER 'E S AND A NSW ERS 10 CORRESPONDEN1 S :-

Use of Plaster fo!" vVounds ,.,

Examination Howler

Diagnosis of Corrosive Poisoning

Treatment of CorrosiYe Poisoning

Treatment of Epi lepsy

AcriAavine for Burns

Actio n of Prussic Acid

Treatment of Carbolic Acid Poisoning

Treatment of Scalds and Burns

Use of Rin g Pad

EDITORIAL.

VVHAT is true ambulance work?

TRUE

AMB ULANCE

\VORK.

Every movement which has risen to power will be found to ha ve done so by a definite idea, one born in the minds of its founders and born anew in the minds of their followers. The continued success and power of any movement depends upon the fidelity with which the "idea" is preseryed by its later followers, hence we appeal to ambulance students to study ambulance work for its own sake.

A lar g e number of people take up ambulance work with great enthusiam, but it is a regrettable feature that some soon tend to become lukewarm and are only induced, with difficulty, to continue their study.

\i\Thy is it that this interest becomes fleeting? Can it be that the student expected facilities, rewards, etc., and that the 1'eal object of the work was forgotten? In many instances we are afraid that this is the true explanation.

In other instances it may be that students were attracted by the excellent prizes, cups, medals, etc., given to the winners at competitions. \Vhen, however, their turn came and they failed to win one of the coveted prizes, instead of making themselves more proficien t they lost heart, and grad uall y the work becomes less interesting to them.

It is most important that the ambulance worker should be prompted by humanitarian motives, and when this does not take first place the work is doomed to fail ure.

To make provision in case of accident to one)s fellow men should be the first consideration, and that idea in ambulance work will ensure a constant supply of sympathetic workers of the right kind.

That is true ambu lance work.

St. Jo hn Ambulance Association

EXETER.-i\lr. F. P. Cottey (Deputy Mayor) presided at the annual meeting of the Exeter and District Centre and referred to the good work of th e Association.

The report gave the following strengths: men's division 54; police division, 60; nursing division, 28; boy ca dets H ; and girl cadets, 31.

The efYic ien cy of the transport service had been greatly increased by the gift of a saloon motor car for the conveyance of passengers. The ambulances had attended 1,052 private removals 339 accidents, 76 cases of street illness, and 34 fires. The number of accidents attended was 49 fewer than the previous year.

Dr. T. 1. Preece (acting Asst. County Commissioner), said the nursing division had the matter of air raids well in hand, a nd he hoped members would take their certificate in ai r raid precautions when the time came.

1\1r. \\'. T. Lewendon was elected Han. Treasurer in the place of 1\1r. E. 'Watkinson, wh" had resigned through illhealth, and the other officers were re-elected.

Thanks to the 1\layor for the use of the Guildhall "vere expressed on the proposal of Mr. Rowe (who appealed for greater financial s upport), seconded by Mrs. A. C. Thomas.

ILFRACD:llBE.-At the annual meeting of the llfracombe Centre, at which Ir. F. G. Pilley presided, Supt. S. Dunc e reported steady increase in membership.

!\fiss Dene, Supt. B. R. C. S., l-eferred to the excellent combined work at \Noola co mbe, and 1\1r. E. N. Bearcroft, han. sec retary, reterred to the splendid co-operation given by the Red Cross Society.

LVNTo T-1\1r. H. H. Danger, in the unavoidable absence of 1\1rs. Hume, J P., presided at the Lynton Centre annual meeting. 1r T. P. Kimmins, secretary, stated that 66 calls had been answered, of which 37 -Nere invalid tran sport cases, 15 road accidents and 4 other accidents. The ambulance had travelled 1,402 miles.

During the meeting it was suggested that a panel might be established of those willing to act in cases of blood transfusion. Dr. Eoerm an offered a silver cup, to be competed for among the young men in the Brigade Division, and he was heartily thanked.

SOUTIIAMPTON.-The annual meetin g of tIle Southampton Centre was held on December 11 th, when Dr. Donald Fisher presided. The layor (Alderman T. H. Sanders) and Mayoress ,,,ere welcomed by Dowager Lady Swaythling at the subsequent distribution of awards.

Lady Swaythling presented the awards and remarked on the number of boys and girls who had gained awards. She also reported on the progress m a de in air raid precautions. ------.--.------

S .J . A. B. Overse a s . THE BRIGADE IN CEYLON.

The report for 1935 of Sir Herbert Dowbiggin, KB.E., the Inspector General of Police and District Superintendent of the Ceylon Police Corps, Brigade Overseas, makes interesting reading. I nstruction of the Ceylon Police in first aid started by him in .1912 and in the same year the Ceylon Pollce Corps of the Bngade was formed with a total membership of 132. At September 30th last the Corps had into 1,820 members as the result of a steady annual IOcrease down the years.

f,:Yer>' policeman who has a sufficient knowledge of

A I D

English is required to obtain a first aid certificate; and th e numbers of certificate holders increases yearly as the poli ce become more proficient in English Of the members 18 8 hold the Service Medal of The Order, having- completed 10 years, 50 hold the Bar to Service Medal f("lf 15 years, and 1 holds the Second Bar for 20 years' efficient service.

Every police station in Ceylon is Eoquipped with a stretcher .a ndfirst aid boxes or hampers; and the polic e haye two horse ambulances for use in the City of Colombo, this equipment being additional to the motor ambulances provided by the Municipal Council.

In a country such as Ceylon, which has an extensive seaboard and is studded with numerous lakes and rivers, a large number of drowning cases is inevitable. For man y years, therefore,. every member of the Corps has been r equired to have a practical knowledge for restoring respiration in the apparently drowned; and further no recruit is passed out of the Training School until he can swim. Som e years ago the Training School became affiliated with th e Royal Life Saving Society; and already members of th e Corps haye gained about 2,000 certificates and other awards , including one Silver Medal for 1\Ierit from the Society.

A knowledge of first aid is particularly useful to th e police in Ceylon, where so many serious injuf1€s from pe rsonal violence occur at places far distant from the hospital s; and the native population have come to regard the poli ce officers as their fri e nds when these e mergencies arise.

On behalf of our readers, therefore, we tender cordia congratulations to Sir Herbert and all the members of th e Ceylon Police Corps on the success \yhich is attending th eir efforts. Indeed, this Corps is remarkable in that th e Ambulance MO\'ement, through the Brigade, has taught th e spirit of service, a cardinal Christian principle, to nativ es whose religion, while it forbids lhe taking of life in an y form, does not teach them to render help to the sick and injured.

EW ZEALAND.

Christchurch Ambulance Division. - The 1110nthly com petition for the" Chapman" cup and vases resulted in a win for Privates. T Shaw (leader), H. Lamb, H. l'\lantel anJ W. R. Pal mer.

Christchurch ursing Division. - This Division h as met with considerable success in recent competitians. ,\ representative team \\'on the first aid c hallenge cup at Timaru, while D. Combridge was awarded the distinc t ion of champion squad leader. Miss M. Rawlin g won the emergency individual (nursing) and roller banda ;ing at the Christchurch Corps competitions.

On Tov ember 11th a divi s ional competition was held in Ilrst aid and home nursing, the winner being Miss D. Combridge with Miss Makin runner-up.

The Nursing Cadet Division were also successful in the Labour week-end competitions, winning the" Bishop, " " Rees " and " Willes" cups.

Dr F. J. Barrie has given a trophy to the Christchurch Cadets, and will be known as tIle" Borrie" trophy, for annual competition among teams of four cadets who hav e not previously worked in squads. The initial winners were Nursing Cadets H. Shannahan, N. Hammond, E Wilson , D. Tapping (leader), of Christchurch Nursing Cadets.

In addition to the foregoing practices, inspections, etc., were carried out by the Divisions during the month of November.

O wing to heavy pr essur e on space, i t has be en found n e c ess ary t o hold o ver m an y i t e ms and pho tog rap h s unt il th e ne xt i s su e.

The Ambulance Man ' Loo l<s at Gas .

By MAJOR NORMAN HAMMER , M.R.C .S. ( N . Riding of York shire).

:3

(Concluded from page 1-10.)

2C. TREATMENT OF GAS CASUALTIES.

The treatment of persons suffering from the effects of gas, or from conditions arising fro m an attack b y gas, involves questions of:--

1. Collection of casualties from affected p laces .

2. First Aid treatment and decontamination at specia l Gas Centres.

3. Evacuation of casualties from Gas Centres to Hospitals or Clearing Stations nearby.

4. Distribution of severe cases to Hospitals outside the affected area.

5. For all of these, adeq uate arrangements must be made for transport, and for the training, recruiting and equipping of protected personnel.

6. Trained First Aid and Nursing personnel are provided for by the St. John Am bulance Association and Brigade and by the British Red Cross Society.

All these considerations are outside the strict !:>co pe of these series, and will not be further dealt wit h here.

The First Aid and medical treatment of gascas ualties is described in official and other pu blicatio ns, to which readers are referred.

3C. MEASURES TO PRESERVE INTACT THE PUBLIC SERVICES.

Light, power, water, sanitary and other servic es of the local undertakings must be protected fro m dis l ocation. Power stations, etc., will be re ndered gas-proof, and working staffs provided wi th adequate protection.

Repair gangs will be organised for makinggo od damage to plant, etc., caused by H.E . , and will be trained to work against time while wearing pro tective clothing and respirators.

F i re Br igades and all public servants whose du t ies invo lve mobility will be trained to tunction wi thout loss of efficiency while wearing this equipme nt.

4C MEASURES TO RENDER HAR ILESS BUILDINGS AN D AREAS CONTAMINATED BY GAS. (MASS DECONTAMINATION.)

Vie have seen how the individual can protect

himself by entering a gas-proof shelter, by wearing a respirator, and by wearing protective clothing; we have seen how after exposure his person and his articles of personal use can be decontaminated, so that injury is prevented or minimised, and he is no longer a source of danger to those with whom he comes in contact. ,\Ve have discussed methorls of policing contaminated areas during an attack, so that people do not knowingly expose themsel ves to the effects of gas. Now we must see how such an area may be freed from contamination, as the man and his clothing were, so that it ceases to be a source of danger, and can again safely be inhabited. Decontamination squads will be recruited and trained, and clear areas as follows ;--

1. Earth and g1'ass land. Cover with 2-inch layer of bleaching powder diluted with earth, one part of bleach to two parts of earth. Spread on top of this a layer of fresh earth 4-inches deep. If sufficient earth cannot be used, substitute sawdust, or sand, or soot for earth. vVhen so sealed the affected land should be left undisturbed as long as possible. If no bleach is available with as thick a layer of earth as possible, at least 4-inches thick. If decontamination is impossible the Gaspolice will mark the area Out of Bounds.

2. Long Grass. lay be burned, but note that dangerous vapour will be given off, and people dowmvind will be endangered.

3. Roads. Swill well with water, or Green Solution (fresh made) or Bleach in water, and seal the gutters. Or, seal earth and bleach, sawdust, cinders or soot and bleach, or seal as above omitti ng bleach if not obtainable.

4. Concrete flo01/s. Bear in mind that swilling and washing down will contaminate the water runaways. Two methods are available ;-

a. Hose down with water and cover with a solution of sodium silicate (water glass) so concentrated that it is thick like cream.

b. Seal for several hours with earth and bleach, then cover with water glass as above.

5. Wooden floon.

a. Hose with water.

b. Cover earth and bleach.

c. Treat Green Solution. ( lust be prepared on spot).

d. If badly splashed, take up boards and burn them.

6. J,Valls. Hose down with water and spray solution of bleach or with hypochlorite solution.

7. JllaclLZ1l e ry , e tc. Hose with Green solution , if fresh m a de Or, hose with bleach solution or solution of h y pochlorite in water.

Caut io n a ry iVot e on decontmn-inating agents and th e Iwndlz."ng of squads.

1. Dry blea ch po wd er reacts vigorously with mustard liquid to oxidise it and render it harmless, and in the process heat is evolved. Danger of burns or of fire will be present; hence use a solution.

2 G1'een s olutio n , made b y stirring one pound of b icarbonate of s oda in one gallon of commercial solution sodium h y pochlorite, is good if prepared absolutel y freshly on the spot. If this cannot be done, use bleach in w ater or a sol ution of hypochlorite.

3. The tools, spades, etc., used by Decontamination Squads must themselves be decontaminated after use. Immerse them for 2+ hours in bleach paste.

4 . D econtamz1 za t-ion squ a d s will, of course, work in re s pirators and protecti v e clothing. They will work in shifts, and be frequentl y given rests to avoid heat e x haustion due to absence of heat loss from the body caused b y the non-porousness of the clothin g The y should work from up-wind. The y will undergo d econtamination after coming off dut y

GENERAL.

Enou g h has been said to demonstrate that an attack b y gas need not cau s e casualties and need not cause fear, IF WE ARE "\iVISE ENOUGH TO BE PREPARED FOR IT. Some little trouble on the part of the individual will be called for ; he mu st be taught an outline of what gas is, and how h e can be safe from it, and during actual attacks he will have to suffe r some little discomfort and inconvenience. But if he will not learn if he will not take the trouble beforehand to an Idea of what he must do, then he will suffer.

Foreigners say that, in a war, the British lose ev e:y battle except the last one; we certainly as a natIon have a .cheery habit of muddling through, and do so dIslIke to have to do any thinking until we must. But in the matter of Gas we shall be , gIven no time to pull our socks up after things have started. The thick-headed ostrich; the fanatic" pacifist," s.elf-dubbed, but incorrectly; the extreme doctrInaIre amateur po l itician' all the people :v ho laugh at and suspect of some deep warmo ngenng scheme those who point out the necessIty for thought and preparation in this matter; all these folk Yl UST be shown that GAS as a wa y of imposing the will of one nation

AID.

another, is here and must be allowed for in th e same way that we allow for, and guard against , plague and fire.

Those who ha v e spread information abou t Gas and Anti-gas measures, and have prepare d the public mind for a protective national schem e, such as is now envisaged, have performed, unde r trying and discouraging conditions, a. work of patriotism. Now it is for them to continue thi s work by volunteering to be trained in the subjec t, so that their services may in the event of need b e available for the Brigade, the Red Cross Societ y, and other voluntary bodies engaged on less strictl y medical and First Aid work.

It has been pointed out how many ways ther e are of using helpers who are prepared to train an d work under discipline in non-medical capacities : if the services of non-medical organisations ar e not encouraged, then in the emergency, traine d First Aiders may have to be detailed off to the se other duties, with resulting shortage of train ed personnel in Aid-Posts and other stations wher e their technical First Aid skill is urgently required

Obviousl y th e fo r ego in g articl es do n o t make a ny c la i m to o ri g inal sc ie n ifi c va lu e o r s t a tu s , an y m o re than do t h e Textb oo ks o n th e s ubj e ct b ut r a ther ar e a s impl e exp ositi on of wh a t is tau g ht in offi c ia l publi ca ti o n s and sc ie ntill c, se m isc ie nti fic and ta c ti c al writin g s, b y va ri o u s a uthors and a Ulhoriti es, a d a pt e d to t he n e eds o f v oluntar y or g anisati on s M ate ri a l h as be e n so u g ht for in t he f oll o win g :-

1. The Fie ld S e rvi ce Po c ket Book.

2 Field S e rvic e Re g ulations , V ols I a nd 11.

3 "D ef en ce Aga inst Gas" (H.M.S.O .)

-to Manual of Tre atm e nt of Gas Casualtie s illanual of th e Medi cal "\. s pects of Ch e mical vVarf a r e.

6 . I a nu a l of Field Works, All Arm s.

7. Trainin g 1\lanual , R. A.l\l. C.

8 of the Gr e at War ( 1edi cal S e r vi ces )

9 "Firs t Aid in Defe nce Against Chemi ca l "Warfa r e,'

B. R C. S. (C ollin s & Bla c kmore)

10 S y llabus C e ntral S ch ool of Chemical \Varfare , Ch e lse a.

1"1. S y llabu s, E. Area Gas Course.

12 Acknowl ed g m e nt i s made also to dis c u s sions on th e s ubj ect b et w ee n th e a uth o r, Lt.-C o l. Darley, D.S O , a n d Capl. G . Henin g h e m , a nd to various mon ographs a n d tr ea tises on the chemistry and ta c ti cal use of war-gase s, of fo reign authorship and origin.

[Owing to repeated requests, the Table II of War Gases which appeared in our August, 1935 issue, i s now available in page form at the nominal charge of 2 / -. per 50, post free. Applications should be sent , together with remittance, to " First Aid," 46, Canno nstreet, London, E.C.4.]

r es ults o f th e competitions of the Rugb y Ca u el DI VISIon w e re: - Hosk y n" Cup, CorpI. S. Jink s "H oskyn " Medal, Corp\. 1\ 1 Key The team l es w as won by No. 1 Team captain e d by CorpI. 1\1. K e y. Cad e t Supl. Ha ze ll o rganis e d the co mpetition s

The St. fohn Ambulance Brigade

DzstJ'zct Reports.

No . I (Prince of Wales's) District.

A RE. \. - T he com p e ti t i on fo r the" Statham"

Trop h y a n d " Edi th Va r d" Shi e l d (p r eli m ina r y fo r the .. :\I assey iVI a imva r ing " C u p) w a s h e ld at the Confe r ence Ha ll , t r atfo r d) o n D ecembe r 7 t h.

T he ju dges w e r e Capt. G. V Kenda ll ) :\ I.D .) A -st

C ommi ' ione r , and Di str i ct O ffi cer E \ V H aines (team); Capt. F. E Be n d x, :l\I.R. C.S , L. R.c.P , A sst. Comm i ss i one r , S o u t h e rn Ar ea ( in d iv i d u a l ) ; Capt. \ V . Goodley, .JI.c., C ommis i one r ( vi'&'a voce) w h o deputised for D r. Daws on; Dis ri ct Offic e r C. J. Fitc h ( u nifo r ms)

A good c ompany assemb l ed t o t h e tests Ug : Co un ty S ur geon E \ V. Vh lt ing, L ady Dlstnct O ffi ce r M rs l\l o rri sh) S up ts G r ay, 1'\ orman) H o\\ard, and \mb 1e r , L ady S u p l. l\ I iss Coo k , L ady Amb . O ffice r s Miss Sm i h , :\l rs. \ i\Too lf ord; a l so M r s A h , 1\1rs. o r man and .\I r s H owa r d. Th e re u lt \\ as: I East Ham (Corp I. \ V Muddle, Pte C. T u dor, R. Pooley, 1 1. Gibbard, J. Bell ), 36 1 ; \V est II am , 358; 3, D agenham, 33 7; -1- Bar k ing, 33 6; .:1 R o y al Arse na l, 335; 6, Grays, 298; 7, Beckton 282; 8 Bex1cy, 278 Ald e r man T. Groycs) !\I P., p r e ented the trophic and mcda l s a n d the fo ll ow in g in div i d u al l r op hi es : -

Go r don " C u p) a n ew t r op h y pre ented by A lired C;o r don Ash fo r com p e t it i on in the So u th \\ est H am "cct i on, Ptc T T urn e r; run ne r s-up meda l s; Ptes. F. Fa ll and A. H ende b o ur g Jackson' Cup :-Pte. Donnitho rn e; runner -up, Ptcs. \ Vi nn fic1d and Br oom fi e d

Al dc r man G r oyes, in c ongrat u lat ing the \yinncr .aid how pl eased he was to be the r e,. and to note the effic l ent ma nn e r in w hi ch t h e team s ea rn ed o u t their w ork.

T h c Co mm iss ion e r t h a nk ed A lde r man G r oycs fo r h i attc nd a n ce an d a l so cong r at ul ate d the team s o n the effic i e nt a n d wo rkm a nli ke w ay t h ey had ca rr ied o u t their tests S upt. A. G A h, Vv est H am D i yi sion) who together \\ i th A mb Offi ce r Winf ol d, \\ as re pon l b l e fo r the efficie n t a rr angemel1 ts p r oposed a of _ tha n k to l1dges a n d stewa r d) and to the l adles ot the N u rslng D iy i sio ll , wh o se r ye d r e fr es h me n ts

B \R NET.- Th e firs t annu a l comp et i t io n fo r t h e S hie ld p r ese nt ed t o th e Ba rn e t Di vis i on by th e. Ba rn et a n d Dist r ic t Sp o rt s A ssoc at i o n , was h e l d on F n day, 3 rd wh e n fo ur t eam s of fo ur m e n e ompcted Sup t. Co l lIns and Amb. Offi ce r H ay m a n of So u t h ga t e D iY isi oll the jud ges; th e te s ts b ei n g : hbla a nd i n c ised w o und in arm ac com pa m ed wlth h <l:1110 rr h age; N os. 1 and 2-b eec1 in g fr o m th e pa lm of th e l:a n d w ith f or eig n h o d y emb e dd ed ; a n d r os 3 and +-a tract ur e d clavicl e Th e tr oph y, \\'hi c h h a d pr ev io us ly becn ;l e di cate d b y t h e R e ct o r of Ba rn e t wa w on by Co r pI. S l o w s tea m , eac h me mh e r of which a s i ly er me d al. P te \V aitt's tea m wa s se c on d a nd a br onze mcdal w a p r c ented to e a ch m e m ber.

/\mh. Offi ce r A. E. JIawk in s p resen t e d h c. \\ ith a s i1\' e r cup t o h e cO lll pete d fo r by ll1 d lVlcl ll a1 111e mh e r s Th e rul c' {u r t hi co m petitio n h ave hee n l dt

in the hands of the Committee but the genua1 schum sugge ted by the donor includcs attendance at dnlls, numbe r of duties clone, efficiency in fi r st aid and general smartness

Among forthcoming eYCuts of this Division is a vi it to the L ondon Hospi t al, and thc annual Divi ional Dinner which takt:s place on Friday, February 21st.

ST.\lXES -The annual in pection of th e -'taines Diyi-ion \\ as helel on Saturday, December 1-1-th, \\ h e n Asst. Commissioner A. J. \ \-arren \\-as the inspecting officer. D r ill, stretcher \\"ork} and bandaging tests \yere giycn and fo ll o\Ying the inspection of the Divisional books Asst. Commi sioner \ \'arren comp limented the men o n their smart appearance He was highly satisfied \vith the performance of the Diyi ion

Supt. Dexter thanked the Asst. Commission e r for hi kind rema r ks and said that the members h owed plendid esp r it de c orps and were always willing and anxious to learn

LE\\' ISIl.\j\I.-The annual distribution of a\\arels anel oc i al eyening of the Lewisham Di\"ision \yas held at S t Mark ' s Ha l l. The company incl u ded Alderman and :\lrs. Hayes . Co u ncillor and !\Irs. Furneaux, Diy. Surgeon Ruzzak and 1 1i s Ruzzak, Corps Officer and others.

::\ Ir. Hayes presented the awards \yhich included outhem Rail\yay 21 :years gold medals to upt. Georgc H . Ca r penter and Amb. Officer E. Symond. Diyisional competition \vinners \\'ere also presented \\'ith thcir re peclive trophies as follo\\' :-

"Ch iesman" Shield (Indiyidual): CorpI. D Jones; runn e r - u p, Pte J :\ li l es.

" B ry a n t" Efficiency Cup : Pte. J. 1Iiles; runner-up, Pte \Y S hepherd.

r. H ayes" Cup (team): CorpI. D. Jones, Ptes. Shepherd, H. Buller and R. Seyen members of this Di\'i ion, including the former supc r intendent, have bet\veen them 186 years of as fo ll ows: Supt. G . H . Carpenter, 21 years; Amb. Officer Symonds, 28; Se r gt. Borkett, 17; P tes. Bury, 28, Holness. 30 T ill e) 22, and Su pt. Sm i t h 4 0. O n behalf of h e Division) L t.-Col. Ruzzak ",as presented with a si l\'er casserole as a token of appreciati o n for his unti r ing \\'ork for the Division.

OUTII,\LL.-Councillor \Y Garrod) J P. (Chairman).

'o u tha ll - X o r\vood Dist r ict Counci , made the presentation of C u ps and 1\Iedals \ \ on by members. of the Ambulance Di yi i on and t h e Amb u lance Cadet Dl\'lslOn at Featherstone R oad SchooL, ,,·hen A st. Commissioner \ Varren, accompanied by County urgeol1 G: II. \\ Trang-ham, made his official inspection of thc Dl\'l JOn A hort demon tratio11 of fir t aid \york and dnll w as precee d ecl by an in pection of the mcmber-. Amongst othe r p r esent were 1\lrs. COlll}C1llo r s C F. Co ll in E. B. Ibmhl1l1. F \\ ehster) E Jack '011 and C;llPt. Taylor.

FIRST

Amb. Officer II. S. King took charge of the Diyi ion and Amb. Officer J. \\ " . Matthews, the Cadets.

The winllcrs o[ the a\\-are!s \\ ere :-

'C Charlotte" Cup (presented by SUlll.R. " ' Stone for team \York): R. Elines, HjSergt. D. Gordon, Pte. A. Ro\\ ledge ane! R. (with medals).

TIronk " Challenge Cup (prcsented hy Di\-. Surgeon A. D. Brook ) , "ith :\Jedal: Sergt. R. Goodman_ ,. \\'illett" Challenge Cup (presented by \\T. \\'iJIell, Esq., to Cadet Diyision), \\"ith medals: Cadets, "V. :\latthe\\ s, J. V. and W. Andrews. Consolation awards: Cadets E . .;\larsh, A. Zouch and L. Louch.

After maklJ1g the presentations Councillor Garrod saie! tha t \,hat Jle had seen of the first aiel work and drill \\ as \'( 1') interesting. The Council admired the work the Brigae!e \\ ere doing in the cause of humanity.

As_sl. Comlllissioner "'an'en in proposing a hearty ynte ot thanks lo the Chairman of the Council and Garrod, ,, -ilh the mcmbers of the Council present said he \\ as pkasecl to see that SupL Taylor had been st/ccessful in beinl?, elected a member of the Southall-Norwood \\ was a proof that the pul)lic appreciated h1S \\ ork \\lth the Southal l Diyisioll in the town' he was satisfied with the \\' ork he had seen at thIS inspection.

Xo. 107 (lORK H.O \D, DlYISlUX.-Thc fifth Di\-isional competitions \HTe recently held at IIall, FlllSbury Park.

__ For th e purpuse of these competitions the division is dl\'lded into sections according to where the members arc employ ccl and the three sections were: 1, Kings Cross ?tatJon ancl Receiving Offices; 2, Kings Cross StatlOl1; and 3. FillSbury Park Di trict. In addilIon to the team there w e re indiyidual competition.

T. Smith, of the Division, presided at the subsequent prcsenratlOl1 of trophies the results bein<T anllounceci by Supt. H. H. D) e, as b

• '. "_ S:hallenge Shield: 1, Team o. 3, section l\o. 2, 2, 2, section No.1, 222; 3, Team No: 1, . sectIOn 1\0. ,), 21/. Judges ere Dr. \i\Tm. :\lailer ( DIYlSlOnal _Surgc?n, Kings Cross, G.N.R. Division), Diy. \\'. Alalster :Mader, and Dis t rict Officer W. I,-otlst, \\ ho Judg-ed the ul11fonns.

"_ Syder" C11allenge Cup (Individual 'l.-1va 'i. oce and for Sergt. C. VV. Waygood, section .:\0. 2. The Judge \\as Asst. Commissioner Dr. K. F. Lund.

<c. :\lailcr" Challenge Cup (Indiyidual viva voce and for senior priYCltes): Pte. A. C. Bloomfield, sec3. Capt. R. \ T Steele, County Sura-eon acted as Judge. b

". ': Cup (Individual viva voce and pracllcal, (or ]UlllOr members): Pte. W. W. l)acke, section No.2. fl:ls ,test was judged by Dr. L. G. Norman who, It .IS to has recently been appointed to thIS Dn'lslon as an additIOnal divisional surgeon.

Smith welcoming the yisitors especially welc,ome.d Mrs. Sebnf?ht husband, the late Capt. Percy the hall .111 which they were gathered was named a t,tcr as a memOrial to him for the work he had done on lJe!lal.£ of ambulance .movement. 1\11'. Smith also thclnked the] uc1ges for theIr great assistance.

Mailer presented the trophies and medals a.net also J \,oucher " 8 medallions and 26 labels.

Maller was WIth a bouquet of chrysanthemums b) Dorothy, the lIttle dauo' hter of e1·o t W'tyo- I F 11 b b' b OO (. o OWl11g tea the evenlllg was s-pent listenino' to an excellent COllcert arranged b) :\1 r. C'. n. "'<trren. b

No. III. District.

NORTIIAMPToN.-The annual competition for the (. of Northampton " Cup, presenLed to the NorthCorps for competition among teams of that Corp ll':clud1l1g the Borough and County Police within the area the Corps, \\as held on Saturday, Decembcr 7th, when 1X teams presented themselves before the iuclo'cs who \\-ere G. F. C. Gibbons. O.B.E., ']\1.13., BS. M. R. C: S. R. C. P. (team), and Dr. H. F. Percival, O. B. E., B.A. (mdn-Idual).

Tn the test for the teams competitors had to deal with a man \\'ho had recci \'ed a se\'ere electric shock and, in fail111g to. the ground, a blade of a pair of scissors had back) the tip of \\-hich had broken off and rema.l11ed Imbedded thcrein. Burns \\-ere also to be found on hIS nght hand and fingers.

. After a keen cOl11petit_ion the judges' placings were to110\\"s: Pollce Ko. 1 Team, 193; 2nd, HeadCJ;!arters Dn-Isloll, 1) 176; 3rd, Borough Police, o. 2, 1/4; 4th, County Pollce, Northampton Di\'ision 162· 5th lIeadquarters. I?i.Yision, Ko. 2, 159; 6th, To\yce ter D1Y1S10l1)

The prize \\'as ,,-on by Pte. G_ Glue of Headquarters with a possible number of marks. " the same tl111e an competition for the was held .10r teams of the Count) and thIS re ulted 111 a \\"1n for the Northampton Dn lslon.

The prizes presented by the Mayoress \\ ho CUll the \\lllllers. County Officer \\1. IT. Perci"al oYer the gathering and proposed a yote 0 f thanks to the Mayoress and judges.

Among those who \\itnessed the c0l111)etition \\'ere the and (1\lr. and l1rs. Perkins), Miss I el cn ai, Lady Officer MISS L. i.\1a\yhy M.B E. Lady Corps Supt. K_ Bradford, A.R.R.c., Diy. S1.1pts: A. Lloyd and C. Jone, Lady Supts. :\Irs. I. Jennings. :\I.D E. and Lleysley SupL Afford (Borough Police) and Supt. vVIllJams (County Police).

Arrangements for the competition \\-ere made 1>\ Corps \V. E. Eclwards" 1\I.B.E., assisted hy SupL C. .! ones,- 01 v\ eeelon, and Staff Sergt. Butler, Sergt. Bland, dlld S. F. j\,[IJlwarcl. also memhers ancl Cadet of the :\Torthamplon IIeadquarters Di"isioll,

The annual competition for the c, Frank Somers" CUll a,nd medals, ope11 to teams of the North Worcestershire Corps, took place on Saturday, December 7th at Halesowell

The judges were Supts. J. Kingsnorth ancl Reid anel the .result \\ as: 1, T. VV. Leach 374; 2) Langley, 338,_ 3. Stewart and Lloyds Dlv1s1on, 329· 4 ROWley RegiS) 323. ,

The trophy was I?resented to the winners hy the Mayor of. Rowley Regls (Alel. D. M. ChapmaJ1), who is also superl11tendent of the Corps.

No. IV. District LANCASHIRE.

LI\.'ERPooL. - The Exchange Division (Li\'erpool Corps) heJd a 1'e- 1.111iol1 dinner on Sallll-d ay, Decemher 21st, to wlllcl: past and present members were invited. dnnklllg toasts to His the Kino' to absent frIends, to the gucsts) cllld to the Division b 11 r. An11ltage, former Supt. o£ the Division on lJehalf the thanked Supt. Lewis, officers memhers of the DIVISIOIl for, invitation, and said whi lst many past memhers fOI yarJou rea ons cannot be active members a re-union found the Division better for their forethouo-ht' b

Ambulance Officer Gough said that Mr. Searl (now tne Corps Secretary) had asked Mr. Armitage to form lhe Division, and very soon a Headqu arte rs was acquired in Tithebarn Street; whe.n the Division was regi stered it was financially on its feet. The members r etain hap py memo ries of those Headquarters. NIr. Armitage had insisted on efficiency, and the men insisted on loyalty to thei r officers. They also had the help of the members' wives and mothers. Soon a more spacious Headquarters was wanted, and the present one (95) Shaw Street) was taken ; the co-operation of the members was such that it is now the finest Divisional Headquarters in Liv erpool.

Sergt. Bresnahan said the late Sir J. P. R eynolds (first Presid e.nt) left a sum of money, enab lin g the new Headqua rters to be taken and the men saw it through.

Mr. W E. Searl, Hon. Secretary of the Li\'erpool Co rps , praised the Division and said that the machinery of a Division is driven by the Superintendent and the engi ne parts must be kept in good order. Instructors must keep the machine well oiled and when assembled wit h the ri ght quality of material will render good service. He hoped as many of the old members as possible wou ld re-jo in and further strengthen this a lr eady strong

AID. 171

day" Church parade the Nottingham Corps was r epresented, at the invitation of the Lord Mayor, Sir Albert Hall, Kt., by Lady District Officer \V. Gibson, Corps Surgeon G. H. Parker, Co rps Supts. A. G. Weller and Ibbotson, Lady Corps Supt. 1\1rs. Paling Lady Corps Officer l\Ii ss L. Oldfield, Div. Surgeon A.' Denham, and office rs of the Ambulance and Tursing Divisions. The parade also included the Lady l\Iayoress, the Sheriff (Coun. F. Mitchell), Deputy 1Iayor (Coun. R. E. Ash\yorth), TO'wn Clerk (Sir VV. Board), Sir Launcelot Rolleston, Sir Dennis Readett-Bayley, and Officer of the Order, and representatiYes of the Robin Hoods, Royal Defence Corps, Boy Scouts, Olel Contemptibles, Legion of Frontiersmen, and other such bocties.

The service was held at St. Church and the ermon preached by the Lord Bishop of Southwell (Dr. H. l\Iasley) and concluded with a fanfare by the band of the Robin Hoods and the ational Anthem.

There were about 250 on parade but unfortunately the weather included yery heavy rain which rather marred the effect.

The members of the Gotham Diyision attended a

Thanington Section, Canterbury S.J.A.B

Division . Ir. Searl mentioned that he introduced the name" Exchange" and knew it would be a succe s He co nsid e red the Exchange Division one of the finest in Lancashire; they support their social functions well and give g reat support to the Corps-surely a Division inte resting and worthy to work for.

Cadet/Supt. J. Lut as deserved many thanks for what he had done to make the unemployed members of the Division happy this Christmas by supplying them with parcels. Mr. Searl also paid great tribute to the Ladies of the Committee. Th ey contribute arge ly to the success of any Division. He also rcminded the members of the necessity of becomin g proficient in Anti-Gas Drill-:-!his branc h now having become a part of the St. John trallung.

The remainder of the evening consisted of a smoking concert and community singing, with musical and vocal items by some o f the" Live Wires" Concert Party.

No. V. District.

NOTTINGII.\l\f.-At the anlll1al "Lord 1\1a)'or's Sl1n-

Church Parade on Sunday, December 22ncl, at the Pari h Chu rch of Kingston - in- oar. Despite the, weather ditions the parade was well at!ended anel after the serYlce the division marched to the Vtllage Hall where they were inspected by the Rt. Hon Lord Belper who was accompan i ed by Lad y Belper.

His L ordship exp r essed hls appreclatlOl1 of the smartness of the Diyision and the interest shown by the members.

Amb. Officer G- Iloland \i a in charge of the parade which was also attended by Di\,. upt. C. E. \Vest, of the Jottingham City Division.

No. VI. District.

DARLINGTO .-The Darlington Friendly Soc ieties Division h e ld a Church Parade at Croft Spa Parish on the in vitation of the RE'ctor, thE' Re v. J. H Tomrk1ns , who s himself a first aider, on Sunday, DE'cember 22nd. Count y Comm issioner F. P. \\'ilson, J. P.,. accOl11pal11ec1 by County Surgeon I\. Hammer, i\J. RC. " Inspected the

Division before moving- off to the church under Div. Supt. T. Robins, M l\1. At'the church tbe parade was met by tbe Rector and Councillor J. H. Taylor, M C., M .R. C.V.S. (President of tbe Division).

Tbe Rector gave a very inspiring' address and encouraged the membel-s to ca rryon in their work.

MURTo:-r.-Mr. G. Wa t kin presided at the annual upper and smoking concert of the :Murton Division and stated that the Division could be considered as one of the foremo t collieries in the country so far as ambulance work was concerned.

Mr. L. Oliver, manager Murton Colliery and President of the Division, presented labels to the members and congratulated Dr. A. K. MacRae on hIS \\'ork in connection with the Brigade.

1\'"EWCASTLE.-Mr. J. R. \Vicks, AI..A (Han. Auditor), presided at the annual concert and distribution of awards of the Newcastle Division. He presented the awards to the successful members whilst Supt. W. H. Dukes presented to Dr. A P. Spark an electric clock on behalf of the members of the Division.

Dr. Spark, in accepting the gift, spoke of the high standard of efficiency of the Division and complimented the officers on their progressiveness.

An excellent concert 'was given by numerous artistes "'ho were thanked on the proposition of Amb. Officer F. G. Porter.

No. VIII. (D uke of Connaught's) District.

CHICIIESTER.-On December 22nd the Chichester Division was inspected by District Officer D. Bryce who witn essed the tests in first aid and other drills Supt. \V. J. B. Trotter was in charge and on the completion of the inspection the inspecting officer expressed his pleasure at being able to report that there was every evidence of Chichester possessing a real live squad. There was plenty of \\'ork in these days and it must be a source of great gratitude to the public to know that there was such a body ready and eager to work in the cause of humanity. He was glad to find that the Division was well ahead in its training in AR.P. work and he announced that Supt. Trotter was the first in the area to obtain a Grade 1 instructors' certificate in the ·work.

LEwEs.-Asst. Commissioner W. C. Benthall) O.B.E.}

F.R.e.S., accompanied by District Officer e. Milton, inspected the Lewes Division on December 20th. The parade was under Supt. G. T. Johnson assisted by Amb. Officer J. B. Brown and other officers of the Division.

The inspecting officer congratulated the members on their smart turnout and on their work. He also referred to the additional duties which were being placed upon them in connection with air raid precautions.

No. IX. District.

County Commissioner 'vV W. Johnston inspected the members of the Carnmene lli s and Stithians Division accompanied hy Mr. J. Stanley Richards, President of the Division.

Addressing the parade Mr. Johnston said he was very pleased with the progress made by the Division and cong,ratulated Supt. S. J. Bowden on the efficiency obtamed: He hoped they would compete in the coming; competitIOns and that they would continue to be a credit

to the Brigade. He greatly app reciated the presence of the Divisional President who took such an interest in the work of the Brigade.

Mr. Richards said he was proud to be the President and congratulated the members on their deportment and work.

Supt. Bowden thanked the Assistant Commissioner and the President for their remarks and the members for their loyalty.

ILFRAcoMBE -After watching drill) first aid and stretcher work, Asst. County Commissioner Dr. E. Hoerman remark ed that the town has a Brigade of which it could be justly proud. The occasion was the annual inspection of the Ilfracombe Division which was recently held in the Drill Hall.

Dr. Hoerman commented on the smart appearance of the members: he was much impressed by their stretcher work and to find the Brigade so well equipped. He presented warrants of appointments to Corpl. R. Rogers promoted to sergeant, and to Pte. E. Trawin promoted to corporal. He also distributed awards and later visited the new headquarters and expressed himself pleased with the premises.

County Officer H. Pepperill assisted in the inspection, whilst the parade ""as under the command of Supt. S. Dunce.

SEATON.-The third annual inspection of the Seaton and Beer Division was held on December 12th, when County Offi cer E. Moore was the inspecting officer. Supt. W. A. Hawker was in charge and among those on parad e was Div. Surgeon Lt.-Col. A Kennedy.

Following the inspection demonstrations were given in stretcher drill and questions were put by the Divisional Surgeon.

At the conclusion the inspecting officer in a short address said he had noted a distinct improvement in the work done since last year, and complimented the members on their smart turn -o ut.

TOTNEs.-Asst. County Commissioner H. J. Vick, of Paignton, inspected the Totnes Corps recently when 61 members paraded under Corps Supt. A. Wheatley. Officers present included SllptS. T. Hall (Totnes Division) , Osborne (Ashprington), Corps Officer W. H. Walker, Diy. Surgeons A. M. Davies (Totnes) and Creasy (South Brent). For the first time there were cadets in attendance.

The inspecting officer expressed his pleasure with the work done and said how much he appreciated the attendance of the men from Ashprington and South Brent, who, in some instances had had to travel as far as 10 miles.

Corps Supt. Wheatley expressed thanks to the inspecting officer.

The Mayor and Alderman R. Drennan also congratulated the members on their voluntary work to the community and their smart turn-out.

No. X. District.

CHELMSFORD - The "County" Trophy, presented by Mr. H. Lan gley Jon es) Commissioner of Hertfordshir e and formerly Commissio11er for Essex, was competed for on December 14th at Chelmsford. Four teams competed, the result being a win for Colchester who scored 348 1 marks followell by Wivenhoe, 332; Dunmow) 320; and Braintree, 216,

FIR S T

The cup was handed to the captain of the winning team by the donor. He also presented a cup, given by the officers and N.e.O.s of the Chelmsford Division) for competition work among local Cadets.

Dr. Bree proposed thanks to those who had made the arrangements, to the judges, and to members of the Nurs in g Division who had prepared the refreshments.

The judges were County Surgeon R. D. Bradshaw (team), Drs. McKettrick and J. T. Whitley (individual) and COlU1ty Officer H. W. Lee (Uniforms).

NORTH WALsHAM.-By the death of Dr. James Duncan Hart) M.e, the North Walsham Division has lost a good friend. Among his numerous activities he was the divisional surgeon, a position he held since June, 1924. He was also the medical officer of the Red Cross V.A D.

The number of public bodies present at the funeral gave evidence of the great esteem in which he "vas held. The congregation was the largest ever seen locally at a similar service.

The coffin was covered by the Union Jack and the hier from the house was preceded by a procession led by Supt. G. B. Fuller of the Brigade. Members of the Division followed, accompanied by representatives of the V.AD. members, and officials of the British Legion lined the church pathway whilst the of honour ,ya s composed of officers, .e.O.s and men of the 5th Royal

Among the beautiful floral tributes was that of the Brigade which took the form of the St.) ohn Cross in white flo\vers on a black velvet ground WIth a border of white heather.

-------.--.------

Ambulance Work in a Country Town.

"ROAD patrol work," said the Superintendent, "especially in country districts, has turned out entirely different to what was anticipated."

I do not know of one actual case in our district where patrols have come across an accident on the road. All our cases have come from calls to Headquarters. I remember, we started our first cyclist patrols on Easter Monday, 1927 ; I was getting refills for tbe men's pouches, and serving them out with enamelled cups and blankets, when the clock struck ten and had just remarked" IL's time yo u were off," when there was a strident peal at the door bell. "That's yo ur first case," J said, "prompt on tinl.e, too."

- An old sea captai n had been knocked down by a 'bus an d was lying- in the archway of a hotel yard where he had been carried from off the road.

The public wondered where the ambulance men in uniform came from so quickly, it was a good send-off for us, and the county press commented on the promptitude of the Brigade, when reporting the accident.

In five minutes our patient was on a stretcher inside the hotel, and a doctor examining his in ten minutes be was on his way to hospital; on a lItter. He was suffering from a fractured clavicle and spinal injuries, the latter causing his death ten days later

The Whitsun holiday saw a differe nt phase of the work On the Sunday, at 5.45 p. m. I was waiting fO.r the m.en who were coming on duty , at s ix, for the e\'entng- tra01c, when I received a message that a lady, who was suffenng from mental trouble, had disappeared into the bl ue; the po li ce had a lso been informed. My was standmg outside th e hou se and, leavin g a wntten message for the

patrols, I took a frif'nd with me and made for a river bridge. Here I warned the people to be on the look-out for her and give any information to the patrols who would be shortly . . We then made for another bridge, where there a mtll, and f0':lnd she had enquired there for a raihx.'ay statIOn some 2t miles further on. We follO\x.'ed the direction and came up to her in about a mile; pulled up and offered her a lift, but she was most indignant, she preferred to walk. vVe let her go on, then my companion got over the fence to keep her under observation, while I drove on to the railway station to interview the Station :'IIaster. On my way I met a cyclist to whom I gave an ambulance card, asking him to give it to the first patrol he met. The message ran "Found 1\1 rs. 'X,' bri ng car and friends to Boning station, signed Div. Supt." I found the Station Master at home and he arranged to ask her into his house to ,,'ait for the tr3.in. The relieving officer lived about a furlong from tbe station and I informed him and he strolled down to the station to keep an eye on things. In due course, she arrived at the station, where the Station kept her in com'ersation till the arrival of a car, in which were our sergeant and two relatives of the patient.

She was conveyed back, and was attended by our divivisional surgeon, who certified her, and had her remoyed to a mental home the same evening.

On the August Bank holiday, the patrols were out, the sergeant, a recruit and myself were standing by at H.Q. when v;e had a call to an accident 2t miles away. We were soon on tbe spot and found t\\ O patients , a girl and a young man.

A sprightly lady who was supporting tbe girl's head on her lap, called out cheerfully, "She's not really hurt, only a cut on her head; the man is the worst, he bas a broken leg, go to him." That was where the text book came inc, Discrimination." A hasty glance at both patients, then I turned to the girl. "Signs," wound on forehead, extreme pallor, pulse bardly perceptable, unconscious but restless, the movement of her limbs indicating that no fracture was present. "Treatment," iodine to wound, wound closed with bridg-ed strapping, lifled on stretcher, coyered witb blankets, loaded on top tier of ambulance, and recruit left to watch her. \Ve had just splinted the man for fractures of tibia and fibula when a passing motorist alighted, informed me he was a doctor, and asked if he could be of any sen'ice. I thanked him and told him tbere was another patient in the ambulance I should like him to see. He looked at the girl and said" \Vhat do you intend to do ? " I replied, "Load up man and g-et to hospital as quickly as possible." He remarked, "Good! I will follow in my car in case you want me, she is in a pretty bad \\·ay." I asked him for his address and he banded Tle his card. Twas bappy to inform him a few days later that botb patients were doing well.

Of course patrolling has come to stay. I think that the presence of ambulance men in on a dangerous stretch of road or corner bas a steadymg effect on some of the reckless road users.

The general public appreciate the service and the motive that lies behind it, like the !tttle gIrl who stopped one of our patrols and asked him to blo\\" her. bicycle tyre and who said" Thank you very much FIrst Ald. good-bye," as she rode away. She had the whole thmg m a nutshell. - G.B.F.

COMPETITIONS, DANCES, etc.

The attention of the general public to your needs can be attractively arranged by purchasing copies of the Poster advertised in this Journal for all your Social and other Samples will be sent on request.

lectures in Elementary Anatomy. *

(By A DOCTOR.)

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. ARTERIES and Nerves which supply the upper extremity.

The axillary space of arm-pit contains the axillary blood vessels and nerves.

The Axillary Artery is the continuation of the Subclavian which arises from the arch of the aorta on the left side. The right subclavian arises from the in nominate artery. The axillary artery commences at the outer border of the first rib and ends at the lower border of the tendon of the teres major muscle, beyond this it is continued as the Brachial artery.

The Brachial Artery runs straight down the arm and ends a little below the elbow by dividing into the R adia l and Ulnar arteries.

The Radial Artery passes along the front of the forearm on the outer side as far as the wrist.

The Ulnar Artery runs along the front of the forearm on the in ner side of the wrist. Both these arteries divide, forming arterial arteries which supply the hand and give off branches called the digital arteries which supply the fingers.

The chief- nerves which supply the arm are derived from the Brachial plexus, which is formed b y the j unction of the anterior divisions of the 10\Ver four cervical nerves (5, 6, 7, 8) and the anterior divisions of the first thoracic nerve. It extends from the 10\Ver part of the side of the neck to the axi lla.

The branches of the brachial plexus are arranged in t\Vo groups, viz., those given off above the clavicle and those below.

The most important of the supraeclavicular bf3.nches is the Phrenic nerve, which is a branch of the fourth cervical, and also receives branches from the third and fifth. The Phrenic nerve passes in front of the subclavian artery, it enters the thorax and descends vertically in front of the root of the lung and supplies the diaphragm.

The Brachial Plexus.- The 5th and 6th cervical nerves unite to form the Upper Trunk.

The Middle Trunk is formed by the 7th cervical nerve, which rLlns alone.

The Lower Trunk is formed by the junction of the 8th cervical and 1st thoracic.

As the nerves pass behind the clavicfe they split into anterior and posterior divisions.

The Lateral Cord is formed by the junction of the anterior division of the upper and middle trunks.

The Medial Cord is formed by the anterior division of the lower trunk.

A I D.

The Posterior Cord is formed by the junction of the posterior divisions of the three trunks.

The chief nerves which supply the arm are th e Median, which comes from the lateral and medial cords.

The Ulnar, which comes from the media l cord.

The Axillary and Radial, which comes from the posterior cord.

The Medial nerve supplies the thumb, th e first, second and half of the ring finger; also th e palm corresponding to these.

The Ulnar supplies the other half of the ring finger and the little finger; also the palm and th e back of the hand corresponding to these.

The Radial nerve supplies the remainder o f the back of the hand and the backs of the finger s as far as the distal joints.

THE THOR AX .

The thoracic cavity is bounded by the dorsa l vertebrae, the ribs and the stern u m, and is separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm The ribs articulate with the dorsal vertebrae behind and in front with the sternum. They protec t the thoracic organs and assist in respiration. Th e ribs run from behind downwards and forwards, a small tubercle on the head of each rib articulate s with the transverse process of the correspondin g thoracic v ertebra.

In front the ribs articulate with the sternum by means of costal cartilages giving a certain amoun t of elasticity assisted by the intercostal muscle s which are attached to each pair of ribs.

The Diaphragm is a dome shaped musculofibrous structure which separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity. Its convex upper surfac e forms the flood of the former and its concave unde r surhce forms the roof of the latter; its muscula r fibres are attached to the inner surface of th e thoracic wall. The central part is tendinous. In this there arc three large openings through which pass the aorta, oesophagus, and the inferior ven a cava. Besides these there are a number of small openings.

The Thorax contains the trachea or wind pipe , the lungs, the hearl, with its great vessels, and the oesophagus.

The Trachea divides into right and left branches. One passes into each lung. Thes e divide and subdivide in the lung substance and terminate in alveoli or air cells.

The Pleura is a closed sac surrounding the lung; the inner layer is closely attached to the lung while the outer layer is firmly attached to the chest wall.

The Pericardium is a membranous sac which encloses the heart. Its inner layer is closely adherent to the surface of the heart, whilst the outer layer surrounds the heart loosely.

Przory for f/f/ales.

ROAD TRANSP ORT COi\IPET 1TlONS.

A meeting of the \V e sh National Ro ad Transport .-\mb ulance Committee wa s h e ld at Pri o r y H o u se o n D ecembe r 4th, a t whi c h r ep re se nt 8.t iv es of the l oto r Omnibus Pro prietor s' Association, th e N ewpo rt Corporation Electricity an d Tramw ays D 2p a rtm e nt , t he A be rd a r e D.C. Tran spor Un dertaking, the Wes I\I(1n. Omnibus B oa rd R ed a nd W hite Servi ces Ltd ., and the Prior y for Wales were present.

The Princip a S ec retary (the H o n John H Bru ce), who sub mitted a rep o rt on th e 193 5 competition, expressed the Com mitte e's ind e bt e dn ess to the Mo tor Omnibu s Propri eto r s' Assoc ia tion for the serv ic es rend e r e d through its Chairman, ;\1 r. v\' E. Gough, and S ecreta ry I\lr. C. Thoma s and for the gift of th e trophy, which it wa s unanimously d ec id e d to ycst in the Tru stees of the Priory for \Val es fo r annual com petition in thi !' co nn ectio n. It wa s g-enerally ag reed that a promisin.g. sta rt been ma d e : a nd while seven teams h a d partlclpated In the • J a tional Contest, co n s id e r a ble l oca l in terest h a d been c r eate d w ith the re s ult that two Di st ri ct Competitions h ad been intro duced. A to hold the 1936 C o m petit ion in Car di ff in the Autumn was un a nim ous ly car ri ed ; and a fu rth e r meeting of the Committee will be ca ll e d in the ea rl y Sp ring

Mr. YV F o rb es , M I nst.1 , Ge n el a l :l\l anage r and E ngin ee r Cardiff C o rporati o n Tr a n sport Department, pr esi ded a t a meeting o f the Car diff and Di st ri ct R oad Tr a n sport

A mbul a n ce Competition Committee held at Priory H o u se 011 December 17th, wh e n the County Borough of lewP o r t Elec tri citv l1nd T ram\vays D epartme n t, and t h e CaerphIlly

U. D.C. r eprese n te d. Th e Chairman was co n grat ul ated o n the success of the first year's compet iti on ; and as the tro ph y (presented by Irs. Cornelius Griffiths) .had b een w on by th e team repr ese n t in g the Newport E lectriCIty and Tr amways Dc>p a rtm e nt Newport ",'as agreed as the yC'nue for the 1936 co nte st the General Manager of that D epar tm e nt, 1\lr.

N. ]. kindl y responsibilities for the ora-a nis at io n Th e first W e dn esday in] lin e wa s ag r eed as most s uit ab e d ate and 1\lr. N. ]. Y o un g and Class Secretary I-I. Gould were Chaima n a nd Secretary respectively for 1936.

ANT I-G AS I 'STRUCnO:>l

The Bri ga de personnel in 'N a es is heartedly in sec uring the training for p,:rtlclpatlOn in the Home Offi ce S c h e me for Air R aIds PrecautIOns. -r: he official text-book, "Handbook No .2" h as been studl.ed unofficiall y by large numb e r s, but the fon-natlOn of.offic.lal

A. R. P. Ci a ses h as b ee n hind e r ed by a lac k ot qual d1ed Ins tru ctors. This d eter r e n t b eco m es less effec ti vc , bo\,:e\'er, with th e appointment of th e following Officers as Bng-a u e A.R.P. In st ru ctors, their Certificates as suc h , dated J a nu a r y 1st, 193 6, h ave been issued by_ Dr. W. C: B enta ll, .0 ' .8. E._, Air Raid Pr eca ution s Staff OFfi ce r to ChIef Comml SLOne l

S.].A.B. :-

Assi s tant Commissioner, Dr. S. B. Turn e r, Caerphilly Sub - District.

Lady St aff Onl ce r 1\1rs. S B. Turn e r Caerphilly ubDistri c t.

Assistant Commandant Carm. 22, V.A. D. Margaret Samuel, Carmarthenshire Centre. Commandant Gl a m. 262. V.A. D. 1\1rs. I-I B. Miln e, Bridgend Sub-Di s tri c t.

Lad y Divisional Superintendent Evelyn Harris, Carma r h e n shi re Ce n tre.

Di\ is iona l Surg-eon Dr. Tudor Williams, Pontypridc1 Sub-District.

Divi siona Surgeon Dr. F. O'Sullivan, Ce ntre.

An examination for In str u ctor's Certificates \\'as condu cte d by Captain S. B. Turner, 1\I.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., at Prior y H ouse on December 20th, 1935, on bel:alf of the e leve n Brigade Officers who attended the SpeCIal Course a rran a-e d by the Chief Commissioner at the Great Central H otet on l'im'ember 2324th, 1935, and, in addition lr. Th omas H oult Trevor, Lieutenant the \\'elch Regiment, who gave a Course of Lectures at the Barracks the Summer of 1935 for Brigade Ofhcers, has been offiCially approyed as a Brigade Inst r uctor and Examiner.

,L COillFORTS DEPOTS ACTI\,ITlES.

The month of J anuary br ings in reports on the \'arious acti\'ities associated with Brigade work. Not the least intercstina- are the annual reports, recei\'ed chieR), from Nursina- !:-Divisions of the work carried out through the Comforts Derots, of which there are 35 operating 'within the Priory for Wales. From Bargoed, one of the distressed areas -in the South yVales Coalfield, comes an acco un t of services rendered which must represent a , aluab le contr ibuti o n to the relief of suffering among the local comm unit y. T;le Depot has been in for years and its functions arc by no means ItI1lIted to the object of providing medical requisites and equipment for issue on loan. \Vith a capable Brigade officer always in attendance, it has become recog11lsed as a h avc n of for those in suffering or distress and not least the victims of accidents occurring frol11 to ti.me. The recent establishment of a Queen's the bourhood h as reduced the hitherto unrestricted up on the t im e and of Brigade m:mbers 111 the act u al care of t h e sick; but no less than ;,6. cases were treated and 236 articles of eq ui pment issued dUring the year 1935. Although it is the recognised practice to charg-e a n OJ1llnal amount for hire, to render the Depot self-supportinO' a remission is allo,Yed in the case of unemployed :-" 4" applicants, of \\'h om there were J.

The BarO'oed f'ur si n g Di\'ision made a special Christmas cflort behalf of the sick as in years, and distributed forty parcels of fruit; while the Girl Cadets,. who in the Sprin g co lle cled abo u t 500 for hospItals, made up thiny parce ls of toys and sweets for SIck chtldren.

CADETS E1'\TERT.\I1\ED.

GLYNNEATlI

A happy eycning was spent by the Cadets at d o n Saturday December 21st, ,,,hen the SenIOr an '" - .' 1 Division arranged a Christmas party. The lmporlant ro,e of "Fat h e r Christmas" was played by 1\lr. D . Cole, wh o presented the Cadets with gifts from the tre e pr ovi d ed by the Division. Staff ]. Rl.chal ds h a nd ed medals to the Cadct League W[[1ners, \·IZ., C. Rich ar d s (capt.), J Watts, G. Rowlands, D. J Howell?, A vVatt s an d S. Reyn o ld s (reseryc). The catenng was In capab le hands of Irs . A. Ri chards, and amon,R tho .C' )resent were Corps Supt. D. R eyno ld s, Co:ps \\. Ri c h ar ds Corps Sergt. l\l ajor T. ]. J enkins, DI\'lslona: Su t J. Jon a th an, Div Supt. R 1. Bevan, D S. Evans, Crldet Supts. J Lunn and t1 11 SS

* Reprinted by courtesy of the Irish Nursing and Hospital World.

New Ambul a nce of t he In va lid Transpol"t, S .J .A .A.

TIlE new ambulance recentlv delivered at St. John's Gate may well be as the most up-to-date and perfect car of its kind. The modern Ii nes of the car does away with the usual box-like appearance of an am bulance and at first glance it might well be taken for a private limousine.

The body is a Lomas "s" Type mounted on a Vauxhall 130-inch long wheelbase chassis and many new features have been incorporated. The ventilation of such a car is very important and in this inst a nce there is an air-shaft over the front screen which passes straight through the driver's compartment and into the body. It is con trolled by means of two hit-and-miss v entilators on the bulkhead. The" Ambulance" sign is mov eab le and has separate lighti ng. There is also a rear s pot light which can be used when in reverse or s hone on to the g round to be traversed w ith the stretcher. There is also a step light and the rear door h as an automatic lock. An Association bad ge, abou t 3-inch in diameter, is on both doors of the dri ve r 's compartment.

Upon entering the ambul a nce one is immediately struck by the smart appearance of all fittings. The interior is woo d covered with rounded

there is the "C layton" heater and deodoriser , ,vith a gauge to regu late the heat. Two ventilators are in the roof and one light over stretcher , which can be lowered to suit the patient's requir ements, and another on the near side . To complete the description, there are four windows, tw o moveable, fitted with blinds and purdah glas s, moveable, in the rear door. There is also a communication window.

Rat/way Ambulance Ne ws.

Inter- Railway Competition 1936.

A s an n oun ced in our last issue the final competition wi ll take p lace on May 27th at t h e Wharncliffe Rooms , Ma r yle b o n e, L ondon . The judges wi ll be: Team test : Dr. G. D. E. Tullis, of H e r eford; Individual tests: Dr. R. B. Duncan, of London.

The preliminary competition for ungrouped r ai lways wi ll be h eld at St John's Gate on March 28th, when Dr. J. S. Davie s, of London, will be the judg e

Great Western .

BRISToL.-The Bristol ambu lance class) which has the distinction of bein g t he lar o'es t of any station on the G. W.R. system) held its annua l concert and presentation of awards at the Cadena' Cafe on December 12th. when 1\1r. R Carpmael, Chief Engineer, presided over an enthusiastic gathering, including local officers of the Company.

Co l one l G . A. ]\loore, Asst. Chief Commissioner of the S J.A B , presented the awards, which included 215 gained in the 1935 examination, in addition to a large number of go ld medals and bars awarded by the Company for 15, 20, 25 and 30 years' efficiency. Colonel l\Ioore) congratlllat'ing the recipients on their success, said that from it sma ll beginnings the amb ul ance movement had grown to be an essentia l part o-f the Yoluntary sen'ices of the country Reports on the progre s of the classes were given by ;'11'. E. E Jakeway and ]\1iss VV. U. milh, secretaries of the men's and women's classes re pectivcly.

Annual Dinner organised by the Neath Ambulance Clas s on December 17 th, when Mr. W. A. Ro\ve presided and was supported by Mr. B. Reynolds, Diy. Loco. Supt. and Dr. J. J. Trayn or, l ectu rer. An excellent concert was provlded, and go ld medals \vere presented by Mr Reynolds. A dlstnbutlOn of class examination awards was made by M r s Reynolds and Mrs. Boelman.

SLOUGII -At the Royal Hotel, Slough, members of the Slough Ambulance Class held their Annual Dinner and. Concert on 12 th, when ::\1r. C. A. \Varn er) statlOn master) preslded, supported by local officials of th e Company: Mr. T Prior, of Padding-ton, made the presenratlOns, whlch l11c1uded a numher of gold efficiency awards, and congratulated the Slough team on winnin o the Wyndham Ivor Radcliffe Ambul ance Shield. musical programme hy the Thomas Gray Parents' Association, "Follies" and Accordion Band , wa much appreCIated

SOUTIIALL.-J\Ir. C. T. Cox, Diy. Supt., presiding over the annual gatherm o of the Southall class 011 December 18th, con g ratulated lhe members on having gained 100 per cent. successes. He expressed the hope that the nUl?ber of recruits ,yould further increase. Congratulat1l1g. them on the number of efficiency awards gained, he sald there was no nobler work than first aid and it was encouraging to know that nearly 2,000 members of the staff, who had commenced their ambulance career oyer 15 years ago, were still carrying it on and held awards for 15 years' service, whilst as many as 79 held the Company's gold bar for 30 years' efficiency. The Cheerful Hearts" Concerl Party contributed a cheerful and much appreciated musical programme.

Int er ior o f New Ambulance.

The New

corners, thus obviatin g the collection of dust. The floor first catches the eye. This is covered with 3 ! -inch cork squares which assist in the ob v iatin g of jolting. Then the stretcher stand. This is of solid walnut, mounted on chromium tubular uprights, with a tubular bed rail. There is a 5 ft. in. stretc?er, with telescopic handles, and beddll1g as required. Two upholstered tip-up seats on the near side enable a friend and nurse to accompan y the patient, and although the front seat is fixed the rear one ma y be swung round, after the rear door has been closed ami fixed into position facin g the front of the ca: For heatina b

With this brief description and the assistance of the illustrations, it is hoped that readers may readi ly visualise how much trouble the Stores Depar tment, especially Captain Pontin, have taken in their endeavour to produce the perfect ambulance ; and v,,'e would congratulate them on their effor t. The perfect ambu lance has yet to be produced bu t this new car is as near perfect as it is possible t o get at the present time. --_ ._

The vVimbledon Ambulanc e F es tival co mpelition s will be h eld on :\iar c h 21st, 19 36. Full pa rti c ulars m ay be h ad from th e h o n. secretary, Mr. D. H. Carty, 14 Malcolm Ro ad, London, S W.19.

The. first annual ambulance competition of th e Cove ntr y City PolLce was h eld on J anuary 9 th, wh e n" A" Di vis on won the challenge cup. The individ a l re s ults were with under 5 year's service, P. C. Arundel; be tw ee n 5 and 15 years, P.C. Harris; over 15 years, P.C. Hunt. Dr. W. P. Elford gave th e challenge cup and the silver medals for the individual tests

SIIREWSBURY.-M r. J. R. M'orris, Div. Supt., Chester, presided over a representativ e gather in g of 150 officers, g u ests and members of the staff on the occasion of the ann u al dinner and pre entation of ambulance awards held at Morris's Cafe, Shrewsbury, on December 12th. The awards, which included those ga incd by classes at Shrewsbury (Goods and Joint stations)) Coton Hill, H e r efo rd , Rossett, Craven Arms, Chester, Croes Newydel, R u abon and Ludlow, were distributed by the Principal Ass is tant to the Ge n era l Manag e r, l\Ir. J. F . Lean, who a l so presented a l arge number of the Company's gold efficiency awards. Mr. L ean paid a high tl'ib u te to the se r vices of the medical l ect ur er, and made a special appea l fo r r ec r uits to the moyem e.nt.

Dr. G. Harris on presented the "Lees" Cup to ]\1r. G. H. Dorricott and the "Harrison" Cup to ]\1r. C. E. vVilliams, these t r ophies being awarded by Dr. Lees and Dr. Harrison r espectively for ,individual compet iti on by members of the Cheste r class. The chairman) ]\1r. l\Iorris, who h as a lr eady b een the donor of severa l cups with t h e obj ect of increasing interest in the firs t aiel movement, prese nt ed a further ch a ll enge trophy, the "J. R. Morris J) Ambulance Shield, fo r competition among ambulanc e teams in the beo inn e r s' section ill the Company's contests The trophy will be avai la ble for the spring contests.

NEATIT.-T h e Cambrian Hotel was the ven\1e of the

the presentation of ambulance awards held at the Hotel Central by member of the S,,'a nsea Docks ambulance class on December 7th, presentations we r e made to Dr. Hefferman) lecturer, to Mr. Marshall, instructor, and ;'1r. aunders, secretary) in token of the class's appreciation of their services. The gathering was presided oyer by J\Ir. H. VV. J\Iorgan, Dock Manager, and took the form of a musical evening.

The Annual Distribution of Awards to members of the Swansea Centra l and Riverside Ambulance Classes took place at a Smoking Concert which was held at the Central II otel, Swansea, when 1\1r. \V. Da"i, District Goods Manager, pre ided and di tributed the certificates, voucher and medallions Dr. Davis referred to the importanc e of a knowledge of first aid in these days \yhen accidents are so numerous on the roads and remarked that raihyaym en are called upon to attend to more cases outside their working hours than during their hours of duty.

Mr. J. A Reynolds Goods Supt., distributed the lahels and presented gold medals for fifteen year' efficie ncy to ]\les rs. B. Coslett and \ \'. Packer. Mr. H. Y. Dorrell , of l\lessrs. Weaver & Co., made presentations to Drs. L. IIefferm an and J. . Le\\'i Roberts and 1\Ir. W. E Jam es (late District Goods Manager), and

Ambulance at St. John' s Gate

also to the Instructor, C. H. Bevan, and the Secretaries, llessrs. W. Poole and H. A. Evans.

An excellent musical programme was arranged by Sal John, and Mr. H. Jeanes, Station Master, proposed a , 'o te of thanks to the artistes. Councillor W. J. P. Webber proposed a vote of thanks to the President, Mr. \V. Davis, for his attendance and for the support and interest he gives to the First Aid movement.

London, Mid land and Scottish.

BLETCHLEy.-1\1r. J. E. Whilehead (Stationmaster), presided at the annual presentation of awards, supported by Supt. E. E. Callaway, Dr. F. D. 1\1orphy, 1\1r. J. C. Ibell (District Secretary) and F. J. Barden (Secretary).

Before presenting the awards Supt. Callaway said that ambulance work ",as one of those things really worth while. To the four members who had this yea r failed in their examination he 'would say" Try again."

Appreciation was expressed of Dr. Morphy, who in reply said that the thanks were due to 1\1r. Barden and the older members of the class.

CREWE - Tributes were paid recently to NIr. J. H. Lea (District Secretary, L.1\I.S. Ambulance Centre Crewe) when a presentation was made to him on completing 21 years as secretary.

The presentation, which took the form of a radiogram, suitably inscribed, was made hy Dr. H. E. 1\1oore, the Company's Medical Officer at Crewe.

Mr. H. Thompson presided, supported by Mr. G. S , Hill (General Ambulance Secretary), Mr. A. V. Gibson (Captain of the Machine Shop ambulance team), Mr. T. Evans, Mr. G. W. Bostock, ::-1r. A. Blakeman CWillaston), and Mr. E Brassington.

In making the presentation, Dr. Moore stated that he represented more than 400 subscribers, all of whom wished to show their appreciation of Mr. Lea's valuable services to the ambulance movement since 1914 . Since Mr . Lea became District Secretary he had done an enormous amount to bring the ambulance movement to the position it occupied to-day. In Crewe they had a team second to none and that was largely due to the part 1\lr. Lea has performe d.

Mr. Lea in expressing thanks paid tribute to the assistance given by the Company for providing better class accommodation, realistically staged competitions and more prizes.

He thanked all those who had assisted him during his secretaryship, including the district class secretaries and the instructors.

Mr. G. S. Hill, proposing a vote of thanks to Dr. Moore, said that during the 13 years the doctor had been in Crewe, he had never refused any assistance to the ambulance movement.

W. A. N Jones was successful in winning the slxth annual trophy competition held in connection with the Crewe M.P Department.

The judges were Mr. E. Finney, of Stafford Loco. (individual practical) and 11r. M. Lock ley, of Stafford (viva voce).

Toolman E. Wright was second and Fitters' Mate E. Bradley thi rd .

.EARLEsTowN.-Mr. w,. Anthony, Works Supt., who at the annual soclal and presentation of awards, sa id how very much he appreciated the work done by the

men \\"ho had gi\'en a great amo u nt of service to the cau se of first aid.

Mrs Anthony presented the Class awards, which included the Company's awards, and was hers el:f presented with a bouquet.

Dr. H. E. 'Watkins gave a brief address in which he referred to his 31 years' association with the classes as lecture r.

GLOt.:CEsTER.-Six teams took part in the annual competitions of the Gloucester Combined Ambulance Corps for the "Sir George Bullough" Challenge Shield and prizes.

The obj ects of the competitions are to stimulate interest in the movement, bring -out the best work from those competing, and particularly to encourage the younger members.

The winning team was" A " team, comprising W. Sherman, F. Brookings, H. J. Bennett and A. Allison.

GLASGow.-An interesting and instructive evening was recent ly spent by over 400 First Aid enthusiasts at the headquarters of the St. Andrew's Ambulance Association

A combined lecture and cinema show on subj ects pertaining to ambulance work was given by Dr. D. M. Cameron, Springburn, Glasgow, and Mr. T. M.'Clurg Anderson, of the Scottish School for Massage and Electrotherapy.

The meeting was held under the auspices of the St. Enoch Station Ambulance C-orps and was presided over by Mr. Wellwood R. Ferguson, W.S., Secretary of t he St. Andrew's Ambulance Association.

STAFFORD -We are pleased to report that Dr. Charles Reid, -of Stafford, has been promoted to the rank of Officer (Brother) in the Order of St. John in recognition of his 30 years' service to the L.M.S. Ambulanc e Centre. Dr. Reid was admitted to the Order as a Serving Brother in 1928.

WOLVERTON -On the occasion of the an11ual dinner of the Wolverton District, Mr. J. Purves presided, supported by Dr. D. W. A. Bull, Messrs E. F Merrett, C. H. Gerrard, J. O. Ibell and W. Barley.

Dr. Bull, in proposing the toast of "The President," said he had known many past Wolverton Works Superintendents, but Mr. Purves had done far more for the ambu lance movement in Wolverton than any of his predecesso r s

Mr. Purves, in reply, paid tribute to the work with the ambula n ce movement of Dr. Bull and his late father. It was largely due to father and son that ambulance work in the district had reached so high a standard.

The L.M.S. Railway, continued the speaker, were very live supporters of the movement. It was a g-reat thing to be President of the Ambulance Centre at Wolverton because they were well known throughout the system as doughty competition fighters and pioneers of railway ambu l ance

London and North Eastern.

NORTH-EASTERN AREA.

FENcEI-IousEs -The awards gained in connection with the Fencehouses Ambu lance Class w(' r e presented at a

Social Evening held in the Chilton Moor Church Hall, Fenceho uses, on Wednesday, Decem bel' 4th last. at which Mr. J. L. Nowells, Station Master, presided.

The Chairman congratulated the late Secretary, Mr. C. H. Atkinson, on his promotion to Station 11aster, \Vingate, also Mr. A Herdman, last Assistant Secretary, on his venture into the bonds of matrimony, and wished the m every success in their new spheres.

The Chairman impressed upon all those present to give their whole-hearted support to the ambulance movement, and congratulated them on haying enrolled fifteen new members for the present session.

Mr. L. BaHan, District Supt., Sunderland, was then called upon to present the awards, which he did in his usual jovial manner and expressed his appreciation of the interest shown in the ambulance movement at Fencehou ses.

1\11'. A. E. Armstrong, District Secretary, ewcastlc responded on behalf of the ambulance movement in the No rth-Eastern Area, and expressed his appreciation of th e increased membership.

SOUTHERN AREA.

HARWICH AND PARKESTON.-A great loss has been sustained by ambulance workers in Parkeston by the death, on Christmas eve, of Mr. Herbert Burro,ys, one of the best-known ambulance men on the G.E Section.

He was for many years captain of t he Harwich and Parkeston competition team, a team which has won great prominence and distinction in open competitions.

In 1928 he \yas a'warded the \ "ellum Vote of Thanks of the Order of St. John and in 1933 was admi tted as a Serving Brother. He held the Company s gold medal and two bars for 25 years' sen"ice and, had he liyed until 1936, would h;w e been entitled to a fu rtiler bnr Formerly a sergeant in the 1st Field Ambulance R.A.M.C. Territoria1s he was transferred to Parkeston in 1912 and there started his local activities. Among his many competition successes was that of being captain of the first team to win the" Directors" Cup in 1921.

LOWESTOFT.- Two members of the Lowestoft Division have been honoured by their admission as Serving Brothers of the Order of St. John. They are Mr. Levi James Elaza and i\fr. Charles 'Wilkin, who between them have 57 years of actiye work.

They have held office as first officers, deputy first officers, or as committeemen since 1909: their first certificate heing dated as far back as 1905.

Southern.

\tV ell known throughout \V est Sussex as a keen and efficient ambulance man, 1\1r. F. C. Hoad has had his services acknovvledged in fitting manner by the Ambulance Centre Commit,tee of the Southern Railway, who ha\,(' awarded him the Meritorious Long crvice Certificate. He has also been given the 1\1eritorious Fi rst Aid Certificate.

The latter was granted after consideration of the splendid manner in which the recipient acted in September, when a carriage shunter was hadl)' injured and died at Bognor Regis.

Mr. Hoad has trained many ambulance teams and has done excellenl work with the Arundel Detachment of the British Reel Cross Society. He is Commandant of Sussex 63 (AlrlinghourIle) Detachment.

Detailed Marking Sheet No. 47.

INDI\'JOUAL TESTS.

BEARERS os. 1 AND 3.

CARD OF INSTRUCTION.-This man has been struck by an engine in a siding. He complains of intense pain in his left upper limb and chest. There is a little blood coming from his mouth. Find out what are his injuries and treat them.

DETAILS OF TEST.

DIAGNOSIS OF 1""JURIES.

HCl!J7lorrhage.

Ask if blood is bright red (.Yo)

Ask if it is frothy (.Vo)

Open his mouth and examine iL

Diagnosis-Tongue bitten

Chest.

Ask site of pain V-ill. outside left nipple)

Ask respiration (short and shallow)

If pain worse when taking deep breath

Diagnosis-Simple fracture of rib

Arm.

:\.sk site of pain (Elbow)

Test loss of pO\yer (1"es)

If swelling and deformity (res) lobility and crepitus not sought for

Di agnosis-Fracture at elbow joint

TREATMENT OF INJURIES.

Send for ambulance box which is at hand

Two splints to reach from armpit to elbow and elbow to finger tips: tie at right angles

Remove or cut coat slee\'e

Flex upper limb to right angle::;

Apply splint to least swollen side

Fix by bandages to arm, forearm and hand

Apply two broad bandages, overlapping, ... immediately above and below fractured rib, and tie the knots slightly in front on sound side

Place left forearm in a large sling

"Vash out mouth with co ld water , or if available gi\'e some ice to suck

For treating injuries in correct order

Treat shock

Remo\"e to home or hospital

Send for doctor

BEARERS Nos. 2 AND 4-.

CARD OF INSTR UCTION.-You are working with a gang of men on a bridge over a main line, when a man falls on to the metals beneath, and sustains a compound fracture of the tibia and fibula, complicated by a torn anterior tibial artery. There is a signal box nearby, and a train is due to pass. YVhat would you do?

DETAILS OF TEST.

o. 2 apply digital pressure to femoral artery

Get men to move him off line to safe place

Send man to sianalman to stop train ... ..

Get man, No. to steady the limb by holding foot anJ ankle

Impro\ 'ise and apply tourniyuet

5 :1

FIRST

Improvise five bandages ' 1

Instruct man, o. -1-, to pull on foot 1

To bring it to normal position 1 and hold it until splints are fixed 1 A.ppl), clean dressing and iodine if 2 Apply splints to inner and outer sides of leg 1

.-\.pply bandages, abo\'e fracture, below, abO\ e knee, round both ani-des, around both knees 5

tied over outer splint and below soles of feet

signal man to telephone tu nearest to\vn for am bulance to meet train, and also to warn hospital

Police Ambulance News .

POLICE NATIONAL F IR ST A I D COl\ I PET I T I O:l

The final of the above will be held on Friday, February 28th, 1936, at the Central Hall, \ Vestminster, London, when the winners of the District Eliminating Competition s will compete for the" Pim " trophy and also prizes presented by the Order of St. John

The udg-es will be Captai n F. E. Bend ix, 1'11. R C. S. , L. R. e. P., of London (team), and Dr. A. M. Pollock, of Tunbridge Wells (individual)

CHESTERFIELD BOROL'GH.

BEARER No.5.

CARD OF INSTRUCTlOX. -This patient has cut the pal m of his hand deeply and has fainted in consequence . Treat him.

Remarkable scenes of enthusiasm were witnessed 111 Derbyshire on the occasion of the recent inspection of Social Centres and Unemployed l\ l en's Clubs by H.R.H. the Duke of Kent.

He was greatly interested in the \ arious activities of the unemployed men and, at the Chesterfield Peoples' Service Club, he was particularl.\ ' interested in first aid. He watched with interest an actual demonstration of the treatment for a fractured thigh and many were the questions asked by him ot those who were taking- part.

Detective ] ames, of the Chesterfield Borough Poltce (instructor), was in charge of the class and he explained to H. R. H. that the work of instruction was undertaken by the Police at the reguest of the Chief Constable of Chesterfield, :'IIr T \Vells. The Duke expressed his admiration, and to those who accompanied H. R. H. he stated that this was indeed a true spirit of co-operation between the Police and the unemployed, and voiced the hope that this example would be copied, particularly " , here a study of first aid was the means of establishing the good feeling which must b e present between Police and public, at Chesterfield

It is gratifying to kno\." that H. R. H. has an interest in first aid, and it will be appreciated by every mem ber of what must be the greatest body of skilled and voluntary workers, ambulance workers, in the country.

One of the few men to hold all the a wards of the S.].A.A., 1\1r. Percy James 1\1oreton, secretary of the Armley and Wortley Division, S.J.A. B., died recently.

The Chatham Division, Kent County Constabulary, were successful in winning the annual shield competition held under the auspices of the Chatham and District, S,]. A. A.

The death has taken place of Mr. S. \Vard, a sergeant in the New Street Division, Birmingham A Cvrps, S.].A. B. This year Sergt. vVard would have been entitled to the Service i\Iedal.

Corps Orficer David has been appointed Corps Superintendent of the Sunderland Corps, S.J.A B. Mr. Nelson is a Sen'ing Brother of the Order of St. ] ohn and holds the Sen ice l\Iedal.

Leicester County Division won the" Coward" Ambulance Bowl at the annual competition for Leicestershire County Police. The Loughborough Di\ ision winners of the trophy since it was presented three years dropped to fourth place. Dr.]. Carmac (Church Greasley) and Dr. James (Leicester) were the judges.

CITY OF LONDO T SPECIAL CONSTABCLARY.

During December a team representing the Force journeyed to Ley ton and took part in a friendly competition between" J " Divis on l\Iet r opolitan Police and the City of London Police. Al though the team did not '.vin the competition their Chief Medica l Officer, Capt. A. C. White Knox, I.e., expressed his p leasure on their effort.

The annual course of instru c tion in Grst aid commenced on J anuary 15th, when a good gather i ng attended. The Chief Medical Officer is the lecturer at this course, which is being held at the City of London Schools.

IVI ETROPOLITAN POLICE.

At the invitaton of " ] " Divis ion, two City of London teams and one City Special C0nstabu lary team competed with" ] " Division in a friendly competition at t h e Police Sports Ground, Ley ton, on Tuesday, December 17th

Capta in W Goodley, 1. e., judged the tests, which were witnessed by over fifty mem bers and f r iends.

Supt. Martin presided at the s u pper w h ich fo ll owed

FIRST

suppo r ted by Capt. Davison (Asst. Commissioner City Police), Chief Constable I ajor De Chair, Chief Inspectors Challis and Statter, Inspector J ames, S. lJ Inspectors Handscombe, Aust and White (l\'1etropolitan), Capt. A. C. White Knox (Chief ::'IIed ical OOicer, C ity Special Cunstabulary), COl1lmandant Dawe ("]" Di\"ision, :\Ietropolitan Special Constabulary), and others.

The chairman announced the result, which was 1st, " J" Division 2nd, City" B " 3rd, City" A" ; 4th, City Special.

Capt. Davison thanked the" J " Division for their kind invitation and hospitality. Such gatherings as these, he said, cemented good feeling which existed between the two forces.

l\Jajor De Chair stated that the competition was of the greatest value, first aid now being an essential part of ? policeman's training, and he \\ 2S rlea ed to \\'elcome the City members.

Capt. Goodley expressed thanks at being allowed to judge the competition. He hoped the" Pim " trophy 'would this year find a home in London. He concluded his remarks by giving many useful hints which would be of service on fu ture occasions.

Capt. 'White Knox also addresseu the competitors, pointing out where marks could be gained.

The judge and thc: patient (;\[r. Johnson) " ere thanked by 1\lr. G. E, Craft, of FIRST Am and City Special Constabulary, who remarked on the assistance given by Capt. Goodley to the Police in first aid and competition work.

P.e. 735 ,. J" Goodwin was responsible for the very enjoyable evening-, and it is hoped to arrange further friendly competitions in the near future.

New Year Honour s li st.

Al\IONG the Honours List were the following: -

KN1GHTS BACHELOR.

Co l. Bertram Joseph Tottey Ford, D L. For public and philanthropic services in Birmingham. Col. Ford is Assistant Commissioner of Birmingham County (No 3 ( \ Vestern) District), S J.A.B., to \Vh ich rank he was appoi n ted in T ovem ber, 1933; he is also an Officer of the Order of St. John.

O B.E.

Miss Beatrix Marguerite Fox Batten, 1\1. B.E., Ass istant County Director and Assistant County Contro ll er for Kent, B. R.C.S.

M B.E.

Commander Ernest Benjamin Brown, i\letropolitan Spec ia l Constabulary. Mr. Brown has for many years bee n interested in first aid, and is the Di r ector of A mbu lance Training of the Metropolitan Specia l Constabu lary

Weare prepared to suppl y Am bulance Se c re taries and others with specimen copies of this Journal for distribution among their members. Apply to the Publishers, FIRST AID, 46 Cannon St., London E.C.4.

B.R.C.S.

Reviews.

FlRST .-\,10

B) Sl. John D. Buxton, :\1. B., F.R.e.S. London: Cassell &. Co. , I.tel.

Price S. 6 d by post IS. C)d.

To one who knew only the first edition of the B.R.C.S. First A.id in 1912 under the authorship of that great first aider, James Cantlie), it is interestilJO" to re a d the seventh edition (in which the majori'y of are stated to be small) and to compare the e is ues. For this, as for each edition since the fourth, St. J ohn is the author; and the chapter on poi son s in this issue ha heen revised hy Dr. RytTel.

The first striking change is in the si ze, whi c h is no\\' su ch that the book may be carried comfortably in the pocket and approximates to that favoured by the S.J .A.A. continuously since 1878, when the first edition of its textbook "as prepared by Surgeon 1\lajor Peter Shepherd. Opening the book, one notes a further similarity, since the signs and symptoms and the treatment of the \ arious conditions are now set out in tabular fashion - this and the alteration being emphatically to the advantage of the earnest student. ext, the details of anatomy and physiolog- y ha\ e been curtailed, though these are still far in ex c e s of tho e to be. fou lId in the St. John textbook,

Further in\"estigation, as one \\ ould expect , 5ho\\ s th a t the description of the different conditions is clea r, co n c is e and correct and that, except in one or t\\'o instances nameu later, the sugge ted treatment is good first aid excellently set out for the educatiun of lay indi\ iduals, and ag-rees on the whole remarkably with that taught in the St. J o hn textbook.

In these rircum tances, it will be instructi\ c to note the chief differences in treatment, and especially the teaching- on certain vexed questions which ha\ e recently been much discussed in this journal. For e-.:alllples, the treatm e nt of Sprained is apparently regarded as of such import a nce that it requires no less than six pag-es for the discussion of all possibilities; and the treatment of Blistered Feet oc cupies three pages.

For Fractured Spine, remO\ al of the patient on his ba c k is the method of choice , the alternati\"e method of cOO\ e\,ance face downwards being included (in mall type), a nd "ad\"ocated for practice only Ie " the doctor may lJirect first aid workers to carry out this procedure." For Fractured Thigh , in its upper third it i till regarded as preferable, \\,here\ er po sible, to upport the thigh in a llexed position and to apply short splints the thigh, nIoreO\ er, the use of the Thomas's splint is included in the manual, and is not retricted, as in the St. John Syllabu to trained squad, such as members of the Brig-ade. For Fra c tured Clm' iele, the St. John ;\lethod and Sling (incorrectly called t. John's ) ha\"e been adopted as lirst choice of treatment, in connection with which a note of would ha\'e been a gracious act. For Fractured .-\r111 four splints are r eCOlllmended, while for Fractured Olecranon (tip of elbO\\') the upper limb is to be kept extended, as is done in the C,Le of the lower limb with a Fractured Patella.

The treatment of Hxmorrhage and \\'ounds follo\\'s the accepted first aid lines, though th repeated instruction to "pour iodine or methylated spirit around the wound" sounds some\\'hat alarming.

For Burns and Scalcls sis degrees are named, and the tannic acid treatment is stated to be "too elaborate and

difficult as a first aid measure, except in First Aid Posts." Further, strange to relate in the year 1936, carron oil, vaseline, olive oil, cod liver oil, lanolin. lard, dripping, boracic ointment and cold cream are named as "alternative dressings" which may be used, although a warning is gi\'en that " the application of oil and grease is not desirable if other substances are at hand."

In connection with Schafer's Iethod of Artificial Respiration (whi c h is the only method recommended) two grave errors are noted. First, instructiolls are given to loosen clothes round the patient's neck before commencing the movements, whereas Schafer himself taught that no time was to be lost in loosening the clothing; and, secondly, Fig. 102, which demonstrates how respiration is produced, shows the operator wdlt be nt elbows! This is done despite the that the text rightly warns students, when performing Schafer's Method, to keep the upper limbs (it actually reads" arms ") stiff; and that this diagram has apparently figured, without challenge, in every edition since the first! !

The manual, however, is up-to-date, since for these cases it advocates and describes the administration of carbon dioxide.

Finally, it is noteworthy that the use of the roller bandage is included in the First Aid Course, and not restricted, as in the St. John Syllabus. to the Home Nursing Course, and qlso that no method of transport, not even that dealing with the handseats. is described in this First Aid ;'\[anual.

Coming Events.

The Editor will be pleased to receive particulars or forth· coming events for inclusion (free of charge) under this heading.

JANUARY.

24.- TO. ;:; District Police National First Aid Competition.

28.-No. 2 District Police National First Aid Competition.

29.-Re-union of the Southampton Corps, S.J.A.B.

29.-No. 8 District Polir.e National First Aid Competition.

31.-Dance, I\ o. 73 (Shoreditch) Tursing Division, S. J. A. B., Shored itch Town Hall.

FEBRUARY.

G. - Annual Dinner, Dagenham Division, S.J,A. B.

7.-Annual Socii'll, Central Area (No.1 District), S.J,A.B. Shoreditch Town Hall.

8. -Annual Dinner Hospitaller's Club, Connaught Rooms, London.

8. - " MacRae" Cup Competition, Ambulance and NursingCadets, No.1 District, S.J.A. B.

12.-Stratford District, L. N. E. R. Annual Competition.

1 S. -Annual Social B. R. C. S. Blood Transfusion Service, Holborn Hall.

19.-Annual l\leeting of Officers of Western Area, No. 1 District, S.J.A.B.

21.-1 n vestiture, Order of St. John.

21.-Annual Dinner Rarnet Division, S.lA.B.

22. - Dance 0.74 (Finchley & Southgate) Nursing Division, Friern Barnet Church Hall.

28. - Police National First Aid Competition Final, Central Hall, Westminster.

29 -Eastern Area (No.1 District), S.J.A. B. Area Competitions, East IIalll.

Convulsions

THE term "con vulsions" is more popular than scientific and covers a great number of widely different conditions. Broadly speaking, there are two main forms, infantile conv ulsions and the convulsions which are a synonym for epilepsy. In each of these two main classes there is an almost infinite variety of diseases whose complete description would require many books. But even in the space of this short article, it should be possible to outline some of the most important and interesting features of these diseases.

INFANTILE CONVULSIONS.

A French medical society has recently organised a system of collective re.:earch. A special subject having been chosen, the general practitioners of each branch meet locally and pool their knowledge and experiences of this subject. Each branch then sends a report or rcpresen tati ve to a general meeting in Paris where the same subject is again pooled. and a summary is made of the observations and general conclusions. In Jan uary 1934, the subject of this discussion at the HotelDieu in Paris was infantile convulsions.

Their frequency appears to be declining in many areas thanks to the educational activities of the medical profession, to pre-natal and post-natal welfare, and to the cam paign agai nst alcoholism. Though the public is firmly convinced as to the importance of the part played by the teeth and intestinal parasites in the genesis of infantile convulsions, medical opin ion is still divided on this score. Heredity, however, it is generally agreed, plays an important part, as do birth injuries.

Every mother wants to know if her child's convulsions are serious or not, and what the implications are for the future. Are they the forerunner of epilepsy or some other serious diseas.e of the brain? The answer is reassuring. The convulsions which overtake a child between the third month anj the third year of life nearly al ways pass off without serious conseq uences. But though very few subjects of infantile convulsions become epileptic, many if not most epileptics have a history of convulsions in early childhood. At the time, no one can say whether infantile convulsions are the forerunner of epilepsy or not. There is JUSt this safe generalisation: most infantile convulsions lead to nothing worse.

EPILEPSY.

Epilepsy is so common that most of us have encountered it more than once. Our ancestors traced it to the influence of heavenly bodies or to the invasion of the patient's body by a demon. Many ancient works, including the New Testament,

give accounts of thic; disease. Not only its causes, but also its manifestations are most varied. At the one extreme there is the full-fledged fit (grand mal) and at the other there is the brief moment of mental confusion with automatic acts which easily escape notice. Transien t loss of eonsciousness without convulsions is commonly known as petit mal. According to Dr. \"1. G. Lennox, only about 5 per cent. of the epileptics in the U.S.A. are in institutions. The majority of epileptics, when given a proper chance, are able to live fairly normal lives. Mental deterioration is not inevitable. Indeed, it is the exception rather than the ru Ie. And the tendency towards mental deteriorat ion can in some measure be com bated by the maintenance of interest in life and by sensible adjustment to the environment.

Popular opinion has much exaggerated the importance of heredity. But the hereditary factor must not be ignored, particularly when an epileptic contemplates marriage. In the absence of a family history, and in the presence of some birth or other injury responsible for the epilepsy, the patient who marries is not more likely than his neighbour to beget epileptic children. Other predisposing causes of epilepsy than birth injuries and accidents involving the brain later in life are certain infections such as meningitis, encephalitis, syphilis, etc. Such poisons as lead and alcohol may also predispose to epilepsy.

Once a tendency to epilepsy exists, a con vu 1sion may be precipitated by almost any irritation or stimulus-constipation, eye strain and the whole gamut of emotional storms. Here, then, is the clue to preventive treatment. The patient whose environment is harmonious and whose physical and mental health is maintained at a robust level, may pass months and even years without a full-blown attack. The diet should be varied and should include meat. I n the case of children, at any rate, a diet rich in fats and poor in starchy food is often very beneficial.

Drugs do not cure, but as sedatives they are often useful in lessening the number and severity of the fits. The choice and the dosage of sedatives must be left to the doctor in charge; and the patient who doses himself with the expensive proprietary remedies advertised by unscrupulose quacks is not only risking his health and fortune, but is also laying himself open to the charge of that mental deterioration with which his fellow patients are so often unjustly credited.

--_._.-- -

The Silver Jubilee Dinner and Dance of the Brentford and Chiswick Division, S.J.A. B., was held at the Star and Garter Hotel, Kew Bridge. Supl. G. Harris presided, supported by Asst. Commissioner S. J. Warren, County Surgeon G. R. H. \Vrangham, District OITicer Claridge, and othe{s.

Letters to the Editor.

We a.re in no way responsible for the opinions expressed, or the sta.tements made, by Correspondents.- EDITOR.

A RECORD FOR SERVICE?

DEAR SJR,to the photograph of No.5 (Hackney) Di\'iSlon JI1 your November issue and knowing the modesty of -this Division I do not wish to gi ve it publicity but it would be interesting to know if their record can be beaten.

There are of its members-

3 memhers with 40 years' service.

3 " 35

2 " 20

3 " 15

making a total of 310 years, pra ctically all of which h av e been performed with the Division.

To add to these laurels, five of these members are Serving Brothers.

Trul y a record to be proud of.

Yours faithfully, L. HOWARD.

LOADING STRETCHER.

DEAR SIR, -

Referring to the letter which appeared in the De cember issue I cannot agree with the judge's views. To my mind there is no reason whatever why three bearers should be on the right of the patient, except when there is not room for the bearers to kneel on the left. vVould it be too much to ask the Revision Committee of the Textbook fo r a ruling on this matter and so obviate any future divi a tions ?

As is well known there are some doctors who sti c k to their own views, especially in competition s, to the detrim e nt of the competito(s. In this respect would s uggest that it be possible to forward copies of tests to a Central Committe e for checking purposes before the competiti o n or, better still definite instructions laid down for the compila t ion of such tests.

Yours faithfully, \VILLlA:\/SO;o.:.

---._.---

The annual inspection of the South Shields Poli ce Division, S.]. .-\. B., was carried out by County Commissioner S. Emblaton when he presented a Servic e 0Iedal to Alllb. Officer A. Lamb. Div. Superintendent A. D. Wilson wa s in Lharge.

i'drs. Rotheram Cecil performed the opening ceremony at the new headquarters of the Dronfield Division, S.J.A. B Supt. C. 1. l\Iargerrison presided, supported by Asst. COIllmissioner H. C. Else, Asst. Commissioner H. C. Chamb e rs, District Officer J. T. Goodwin and others.

When you write to any of our Advertisers kindly mention FIRST AID. It dosen't cost you anything and it pleases the Advertisers, and Us.

Transport of Patients with Suspected Fracture of Spine.

THE diversity of opinion on this subject leads us to reprint an extract from an address on "Fractures of the Spine," by S. T. Irwin, lVI.Ch.Belf., F.R.C.S.Ed., which was published in the Bnlz"sh lVledical /o ztnzal of January 4th.

" As regards first aid treatment he ('TV atson J ones) suggests that patients in whom fracture of the spine is suspected should be immediately placed prone on t.he stretcher by the ambulance men. This instruction to first aid men has been called in question by some of 'TV atson J ones's colleagues in Liverpool, notably McMurray, who points out with truth that in some examples of spinal fracture, especially those in the cervical region, respiratory failure forms a real risk to life.

To know "wlzen this risk must be avoided would l'equz're more knowledge tlzan can be expected fi-017'l tlze average ambulance man 'wizen he is called to deal wzih a person sevel'ely injured and shocked." [The italics are ours.]

It is apparent by the foregoing that Dr. Irwin agrees with the teaching of the St. John Ambulance Association, and further, that that teaching is recognised as such for the ambulance man as apart from that given to medical students.

The Hospitallel"s' Club.

CAPTAIN A. N. CAHUSAC, M.C., Chief Secretary of the St. John Ambulance Association, addressed the Club members on December 13th, and dealt with the origi n of the Association and its adm i n istration from the early days to the present time. He also referred to First Aid in Industry, Revision of the S.J.A.A. textbook, the translation of the textbook in to many languages, medical com forts and depots, and the instruction given in first aid to the unemployed.

A general discussion followed the address, In whi,:h many members took part.

Thanks were extended to Capt. Cahusac for his most interesting address.

Members are reminded that the annual dinner will take place on February 8th at the Connaught Rooms.

When corresponding with advertisers kindly mention "FIRST AID."

Ambulance from News Cuttings the Press.

Our Nurses' Pages.

COMPILED BY AMBULANCE SISTER..

AMPUTATES OWN FOOT.

The courage of a lonely trapper named Harry William s, who amputated part of his own foot, probably saved him from losing his leg.

He fell from a rock and injured his foot. It froze. He amputated it and applied bear grease. Then he crawled a distance of twelve miles back to civilisation.

The journey took him twenty-one days; but the doctors declare that his rough and ready" first aid" saved the leg. Sunday Pictor/al.

Boy "'ITH BRlTTLE BONES.

The Boy with the Brittle Bones is recovering from the thirty-sixth fracture he has received in less than four years.

He is J oh norton, agen five, of High Cross-cottaRes, IIigh-road, Tottenham, and is now in the Santa Claus Children's Home , Highgate, with a fractured thigh.

His case is providing an amazing problem for the specia list s His bones are so fragile that a light knock or the slightest fall is sufficient to bring about a break. Since he was sixteen months old he has broken arms, legs and thighs.

His bones are exceptionaliy brittle, and although he is recovering now he will have to be very ca r ef uL -Sunday Picton·al.

FATAL FIRE GAME.

A 16-month-old child who watched her mother pok e the fire and then copied her, but used a celluloid comb, was severely burned. She died three weeks later in hospital from pneumonia following burns. A verdict of accidental death ,va s returned at the inquest.-Daiz:v Sketclz.

SAYED BY Ui\lBRELLA.

An umbrella under ",, hich they were walking in Southwark saved the lives of two girls. Some bricks fell from a warehouse being demolished at the corner of Quilp-street, and the gi rls' umbrella was smashed. One of the Rirls was bruised and taken to Guy's Hospital, but s he \Vas not detained,-Evem'ng lVews ._.

FOUND. - A medallion No. 255308. Owner can obtain same on application to Amb. Officer P. G. Jeffries, 71, Selby-road, Leytonstone, London, E.11.

No. 1 (St. John's Gate) Division, S.lA. B., held its ann ual competition on December 18th. Pte. A. E. Reynold s was the winner and received the trophy from Capt. Lachlan Maclean, O. B. E., the President.

Dr. Sweeten, who has been associated with the Skegn ess Division, S.J.A. B., since 1925 was recently presented with a leat her kit bag on retiring from the rank of Divisional Surgeon, The presentation was madE' by Asst. Commis-s ion er G. Armstrong.

No 1 DISTRICT, .].A. B. CENTRAL AREA.-A happy party of members of T\o. 1 (Stoke Newington) Nursing Division and their friends, sat down to supper at Divisional Headquart ers, the chair being ta ken by Distri ct Officer T. lV1cBride. Among the guests we re the Asst. Commissioner, Dr. K. F. Lund, Lady District Supt. 1\1iss Walker, Lady District Officer Miss Masson, the Mayo r and Mayoress of Stoke T\ewington, C1Ir. Mrs. Smith, a nd a number of officers and members of other Divisions of Ce ntral Area.

The visitors were welcomed by Mrs. Herbert on behalf of Div. Supt. Mrs. Palmer. In reply, the Mayor said that he was always pleased to attend a function arranged hy such a deserving body.

After supper, a concert consisting of songs, monologues a nd recitations, interspersed with games in which all could join, was much enjoyed and a very jolly evening was spent by all who attended.

"WESTERN AREA.

ROYAL BOROUGH OF KENSINGTON' NURSING Dn IsION. -

'\lith the objects of gaining more members and of interesting people in the work of the St. John Ambulance Brigade, this Division held an At Home on Thursday evening, December 5th, at the Forum Club. There were over 100 guests present, among them being Sir Iiles and Lady Irving, the Matrons of the Cancer Hospi tal, the Elizabeth Garrett. \nderson Hospital and the London Clinic, and Sister French of the London HospitaL

The Mayor of Kensington, Hubert W. Fane, Esq., Sir William Davison, Member of Parliament for South Kensington, and the Re\,. E. Brook Jack son, Vicar of Kensington, wrote expressing their interest in the work of the Division and regretting t.hat prior engagements prevented their attendance.

The Divisional President, 1\1rs, Dunbar, presided.

Sir Percival Wilkinson, K. c.l\1. G., C. B., Secretary Genera l of The Order of St. John, gave a brief history of The Order, with l antern slides and cinematograph illustrations, from its foundation in the twelfth century down to the prese nt day.

Lady Iount garret, O. B. E., Dame Grand Cross of The Order, described the work of the Nursing Divisions of the Brigade, with its many opportunities for public service, and the help that members could give to the community, As a result several ladies applied to join the Division.

PADDINGTON NUR SING DI\ ISIO - A Course of Lectures for Woman of 18 years of age and over, on First Aid to the Injul-eu, will be given by Dr. F. E Lowe at St. Peter's Church Room, Elgin Avenue, Maida Vale, 'vV.9, beginning Thursday evening, February 27th, at 8 p.m. Fee for the Course including the examination, 3j6 d.

Would candidates wishing to enrol please call at St, Peter's Church Room, Elgin Avenue, on Thursday evening, February 20th, at 7.30 p. m.

For further information apply in writing to Lady Div. Supt. Mrs. Gitsham, 47, Chippenham Road, W,9.

TO. -+ DISTRICT, S.]..\.B.

STALYBRIDGi£ NURSING Dn·ISION. - 1\1rs. {\. 1\1. Broadley,

Lady Div. Superintendent of the Stalybridge 0:ursing Division, has been admitted as a Serving Sister of The Order of St. John. The investiture will take place in February.

Mrs. Broadley was one of the first members of this Division which was formed in 1912. During t11 3 Great \Var she served as a nurse at Early Bank Hospital, Stalybridge, and afterwards else\"here as a V.A. D. Thus she has fully earned this honour which has been conferred upon her for services rendered to the St. John Ambulance Brigade.

No.5 DISTRICT, S.J.A.B.

TODMORDEN JURS ING DIVISION'. Thc Annual Competition for the Sutcliffe Rose Bowl was hp.ld in the Ambulance Hall on Saturday, De ce mber 7th, 1935. Seventeen member s of the Division took part in a keen contest.

The judge for First Aid was District OHl cer Dr. H. Clegg, and for Home Nursing, 0Iiss Mill er, the District 1 urse for Todlllorden.

The fi rst prize was a warded to :'II rs. H. R ot h well; the 2nd, to 1r8 i\larshall 3rd, W. Town; +th, 1\liss E. 1\1. Pickles; 5th, Mrs. Holmes.

Dr. Clegg and 1\1iss :'IIi1ler both spoke to the members afterwards; and 1\1rs. Pitter Bayley, in presenting the prizes, congratulated the winners, and said how much of value could be gained from these competitions.

Lady Di". Supt. :'I1iss Sutcliffe thanked the Judges and i\lrs. Bayley for their help

No, 6 DISTRICT, S.].A,. B.

1\1 iss Laura \\Thitford, of l\"e\.Ycastle, has just been appointed a Serving Sister of the Order of St. John, and has also been promoted from Lady Divisional Superintendent to the rank of Lady County Officer of the Br!gade. Some time ago she took over the duties of honorary secretary of the nursing side of the Brigade in Northumberland and Durham.

,,-\.11 members in No.6 District will \\'ish Miss \Yhitford every happiness and success in her new position.

S.J.:\.A. SUC ESSES AT NEW CASTLE -Students attending the Northern Counties Training College of Cookery and Domestic Science in Newcastle are encouraged to make themseh es proficient in First Aid. A recent class, for which Dr. David Grieve was lecturer, was examined by Dr. R. L. Dagger on behalf of the .]. A. A., and ce.rtificates have been awarded to the following students: E. AIrey, 1\1. Abbott, B. Baxter, D. Booth, i\1. Banks, J. Bennett, B, Batty, J . Cameron, C. Clucas, :'11. Donaldson, A, Elliott, 1. Hall, B. Hawes, O. Henderson, 1\1. Henry, R. Herdman, D. Hudson, ]. Howell, D. Kell, H. Kerr, 1\1. King, 1\1. Laws, R. Lockey, M. Lawson, D. lit cheson, A. 1\1uckle. E. (,1cCormack, C. 1\1illican, .-\. Newbigan, E. l\"oble, i\1. Pearson, E. Pawson, R. Palmer, M. Robinson, 1\1. Robson, J. Robson, 1. Skelton, E. Shippen, 1\1. Smith, E. Spencer, J. Smith, H. Smith, K. Storey. J. Storey, A. Sutherland, E. tevenso n , C. Threlfall, C. \Vanless, J. \Vatson, M. Young.

I [ \ ITS B. R. C. S. COllII'ETITION.

Throuahout the summer, members of the British Red Cross Soci:t y are on duty on Portsdo\\'n Hill, and what they

FIRST

AlD.

may be caJled upon to do in the event of an accident was demonstrated on Tuesday, December 10th, 1935, when three junior teams from Hants 8, Hants 12 and Hants 230 deta c hments competed for the Oakmont Salver.

By permissi o n of Rear-Admiral and Mrs. R. R Turner, the badminton court at the Admiral Superintendent's house in the Dockyard became "Portsdown Hill," and the scene of a serious "motor accident , " in which a driver and his passenger were thrown into the road and were injured. Troubles never come singly, least of all in such competitions, and each team took its patients to a nearby" house," only to find that a child there had upset a kettle of boiling water and scaled her arm and Ieg-.

Yet, although only junior teaIT's were competing, the m e mbers proved themselves so capable of coping with such complications, and accompli.3hed their tasks so well that they le ft very little for the doctor to do on his arrival.

Mrs. Turner, Vice-President, attended and awarded the salver, presented by Mrs. E. B. Gammon of Waterlooville for biennial competition, to the winning team-Hants 12which consisted of :\1iss Bremner, Mrs. Glanville, and the Misses Dufton and Bevis, with Miss Luff reserve.

Th e judging was carried out by Surgeon Rear-Admiral H C. Whiteside, C.B., Sister Bewick, of St. lVlary's Hospital, and Miss Paxton Commandant of Hants 20.

Admiral Whiteside congratulated the competitors on their work and keenness, declaring- that they had done very well for beginners.

Thanks to the judges and to Mrs. Turner were expressed by Miss R. Arnison, Hon. Secretary and Assistant Count y Director.

B. R. C. S. INTER-SE CTIONAL COMPETlTJON.

On Wednesday evening, December 11th, 1935, teams from Hants 12 detarhment, B R C.S., hegan with a picnic round a fire miles from the nearest village or doctor, but ended with a child in bed with measles in a cottage nearby and another whose clothes caught ali g ht and who ran away screaming until sh e fe ll and broke her leg.

Yet these teams who were competing in the final round of the Stanley Hillman Cup Competition, seemed to enjoy the test better than any ricnic, and came through with hIgh marks.

The s cene of the competition was the new headquarters of the deta c hm e nt at Government House, Cambridge Jun ctio n, Portsmouth.

Matron Bayliss of the Queen's urses , Surgeon Captain P. F. Alderson, R. N., and Miss Sullivan , Commandant of Hants 192 detachment acted as judges, awarding the Cup to Team B.2, which consisted of Mrs. Glanville and the Misses Duffton, Lane and Boswell. They were half a mark higher than Team A.1.

All the judges praised the high standard of work, and congratulated Miss V. Welldon, Commandant of the Detachment. One of the judges remarked that the competitor were so quick to start that the "patient" could hardly ac her part!

Mrs. Raikes, who was accompanied by Brigadier G. T. Raikes, Garrison Commander, presented the Cup. Others who attended th e gathering included the Hon. Treasurer, Pa y mast e r Rear-Admiral A. P. Hughes a nd Mrs. Hughes, Mrs. Arnison, Divisional Secretary, the Commandarits of H;}nts 8 and Hants 230, Mrs. C. R. Gillett, Mrs. Rovle, Miss Everett "lnd Miss Farquhar.

On this page is published a photograph of a well-known Workington lady who for many years has worked untiringly as a first aider.

liss Wildridge joined the Southport Nursing Division of St. John Ambulance Brigade in 1915, and took duty contl11uously at the Grange Voluntary Hospital and The Woodlands, Southport, until the end of the war. The latter

Central Nursing Division, Leeds Corps. Gas Demonstration.

hospi t al was the largest of its type in Great Britain, bein g staffed by about 400 V. A. D.s.

On going to reside in Working-ton, Miss Wild rid ge joined the B.R.C S. Detachment there in 1919 as there w as no Nursing Division of the Brigade to \yhich she could tran sfer. In 1923 sh e was appointed QU2fter-master, and th e following year wa s gr a nted 12 months' l e;:(ve of absence an d

" SEPTONAL" FOR FIRST AID SUPPLIED ALSO IN OIL FOR BURNS AND OINTMENT.

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PER SET 10/- POST FREE Splints can be purchased separate at 6 / - per set, post free. Special Quotations

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Miss Wildridge. went to Australia. There she joined the Freemantle W. Australia 502 Tursing Division, S.J.A.B. and the Red Cro ss Women's Auxiliary. She also took duty at the Pert h Hospital and the Freemantle Casualty Ward during h er stay in that country.

In March .1936 Miss Wildridge will have completed 21 years' service in ambulance work

Items (Divisional news and competitions, social, interesting duties, lectures, etc.), for this page shou l d be sent to Ambulance Sister, clo The Editor, FIRST AID 46, Cannonstreet, London, E. C. 4.

- P oc ket "Fi rst Aid" Ready Reference. =Compiled by JOSEPH WILLIAM WALMSLEY, Blackburn Borough Police (Serving Brother, Order of St. john ) With diagrams illustrating the Skeleton & Arterial Pressure

Police Review Publishing Co., Ltd. 5 & 6 RED LION SQUARE, LONDON, W.c./.

LONDONS LARCEST SHOWROOMS.

EVERYTHiNC FOR THE MOTOR CYCLIST & MOTOR CYCLE DISTRIBUTORS ALL LEAD INC MAKES HUNDREDS OF 1936 MODELS IN STOCK

UNBEATABLE TERMS. BRAND O FUSS REFERENCE GUARANTORS

AID.

yourself, bu t in s u c h an emergency carry out the instructi on of the Textbook ( Rule 4, (b) iii, p. 173).-N.C. F.

Queries and Ansvvers to Correspondents.

Qu eries will be dealt with under the following rules:-

1. -Letters containing Queries must be marked on the top left hand corner of the envelope "Query, " and addressed-FIRST A D 4 6 , Cannon-street, London, E.C.4·

2. -All Queries must be accompanied by a "Query Coupon" cut from the current issue ot the Journal, or, in case of Queries from abroad, from a recent issue.

3. - The Tex t book, to which reference may be made in this column is the 38th 1I928) Edition of S.J.A.A. M anua of First Aid.

USE OF PLASTER FOR VVO UNDS

G.L. (Hull). - The members of our Division \-vo uld be pleased to recei,'c your comments on the following suggestion which has been made in a l ette r by a medical 111an :-

" 1 think thaL if Elastoplast werc used prompt l y in all these cases, there would be a conside rab l e reduction in the incidence of Secondary Sepsis, provided that all injuries, howe\,er slight, were prompt y reported an d dealt with and prO\-ided that all wounds we r e washed first with running water, next \\ ith methylate d sp irit, and lastly co\'ered with Elastoplast dressinRs when bleeding h as been controlled."

The use of strapping in the trcatment of wounds is contrary to the principles of first aid and definitely forbidden in the Textbook, because it is a more or less permanent dres sing. So treatment, which is perfectly sound from the point of view of your medical adviser, is totally wrong fo r that of first a id ers. Further, as mcmbers of the Brigade, yo u a re under discipline and must obey General Regulations which require you to treat all your patients in accordance with the Textbook.-N. CORBET FLETCHER.

EXAi\IlNATJON HOWLER.

M.R. (Cannon St.).-In a recent examination I aske d a candidate to tell me what she knew abo u t the trunk. Clearly the candidate had not been very atte nti \'e to the instructions given in the class. So I may be forgiven because I could not refrain from bursting int o laughter when she commenced her answer thus :- " Another name j07' t1'lt1Zk is j01'tma?7teau .I"

Good! 1\ cxt, please! !-1\ C. F

DIACNOSIS OF CORROSJ\'E POISONING.

H. P. (Leytonstone) -Recently a member of my class asked me how one can te ll tbe difference between a case of Cor r osive Acid and a case of Corrosive Alkali Poisoning if there is nothing to guide one fr0111 the labe o n the bottle. Beyond pointing out that it s a rnost unlikcl y occurrencc, l could not him. So 1 ask yo ur kind help.

Cnless you happen to havc so me litmLls paper with you, I do not know how you ca n cliffclentiate between Corrosive Acid and Alkali Poisoning. So do n ot worry

TR EATi\IENT OF CORROSl\ 'E POI SON ING.

H. P. ( Ley to n stonc).-To me it see m s that in the treatm ent of Corrosive Poi o nin g copio us draughts of cold wat er would creat e too much of a s ho c k to th e bu rned membranes when give n in acco rdanc e with the instru c tion s of the T ext bo ok (p. 17 3)

I n s u c h a case the destruction of ti ssue would be such that there would bc a grave d egree of Shock. In thes e ci r c um stances copious draughts of co ld water would alleviat e the con diti on r l'lther than aggra\'ate thc Shock a lr eady present. - N. C. F.

TRE.\nIENT OF EPILEPSY.

A. N. (NeaL h). - Please tell me if by any means we firs t a id e r s are ab l e to prevent the convu ls ive movement s as part of the treatment of a patient sufferi n g from an Epi leptic attack.

Th e cOlwu l sive movements must run th e ir co ur se. Epilepsy is a "bra in storm," which is due to su dd e n failur e or oss of control of tbe highcst Brain Centres. The outstan din g symptom is sudden and complete loss of consc iousness. Thi s may (or may not) be followed rapidly by conv ul sive movcmcnts, interference with which is in a d v is able, because it often creates an unconscious resistance by th e -

ACRIFLA\'INE FOR BURNS.

vV.S. (Greenock)--As a member of the Sl. A ndr ew's Ambulance Association I have read with much in te r est the var ious queries and your answers published recently in F IRST AID on the treatment of Burns. Thu s far, howeve r, n o one has mentioned Acriflavi ne (often called Flavine for short) which [ have used o n several occasions with much success

Th e doctor who lectures to o ur a m b ul a n ce class favours the use of Flavine; and h e points out that it acts si mil arly to Tannic \cid, being a powerful antiseptic and s uitabl e also for a ll classes of wounds. As first aiders we ca n keep a of Fl av ine gauze on hand, s in ce tbis is s upplied in n eat r o und or square ca rton s ; and I co n s id er t h at this gauze should find a place in eve r y first a id box

\\7hile I agree that Flavine is a n admirable antiseptic dress in g for Burn s and "Vounds, I be li eve th a t it acts bes t if left in position for a period. So on this sco re alone it see m s to m e to be beyond the scope of first aid. Furth er, where s hould we be if ea('h an d eve r y first aider on his (or her) own authority e lecte d to us e his (or her) pet dressin g for these injurie s? My a dvi ce, therefore, is that you follo w the instruction s of h e S.A.A.A. textbook.-N.C.F.

ACTION OF PRUSSIC ACID.

F. H. (Cheltenharn}-1 have a lw ays und e rstood that Prus s ic Acid is a nar cot i c poison. I was, therefore, mu ch s urprised the ot h e r cl ay when th e d oc tor, who lectur es to our c lass, in reply to a pupil who asked if Prus s ic \ c id was a Co rr osive poison, sai d Lhat he th o u g ht it wa s

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a corrosive In reply to anot her qu est io n the sa m e doctor said that Prussi c Acid acted on tbe blood. It will be interesting- to h ave your \ iews on these point s

On your :::.tatement of facts it is clear that some how a misunderstanding- arose between your lecturer and the members of your class. Pru ss ic :'tcid is a m ost potent n erve poison and is classifled in the T extbook amongst the arcot ic P oisons. - :\ C. F.

THEAHIE:-:T OF C.\.RBOLIC .\ClD POISONIAG.

\ R. (Scarboroug-h) - As a reader of FIRST ,\w, I would lik e your opinion on the treat m ent for Carbolic Ac id Poisoning. The Textbook, under Spec ia Treatment, tells us to g-i\e, if available, Epsom or Glauber S a lt s, o n e tablespoonful to a tumblerfu l of milk or water, and then to apply the Genera Rul es

After we have give n Epsom or Glauber Salts, does the Textbook intend u s, in following the General Rul es, to give one of the follo\'ving a lso: lim e water, or a tablespoonful of whitening, ch al k or mag-nesia in a tumb lerful of water? Some of u s consi d er that this particular paragrap h of the General Rul es d oes n ot apply after \\' e have administered Epsom or Glauber Salts.

Epsom or Glauber Sail., being the reputed ant id otes for Carbolic \cid, there is no need to follow up \\ ith th e ot h er alkaline remedies nallled in Rule -t (b) iii on p. 173. Otherwise you would he treating you r patient to a full meal of antidotes. -:--l C. F.

THE.\.T:\IENT OF SCALI)S AND BURNS.

B.C. (Norlhampton).-Please tell us why the Textbook (p. 28) tells us not to break blisters in the treatment of Burns and Scalds.

The two great and pressing dangers of Burns and Scalds arc shock and sepsis. If we break the blister \\'C expose the subjacent raw surface both to co ld air and a lso to poss ihl e infection with germs. Thereby we in crease the danger of shock and also ot sepsis, which in its turn would aggravate the effects of shock a lr eady present. Conse<-luently the Textbook warns us to protect an d keep intact any blisters present.-N C. F.

OF RING P \D.

USE

R.C. (Stroud). - "\dverting to my query answered und er the aboye heading in the D ecembe r issue of FIRST AID, I l11ust repeat, that I act u ally saw each team in a Competition, apply a ring pad over a lacerated wound of the right temple, accompanie d with severe a rt eria l hcemorrhage (without a fract ur e) an d held in position by a narrow bandage.

The end of the bandage was tied in a half knot on the opposite side, a short stick was placed in position, and secured by a reef knot. The slick was then twi ste d to arrest th!..; hccl11orrhage. I have learned since that, that form of treatment was app lied on the a d vice of the doctor e ,' amining the teams.

Strange things happen in compet iti ons; and on your statement I s u spect that the teams were playing up to the predtlectlOl1S of the s urg-eon -jud ge The fact remains that this treatment is not in accor d ance with the instructions of the Textbook.

AiD.

This reminds nll' of a personal expe ri e n ce in the days when L1wr e wa s a di fference of 01 inion as to 'whe ther or n o the stretcher s h o uld be boarded for the tra n spo rt of a patient s uffe rin g frol11 Fractured Spine. Por i1. ce rt a in co mpetition , I shared the task of coac hin g the te a m which wa s later declared winn e r s of the Shield. \Vhil e the tests were in progress, 1 spoke to the capta in of this team which h a d competed before my a rri val and asked h i m if he h a d had th e slre1 c h er boarded. Hls a n swer was prompt and to th e point - " } -cs. I know Dr. So-and-So's views,. but I would 1/0/ lZal'e done so lwd been the juri,ge. " - J. C. F.

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'JUT AID

lnbepenb.ent Journal for tl)t Ambulance nub 3}luT'sing

NOTICE TO R.EADER.S.

EDITORIAL.

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THE NEW "PORTLAND" GEAR

ThJs new patent Ambulance Gear offers many umque advantages whether the Ambulance is carrying two stretcher cases or only a single case. A self-contained unit, it can be placed in almost any vehicle, and it makes the loading of either top or bottom the simplest possible matter.

The "PORTLAND" Gear should be specified

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FI RST AID is published on the 20th of each month.

An nual Subscription is 3s. 6d. post free; single copies 3d. The Its aim and object being the advancement of Ambulance Work in all its branches, the Editor invites Readers to send Articles and Repo rts on subjects pertaining to the Movement and also welcomes suggestions for Practical Papers.

All Reports, &c., should be addressed to the Editor at the ad dress below, and should reach him before the 12th of each month, an d must be accompanied (not necessarily tor fJublication) by the na me and address of the Correspondent.

Subscriptions, Advertisements and other business Communications co nne cted with FIRST AID should be forwarded to the Publishers, DALE, REYNOLDS & CO., LTD., 46, CANNON STREET, LONDON, E.C.4. 7 elegraphic A ddress-" Twenty-jour, London."

37IO.

SINCE our last issue the British IN l\IK\IORIAM. Empire has sustaint'd a great loss b y the death of King George V. Ambulance workers, however, not only mourn a beloved monarch but also one whose close association with the ambulance movement set such a fine exam pIe for others to follow.

His late Majesty's connection with the movement covered many years. In 1901 he was appointed Grand Prior of the Order of St. John and President of the Association. On June 11 th, 1902, as George, Prince of \iVales, he unveiled a memorial to 61 members of the St. John Ambulance Brigade who died on active service in South Africa. In 1909, Ii in recognition of the valuable services rendered by the Brigade generally, and especially by the Corps, " the l\Ietropolitan Corps of the St. John Ambulance Brigade was the "Prince of \Vales 's Corps," with the privilege of wearing the plumes of feathers on the collar.

Pages 211

T he Hospitallers' Club... 21-+

QU ERIES AND ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDEN1S :Effects of Cold 216

Examination Howler 216

Definition of Insensibility 2 1b

His late l\Iajesty succeeded his father (King Edward -VII) as Sovereign Head of the Order of St. John in 1910, and accepted the office of Patron of its ambulance department.

In 1926 a further Charter of I ncorporation was granted to the Order of St. John by the Sovereign Head under which the Order became an Imperial one.

All through his reign King George displayed interest in the Ambulance l\Iovement, and on many occasions caused letters of thanks to be sent to those in command. He will be remembered as one whose concern was for the well-being of his people, and hi kindly thoughts endeared him to the Nation.

one case is being carried.

5 t. John Ambulance Association

BRISTOL. - At the annual meeting of the Bristol Centre, held on January 17th. the report submitted showed that during- the year 19 3-+ / 35 forty-six classes were held as follows :-31 firs t aid (20 male and 11 female), and 15 in home nursing (2 male and 13 female). The number of successful candidates was 600.

A number of new members has been introduced into the various divisions of the City of Bristol Ambulance Corps, and ne\." divisions formed. Employees of the Port of Bristol Authority and numbers of men from the various factories are passing out effici e nt

Since th e formation of the Centre nearly 19,000 awards have been gained by the Centre.

The annual stretcher competition was held in July, and again proved a g reat success.

The thanks of those interested were unanimously accorded to the hon. treasurer, Mr. W. G. Hawkins, and the hon. secretary, Mr. Egbert Webb, with their band of willing helpers for the time and trouble in volved,

CANTERBURy. - The 57th annual general meeting of the Canterbury Centre was held on January 21st, when the Very Re v The Dean of Canterbury presided.

The secretary (1\1iss Allardyce) reported twelve classes had been held and 183 awards obtained. A new ambulance had been procured, through the kind donations of residents in Canterbury, and had already been found of great service. Thirty-three cases had been carried and over 1,200 miles covered.

Thanks were extended to the secretary for her work.

At the second annual competition for the "Evans" Cup, open to first year men, Thanington members were the successful team.

Great satisfaction was expressed by the Canterbury Corporation at the erection, at various points in the city, of Association boxes equipped with telephone and first aid outfit, et c ., available for immediate use in cases of accidents,

St. Andrew's L\m b ulance Ass ociation.

DUNBAR. - In the annual competition arranged by Dunbar L.N.E.R. and District Ambulance Corps for the "Hope" Cup. the winning team comprised the following :W. Anthony (captain), W. Hogg, J. Aitchison, R. Jenkinson, A. Ferguson. The second award as runners-up was gained by the following team :-P. Sked (captain), W. Young, P. Douglas, T. Allen, R. Young.

LARBERT.-Twenty-four students connected with the L. M. S. first aid class at Larbert were recently examined in general knowledge and practical work by Dr. Harper Grangemouth. Intimating that all students had passed the test, Dr. Harper complimented the members on their efficiency, and said the class was one of the best all round that he had examined for some time.

PORToBELoo. - At the annual ambulance and first aid examinations held recently for the Porto bello and District Section of the St. Andrew's Ambulance Corps, Dr. Aitken, of the Musselburgh Grammar School, repeated his success of last year, and took first place in both the oral and practical sections. Last year Dr. Aitken was presented with an aneroid for taking first place, and as a member of the prize-

winning "Graham Yooll" Trop h y team he a lso r eceived a suitably engraved silver and enamel medallion.

The class tutor is Dr. Herdman, and the section commandant Mr. Wm. J. Neilson, one of Portobello's real fir st aid enthusiasts. The examiners WE're Dr. Malcolm Smit h and Dr. Angus Hamilton.

STIRLING.-Under tbe auspices of the Stirling Secti on of the L. 1.S. Ambulance Brigade an individual oral competition was held last month. The results were :- F i rst ye ar -1, Mr. P. Drummond; 2, Miss Murray. Second year1 (after a tie), Miss Forsyth; 2, Miss Foster. Third ye ar and over-1, A Munro; 2 (aftE''- a tie), R. Sinclair. Speci al prize for non-corps member with highest marks, Mi ss Ferrier.

WAVERLEY - The 20th annual competition for th e "Gordon Price" Cup was held by the Waverley Stati on Ambulance Section on February 3rd. Eight teams took part, and the cup was won by Team No.4-A Morris on (captain), Miss E. L. Cleary, W. Addison, J. Ogston and J. Greig. Team No.5 (J. Milne, captain) was second.

Coming Events

The Editor will be pleased to receive particulars or for th· coming events for inclusion (free of cbarge) under this beading.

FEBRUARY.

21.-Investiture, Order of St. John.

21.-Annual Dinner Barnet Division, S.J.A.B.

22.-Southern Area ( o. 1 District) S.J. A. B ursing Co mpetitions, Croydon General Hospital.

22. - Danc:e No. 74 (Finchley & Southgate) Nursing Divisio n, Friern Barnet Church Hall.

28. - Police National First Aid Competition Final, Centr al Hall, Westminster.

29. - Eastern Area (No.1 District), S.J.A. B. Competitions, Latham Road School, East Ham.

29.-Suuthern Area (No.1 District), .::; J.A.B. Ambulan ce Competitions, Croydon General Hospital.

29. - " Coroner Graham" Shield Competition Final, Su nderland.

MARCI-I.

7. - Metropolitan Line (L. P. T. B.) Annual Competitio ns, Neasden.

I3.-Hospitallers' Club Meeting, Bonnington Hotel.

14.-First Eliminating Round (Women) "Stanley" Shi eld Com petition, B. R C S.

21.-Dance Ealing Divisions, S.].A B., Ealing Town H all.

21 . -Wimbleclon Ambulance Festival Competition.

21.-Eliminating Round (Men) "Stanley" Shield Comp eLition, B R. C. S.

27.-Ungro u ped Railways Competition, St. John's Gate.

28.-Second Eliminating Round (Women) "Stanley" Shield Competition, B R.C.S

APRI L

2.-Southern Railway Women's Compet ition, Canno n Street Station.

4.-No. 1 (Prince of Wales's) District, S. ]. A. B., Brook' s Efficiency Competition.

( From the Painting by E. C. DIN GLI, Hanging in the Chapter Hall, St. John'S Gate.)

Extracts from the Manual of Instructio n FOR THE Royal Naval Sick Berth Staff. *

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.

Anatomy is the science which deals with the structure of the body and the relation of different organs to one another.

Physz"ology is the science which deals with the function of the living body.

The human body is composed of :-

(1) Tz'ssues, the chief of which are bo?e, cartilage, muscle, nervous tissue, connective tissue, and fat.

(2) Circulatz"ng Fluz"ds, the blood and lymph.

Tize Tz"ssltes are composed of innnumerable minute cells which can only be seen with the aid of a microscope. Each cell consists of a jelly - like substance called in which lies a nucleus or the kernel of the cell; the whole bei ng enclosed in a delicate membrane Each cell is a definite livin a body it arows, absorbs nourishment, perI:> 'I:> d' forms its proper functions, multiplies and les.

The cells on the surface of the body, both external and internal, are callej epithelial cells or epithelium. When occurring on surfaces such as in blood vessels and lymphatICS these cells are called endothelial cells or endothelium.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TISSUES, THEIR STRUCTURE AND USES.

Bone is the hardest tissue of the body and consists of (a) earthy salts (chiefly lime phosphate) and (b) animal matter. The hardness of bone is due to the earthy salts. In children, these substances are present in about equal proportions so that the bones bend, but do not easily break; in adults there are more earthy salts than animal matter so that the bones are more brittle and break more easily.

The outside of the bone is dense and hard like ivory, and is called compact bony tissue; the inside consists of a network of fine fibres of bone which enclose numerous spaces, and is called spongy bony tissue. These spaces are filled with marrow and blood vessels.

All bones are covered with a membrane called Periosteum, we l l supplied with blood vessels , which dip into and nourish the underlying bone . This membrane has the power of generating ne w bone and is the chief agent of repair after fracture Bones may be divided into four classes :-

(1) Long bones.

(2) Short bones.

(3) Flat bones.

(4) I rregular bones.

The Long Bones, such as those in the limbs , consist of a shaft and two ends. These bones ar e hollow and filled with bone marrow.

They include the humerus, radius, ulna , femur, tibia, fibula, clavicle, metacarpal, an d metararsal bones and the phalanges.

The Slzort Bones are found where com pactness and strength are required as in the carpus an d tarsus.

The Flat Bones are required for the protectio n of the internal organs of the body. They are th e cranial bones, sternum, scapulae, ribs, and innominate bones.

The Irregular Bones are those which canno t be classed in any of the above groups, and consis t of the bones of the face and the vertebrce.

The Bones serve the following purposes :-

(1) They form a framework for the body .

(2) They give attachment to the muscles , and form levers on which the muscles act t o move the body or limbs.

(3) They form cavities for the protection of the vital organs.

Cartilage or gristle, is a firm, tough, flexibl e and elastic substance, and is employed in th e body :-

(1) To help in forming a flexible framework, as in the costal cartilages.

(2) To act as buffers in deadening shock, as in the discs between the vertebrce.

(3) To deepen the bony cavities of joints, as in the acetabulum.

(4) To prevent the collapse of tubes intended to remain open, as in the trachea.

(5) To form a covering for the ends of bones in a joint, so that they glide easily over one another.

Muscular Tissue consists of bundles of reddish colou r ed fibres which have the power of contracting.

T h e r e are two kinds of muscle, Voluntary and Invo l untary.

1. Voluntary Muscle is composed of bundles of fibres, each individual fibre being surrounded by a sheath. These fibres are built up in such a way, t h at, under the microscope, they sh.ow al.ternate dark and light transverse bands which gives them a striped appearance. This variety is therefore called strz'ated muscular tissue.

Voluntary muscles can be put into action and controlled by the will, by nerves from the brain.

Musc les are attached to bones by means of tendons, which are strong glistening bands of fibrous tissue connecting the muscle and the bone.

One end of a muscle is attached to a fixed bone and is called its Orz'gz'n, the other end is attached to a movable bone and is called its Insertz'on.

Muscles which bend joints are called flexors and those which straighten them are called extenson•.

2. Involuntary Muscle is composed of bundles of fibres with no sheath. Each fibre is spindle shaped and is not striped.

This variety is therefore called unstrzated muscular tissue.

Involuntary muscles are those over which the will has no control, but are supplied by nerves from the sympathetic nervous system. They foul1d in the blood vessels, stomach and Intestines.

The heart is an involuntary muscle, but is composed of striated muscular tissue.

Muscles are freely supplied with blood, both to supply the energy they use up on contracting, and to remove the waste materials that are produced.

The feeling of stiffness or cramp sometimes felt after unaccustomed exercise is due to the accumulation of waste products in the musles After a muscle dies, it passes into a solid state. This stiffening and hardening of the muscles after death is called Rz'gor Mortz's.

Nervous Tissue.-All nervous tissue in the body is contained in the cerebro-spinal and sympathet ic nervous systems.

Nervous tissue consists of nerve cells and nerve fibres. The cells generate and receive impulses. The fibres only transmit impulses.

The ce ll s are found in the brain, medulla, spina l cord and ganglia. The are found in the cranial, spinal and sympathetiC nerves.

Connecti ve Tissue is a meshwork of fibres employed in almost every. part of the body, to support and connect other tissues.

\ Vhen the fibres are presen t In masses, It IS ca ll ed Fz'brous Tz'ssue, and appears as a collection

of white glistening fibres which are very strong, but only slightly elastic.

The uses of fibrous tz'ssues are :-

(1) As Ligaments to bind the bones together at the joints.

(2) As Tendons to connect the muscles to the bones.

(3) As i\Iem branes to cover and protect various organs and tissues. Exam pIes of this are the sheaths of muscles, bones (periosteum) nerves and blood vessels, and the capsules of the Ii ver and kidneys.

Fat or Adipose Tissue consists of a loose meshwork of connective tissue, with cells enclosing fat. It is found almost all over the body, th e amount varying in different individuals.

The functions of fat are :-

(1) To serve as a protection for the underlying parts.

(2) To retain the body heat.

(3) To serve as a reserve of nourishment.

The structure of tissue such as that of the lungs, kidneys, etc., is described under those organs.

THE CIRCULATING FLUIDS.

Blood is a thick opaque fluid, of a bright red colour when it flows in the arteries and a dark red or purple colour ,vhen it flows in the veins: !t has a saltish taste and a faint odour, and whIle In the living body it has a temperature of about 100 degs. Fahr.

It consists of a faintly yellow Ouid called Plasma in which float m in ute cells, the red and white blood corpuscles.

Plasma is the fluid part of the blood and carries nourishment to the tissues, by leaking throuah the walls of the capillaries.

The Red Corpuscles are circular biconcave discs, so small that over 5,000,000 are contained in one cubic millimetre of blood.

Their red colour is due to a substance called Hcemoalobz'n which has the power of com bin ing with oOxyaen to form Oxyhcemoglobz'n, in which state the is carried from the lungs to the tissues.

Tize rVkite Corpuscles, o rLeltcocytes , are minute colourless cells, larger than the red but not so numerous, there being about one white to every 700 red corpuscles. They have the power of movement and _an worm their way through the walls of the capillaries. They are constantly changing their shape and can flow. over and surround smaller bodies such as bactena. They protect the body from infection.

Normally there are about 7,000 white blood corpuscles in every cubic millimetre of blood.

Coaaulation of the Blood. - Blood possesses I:>

*Reprinted by permission of the Controller of H. M. Stationery Office. Copies of the manual can be had of H M. Stationery Office, Adastral House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, or any branch, price 4 Sd. post free.

the important property of coagulating or clotting when it escapes from the blood vessels.

If freshl y drawn blood is allowed to stand, it will be noticed to separate into tvvo parts, the clot, and a yellowish fluid called seru m. The clot consists of the blood corpuscles and a network of fibres called F z"brz"n which is produced in the clotting. Thus:-

Plasma

Blood Corpuscles

ISerum lFibrin} Clot

L y mph is a colourles 5 fluid found in the tissues of the body.

When blood plasma carry ing nourishment has escaped throu g h the walls of the capillaries into the tissues, it is called lymph.

Besides nourishing the tissues it takes up w ast e products and returns th e m to the blood b y means of a sy stem of vessels called Lymphatz"cs. The ly mphatics form a network of minute tubes all over the bod y and in their course are found numerous glands called Lymphatic Glan ds. The most important of these groups of ly mphatic glands ar e found in the A x £lla or Armpit, the G ro z"n s, th e s£des of the neck, and in the Thora x and A bdo men The ly mphatic glands are filters that k e ep back and destroy any germs that may invade the ti s sues; h e nce in the case of a septic or festering wound the nei g hbouring g lands become swollen and te nder.

Mo s t of the l y mphatics empty finally into the Tho ra c£c D uct.

Th e ThoraC£c Duct commences as an elongated bag , situated in the abdomen in front of the second lumbar v ertebra, called the R eceptaculum Clryh. From th is res ervoir the thoracic duct runs upwards a s a narro w tube, l y ing in front of the spinal column , and empties itself into the junction of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins at the root of the neck.

The ly mphatics from the right side of the upper part of the bod y drain into the right lymphatic duct, which empties into the right subc lavian and int e rnal jugular veins.

The Or g ans of the Bod y ma y be arranged into sys tems accordin g to their function thus :-

( 1) Locomotor System.

(2) Circulator y S y stem.

(3 ) Respiratory S y stem.

(4 ) Digestive System.

( 5) Nervous System.

(6 ) Excretory System.

(7) The Special Senses, vz"z ., the Eye and the Ear.

(8) The Generative System. (To be cont inued.)

Ambulance from News Cuttings the Press.

DROWNED IN TI-IE BATH.

A boy (aet 14), s tated to "passionately fond of books," wa s found drowned in his bath, a book clutched ti g htly in hi s hand, in his hom e in 'Wimbledon, last night. Th e bo y Cyril Englebretson, had bee n left a lone in th e house for thr ee-qu a rter s of an hour. It is be lie ved that h e eith e r fa int ed or fe ll as leep in the b a th whil e readin g th e book - Daily E x press.

CYC LE HIS AMBULAN CE.

A young man of Warr e n, New South Wal es , who w as suffe ring from Appendiciti s , rode 75 miles on a bicycl e to h a ve a n operati o n.

The man, Sam Bo yd , di ag nos e d his illn ess him s elf an d in s t ead of bre a king th e n ews to his moth e r he told h e r h e w a s g oing a w ay a fe w w eek s. H e th e n r ode t o ho s pit al wa s 'o p era te d on , a nd cy cl e d h o m e aga in e ig ht een d ays la t e r.-D aily S ke t ch

DANG ERS OF PE TROL IN TIl E HOM E.

A woman lyin g- in b ed in Southland s Ho s pi ta l, s uffer in g from burn s , des crib ed at th e inqu es t re ce ntly how a fri e nd , Mi s s Doris Ch a mpn eys (ae t 4 1), wa s burn ed t o d ea th in a bun g al o w fir e at Sh or e h a m.

Mr s . Mab e l Bai ley sa id s h e w as in a s un pa rlour c le anin g a fro ck and a coa t with petr ol in a pa il and ca ll e d to Mi ss C hampn eys t o com e and lo ok a t th e fr oc k. Mi ss Ch a mpn eys ca m e in w ea rin g pyjamas a nd a n a pron an d s m oking a c ig a r e tt e . Sh e w e nt t o help wrin g out th e coat from th e p a il, a nd then, re a li s ing that s h e w as s mokin g, s aid, "Good he a ve n s , I mu s t pu t it out. "

What Miss Ch a mpn eys did with th e c ig ar e tt e she d id n o t kno w , but as s h e (Mr s. Bail ey ) was eaving th e r oo m t h e re was a n ex pl os io n a nd s he sa w Mi ss Ch a mpne ys enve lo ped in fl a m es Sh e pulled th e clo t hin g off Mi ss Champn eys a nd ca ll e d fo r h e lp A v e rd ic t of death by mi sa d ve nture was r e turn e d. - M onzing P os t.._.

At the a nnu a l di s tributi on of a wa rd s to the Bols over Colli e r y Class a rec ord yea r of me mb e r s hip wa s r e port e d Dr. ]. B. Mc Kay m a d e th e pre sent a tion s whi ch numb e red n ea rl y 100.

At t h e a nnual m ee tin g of th e R oss -on-W ye Di vision , S.J. A B., Su pt. Butt e rworth a nn oun c ed that a lo ca l lady h ad le ft two - fift ee nth s of th e re sidue of her esta t e to the divisi o n Thi s would a mount to about £100.

COMPETITIONS, DANCES, etc.- The attention of the general public to your needs can be attractively arranged by purchasing copies of the Poster advertised in this Journal for all your Social and other activities. Samples will be sent on request.

The 5 t. ! O/ln A 1nbulance Brigade Reports.

A fu rthe r course on Ai r Raid Precautions for memhe r s o[ t he B r igade ,vas he ld on Sat ur day an d Sunday, Ja n ua r y 18th a n d 19 th , i n L on do n, w h en some 300 office r s from all pa r ts of the co u nt r y a ttended.

T h e Chairman was D r. W C. Bentall, O B.E., the newly-appo inted Air-Raid Precautions Staff O ffice r , a n d the lecture r s were the Chairman, Capt. A. C. W hi te Knox, M.C., Messrs. C. E. Bower, E vv. Jackson and L. R. All u m. lectures took the form of those given at the prevIOUS cou r ses.

O n ce agai n Mr J oe Crossman (of B ri tish I nternational Pictures, Ltd ) provided an exce ll en t va r iety co ncert for t h e enjoyment of members p r esent. This was h e d on t h e Saturday eve n ing and some well -k n own film, stage and B.B.C. stars pe r formed . During the co n cert Si r J oh n Du ncan, Chid Comm i ssio n e r exte n ded thanks to M r. C r ossman and t h e a r tistes fo r their exce ll en t prog ramme Sir J ohn also announced t h at a fi lm in con n ect ion with Anti-Gas Precaution Work was in cou r se of pr eparation and he wished to thank Mrs Maxwell w i fe of Mr. Joh n Maxwell (Br i tis h Internat iona l P ictures, Lt d.) w h o was financing the who l e u nde r tak ing. M r. Crossman) w h o was r eceived with great acclamation, stated t h at othe r s were more merited to r eceive the thanks as h e only an n ounced the items.

During the Sunday sess ion the Chief Comm issioner add r essed the meeting and stated that the Brigade had now some 900 officers f u lly qu a li fied to l ecture on a i rraid preca u t i ons. He comme n ted on the enthusiastic manner i n whic h the wor k h a d been taken u p and mentioned that t h e best mea n s of ll r eve n ting panic was to be p r epared.

No. I (Prince of Wales's) District.

On the occasion of the funera l of King George V some 5,000 surgeons, offi ce r s, men and wo m en of t h e Brigade did duty a ong the f u ne r a l ro u te in L ond?n.

Fo r ty-one aid stations were set u p and two dresslllg stations were erected i n H yde Park; in additio n there were abo u t 30 ambu lances in atte n dance.

T h e cases trea te d n u mbered about 7,000) of which some 150 were conveyed to ho s pita l i n B ri ga d e am bu lances.

T h e p ub li c app r ecia ti on o f the Br igade's effor t s w ere expressed in many co lu mns of the nat i on al .pr es s. H a n nen Swaffe r in the Daily Herald r eferred to B n gade members as "the o-reat he r oes of t h e funeral day/' and w en t on to g ive of the wor k do n e by t h e Bri gade duri n g rece nt yea r s Si r J oh n S im on, the H ome Secr etary) sen t a t el eg r am to Si r Perc iva l W ilkin son, Secretary-Gene r a l o f t h e Ord er , in w hi ch the i r Majesties, Ki ng Edwa r d a n d Q u ee n Mary, exp r essed thei r satisfact ion a n d app r ec ia t ion of t h e services r endered Capt. W. Good l ey, M .C. , No. 1 Dist r ict, rece ive d a lette r of th a n ks f r om. SIr Ph IlI p Game, Commissio n e r Met r op olitan P o l ice. " Fro m w h at I saw myse lf ," he w r ot e "an d from th e r epo r ts T h ave received it r h a t t h (:' st r a in p ut u pon t h e Brigade was

severe, and we are more than grateful fo r the mo st effic ient work done by all your men and to you personally [or your cordial co-ope r ation during the preparatory per iod.

CENTRAL ARE1\.-The Twelfth Annual Area Social was held at Shoreditch Town Hall, on February 7th, when Asst. Commissioner Dr. K. F. Lund and Mrs. Lund we l comed some 450 members and friends

A most happy time was spent by those present, among whom was the Mayor of Shoreditch, Dr. N. Corbet F letche r, Asst. Surgeon-in-Chief, Lady District Supt. Miss vValker, District Officers Kemp, Burton, Pasco and Rushmore, Lady District Officer Miss Masson, and Robinia , Viscountess Mountgarret, O.B.E

A short concert was arranged by Mr. George Webb er, husband of Lady Div. Supt. Mrs Webber, and included the Concord Male Quartet Singers and the famous radio stars, Alec McGill and Gwen Vaughan. The numbers rendered were much appreciated and District Officer McBride voiced the thanks of those present to the artistes.

Dancing continued to a late hour and to Dis trict Office r McBride is due congratulations on the arrangem.e nts made for a very successful and enjoyable evening.

DAGENHAlII.-About 100 memhers and friends attended the annual dinner and dance of the Dagenham Amb u lance and Cadet Ambulance Diyisions, held on Thursday, February 6th.

Div. Surgeon P. Tyson Davidson, who was accompanied by Mrs. Davidson, presided, supported by J. A Preston, J.P (Chairman, Dagenham UD.C.), Dn'. Surgeon W. D. Neill, District Officer K emp and Mrs. Kemp, District Officer Haines and !\Irs. Haines, Lady District Officer Mrs. l\Iorrish, Div. Supt. E. Howard and Mrs Howard, Cadet Supt. H F. Mulligan and others.

Following the loyal toasts) submitted by the Chairman, Cadet Supt. Mulligan proposed that of IC Our Guests." H e was pleased to welcome Mrs. and Mrs. the cordia l relationship between the local authontles and the Brigade being of the highest Others were District Officers Kemp and Hames and Mrs. Mornsh, and Mrs Brown-the Lady Div. Supt. of the Fairlop D iv ision-the body division of the Eastern Area.

Mr. Preston replied. He thanked the Division f?r their kind inv it ation and, as Chairman of the CounCIl, hearti ly congratulated the members on the work so ably done

"The Dao-enham D ivision" was proposed by District Officer H e spoke on the work of the Division during 1935 whe n 2,000 duties were carried out. The Division had the right men as officers and they were fo r t u nate in having a n officer like Supt. Howard-a 100 pe r cen t. officer. He refer r ed to tJ1e work done on the ly i ng-in-state and the fune ral of Kmg George V. by the Dagenham Division S upt. H owa r d, in reply, stated that he would be u nab l e to carryon the work but for the loyal suppo:t he received f r om the officers, N.C.O.s and men ThIS yea r new d u ties had been undertaken and he was pleased to a nn ounce that new members had already been enrolled.

II C W(tS ce r tain t h at eve r y memher of the Division would

carryon the work of the Brigade in the service of humanity. . ".

Dr. W. D. Neill proposed (( The Chaum.an eulogistic manner. Unfo rtun ately, Dr. hremoved to Rugby, but members :nere appre.cIatlve of goodness in travelling so many mIles to presIde over theu functio n. d h

On rising to respond the Chairman was greete. WIt musical honours. Dagenham Division was, he saId, the finest in the Brigade and it was Supt. Howard who had first interested him in the ambulance Division was fortunate in obtainirg Dr. Nelli as theIr new surgeon, whose keenness for the work was \ iVhen settled in Rugby and a member ?f the in that area, he hoped it wou ld be poss?b!e. to ar ran be friendly competitions between the two dI:'IsIOns Dancing follo'wed the dinner and dunng an mterval the Divisional trophies were presented by ::"1r. l A. Preston, lP.

No. 30 (EAST LONDON) DrvrSION.-To the thirty-seventh anniversary of No. 30 DlvlslOn, members of the Division, together WIth of the N ursing and Cadets Divisions, met at dmner on Saturd ay, January 11th.

Mr. l Spanjer (PreSIdent) presIded and, together WIth Mrs. Spanj er, received the guests.

Among the speakers were Asst. Surgeon- i n - Ch lef, Dr. N. Corbet Fletcher; the Commissioner, Capt: w.. Goodley, M.C.; Asst. Commission Dr. K. F. Lund, DIst nct Officers Capt. L. L. Franks and Mr. McBride, Dr. l M. Rafalowsky and Cadet Supt. A. Goldstein.

Div. Supt. D. Stitcher replied to the toast of "The No 30 Division."

After the repast dancing and mus ical in te rludes followed and a most enj oyable time spent.

A course of lectures on "First Aid to the Injured," for men will commence on Wednesday, February 26 t h, at Latham Road Schools, East Ham. The lecturer will be Capt. F. E. Bendix, M.C.R.S., L.R.c.P.: the fee being 3s. 6d.

Full particulars can be obtained from Div. Supt. A. E. A. Ambler, lIS, Sherrard Road, Forest Gate, E.7. No. II. District.

SWINDoN.-During the past 12 months the activities of the Medical Comforts Depot have been nearly trebled. The annual concert in aid of the funds at the depot will be held on February 23rd, at the Regent Cinema.

During 1935, members of the Swindon Division recorded 575 duties, and nine cases of transporting patients.

WITNEY.-At the annual meeting of the Witney Di vision, over whic h Supt. l c. Olesterman presided, it was announced that increased work had been carried out during the past year. App eal was made by the Chairman for increased support to the fu nds. During the year the services of Dr. l V. Lucy was lost as Div. Surge on, owing to departure from the town, but the Division welcomed Dr. Combo as his successor.

The report of the Hon Secretary, Sergt. Collis, showed the strength of the Division to be 30.

Th e 192 cases attended during the year included eight road accidents, an increase of 3S on last year. The 56 public duties atten ded involved 167 attendances by members.

A satisfactory report on the sto r es was give n by

Pte. Hickman, and the financial statement showed a credit balance. . d f h

The cup presented by the supennten ent 0 t e Division for the member making the bes t attendance during the year was hand ed by Mr. Chesterman to Pte.

H. G Busby.

No IV District LANCASHIRE.

BARRow.-An enjoyable time was .spent by the men:bers of the Barrow Division at then headquart e rs . m Preston Street, the occasion being of a presentatlO n to the retiring superintendent, Mr. Pnce cillor A. Jones (vice-pr es ident of the was m the 'chair, supported by Div Surgeon MagIll, and th e local Divisional Officers.

Dr. Magill, in making the presentation, remarke d the long years of valuable service rendered so wIllmgl y to the Brigade and the Order by Mr. Probert.

BLAcKBuRN.-Mrs. R. A. Yerburgh distributed examination awards to members of the Ambulance and Nur sing Divisions of the Blackburn Corps, at their headquarters Mill Lane Blackburn.1 The Mayor (Mr. W. Coupe, J.P.), who accompanied by the Mayoress, presided.

A silence was observed out of respect to hIS Majesty King George the Fifth. Tribute was also paId to the memory of Mr. Gilb e rt Ormerod, .a. Divisional Superintendent of the Ambulance DlvlslOn.

The Mayor, in the course of his remarks said '.'Ever ywhere people gathered together good friends of the Ambulance and Nursmg DIvlslOns read y and willing to give help. Ambulance training improve d men and women greatly." He was proud of the Blackbu rn Divisions a valuab-Ie section of the community who ha d done for' many years and were still performing a great work.

Corps Supt. Mellor) in his annual report, appeale d for a continuation of the loyal support of the and said they had every reason to be proud of theI r position. Numbers had been maintained. there w,as increasing work which called for addItIOnal finanCI al support. The to'tal strength of the Corps :vas 7? th e Ambulance Divisions and 43 in the N ursmg DlvlslOn s. Public duties had performed wherever required. Th e Ambulance Divisions had attended 1,286 cases during the year, and the Nursing Division 102, while 69 had been removed with the motor ambulance, whIch ha d covered 4,022 miles.

Mrs. Yerburgh said that one of the servic.es of th e Brigade that most a.ppealed .to her v:as the MedIcal forts' Depot. From the P0111t of VIew of won;an 111 the home it was a great help to be able to obtam applIance s and utensils. She was certain the Divisions worked very hard , for all appeared alert and keen.

BURNLEY. - More than twenty Corps and Divisions were represented at the Memorial Service to his late Majesty.Kin g George V , Sovereign Head of Order,. and to Asslstan t Commissioner, Dr. F. E de B Plm, KnIght of Grace, at the Parish Church, Burnley, on Sunday afternoon, February 9th.

The service was conducted by the Bishop of Burnley , the Rt. Rev. Dr. E. P. Swain, and among those present were Commissioner W. G. Smith, O. B. E., Col. C. J. Trimble , C. B., C. M. G., Lady District Superintendent Mrs. Tweedale C. B. E., and District Officers Dr. R. Clegg Dr. J. Mackenzie and W. H. Gastall.

The procession, about ha a mile long, was led by the

FIR S T

Blac kburn Police Divi sio n, deta chments of the Burnley Boro ugh Police a nd the Bl ackb urn Di vis i?n, Lancas hire County Constabulary, followed by Brigade UOlt s, Am bulance, Nursing and Cadet, led by the Pipe Band of the Accr ington Corps and the CaIne Corps Bugle Band.

The lat e Dr. Pim h ad served the Order of St. John for fifty -four years, bein g one of the pioneers of the Brigade, an.d passe d away at Sidmouth, De von, on J an uary 26th To hiS wido w and r elati ves we exte nd heartfelt sympathy

ASST. COMMISSIONER E. R ALPlIS -Si n ce r et urnin g to Eng land in 1930, Asst. Commissioner E. Ralph s has served on the Staff of No. I V (Lancs.) Di st ri ct, in charg·e of No.6 Area, a nd owing to removal to Purley, Surrey, t ran sferred to t h e Brigade R eserve from J a nu a r y 1st, 1936. Th e fact that he will st ill be aUached to this District will give much pleas ure to his many friends.

For 34 yea rs he resided in Hong Kong, re-established Assoc iati on classes there and formed the Brigade-Hong Ko ng and China District-in 1915. During the war he was on Hospital dut y until sent to Vladivostock, whic h he conce ntr ated on the development of hIS DIstrict wh ich reached a high sta t e of efficiency. On his r eturn to Engla nd h e gave a dmirable service to the Brigade! his remova l from tht: district is keenly felt. The digotty of Knight of Grace was cQnfe rr ed upon him, and he the hono ur of appearing at Buckingham Palace to deco ration at the hand of King George V. For savll1g lIfe, at conside rab le personal risk, he was awarded the silver Life Savi ng Medal of the Order in 1926.

RAWTE sTALL.-Rawtenstall and Waterfoot Ambulance and Nursino- Divisions have established new headquarters, including a Medical Comforts Depot at the old Co-operative Hall, Rawtenstall, and these were formally opened by District Officer R. Nelson. He vvas presented with a gilt key by CounCIllor l J.P., President of the Rawtenstall and Waterfoot DIVISIOns.

The ceremony was presided over by the Mayor of Rawtenstall (Alderman Miss C. W. J.P.).

Recalling that some of the Ambulance Ul11ts m NorthEast Lan cashire werc formed as long ago as 1887, Dr. Oegg said that he could remember first aid classes being he ld as far back as 1883.

Pre vious to the ope nin g ceremony there was a parade of the Rawtenstall and Wa terfoot, Bacup, Haslingden, and Crawshawbooth Divisions.

L YTHAM.-A remarkable record of 160 years' aggregate service in the S.lA.B. by five members of Lytham Divisions was rep orted at the annual meetmg of the Lytham Ambulance and Nursing I?ivisions. at the headqua rt ers, when Councillor C. H. RIl ey , Mr. T. Eastham, Secret a r y, presentmg: a resume .of the Divi sio n's work said the aggregate penod of serVIce was made up of lono- years of work put in by Lady Supt. E. Eastham, Lady Amb. Office r l Amb. Sis ter Lazenby, CarpI. l Ri gg, and P te. G. It was revealed in the report that members of the DIvIslOns had been on road duty, at sports events, had put in 160 hours' work during the J ubile e celebratlOns.

No. V. Di strict.

NOTT INGIlAM. -In connection with the offi cial Memorial Service to His late Majesty, King C?eorge V, held at St. Mary's Church) Nottingham, the Bngade was represe nted by County Dr. A. la Touche Darl ey, Corps Sur geo n Dr. G. H: Parker) .Co rps Supt. S. Ibbotson, Lady Dis t rict Offic e r MISS W. Lady Corps Supt. Mrs. Paling, Lady Corps Officer MISS Oldfield, Lady DIV.

A I D. 201

Surgeon Dr. D. Nicklin and Lady Div. Supt. Miss Clow.

Following the Service at St. Mary's Church, another was held in the Council I-louse Square This Service was attended by a detachment of personnel from the Jottingham Corps, comprising Corps Supts. A. G. \Veller and S. Ibbotson, Div. Supts. A. \Vhitworth and A. H. Allen, ::\1. c., Amb. Officers H. Watson and J. G. Longstaff, with three N.C.O,'s and ten privates, also Lady District Officer Miss W, Gibson, Lady Corps Supt. Mrs. Paling, Lady Corps Officer 11iss Oldfield, and officers and members of the Nursing Divisions.

The Public Duty arrangements were covered by Div. Supts. A. Whitworth and C. E. West, and Amb. Officers H. Watson and J. c. Longstaff, with five N.C.O.'s. and sixteen priYates and a first aid station was establlshed at the Offices, under the supervision of Div. Supt. and Surgeon 11ajor J. Cohen and staffed by Lady Amb. Officer Miss Ellington and Amb Sister Mrs. Flinders. Lady Amb. Officer 11iss Knowles and Amb. Sister 11iss Maltby were also on duty. Fortunately, due no doubt to the favourable weather conditions and the orderliness of the crowd, estimated at over 50,000 persons) on this solemn occasion the casualties were few and slight in severity; seyen patients being reported as dealt w,ith at the first aid station and eight further cases be111g reported by the personnel 011 duty.

We regret to announce the de.ath, afte.r a very short illness, of Lady Charles CaYendlsh-Bentmck, Lady of Grace, Order of St. John, which occurred at her home at Ramsdale Park Arnold Nottingham, on January 30th.

Lady Charles was with a of philanthropical organisations in No.ttmghamshlre and will be remembered for her work dunng the Boer War and Great War. During the former she undertook voluntary nursing work in South Africa in an Officers' Hospital, and also tended wounded soldiers and both black and whitc refugees. For these services Lady Charles was awarded the honour of Lady of Grace of the Order of St. John. She was again" on active service" the Great War bein cr a member of the staff of a MIhtary Hospital at' in 1915 for six but to return to England owing to contractmg septIc pneumonia. Shortly afterwards Lady Charles becam.e. the Commandant of the Mapperley Hall (S.lA.B.) AuxIltary Hospital at Nottingham which, owing to her organisation, was brought to a high state of efficiency.

No. VI. District.

Results in a preliminary round of the ." Gibbon" Bowl ambulance competition) held at South Shleld.s) were announced as follow: 1, Blackhall "A," 3?4 P01l1ts; 2, Lumley "Sixth" Pit, 309; 3, Emma CollIery, 302; 4, Consett, 297.

ASHINGTON.-Five teams met in the annual tions open to units of the Ashington Coal Company s Corps The examiners Dr. A. A. Bonar and Dr. Bainbrido-e Ashington HospItal, and Dr H. S. Brown, Stakeford, 'the competitions being supervIsed by: Corps Supt. D. Hindson) Division Officer A. S. E. RIchards, and Corps Offi cer Nixon G:rey. " "

The results were: SenIOr ShIeld: I, Woodhorn 258 marks; 2, Carl" A," 3, \Voodhorn." B," 4, Ellington" A," 2381. Junior Bowl: IJ Ell1l1gton B, 21n marks.

H ULL.-The Hull Central Ambulapce and Nursing Divisions celebrated their Golden JubIlee on Saturday,

February 1st, by holding a dinner. Di\ , Supf. A. "\Vesterdale presided _ A striking tribute wa paId to the work ot Brigade by the Lord Mayor of Hull ,(Alderman Fredenck Till). He referred to the great tradltlOns of the ambulance movement and the \, 'o rk done on road duty.

Replying, the County (Idr. T. Atkinson) said that in East Yorkshue they in road duty. They had 17 huts, and a first-aId post at Withernsea, and during the past year 570 cases ':r ere treated at the various huts, many of them of a senous nature.

Atkinson also acknowledged the co-operation of t he medical profession, without which they could not very well carryon,

Dr. A. M. Miller, replying to the toast of "The Doctors and Lecturers," proposed by Corps Officer Eggleton, said he did not think there were .many better causes than the Brigade. It had the pubhc sympathy, and it was realised what an enormous debt they mved the movement.

Among the guests \\-ere the Lady Mayoress, Dr. :;orman Jennings, Canon W. Seldon Colonel Vi. A. Thompson, Surgeons J. E. Crooks and E. M. Dearn, 1\1rs. Dearn, Dr. Standring, the Rev. R. A. Loten, and others.

No.

VHf. ( Duke of Connaught 's) Uistrict.

On February 2nd, an A.R.P. course was held at the Old Ship Hotel, Brighton, for officers and N.C.O.'s in the vVest Sussex Area, plus Brighton and Hove.

Over 150 members attended and amongst those present were Commissioner A. E. Richards, Distriet Officer H. J. Wrigglesworth) the Mayor of Brighton, Capt. W. J. Hutchinson (Chief Constable of Brighton), the Deputy Officer of Health and a large number of the medical profession.

Asst. Commissioner Dr. VV E. Bental1 introduced the subject, other lecturers being District Officer D. Bryce, Corps Surgeon Dr. A. E. Drynan (Brighton), Diy. W. J. Noble (Hove), Corps Officer T. E. Marsh (Brighton), Div. Supt. A. G. King (Littlehampton) and Div. Supt. W. J. B Trotter (Chichester). '

A most successful course was held and an examination IS to be held in the near future.

ADDIscol\1BE.-The annual meeting of the Addiscombe Division was helt.! on Wedne day, January 23rd, District Officer E. J. Prew presiding.

The annual report stated that over 1,800 cases, many of them of a serious nature, receiyed attention. Valuable ervice had been carried out by road patrols and the motor ambulance trayelled over 24,000 miles The report em phasises the point that neither officers nor men receive any payment for their services.

C.\KTERBURY -Corps Supt. C. T. Richardson presided at the annual dinner of the Canterbury Division. He was supported by the Deputy Mayor (Alderman F. Wood), the Sheriff (Councillor J. B Thompson), Mr. W A. King (a former Supt.) Corps Surgeon K. H. Jones, Co rp s Officer J. Upton, B. D. Stanley, C. Elam, the Chief Constable G T Hall) Dr. A. G. Brett, and others.

In reply to the toast of The Visitors," the Sheriff said he had great admiration for the B r igade whi c h was perhaps the highest calling, following that of a minister of religion and the medical profession Alderman Wood was pleased to note the continued work of the Division. IT e appreciakd their help on the occasion of the visit of

the Duke of Kent. l\lr. King also responded In reminiscent vein

The Chairman, in re ponse to the divisional toast, re ferred to the formation of the Canterbury Corps wh ich now had a personnel of 98 officers and men. During the past year first aid had been rendered to some 500 accident. The Canterbury Division had increased its membership from 17 in 1923 to 5-i at the present time. This meant hard work for all and he thanked the officers and men for their loyal support.

Dr. Jones, in the course of his response to "Th( Officers of the Canterbury Division," submitted by StaffSergt. A. E. Shelley, stated it was a pleasure to he a surgeon in such an organisation where a true" band (,r hrothers" existed

The Chief Constable also offered his quota of prai;;e for the collaboration \yith members of his force.

VVHITSTABLE.-A most uccessfu1 social ,,'as r ecentl" held by the iVhitstable Divi ion. Organi ed hy the oCI,:1 Committee, it surpassed previous efforts and a real enjoy able time was spent by those present.

During the inten'al an interesting ceremony tool place. The Presid e nt (11r. A. E. Camburn) made ;, presentation to 111'. J. Bright, on his retirement G· Secretary-Sergt. to the Division, on behalf of the members of the Division. ::\1r. Bright occupied the posltlOn as Secretary from 1921 until September. 1935, when he retired and was placed on the resen- e at his reque t.

Mr. Camburn commented on 11r. Bright's yalua h e service to the Brigade since 1908 and expressed the hope that others ,yould seek to follo\y in his footste ps Mr. Bright, who was taken by surprise, suitably repli e l Messrs. J. Laws on and G. Taylor acted as J\I.c. s whilst Mrs. Richards and :.\Iiss Brig-ht were responsih for the catering.

JERSEy,-A t the anllual meeting of the Brigade III Jersey, Div, SupL J. L Lynn said the memhership ha I increased by 13. Last year had proved an exceptional!} busy one with public duties, especiall) so with the Sihc.r Jubilee celebrations, when each member put in an a,'era,;t' of 12 hours' duty and in co-operation with the nursin f:. staff between 60 and 70 cases had been attended on that day, During the whole of the year members had attended 260 cases and had establi hed 32 first aid posts for th e yarious fetes, etc.

The Superintendent was pleased to state that ten of the members had volunteered and submitted their nam es as blood donors to the General Hospital, and just recent ly the authorities had seen fit to call upon them with the result that one of their members had given blood for transfusion.

The Secretary said that during the year they ha I had a total of 971 attendances, with 3,091 duty homs.

1\' 0. X. District.

Officers of the Brigade in Torfolk attended a conference held at Dereham Assembly Rooms on J alll1ary 26th.

1\1r. T. A. Cook, M P , Asst. County Commissioner, presided, whilst Major J. F. C. Hos ack (District Commissioner) extended a welcome to Lord Bury., the n ew President.

Many matters were discussed, including A.R.P., count y competitions, the relationship between the A sociation and Brigade, and other matters appertaining- to the \\'orking"s ()f t he 1110\'(",111("'nt "

FIRST

CRG::IIER.-The annual dinner of the Cromer Divi ion II as held on February -i th. \\ hUl Amb. Offic er T. L. Randa l! pre ideel. supported by Drs, ,Burlon (Di\"isional R. C. ::\1. Coh'in mith R. B. Fa\yke and D, \raughatl, COlU1ty Officer "\V. H. Balls, ::\1r. R. Croome (Chai rman of thc Council).. l1r E. M. Han ell, G. Hughes, and Sup t R. L. Randall.

In reply to the toast t. Cromer Diyisi o n. " Supt. Randa ll said that the member pulled together and carried Jt1t their work quietly, and he hoped. effectiYcly.

.\.mb. Officer Carter also replied and aid that durin 0' ri 30 years' association with he Division everything had gone on smoolhly, mainly through the \'itality and enth usiasm of Supt. Randall. The Diyi ion receiYed great 1 elp from the eloctors and members \nre indebted to Dr Yaughan. \\"ho took the clas es.

An excellent concert proo-ramme follO\nd the dinner. h the mid t of the festiyities a call for the ambulance

\I as recei, ed and upt. Randall accompanied by t\\"o men, nl1111ediatel y left to remoye a case.

Reviews.

OR THE GOSPEL OF HE.:\LTH.

By l'\eyille :'II. Goodman, :\1. D. ) D. P. H. fhc Sl. ] o11n .\mbu1ance A.ssociation, Stores DepartmenL, Sl. ]01,n's Gate, E.C.1. Price IS. 6d. /lei. By post, IS.

Hygience i - the science ,, hich treaLs of the presen'ation llf health. It i a ubject ",ith which each and all of us are deep ly concerned; ;.tnd yet it does not appear to attract much ltte ntion from the self-sacrificing rank and file of the .-'I.mbuance :'Iloyement. In this coonection, \\'e kno\\ ' one keen 'l, John surgeon \\"ho in thirty years has onh' gi,'en one cour e of lectures on Hygien and who by moral suasion forced this 011 the members of his Diyision

1\ e\'ertheless, this book, \\'hich is the 3rd etiition of the ,luth orised textbook of the Association, makes excellent ea ding and should pro\"(; most inllre ting- and to II wilo read it, \\ hether their ultimate object be to take the or to increa e thEir kno\\"ledge. To this the author I\'ho is an eminent sanitary expert, has slri l'e n to strike the happy medium bet\\'een extreme simplicit \, and extreme detail.

, The subject matter is set out in simple fashion \"ith a cu nstaot avoidance of unnecessan' technicalities; and it is ill ustrated by a 1110st u::.eful seri of diagrams and tables. Of lhe latter not the least interesting i one " hich delails the daily programl11e of hygiene for a family, incl u ding parents and children of various ages.

The b ok is roughly di,'isible into thr s ctions . :\fter ,[ preliminar) di cus ion on th importance of health, the tirst se.::tion deals with external inlluences on the individua l , sho wing hal" the State and the local authorities cOl1lbine to ta ke care of us and to protect LlS in infancy) during school} ears and aftefl ards; and it ends by teach i ng us how g"cr ms act, w ith special reference to certain of the more l'0 11l1ll0n i nfectious diseases.

The secl)nd section handles the prublems of our illl illediate surroundjngs-the house, domestic cOI1\'enicnce::. an d sanitary arrangements; the composition of air and the elfe cts of its pollutil)n by smoke and gases; and the im portance of fresh air, stress being laid on the method of \"e nti lati n g the home. This part close "'ith a clear expo iLio n of modern metllod of lighting and heating; and it tells us how defect there in may affect our hea lth.

AID. .203

Lhird. ::.Lrictiy personal and i particularly apr:ropnate, tnce It u. the uses of food and drink, useful ugge tlons which should inlluence our daily llyes. It pa 'ses on to a description of the importance of for oursehes and for infants, \yith practical notes on certatn C01111110n faulLs, Then after teaching- some yaluable les -o ns on the effects of \I-a rk and play on our health, Lhe book dra,,'s to a clo e with a chapter on per onal health l)f which the clarion cry is cleanliness.

FIR T .\ID FOR E\,ERYBODY.

By .-'1.. II en Goldsmith, :'I1.B., B.S., F.R.C.S. London: Faber and Faber Ltd. Prict! 2S. 6tt. nel.

In this year of grace it is interesting to pick up a ne,\ manual of first aid. Personally we had thought that the call for such had long since passed, becau e lay per ons seeking certificate mu t needs concentrate on the official textbooks of the e\'eral qualifying organisations.

'Y ell printed on good paper, First Aid lor E7'erbodl cO\'ers (he \\'hole range of first aid, including therein tl{e roller and triangular bandages and methods of transporL and, ome\\'l1at curiously, describing Ylllptoms and treatment of poi oning both in the body of the book and also in an appendix; and it ends with a useful index.

Remem bering the yexatious problem of the treatment of fracture-dislocation of spine and of bllrns, we note that \\'ith the former injury the patient is to be removed on his back, and that the first choice of dressing for burn is gauze or lint soaked in picric acid (2 per cent. solution). The latter surprised u becau e we thought that to-day it is usually taught that the picric acid olution should be painted and allowed to dn on the burned area as i iodine on wound.

On the whole the instruction are concise and accurate; but a slip ha occurred 011 p. 23 where the bones of the lower limb are de 'c ribed under "The Leg Bone s," Further, as so often occurs io medical book the description of Schafer's I\lethod of A.rtitlcial Re 'piration is n ot a Schafer taught it, the operator being shown in a diagram \yith upper limb acutely tlexed at the elbows during the compre- ion or expiration tage, and the text failing completely to empha i e that the upper limb must be kept traight and stifT. Also, in this connection instructions are gi\'en to place a folded coat und.:r the lo\yer part of the chest-to \"hat purpose \\'e dl) 11l1t under-tand.

In the e circumstance, readers of T .\10 will E'njoy reading this new manual " ' hieh adhere' more or Ie :.trictiy to the no\\' g-enerally accepted principles L)f first aid, if only because it sets these out in a some\\'hat dilTerent manner to that of the ollicial textbook .

FIRST AID IN DEFENCE CHEMICAL WARFARE

Przary for U/ales .

HEADQUARTER NOTES.

The January Meetings of Council and other Standing Committees of the Priory had to be cancelled as they fell due on Tuesday, January 28th, which \"as observed as a sad day of mourning for the beloved King, George the Fifth. The Priory sent t.he following messag-e of condolence to His Majesty King Edward VIII, who on becoming Sovereign Head of the Order can no longer be claimed as Prior of the Welsh Priory :-

"His Majesty the King, St. James's Palace, London. The Priory for Wales experiences profoundest sorrow upon the of His ilIajesty the So\ ereign Head of t.he Order and desires to express sincerest sympathy with the Prior on his greviou5 bereavement. Pricipal Secretary."

The following acknowledgment. was received :-

"Principal Secretary, Priory for vVflles, Cardiff. Th e King is touched by your kind message of sympathy and will be glad if you will express his sincere thanks to all ,,\'110 joined in it. Private Secretary."

l\IOTOT TRANSPORT SERncE.

Professor George Knox, I\l. 1.1\1. E., F. G. S., as Director of Tra.nsport, presided at a meeting of the Transport SubCommittee o.n J 20th, when a report on the working of the Service dunng the previous twelve months was received. The Service is t.he only co-ordinated system of ambulance transport operating in Great Britain. Established in 1919 meet the primarily of the mining community, the Service now consists of 17 Car Stations (two of which run two ambulances) and since its inception has dealt with the remoyal of 87,545 cases co\ ering a total mileage of 1,683,160. Year by year the figures have reached hi O'her totals' and the 1935 results given below show an of 2 320 and 26,612 miles on the 1934 figures :-

which has received the expressed approval of the Mines Department, and the latter contributing at the rate of one penny per man per week which secures the free use of an ambulance at need for the subscriber and his dependents.

The ordinary hire charges are 1/ 3d per mile up to 100 miles and 1/ - thereafter; and private individuals are encouraged to enrol as regular su bscribers as it is easier fo r those with fixed incomes to make a small contribution regularly than to meet the necessarily high cost of ambulance transport at times when normal resources are being heavil y Laxed.

FIRST AID AND THE COAL TRIMMING INDUSTRY.

In order to stimulate the intereft in first aid work recentl y among coaltrimmers, a good number of whom at CardIff, Penarth and Barry have been attending Courses of Instruction, the South Wales Area TrimminO' B-oard called a meeting of a Sub-Committee at which the P-;'iory was aske 'i to send a representative Lo discuss in detail the proposal to run an ambulance com petition. Accordingly, rules were drafted for a contest open to teams from any of the Sou t h Wales Ports of Cardiff, Penarth, Barry, Newport, Por Talbot, Swansea and Llanelly. June 24th was selected as suitablE' date for the competition, which will be held 111 Cardiff; and the Priory will appoint judges and steward s

SEASIDE lVlEMBERS TRAIN IN LIFE SA\'ING.

The Brigade Ambulance and Nursing Divisions, whic h have entered enthusiastically into all branches of ambulance work, including enrolment- as members of Voluntary Aid Detachments, have taken steps to increase the value of th e ir services at the Seaside Huts where daily duty is undertak en the summer months by training in Life Savin g For thIS purpose, they have to attend classes held in Cardi ff under the of the Royal Life Saving Society; and the public appreCIatIOn of theIr work at the First Aid Stations is indicated in the fact that the Penybont Urban Council recently made a grant of i, 10 towards th e trave1l1l1g' expenses involved in taking the Course in Cardiff

In the report submitted by the Barry and District Corps on the year 1935, reference is made to the tremendou s amout of .work 'put in by Ambulance and Nursing :Members at the First Ald Stations and Lost Children's Creche a t Barry Island. It is no wonder that the pu blic finds it difficult to believe that all services rendered by the Brigade ar e voluntary when they see such persistent devotion to duty as that given, for instance, by these Barry members, wh o treated 2,568 cases and took care of 1,289 lost children in on e a total contribution of 2,370 hou rs service on the part of a single Corps. -

At the Ki?gston, Surrey, police court recently, it w a s again emphaSised that drivers of ambulances even with urgent cases, must obey traffic signals.

Razlway Ambulance News.

Great Western.

NEYLAl D.--Councillor W. E. WinLer presided over the annual presentation of awards to members of the N ambulance class on January 4th, the occasion bemg a musIcal evening. Among the guests present were Mr. J. F. Lean, Principal Assistant to the General Manager, and Mrs. Lean, Councillor W. R. Davies and Dr. and Mrs. J. A. K. Douglas. Reference was made in the secretary's report to the fact that 100 per cent. of the class were successful in examination, and to their cont1l1ued prowess in competition work. The awards were distributed by Mr. and Mrs. Lean.

WOLVERHAMPTON.--At a smoking concert held at the Mitre Hotel on January 17th, members of the Wolver.ambulance class, 85 in number, received their exaI?l11atlOn awards Q.t the hands of Mr. W. Nicholls, statIOn rna ter. 1\1r. W. H. Briance, goods agent, preslded over the gathering. A of the challenge cup awarded for the best 1l1dlVIduai work in the Birmingham Division, was presented to Mr. A. J. Soffe, who had won the trophy twice in succession.

BRITON FERRY.-Members of the Briton Ferry ambulance class organised their annual concert at the Grandison Hotel on January 14th, when Mr. W. R. Lewis, the newly-appointed station master, presided, and Mr. B. Thomas distributed examination awards, assisted by Mr. A. H. Pollard, secretary. The awards included the Company:'s gold medal for 15 years' efficiency to Mr. J. M. Dav1es, a former class secretary and instructor.

Serving Brothers of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem: A. Copsey, Passenger Guard, Stratford-on-Avon' L M Starr, Clerk, Cheltenham; F. Overbury Oerk Hockley: F Male, Foreman, Martock; W. G. Parker: Foreman' BrIstol; and T. A. Rumbelow, Examiner, Oxford.

London and Nopth Eastern. AREA.

l?ARLINGTON.-The Darlington District half-yearly meetl11g was held in the Co-operative Hall Darline-ton on Saturday, January 17th, at which 7+ the classes in the District attended. Mr. A. Lockey preSIded.

The President, Mr. T. B. Hare, referred to the loss to the ambulance cause through the death of Dr. M. Buchanan, who on coming to Darlington some 20 years ago, c:t once becar:ne a lecturer, and later appointed class exam1l1er and adjudicator in the North Eastern Area. Dr. Buchanan had the honour of Serving Brother in the Order of St. John. The delegates stood in silence as a mark of condolence.

S. Co?per, Secretary, York, congratulated the dIstrIct on Its effiCIency and on behalf of the Divisional General Manager presented a long service gold medal to Mf. T. F. Heslop and the 20 years gold bar to Mr. J. Swap, both of Darlington.

In the c.oalfield the Stations are maintained by the support of Colliery and other Companies and employees the former at the rate of one shilling per per whlc.h discharges the mine owner of his statutory ?bJlgatlOn to provide ambulance transport to convey sick or lI1Jured workmen to either home or hospital in a manner

The National Safety Congress of the National" Safety First" Association (Inc.) will be held in London at the Park Lane Hotel on May 20th to 22nd. The Duke of York, Patron of the Association, has consented Lo give Lhe opening address. Full particulars can be obtained from the Association at Terminal II Cluse, 52 Grosvenor Gardens London S.W.1. "

DIVISIONAL COMPETlTIONs.-Entries for the Company'.s divisional ambulance competitions have been received from all parts of the line during the past weeks. The teams include III in the advanced class and 180 in the beginners' class, and the contests will take place in each of the seventeen Divisions into which the line is during February, local doctors being engaged as adJ udIcators. The competition arrangements are in the hands of the divisional secretaries. There will be much keenness this year in the Chester and Central Wales Divisions, in both of which additional trophies have recently been presented, the "J. R. Morris" Shield at ?-nd the Davies" Shield at Oswestry, Wh1ch WIll be ava1lable for competition for the first time. The former trophy was presented by the Div. Supt., Mr. J. R. Morris of Chester, and the latter by the District Traffic Manager, Mr. Spurrell Davies of Oswestry. Each of the seventeen divisions is now equipped with both an advanced and beginners' trop'hy, and in some additional trophies are also available for certain areas. The contests will be followed by the semi-final competition which will decide the eight teams for the Final cOI;test at Paddington. This semi-final contest will take place at Newport, Bristol, Birmingham and Paddington, and the adjudicators will be Dr. S. McCormac of Newport, and Dr. W. Crawford of Southall, both of whom have considerable competition experience.

HONOURS.-For valuable services in the extension of the ambulance movement over a long period of years, the following G.W.R. employees have been selected as

The Darlington District Secretary, Mr. S. P. Thom,Pso!1, gave a very interesting teport on the \o\'ork of the dIstrICt, and stated 2-1- classes had been formed this session which was an increase of four over the previous year.

HULL.--The annual whist drive and dance was held in Metropole Hall, Hull, on Frid a y, January 10th, at whIch over 300 members and friends attended.

The event was a great success and a splendid dance programme was provided by Billy Harvison and his band. The dance M.e. was 11f. S. 1\larshall, whilst 1\11'. F. R. Chc:rlton assisted by Mr. A. O. Sayner, officiated at WhIst.

Amongst those present were l1r. G. B. Milsom, vicePresident and Dock Supt., Western Dock, and Mr. W. Gardner, Dock Engineer's Department.

Mr. S. Cooper, Centre Secretary, on behalf of the Divisional General Manager, presented a long service gold medal to Mr. H. Bentley.

The success of the event was due to the untiring efforts of Mr. G. H. Oakes, District Secretary, and the energetic members of his Committee.

UNDERLAND.-The annual presen t ation of awards in connection with the Sunderland Oass was held last month Mr. L. BalIan, the District Supt., Sunderland, congratulated the class and also the team which took second place in the district competition. He also presented awards numbering 29, and the" Lewi " Cup to 1\1r. F. J ames, the best first-year member; a clock to 1\1r. F. H. Key, who recently relinquished the position of class secretary after 12 years in that office; and a silver spoon to Dr. E. Thorp, class lecturer.

Mr. S. Cooper, Centre Secretary, York, on behali

F IRST

of the DiyislOnal General 1\lanager, presellted a sen'ice gold medal to Mr. S. Bailes and to Mrs. 1. Robinson, on behalf of her late husband who had been chairman to the class for many years.

:\1r. Cooper, in his remarks) that 124 classes \1 ere held in the Area last seSSIOn) at whlCh 2,696 students hac! successfully passed examinations and hoped the classes would this year reach 130 with. 3,000. students.

The new class secretary, :\11'. T. DIxon, IS to be congratulated on the splendid arrangements.

The West Riding first "Novice" ambulance competItlOn was held at Wakefield (Westgate) Station on Saturday) January 25th, 'when teams from Pudsey, Lofthouse, Stanningley) Drighlington and Westcompeted for a new Shield which has presented to the Ambulance Committee of the West Rldl11g by the Station lIIasters' and Agents' Social Union of the District. The team consisted of four members and only one member had had previous team experience. The stretcher test which was set in " line" with the badge in the centre of the Shield was judged by ]'l'1r. Gracie, District Supt., and the Viva Voce by 1\Ir. 'vV. Dickinson, Leeds, D.S.O., both gentlemen setting their own tests. The total marks obtainable was 246 and the result was as follows: 1, Pudsey, 149; 2, Stanningley, 131; 3) Drighlington) 129; 4, Lofthouse, 127; 5, Westgate, 106.

The shield and prizes were presented to the winning team by Mrs. Gracie after a very successful competition and the afternoon was well completed by the splendid tea, provided by the officials and members of the Wakefield (,\Vestgate) Class.

SOUTHERN AREA.

LuuTH.-There was a large attendance of members of the Louth class recently, when a presentation ,vas made to 1\11'. ]. 'vV. 'vVhite; the han. secre t ary, who has recently retired from the Company's service.

11r. E. Mitchell (station master), presided, and l\Ir. J. 'vV. Mouncey District Ambulance Secretary, made the presentation, which consisted of a travelling case.

ORWICII-The seventh: annual competition for the X orwich District Officers Shield was held at the Ail",;yn Hall, or\\'ich, on January 25th.

The judges were (team test): Capt. W. Goodley, M.C., Commissioner, TO. 1 District S.J.A.B. and (individual le:,ts ) I\Ir. C. ]. Fitch, District Officer) o. 1 District S.].A.B.

The team test was as follows:-

"You are outside the ambulance class room) near a 1ram terminus, chatting with your team. You see a mall about to alight from a tram. The man slips and then falls, striking a shop window) breaking it." Time limit) 15 minutes.

The total maximum points were 380, the results being as follows: 1, Yarmouth Southtown, 277; 2, Norwich, 257; 3, Attleborough) 238; 4, Yarmouth Vauxhall) 223; 5 (tied), Wymondham and Brandon) 212; 6) Lowestoft, 196; 7, Thetford, 154.

The winning team comprised Messrs. W. Page (captain), H. Winter, J. Cowen and T. Styles.

Mr. E. F. Greenfield, District Supt., presided at the presentation of the shield and prizes, and was supported oy :'11'. H. R Statham) District Goods and Passenger Manager, Mr. H. G. Fish) District Loco' Supt. Mr. F. Bender, Acting District Civil Engineer; M/ II. G. Rampling, Asst. District Supt., and Mr. R. D. Brown Secretary for the competition. Mr. T. O. Mein, Mrs: \"".T. R. Magnus, Mrs. C. J. Fitch) and Mrs. H. R. Statham

A I D.

were also present. The Chairman expressed the appreciation of the District Officers at the keenness shown ill the ambulance movement. In a complimentary referellce to the Competition Secretary, he said they aJl hoped Ir. Brown would continue to hold his office, in which cas e they would have a very efficient officer.

1\1rs. 'vV. R. Magnus then presented the shield and prizes to the winning teams) the first prize) in addition to the honour of holding the shield) consisting of cake stand s, and the second prize) fruit spoons.

In response to a vote of thanks to the judges, proposed by the captain of the winning team, and seconded by the captain of the Norwich team, Capt. Goodley, in a little aclyice to the competitors) urged them to get their diagnosi s as quickly as possible and then look after their patien t. He congratulated the competing teams) adding that th e standard that day was well up to that of the district competitions.

Mr. H R. Statham, in proposing a vote of thanks t Ll Mrs. Magnus, referred to the great work done hy the late Mr. VV. R. Magnus and Mrs. Magnus.

A very hearty vote of thanks was accorded Mr Bayfield, Secretary of the Railwaymen's Social an cl Athletic Club for allowing the use of the Ailwyn Hall th at afternoon.

Southern.

HONOURs.-It is pleasing to report that Dr. lall Curl', Hon. Medical Lecturer to the S.R. Ambulance Class at Poole, has recently been appointed Honorary Life Member of the St. John Ambulance Association.

A further award of the Order which has given much pleasure is that of Serving Brother to Mr. E. Uzzell of Southampton Docks.

The following members o[ the Southern Railway staff have qualified for the Long Service Award:Silver Medal (14 years), Frank Collins) Signalman, Vauxhall; William H. Leigh, Ptr. Signalman, Hever. Bronze Medal (7 years), Harold]. Wansbury, Clerk J t. Accts., Waterloo; Sidney C Baker) Bill Poster , Cannon Street; Gordon 1\1. Gibhs) Clerk, Jt. Accts ., Waterloo.

TIKE ELl\IS.- There was a large gathering at the Brunswick Institute recently when the Nine Elms ambulance section was responsible for the third year in succession for entertaining 250 children whose ages ranged between 5 to 14--offsprings of employees at Nin e Elms Prior to tea being served) light music was renc!ereu by Nora Blakemore's Band, thus preparing the kid dies for the most important item of the evening-the tea itselL This part of the programme was an enormous success, judging by the way the eatables were speedily cleared , and here the section tender their best thanks to all the ladies who kindly assisted. Tea over) the band entertained whilst the hall was prepared for the remainder o f the show, which included marionettes, conjurer, clown, ventriloquist, etc., arranged by Miss Mansell) the popular Secretary of the Brunswick Institute, to whom thanks were c onveyed in the shape of a bouquet by one of the little girls attending the party. There is no question about it, the children had a thoroughly enjoyable time) and the members of the Nine Elms section, individually and collectively, are to be congratulated on the result of their efforts.

SOUTHAMPTON DocKs.-Members of the Southampton Docks District and their friends spcnt an enjoyablc time

FIRST

011 Friday, January 31st) when a large gathering of 240 \Vas present at the Annual Dinner.

Mr. E. ]. Missenden) M.B.E. (Docks and Marine Manager) presided) and was accompanied by Mrs. Missenden. Others present included Dr. H. C. Attwood and Mrs. Attwood, Dr. John Clayre, Dr. W. L. M. Bigby and Mrs. Bigby, Mr. E. Uzzell (Chairman) Docks Centre) and Mrs. Uzzell, Commander W. A. Graham, O.B.E.)

Captain W. H. Whittle, O.B.E., and Mrs. Whittle, -:\I[r. C. Whittle, Mr. C. B. H. Clark) Mr. and Mrs. H. Mustard, 1\1r. and Mrs. M. H. Jones, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Gillingham (Redbriclge Centre), Miss Tutte (Secretary, S.].A.B.), Mr. H. S. Thomas (S.].A.B.), Mrs. Thomas) Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Tate and Mr. H. Winter.

The opportunity was taken to present to Mr F. C. 'vV ren, of the Docks Engineers' Department, Southampton Docks, with a meritorious award, issued by the Southern Railway Centre.

Before asking Mrs. E. J. Missenclen to m a ke the presentation, Mr. L. B. Petty (Hon. Secretary, Southampton Docks District) said that Mr. Wren joined thc ambulance movement in 1925. Since that time he had served on the Southampton Docks Committee, as representatiYe for his department, and had taken an active part in coaching teams as well as being an instructor. In addition to his niany duties in the docks, he had coached various jm' enile organisations, and was from 1928 to 1933 the Secretary of the Southampton Corps of the S.J.A.B.

A humorous note was introduced when Mr. Edgar Uzzell and Commander 'vV. A. Graham, in a dual speech on B.B.C. conmmentary lines, proposed a toast to the success of the St. John Ambulance Association.

Dr. John Clayre in proposing a toast to the Chairman, coupled with 1\1rs. E. ]. Missenden; remarked how their manager inspired everyone with thctt sense of duty :0 typical of himself.

Mr. Missenden, in reply, said how happy he was to be present. and to be able to bring Mrs. Missenden with him. He said that the large attendance proved the all1bulance 1I10vement to be a real) live; driving force.

[11 the last six months of 1935 over 15,000 accident cases had been treated on the Southern Railway) and sil1ce the moyement had begun over 28,000 Southern Rail\yay employees had qualified to render first aid.

He wished good fortune and success to the men's learns competing in the group and to the ladies' team which would be competl11g for the General :\lanager's Cup.

He offered his congratulations to l\'Ir. Wren on receiving' thc Award of Merit and also to Mr. Uzzell [or the c onferred upon him hy the Order o[ St. John, 1)1 Sen ing Br()ther.

Holger Niels o n Me t hod of J\ pt ificial Respi ration. *

IN the August issue of the bulletin, was published an account of the Holger-Niclson method of Artificial Respiration (reprinted from FIRST Am), drawing attention to the claims made for this new method and at the same time, pointing out that

* NOTE.-Full particulars of this method was publishcd in the May and june,1935, issues of FIRST i\W.

A 1 D. 207

the Schafer method was still the official one for St. ] ohn's.

As much publicity has been given to the Nielson method, both in the public press and first aid publications, the following information from a report of official tests made will be of much interest.

VVe are in d e bted to Dr. 1\1. 1\1. Crawford, the Provincial Coroner of Ontario, and to 1\1r. W ills Maclachlan for the following details. 1\1r. Maclachlan is consulting engineer of Toronto and for some years has made a special study of the different methods of artificial respiration. He is responsible for directing public utility employees in Ontario in methods of artificial respiration particularly adaptable to electric shock cases.

In order thoroughly to test out the Tielsol1 method, as com pared with that of Schafer, the Provincial Coroner of Ontario held a conference in the early summer, at which, in addition to the Provincial Coroner and Mr. '\Iaclachnan, the following were presen t : the 1\Iedical Health Officer of Toronto, the l\Iedical Officer attached to the Life Saving Station, the Secretary of the Canadian Amateur Swimming Association, the Consulting Surgeon of the Hydro Electric Power Commission of Ontario and several assistants.

The Kielson method was first demonstrated on several life savers; then the standard technique of Schafer. In each case the patient felt that there was more assistance by the Schafer method than by 1 ielson.

Further to test the efficacy of these two methods by scientific means, a meeting was held at the Toronto General Hospital, one week later. Present at this meeting the Provincial Coroner, :Med ical Officer of the Life Saving Station, the Consulting Surgeon of the Hydro Electric Power Commission and several doctors of the hospital staff. 1\Ir. l\Iaclachlan again demonstrated two methods for five minutes each and by usc of a spi rometer, nose and mouthpiece, the tidal air was measured. After the tests, the records were developed by the hospital staff and showed that the average tidal air by the Schafer method was sixty per cen t. greater than the tidal air by the Neilson method; or, in tidal air alone, the Schafer method was sixty per cent. more efficient than the Nielson. method. Moreover, it appeared the Nielson method entailed a good deal more effort.

It was the considered opinion of all who took part in the above tests that the. is still t.he better method to use in resuscltatlon. - Canadwlt Fz'nt Azd.

When you write to any of our Advertisers kindly mention FIRST AID. It dosen't cost you anything and it pleases the Advertisers, and Us.

Police Ambulance News.

ATIONAL POLlCE FIRST A ID COMPETITION.

TJle final of the above, as announced in our last issue, will take place at the Central Hall, We st min ster, London, on Friday, February 28th. Durin g the last month the district prelimin ary contests were held in nine areas and, as the result of these, some new teams will be a mon g the fi nalists. The number of teams enter in g the preliminary round this yea r was 111 ; this be in g an increase of five over 193 5.

The following are the reports of the di strict competitions ;-

No. 1 Districl.-This di strict s upplied the ultim a te winners of the final last year and again it will be r e presented by a team from Liverpool; the No.2 team winning- the event by 343 points, being followed by Lancashire, 33 1 points, a nd Blackpool, 322 points. Two members of this year's successful team were members of the 1935 team. The jud ges were Dr. 1. G. Modlin, O.B.E., and Dr. J. F. Hamilton. The Ch ief Constable of Lancash ir e (Capt. A F. Horden, A.F.C.) presented the « Molley" Cup to the Liverpool No.2 team a nd the" Major Cran " Shield to the runners-up.

No.2 District.-York was the venue for this competition

On J anuary 29th thirteen teams competed, Dr. F. S. Hardy being the individual test judge and Dr. K. H. Beverley that for the team test. Scarborough were declared the winners wit h 257 points followed by Durham, 241]- points, and Sunderland, 238 points.

No.3 District.-Held on J anuary 16th, at Doncaster, Yorks. W.R. « B" team were the winners. E leven teams competed in this district; the judges being Dr. ]. M. Hermon and Dr. ]. E. King. Yorks. W. R. "C" team were second and Leeds third.

The test set the No.1 of each team was as fo ll ows ;-

CARD.-What is Asphyxia? You are on your beat when you are hurriedly summoned to a nearby house where a man has ju st been found with his head in a gas oven. D escribe what you would do. Time, three minutes.

Asphyxia is a continuo u s want of pure air 1

Causing unconsiousness

Hurry into house (1) direct the turning off of the gas at the main (2) 3

The extinguishing of all naked lights (1) the opening of all door and windows (1) 2

Obtain a scad or handkerchief (1) thoroughly d amp it (1) 2

App ly to nose and mouth (1) enter gas -fill e d room (1) crawl to oven (I) 3

Turn off oven tap (precaution) (1) drag man out of room (1): 2

Perform artificia l respiration (1) undo a ll tight c lothing (1) send for doctor (1) 3

Promote warmth: extra coverings (1) hol water bottles, etc (1) 2

When able to swa llo w (1) introduce sips of hot fluid into cheeks (1) 2

Order Amb ulan ce (1) convey to hospital (1) watch for any failure of breathing (1) 3 25

No.4 District.- This co mpetition was h eld at Birmingham on January 16th, when s ixtee n teams presented themselves before Dr. W. E. Audland, M. B. E. (team) and Dr. G. D. E. Tullis (individual). Two teams from Birmingham occupied the first two positions the No. 2 team beating No. 1 by 247 points to 235 points. Wolverhampton were third.

A I D.

The following test was set Nos. 3 and 5 :CARD - Nos. 3 and 5.-This man was the driver of a lorry involved in a « head-on" collision with another lorry

You find him lying on the floor of a crowded room in a nearby house where he has been carried by onlookers. Time limit 7 minutes from receiving this card.

FIRST

By rubbing the hand s with methylated or other spirit 1

In the treatment of Bruises 1

By app ly in g lint soaked in equal parts of spi rit an d water 2

In the trealment of st in gs of plants and insects 1

Mop the part freely with spirit 2

In the case of a bite by a venomous snake 1

If permanganate is not avai labl e apply spirit copiously.

(b) Permanganate of Potash .

In s nak e-b it e, scratch the skin and rub in powdered p erma n ganate 2

In opium poisoning, ten grains in a t umbl er of water 2

Ge n era promptness and efficiency 2

30

No.6 District.-On J a nu ary 30th nine teams competed at Brighton, Dr. W. E. Peck and Dr. H. R. McAleenan being the judges. Rei gate Borough will represent this district having scored 241 marks against 234 marks of Brighton Borough and 211 marks of West Sussex. Portsmouth City, last year's finalists, were placed fifth

No.7 District.-Three teams only competeJ in this district com petit ion which was judged by Dr. A P. Gorham an d held at Taunton on January 30th. The result was Bath City, 256 points, Exeter City (last year's finalists), 243 points, and Plymouth City, 238 points.

2

Ask dri ver of car for ru g-wrap round patient 2

Lay patient down 2

Examine right l eg; notice trouser torn over sh in , and blood stained 2

Ask if loss of power (yes) notice deformity 2

Iodine fingers 1

Expose wound; find arterial haemorrhage and bone protruding .. . 2

Iodine to wo und ; and clean dressing 2

No.1 apply direct pressure to P. Point 10 3

No.2 stead ies and supports limb 2

Place limb in as natura l position as possible without u si.n g force or extension and tie both feet together 4

Prepare and app l y tourniquet at P. Point 11 3

Release pressure at Point 10 ; heamorrhage controlled by tourniquet... 2

Ask driver of police car to 'phone for ambulance; It will come immediately 2

Patient faints; face pale, pulse rapid and weak, skin cold, breathing- quick-sighing and irregular 4

Apply extra warmth, and head lowered and turned to one side 2

Prepare splints; apply to outer side of limb 2

App ly two narrow bandages, one above, one below fracture, and round both legs 2

Apply one narrow bandage round both legs above knees 2

Apply one narrow bandage round both ankles 2

Apply one broad bandage round both knees 2

No.8 District.-l\lonmouthshire, last year's finalists and winners of the "Pim" Trophy in 1932 and 1933, were beaten into second place by Breconshire who obtained 249 points against 243 points. Hereford were placed third with 227 points. The competition was held at L1andudno on J anuary 29th, the judges being Col. C. H. S. Redmond and Dr. R. Wyse. Eleven teams com peted.

Patient less faint. Ambulance arrives, one attendant; prepare and load stretcher-mem bers of team acting as 3 and 4, attendant and driver as 1 and 2 7

When accompanying the patient to hospital, a careful watch must be kept on :-

1. The general condition of the patient

2 Any dressings and the tourniquet... 4

60

No.5 Dist ric t.-This was held at Pe e l House, London , o n J a nuar y 24th, when the judges were Dr. R. B. Dunca n (team) and Dr. ]. Stanley D avies (i ndividual) Eleven teams com peted and after a good co mpetition Great Yarmouth were declared th e winners, followed by East Suffolk and Luton. Cambridgeshire, last year's finalists, were fourth Chief Constable R. J. Pearson (Cambridge Borough) thanked the officials of Peel House for their hospitality; the doctors a nd the stewards. Mr. B. W. Smith (Chief Constab le Gt. Yarmouth) who acted as competition secretary, also expressed thanks.

The No 5 of each team had a viva voce test which was as follows

:-

Wh e n and how does the text book recommend the us e of-(a) Alchohol or spirit

Defer the administration of alcohol until the arrival of a do c tor 3

Wounds by poisoned weapons...

Bites of snakes and rabid animals 2

Two tablesroonfuls in a wineglass of water

Poisoning by Prussic acid and Cyanide of Potassium... 2

Brandy and water in equal parts freely 2

To prevent contamination of wounds 2

o. 9 District.-Twenty-five teams entered in this District competition and it was necessary to hold two preliminary competitions. These were held on J anuary 7th and 10th, the judges being Capt. A. C. 'White Knox and Dr. H. Dunlop. As a resu l t of these twelve teams, 2 City and 10 Metropolitan, competed in the final eliminating which took place at Peel House, on J anua r y 21st. The judges on this occasion were Dr. R. B. Duncan (team) and Dr. H. A. Fenton (individual). After some excellent work had been witnessed, "F" Division were declared the winners, followed by "J " only four marks behind, with" S " third. Col. Drummond, Deputy Commissioner, Metropolitan, handed Lo the winning team a handsome silver cup which had been presented by Sir Hugh Turnbull, Commissioner City Police, for the winners of the No. 9 District Com petition. Thi s gift was great l y admired and app r ec iated by the competitors.

It was pleasing to note at the preliminary competitions a nd at the elimin ati n g test so many officers present to give encouragement to their men. They included Sir Hugh Turnbull, Commissioner; Capt. Davison, Ass istant. Commis sioner; Dr. Gibbons, l\lajor Lockhart Gow, Cbief S u pt. Boo t h, of the City Force; Col. Drummond, Deputy Commi ssio n er; Sir Percy Laurie, Asst. Comm i ssio ner; Dr. Isaac J ones, Mr. George Abbi s, Deputy Asst. Commi ss ion er of the Metropolitan Force. In addition Chief Constables, Superintendents a nd oth ers gave th eir support.

The indi vidual test set Nos. 4 and 5 in this di st ri ct was as follows :-

CARD.-You a r e on duty in a police ca r on a n arteria l road; yo u have a h aversac with you. A man is run int o by a private car; the driver is uninjur ed, and offers help. W eat her cold but fine. Act. Time, 6 minutes.

Tell patient to keep still; enco ur aging words 2

Ask patient where he feels pain (severe right leg ) 2

The teams competing in the final will therefore be Liverpool No.2, Scarborough, Yorks. W. R. " B," Birmingham No.2, Great Yarmouth, Reigate Borough, Bath City, Breconshire, and" F" Division letropolitan. The Challenge Cup and prizes will be presented by the Home Secretary, Sir Jobn Simon.

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Carbon Monoxide.

A DANGER OF THE l\IA CH INE AGE.

By PROFESSOR D. F. Fl{ASER-HARRIS, M.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.E.

" THE result of t.his deprivation of oxygen in the tissues is to set up a very serious physiological condition. Everything goes \\; rong when the lifesupporting oxygen is lacking. The heart is enfeebled and the vital centres of the nervous system suffer grievously."

This serious condition was unknown two generations ago. Carhon monoxide may be said to be one of the unfortunate but unescapable by-products of modern life. Nobody is for long outside the menace of its sphere of action. As it is one of the gases produced in coal mines after an explosion, miners a re often fatally poisoned b y it; and since the colour of the blood in their bodies is rather pinker than that of healthy blood, the corpses on being brought to the s urface have so fresh and life-like an appearance that the distracted relatives at the pit-head can scarcel y be made to believe that the men are dead.

Owin g to the universality of machinery whose f uel is petrol, carbon monoxide is liable to be encountered her e, there and everywhere in the exhaust gases Thus in cities in calm weather where there is much motor traffic in narrow streets flanked by high buildings as in the ol d " City" of London, there is a great tendenc y for this gas to accumulate in the stagnant air. We should remem b e r that the nearer to the g round is the ex haust, the lower in the atmosph ere will the poisonous gases be found. Children ar e therefore liable to be exposed to this layer of air. But even airmen who soar aloft may be victims of this pois o n. It has been maintained that, for instance, policemen on c. point-duty" are not exempt from the influence of the carbon monoxide seeing that they must stand for hours in the midst of slowly moving vehicles discharging their exhaust gases quite close beside them. Of course the risks run in unventilated garages are known to everyone. To build an unventilated garage is worse than a blunder, it is a hygienic crime.

T'he presence of the poisonous carbon monoxide gas in the blood can be determined only by the methods of modern physiological chemistry.

Carbon monoxide is a gas which is very much more deadly than its ally, carbon dioxide or carbonic acid. gas, the familiar product of burning and breathing. Although it has only one atom of oxygen less than carbon dioxide, its chern ical pro-

perties are quite different and it poisons animals after another fashion. Carbon monoxide is prod uced 111 the l17zp elJect com bustion of man y materials.

As everyone now knows, carbon monoxide is one of the waste-prod ucts of the com bustion of petrol, the fuel for the engines of motor-cars ami aeroplanes. Carbon monoxide is by itself odourless ; our sense of smell therefore cannot give US any warning that we are breathing it at all, for instance, in an unventilated garage.

Thus the disagreeable smell of the exhaust of motor cars is not due to one of the most poisonous of the constituents of the exhaust gases.

The manner In which carbon monoxide poisons us is, in a sense, z"ndzrect for it prevents us obtaining our life giving oxygen. In ordinary healthy breathing, the oxygen of the atmosphere which has been taken into the lungs forms a feeble chemical union with the red colouring matter of the blood called hcemoglobin.

This oxyhcemoglobin on arriving at the living t iss ues readily parts with its oxygen to the tissues which have a great avidity for this their one gaseous food. The hcemoglobin now bereft of some (not all) of its oxygen returns in the circulating blood to the lungs to t a ke up fresh oxygen from the air in the lungs, and so on indefinitely.

Hcemoglobin may, therefore, be called the oxygen-carrier. Thus in anaemias where the amount of hcemoglobin is d e ficient, the tissues get too little oxygen and the sufferers are pale people easily tired and readily made to pant when they engage in exercise.

Now when carbon monoxide gains entrance into the lungs a totall y different state of matters ensues. The carbon monoxide forms with the hcemoglobin not a loose union like that with oxyge n but a remarkabl y firm one. The result of this is that the oxygen can not displace the carbon monoxide, and, not gaining access to the blood, is not carried to the tissues. The tissues are thus starved of oxygen, or in other words, asphyxiated. The union of the one gas with the hcemoglobin is so much stronger than the other that the essential oxygen cannot displace the poisonous monoxide. It is like a feeble ineffectual person unable to occupy a seat because some bullying disagreeable person is in possessiion of it and will not give it up.

The result of this deprivation of oxygen in the tissues is to set up a very serious physiological condition. Everything goes wrong when the life supporting oxygen is lacking. The heart is enfeebled and the vital centres of the nervous system suffer grievously. The nervous system must have abundance of oxygen in order to perform its many and delicate functions. - Reprinted from New Healtlz.

Our Nurses' Pages.

COMPILED BY AMBULANCE SISTER .

No. 1 DI STR I CT, S J .A. B. WE STERN AREA.

EALING NURSING DIVISION.- The first Se r vice ;,Iedal awa rd ed to a member of this Division was presented to Lady Ambul a nc e Offic e r Miss E. M. Smart, at the Annual General Meeting h eld on Tuesday, J anua ry 14th Miss V. Baxter) L ady Div. Supt.) on beha l f of the Co mmission e r exp r essed appreciation of the work of Miss S mart. Th e meda l and certificate were then presented by Cty C r. Mr s E. H. Brooks) President of the Division, who occupi ed the chair on this occasion.

A so und fin a ncial pos iti on, upon w hi ch :lVIrs. Brooks co mmented favourably) was shOlv11 by the balance sheet. The. bank balance h ad increased from £12 ll s 7d. at the be g innin g of the ye.ar to £31 12s. 1d. , from which ch eques amounting to abo ut £10 had been paid.

Pr esen ti ng h er. r epo rt, Miss Baxter, whose duties were int e rrup ted during the year by illness, expressed her app r ec iati on of the work carried o u t by Miss Sm art and ot her officers during her absence

Th e year, she said) had been a satisfactory one. The financial statement was the best they had ever had, which was mainly du e to the proceeds of the flag day, amount in g to £50 Os. 1d. , and of a dance h eld early in 1935. Membership was satisfactory; three members had resigned and seven new o nes had enrolled . Attached to the Division was a Lady Ambulance Officer from overseas Public d uti es had increased; during the year 650 were undertaken. Members of the Division had rendered First Aid to 287 cases as compa r ed with 163 the previous year.

H ospital duties numbered 333.

Th e Division had been represented in all the Area com petitions. It competed for the Mountgarret Cup, the MacFadden Tr op hy, and the Brooks Efficiency Trophy, t h e last being won for the fourth time.

Insp ect in g Offic e r H. B. F. Dixon's report upon the V.A.D. last summer was very satisfactory.

Miss Baxter said t h at she hoped a first aid class would be f o rm ed at Greenford in the near future, and that eventually a section would be established there Greenford was a g rowin g district) and it ne eded a Nursing Section. Last year a cl ass was formed) but it was not very successluI) although some of the students took the exam inati on.

The Cadet Division had a membership of 35, Miss Baxter added, and was flourishin g under Miss Wild er. The Divi sio nal Cup had been won for the second time hy Ambul a nc e Sist e r Mrs. Byron.

EASTERN AREA.

FAIRLOP NURSING DIV ISIO::--r.-The mem ber s of this Division held th eir first annua l d inner and dance on Thursday, January 16th, at the Red House Hot el.

Despite the wintry weather) t h ere was a gat herin g of nearly 200 members and fri ends. T wo ent husi asts showed their loyalty to the Divisi on by travelling to the d inn er from consid e rable distances) one havin g come that day Ir om Derby and the other from Wigan.

Mr. M. Browne, who took the chair, was accompanied by Mrs. Browne. The principal guests were Capt.. V!. Goodley, M.C, Commissi one r) and Mrs. Goodley; Rob lma, Viscount ess Mount g arr et, Dam e Grand Cross, Order of St. John , Asst. County Co ntr olle r) V.A.D., Essex; Asst. Commissioner Capt. W. Kenc1all, anc1 Mrs. Kendall; La d\'

District Supt. Miss A. 1\I. Walker; District Officer T. McBride; District Officer J. Kemp) and Mrs. Kemp; Lady District Officer Mrs. Morrish and Ambulance Officer :'Iorrish; Dr. "V. Benton; Miss E. Fairbairn, Matron) King Geo rge Hospital; and Miss Harri son

The toast of c. Fairlop Nursing Division}) was proposed by Capt. Goodley.

"In the Order of St. John and in the Brigade," he said, "we are taught ne\'er to he selfish, and to look after the welfare of our fellow men.

"The formation of the Fairlop Nursing Division has been justified by the progress made up to the present," Capt. Goodley continued) "and I have no doubt that it will be guaranteed in the future hecause the right people are running it. This Division \"as formed in May, 1935, under l'drs. 1\lay Browne, and to-day there are 30 members. S ince its formation it has performed 57 public duties; there were 75 calls and 101 hospital attendances. have thus justified their existence, and greatly helped thL staff of the hospital.

c'The leader, Mrs. Browne, ,vas ali\'e to the big responsibilities that devolved upon her. She had a heavy burden. Those intending to join must be interes t ed and have an inclination to deyote their spare time to the service of others; to make up their minds that as members of a uniformed and disciplined organisation, they must be subject to disci p1ine, and be prepared to offer loyalty to those ol'Cr them. \ Vith these three principles the success of a Division \\'as assured," Capt. Goodley declared.

l\Irs. Browne, who responded) expre sed the hope that the Division would lil'C up to Capt. Goodley'S expectations. She expressed thanks for the voluntary help they had received. :\'rr. A Hepworth, Secretary of the hospital, had kindly given them facilities at the hospital. They were indebted to Dr. I. Todd White) who had trained the ladies who formed the first members of the Division; and to l\Irs Howard and her daugh t er for assistance in this respect; Miss E. Fairbairn for giving them opportunity for gaining nursing experience; the Dagenham Ambulance Diyisiol1, whose services had been sought on numerous occasions; Dr. Ro s, Dr. Benton and Sis t er Cy ln es, and also the officers at District Headquarters.

Mrs. Howard submitted the toast of c. The Guests," to which lVIiss Walker replied.

Lady Mountgarret also responded, and said she ",as proud of the record that Essex detachments had created. They gave great help to the hospitals). ,!-nd this was most looked for by the War Office authontles, as such work was es , ential for YA.D.s . The Fairlop Division had a great adyantage over many other sections in that they had a good leader.

Presentations were made to Capt. and Mrs. Good ley and to Mrs. Browne in appreciation of their work fo r the Division.

Ambulance Sister Smith proposed the toast of ,e The Chairman," and spoke of his interest in their work. The Chairman briefly responded.

CEXTRAL AR EA.

Lady Dis trict Officer l\liss l\Iasson ha kindly presented a handsome silver cup for the Area Round of the Competition. Memhers of Ttlrsing Di\' isinl1s

in the Area will be very grateful to her. for hitherto there has been no trophy for this most keenly contested competition. There is now an Area Trophy for each of the competitions.

TEMPLE URSING DIVISIoN.-On January 17th, the annual competition was held for the Divisional Trophy, the "Thekla Bowser" Cup, which is awarded for efficiency in First Aid, Home Nursing and smartness of uniform

The competition was jud ge d by Lady District Officer Miss Grindley, and an interesting and instructive test was given. The winner was Ambulance Sister Miss Button , who held the cup the previous year.

BARCLAY'S BANK NURSING SECTION.-This new section has jus t been formed and all Fir t-Aiders wjJl welcome its members within their ranks, and will hope that it will receive sufficient support to form a Nursing Division of the Brigade.

o. 2 DISTRICT, S.J.A.B.

BATII NURSL'\G DIVISION. - The twenty-eighth annual general meeting of the Bath Nursing Division was held at the Ambulance Headquarters, Edward Street, on January 27th.

Dr. P. Heygate Kno'wles presided, and was supported by Lady Div. Supt. Miss E. Shoesmith, Miss Paul. S.R.N., Lady Supt. V .A.D .• Som e rset 128, and Lady Amb. Officer Miss E. Read.

Reference was made to the death of Miss E. B. Castle, a former Lady Div. Supt. and for 19 years an ardent worker in the Division. Soon after the outb r eak of the last war, she served in the V.A.D. hospital at Newton Park, and also at other camps and hospitals until 1921.

Satisfactory reports were presented by the Divisional Secretary and Divisional Treasurer, and these were adopted unanimously.

Votes of thanks were passed to the doctors and officers for help given during the year.

At several public fetes and shows held in 1935, members of the Division had been present to render first aid when necessary. They had been on duty all day on Jubilee Day, when 60 cases were treated. On June 20th, 21st and 22nd, members had undertaken duty at the Legion Fete (23 cases); also at the Co-operative Fete, July 6th (15 cases), and at the Horse Show, September 4th.

On St. John's Day, June 24th, Dr. Knowles Miss Shoesmith and 16 members attended a County Church Parade at Bridgwater, when Miss e. Tracey received her Service Medal from the County Commissioner.

Home Nursing lectures had been given by Miss Paul during the year. Members had also attended lectures by the B.R.e.S. on anti-gas precautions and on hygIene and sanitation. Examination results from these lectures proved highly satisfactory.

No.4 DISTRICT) S.J.A.B.

BOOTLE NURSING DIVISION.- The Social Committee of the Bootle Nursing Division arranged a whist drive and dance which was held at St. John's Hall. The Mayor and Mayoress, Alderman and Mrs J. W. Clark sh owed their interest in the Division by attending

In spite of the bad weather, the attendance was very good, and .after the Mayoress had presented the prizes won at whIst, Mayor expressed his pleasure at being present, and WIshed all those connected with the Division every success in their efforts.

Amb. Officer A. Gourley acted as M.e. for whist

BLACKPOOL.-The Blackpool Nursing Division held

AID

their cl11nual re-union at Booth's Cafe, when 180 Ambulance Sisters and friends enjoyed a whist drive; supper and dance.

This is a very popular event, and was, as usual, a huge success.

Organised by the " Ways and Means" Committee of the Nursing Division, with Lady Amb. Officer Wolstencroft as Secretary, there "vas not a dull moment all evening

Among the guests were Dr. Isabella A. Milne, District Officer W. H. Gastall, D.e.M., B.Sc., and Mrs. Gastall.

Lady Div. Supt. 1\lrs. S. Kellsall, J.P , presented a third Service Medal Bar to Lady Amb. Officer Bra i thwaite, and a first Service Medal Bar to Amb. Sister Mrs. Marshall.

District Officer Gastall, in a happy little speech , explained that these bars are awarded for each five years' efficient service after the Service Medal has been won. A presentation was also made of the "Martha Wood" cup to Mrs. Hughes who had won it in competition for individual first aid.

SOUTHPORT.-An interesting ceremony took place at the Headquarters of the Southport Corps, when members of the ursing Divisions met for their annual hot-pot supper. There was an attendance of about 40, including G. Farrow (Hon. General Secretary), Corps Supt. G. A. Holt, Mrs. Farrow, and Mrs. Holt.

Oppor tunity was taken to mark the members' appreciation of the services rendered by Miss M. Brown, who for many years has been Lady Supt. of the Nursing Division.

On behal f of the Officers and members of the Corps a handsome fountain pen and leather writing case were to hel- by Corps Supt. G. Holt, who spoke very hIghly of her work during the war as Commandant at the the Woodlands, and the Queens Road HospItals, and since as head of the Nursing Division Miss Bro:,""n, returning thanks for the gifts, said she was not sevenng her connection with the Corps but was going on the Brigade Reserve and hoped to 'have the pleasure of still being amongst them frequently.

ROTARY CLUB LECTURE AT HUDDERSFIELD.-Rotarian

James Phillips, a well-known Bradford surgeon, speaking at the Huddersfield Rotary Club on February 4th on said that many of Miss N Ightmgale s admIrers had a very incorrect idea of her life and character . They thought of her as a gentle lady who, during the Crimean War went to the Crimea and lamp in hand, night after night did a round o'f hospital wards, saying kindly words to the wounded and ailing soldiers, patting their hands and smoothing their pi ll ows.

No picture could well be further from the truth. From the left school, Florence Nightingale was the ?f forceful, reforming energy. Tnstmcbvely she exammed her environment and fastenin cy ?n fl.aws. and had the gift of ImagmatlOn whIch enabled her to devise improvements and the enthusiasm and driving force to compel the who had the power and position to carry through Parliament the necessa r y Acts. She never tackled a problem studying it in all its bearings before she began to a remedy, and her remedy was not suggested until It had .been worked out completely. It was her qualities of bram rather than her gifts of heart which made her like-,,:"ork possible. "More than good intention is necessary m order to do good," she said

Before very long, the larger hospitals first in London and then in the provinces, became schools for nurses after the Nightingale pattern. Then came the

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FIRST

Crimean War, and reports-blacker and still more blackfiltered through to England that all was not well with the nursing services at the front; until from the Sovereign to the man in the street, there 'was a united appeal to Florence Nightingale, begging her to go to the Crimea to reform the war hospitals as she had reformed those at home.

It was the success of the cause, and never her own personal dignity, for which she cared. She fiercely contended against the idea-so prevalent then as now-that reform came of itself if only you allowed sufficient time.

Mr. Phillips declared that the modern hospital nurse, the modern army nurse, the modern army hospital, the elaborate arrangell1ents of the Indian Medical Services for dealing with diseases and infection ,,,ere as truly the inventioJ1 of Florence Nightingale as was the steam engine of James \Y aH or the railway locomotive of George Stephenson.

---._.----

The HOSIJitallel"s' Club.

TilE annual general meeting was held on Friday, January 17th, the Pre s ident, ;\Ir. E. \V. Ja ckson, presiding.

The Secretary (!\Ir. A. E. Wells) reported that the membership was now 110, and referred to the successfu l meetings and social functions held during 1935. He thanked )\[r. H. Langley Jones for the use of his oDlce for committee meetings. The club had lost three members by death: Lt.-Col. F. A. Brooks and Mr. E. W Fearn (both past presidents) and 1\11'. F. Hall. During(he year Col. leeman had been elected an honorary member of the Club. 1\1r. \Vells concluded his report with -tha nk s to all \vho had made his position one of joy.

The treasurer's report, presented by l\I r F E. Stollard, showed a satisfactory position. The auditors congrat ul ated the treasurer on the manner in which the books were kept.

Th e election of officers then followed and was as fo ll ows: President, Mr. A. ]. Bowman; vice· President, lr. A. E. Wells; Treasurer, Mr. F. E. Stallard; Secretary, Mr. A. E. Wells; Auditors, Messrs. Kemp and Hodges; Committee, Messrs. Langley Jones, Standing-ford and Green.

The President and vice- President were vested with their badges of office and both thanked the members for the honour bestowed upon them.

After the Roll Call and the Club's Remembrance had been read the meeting was declared closed.

Th e 17th annual dinner of the Club was held on Saturday, February 8th, at the Connaught Rooms, Mr. A. J. (President) presiding Among the guests were Major-General Sir John Duncan, KC.B., C. l.G., C.V.O , D.S.O., Sir vViJliam Arbuthnot Lane, Bart., Dr. W. Annandale Troup, M.C., Dr. N. Corbet Fletcher and Robinia, Viscountess Mountgarret.

Sir John Duncan proposed" The Hospitaller's Club " The Club, he said, was a most useful institution to the Sl. J ohn [\mbulance Brigade. It brought together office -s of the London Area and ideas are exchanged in a very va lu ab le and friendly manner. Sir John referred to the work of the .l. R. P. ; since the commencement over 1,000 instructors had been trained to instruct members. Classes were a lso to be formed under the A. R. P Auxilliary Reserves throughout the country. work referred to by Sir J ohn, was tha1 done by .members at tl.le funeral of King George V. There were no made In their arrangements and tl1C'

AID.

work "vas extraordinar il y well done a nd in an extremely ef11c ient manner. He wished the H osp it a ll er's Cluh th e sa m e success in the future as it had en oyed in the past.

The President in reply, stated that the Club was started by half-a-dozen men of the Brigade some 16 years ago, and the membership was now greater than at any time. Th e C lub a l tho u gh n amed t h e H ospita ll ers', had nothing to do with hospitals; members must be officers of the Brigade, but on joining, all rank is dr opped and a ll members are equal. The C lub stands fo r h osp itality a nd as a result of that s h own to -ove rseas members, a C lub had been formed in New Zealand.

l\1r. vVells, vice-Preside n t in proposing the toast of " The Visitors," said h ow pleased he was to sec so man\, ladies present He was pleased to welcome Sir J ohn Durlcan who was held in deep regard by all members of the Br igade. He referred to Sir Arbuthnot Lane's work for the heqlth of the public and Dr \nnandale Troup'S research in science and disease by the infra-ray treatment. [r. \\'ell s extended a hearty welcome to all guests

Sir Arbuthnot Lane replied. He had been greatly int e r ested in the Brigade for a long im e He mrlrvelled at the skill and kindly way in which acc id ents were attended. The hospitality of the Club was of the greatest and mo st pleasant and he thanked them for the i nvitat on Dr. Troup also replied and interspersed his thanks with hu mourous stories. He hoped he would receive furth er iJ1\'itations to the Club's functions.

The toast of "The President" was proposed by 1\1r. LangIt>y ] ones (in the unavoidable absence of [ r E. \\'. Jacbon). He was delighted to ha\'e an old Brigade COlllrade as President of the Club

On rising- to reply, 1' Bowman received musi cal honours. H e was pleased his wife was with h im to h ear of some virtues he had. He thanked those present for the kindly WRy the toast had been received and assured them the position of President was one of honour. He personally thanked the vice-President and Secretary (Mr. Wells) and M r. Stallard for the preparation of the function and a r rangingthe artistes. Three members had been prevented by various causes from being present-Capt. Calvin Lines (accident), 1\1r. G. E. Green (operation) and 1\1r. J ackson ( ind isposed). Th e speeches were inter spe rsed w ith musical items, which were much appreciated.

The ann u al tea and business meeting of the t\lfreton and District Division took place in the Church Hall, \ lfreton, on Saturday, January 25th. Superintendent R. F. \Vard pre· sided.

At a recent meeting of the FlIIham and Putney Executive Committee of the B. R. C. S., it was d ecided to erect a r oad first a id hut on the Kingston by-pass road, and it was suggested that, to perpetuate the memory of the l ate lame n ted L ieutenant-Co l onel E. L. R owse, R.A. 1. c., T. D., it shall be called the (( Rowse Hut."

The Sunderland and DistrictOmnibus Division, S. J. A B. held their third annual whist drive and dance in the Welfare Houghton-Ie-Spring, on Tuesday, F ebruary 4th. Th e p.nzes were presented by l\ lr s A D. Kelly, wife of the diviSio n a amb ul a n ce surgeon, and Mrs. E. Mountain, wife ot the divisional s uperi nt e nd ent.

The Table II of War Gases which appeared in our August, 1935 issue, can be had in page form at the nominal charge of 2/-. per 50, post free. Applications should be sent, together with remittance, to " First Aid," Cannon-street, London, E.C.4.

FIRST

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Queries and Ansvvers to Correspondents.

Que ries will be dealt with under the following rules:-

I. -Letters containing Queries must be marked on the top left hand corner of the envelope" Query," and addressed-FIRST AID 46, Cannon-street, London, E. C. 4·

2. -All Queries must be accompanied by a "Query Coupon" cut from the current issue of the Journal, or, in case of Queries from abroad, from a recent issue.

3. - The Textbook, to which reference may be made in this column is the 38th (1928) Edition of S.J.A.A. Manual of First Aid.

EFFECTS OF COLD.

E. C. (Shoreuitch) - Of your kindness please gi\ e me ) 'o ur help with a sentence in the Nursing Textbook wlllch cannot understand.

I refer to the first sentence on p. 155 which reads-" On exposure to co ld, there is increased oxidation of the tissues of the body." vVh)' is this? I should have thought that \yith l e ss blood to the part and consequently a smaller supply of oxygen and food, there would ha\'e been much less oxidation; but I must be wrong. Meanwhile we thank you for your kind replies to queries from which we in Shoreditch gain much knowledge.

The Te xtbook and you are at cross purposes. You are thinking only about the local action of cold, whereas the the sentence quoted from the Textbook (as the context c lea rly shO\,vs) refers to its action on the \yhole body. I! the body is exposed to cold, the superfi,ial circulation is restncted and the blood is driven internally, with the result that there is increased oxidation of the tissues. -I CORBET FLETCHER.

HOWLER.

L P. (Charlton Park) - In a r ece nt examination I asked a ca ndidate how he would treat a patient who was surrering- from Cobra Bite. You may the amusement which follo\\'ed when he confidently replied - "Fz'rst oj all, I 7.f1ould r1"1JlO7'1" the sliu,/.] .I "

Good! ext, plea se! !- N.C.F.

DEFINITION 0" INSENSTRIUTY.

r. B. (Edinburg-h)-Recently I ,,\ as asked to explain what is meant by tbe term « insensibility." As I could n ot d o so, I ask your kind help.

Insensibility signifies that, owing to disturbance by some cause of the higbest brain centres, the functions of the brain are in abeyance and that conseq uentl y there is an absence of all sensations. Further the last centres to be so affected are those which contro l the breathing and c ir cu at ion; and the stages of Insensibility are sleep, stupor and coma.N.C.F.

r,[ETIJODS OF TYIN G R EEF KN OTS

(Finchley). - Please tell LlS how we should be taught to t ie reef knots. Th e demonstrator of our class says

that we must tie these knots -" left over right; and then right over left." Some of us, however, fin d it difficult to understand these in str u ct ions; an d so we ask your kind assistance

The methed described is mechanical, and always rais es my wrath if I happen to overhea r the words of command quoted by you. As first aiuers we shou ld be ab e to tie re ef knots by the senses of sight and of touch.

Consequently, in my lectures 1 a lw ays start with definitions, pointing out that a knot is fo rm ed by two l oops and four strands; that a reef knot has two st r an d s above on e loop an d two strands b el ow the other an d that a g r ann y knot has one strand above an d one stra nd below each loop.

1 ext, pi c king up a piece of cord, I tie one loop in haph aza rd fashion. Afte r this, I double back one of the strand s so that both portions thereof lie a longside each other. Th en holding the en ds of this uoubled-up strand, I sl ip the oth er strand through the loop so formed, and pull on the strands; and thus I cannot do other tban make a reef knot.

Next, I repeat this process blindfold, in tbis instan ce usin g my fingers to feel the st r ands and to bring them together in a reef knot and demonstrating ho\\' r eef knots can be tied by the sense of touch.

Incidentally I find that tying together two pieces of cord of different co l ours makes t he reef knot more easily und erstoo d and tied. -T.C.F.

HUMO UR IN FIRST AID.

E.C (Surbiton)-Herewith a cutt in g taken from a re cent issue of Tlte E7' ening- News It amused me intensely ; and it seemed worth placing before those of you r readers who did n ot see it originally ;-

"Our work s electrician was being instructed in th e first aid treatment necessary for a victim of el ectri c s hock.

"The instruction card gave full details of artificia respiration, with "action" diagrams; and it wa s pointed out that it might be ne cessa ry to continu e a rtificial respiration for upwards of an hour and a h alf.

"Our electric ian nodded understandingly, and then a look of came in to his face as he sa id ; "Bit t suppose tlte wll1's lle bTo7.VS for dinn er? "

Good! I'\ext, please! !-N.C.F.

COMPLICATED FRA CTURES OF R IBS.

AIL (Great Yarmouth)-During practice the other day w e were given a test in which a man was supposed to ha ve fallen across some sleepe r s and possibly to have s u stained Fractures of Ribs complicated by injury to the lung s. Asking if there was blood from the mouth I obta in ed th e answer "bright red and froLhy." When I e nqui red about the breathing, I was told that it was "quiet, sighing and irregular." This set me thinking; and I then tested the pulse at the wrist which was stated to b e " quick and weak."

Personally I think t\lat I s h ou ld have been g ven the s igns and sympto n s of Internal H aemo rrh age (Textbook p. 121) with the breathing "hurried and laboured, a nd accompa ni ed by yawn in g and s ig hin g." Anyhow I sa id h at I would w rit e to yo u for yo ur ruling.

On your statement of facts the replies seem to h ave been perfect ly correct and to s igna l a picture of the ea rl y stages of Bleeding from an Int ernal Organ. By the way, the T extbook no longer speaks of " Int erna l Bleeding."

Had t h e case advanced to the stage when the breathing was " hurri ed an d laboured "t h e pul se would UIl-

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doubtedly have been more or less imperceptible at the wrist.-N.C.F.

TREATMENT OF ApOPLEXY.

E.A. (Palmers Green)-At competition practice, the team was called upon to treat a patient suffering from Apoplexy and a burn on the forearm five inches long. Will you please tell us if it would be correct treatment to administer hot strong tea or coffee on return to consciousness? We thank you for your interesting and instructive replies to Queries in FIRST AID.

Such action would be conlrary to Rule 12 on p. 156 of the Textbook because there has been a recent haemorrhage from an internal organ.-N.C.F.

DETAILED MARKING SHEET No. 47.

R. M. (Manchester )-- With reference to D e Laz"led Marking Sheet i VO. 47 published with the January issue of FIRST Aid and the lest for Bearers Nos. 2 and 4, would it not have been better to tie the patient's legs together first? Also, Bearer No.2 is applying digital pressure to the femoral artery as the men are moving the patient. Can this be done? Your comments will be much appreciated.

As the test is not as elaborately detailed as it might have been and as we do not know precisely how its author intended it to be solved, it is impossible for me to answer your questions. Possibly, however, on the day of contest the judge intended compet;tors to tie the lower limbs together as part of the process of moving off the line to a safe place.-N.C.F.

EXTENSION OF COMPOUND FRACTURE.

'vV.c. (Clapton).--As a reader of FIRST AID and a member of the Brig-ade I noticed that in the issue of Jan uary last you published Detailed Mark£ng Slzeet .No. 47 in which in a test for Bearers Nos. 2 and 4 marks are given for applying extension to a compound complicated fracture of the leg. As I always understood that the Textbook tells us not to apply extension on a compound fracture, I shall be grateful for your comments.

You have not read the instructions of the Textbook correctly, because, if you turn to the closing lines of Rule 5 on p. 57, you will read - " Do not attempt extension in the case of a compound fracture wizen the bone j?'otrudes (my italics)." In other words, the author of the test is strictly correct on this point, even if you and I both feel that first aiders should not apply extension to a compound fracture.N.C.F.

COMPRESSION OF THE BRAIN.

A. H. (Great Yarmouth).- There occurred in this town recently a death from Compression of the Brain which was interesting because there was no evidence that the patient received a violent blow on the head. In the circumstances I venture to send the details which may prove interesting to other readers of FIRST AID, the facts being- as follows :-

A woman aged 39 on rising one Monday morning leaned against the wall to put on a stocking when the mat on which she was standing slipped on a polished floor. The woman fell backward and struck her head against a wooden wall. She then fell forward, and struck her head on the dressing table, exclaiming as she fell" I have hurt myself." Next day she was removed to hospital; and on Wednesday she underwent an operation but died without regaining consciousness.

A I D.

At the inquest it was stated that there was no evidence that she struck her head violently and also that before death ensued her temperature rose to 105 degs. Many thanks for your letter and for your interesting report which proves that sometimes a s light injury may give rise to serious results.-N.C.F.

A FIRST-AIDER'S DILEMMA.

T. B. (Bradford)-Would you please settle an argument bet'vveen my pal and myself about the treatment of a young lady who had been skating at a fast speed between two boyS much against h er will ?

When I saw her first, she was in a dazed condition - crying, shivering and with a rapid pulse. She also had a pain in the region of her sixth and seventh ribs on left side as the result of a bump while skating two nights previously She had not seen her doctor and declined to do so. My treatment was to seat my patient before an electric radiator and to give her some sal volatile followed by a cup of strong tea. In about two hours she seemed much better.

My treatment was for heart weakness, caused by the sudden removal of dread, anxiety and fear after prolonged suspense. My pal wished to examine the left side; and our patient wanted us to do so. I refused, however, owing to the facts that she had declined to see a doctor and that she had applied iodine on the night of the accident.

Please tell me if I was wrong in refusing to examine the young lady and also if my pal was wrong in his claim that there might be something seriously the matter with the ribs.

Your diagnosis excites my admiration because on your statement of facts I should have thought that the young lady was only suffering from over excitement and that, after a brief rest, she should have been sent home to bed! Further, as she was « skating at a fast speed," I cannot imagine that she had received any serious injury to her ribs two days previously. Consequently, you were quite right in refusing to undertake" the duties and responsibilities of a doctor" (Textbook Rule 12, p. 20) in the absence of all indications for action on your part as a first aider and in the light of her refusal to see her own dodor.-N. C. F.

TRANSPORT OF FRACTURED SPINE.

W. F. (Melton Mowbray).-At a recent Divisional practice we had an argument as to the way in which a patient suffering from a Fractured Spine should be lifted when only three bearers were available, (Textbook Rule 4 (c)). One member said that the Textbook intended the bearer at the lower limbs to lift with the poles just like the other bearers: but 1 pointed out how awkward that would be and inde ed almost impossible to lift evenly, with one arm doubled up and the other stretched out at full length. Another member said it would be best to lift at the ends of the poles; but as instructor I pointed out that this did not comply with the teaching of the Textbook. So I ordered the man to place his forearms under the patient's legs and the poles, and to lift in the ordinary way as if he were No. 1. Do you agree?

The Textbook te lls us first that the third bearer must must support the lower limbs and secor.dly that the Bearers must" move with short side paces." In these circumsta nce she must take up his position alongside one or other of his colleagues and, as you suggest. carry the patient's lower limbs on his forcarms.-N.C.F.

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==----=----=--==--=----- - ----=-=

CONTENTS OF THIS

EDITO RIAL:

Police and Fir -\id

Ext racts from rhe :\lanual of 1n _ truction for rhe

R oyal Xa\'al ick Berth Sraff

Com ing E\'ent

.J..-\. B. Di triet R eports

Du r ham, Cle\'e land and Dis rricrs

:'I,mbulanee League

Prio ry for \Yal e

The" Hurst " Stretcher Equipment

Railway Ambulance X ews

The Hospitaller s' lub

Po lice Ambulanc e ur Page

"ational Ro a d Tran port -\mbulance .-\s'ociation

_U ERIES AND AN SW ERS 10 CORRESPONI1E 1S :-

Perf o rmance o f \rtitl cia l R e piration

Examination Howler

:\ Comp et itor's Plaint of Fra cl ure

Treatm e nt of Fract ured Le g

Compound Fra ct ure with Protrusion of Bone

Hum our in First. Aid

Fractures of Leg and P a tella Treatment

P ')LI A '.:D

FIR';;T A,'

T ")--\1.'. em ers F chr'" ,r the are n II m bere2- am the keenne.:-r ai r.::. 1 t rl 10' ;:rhe pase Iew years th \Y rk h:' :135 il 1 , .HII, etold unri: it eqllal- L :tc l")f her ;':J.ti n:. T.lis intere.:: 1 dc. te . \\' le'l the" Pim ell \Y3: puc II for L'L m n as :1 national IrO hy. un:ler the aus iceS of rhe Sr. J,,")hn A.mbulance _·L -L \\'hiL'h As.: ")('i. ti"'11 i ttucher imere-( b,'i' pre enting indi\'i iuai ri :::.. ince chac date chI." "aIue of a knowl :lge L f first ad amL ng member' :-If Pl.iiCe F orees h3S a definite fa and tvda:- the i' giYen 6reat by tho'(, in authorit:-. Thi wa - e\-ide!lt at the final competition held month. The number of official.:: rr")m the Home O ffice. Scot land Yard. it:- and Forces. \\'as the e\-er , and this ga"e enL'(lura&,ement t(l the men. In :li,"id ual members "-ere them'eh'es no less keen, and ' ,me trayellej di'tances t(' witne s the conteSt.

I n com petition , too. the \\'ork has i m pro"ed o greatly, that. qu ting fnm Cart. F. E. 13endi'\. year" ream jlldg, 'h di:t nor think cher were better fir t ai jer than ti1l-) e \\'hl") haj tak n part in the pre ent te t This 'tatemcnt we 'an, and do, endor e, with the hop that ne\\' men an I teams will come along and so keep th" interest and keenn s up to th pr sent high tan lard.

COMPETITIONS , DANCES, etc. - The attention of the general public to your need can be -attrac tively arranged by purchasing copies of the Poster advertised in this Journal for all your Social and other activities , Samples will he sent on request.

Extracts from the Manual of Instructio n FOR THE Royal Naval Sick Berth S 'ff * ta .

(ConNnued from page I9 8 ).

(1) THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM.

This consists of the bones, the muscles and the joints.

The Bones.

The Skull consists at 22 bones forming the head and the face.

It contains the brain and the organs of special sense, the eye, the ear, and the These 22 bones are united by a form of dovetaIlIng.

1 Frontal Bone

2 Parietal Bones.

The Cranium or Vault 2 Temporal Bones. (8 bones)

1 Occipital Bone.

t Sphenoid Bone.

t Ethmoid Bone. \.

2 Nasal Bones.

2 Lachrymal Bones.

2 Malar Bones.

The Face 2 Superior Maxillc:e. (14 bones)

1 Inferior Maxilla or Mandible.

2 Palate Bones.

2 Turbinate Bones.

1 Vomer Bone.

The Frontal Bone is in the front of the cranium and forms the forehead, and roof of the orbit.

The Parietal Bones form the sides and roof of the cranium.

The Temporal Bones are situated at the sides of the skull below the parietal bones. They form the temples, and contain the organs of hearing. Each consists of a flat plate above, a rounded projection (called the Mastot'd Process) behind the ear, and in front, a slender process (called the Zygoma), which unites with the malar bone to form an arch under which the temporal muscle lies.

The Nasal Bones form the bony part of the nose.

The Lachrymal Bones are placed at the inner angles of the orbits and are grooved for the nasal ducts, which carry the tears from the eyes to the nose.

*Reprinted by permission of the Controller of H. M. Stationery Office. Copies of the manual can be had of H. M. Stationery Office, Adastral House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2, or any branch, price 4/ Sd. post free.

The Malar Bones form the prominences to th e cheeks, and have projections which pass backwards to join the temporal bones and so comple te the zygomatic arches.

The Super£or Maxzllce form the upper Jaw an d the front part of the palate. They contain th e upper teeth.

The Infenor Maxilla forms the lower jaw an d is the only bone of the skull which possesses a movable joint. It consists of a horizontal pa rt called the Body, which forms the chin, and t wo vertical portions called the Ranz£, which join th e body at right angles, the points where they jo in being called The Angles of the Jaw.

The upper end of each ra:nus shows two projections, one in front, narrow and pointed, to which the temporal muscle is attached; the oth er behind, rounded and called the Condyle, which fi ts into the glenoid cavity of the temporal bone, forming a movable joint.

The inferior maxilla contains the lower teet h.

The Palate Bones form the posterior part of the roof of the mouth and also part of the nose.

The Turbinated Bones are curved bones whic h project into the nose or nasal cavity.

The Vomer is a thin plate of bone which form s a partition in the nasal cavity.

The Base of the Skull. This is the part of th e skull on which the Brain lies. It consists of thicker bone than the walls and roof and is divid ed by ridges into t.hree depressions called the Anter£o r, Middle and Poster£or Fossae. The cerebrum or large brain rests in the anterior and middle fossa e, and the cerebellum or small brain in the posterio r fossa.

The base of the skull has in it a large openin g (the Foramen Magnum) and several smaller openings for the exit of nerves and entrance of bloo d vessels

The Hyoid Bone is situated in the neck jus t below the inferior maxilla. It is shaped like a horse shoe, with the curved part to the front. It supports the tongue and gives attachment t o several of its muscles.

The Spine or Vertebral column consists of a number of bones called Vertebrce. It enclose s and protects the canal in which the spinal cord lies. The uppe r seven bones form the neck and

are called the Cervz'cal Vertebrce. The next twelve are called the Tlwl'aC£c Vertebrce; they form the back and support the ribs. Below these are the fi ve Lumba1' Vertebrce. The lowest part is called the Sac7 um. I t consists of five vertebrce firmly united to form a strong wedge-shaped bone. At the lower end is a small bony mass called the Coccyx, which is made up of four fused vertebrc:e, and corresponds to the tails of animals.

A typical vertebra consists of a bony mass in front called the body, and an arch behind, which together form a ring through which the spinal cord passes. From this ring three processes are given off, one at either side and one at the back; the former are called the Transverse Processes and the latter the Spinous P1'ocess.

The vertebrc:e are joined together by means of the articular processes, which are smooth surfaces on the upper and lower sides of the arch. The bodies of the vertebrce do not touch one another, being separated by pads of cartilage, called the Intervertebral Dz'scs, which act as cushions to deaden shock. Thus all the vertebrc:e move one on the other (with the exception of those of the sacrum and coccyx) to form a supple column. They are prevented from being displaced by the action of strong ligaments which bind them together.

The Cervical Vertebne are the smallest.

Ihe TlzoraC£c Verteb1'ce are larger than the cervical and have depressions or facets on the sides of the bodies and on the tips of the transverse processes for the attachment of the ribs.

The Lumbar vertebrce are the largest.

The following vertebrc:e are not typical :-

The First Ce1'vz'cal Ve1'tebra or Atlas, has no body, and on it rest the condyles of the occipital bone. At this joint the nodding movement of the head takes place.

The Second Ce1'vz'cal Ve1'febra or Axis, has a tooth-like projection from the upper surface of the body, called the Odontozd Process, which fits into the rina-like Atlas and is kept in position by a b transverse ligament. At this JOInt the turnIng movemen t of the head takes place.

The Seventh Cervical Vertebra has a very long spinous process, which can easily be felt through the skin at the back of the neck.

The Ribs are 24 in number, 12 on each side. They are long, flattened curved bones, attached behind to the thoracic vertebrce.

The upper seven pairs of ribs are attached to the sternum in front by means of short pieces of cartilage-The Costal Cartdages-and are called the True Rzbs ; the lower five pairs are called the False Ribs.

Of these, the upper three pairs are not joined to the sternum directly, but terminate in

cartilage which joins the cartilage of the next rib above. The lower two pairs are not attached to the sternum at all, and are called the Floating Rzbs. The Sternum, or breast-bone, is a flat bone, broad at the upper end and narrow at the lower. To the sides of it are attached the costal cartilages, and at the upper end it forms joints with the clavicles.

The Upper Extremity. The bones by which the upper limb is attached to the trunk form the Shoulde1' Girdle, and consist of the clavicle and scapula.

The Clavicle, or Collar-bone, is a long bone, shaped like a drawn-out S, which lies at the upper part of the chest above the first rib. It is attached by its inner end to the sternum, and by its outer end to the acromion process of the scapula. It helps to support the arm.

The Scapula, or Shoulder Blade, is a flat bone, triangular in shape, which lies at the back of the thorax, and is held in position by numerous muscles. Running across the posterior surface is a ridge of bone called the Spine, the end of which projects beyond the outer border, and is called the Acromion Process. To this is attached the outer end of the clavicle.

At the upper and outer angle of the scapula is a shallow depression called the Glenoid Cav£ty , into which fits the head of the humerus.

Above and to the inner side of the glenoid cavity is a bony projection, shaped like a craw ' s beak, called the C01'aco£d Process, to which is attached the biceps muscle.

The Humerus is a long bone forming the upper arm, and consists of a shaft, a head, and an irregularly shaped lower end. The head is rounded and articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula form ing the shoulder joint, and below the head is a constricted part called Tlze Neck. The lower end is flattened, and presents two smooth curved surfaces for articulation with the radius and ulna to form the elbow joint.

The Forearm consists of two bones, the Radz·us and the Ulna, which are placed side by side.

The Radius lies on the outer, or thum b side of the forearm.

The upper end is small and circular and articulates with the humerus and ulna. The lower end, which is larger, articulates with the carpal bones forming the wrist joint. Just below the head is a rough prominence, to which is attached the tendon of the biceps muscle.

The Ulna lies on the inner or little finger side of the forearm.

The upper end is the strongest part, and consists of two curved projections, forming a cavity which articulates with the lower end of the humerus. The laraer of the projections called the Olecranon Process b is behind, and forms the point of the

elbow; the smaller one in front is called the C01'onoid P1'ocess. The lower end of the ulna is small. It only articulates with the radius and does not form part of the wrist joint.

The Carpus consists of eight short bones. They articulate with the radius above, the metacarpals below, and also with one another, forming a strong but flexible mass. They are arranged in two rows, an upper and a lower.

Coming Events.

The Editor will be pleased to receive particulars- of forthcoming events f or inclusion (free of charge) under this heading.

l\ I ARCIJ.

21.- Dance E a ling Divisions, S.JA. B., Ealing Town Hall.

2

The St. fohn Ambulance Brigade Dzst'?zct Reports.

has 4 bones, The Semilunar (Half-moon).

The upper row {The Scaphoid (Boat-like). these from with- The Cuneiform (wedge-shaped). out inwards are: The Pisiform ( Pea-shaped). The second row rThe Trapezium (Square). has 4 bo ne s, The Trapezoid (Table-sbaped). these from with--lThe OS Magnum (Large bone). ou t inwards are: The U nciform (Hook-shaped).

The Metacarpal Bones are the bones in the palm of the hand-they consist of five small long bones, w hich a rticulate with the carpus above and the phalanges below.

The Phalanges are the bones of the fingers a nd thumbs. There are three phalanges in each finger and two in each thumb.

THE LO WE R EXTREMITY.

The Pelvis is a massive bony ring placed between the lo wer end of the spine, which it supports, a nd the lo wer limbs, on w hich it rests.

It is composed of four bones-two hip bones (o ne on either side joining in front) and between them (behind) the sa:rum and coccyx.

The pelvis forms a basin which supports the c ontents of the abdominal cavity, and gives attachment to the muscles of the hip, thigh and abdomen.

The Innominate, or Hip Bones, are large, flattened, irregularly shaped bones, each of which is composed of three parts, all firmly united in the ad ult. These thre e parts are named the Ilium, the Ischium, and the Pubis, and where they meet is a deep, round cup, called the Acetabulum, in to which fits the h ea d of the thigh bone.

(To be continued.)

At the In te r-Di v siona l First Aid Competition of lh e Kent Co unt y Constab ul ary, held at l\ laid st one, re ce ntly , As hford were s u ccessf ul WIth 174t marks, followed by l\ lallin g an d R eserve, half a ma rk behind. The judges were Drs. R. B. Dun can a nd J. S. Da vies, both of London. Major H. E. Cha pman, O B. E., Chief Constable of Kent presented the prizes.

The Table II of War Gases which appeared in our August, 1935 issue, can be had in page form at the nominal charge of 2/-. per 50, post free. Applications should be sent, together with remittance, to " First Aid," 46, Cannon-street, London, E.C.4.

1. - No . 6 Di s trict , S_J.A . B. (Counties of Northumberland a nd Durham. North and East Ridin g of Yorks), Competition Finals, Sunderland.

2 1. - Wimbledon Ambulance Festival Competition

21. -Eliminating Round (Men) "Stanley" Shield CompeLition, B. R. C. S

29 - Dover Town Di v ision, S. J .A .B., Annual Divisional Cup Competition.

26 - Ilford Ambulance and Nurs ing Di vi ions, S.J.A 8. , Annual Dinner.

27.- 1nter-Railway Preliminary Competition for Ungrouped Railwa y", St. John's Gate.

28.-Se cond Eliminating- Round (Women) "Stanley" Shield Competition, B.R.C.S.

28.-Tottenham and Edmonton Division , S .J. A.B., Annu al Dinner.

2l5 -29.-A ll England A. R. P. Course of Instru c lion , S.] .A. 8. , London.

APRIL.

1. - Grea t Eastern Se ction (L. N. E R.) Co m pe t ilion Final s, Stratford.

2 - Southe rn Railw ay Women' s Competition, Cann on Street Station_

-f .- No.1 (Prince of W a le s's ) Di st rict, S.J.A.B., Brook 's E ffic ien cy Competition.

-f.-North Eastern Area (L.N.E.R.) Competition Final s, York.

-f. - Welsh, S.J.A.B., Final Competions, Cardi il

18.- No. 1 (Prince of Wale s's) District, S.JA.B., Competit ion Finals, Northampton Institute, ClerkenwelJ.

1 9.- Metropolitan Special Constabulary Annual Competition, N ItW Sc otl a nd Y a rd.

22 -C ity of London Spe c ia l Co nstabular y, "McRea" Cu p Comp et ition.

2 5.-A mal ga mat ed Anthrac:ite Inter-Colli ery Competition s, Ammanf o rd.

28 - Sou t hern Railway Competition Finals, Cannon Str eel Station. 30.- Do\'er Town Di vis ion, S.].A.B., Divisional Individu al Cup Competition

MAY.

l. - L o ndon , Midland and Scotti s h Railway Competition Finals , Sheffield.

6.-British Red Cross Society" Stanley" Shield Competitions, Wharncliffe Rooms, London.

10. - Flintshire Centre, S.J.A. B., Annual lnspe cl ion and Competitions, Hawarden Castle.

The Poole Corps, S.].A.B. annual competitions were held early this month. Poole Division won the men's event; Poole Nursing Division, the nurses' ; Cadet D. Gooding the Cadet Individual; and Pte. W. Baskett the Parkstone Division Individual Proficienc y Competition.

he " Dewar," "Pe r rott" a nd ot h e r trophies wi ll b e held on I<'riclay, June 5th, a t the H otcl Grcat Central, Marylebone, Lo nd on, N.W.1. H.R.H. The Duchess of York) Coml11<-1ndant-in-Chief of NurSlllg Corps and Divisions of the St. Jnhn Amhulance Brigade wi ll present the pr iz es

No. I (Prince of , Wales's) District.

COMPETITIOSS.-The Di st ri ct Competitions wi ll take pl ace 011 April 18 th, at Northampton Institute, and the fo ll ow in g a r e the Area competition repo r ts of th e i\111hu lan c-2 compet itions to h a nd.

CSi\T1UL "\"RE.\ ---,-The prelimina I,) rUll,ntl for the "Massey ),Iainwaring" Cup Competition took place at Divisional Headquarters, on Tu esday, February 25th_ The tests were judged by the Asst. Commissione r Dr. K. F. Lund and Dr. Norman (individ ual an d viva 1,'oce), and County Sur geo n Capt. Steel e (team test) .

The ent r a nts were plac ed in the following order :

1. ]'\0. 108 (E ust on) Div., 29n marks; 2. No. 87 (Shoreditch) Div., 287; 3. No. 13 (Kin g's C r os s, G.N.R.) Div ., 278: -+. No. 107 (Yo rk Road , L.N.E.R.) Div .) 229.

EASTERS AREA - Five teams competed for t h e Osborn" Com p etit ion, w hich was held on Saturday, Feb ru ary 29th, with t h e foll owi ng result: 1, Royal Arsenal; 2, West H a m; 3, Beckton. Other teams were Dag"en ham and East Ham.

The Ar ea will be r epres en ted in the fin a ls as follows: Massey Mainwaring" Competi t ion-No. 15 (East Ham ) Div isio n; "Os b orn Competition-No. 41 (Royal Ars enal ) Division; "Ninnis" Efficiency Competition-No. 15 (Eas t IIam) Division.

ORTllERK AREA -The prelim inary compet ItIOns for the ,. 1\I assey ,. and "Osborn" evtnts were held all Feb ruar y l-+th , at the Ha mpstead Divisional Headqu arters.

The t ests were wit n essed h y Dr. N. Corbet Fle tcher, Asst. Surgeo n - in- Ch ief A sst. Commissioner Capt. A_ e. Whit e Kno x , M.e., Dis tr ict Officer e. T. Osborn and ot hers_

The results were announced as follows:

"Massey Mainwaring" Competit ion: 1, S o uth ga t e, 2, Crick lewooc1, 193 ; 3, H am pst ea d , 19H ; 4, Ec1gwa r e, 16-+. The j lldges were Dr. N. Farm e r and Dr. J. T. H ollins

" Osb orn" Competition: 1) H ampste ad; 2, Cricklewood. Dr. W . A. Rccs (Co un ty Surgeon) was the judge.

Capt. Whi te Kn ox t hank ed the judge s and congratulate d the teams on their work. He welcomed Dr. Corbet Flet cher, \\ hom th ey were very pleased to see.

Dr. C ll bel Fletcher sa id it was a privileg e to be present to witne s the compe titi ons. H e comm ented on t he compet i to r s' keenness a nd afte r cong-ratulating- the w inJl e r s wished t h em well in the future.

AHE A-Fil'e tea ms ent ered the )Jreliminary

competition for the " .Massey" and ,. Osborn" Competitions, which were held on Saturday, February 29th, at the C ro ydon General Hospital.

The results were announced by District Officer Clifford as follows :-

Massey Mainwaring" Competition: 1, No. 19/4 (No rman Road) Division; 2, No. 19/2 (East Greenwich) 3) No. 19 /6 (Lee) Division; 4, No. 122 (Eltham) DIVISJOn; 5, No. 128 (Wandgas Co.) Division.

" Osborn " Competition: 1, 19/2 (East Greenwich) L.)ivision; 2, No. 122 (Eltham) Division; 3, TO. 19/6 (Lee) Di\'ision; 4, 19/4 (Norman Road) Division; 5, No. 99 ( Lambeth ) Divi sion

"Ninnis" Efficiency: 1 O. 16 (New Cross) Division.

The judges 'v\'ere Asst. Commissioner Capt. F. E. Bendix and Dr. Hudson for the" Massey"; Dr. G. M. Stoker (County Surgeon) and Dr. Jenkins for the Osborn."

:\1rs. lIIcCaffrey) late Lady District Officer, presented the .; Crooks" Cup to the \yinning "Mas sey" Division. This trophy is a new trophy to the Area.

Capt. Bendix was pleased so many teams had entered bu t hoped for increased numbers next year.

WESTERN ARE,\.-Dr. H. Garrus and Dr. Selby judged the "Osborn" preliminary. which was held on February 28th. No. 124 (Kingston) Division were adj udged the winners.

No. 70 (Royal Borough of Kensington) Division will represent the Area in the" Ninnis" Competition.

BARNET.-A very enjoyable time was spent by members and friends at the annual dinner of the Barnet Divisi on , which was held on February 21st.

Mr. W. Ryley Pratt, J.P. (President and Chairman of the Barnet UD.e.) presided. supported by representative of ot her civic bodies and officers of the Brigade. A silent tribute \yas paid to the memory of King George V and also to the memory of the late Sir vVilliam Peat.

After the loyal toast, Capt. A. e. \Vhite Knox, M.e.. l\I.B., Asst. Commis ioner, propos ed the" No. 42 (Barnet) Diyision." He paid tribute to the Division's continual concentration of duty. The backbone of the Division was a.e:e and youth. Age Lo give experience to the younger members and youth to supply the energy. The Division \I-ere extremely lucky to possess such fine officers and \\ it h out \\"h0111 Diy. Supt. :'IIartin-Smith \yolilcl not be able to carryon. He \,-as of the opinion that Barnet Division was becoming the premier Division in the orthern Area. Capt. vVhite Knox referred to duties carried out during the year, A.R.P. study which the orthern Area, now 1.000 trong, had taken up.

Sl1Pt. Martin-Smith , in reply, acknowledged the assistance giycn by numerous members of the division, ('specia ll y mentioning Ambulan ce Officer Hawkins, Sergt IIarris, Corpls Slow and Hobbs .

"The Pre idents and Vice-Pr esidents" was given by District Offi cer Osborn. to which the President replied.

As Chairman of the Barnet Council) Mr. Ryley Pratt expressed ince r e app r eciation of the services which the diyisioll gan' to the town. He appealed for greater public

upport of the division. He expre thanks to Barnet Sports Association for presentmg the splendld shie ld for team competition, and to Ambulance Officer Hawkins for presenting a cup for individual efficiency Ambulance Officer Hawkins proposed" The Yisitors," to which Cr. Marchand, Supt. Collins (Southgate) and Quayle replied.

::'Irs. \Vhite Knox then presented 11\'Cr medals to Corpl. Slow's team, winners of the Barnet Sports Association Cup. and bronze medals to Pte. H. \ Vatt's team, the runners-up. Labels, medallions, vouchers and certificates ,\,ere also presented to the successful member, after whieh dancing continued until a late hour.

HEXDO:-<.- The 2nd A1U1ual Social of parents and friends of the Cadets of the To. 15c Hendon Division was held on Saturday Feb ru ary 8th, at Algernon Road Schools, Hendon, by im-itation of Cadet Supt. F. H. Hurford.

early two hundred ,\,ere present, and amongst the guests were Diy. Supt. and Mrs. Hart, Amb. Officers R. Cayford, H. Barden and C. E. J. West, together with their wives. Other guests included Alderman \11/. 11. Maugha.n and ::'1rs. ::'1aughan, ::'Ir. Douglas ::'lartin, Dr. Garrus, and

Hendon ,,-as proud of and looked upon Cadet Supt. Hurford as one of its ablest organi ers, and the work that he had undertaken to do '\'ith such magnificent results. "'as a credit (0 the Borough of He11don.

L.P.T.B. OIETRoPoLIT.\X LrxE) CORPs -At the end of last year this Corps completed 12 years' sen'ice to the Brigade and, after reading the annual report for 1935, its usefulness is still apparent.

1\ early 1,500 drill attendances were put in and members carry out regular duties at nine places, where nearly 2,000 attendances were made, with an average of 25 duties per effectiye member. Seventy-one membe rs passed their re-examination and the records show that 970 cases were treated Of these, 420 were whilst on duty, 544 whilst members were carrying out their occupation in the Board's service, and 6 other cases. The number of cases) it i plea ing to record, shows a decrease of 280, compared with 1934.

The second competition for the shield presented by Mr. Arthur Clarke for diyisional competition. was won by No. 89/1 Diyision led by Pte. J. Warden.

George Hally (Operating ::'Ianager) has accepted

Barnet Di vision An nu al Dinner.

the Lady Superintendent and Nursing Cadets of the Harrow Diyision.

A \'Cry happy e\'Cning was enj oyed with dancing and games, the Melrose Dance Orchestra gave of their best; Cadet Supt. Hurford acted as M.C. , and Mr. Reginald England proved to be a very capable organiser of the games.

A very enjoyable innovation was the presence of Miss Vera Scott and her Pupils, from Cricklewood, who delighted the company with songs) acrobatic and tap Dancing and other items and were appreciated to the full.

During the interval, Supt. Hart) commenting on the work and activities of the Cadet Section, said that when the Senior Division decided to inaugurate the Section it was with some trepidation, but because of the able leadership of the Cadet Supt., who gave of his time and interest so unsJ.iaringly, it was the finest investment they had ever made. When the time came for the Cadets to be promoted into the Senior Division they would be in the happy position of being fully qualified to take up their duties immediately. A toast was then proposed to the "No. 15c Hendon (Cadet) Division," and this was unanimously responded to.

Alderman Maughan (Chairman of the Henelon ] Llvenile Organisations' Committee), in a speech, said that

the office of President of the Corps. He has also been invested as an Officer of the Order.

Thanks are extended to Doctors Crowe and Camrass, Divisional Secretaries, Officers of the Board) and Headquarter Staffs. The report concludes with an appea l to a ll members for the continuance of good service and loyalty.

No. 71 (TOTTENlIAM & EDMONTON) DlvrsIOx.-On

Thursday, February 27th, the Bocspa Boxing Cl ub held an Inter -Club boxing contest with the Waltham stow & District Boxing Club the proceeds of which we r e for the funds of the Tottenham & Edmonton Divisi o n.

The offer of the tournament was made last year by Mr. Frank Payne, President of the Cadet Division, a nd took place <::t the British Oxygen Company's Works, Edmon to n.

Over 1,100 were present to witness the bo u ts and at the close Capt. A. C. Whit e Knox, M.C., M.B.) Asst. Commissioner, presented the prizes and thanked the B.O.c. and Boxing Clubs for their magnificent effort.

Mr. E. W. Sprott, Managing Dire ctor, thanked Cap t. 'W hite Knox for being present and called for three cheers as an appreciation of the work of the Brigade

The officials responsible were: Messrs. B. R. Bat ley

FIR S T

(Han. Secretary and Organiser), S. Barry (Assistant), R C. Godfrey and .I. • \\ ood (:.1. c. s), Diy. Surgeon :'Iajor .\. \ Nilson, O.B.E., 11.B. (Hon. ::'Iedical Officer).

Amongst the gue ts \\-ere Admiral Hornell. ::'1ajor C. P. N. Raikes (Onrseas Director), ::'1r. Frank Payne, :\Iajor William and ::'Ir. A. T. Aiers.

Div. Supt.' F. J. Middleton and members of the Division were also present.

No. I I. District.

The Somerset County Competitions were held on Saturday, February 29th, at Bridg\yater. County Commissioner J. S. Cox was in charge, assisted by County Officer A. 'WenII (Competition Secretary) and others.

The judge ,nre Dr. Beath, of Bath, Dr. Beggs, of :.Jorth Petherton, Dr. Knowles, of Bath, Dr. Kettle,,-ell. of Bristol, and Dr. Peckett-Davie, of \V eston-super-::'Iare. their placings being:-

::'len: 1st and" Lewis Loyell .:'Ilemorial Cup, J\1inehead, 452 points; 2nd. "-elling-ton, 37-1-; 3rd, Highbridge, 367; 4th, vVeston-super-::'Iare Gas Co. 366. 1 t and "Laura Tidman JI Cup, \Ves ton354 points; 2nd. Bath. 321; 3rd, ::'Iinehead. 289.

The County COl1lJl1'issioner presided at the prize disupported by the ::'1ayor and J\1ayores (l\1r. and Irs. F. J. Reed).

The presented the trophies and other award whilst the Mayor, in a short address, touched upon the great work done by the Brigade throughout the country.

County Officer \V e\'ell thanked the judges for their a sistance and Supt. T. G. Dany (Bridg,Yater), the ::'Iatron of Bridgwater Hospital and the two Ho pital Si ters who had helped to make the competition a succes

SOUTIISEA .-The first annual dinner of the Southsea Divi ion was held on February 17th, when about 60 members and friends were present.

Di\-. Supt. v\'. G. GiII proposed the toast of "The Visitors JJ to which Corps Supt. H. E. Rand replied complimenting the Diyision on its achienment in doubling its membership in the three years of its existence. Diy. Supt. J. E. 1l0ckford. Portsmouth Diyision, also replied and submitted the toast of .r The Southsea Diyision."

Dr. Claude Robertson, Div. Surgeon, replied in a yery humorous vein.

After dinner the e,'ening- \ya deyoted to dance and g-amcs.

No. III. District.

.[ ORTIIX_\1PTON.-After 36 years sen'ice with the Brigade, Supt. Albert Lloyd, Headquarters Diyision ha tendered his resignation and ha been placed on the Reserve.

:'Ill'. LloYd obtained hi first aid certificate in January. 1899. and hi; nursing certificate the ame year. In June. 1899, he joined the Northampton Corps of the Brigade rtnd served oversea with the Brigade during the South African \ Yar . He holds the medal and three clasps for that campaign, the medal being presented to him by King Edward per onally at Buckingham Palace 111 1902. During' this service he was promoted to sergeant.

O'D his return to England ambulance competition work claimed him and he was the leader of the team which won the rr Marquess of Northampton" Cup in each of the first three years of that competition-1902. 1903 and 1904. He was also the leader of the team which did so well in the rr Dewar J) Shield competition, winning that

A

I D. '22i

eycnt in 1908, and 0 brought the championship to ?\orthampton for the fir t time.

::'Ir. Lloyd was al 0 interested in railway ambulance work and was for many years a repre entatiYe on the district committee of the old L. & X.\Y.R. Ambulance Centre.

:\Ir. Lloyd saw sen-ice during the Great \Var, sen-ing WIth the R.A.:\I.C. He ,\-a wounded on 1 t 1918.

::'Ir. Lloyd i a, erying Brother of the Order and holds the Sen-ice ::'ledal with four bars. He ,,-as appointed Ambulance Officer in Scptember. 191-1-. and promoted to the rank of Diyi ional Superintendent in January, 1933.

ROWLEY REtTI .-The RO\dey Regis Division sustained a enre 10 s on February 26th by the death of their Diy. SurO'eon. Dr. ]. A. Cameron

Appointed Diy. Surgeon in 1925 he rendered yaluable sen-ice to the Diyi ion and ,,-as always a ready and '''illing \\'orker for any charitable and religious cause.

Amid many manifestations of sorrow. his mortal remain ,\-ere carried to their last resting place at the St. Luke' Churchyard. Cradley Heath, by the Officers and XC.O.' - of the Diyi ion.

Hi \Yorship the ::'1ayor of Rowley Reg-i , Alderman D. ::'1. Chapman J.p., S.B.. ,,-ho is also Superintendent of the ::.Jorth \Yorcester hire Corp, together \\·ith the Aldermen, Councillors and Officials, ,\,ere al 0

No. IV. District L.\XCASilIRE.

HoxouR .-Congratulations are extended to Corp upt. ]. Smith and Corp Officer J. B. HO\\ ard of Accrington; Di,-. Surgeon ::'Iesroyb Bar eg-hian (Ba il), LiYerpool: and Div. upt. Arthur Dyer, Poulton-le-Fylde, ,,,ho han heen admitted to the Order as Sen-ing Brothers.

KIRKHA:lL-RecoO'l1ition of more than 21 years' sen-ic e it chief official of the Kirkham Diyision by- Supt. C. \Y. He lop wa made at the annual dinner of the Division, held at Kirkham Ambulance Hall. \"hen he was presented with a framed oak photograph by the members of the Di"ision.

The pre entation "'as made on behalf of the Division by Amb. Officer T. Hal all) ,,,ho ob ernd that hi 15 years' eryice as Secretary had placed him. perhaps, in a hetter position than any other member to kno\\' what Supt. Heslop had done for ambulance work in Kirkham.

Their chief official, said ::.rr. Halsall, had spent hundreds of hours attcndinO' to injured people, while most of those present that evening had been asleep in their heds. He (Mr. Halsall) beliend th.at Heslop's.P?I!cy and ideals in regard to the organ] atlon of the D1Y1SlOI1 had been the verY be t interests of Ambulance work.

Snpt. He lop- uitably responded.

The function. \\ hich \\-a attended by a ntl111ber of distinO'uished people from all part of the Fylde. including members of the Kirkham Urban Di trict Council. members of the medical profes ion, and others. ,,'as pre ided O\-er Iw the Headm a ter of the Kirkham Grammar School (the Rev. c. Strange).

L£YL.-\XD.-The annual general meeting of the Leyland Divi ion was held in the Public Hall. Corps ecretary J. A LendrulTl, Preston) who wa in the chair. to the transfer to the Brigade Reserye of C;upt. C. Hlbbert and Amb Officer R. Holmes. He expres eel thanks to them for their lon o en'ice to the Di\-j ion. Ire al 0 announced that the approved by Headquarters were:-

Amb. Officer G. Hodson to Div. Supt.; Sergt. A. to Amb. Officer; and Corpi. T. Eayes to Sergt. and Dr\'. Treasurer.

LIYERPOOL.-A competition was recently Corps Headquarters by members of the DrvIsIO!1, the result being a ,yin for Sergt. Rourke s team: The Judges were Amb. Officer J. -:\lilburn (team) and Div. Supt. F. e. \Villiams (indiyidual).

Corps Officer W. E. Se.arl presented chromlUm plated clocks and cutlery to the wmners.

The annual competition for the "Lister" Challenge Cup, open to teams from the Ambulance Divisions of th: Liyerpool Corps, was held at H.eadquarters on Saturday, February 29th, and attracted SIX teams. !he cup was presented by James Lister, Esq., J.P., ChaIrman of the Li,'erpool Centre, 1893. . .

The case set was that of asphyxmtlOn by motor car exhaust fumes, each team doing excellent ,york.

Dr. G. G. \Vallace Hay (practical) and A/Corp.s. Officer F. Carroll (individual) judges .and their placings were :-lst, Exchange I? lVISIOn , 226 pomts;. Edge Hill Division, 225; 3rd, LlYerpool North DIvlslOn, 219' 4th B.I. Cables Diyision, 218.

':\1rs'. G. G. Vvallace Hay presented the cup to Supt. S. R Lewis, the captain of the winning team.

Also present at the competition were :-Col. D. e. Leyland Orton, T.D., M.Re.S., D.P.H. (Corps Surgeon and Supt.), Corps Officer \v. .E. Searl,. S.B., Lady Corps Officers -:\Irs. -:\1. Ralli and -:\llss Bellasls.

\VARRIXGTOX.-At the competitions organised by the \Varrinaton Corps the" Rylands" Cup was won by Pte. J. of Crosfield Diyision, and the "1\1rs. Henry Greenall" Rose Bowl by Lady Ambulance Officer 1Irs. Ratcliffe of Crosfield Nursing Diyision, after a tie with Miss larshali.

The judges were Drs. P. A. ),1cNally and 1. A. \Va lsh.

No. V. District.

The Tottinghamshire Area preliminary competitions were held at Bath Street Schools, Nottingham, and the Drill Hall, Forest Town, Mansfield, on Saturday, February 22nd. The team and individual tests were identical at both places, the judges being Dr. S. Brennan, Nottingham, and Dr. J. F. Wallace, Bilsthorpe, at Nottingham, and Dr. A. A. Denham, Nottingham, and Dr. D. Nicklin, Nottingham, at Mansfield.

As the result of the preliminary contests the following eight teams competed in the final, which was held on March 7th, at University College, Nottingham:Cinderhill, Taversal and Silverhill , Nottingham Corporation Passenger Transport, \Velbeck TO. 1, Stanton Ironworks, Bentinck Colliery, Bulwell, and Harworth.

The judges at this competition were County Surgeon Dr. A. la Touche Darley (team), Corps Surgeon Dr. H. G. Parker Nottingham (individual), Corps Supts. A. G. Weller and Lee (uniforms).

The insttuctions to the teams for the team test read: "A man attending a party in a first floor r00111 falls out of the open window on to a kerb about 1 foot in height; striking his left lower ribs against the kerb but not fracturing them. He fractures his left humerus in the middle third of its length. He is conscious, and complains of severe pain in the region of the left lower ribs and also in the left arm which is useless. There is a rapidly increasing painful swelling at the site of the fracture; the patient's face is pale and he is inclined to be restless.

A I D.

No pulse is felt in the left wrist. The pulse in the right wrist is rapid and weak; the left forearm feels colder th<l;n the riaht and looks blue. There is great tenderness 111 the region of the left kindney."

Before dealin a with the pattent, each Team Captam was asked for the probable diagnosis, ,,:hich was a. f:acture of the humerus with wound of brachial artery, mJury to left kidney and internal hcemorrhage.

The result was :-lst, Harworth, 146 marks; 2nd, - ottino-ham Corporation Passenger Transport 145; 3rd, Colliery, 137!.

At the conclusion of the competition, the County Surgeon presented the « Area" Cup to the and the" Hutton' Bowl to the runn ers-up, With 1l1dlvldual awards to each member of the t\yO teams, and complimented all the competitors on the,ir Har:'mrth team will now represent the Nott111ghamshlre Area 111 the District Competitions.

PONTEFRACT.-Corps. Supt. T. e. Amery presided at the annual dinner of the officers of the Pontefract and District Corps, held on February 27th. was supported by the Chief Constable of the \Ves t (Mr. 0· e. Vaug'han) and l,Irs. Vanghan, the Mayor (Cr. T. J. Slde , Ald. "V. Barber, -:\l.B.E., J.P., e.c., and Mrs. Barber. T.P., County Surgeon T. e. A. S,,"eetnam M.D Corp Surgeon F. \V. Sulliyan, }f.D., Corps Surgeon \V. D. Dyson. M.B., and Diy. Surgeon G. \v. Blom.field, M.D. Proposing the toast of the Corps, the Chief Constabl e declared that ambulance work was of tremendous yalue in the police force. paid tribute tt? the assistance that the county police recen'ed from the and ,expressed himself always impressed by the Bngade s effiClency and promptitude.

Dr. Sweetnam, who responded, said that one of. th e helps which the Brigade had receIVed 111 the past was that of the West Riding Constabulary. \Vh en they lost Col. F. Brook the> lost a areat friend, but of 1Ir. Vaughan It miaht well be said that "the mantle of Elijah had de sceonded upon Elisha," such was the continued support given by him.

Corps Supt. Amery also responded and gave an of the Brigade's activities during the year. Despite th e sliaht iall in membership the work of the Corps had been extended, and the members had carried out their duties in an efficient manner. There were at present 553 members a decrease of 12 as compared with last year. Public had increased by 43, making a total for the year of 899 attended. Another large increase was shown in the munber of cases treated by members-a total of 3,649, being an increase of 434. With the increased c?-lls made upon the existing motor ambulance a new vehicle was already a necessity.

The Mayor, replying to the toast "The Mayor, Corporation and Local Councils," submitted. by Corp s Officer E. Hornby, intimated that an apphcatton from Corps Supt. Amery for extended premises had been sympathetically received by the Council.

Alderman Barber also replied.

The attendance shield, which had been won by Hempsworth Division, was presented by the Mayor, who promised another cup for the competition.

aiven by the Pontefract Industrial Co-operative SOClety, Ltd., and competed for by the Cadets had been won by the Pontefract Girls. On thei r behalf Miss Cawthorne received the cup from the Mayor.

No. VI. District.

The final for the " Coroner John Graham" Shield took place on Saturday February 29th, in Cowan Terrace

FIRST

School, Sunderland, and the Dean and Chapter team were the winners with 329 marks out of a possible 400.

There were team and individual tests judged by Dr. \V. H. Pullett, of \Vylam , and Dr. C. R Corfield, of Sunderland. The placings were :-1, Dean and Chapter team, 329 marks; 2, Eppleton Colliery "A" team, 30n; 3. Blackhall Colliery "A" team, 292; 4, Le.I. (Billingham) (' A" team, 272; 5, l\Iurton Colliery, 2S0t

The 11ayor of Sunderland (Ald. T. SummerbelI) presented the awards.

No. IX. District.

Devon eliminating contests in the "Dewar" Shield competition were held at Kingsbridge, on Saturday, February 22nd. Seven teams competed, the successful team being Torquay, who \vere also the winners of the « 1Iarcus Ha re" Cup. The" Pengelley" Cup for' the best individual ,vork, ,,"a s won by H. Curtice, of Barnstaple.

Lady Seale presented the awards.

Among those present were County Commissioner H. V. Miller and Asst. County Commissioner H. Vick. Dr. Verniquet judged the team work and Drs. Cowper, Anderton and \Vard the individual performances. The uniform inspection was carried out by the Asst. Commissioner and Corps Supt. J. Rice.

The complete result \-vas :-1, Torquay, 226; 2, Ashburton, 3, Barnstaple, 4, Paignton, :, :yewton Abbot, 6, Exeter, 17U; 7, Kingsbridge, 1S8£.

At the presentation of prizes Mr. H. A. Head (chairman of Kingsbridge Urban Council) presided, and expressed the hope that the public generally would realise more fully the valuable work which the Brigade did.

County Commissioner Miller congratulated the winners, and wished them good fortune in the district competition.

Dr. Verniquet praised the skill and general understanding of the teams, and he was glad to see that the teams remembered that the patient had a head which should be supported.

No. X. District.

BEccLEs.-At the annual meeting of the Becc1es Division an appeal was made for volunteers for the local blood transfusion service.

Mr. H. Copeman presided, supported by Mr. E. L. Hamby (vice-president), the Mayor of Beccles (Dr. Henry \Vood-Hill), who is also Div. Surgeon, Supt. vv. e. Watts, Han. Secretary e. Bennett, Mr. J. H. Grayston (car hon. secreta ry) and others.

The Secretary reported steady progress during 1935. Membership was satisfactory and 57 awards were gained by all ranks, including nurses and cadets. Mr. Bennett referred to the dedication of the new ambulance and stated that 227 duties by their men and 155 by the nurses had been done on the car. The divisional competitions, iudged by Dr. Howard Warner, had been won 1[r. D. Hunting and Mrs. G. Bickers. Throug-h the kmdn ess of Mr. Hamby a new home had been found as headquarters.

Mr. Grayston reviewed the working of the ambulance. ' DurinO" 1935 the car had been out on 170 occasions and had travelled 3,3 14 miles. Hours of duty by men and nurses totalled 576. The financial position was sound and he thanked Mrs. Cottam for running the contributory :.cheme.

Reports on the Nursing Division, Boy and Girl were a lso presented, also that of the blood transfUSIOn service.

A I D. 229

The ninth annual general meeting of Aylsham DiyilOn ,,'as held at the Bank Barn on -:\Iondav February 17th. 1Ir. Elh:'in presided and was supported' by Dr. A. G. Holman (DIY. Surgeon), Supt. Partridge, and the hon. secretary (Mr. F. H. Gotterson). The accounts showed a credit of £23 12s. 8d. secretary's report recorded that .)3 persons had recel\'ed first aid from members of the brigade.

.Dr. Holman the brigade on their general efficlency and the splendld work that was being done. It was decided that the Brigade should send tweh'e members to Nonvich on one -:\10nday in each month to do duty at the theatre, picture houses, etc. It was al 0 agreed to enter teams for the "Cook" and the " Iyea gh" Cups.

Cleveland and Westmorlanl.1 Districts Ambulance league.

The final competitions for the" Donald Bain " and the " Elizabeth Bain " Shields were held on Saturda\', Februan 22nd, when the winners of the preceding rounds pre ented themselves.

tl r. T. Greenland Davies, H. \1. In pector of :'Ilines, ,,,ho presided at the subsequent presentation meeting, emphasised the importance of prompt first aid treatment for minor injuries and gan:' seyeral illustrations in justification of this appeal. 1\lr. Da\'ies referred to the course of safety methods given to boys before the mine, a work which had gro\\'n considerably since 1933.

Dr. 1. G. Modlin presented the a\\'ards as foIlm"s: "Donald Bain" hield, 1st (shield and gold medals), \lur ton Colliery, 295 points; 2nd (" Committee" cup and silver medals), Dean and Chapter .-\, 290; 3rd. Eden Colliery, 25U ; 4th, Dean and Chapter B, 232 ; 5, Eston, 22 winners also recei\'ed the" L. G. Dillon" Cup for the team, obtaining the number of mark in the Seaham Diyision ; and Eston were a\\'arded the' Heath" Cup for best stretcher work, excluding first and econd teams.

" Elizabeth Bain" hield, 1st, (shield and sih'er medal ), Chilton Colliery B, 243 points; 2nd, Brancepeth Colliery, 238; 3rd, Bowburn _-\, 232 ; 4th Xorth Skelton C, 201.

Dr. Modlin, the only sur\'i\"ing- examiner of the initial competition ,,,hich \yas held in 1904, wa glad to see the prog-ress the competition \\'as ?laking. He referred to the question of carrying a ca e of fractured pine and emphasised that the instructions of the ;\lines Department '\\'ere contrary to those of the S.lA.A., R.A ;\l.C. and the B.R.C.S. Ca es dealt with in collieries must be carried out according to instructions of the \linistry of Mines while for examination or competition purpose the ambulance ,\,orker must be auided by the textbook.

The h judge' \\'ere Dr. \Yhitl ey, of \\'ho responded to a vote of thanks, Dr. Hudson, of Bedltngton ; Dr. O'Kelly, of Boldon, and Dr. \Yoodward, of Sunderland.

At the annual dinner of the 'Worthing Di\'ision it \yas stated that 1,883 cases, 2,584 ambulance remo\'al , and 108 road accidents had been attended by members during the past five years.

Owing to heavy pressure on space, it has been found necessary to hold over many items and photographs until the next issue.

Przory for f/Vales.

PRIORY HEAOgUARTER ;\OTES.

The Chemical Warfare Sub-Committee met at Priory House on Tuesday, February 25th, to consider further developments in connection with the training of St. 10hn Personnel in Anti-Gas and arrang-ements for the enrolment of an Air Raid Precautions Auxiliary Reserve, drawn from the general public, in consultation with the Local Authorities conct.rned. Already the Priory has been approached by certain Authorities as to the extent to which the Brigade personnel will be a"ailable for duty. It was reported that a further Course for the training- of Brigade 0 fficers as A. R. P. Instructors had been arranged at the Cardiff Barracks, where Lieutenant T. H. Trevor had kindly undertaken to give the Lectures with the permission of the C / O. The Commissioner for \Vales (the Han. John H. Bruce) has appointed Captain S. B. Turner, L.R.C.P., a qualified Grade 1 Instructor, as Priory Headquarter A. R. P. Scaff Officer, to ad"ise on the details uf instruction and examination.

A report to the Ambulance Committee held on the same date on the work of the St. John Ambulance Association in Wales gave the number of Examinations and Re-Examinations arranged by the Priory during the year as 941, an increase of 38 over 1934-. For gratuitous services as Honorary Lecturers over long periods of years, the following members of the Medical Profession were elected Honorary Life Members of the Priory for 'Wales ;Dr. D. H. Pennant, D. S. 0., Saundersfoot; Dr. J. A. K. Douglas, Neyland; Dr. C. A. Bence, Cardiff, Drs. i\I. V. Roberts, V.,T. E. Reynolds and J. C. O'Flyn, Barry; Dr. J. C. Ashton, :\Jachynlleth; Dr. E. \IV. Richards, Newtown; Dr. G. P. Williams, Holyhead; Dr. J. R. Prytherch, Dr. Thomas Jones, Amlwch, and Dr. S. V/. McCarthy, Deri. The names of Dr. J. A. K. Douglas, 1\'eyland, Dr. W. E. James Jones, Bethesda, and Dr. C. A. Bence, Cardiff, were added to the Examining Staff.

A grant was voted from Priory Funds towards a Joint V.A.D. and Brigade Camp for St. 10hn Nursing Personnel in Wales during- the first week in August, of which Lady Staff Officer Mrs. S. B. Turner will be Camp Commandant. Appreciation of the action of the Glamorgan Territorial Army Association in granting the loan of the Hutments at Barry for this purpose was expressed.

Reference was made to developments proceeding at the Headquarters of the Order towards the production of a new manual of " First Aid in Industry," which is designed to co?rdinate tl;e pamphlets issued by Industrial Companies

111 connectlOn With Safety First and First Aid. " First Aid in l\lines" will be the subject of one or more chapters in the new publication; and it is proposed to issue a new "Industrial First Aid Cerlificate)) as a subsequent award to First Aid Certificate holders.

CLIl,SS RESULTS FOR 1935.

-r:he most satisfactory feature of tile working of the of the Priory for Wales during 1935 IS the extenslOn In the area covered by its activities. ThouO'h there is a in th.e industrial counties- chieAy an 1I1crease 111 the Cou nty Council class fees is responSible tor the total of successful examinees being a couple of hundred less than the previous year-the position is offset to extent by promising new developments in such counties as Anglesey, Cardiganshire, Caernarvonshire and Pembrokeshire. A decrease on the year 1934 of 392 in the awards issued during the twelve months can be further

accounted for by a reduction in the figures for Preliminary Certificates, since the majority of the Boy and Girl Cadets who formerly sat each year for 2nd, 3rd or 4th Certificates are now re-examined for efficiency by a Brigade Officer which satisfies the requirements for Brigade service.

Of the 16,396 students who attended courses of instruction under the Priory in 1935, awards were gained by

in the centres shown below ;-

A.11 idea of the large number their lifetimes' lelsu;e to Ambu!ance vVork can be conveyed by the record of Se:vlce Medals Issued by the Order on the application of the PrIory for Wales. No less than 4-99 Welsh BriO'ade l\Iembers ha\'e received this much cherished award 1.91.8, whtle 213 are in possession of Bars for additional penods of five years, 46 have Second Bars signifying thirty y.ears, and one has received a Fourth Bar on twn of 35 years Bngade efficiency.

The " H Ul"s t " St l"e tc h er Eq ui p lne nt .

THIS patented equipment, manufactured by f\lessrs. Charl.es Ltd., of Montgomery Street, Belfast, [S unique in many ways. It enables the top stretcher to be loaded and unloaded without an attendant hav.ing to enter the vehicle; the top stretcher tray IS mounted on an oil balance o-ear so that it be out of the way or tiltedhto suit the patl.ent s requirements; no springs, locks or mechanical gadgets are used; both stretchers are capable of motion towards or away from the side of the vehicle.

AI D.

thus obviating the 01 lifting up)) movement with stretcher and patient.

Also with this gear it is not necessary to load top stretcher first as the two stretchers are not directly above each other. The complete absence

SERVICE MEDAL AWARDS.

otification was received on March 2nd that His Royal Highness the Grand Prior had approved the awards of th e Service Medal of the Order to the following' five members o f the Brigade in \;Vales on completion of 15 years' efficien t service ;-

Glamorgan County Centre.-Corps Surgeon Dr. Thoma s J. B. Thomas; Div. Surgeon Dr. J. McCausland. Bnrough of lerthyr Tydfil Cen tre. - Corps Sergean t Major E. C. Edwards; Private P. A. Griffiths. Rhondda Centre. - Private T. G. Thomas.

F[RST BARS.

First Bars on cornpletion of 20 years have been awarde d lo the following ;-

Flintshire Centre.-Div. Supt. 10h11 Fitzpatrick.

Monmouthshire Centre.- Ambulance Officer J. B. George. Montgomeryshire Centre.-Ambulance Sister Mary K. Maddox.

Borough of Merthyr Tydfil Centre.-Sergeants Daniel James and Thornas S. Rogers; Privates William Thoma s and William G Amos. Rhondda Centre.-Corporal Thom;:ts M. Brookes.

SECOND BARS.

Second Bars, indicating 25 years' efficiency, have been g'ained by :-

City of Cardiff Centre.-Lady Staff Officer (Retired) Miss Mary Metcalf, R. R.C. of Merthyr Tydfil Centre. Corps Treasurer John Morgan and Div. Supt. Howell Thomas.

Fig A shows the gear in pOSitIOn inside an ambulance. It will be seen that there is the maximum amount of head room for both stretchers.

Fig B illustrates the gear and also the" oneman" combination stretcher. This stretcher keeping waist high, meets many special ments and can be loaded and unloaded sino-Ie handed Being mounted on wheels a patient cban be c?nveyed from ambulance into the hospital, or :VIce versa, and being extremely I igh t is easily gUIded and handled between wards.

The special tray on which the stretchers are loaded can be drawn some 30 inches out of the ambulance, and when unloadin a or loadin a the h b actIOn of the t ray is to draw to a lower position

of stays or obstruction allows first aid to be o iven without hindrance. b

Readers interested in this gear should write to lh.e manufacturers, mentioning" FIRST AID," who \Vrll be pleased to forward illustrated and descripti \'e pam ph lets free of charge.

---.

H is Late Majesty King George V.

A LlilllTED number of coloured portraits of His Late :'Ilajesty King George V in his robes as SO\'ereign Head of the Order of St. John can be obtained frol11 the Stores Department, St. John Ambulance Association, St. John's Gate, Clerkenwell, London, E. C.1, at a cost of 1/ - each, including carriage. These pictures are copies of the portrait of His Late Majesty which hangs in the Chapter Hall at St. John's Gate, and are suitable for framing and hanging up in ambulance halls, to which priority will be given if the demand exceeds the number available.

A black and white reproduction was published in the February issue of this Journal, and we recommend readers to obtain a coloured copy at once, as supplies are very limited.

E v e ry penny spen t on advertising creates pre sti ge , standing and re p utation for the firm that s pends i t . . t may not be discernable in immedi· a t e resu l ts , b ut the effect is certain and the po w er cumu lat ive.

FIG. A.

FIG. B.

Rat/way Ambulance News.

Great Western.

SEVERN TUNNEL JUNCTION.-Mr. W. E. Baines, Div. Loco. Supt., presented examination awards to members of the Severn Tunnel Junction ambulance class at a happy function held at the Caldicot Triangle Institute on February 12th. The gathering took t.he form of a smoking concert, over ,,,hich Ur. R. W. George, J.P., Station :\1aster, presided, supported by Professor Cummins of Caldicot Hall, Dr. Strong, lecturer, and Mr. C. W. Davies. A number of the Company's gold medals and bars for efficient first aid service were included among the presentations. Opportunity was taken of the occasion to present Dr. Strong with a clock as a token of appreciation from the class members, and presentations were also made to lvIr. L. R. Lovell, instructor, l\1r. W. Prosser, secretary, and Miss V. Hill, who had organised the concert.

LLANDAFF.-At a meeting held at Llandaff G.W.R. station on Sunday, March 1st, Mr. T. E. Alexander, President of the Llandaff class, congratulated the members of the competition team, captained by Mr. F. B. Rogers, on their achievement in winning the "Sven Hansen" Cup at the Divisional Competition at Cardiff. Mr. Alexander made a personal gift of an ambulance case to each member of the team, and pointed out that this was the first time the trophy had been won by the same team twice in succession. He made a special appeal for recruits to the Llandaff class. Dr. L. Whitten, lecturer, and officers of the Company were also present at the function.

MOUNTAIN ASII.-At a social evening held in the Social and Educational Institute, Mountain Ash, on February 17th, 1\1r. ]. Wallace, Station Master, presented examination awards to members of the Mountain Ash ambulance class, and complimented them on their success. Presentations were also made by Mrs. Wallace to Dr. R. C. S. Evans and to Mr. Fox, class lecturer and instructor respectively, as tokens of appreciation from the members. The presentations were followed by a dinner and an excellent concert, and the evening finished with a dance.

AMBULANCE CENSUS.-After an interval of six years, a census of Great Western Railway ambulance workers was taken throughout the line during the last week -of October, 1935, and the figures disclosed are of considerable interest. The last census, taken in 1929, showed that ten per cent. of the staff were qualified ambulance workers and in view of the subsequent periods of trade and restriction of recruitment in certain areas, the fact that this percentage is still maintained is regarded as satisfactory For the purposes of the census only members of the staff who have passed an examination in first aid under the auspices of the S.J.A.A. within the past five years have been regarded as efficient, and the numbers include practically all grades in the service, from divisional officers to newly appointed lads.

The figures have been departmentally summarised show.that the highest percentage, 26 per cent., m the J?obce Department, the Department coming next wIth 19 per cent. An analYSIS of the census into the seventeen Divisions into which the Great Western Railway system is divided for organisation purposes re-

veals the fact that the Central Wales Division has the highest percentage of efficient ambulance men, 30 per cent. of its traffic staff, 15 per cent. of the locomotive staff and 17 per ce.nt. of the engineering department staff being duly quabfied The movement is particularly strong in the Principality of Wales.

total number of employees qualified in all departments IS 9,362, and an encouraging feature is the fact that of this number no fewer than 6,567 have passed four or more examinations, proof that the subject is followed up year year, with increasing efficiency, by large numbers 01 the staff .

These results reflect great credit on the divisional secretaries, class secretaries and instructors, and are a source of encouragement to the directors and officers of the Company, who display so keen an interest in the furtherance of the movement. Many of the competition trophies available in each Division are the personal o'ifts of the Company's officers, and these have had a ing effed in maintaining enthusiasm.

london, Mid land and Scottish.

This year the L.M.S. Final Ambulance Competition will be held in Sheffield on May 1st, and the Women's Final Ambulance Competition on May 15th, in London.

The District competitions for 1936 have now been held and the following are the first three in their respective Divisions:-

No. 1 District :-Div. I-Broad Street "A," Shoeburyness, Euston Clerical "A." Div. 2-Commercial Road "A," Brent Sidings, Watford Road Motor. Div. 3-Euston Oerical "C," Camden Goods "B," Camden Loco.

No.2 District :-Div. l-W-olverton "A" and" B," Cambridge. Div. 2-Northampton, Wellingborough, Wolverton " D."

No. 3 District :-Div. I-Warwick Traffic, Burton Goods, Tamworth "A." Div. 2-Burton Loco., Coventry, Warwick Loco.

No.4 District :-Div. I-Peterborough Traffic No.1, Melton Mowbray, Kettering No. 1. Div. 2-Kettering No. 2, Peterborough Traffic No.2, Kettering- No.3. No. 5 District :-Div. I-Gloucester No.1, Bristol Loco. No.1, Bath No. 1. Div. 2-Bath No.2, Bristol St. Philips, Evesham.

No. 6 District: -Div. I-Brynmawr, Abergavenny Junction, Sirhewy. Div. 2-Tredegar No.1, Hay, Blaenavon.

No.7 District :-D iv. I-Swansea Vic., Ystalyfera, Builth Road.

No. 8 District :-Div. I-Sa1tley Traffic, Curzon St. Goods, Sa1tley Loco. Div. 2-Birmingham D.G.M.O., Aston, Curzon St. Goods No.2. Div. 3-Birmingham Road Motor, Redditch, Stechford.

No.9 District :-Div. I-Bushbury Loco. No.1, Wo1verhampton Goods, Albion Goods. Div. 2-Bescot Loco. "A," Bescot Loco. "R.E.," Walsall Goods No 2

No 10 District :-Div. l-Utto xeter, Burton No.2, Burton No. 1. Div 2-Leek, Macclesfield, Newcastle. No. 11 District :-Div. I-Cr ewe (Copper Shop "A"), Stafford, Crewe (Machine Shop "A"). Div. 2-Crewe

FIRST

(Boiler Shop S.W.), Crewe (Boiler Mounting Shop), Willaston "B."

No. 12 District :-Div. I-Sh effield Police Sheffield C. &: W., Kirkby-in-A. Div. 2-Grimethorpe' C. & VV. Nottmgham Loco., Clay Cross.

No. 13 District :-Div. 1- ewton Heath Loco., 1Iayfield No.1, Osborne Street No. l. Div.2-Mayfield 0.2, Ancoats Goods, Altrincham C. & W. No. 14 District :-Diy. I-W arrington No.1, Earlestown No.2, Earlestown o 1. Div. 2-Garston Docks No.2, Warrington No.2, Birkenhead Loco. No .2.

No. 15 :-Div. I-Edge Hill Goods, Liverpool (North Docks), LIverpool (Gt. Howard St.). Div. 2Walton Junction, Edge Hill Loco. Edo-e Hill Traffic.

No. 16 District :-Div No 1, Llandudno, Div. 2-Mo1d Junction No.1, 01ester Engmeermg No.1, Chester Signals. No 17 D.istrict-Div. l-Coppull Engineers, Southport 0.2, Wigan "A" (P. \ iV.). Div. 2-Horwich Works (Boiler Shop), Bamfurlong, Wigan "c" No 1. Div. 3Horwich Works (Erecting Shops), Wigan "C" Engineers, vVesthollghton "A "

A I D. 233

L.M S Ambulance ,vas held on February 1st, the foHowmg teams competmg :-Lancaster Castle, Lancaster Green Ayre, Heysham, Carnforth.

An interesting test was set by fIlr. Pashley, of TornshC?lme, and the cup was won by the Lancaster Castle StatIOn team, each man also receiving a cut glass salad bowl. The prize was awarded to the Heysham each bemg presented with a case of half a dozen stamless kmves and forks.

The chair was. taken by Captain Barnish, of Heysham, and the cup and pnzes were presented by Mr. E. Summers, StatIOn Master, Heysham Harbour, supported by F. G. Adams, District Engineer, Lancaster, and Mr. O. J. Rignall, Station 1Iaster, Lancaster.

annual presentation of ambulance awards to the Swansea (Victoria) class members took place on February 20th. .i\Ir. T. FollO\\"S, Di trict Loco. Supt., and was supported by Mr. A. \V. Hamer, Asst. Dlstnct Goods and Passenger Manager, and Messrs. H. Owen, J. c. Jones, \\T. G. Parker, hor Dayies, ]. \\T

No. 18 District :-Div. I-Bolton Loco., Bolton o. 1, Heaton Park No. 1. Div. 2-0ldham o. 1, Heaton Park No.2, Oldham No.2.

No. 19a District :-Div. I-Preston Passenger, Fleetwood No.1, Preston Traffic. Div. 2-Preston Goods, \Tliyre Dock Goods, Blackpool Loco. No.2 No. 19b District :-Div. l-Accrington Traffic, Rose Grove No. I, Burnley No. 1. Div. 2-Blackbum CIa s, Blackburn Traffic Io. 1, Burnley No.2. 0.20 District :-Div. I-Keighley o. 1, Brighouse, Bradford (Forster Sq.). Div. 2-Skipton, Mirfield P .vV., Halifax

No. 21 District :-Div. 1-Dewsbury Junction, Wakefield Loco., Goole. Div. 2-Normanton Loco. No.1, N ew lay & H Crofton. No. 22 District :-Div. 1-0xenholme Loco., Carlisle Station "A," Carlisle Station "B." Div. 2-Heysham, Carnforth, Ca rli sle (Mid.). No. 23 District :-Div. I-Whi tehaven, Workington, Millom.

MORECAMBE AND HEYSIIAM.-The local competitIOn in connection with the Morecambe, Heysham and District

Taylor and E. Lewis, Station 1Iaster, Swansea (Victoria).

Ur. Follows in his opening remarks appealed to the staff for continued and increased interest in the moyement.

The class secretary, 1\1r. Ivor Davies, gave some line statistics, and appealed for an increase in the number of first year students.

III the absence of 1\1r. C. H. Tait, owing to indisposition, Mr. A. VV. Hamer pre ented the awards and congratulated each recipient.

Mr. H. Owen moved a vote of thanks to the Chairman (l\lr. Follows), and l\Ir. I vor Davies on behal f of those present thanked 11r Hamer for making the presentations.

The awards were :-Gold medal for 15 years' service, ]\IIr. E. ]. Lythgoe. Vouchers, 4; l\ledallions, 4; Labels, 32. The medical class lecturer is Dr. ]. D. Robertson to ,,,hom the members are grateful for his interest and enthusiasm.

A whist driye and dance which followed was well attended. The committee responsible for the eyent were: Messrs. J. c. Jones, W. G. Parker, \V. L. Dayies, D. G. Davies and H. Crosland.

The Scene of the Team Test at the Stratford (L. N. E. R.) Challenge Shield Competition.

london and North Ea stern.

NORTH EASTERN AREA.

It has given great satisfaction to the Railway Ambulance members of the N orlh Eastern Area to be able to record the encouragement \yhich has been extended to two well known ambulance workers.

At an Investiture of the Grand Prior of the British Realm of the Venerable Order of St. John of Jerusalem, h eld i.n the Chapter Room at St. John:s Gate, on February 21st, IIis 1\lajesty The K1l1 g was graclOusly pleased to sanction the admission of Mr. J. S. Harper, District Superintendent, Hull, and Mr. J. W. of Lee ds as Servino- Brothers of the Order, the Investlture being 'made by Earl of Scarborough, Sub Prior of the Order.

A Vote of Thanks on Vellum has also been awarded by the Chapter General of the Order to Ir. Jam es Gibson of Leeds.

Darlington District Engineers: A team wer.e s ucc essful in the Officers' Challenge Shleld competJtlOn wh1ch was held on Saturday, February 22nd, at Darlin gton. Stooperdalc Officers were second with Shildon A third. Eight teams were judge d by Dr. L. L. Westrope, of G ates he ad and Dr. G. T. Hanlan, of Tewcastle

Mr. T. B. Hare, President of the Darlin gto n District Ambulance Council presided, whilst :M rs. Hare presented the shield to the winners and the" McIntyre ., Cup to the runn e rs-up.

The Hull and District Challenge Cup competition Vias held on February 26th, when el even teams competed. Dr. C. D. Wilson, of Darlingt on, and Dr. E. B. Appleby, of ewcastle, were the judges.

The r esu lt W<lS: -1st, Dairycoats, 16-+; 2, Pdragoll No.1, 163; 3, Paragon No.3, ] 60.

Dr. R. G. Russell, of Blackhall, and Dr. T. Russell, of Trindon, were the judg es at Newcastle District Shield competition held on February 15th. ewcastle Central Team won the shield, Tyne Dock A team, last year's winners, being second and r ece ived the "Jackson" Memorial Troph y.

SOUTHERN AREA.

Re a lism in Whitechapel Hi gh Street "vas enacted aL the G. E. Mechanics' Insti t ute , Dartford, when the fifth annual competition for the Stratford District Ambulance Challenge Shield was held t h e re on February 12th. The team test took the form of a street accident consequent upon a messen ge r boy ridin g a carrier bicycle, attempting to pass between a stationary motor car and a motor trailer. The excellent staging of this test (as shown in the accompanying photograph) played a great part in the success of the competition.

ine teams from the Stratford Area competed, and the re sult was as follows :-1, Bish opsgate .r C," 326; 2, Printing iN arks, 305; 3, Stratford Works, 284.

Capt. W. Goodley again judged the Team Test, assisted by Lady District Officer Mrs. Morrish, S.J.A.B., and this year the Individual Tests were judged by Distric t Officer N. Burton.

Mrs. Wilson, wife of Mr. F. C. 'vVilson, Distric t Supt., Stratford, presented the Shield and prizes to the winning teams. Mr. Wilson, replying on her behalf, expressed the hope that more teams would enter the compet ition next year, and follow the example of Hertford,

which, although only a small railway centre in comparison with Bishopsgate, had entered two teams.

The proceedings closed with a vote of thanks to the Chairman of the Committee, .!\tIr. L. P. Parker, and to all who had helped to make the competition a success

The No. 1 (London) Division of the G.N. Section competed for the" Lid de Jl Steel)) Silver Bowl on Thursda y, l\larch 5th, when 5 teams competed. Once again Dr. ]. Stanley Davies was the judge.

F o r the first time in eight years King's Cross Good s failed to win the trophy, being beaten by King's Cross Loco (Shed) team, who obtained 187 marks against ecurecl by the " G oods " team. The" Passenger" t eam was third with 166 marks.

The winning team, comprised of ::'I1essrs. R. H Pick\\'orth, R. E. Ockendoll, H. IViarriott, W. A. heen (capLai n ), and C. H. Amors, are members of the o. 13 (King's Cross G.N.R.) Division, S.J.A.B., of ·which J. G. Palm e r is the Superintendent. l\lr. Palm e r competed for the G.N Officers' Cup as l ong ago as 30 years and led the team which won the first" Liddell Steel)) competition.

Mr. T Smith, Centre Secretary G. N Section, presided at the presentation meeting supported by Mr. ]. F. Sparke, District Loco Supt.) Mr. F. C. Robbins, Goods Agent, King's Cross, and Mr. VV. J. Kirby, CuIrass Hall Mission.

Smith congratulated the winners and called Up OIl Dr. Davies to give his criticism and commcnts on the \,·ork done.

1\1r. Sparke also added congratulations to the team f rom his department for having at last wrested the trophy [rom the "Goods" team.

Votes of thanks vvere extended to Dr. Davies amI to Mr. Smith who called for a special vote of thanks to the District Secretary, 1\1r. H. \V. IIarvey.

The Bowl was presented by Mr. Smi t h.

The No.2 (Peterboro') District competition was held in the Gymnasium, Liverpool Street, on February 28th , the Team test being judged by Dr. Stanley Davies and the Individual test by Dr. Davan Neill. The result was as follows: 1, New England No.1, 196; 2} Hitch in, 192; 3 , Hatfield No.1, 191. Ten teams competed.

In the unavoidabl e absence of Mr. Tom Smith, Centre Secretary, the Shield \Vas presented to the winners by 1\Ir. W. E. Green, District Secretary, who expressed his satisfaction at the k ee nn ess shown by all teams, and referred to the magnificent work performed by Ambulanc e men in connection with the unfortunate accidents at vVelwyn Garden City and Grantham, which had occurred durin gthe year.

He also took the opportunity of thanking the doctors, and others who had assisted during- the afternoon.

The examining doctors review ed the work done by t he teams and devoted some t ime t o practical an d helpful advice.

Metropolitan Line (london Transport)

The annual competitions of the above Line were held on Saturday, March 7th, at N easden; four teams competed. Capt. A. C. White Knox, M.C, M B., judged the Team test and Corps Supt. C. W. Kersley, S.].A.B. , the viYa voce in the unavoidable absence of Capt. F. E.

Bendix The Individual practical were held on a previotls da te at which Capt. Bendix judged.

The Team test was excellently staged and depicted a

FIR S T

house in course of erection. \I\/ hilst some men were rai sing a beam by means of a pulley and rope, the rope slipped and the beam fell heavily on a man below. The man sustained a fracture of spine (lower thoracic re gioll). simple fracture of ribs) lime in the eyes and shock.

A good crowd witnessed the competition including many officials of the Lin e.

Mr. George Hally (Operating Manager) presided at the ubsequent presentation ceremony.

Th e results were announced as follows: 1, No.3 team (Messrs W. Edvvards, S. ·Weekes, J. Ward e n, A. Stokes (captain) and W. Harper) , 561 marks ; 2, No.4 tea m (W. Hughes, captain), 524; 3, o. 2 team (Nfr. G. Waldock captain), 471; 4, No.1 team (Mr. W. Stevenson, captain).

Individual winners: 1, G. Waldock, 123; 2, A. Stok es, 3, VV Hugh es.

Mrs. R. Falshaw Morkill presented the prizes and also gold medals, for 15 years' service, to J. Cooper, F. vVhitl ey, A. Brudenell P Ottl ey, S. Mortimore and H Vause; a 20 year gold bar to E. DL1nn and F. H e rc ock; and a 30 year gold bar to W. Jones.

Mr. J. A. Gravestock was the competition secretary.

Southern.

The Final competition of the Southern R a ilway ",ill be held at Southern H ouse , Cannon Street, on Tuesday, April 28th. Admission is by ticket only and applications should be made to Mr. E. A. Richard s, Welfare Assis tant, ViJaterloo Station, S.E.1.

One hundred and nineteen teams entered for the preliminary rounds which were held this month.

I-L\V ,\NT.-At a smoking concert helel rec ent ly at Ha vant, 1\1r. E. A. Richards, Welfare Assistant, presentecl ignalman Ho ad, of Bognor Regis, two certificates-one in respect of a meritorious act of fir t aid and the other lo r lon g sen'ice.

1\1r. Richards, on behalf of the Company. sincerely Lhanked 1\1r. Hoa d for all he had done to further the ambulance movement.

During the eve nin g, Dr. D ew hurst. the H on. L ect ur e r Lo the Hayant Class, was made the recipient of a sil\'er cig-arette case subscribed for by the members of the class as a slight appreciation of his services, and the w elcome accorcled to 1\1r. and Mrs. Rich ards was marked by the presentation of a handsome bouquet of fl owe rs to the latt e r by Miss Howard, dauo·hter of the District Secr etary.

R f\l\JSG.\TE -A t a r ece nt meeting held at R amsg-ate. 1\1r. G. R. vVard, Station Foreman. Rams o-ate, was presented with a g·old leyer watch by th e first aiders in tha t Di ,t rict for his long and con t inu ed inter est in th e cause of fir s t aiel.

Mr. "Vard for a p e riod of oyer 30 years ha s been connected with the District and his duties with the amb l1lance classes took him to destinations from Gre enhith e to Dover-du t ies uf which he nel' e r wearied.

Mr. Ward recently found it necessary, owing to health r easo ns, to r elinquish the po t of District Ambulanc e Secretary, but it is hop ed that the flrst aid movement ,, ill cont inue to henefit hy his long experience and a(1\-ice for many years to comc.

WIMBLlmON.-The third annual Concert and di:;Lribution of awards in connection ,yith the Wimbledon Class wa s h e ld rlt Lhe' v\Tilliam Morri H a ll. vVimhledoll.

Mr. W H. Geer) Station Master, "\iVimbledon. presided, and was supported by 1\1 r. E. A. Richa rds (\Vel fare Asst. to General Manag-er) and Mrs Richards, :1\1r. E.

A I D. 235

Burgess (District Ambulance Secretary, Guildford), and Mrs. Burgess, and other officials of the Company.

Th e awards were present ed to the successful candidates by Mrs. E. A. Richards, the latter hers elf beino- the recipi ent of a bouquet of spring flowers. h

Among the certificates presented were those in favour of Messrs. Magra and Bristow for their long and merito rious se rvice in the cause of first aid to the injured.

11r. W. G. Burgess (District Secretary) 'I"as also presented with a set of carvers from the members of the class in appreciation of his services. The Class Secretary (Mr. :Makep eace) r eceived a gift from his class members in the shape of a cigarette light e r, as a token of their esteem and rec ogn ition of the help they had received from him

A hearty vole of thanks was accorded 11r. and i\Ir Richards for their presence, and the organisers of the function are to be congratulated on its success.

OBI ru.\RY.-B\' the death of 1\Ir. ]. J. SiIYCr\vood, retired coach builder, Ashford vVorks, the "Southern" h as suffered the loss of a \'ery enthusi ,l ·tic supporter of the first a id movement.

Mr. Silverwood joined the St. John Ambulance Association when it was formed in Ashford in 1880. He was among the first to receiye the certificate of the Association -+0) and until recent years still attended the annual exam in ation In 1928 he received the Gold Medal awa rd ed by the Southern Railway for passing 21 consecutive examinalion in first aid.

T he H ospit allers' C l ub.

THE Club met at the Bonnington Hotel, \iV.C.t, on Friday, February 14th, the Presiden t, :\1 r. J. A. Bowman, presiding.

The speaker for the evening was Lt.-Col. Cecil \V. Powney, O B.E., who gave his experiences during his " \Valk across Japan." He spoke of the strange customs at the people and drew attention to the social and econom ic questions. These, he said, were vital problems which the Japanese people are trying to solve.

On the motion of 1\1r. McBride, seconded by Mr. Stallard, a hearty vote of tbanks ""as accorded tbe speaker for his interesting talk.

The Secretary, 1\1r. A. E. \iVells, reported the passing of Mr. L A. EV:l11s, a regular member, whose abseence will be greatly missed.

LADY HOSPITALLERS' CLUB.

An instructive and interesting lecture ,,·as a iven to Club Members on Saturday, March 7th, by Capt. A N. Cahusac, lVI C., on the work of the St. John Ambulance Association.

There wi l l be no meeting of the Cl u b dUring Apr il , but a vis it will be paid to the Tate Gallery o n May 2nd, at 3 . 15 p.m.

Police Ambulance News.

POLICE r\AT10NAL FIRST AID CO IPETITION.

For the first time since the inauguration of the contest in 1928, the" Pim " trophy has found a home in London. At the ninth annual final held at Central Hall, Westminster, London, on Friday, February 28th, "F" Division of the Metropolitan Force were adjudged the winners. The result was a very popular one and the great applause which greeted the announcement reminded the Home Secretary, who presented the prizes, of the General ElectIOn

It was evident by the large audience which >\·itnessed the competition throughout the day that Police first aiders are a very keen body of men. There were present representalives from all parts of England and \Vales and the aLtendance of so many Chief Constables added encouragement to the men.

The iudges were Captain F. E. Bendix, M. R.e.S.,

missioner, City of London Police), Lord Rockley (BailiRGrand Cross of the Order), S ir John Duncan (Chief Commissioner, St. J Ol1n Ambulance Brigade).

The results were announced by Sir Percival \Vilkinson as follows :-

FIRST

commenting on various items for their benefit on future occasions.

Dr. Bendix stated that he had judged many competitions in various parts of the country and he did not think there were better first aiders than those who had taken part in the present tests He congratulated the teams on their work in his test which "vas not difficult but very detailed. As regards artificial respiration there was still room for improvement. Some teams jerked their movements but it should be carried out naturally and imitate the natural breathing. One other point: The first essential in first aid was to discover exactly what was wrong with the patient.

Dr. Pollock remarked that" Competitionitis " was the reason for loss of certain marks. The absence of an antiseptic in one test, greatly worried competitors, but he stressed tbe value of hot sunshine in a country district. He urged competitors to remember they were strong men and to use their strength combined with gentleness.

THE TESTS.

4 Proper and complete examination for wounds and hc£morrhage

Note hc£morrhage from right thigh And burn, left leg

Temporary application of \\'001 to exclude air from burn

TREATMENT OF WOUND.

Exclude signs of fracture of right lower limbswelling, deformity, irregularity lno)

Elevate and support right lower limb

Expose wound

Is blood bright red (no)

Is blood dark red (yes)

Flowing steadily (not markedly)

From side a way from heart (yes)

Size and character of wour.d inches, incised)

Foreign bodies, or obviously dirty (no)

Direct digital pressure maintained

"

and individual prizes (presented by the St. John Ambulance Association) were distributed by the Home Secretary.

Metropolitan Police" F" Division, Winners of the "Pim" Trophy 1936.

Standing: P.C. Adams, P.e. Wrighton, P.S. Wheatley (capt.), P.c.'s Lucas, Williamson, Ransom.

Sitting: Chief Constable J. Goldie, Deputy-Assistant Commissioner G. Abbiss, the Commissioner, Sir Philip Game, Deputy-Assistant Commissioner J. R. H Nott-Bower, Supt. H. A. Varney.

L.R.C.P., of London (team and No.1), and A. M. Pollock, Esq., M.B., Ch.B., of Tunbridge Wells (Nos. 2, 3, 4and5). For the first time an independent patient was used in the team test; an innovation we have suggested for some years. The team test was well staged and depicted a house which had caught fire. Firemen with hoses rushed onto the scene and rescued the patient who had been trapped inside. The individual tests required little staging but it would have added to the interest of the spectators if the punt used in the No.4 and 5 test had been fitted with a collapsible side.

Lord Herbert Scott (Knight of Justice of the Order of St. John) presided over the presentation ceremony, supported by Sir John Simon (Home Secretary), Sir Percival Wilkinson (Secretary General of the. Order), Sir Philip Game (Commissioner, Metropolitan Police), Sir Hugh Turnbull (Com-

The Chairman thanked Sir John Simon for his attendance. Sir John was a Knight of Grace of the Order and Hon. Councel to the Priory for Wales and he bad rendered loyal services to the Order.

Lord Herbert also extended thanks to Mr. and Mrs. J ohn Maxwel l and Mr. Joseph Grossman (of the Brilish International Pictures, Ltd.) for erect i ng and staging the tests; the judges for their untiring assistance, and to the Officers of No. 1 District, S.J.A. B . and Police who had acted ac;; stewards.

Sir J ohn Simon said he took great pride in his association w ith the Order of S1. J ohn. The demonstration he had witnessed was most satisfactory and he congratu lated the competitors on their keenness and ski l.

Capt. Bend ix and Dr. Pollock addressed the co m petitors

The team test was a straight forward one but to obtain high marks every detail had to be definitely carried out.

Briefly the action of the test was as follows :-1\1rs. Brown had gone out shopping and on her return home had found the house in flames with firemen in attendance. She immediately informed the firemen, between shouts of anxiety, that \Villiam, her" husband" was inside. A member of the fire brigade quickly rescued \Villiam and called upon the team, who had just left their to give assistance.

The marks allotted were as follows :-

Proceed quickly to scene of accident 1

Ensure absence of sources of danger 1

Tact and speed in taking over case 2

Method of dealing with 1\1rs. Brown 2

Sending member for full equipment from nearby Station 2

Marks to a maximum of five will be deducted for waste of time-unnecessary preparation or q uestioning llIinus 5

Is patient breathing (no)

Convulsions (no)

A. TREATMENT OF ASPHYXIA

Marks to a maximum of five will be awarded for prom ptness in commencing arti ficial respiration

Examination for other possible causes: -

Mouth for foreign bodies (no)

Throat for obstruction (no)

eck for constriction (no)

Lips and mouth for hurns (no)

2 Artificial respiration.

(a) Adjust the patient's position :-

Turn into prone position

Extend arms above head, 2, turn bead to side,

(b) Adjust own position :-

Kneel to one side or across patient

Hands over lower ribs, 1, thumbs parallel, Close to spine

Fingers slightly open, 1, pointing to shoulders,

(c) Movements :-

Arms straighl and rigid, 1, leaning body forward, 2

Slow firm pressure downwards

Drawing body back and relaxing pressure

Hands not removed from trunk

Swaying (rhythmic) forwards and backwards

From the knee-joints

Rhythm-12 to 15 per minute-regular

(d) Adjuncts :-

Smelling salts

Flicking with wet towel

Marks to a maximum of five may be deducted for any

pause or cessation of artificial respiration Minus 5

3 Undo tight clothing

For indirect digital pressure or use of tourniquetnow or later Minus .5

Preparation of dressings, avoiding sepsis

Search for and remove constrictions heart side

Firm bandage-near ,yound-side away from heart, before application of dressing

Remove direct pressure-controlled (yes)

For speed in arresting hc£I1lorrhage a maximum of five marks will be awarded

Tincture of iodine over and around

Dressing (clean, soft, dry, absorbent)

Pad of wool, 2, bandage firmly, 2

Continue to support-raised

For removal of firm bandage lJ.lilllts 5

Very careful watch and inquiry subsequently for any increase in hc£Illorrhage

5 Send member, with explicit message to telephone for doctor (Doctor will set out at once, and requests team to remove patient to shelter as soon as expedient)

6 Promotion of warmth-blankets, oyer and under, hot-water bottles properly applied

The patient commences to breathe /l\'e minutes after commencemenL of artificial respiration. Timekeeper to notify judge when to announce.

Regulate movements to natural breathing

Promote circulation-rubbing, friction

Careful watch and inquiry in regard to breathing subsequently

7 Test ability to swallow (yes, if correct test)

Obtain and administer hot tea in sips

TREATMENT OF BURl.

Carefully remove clothing - state cut round if adherent

State do not break blisters

Discover baking soda-oblain basin and hot water and prepare soothing lotion-correct proportion

At temperature of body-stated

Immerse or bathe part

Soak off adherent clothing-stated

Dressing in strips

Soaked in clean solution

Keep moist

B. GENERAL EXAMINATION OF PATIENT.

Colour of face (pale)

Can he be roused (he groans)

(a) Pulse, correct examination

Rate (rapid), 1, strength (weak), 1

(b) Breathing, rate (quick)., 1, (rather shallow), 1 Accompaniments (yawmng, slghwg, stertorous, etc.) (sighing)

Irregular (yes), 1, air hunger (no), 2

Odour of breath (as you find it)

(c) Head, front, back, vault, sides (no)

Ears and nose for hGBmorrbage (no)

Mouth for bGBmorrhage and froth (no)

(c1) Eyes, response to tOllch (he moves his head groans) Bloodshot

AID .

paraded recently under Commander S. C. Taunton, M. B. E., and were inspected by the Chief Constable (Mr. C. C. H. Moriarty, O. B. E.), after which prizes were presented by him to the members of the Voluntary Ambulance Class The Chief Constable congratulated S.L. (, B" 158 T. B r oom on winning the Divisional Cup, and also S. L. "B" 100 B. Price and S. C. "B" 53 R. Russdl, second and third respectively. He also expressed his appreciation of the commendable interest taken by the men in work, which he considered adds to their efficiency as members of the Special Constabulary. Sub. Commander H. Bannister (Instructor) and Section Leader C. G. Marsh (Assistant Instructor) were also thanked for the class.

The" Proctor" Ambulance Challenge Cup, won by the " B " Division, at the instance of Chief Sub. Commander T. Goode was then fjlled and toasted by all present; the team being cong-ratulated by the Chief Constable on their win. This competition is open to members of the Constabulary and the team representing- the division were Section Leaders C. G. Marsh (capt.), B. Price, C. H. Gray, T. Broom, E. Edge and Special Constable R. Shaw (Reserve); they obtained 218 marks, being 41 more than the runners up.

The Officers present in addition to Commander S. C. Taunton, M. B. E., were Chief Sub. Commander T. Goode, O.B.E., Commander Major W J. E. Proctor, Superintendent F. Cartwright, Sub. Commanders H. Bannister, A. Taylor, n.nd ex-Officers Mr T. Brittain and Mr. F. Carver.

l\[£TROPOLITAN SPECIAL CO STABULARY.

On February 10th and 17th "P" Division held their initial competitions for the" Jacobs" Cup. Open to first year men, 25 members from various stations competed in an interesting event which was run on a knock-out basis, the the winner being awarded 4 points and the loser 2 in the earlier rounds, 6 points and 3 points in the semi-final and 8 points and 4 points in the final. Each pair of competitors had a practical and viva voce test.

The first and second rounds were held on the first date and the third, semi final and final rounds on the l a tter date.

Our Nurses Pages.

No. 1 DISTRICT, S .J.A.B.

CENTRAL AREA - The preliminary rounds of the _" MacFadden" and "Mountgarret" Competitions were held on February 20th and March 3rd respectively, at District Headquarters.

In the former, three teams competed, and were judged by County Surgeon Capt. Steele (individual practical and viva voce), Dr. M. M. Scott (team test) and Lady District Officer Miss Masson (uniforms).

Thc results were :-1, No. 39 (Temple Nursing Division), 1681; 2, No. 73 (Shoreditch), 1521; 3, ... -0. 62 (Haggerston), 115 1. The last-nam ed team was making its firs t appearance in competition work.

Eleven Divisions entered for thc " Mountgarret " competition for bedmaking, Lady District Officer Mrs. MacFadden, Northern Area, acting as judge; and Lady District Officer Miss Masson awarding marks for uniform.

The teams were placed in the following order :-1. Civil Service, 5n marks; 2, Finsbury, 4n; 3, Tcmple, 45;1;; 4, Shoreditch, 4-H; 5, Toynbee Hall, 6 (tie), Haggerston and Hospital Saturday Fund, 401; 7, St. John's Gate, 3n; 8, Stoke Newington, 371; 9, East London, 37; 10, W. H. Smith and Son, The winners of both competiti·ons will repr esent the Area in District Finals

EASTER.'i' AREA.-The "l\Iountgarrct" Competition (preliminary round) \\"as held at East Ham on Saturday, February 29th.

Three tcams entered, thc results being :-1, o. 78 (Fairlop); 2, No. 15 (Ilford); 3, No. 27 (vVest Ham).

Amb. Officers 'vV. H. Lane, P. H. R Hayman, and F. J. Standing-tord, and Lady Amb. Officer Miss D. Nobbin. Amb Officer. S. J. Stillwell) of Finchley Division, added to the success of the cvening- hy kindly acting as

SOUTIIER.\' AREA.-The Area Competitions were held at the Croydon General Hospital on February 22nd, when the Southern Area Bedmaking Trophy and the ":\lcCaffrey" Cup were competed for for the first time. For the bedmaking competition, Robinia, ViscOlUltess Mountgarret, Lady District Officer, Western Area, acted as judge, and teams gained the following marks :-1 K o. 36 (East Croydon and Addiscombe), 2, No. 69 (Southern Rail\Yay), 35; 3, No. 51 (Blackheath) and Xo. 10 (Streatham and Balham), tie, Asst. Commissioner C:tpt. F. E. Bendix judged the team test in the Preliminary Round of the" l\IacFadden " competition, and Asst. Commissioner Dr. MacIntyre the individual work.

Streatham and Balham \Hre awarded first place ,,,ith 165 marks, and East Croydon and Adcliscombe second, with 134 marks.

The results werc announced by Capt. Bendix, who thanked thc competitors for their enthusiasm; the judges for their assistance; and said he was pleased to ee :\lrs. l\IcCaffrey, late Lady District Officer, present. He also extended the thanks of the Area to the ho pital authoritie :\lrs. :\lcCaffrey presented her cup. and Lady l,lountgarret the Bedmaking Cup.

20

For the individual tests the following were set :J o. 1. Demonstrate and describe in detail the manner in which a tourniquet should be improvised and applied to the brachial artery. Time allowed 4 minutes.

No.2. Render first aid to a man who has fallen from a ladder. Tim e, 8 minutes. Competitors found a fractured right collar-bone and a bruised head.

Ko. 3. A doctor tells you that a patient involved in a train accident has a suspected fracture of the spine, may have internal bCEmorrhage, is badly shocked and has been given morphia. He further tells you to treat the patient for shock and any further injuries you may find. Time aJlowed 8 minutes. Deep cuts were found on both palms.

Nos. 4 and 5. Whilst being- ferried across a river the collapses and in falling'kllocks over a bottle hiS Wrist on the broken glass. 1 0 first aid mn.terial was availab.le ap.d allo\ved was 8 minutes. On recovery the patient compJ3ll1ed of severe pain in abdomen which was fo und to be indiRestion.

The marking sheets of the individual tests will be published next month.

CITY OF BIRMINGHAM SPECIAL CO TSTABULARY.

The members of the "B" Division (North Area)

Commandant J. G. Mallet presiued at the close of the final round and announced the order in which the Stations had finished :-1, Southend Village, 61 points; 2, Bromley, 28 points ; 3, Lewisham, 27 points; 4, Beckenham, 24 points; 5, Old Alleynians, 22 points; 6, Farnboroug-h, 6 points. The Individual winner was Inspector Leach (Southend Village), runner-up Sub. Inspector Kempson (Old Alleynians) S. C. Donovan (Lewisham) and S. C. Tobilcock (Southend Villag-e) were the other semi-finalists.

ir. MaJlett after presenting the prizes extended thanks to Sub. Inspector Jacobs for presenting- the Cup; to the South end Village and Lewisham Stations for providing the finalists' and semi-finalists' medals to Dr. J. J. Hughes (Divisional Surgeon) and Mr. G. E. Craft, of " FIRST Am," who judged the practical and viva voce tests respectively to the stewards, patients and those who gave permission for the use of the halls.

Dr. Hughes addressing the competitors congratulated them on the work done, which for the most part was extraordinary gO(1d. He wished to tbank P. C. ]. Facey, of Peckham, for the trouble taken in arranging the competition and the successful way lie had carried it out.

Mr. Crait fully endorsed the Doctor's remarks on the standard of the work. The majority of the compE}titors had a g-ood knowledge of the textbook and were only lacking in competition experience.

Mr. Facey promised his fullest support on future occasions and hoped that next year more competitors wou ld enter.

The proceedings closed with a vote of thanks to the Chairmen which was proposed by Chief Inspector A. Garnar.

The Area will be reprcsented at the District Finals by No.8 (East Ham) in the "MacFadden" Competition, and also in the" Brooks" Efficiency; and by No. 78 (Fairlop) in the" MOl1ntgarret" Competition.

NORTIIERN ARE1\.-Thc Area eliminating tests ,,,,ere held on 'vVednesday, March 4th, at the homc of Lady District Officer Mrs. l\1acFadden.

The judges were County Surgeon Dr. Rees for the " MacFadden," and Lady District Supl. Miss Walker for the" Mountgarret," and thc successful teams were H ampstead Nursing Division in the former competitioll, and Watford Nursing Division in the latter.

The rcsults were announced by the County Surgeon, \vho also informed those present of the sudden death of Miss Hoare, their lat.e Lady District Officer.

The Asst. Commissioner thanked the judges and Mrs. MacFadden for the splendid manner in which the competitions were carried out, and the who would go on to represent the Area III the DIstnct Finals.

FINCULEY A:\fO SOUTIIG,\TE YURSING DIVISION.-A very s uccesfuJ and enj oyable dance was held by the above Division at Friern Barnet Church IIall on Saturday, February 22ncl. Ahout 160 members and friends enjoyed dancing to music by tIle Locarno Players Band, prizes being provided for spot and elimination etc.

Amongst those present DIV Surgeon D W. Reid, M.B., Ch.B., and Mrs. Reld, also 1nencls from ot!1er Divisions including Supts. J. W Tayler and S. H. C011111S,

The competition were ,yitnessed by County Surgeon Dr. Stoker) District Officer F. \,Al. Clifford, Lady District Officer Miss Grinclley, who had charge of all the arrangements, and others.

East Croydon and Addiscombe will represent the Area in the Brooks Efficiency Competition, there being no other entry.

\,VE::;TERX ARE.\.-The Area Preliminary Competition for 1 ursino' Divisions werc held in the Hall of 1Iemory, Flood Chelsea) on Saturday, Fehruary 1st. The arrangements were in the hands. of Lady Mountgarrct, who was assisted by a number ot te\\'ards.

The" MouIltO'arret" Competition \\ as judged by Lady District Officer r:"acly I rying. Fi r t place wa securecl by No. 26 (Richmond) r.;" ur ing Diyi ion.

The two judges for the "l\IacFadden" CompetItIOn were Dr. Flynn and Dr. Arnott, both of Southall Am?ulance Division. 14 (Craig Court House) Nurs1l1g Division were first with 361 marks, dosely followed by ;..ro. 22 (Harrow) \\'ith 358.

The" Brooks" Efficiency CompetitIOn by Div. Supt. T. Acton and l!l1th DIYlslon" and Miss Roof, vVIllesden Nursl11g DIvlslOn. No.6::> (Southern Railway Headquarters' Staff) was placed first in this eve nt.

At the close of the tests, the results were declared by Asst. Commis ioner S. ). \V arren, who congratulated the winninO' teams and advlsed them they \\ ould represent the Area the District Finals. He also th.anked the stewards, patients. assistants, and Dlstnct Officer Lady Mountgarret for the afternoon "ork.

A course of l ectures fo r women o n " Fi rst Aid in Maternity Cases," will commence at Toynbee Hall, Commercial Street, E.I, on Wednesday, March 25th, at 8 p.m. Fee, including examination, 3s. 6d. Application for enrolment, should be made to Lady Div Supt. Miss Israel, 213, Vicarage Road, Ley ton, E.IO.

No.2 DISTRICT, S.].AB.

WOOLSTO)f TURSING DIVISIOl\. -i\Irs. Cole, the new Lady Divisional Superintendent, presided at the Annual General Meeting of the ·Woolston Nursing Division.

A report of the year's work was given by the secretary, who said that during the year 21 drills and practices had been held, with an average attendance of 11, and between 1,200 and 1,300 hours of public duty had been carried out by the members

Regrets were expressed that Mrs. Tosh Robb, J.P., had retired from the rank of Lady Div. Supt. and had gone on Brigade Resen e, although she still continues to act as Div. Treasurer. A vote of thanks to her was passed for the kind and sympathetic manner in which she had always carried out her duties.

Mrs. Cole was welcomed as the new Lady Div. Supt.

No.3 DISTRICT, S.J.A.B.

Teams from ursing Divisions in South Worcestershire competed at Rose Bank, i\Ialvern, on March 2nd, for the right to enter the County Competitions. The team test was judged by Dr. Mills, of Worcester, and the individual work by Mr. Whitlow, of Malvern.

Corps Surgeon Dr F. L. ewton announced the results :-1, 1falvern, 174 marks; 2, Malvern Wells, 144; 3, Droitwich Spa, 11M.

The winning team included Amb. Sisters Mrs. King (leader), Mrs. Drew, Miss Jones and Miss Bubb. They will go on to the County Final Competitions shortly to be held at Malvern.

Dr. ewton said that Mrs. J. W. Davies of Malvern had kindly offered a cup for the winning team, to be competed for annually.

Corps Supt. G. Fulloway of Droitwich presented the prizes and congratulated the teams on their work.

Dr. Mills congratulated the winners, and expressed appreciation of the smart work of all the competitors, some of whom had entered for the first time.

No.4 DISTRICT, S.J.A.B.

Th e :N" ursing and Cadet Competitions run by No. 4 (Lancashire) District were held this year at the Ambulance Hall, Chorley, the judges being Drs. A. Anderson, J. Rigby, A. Marsh, V. Wilkie and J. Wright.

Among those present were the Commissioner, Mr. 'Ill,!. vV. Smith, O.B.E., Col. C J. Trimble, CB., CM.G , and Lady District Supt. Mrs. E. Twcedale, CB.E., AR.R.C, J.P.

The winners were announced as follows :-" Charles J. Trimble" Shield, Preston Co-op . Nursing Division; "Rose Bowl" (individual), Preston Co-op. Nursing Division; .( Peace" Trophy (individual officers), Lady Amb. Officer Miss Hall, Blackpool; Boy Cadet Cup, Liverpool North Cadet Division.

The prizes were presented by Ald. Dr. Lea, in the absence of the Commissioner presiding.

Mr. SmIth saId he found that the Officers most efficient in rendering Fit st Aid were those who went in for petitions, such prepara.tion made them ready to deal with real accidents when they came along.

Ald. Lea also presented Service Medals to Nursing Officer Mrs. Fielding and Lady Amb. Officer Miss Collison. Chorley, and Service Medal Bars to Lady Supt. Miss Cuff and Lady Amb. Officer Mrs. Curran, both of Chorley.

Thanking Miss Cuff and the Chorley ladies for making the hcal arrangements, Lady District Supt. Mrs. Tweeda le

A I D.

said she was proud of the nurses in No.4 (Lancashire) District.

Though the subj cct was not popular she appealed to them to take up the training in A R.P., and if they could train the public to look after themselves there would be no panic and probably not many air raids.

No. 5 DISTRICI', S.J.A.B. BURLEY AND KIRKSTALL URSING DIVISION.-At the competition held on February 29th, at Belle Vue Barracks, Bradford, the "Ellison" Challenge Shield was won by this Division of the Leeds Corps.

The winning team consisted of Miss M. Headd (leader), Mrs. C Foster) Mrs. K. Crossley, Mrs. M. Grinstead and Miss Hood (reserve).

This Division also holds the Wilson Shield, Elland Cup and the Ashberry Cup (V AD.).

It is hoped that these successes will prove an incentive to the younger members of the Division to work hard and become worthy of the Brigade to which they belong.

NOTTINGHAM CORPS, S.J A B.-The Annual Competition for the "Winifred Gibson" Shield, open to teams from the Nursing Divisions in the Nottingham Corps, was held at Bath Street Schools, Nottingham, on Thursday, February 20th.

Eight teams competed and each underwent Team, Practical and Bedmaking Tests In the team test, the competitors were called upon to treat a van boy who had fallen off the back of the van and sustained a fractured patella and concussion.

The result of the competition was as follows :-1, Nottingham City No.1, 216; 2, Basford, 199; 3, Nottingham Central No.1, 196; 4, Tottingham City No 2, 195; 5, ottingham Central No.2, 188; 6, Nottingham Corporation Passenger Transport, 186; 7, Carrington, 163; 8, i\1apperley, 152

The team test was judged by Major J. Cohen, Div. Supt. and Surgeon, Wollaton Amb. Division, and the practical tests by Dr. Mather, Nottingham. Miss Shaw, S.R.N., kindly judged the bedmaking tests.

In the absence of the donor of the trophy, Lady District Officer Miss W. Gibson, the shield was presented to the winning team by Dr. D. Nicklin, Lady Div. Surgeon, Basford Div., together with individual awards to the members of the winning team and runners-up.

No.6 DISTRICT, S.].AB.

DARLINGTON NURSING DIVISION.-This Division held its Annual Social and Presentation of Awards at its Headquarters, Northgate, this month, there being a large attendance of members and friends.

Dr. G. A. Dawson, Medical Officer of Health, presided, and gave a most interesting address He said how pleased he was to l earn that the members of the Division had been having lectures from Major N. Hammer, County Surgeon, on Air Raid Precautions and Treatment of Injured from Gas Attacks. He pointed out that while all hated the thought of such events happening, it was the duty of everyone, and particularly of him as Medical Officer, and of them as ambulance people, to make preparations and train themselves so that they might be of assistance in the case of such an emergency He said he did not wish to depress o r alarm people, but, though very unpleasant, it was a quest ion that could not be treated lightly.

Dr. D awson congratulated Lady Div. Supt. Nurse Gardner and her staff on the splendid progress and efficiency of the Division. He then called upon Lady Starmer, who with her usual charming manner presented the whist prizes, and also awards gained at the annual examination

Lady Starmer said how very p leased she was to be

THE HOUSEHOLD PHYSICIAN

A few of the Subjects treated : -

First Aid

How to Treat Accidents

Influenza , Colds, etc.

Measles, Mumps

Treating Diseases by Wate r

"

Herb" Root and Salt Remedies

The Diseases of Men, Women

Send Coupon or postcard for ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET FREE and Children,

THEIR CAUSE AND TREATMENT, with;c o mplete instructions on the science of hygiene, physical culture, oI The full-page, P lates and the AnatomlCal Models showing the O rgans of the Human B ody exactly as they overlay each other makes the reading matter more easily understood.

THE YOUNG WIFE and the experienced married woman will find all they want to know made clear.

MOTHERS who wish their daughters to develop naturally will fin d exactly the teaching t h ey need.

WOMEN OVER 40 wi ll fin d their difficulties regarding health frankly d is cussed.

Th ere are hun d reds of subjects of value in all. The. muscles, .teeth, digest ion, hair,foodvalue, Ju-Jitsu,phrenology. Howto d Isease, fro m appeara n ce of hea d , fa ce, tongue, throat, chest, perSpIratIOn, etc

Corns and Warts

Dieting for D ise a se

Treatments fo r Beauty

Physical C u lture

Exercises for all Purposes

What to Do in Emergencies

Treatment for all Skin Diseases

How to read Symptoms

The Lungs

Pleurisy

Hygiene , Anat omy, Pharmacy

The Principle s of Nursing

Invalid Cookery

Surgical Diseases

Brain and Nervous Disease s

Diseases of Old Age

Diseases of Infancy

The Principles of Phrenology

Shingled and Bobbed Hair

Diseases of Hair and Head

Adenoids

Sleep, Beds and Be dding

The Eye, the Ear

The Throat, the Nose

The Chest, the Heart

The Stomach, the Live r

The Teeth , the Muscles

I nfant Welfare

The Expectant Mother

Happy Motherhood

Homrepathy

Neurasthenia

Anatomical Models

Family Medicine Chest

375 Prescriptions, etc ., e t c

THREE TESTIMONIALS FROM HUNDREDS RECEIVED

"I have gained 100 % in each of the 8 tes.t exam· "Very pleased and with same. They are inations the knowledge of which I attribute to written and explained so plainly that I am everyone your volumes, I have yet to meet my defeat in CE who studies them must understand, and, agaw, the IIlu sEXAMINATIONS " trations are so true that anyone who had no

"I am delighted with' T he Household Physician,' and as knowledge at all about the particular the I am an ambulance man, I can appreciate them to their fullest diagram illustrates would surely recognise It whe n extent. They are worth twice their cost." seen on anyone " ___ _

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present, expeclally as she had be en a 'Of a very keen St. J ohn ;\Urslng Division in Birmmgh am, and t h erefore kne1\' personally what splendid work the members did.

Mrs. C R. Glover proposed a vote of thanks to L a dy Starmer for presenting the awards and prizes, and to Dr. Da\\ on fo r presiding.

L ady Div. upt. ur se Gardner seconded the vote of thanks, and said how d elighted they were to have Lad y Starmer \\'ith them. he also thanked Dr. Daw on for pre icling.

o. 9 DISTRICT, S.J.A.H.

PAIG , TO:-l :'{URSI:-IG DrVISIo",.-There was keen riv a lr y at the PaiO'nton Public Hall on Friday, February 7th. when this Nursing Division held its annua l competitions

There were three tests, one in First Aid, one for Novices also in First Aid, and one for Bedmaking.

The" Demetriadi" Cup for First Aid was won by A.S. 1\1iss Hopper, who obtained 71 points out of 115 ; 'b. e ovice" Cup was won by A.S. Miss Cove, who scored 63 points Ollt of 70; and the" \V arncfo rd" Cups for Bedmaking, by Amb. Siste r s Miss Golding and Miss Dyer with 59 :1 out of 60.

Judges in the various competitions were Mr. H. Hill, " Demetriadi " Cup; Amb. Officer C Buckland, " Novice" Cup; Miss Arthur) Matron of Paignton Hospital, " \V arneford" Cups

)'lr R. Butiand) wife of the Chairman of S. JA.A. ill Paignton, kindly presented the prizes to the succes fll] competitor at the close.

KENT V .A.D. CO:.\IPETITIONS, B.R.CS.

Chislehurst V.A.D., l ast yea r' s winner of the " S tan ley" Cup, the competition for which is open to teams from England and Scotland) \\'on the "Yolland" S hi eld at the Old Palace, )'laici5tone, on Thursday, March 5th, and so is entitled to compete for the national trophy aga in this year.

The competition ",as in First Aiel, and Chis1ehurst gained 851 marks, Sel'enoaks being a close runner-up with 850l H erne Bay was placed third , and 'Wilm in gto n , a ne\vly-formed branch, p ut up a creditable performance and came fourth.

The 'es P. Murton, Y. 1\1artin) D. Pearce, P Jon es, B. Jones and P. :\Iitchell fo r med the w innin g team.

The grim realities of chem i ca l warfare were demonstrated in the competition for the" Dallbeney" Cup, presented by the ReI' Giles Daubeney of Hcrne. The t roph y "ras won by :\Iaidstone V .A.D \\'ith the follow in g team: The :\Iisses P. Smith, V. Lynden-Bcll, B. Dllnell, S. \ Vrigh t and H. I-Iaynes. Chis l ehnrst, Sc\'cnoaks, Beckenha111 and \\ ilmington al'o entered for this test.

Thc s Camden, President of the K ent V.A.D., presentec1 the "Yo ll and" Shield, and the donor presented the 'Dauhellcy" Cup.

Dr. C Pye Oli \ cr said they l ooked upon the competitions not only as a means of obtain in g trophies, but also of improving their standard of knowledge. He thanked )'lrs. Mercer, Commandant of Kent 12 V.A.D. (Maidstone) fo r makillg all the arra n gements ).Iarchioncss Camden was thanked by Batlen.

The jud ges were: " Y o lland" Shield, Major-General C Robinson, Surgeo n Commander C. N. Ratcliff e (Royal Na\'a1 Hospital, Chatham) Miss J. Brodie and Miss F. E. ( Vest London Hospital); "Daubency" Cup. Dame Beryl Oliver.

Items (Divisional news and competitions, social, interestin g duties, le ct ures, etc .), for this page should be sent to Ambulance Sister, ,,'0 The Editor, FIRST AID, 46, Cannonst re et, London, E C. 4.

National Road Passenger Transport Am bu I ance Association.

Good progress has been made by the above Assuciation which was formed in 1933, over wenty Road Passenger Transport Undertakings now being affiliated.

Owing to the growth of the Associatio n it has been found necessary, for competition purposes, to divide the country into three areas-Northern, Midland and Southern. The" Stirk " T r ophy which was presented to the Association by Mr. J. H Stirk (Chairman of the East Midland T r affic Commissioners) is competed for annual ly, a prelimina ry contest being held in each area and the number of teams compet ing in the final being go\'erne d by the number of entries received

The 1 orthern Area competition for 1936 will be held at Bradford ::luring May. under the auspices of the Bradford Citv Corporation Transport Department; the Midland Area corl1petition will take place at Nottingham on Sunday , l ay 17, unt.ler tbe auspices of the N otting-ham Corporation Passen ge r Transport Department. The venue for the Southern Area contest is at present undecided By kind perm ission of H uddersfield Corporation Transport Department the final round will be held at Huddersfield on Sunday, July 5th.

By the generosity of several of the affiliated undertakings a pri ze will be awarded to each member of the \vinning team in the area contests. The" Stirk" Trophy, which is a sih'e r st ret c her supported on a black plinth, is presented to th e winning tf'am in the final round and is held for a period of twelve months, each member of the team a lso receiv ing a go ld medal. The team adjudged runners up in the final are awarded some suitable souvenir of the occasion.

This competition is open to all Road Passenger Undertakings in the Unit ed Kingdom and any such Undertaking wishing to become affiliated should communicate with the Hon . General Se c r e tary, Mr. D. Hard y , 129 Somerville Road, Small Heath, Birmingbam, 10, wh o will gladly forward a copy of the rules. A special in vitation is extended to Road Passenger Undertai<ing-s in the Southern Area to become affiliated to the Association and to enter a team for the 1936 competition. Entries should he recei ve d by the Hon. General Secretary not later th a n lay 2nd. -------. .--

Pri vate Pointer was successful in winning- the "Spooner" Cup in the individual competitions of the Ramsgate (S. R.) Di vision, S.J.A B.

A Valentine Dance was held at the Palais de Danse, Thornton Heath, in aid of the Croydon Division, S. ] .A.B. Supt. D. G. Goldie was among the guests.

At the annual meeting of the Eastle gh Division, S.J.A.B., it was announced that between 4,000 and 5.000 hours of public duty had been undertaken by the members during 1935

Awards gained by the members of (he Rawtenstall and Waterfoot Ambu lance and Nursing D ivis ion were presented by Mrs. Isherwood, wif e of the Town Clerk of Rawtenstall, at a social held on Saturday, l\Iarch 7th.

Every member of the Doncaste r County Borough Pol ce holds a first aid certificate. In addition, 17 members ho ld the certificates of the Royal L ife Saving Society and one the Roya l Humane Society's medal for life-saving.

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AID.

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- First Aid

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Queries and Ans\tVers to Correspondents.

(,lueries will be dealt with under the following rules:-

1. -Letters co n taining Queries must be marked on the top left hand corner of the envelope" Query," and addressed-FIRsT A I D 46, Cannon-street, London, E. C. 4.

2. -All Queries must be accompanied by a "Query Coupon " cut from the current issue ot tbe Journal, or, in case of Queries from abroad, from a recent issue.

3. -The Textb ook , to which reference may be made in this column is the 38th (1928) Edition of S J.A.A. Manual of First Aid.

PEHFOH:lIANCE OF ARTIFJC AL R ESP IRATJON.

H. B. (Swindon). - A differen ce of opinion exists among us as to the correct interpretation of the in struct ions for app lying Schafer's Artificial Respiration given o n pages 143-5 of the Textbook.

As accuracy is so vita l a matter and is of s upr eme importance, I shall be glad jf you will kindly g ive you r ruling in the n ext issue of FIRST AlD

Some say that, assuming the complete cycle of respiration to occupy 5 st'conds, expiration should be produced in 3 seconds by the first aider bringing his body forward in 1 second and allowing his weight to rest on the patient's lower ribs for 2 seconds; then proceed to produ ce inspiration by springing back quickly in a half second tu the retired position, and rest there the remaining 1t seconds befor e commencing the next cycle.

Others conte nd the same period of 5 seconds should be used as follows :-Exp iration : Come forward slowly, occupying 3 seco nds in doing- so, thus gra du a ll y increasing the pressure on the patient's lower ribs until the maximum is reached at the third second. In spiration : vVithout pausing, relax the pressure by r et urnin g rather more quickly, yet gradually, to the retired position, occupying- t he remaining 2 seconds in the movement. Repeat.

Anticipating your ready acquescence in granting this favour, I beg to thank you.

Your second suggestion is the approved method, because it causes more prolonged pressure in the production of exp iration.

Incidentally, the method in the Textbook is not Schafer, of which it is a modification, being sometimes ca lled the Sl. John Prone Pres s u re Method -N CORBET FLETCHER.

EXAi\llNATION IIO\\·LER.

J.T.H. (Frognal) - ln a recent examination I asked a candidate what was the first thing to be done if he sho uld come across a young lllan who had just been taken out ?f a .river, unconscious and not breathing. You may lmagme my s u rprise and disappointment when h e replied - " f wou1d place a hot wate?' bott1e at his leet "

Good! Next, please!!- C. F.

A COMPETITOR'S PLAINT.

T. W. (Stafford).-At an exam in at o n which was heJel recent ly to se ect a team to represent a Tran spo rt Com-

pan y in a competltlOn, each competitor was asked to treat a boy who had been knocked down by a cycle

One competitor in his examination of the patient asked the judge, who is an Ambulance O/flcer in the Brigad e, if t here was swe llin g , deformity and irregul a rity of th e right le g Th e a nswer to a ll of these questions wa s " Yes. " The com petito r t h e n asked if there was any wound with the fracture. The judge said "No." Th e c omp et itor the r eu pon treated the fracture with s plints and ba nd ages in the proper manner. After th e com petition the judge told this competitor that he did not ask if the bone protruded , and had lost marks for not doing so Th e competitor was mystifi e d as to ho w a bo n e co uld protrude through th e ski n without causing h ce m o rrh age What do yo u think of the judge?

On your stateme nt of facts, the judge appears to hav e blundered. Of co urse in reply to the question as to the presen ce of a wound he should have answered "yes" ; and then he sho uld have waited for the compet itor to as k if the fragments protruded through the wound or not.

Incidentally, yo ur first question is 3.lso in co rr ect, Fa r too many first aiders fail to realise that the "deformity" of the T extbook (p. 55) applies to the limb and the "irregularity" to the broken bone. The question, therefore, s h ould no b e as ked in blunderbuss fashion, as yo u say it was, but in two parts, thus :-

1st. Is there any d efo rmit y of the limb !

2nd. Do I note any swe llin g at seat of injur y or feel an ) irregularity of the bone ?-N.C. F.

l\ I EANtNG OF "FRACTURE "

"V.N. (Cricklewood).-I am surpri se d at the numb er of ne w class members who cannot accept the definition of "fract ur e" as given on p 65 of the T extbook, and wh o affirm that a fracture is more serious than a break. Please tell me if I am co rre ct in stating that the tw o terms are sy n o n ymous.

Th e terms a re sy n onymous and exp r ess the same condition, "break" being of A n glo -Sa xon an d "fracture" o f Latin origi n I t is a popular e rrOr among lay persons to regard a fracture (which i s the technical term) as more serio u s than a b r eak (which is the co lloqui a term). - N. C. F.

TREATMENT OF FRACTURED LEG.

T. W. (Bangor) -As a re g ul ar reader of FIRST AID 1 shall be pl ease d if you will tell me whether or no a figure-ofe igh t bandage is correct to co ntr o ank les an d feet in the case of a Compound Complicated Fracture of th e Leg, as I am g ve n to und e r stan d th at this is a n extensio n bandage.

The T extbook (p. 77) r eads" round b ot h an kles"; bU l c learly this is a s lip, because Fi g 43 s how s the bandage a s a l-igure-of-eighL Unquestionably this is right, hecause it ena bles you to ke ep the two feet together more firmly than would be the case if the bandage were applied "round both a nkl es. "-N. C. F.

COMPOUND WITI-! PROTR USION OF BONE.

T.W. (Ban ger) -Al so I s hould lik e to know whether, ill the case of a Compound Fracture when the bone protrudes, we are permitted to place the limb in its natur al position or are we supposed to support same as found , as I maintain that when we place the limb in its mo st natural position, the protruding bon e must s ink ba ck among the tissues.

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The actual circumstances of the case m u st g u ide your decision and action. If you can place the l imb in its most natural position without disturbing the prot rudin g bl)lle then you ""ould do so. If this proves to be impossib le then you would be forced to support the l imb as fo un d Afte r a ll the part is fully exposed and you can see what is be ing done.- .C. F.

HUl\lOUH IN FIRST Am.

D. S. (East London)-In a recent class the lect u rer asked a member how he would treat a patient who was in an Epileptic fit. To this the member said that he wo u ld remove the patient from any dangerous object; and being further asked to give an instance, replied with commendable promptness-" 1<"1'0 171 a w71ling but ine.1·pen'enced first aider! "

Good! Next, please! !-N.C. F.

FRACTURES OF AND PATELLA

l. B. (Barnet)-(1) If one had to treat a patient suffering from Simple Fractures ot Leg and of Patella, would i t be best to use three splints as a box (one a l ong the back of leg for patella and one either side of leg) and tie together? \Iso (2) would there be any danger in ca rrying o ut the instructions for a Fractured Pate ll a by raising the leg? We thank you for past kind serv ices.

(1) Your suggested box -splint would be Illost useful for this combination of fractures provided that the first aider did in fact obtain complete control of the Fractured L eg. For first aid purposes, however, ] would prefer to apply the triang-ular bandage to fix the patella, then to tre3.t the Fractured Leg, and finally to put up the Fractured Pate lla as laid down in the Textbook.

This method has the advantage of drawing the attention of the doctor (who is to take charge d the case) to the presence of two fractures which have been treated separately with the result that his examination and treatment of each will be facilitated.

(2) No harm is likely to accrue provided that no attempt is made to lift the limb until after the Fractured Leg has been duly and properly controlled by splints and bandages.N.C.F.

TRE.\TMENT OF Hl CC OUGlI.

E.C. (Surbiton) - lf we have to treat a person suffering from hlccough, what first aid treatment wo ul d you recommend us to apply? Would drinking- co ld water in sips or holding the breath assist the patient?

Hiccough is the sudden spasmodic descent of the diaphragm accompanied by a spasmod ic closure of the g lottes, the characteristic noise being caused by the incomin a column of air striking against the partially closed glottes. :'>1 ts most common is undue distension of the stomach by being overfilled WIth food or drink or by an accumulation of w i nd clue to faulty

The treatment of hiccough will depend upon t h e ca u se An emetic to empty the stomach or a st mu lant to i n crease its peristiltic action will often give relief. If we ca n ma n age to produce a forcible action of the diaphragm we may often succeed in curing hiccough. Attempts to -c ount a h und red without drawing breath or to hold the breath for a min u te are familiar remedies; and by producing a fee l ing of suffocatIon and necessitating a violent desce n of the diaphragm, these are often s Llccessful. Warm app li cation or countc r

irritation in the region of the diaphragm or over the ce r v ca l sp i ne may occasionally give relief. The a d m i nistrat i o n of h ot water in sips or of cold water in copious dra u ght m ay sometimes be helpfu l when the cause is dyspepsia. - N.C.F

\ CR IFLAVlNE BURNS.

(Greenock).-vVith reference to my query answered under above title in the January issue of FIRST AID, I take it that you are not conversant with the St. And r ew's Ambulance Association's Hand Book and I beg to state that this treatment is no "pet dressing wh ic h I use o n my o\vn authority" but recommended in our handbook.

Our doctor disapproves of the use of solutions of Picric and Tannic Acids on the ground of their deleterious effects on the kidneys, also the limited use to a bu r n without this effect making itself shown on anyt h ing but the smallest and recommends the use of Flavine to u s, as being both safe and efficient for burns whatever the magnitude

I endorse that last sentence of your reply and will stirk to ou r handbook. Needless to say I appreciate the necessity of adhering to the rules and regulations of our Asssociation. ,\s you state, it being an admir'l.b le dressing if left in position for a time 1 will agree as where I go for holidays it is so very often difficult to get a doctor at once in the heart of the Scottish Hi ll s and here the full scope ot first aid is brought into play, you will probably agree, and where one has to very careful not to overstep into the doctor's regime.

Once the burn has been treated with this dressing or lSauze it may be retained in position, 1 understan d for a period of 48 hours, controlling the formation of blisters and the introduction of sepsis which may be liable to occur should the burn not be treated correctly to allow for the delay in obtaining medical a id or removal to some institution.

From the first aid point of view will appreciate any further remarks you may care to 111ake referring to ho\\' it acts, etc.; and I still maintain that this gauze should have a place in every first aid box being so safe and useful, as 1 have been complimented by several doctors for using this dressing

Your information concerning the textbook of the St. Andrew's Ambulance Association is duly noted You seem to forget, hO'wever, that in England, Wales, ] reland and the Dom inions the textbook of the St. J Ohl1 Am bulance Association ho ds sway; and that its instructions must be followed by all those who render first aid under its author ity.-N.C. F.

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,maT AID

C(!g'b¢ Journal for Ambulance nub )}lul"sing

NOTICE TO READERS.

FIRST AID is published on the 20th of each month. The Annual Subscription is 35. 6d. post free; single copies 3d.

Its aim and object being the advancement of Ambulance Work in all its branches, the Editor invites Readers to send Articles and Reports on subjects pertaining to the Movement and also welcomes suggestions for Practical Papers.

All Reports, &c., should be addressed to the Editor at the address below, and should reach him before the 12th of each month, and must be accompanied (not necessarily for publication) by the name and address of the Correspondent.

The Perfect Fluid Diet

Subscriptions, Advertisements and other business Communication s connected with FIRST AID should be forwarded to the Publishers, DALE, REYNOLDS & CO., LTD., 46, CANNON STREET, LONDON, E.C.4 7 elegraphic A ddress-" Twenty·four, London. " Telephone-City 37IO. CONTENTS

EDITORIAL.

LATELY whenever we join a FIRST AlDERS group of first aiders. whether AND at social functions or at work, A.R.P. WORK. the question of A.R.P. training is always referred to either by way of information or to discuss the merits of knowledge received at classes. There can be no doubt that to-day the first aid movement is m.Jre than ever in the limelight, thanks to this comparatively new training. New classes, new instructors and instruction, new interest and the 1ike have done much to keep the ranks of the ambulance army up to strength and, in many cases, have been the means of recruiting new members.

a"

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The (( PORTLAND" Gear should be specified

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for an y new Ambulance and it provides an ideal method of modernising vehicles already in use.

One has heard, however, the voice of those who cannot reconcile themselves to the necessity of this new instruction. To them it is the first steps towards barbaric warfare; the putting of the thought into the minds of other nations; the first step towards warfare against which most nations have subscribed their signature. To such we would, in a friendly but firm manner, say that it is most essential that this new knowledge be speedily spread among the voluntary first aiders so that they are prepared should the occasion arise, which we fervently hope will never come to pass, to render skilled attention to those in pain and suffering.

Arguing in the same strain one might suggest that the teaching of first aid itself is against the principles of self-preservation. There are hundreds, nay thousands, of first aiders who have never been called upon to render assistance at accidents, but it is to their credit that such members continue their training m case thez'r servz'ces are requz'red.

is being carried.

So it is with A R P t r a i ning To have a k now ledge of the possib le effects on human ity is half the battle, and we trust that those who at the p resent are somewhat antagon istic in the matkr will look upon it as a preventative rather than a suggest ive tra i ning

\ Vhilst on this subject we wou ld l ike to take

the opportunity of answering the query" I s th e present-day gas mask efficient" w i th an emphat ic " Yes, for all known wa r gases." There are some who may question this statement, but we ourselve s have faith in those whose duty it is to test and report on the respirator known as the" General Service" p lttern.

Extracts from the Manual of Instruction FOR THE Royal Naval Sick Berth Staff. *

(Cont inued fro m page 224 ).

The Ilium is the large flat part which forms the side of the basin of the pelvis. I ts upper bo rder is thick and curved and called the Crest, which terminates ill front in an angle (easi l y felt under the skin), called the A 71terz"or Sup er£or Spz"ne.

The Ischium is the strong mass of bone which supports the body when sitting - i t can be felt below the buttocks.

The Pubis is the front part of the innomin a te b o ne, and gives s upport to the external organ s at generation. The point where the pube s meet is called the Symphys z"s Pub-is.

The Femur, the longest and strongest bone in the skeleton, extends from the hip to the knee, and forms the thigh. It consists of a s haft and t\\'o extemities.

The Upper Extrem-ity consists of a g lobul a r head, which fits into the cup-shaped acetabulum to to form the hip joint) a long neck and two prominences ca ll ed the Trochanters. The trochanters are for the attachment of muscle s that rotate the thigh.

The Extremdy consist of two large rounded prominences called the Condyles, which rest upon the upper end of the tibia to form the knee joint.

The Patella, or Knee-Cap, is a flat triangular bone, situatt.d in front of the knee joint. It lies in the tendon of the Quadriceps Extensor muscle.

The Leg consists of two bones, the ti bia and fibula.

Reprinted by permiS SIO

of the Controller

M

The Tibia is a strong bone on the inside of the leg. The upper end is large and flattened on top to support the femur; while the lower end articulates with the astragal us, and has a projection downwards at the inner side called the Intenzal lIfalleolus. The front of the shaft presents a sharp border called the Shz"n, which like the internal malleolus can easily be felt unda the skin.

The Fibula is the long thin bone on the outer side of the leg; it can only be felt at the upper and lower ends, the shaft being covered by musc!es. The upper end is attached to the ti bia below the knee-joint, in the formation of which it takes no part. The lower end is attached to the tibia, and also articu lates with the astragal us.

This end forms the prominence at the outer side of the ankle joint, and is called the Extental Malleolus.

The Tarsus consists of seven bones, which articulate with the tibia and fibula above, and the metatarsals below, and with one another they are:

The Os Calcis, the largest of the tarsal bones, forms the heel.

The Astragalus, the bone which forms the ankle joint by articulating with the lower ends of the ti bia and fibula.

The Scaphoid (boat-shapec\)_

The Cuboid (cube-shaped).

The Internal Cuneiform (wedge-shaped)

The Midd le Cuneiform "

The External Cuneiform "

The Metatarsals are five small long bones, which articulate behind with the tarsu s , and in front with the phalanges. -

The Phalanges are the bones of the toes. There are two phalanges in the great toe, and three in each of other toes,

¥IRST

The A1-ch oJthe Foot. On examining the sale of t he foot from the inner side it w ill be noticed that the tarsa l and the metatar sa l b o nes form an arch

This arch is strengthened by li ga ment s an d tendons, and is elastic, so that w ben the weight of the body is placed on the foot, the arch acts as a spr i ng and lessens the shock of the imp ac t.

\Vhen this arch becomes flatt e n e d so that the tarsa l and metatarsal bones come into contact with the ground, the condition is known as Flat Foot ( Pes PLanus).

A I U. Supanhe" Lh' and Oin t nle nt .

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THE MUSCLES

The following table describe s only the more important muscles :-

l\lUSCLES OF TilE HEAl) AND l\E CK

N ame'

Temp o ral

Sterno-mastoid

Pector a l (2 in number)

Deltoid

Biceps Triceps

Flexors of Wrist

Ex ten so rs of ow rist

Flexor s of Fin gers

E.:-.t e n so rs of

Trap ez ius

IJat issim u s D orsi

Rectus Abdominis

External Obliqu e

External and Intern a l In tercostals

Di ap hragm

Gluteal (3 in number )

Quadri ceps Extensor

Adductor s

Biceps

Tibi a lis A.l1Licus

Gas1 r()cnemiu s

Flexors ot Toe s

Extensors of To es

Origin In sertion A.ction

Temporal bone Co ron oi d process of inferior Rai ses low er jaw ma xi lla

Upper end of ste rnum and ;\lastoid process Bends fOf\vards an d rotate s nn er end of clavicle the head

MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY.

I nner end of clavicle, ste rnum and costal ca rtilag es Outer en d of clavicle, acromion process a nd sp in e of scapula.

(1) Upper border of g lenoid cavity

(2) process of scapula

(1) Lower border of g lenoid cavity

(2) Cpper en d and (3) s h aft ot hum e ru s Lower e nd of humeru Do Do Humerus, radius and ulna Do Do

Hum er u s

Out er si d e of humerus

Radiu s

Olecranon process of ulna

Carpals and metacarpals l etaca rpal s

Ph a lan ges Do

;\l cSC LES OF rIlE TR(;NK.

Occiput; cervical a nd thoracic vertebrre

Spines of lower vertebrx;

c r est of lIium

Pub es Low er ribs

Draws arm to side

Raises arm from side

Flexes elbow

Extends elbow

Flex the wrist

Extend the wrist

Flex the fingers Extend the fingers

Outer end l)f clavicle and acromion process of scapula

Humerus

Lower end of Stern u 111

Pubes and muscle of opposite si d e

Draws scapula backwards (braces shoulders) Dra\,·s the arm backwa rd s and inwards Supports abdominal viscera Do.

Lower border of rib s C pper border of next rib belo,v R a ise and depress the ri bs

Sternum, ribs and lumb ar Central tendon vertebr::e

l\l OF THE LO" oER EXTREiIlIT\.

R. espiration

Ilium, sacru m a nd coccyx Great trochanter a nd haH of Extend thigh

Ilium and upper end of femur

Pube s

(1) Is c hium

(2) Femur

Tibia

Low er end of fem u r

Tibia a nd Fibul a

Do. do.

femur

P ate lla and thell to tibia

Femur

Fibul a

Tarsu s

Os calci , b) m eans of large tendon ca ll ed the Tendo Achillis

Phalange s

(To be Do. contz"nued )

E:-..tends knee

Dra'N inwards

Flexes the knee

F!exes th e ankle

Extends the ankle

Flex the toes Extend the toe

*

n

of H.

Station e r y Offi ce. Copies of the manual can be had of H. M Stationery Office Adastral Hou se, Kin g-s way, London, W. C. 2! or a ny branch, price 4 / Sd. po st free ,

T he 5 t. fohn A mbu!ance B rzg-ade Dzst'rzct Reports.

The Chief Commissioner, ir John Duncan, K.C.B., C \1.G., C.V.O., D.S.O., has much pleasure in announcing that in ,'ie,"\' of the important duties which.have been undertaken by the Brigade, in agreement v.'ith the GO\'ernment, in connection with Air Raid Precautions and the protection of the civil population, he has appointed Dr. Wm. C. Bentall, O.B.E., F.R.C.S.E., L.R.C.P., to be his Staff Officer for Air Raids Precautions.

Dr. Bentall, who has made an intensive study of poison gas and the resultant effects, is well quali6ed for this importan t post.

From 1900 to 1907 he was in charge of a group of hospitals in South India and!principal of a School.

From 1907 to 1932. In:surgical practice in Southport.

During the late war Dr. Bentall promoted the largest voluntary Hospital in Great Britain, and was the voluntary :'Iledical Officer in Charge.

For 25 years he has been a member of the St John A.mbulance Brigade and was Treasurer of No.4 (Lancashire) District for 20 years.

Dr. Bentall is a Commander of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem and at presen t holds the rank of Assistant Commissioner of l\ o. 8 (Ke nt, Surrey and Sussex) District of the Brigade and \vill continue to carry out the duties annexed to that appointment.

The fourth All-England A.R.P. course was held in London on March 28th and 29th, when some 250 members attended.

The course was under the chairmanship of Dr. W. E. Bentall, O.B.E., who had the assistance of Capt. A. C White Knox, M.C, M.B., Ch.B., District Officer Bower and Supt. B. Trotter as lecturers.

A most instructive time was spent by the members and the questions asked at the end of each lecture was l:vidence of the interest taken in the subj ect.

The Chief Commissioner, Sir John Duncan, addressed the gathering and, after extending a welcome to the pepresentatives, dealt with the importance of the subj ect.

Once again the Brigade was indebted to Mr. Joe Grossman, of the British International Pictures, for the complimet;ttary concert staged on the Saturday evening.

At th1S course each member was provided with a little bow in the colours of the Order, which added greatly to the social side of the gathering, as members were able to recognise others by the badge. Also at this course Dr. Bentall, during his last lecture, introduced Major P. G. Darvil-Smith (Brigade Secretary), Captain W. ]. Pontin (Stores Manager), and Mr. H. J. Wrigglesworth (Asst. Brigade Secretary) as officials from Headquarters. Their appearance was greeted with applause.

On occasions the demonstrators for the protect1ve clothmg and gas mask drill were members of the Brigade, but on this occasion members of the staff from St. Johns Gate acted in this capacity, thereby showing their interest in the work.

A vote of thanks to the lecturers, at the close of the course, was proposed by Asst. Commissioner Else of Sheffield, and accorded with acclamation.

We extend to Colonel Charles J. Trimble, CB., CM.G., V.D., T.D., L.R.CP., our heartiest greetings and

congratulations on attammg his 80th birthday, which he celebrated on March 16th.

Colonel Trimble was appointed to the o. 4 District in August, 1895. In January, 1932, he was appointed Inspecting Officer on the Chief Commissioner's Staff.

No . I ( Prince of Wales 's) District.

FIXCilLEY.-N carly 250 attended the annual dinner and dance social of the Finchl.ey Diyision, which was helel on March 17th. The Mayor of Finchley (Alderman S. Pulham, J.P.), President of the Division, who was accompanied by the l\layoress, presided, supported by Asst. Commissioner Capt. A. C White Knox, District Officer C T. Osborn, Diy. Surgeon and Mrs. J. D. Holmes, Div. Supt. J. W. Taylor and Lt.-Col. J. W. Abraham, O.B.E. (vice-president). Others present included Mr. H. W. Fincham, District Officers Green, Standing ford and Clarridge, and representatiYes of neighbouring Divisions.

Following the loyal toast Capt. White Knox proposed that of "No. 93 (Finchley) Division." After alluding to the Brigade as a whole he referred to the A.R.P. instruction, which had added to the members' labours. It was, he said, essential for all units to be efficient in the subj ect and Finchley were fortunate in having experts in the Division. Speaking of the Northern Area, the Asst. Commissioner stated "that numbers were now 1,070 and that the Area was the happiest of the Areas in the District, due in no small measure to the happy feeling which existed between all ranks. He extended grateful thanks to District Officer Osborn, who had recently completed 40 years' efficient service, for the support always given. Referring to the Finchley Division, the speaker said that Div. Supt. Taylor was happy in having experience and youth at his disposal. The two items were essential to a successful Division. Great assistance had been rendered to the D-ivision by J\1r. Taylor, whose devotion was par excellence) and it was to be hoped that he would carry on his good work. Amb. Officer Stillwell, and also Amb. Officer Wood, also merited praise for their work.

Supt. J. W. Taylor) in response, said he was pleased to see so many present. Thanks were due to neighbouring divisions for their assistance in making the function so Service, he said, was the work of the Brigade, and Slllce its inception the Finchley Division had rendered assistance to 6,550 cases excluding those met with on H.Q. duties. He referred to the work carried out at local cinemas, football matches and other local events and emp hasised the importance of more recruits for future eventua lities

The Mayor, in reply to the toast of (( The President," proposed by Dr. Holmes, stated that the Finchley Council greatly appreciated the ready response and the great work done by the Division. He appreciated and realised the importance of air raid precautions and would rely upon the Finchley Division to supply the educational part of the subject.

Amb. Officer Stillwell proposed "The Ladies and Visitors," hum o rously referring to the "First Aid Widows" of the members.

Capt. J. M. Gameson (Engineer and Surveyor, Friern Barnet D.D.C), in reply, suggested that Friern Barnet

should become a sub-section of the Finchley Division and he would do all in his power to foster the work.

The rest of the evening was then given over to dances and games, one very interesting item being the display of Marionettes given by Amb. Officer Stillwell.

ILFoRD.-The annual dinner of the Ilford Ambulance and ursing Divisions was held on March 26th, when Alderman C \V. Clark) J.P., presided, supported by Irs. Clark, the 1\Iayor (Ald. J. H. Shipman), Capt. \\T. Goodley, M.C (Commissioner), and Mrs. Goodley, Asst. Commissioner Capt. Kendall. County Surgeon E. 'vV. \iVhiting District Officer and Mrs. Fitch, District Officer and Irs. Haines, Lady District Officer 1Irs. 1\10rrish, Div. Surgeon W. E. loreton ( TO. 46), Div. Surgeon Dawson (No. 15 N.), Supt. F. T. Dean, Lady Supt. Miss E. Stenning and others.

The toast of "No.1 District" was submitted by Dr. Whiting, to which Capt. Goodley replied. The Commissioner said that members of the District had praYed themselves equal to the tasks they had been called upon to perform. Referring to the Ilford Divisions, they had a record of which they may be proud and he wished them everv success.

'( The No. 46 Ambulance and TO. 15 Nursing Divisions " was proposed by the Chairman. He welcomed the visitors from Brigade Headquarters. The success of the Divisions wcre due to Supt. Dean and Miss Stenning for their untiring work. Since his introduction to ambulance work in 1917 the speaker had been greatly interested in the work and related some war experiences.

Supt. Dean in reply said that since the last dinner the Divisi on has lost its Surgeon, Superintendent Section and Band. The section was now the Hornchurch Division, whilst Dr. Moreton had become the Surgeon in place of Dr. Whiting, who had been promoted to County Surg.eon. The Division was now going ahead, ever bearing in mind the motto of the Order. A section would be founded in Fairlop under Amb. Officer Bandy.

Miss Stenning also replied, saying that the work of the nurses spoke for itself.

"The Visitors," proposed by Dr. Moreton, was responded to by the Mayor, who referred to the Brigade as a "wonderful Association." "Long may you continue and long may you carryon your good work" were his closing words.

Capt. Goodley then presented Pte. Monk with a Service Medal; the" Magnus" Cup to Sergt. \Veston, winner of the divisional First Aid competition; the " Efficiency" Shield to Pte. Wood; and the " Cresswell " Service Shield to Cadet Victor Shepherd for all-round efficiency and winner of the first aid individual contest. On behalf of the members of the Division the Commissioner presented to Dr. Whiting a walking stick as a token of appreciation.

Dancing followed the dinner, interspersed with musical items.

TOTTENHAM AND EDMoNToN.-The "Coming-of-age" of the Tottenham and Edmonton Division was celebrated by a dinner held on March 28th, when the President (Mr. R. J. Bradley), who presided, opened a "Headquarters" Building Fund with a cheque for £10 lOS'.

There could be no better way to celebrate the occaSlOn than by increasinO" their activity and service, stated Mr. Bradley, and the h best way to do this was to secure a permanent home-a building which could be used as headquarters where training could be. provided and appliances and equipment kept. He promised to leave no stone unturned to secure the necessary funds and had already spoken to several people who had volunteered to help. He was confident the Division would receive the support of the public of both Tottenham and Edmonton.

A I D. 253

The Mayor of Tottenham (Ald. A. E. Jay, J.P.) submitted the toast of "No. 1 District, coupled with the Northern Area. " He was always sure of the energetic and willing co-operation of the Brigade, an organisation which provided a service of efficiently trained men and women for the benefit of the community.

Capt. A. C White Knox, 1LC, 11.B., Ch.B. (Asst. Commissioner) replying, gave particulars of the work done by the District during the past year, during which period 134,000 duties, each of 4 hours' duration, had been carried out in addition to standing duties. The cost of providing such a service if paid out of public funds would be enormous. The 1: orthern Area was a happy and convivial one, the relationship between Officers and men being of the best. He thanked Supt. 11iddleton for the efforts he had put in during the past year.

Mr. H. Gatward, J.P. (Chairman, Edmonton U.D.C.) proposed the" No. 71 Division." For the first time he realised that he was not living in such a selfish world as he had thought. It was a surprise to him that so many people not only gave their services but paid for the privilege of doing so.

Supt. Middleton thanked the previous speakers for their kind words. During the year 1,510 duties had been carried out, and 875 cases attended. He had, for a long time, hoped to obtain a home of their own which would add to the efficiency of the Division. He wished to thank the N.CO.'s and men for their loyal support without which he would be unable to carryon.

Mrs. Wilson (Nursing Officer), replied to the toast of " No. 56N Division," submitted by Corps Supt. ·Warren.

Mr. F. Payne proposed the .( Cadet Division," to which Sergt. Jarvis replied. He thanked Mr. Payne for the cup he had presented for competition.

During the evening Mrs. White Knox presented the "Edmonton Rotary Club" Cup, for individual competition, to Pte. Rushbrook) and the team shield to CarpI. Jarvis's team.

The Cadet "Payne" Cup was presented by Mrs. Payne to Cadet Middleton, and the runner's-up cup to Cadet Bailey.

Dancing followed the dinner, Pte. Ambridge acting as M.e.

SOUTHALL.-On Saturday, March 21st, the British Legion Southall Branch of the Juveniles gave a concert in aid of the Transport SectlOn of the Southall Division.

Mr. Bonsfield (President), presided, by Capt. J. Hurford (Vice-President), Capt. J. J. Bndges (Secretary), Supt. J. E. Taylor and Amb. Officer H. S. King.

The programme consisted of songs and dances-the Breezy Juveniles being in excellent form.

Mr. Bonsfield stated the concert had been arranged in aid of the Transport Section of Southall in appreciation of the generous the D1vlslOn was always willing to give to the1r comrades. All would agree with him that the Bngade was an organisation worthy of support.

It had been his pleasure to assoc1ate h1mself w1th the local Brio-ade since they undertook their first duty in Southall, oOn August Bank Holiday, and he was pleased to hear that Mr. Baxter had prov1ded a for the Division's Ambulance free of charge,. wh1ch stands on the ground where they undertook theIr first Southall duty.

Supt. J. E. Taylor thanked .Mr. for hiS kind remarks, Mr. H. Beeson, LeglOn Entertamment Secretary for arranging the concert, and the Breezy Juveniles for their excellent programme.

The Executive Committee of the Legion have given facilities for the Joint Entertainment Committee of the Ambulance and Nursing Divi ions to hold their whist drives in the Concert Hall, on Monday evenings. Three successful drives have been held, Supt. Taylor undertaking the duties of M.C., Lady Supt. Miss Lewis officiating by presenting- the prizes to the winners, and Amb. Sister Mrs. Wilmot superintending the refreshments ·with assistance of Nursing Division members of the Committee. CarpI. S. Tilley was the Entertainment Committee Secretary.

N o . II I. Di s t rict.

I)UDLEy.-We regret to announce the death of Dr. \'. (;ray 11aitland, Corps Surgeon of the Dudley and District Corps, and Div. Surgeon Dudley Ambulance Brigade.

Dr. Maitland "vas attached to the Nuneaton Nursing Division in 1913 and after serving in H.M. Forces in France returned in 1918. In 1920 he became attached to the Dudley Division, being appointed Corps Surgeon in 1926. In addition to the Brigade he lectured to the local Police Force, Midland Red Omnibus Co., and the Great Western and London Midland Scottish Railways. He was an official examiner of the Association and always took a keen interest in Ambulance Competitions, adj udieating at many Corps and Divisional functions.

Although of poor health for some time he was able to retain his interest in the work and his genial disposition gained for him the greatest respect of all with whom he came in contact.

Representatives of the Corps attended the funeral service, in addition to many public officials, to pay their last respects to one who had rendered such excellent services.

LAVENDo .-The annual social of the Lavendon Division was held on March 7th, County Officer W. T. I?residing.. Those included the County COlTIl11lSSlOner, Major CreswIck Atkinson, M.C., and Mrs. Creswick Atkinson, R.R.c., Dr. and Mrs. Round (Turvey), Dr. Blayner (Harrold), Capt. and Mrs. Ingall, Supt. Holmes, Supt. Miss Knight (Olney), Mr. W. S. and MISS Klllght (Bedford), and others.

A.bout 100 down to refreshments, provided by ::t eOmI11lttee of ladles, and after full justice had been done to the good things provided, the Chairman extended a hearty welcome to all. Supt. Holmes, Corps Supt. Capt. Ingall, Dr. Round and Mr. J. Garner were amon o· other speakers. b

Following a capital programme of music was proVIded whIch was greatly enjoyed, as also was the dancmg.

A word of praise is due to the Divisional Secretary, Sergt. J. H. Green, for the work done in organising the social.

This Division, according to the Annual Report for 1?35, have now paid for their headquarters, a wonderful p1ece O! work for .a small a.gricultural district, and are now g01l1g ahead other Im12rovements: During 1935 over 200 cases and e1ght First Aiel posts and ruadslde cab1l1et were kept fully equipped for emergencIes.

No . IV. Di s trict LANCASHIRE.

the occasion of their annual distnbutlOn of awards the members of the Accrington Corps, Amhulance and Nursing Divisions, were honourer!

AID

hy the visit of distinguished Officers of th 1ll0Vemellt in Commissioner W G. Smith, of Li verpool, and Lady District Supt. Mrs. E. Tweedale, of Rochdale, both (l F whom had the evident pleasure of sharing in the int resting proceedings at the Accrington Centre's Drill Hall. Their observations left no room for doubt-in fact, they confirmed emphatically the impression already gi ven hy the large attendance and enthusiasm prevalent, also the exceptionally long list of awards given to both the male and female members-as to the high degree of efficiency which continues to mark the activities of Accrington's endeavours in the Ambulance movement. It was very fitting that, as in previous years civic recognition should be accorded this annual event, and the words of appreciation which fell from the lips of the Mayor at the outset gave the proceedings a tone thoroughly in keeping with the value of the institution and the importance 0 r the function.

BARRow.-With a team only formed three weeh before the event! the Barrow Division won the "Lamport " Cup at Lancaster.

The "Lamport" Cup eompetitiOllS are held annually at Lancaster, the cup being presented by the Lancaster Division in memory of Dr. Lamport, a former Divisional Surgeon. Teams enter from a radius of 25 miles from Lancaster.

The first three teams were: 1, Barrow 200 points; 2, Preston 16n points; 3, Fleetwood 165 points.

NELsoN.-The 47th annual general meeting of lhe Nelson centre of the S.J.A.A. was held in the Ambulance Hall, Mr. J. H. S. Aitken being President.

No. V District.

DONcAsTER.-The 18th annual dinner and dance 0 I the Brodsworth Main Corps was held at the Danul1l Hotel, Doncaster, Corps Supt. E. E. Goode presiding.

Among those present were the Mayor and l\layores of Doncaster (Councillor and Mrs. T. H. J ohnso11), M.ayor H. J. Humphreys (Div. Inspector of Mines), DistrIct Officer W. ShU, Corps Surgeons J. Wylie, B. Hart and. O'Gorman, Corps Supt. J. H. Allcock (Bulleroft Ma1l1), Corps Supt. I: Gawthorpe (Yorkshire Main). Corps Supt. D. MacasktU, Corps Officer D. J. Macaskill. Supt. MacArthur, and others.

Mr. S. N. Turner (Agent to Brodsworth Colliery) proposed the "St. John Ambulance Brigade and worth Main Corps," .and he. appreciated eycrything the men d1d, theIr effiC1ency being due to COIlstal!t tram1l1g. He urged the competition team to continue theIr efforts to gain honour in the" Wood" Shield competition. Mr. Turner appreciated the work Mr. Goode was doing for the Corps.

Corps Supt. Goode, in reply, said the Corps would stnve to become the foremost branch in the Doncaster District as the Brodsworth Corps was the oldest beina formed in 1912; there were now only. three of the members left. At Brodsworth there was one ambulance man for every nine employees, which he thought was a g·ood record The Corps had a total strength of 183 mell a.nd w.omen and 1,999 had passed the first aid examinatJon S1l1ce its formation.

In reply to Visitors,' proposed by Dr. Wylie, Major Humphrys saId that as an 1l1spector (of mines) he knew the great value of ambulance workers.

Dancing foll0v.:ed the dinner, Corps Supt. Goode anc.1 Sergt. W act1l1g as M.C.s. Corps Officer B. J. Carr was responslble for the arrangements.

NOTTJNcf[J\M.-The N.C.O.'s of the Nottingham Corps)

have formed themselves into a N.C.O.'s Club with thc objecl of increasing and stimulating the and social efforts of the Corps.

The first social event arranged by the Club was in the form of a drive and dance, held on Thursday, March 19th. ThIS effort was attended by a company of upwards of. 500) which speaks well for the work done by the energetIc Hon. Secretary of the Club (CpI. L. Morland) and the Committee. Mr. T. Morley officiated as M.C. for the whist ch-i:re and Mr. F. Stroud for dancing. Owing to the unaVOIdable absence of the Asst. Commissioner Mr. A. B. Gibson, J.P., the prizes were presented by A. G. Weller, Corps Supt. Weller apologising for the absence of Mr. Gibson.

The Carrington, Bulwell and Robin Hood Ambuance Divisions of the Corps, and also the Corps, which was formed in 1915, celebrated their" coming-of-age" with a dinner and social at the Mikado Cafe, Nottingham, on Saturday, March 21st, when upwards of 200 attended.

The chair was occupied by Corps. Supt. A G. "Weller , supported by Sir H. Dennis Readett-Bayley, K.B.E., D.L., ./.1'., K.G. St. J., Asst. Commissioner A. B. Gibson, J.P., O.Sl.)., Coun. E. Purser, Supt A. Whitworth (Carrington

of the Ambulance and ursing Divisions in otting-h a 111 were then undergoing a course of instruction.

The response on behalf of the Corps was made by Corps Supt. A. G. Weller, whilst Supt. Whitworth Division), A. O. W. Ashmore (Bulwell and Staff. Sergt. H. Peake (Robin Hood D1vls1On) also responded on behalf of their respectiyc Divisions.

The toast of "Our Guests" was submitted in his usual inimitably humorous manner, by Div. Supt. F. 'Nilson Moulds (Robin Hood Division), to which Ladv District Officer Miss W. Gibson made an effech\'e response.

During the evening the "Ashmore" Cup, awarded annually for individual efficiency to members of th e Bulwell Ambulance Division, was presented to Pte. T. E. ),forley by Mrs. W. Ashmore.

No. VI. District.

The final competitions of the 1 o. 6 Oi trict \\cr e held at Sunderland on Saturday, 1Iarch 22nd, when teams from Durham, ::-Jorthumberland, and the North and East Ridings of Yorkshire competed.

Sumerset County Competition Presentations.

The layoress of Bridgwater presenting the" Lewis LoveIl " Cup to the l\linehead Ambulance Division and the" Tidman" Cup to the \Veston-super-l\Iare Nursing- Division winners in the County Competitions.

Division), Supt. F. W. Moulds (Robin Hood Division), and other officers of the Ambulance and Nursing Divisions [n proposing the toast of "The Grand Priory of the Venerable of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem." Coun. Purser referred to the fact that the Order of St. John was one of the oldest Orders of Chivalry in existence to-day, and briefly outlined the activities of the Order throughout the ages.

Sir H. Dennis Readett-Bayley responded, and expressed his great appreciation of the work of the Nottingham Corps, emphasising the voluntary nature of tbe work, which, he said, was not always understood to he the case by the general public.

The toast of the "Corps and Divisions" was proposed hy AssL Commissioner A. B. Gibson, who referred to the early days of the Corps, and outlined its activities fr0111 the date of its inception in January, 1914 (\\'hC11 the City Ambulance Division was formed), to the present day The need for the services of the Brigade wa prohably grealer to-day than at any time since the Nottingham Corps was formed. Mr. Gibso11 also referred to the latest activity of the Brigade in connection with the scheme of Air Raid Precautions, in which stlbjeet some 200 memhers

lVIrs. Curry, wife of COtUIty Officer Curry, of castle, presented the awards as follows:Silver Challenge Shield C' Dewar" Shield, eliminating), 1, l\Iiddlesbrough Central, 320; 2, Hetton-Ie-Hole Colliery, 303; 3, City eN ewcastle Corps), 299l Hammersley Johnsto11" Cup (indiyidual): Pte. H. Collingwood (),Iiddlesbrough Central).

" Gibbon" Bowl (open to teams of whIch no member has previously held a District trophy), 1, Dean and Chapter Colliery, 334; 2, Riverside Division V.A.A.\V., 290; 3, :'I1iddlesbrough Central,

" Palmer ., Trophy (open to teams of whi.ch all hers are employed as l11l11ers), I, Murton Colliery. 3JO; -, V/oodhorn Division, Ashington Coal Co., 296.

" Burdon " Challenge Cup (" Perrott" Shield preliminary), I, Kingston Nursing. (Hull),. _2, Stockton and Thornaby Nursl11g D1\'1S1011 , 389. 3, th Shields Nursing Division, 355l _.

Individual: "Ritchie" Cup, Lady Amb. Officer :\llSS E. Archer (North Shields); " Atkinson" Cup, As t. Supt. Miss E. Wright (Dean and Chapter); "Bevan" Cup, Lady Amb. Officer Miss E. Kirk (Stockton and Thornaby). Trophies, for Cl,ll-ronnd efficiency ShO\\l1 during l03,:;}

Ambulance: "Robert Anderson" Cup, 1, Docks Division; 2, Whitby Division; 3, Chilton Nursing Divisions: II Storey" Cup, I , 'vVesterp DIvIsIOn. eN ewcastle) and Y.P.I. Division (Hull), tie; 2, Pnestman Division (Ashington Coal Co.).

The judrres for the men's event s were: County Officer Dr. W. H. Pallett, Corps Surgeon Dr. C. R. Corfield County Officer H. Bartrop, Corps Supt. J. Logan , Corps Surgeon Dr. J. M. Russell, Div. Surgeon Dr. J. Brown and Dr. W. A. McKellar. Nurses: Dr. Browell, Miss L. D. Chapman, Lady County Officer MIss L. Whitford and Mrs. Anderson.

No. VIII. (Duke of Connaught's) Oisttict.

ADDISCOMBE.-The 15th annual report of the Addiscombe Division has recently been issued, which gives particulars of another excellent year's progress. New members have been enrolled and a 100 per cent. of passes was obtained at the annual re-examination. During the past year 1,684 cases received attention and duties covered at numerous fetes and public events in addition to weekly duties carried out at various theatres, football and sport grounds . Pte. Deere was successful in winning the cup presented by Mr. W. H. Cotterill (vice-president). The " John Jetton" Dressing Station, under the of Nursing Sister G. Prew, was the means of. asslstmg oyer 200 patients. Road service was also earned out dUring the summer months.

The Addiscombe Motor Amhulance Service maintained three ambulances. transporting 897 cases and travelling- 24,879 miles. District Officer Prew in his report on the Service, acknowledges the able assistance rendered bv the members of the Division and also the No. 36 N. Division under Lady Div Supt. Miss Livingstone, manv local authorities, Commissioner E. A Richards, District Officer Wrigglesworth and others.

DARTFoRD.-The Dartford Division has lost a most enthusiastic and valuable worker bv the death of Div. Supt. B. Dale, Serving Brother of the Order, which occurred on March 12th at St. Bartholomew's Hospital after a hrief illness.

At the funeral, which took place five days later, the coffin was coyered with the Brig-ane Flag and members of the Divi!'inn formed a Guard of Honour. Supt. Brown and Amh . Officer Kemp. Farnine:ham Division . and members of the Dartford Nursing- Division were also present, tog-ether with the Mavor of Dartford and several members of the Dartford Ambulance Association.

RETGATE CORPs.- The Annual Corps Competition for the "Heesom" Cup, presented in 1928 by Mr. E. E. Heesom, T.P., the then District Offic er for Surrey , was held on Wednesday, March 25th, when three teams competed.

Capt. A C. White Knox, M.C., M.B. (Asst. Commissioner, No. 1 District), set and judged the team and individual tests, which were of an interesting nature.

Those whc- witnessed the event included the Corps Surgeon. Supt. Lt.-Col. C. H. James, Dr. Nancy R. Lewis, Corps Secretary Stewart, Div. Sttpt. B. E. Norman, Div. Supt. C. Hannam, Lady Supt. Miss Jarchow, and others.

Cot. James presided at the subsequent presentation ceremony and anno11nced the result as follows: 1. Reigate, 225 marks; 2, Redhill and Reigate Nurses, 180 ; 3, Horley , 165.

Miss Jarchow presented the cup to the winning team.

Col. James welcomed the judge, whose tests were of

an excellent standard. He was sorry the other two Divisions had not entered a team as usual, but this was caused through unforeseen circtlmstanc.es.

Capt. White Knox, addresslOg the competltors, saId that the individual tests required fast but accurate work instead of idle talking. It was essential stoP. the hcemorrhaO'e first and make use of the conscIOus patlent. The team b wo rk was better done than the individual; the standard was good and he congratulated the winning team on their smartness.

Col. James thanked the doctor for judging the tests; Mr. G. L. Norman, time-keeper; Supt. B. Norman, secretary of the competition, upon whom fell most of the work ; and others who had assisted in any way.

The proceedings closed with a vote of thanks to the chairman proposed by Supt. Hannam. of apology for absence were from the Chief Constable (Mr. W. H. Beacher), DlV. Surgeon H. S. Fleming and Mrs. Blades.

No. IX. District.

Th e No.9 District Finals were held at '\iV eymouth on Saturday, April 4th, when teams from Cornwall, Devon and Dorset competed.

After a g-ood competition the results were announced as follows: 1, Barnstaple, 314 points; 2, Torauay, 310: 3. Poole. 303. Other teams competing were Weymouth. Portland St. Blazey. Redruth, and Ashburton.

The successful Barnstaple team comprised Supt. F. Knott , Corp1. P. Hunt, Sergt. J. Furzeman, Ptes. H. Curtice and L. Turner.

SEATON.-The first annual dinner of the Seaton and Beer Division was held at the Royal Oarence Hotel. Seaton, ahout 60 being- present.

Mr. H A. Clapp. Chairman of the local section centre of the S. LA.A presiderl and among' others present were Mr. C. C. Gould (Chairman of Seaton U.D.C., Countv Officer E. J. Moors (Exeter and East Devon A rea). Lt.Col. Dr. A. Kennedv (Div. Surg-eon\ Mr. R. T. Treg-aski s (Vice-Chrtirman of Association Sectinn). Mr. T. G. Clapp (Hon. Association Secretary). Mr. H. Miles (Hon. Association Treasurer), Supt. W. A. Hawker and Police Sergt. Brewer.

After the loyal toast, the Chairman proposed "The Order of St. John of Jerusalem." Countv Officer E. T. Moors, who responded. outlined the volt1ntary work of the St. Tohn Ambulance from its orig-in in the 11th centurv ann showed that with the additional A.R.P. responsihility they were striving- to he trl1e to the Order's motto. "For the service of mankind." The vohmtarv nature of the work was emphasised by the rearline: of the Duke of Connaue:ht's letter of thanks to the S. T.AB. in connection as Britain's most useful" Trinity of Service."

In propnsing "The Seaton ;'lOd Beer Division." Mr. R. T. Tree:askis referred to the Fire Brig-rtde Association National Lifeboat Institution. and the St. Tohn Ambulance as Britain's most useful "Trinity of Service" Mr. Gould. Chairman of the local Council, said he recoe;nised ambulance work as one of the finest movement!' of the day. and hoped the Division would become one of the most efficient in the area.

The Table II of War Gases which appeared in our August, 1935 issue, can be had in page form at the nominal charge of 2/-. per 50, post free. Applications should be sent, together with remittance, rto "First Aid," 46, Cannon-street, London, E.C.4.

Massage: Its Relation to First Aid.

By EDWARD G. EAMES, M.S.M.I.(hons.), C.S.M.M.G.(hons.). Lecturer in Pathology, The Smae Institute.

THE experience of the average patient in a large general hospital, may be likened in some ways perhaps , to a very disquieting but necessary journey across an immense bridge which spans a gaping ravine. He enters upon it, often unwillingly or unknowingly, and invariably leaves it with a wholesome relief. He never fully arpreciates our pride in the great structure which has been built by modern surgery, nor of course can he adequately comprehend the dangers which lie hidden below in th<l:t gulf of ignorance and suffering; from which he has been mercifully saved.

At each end of this modern bridge of science there are two ill urn inated th rough which the patient first embarks upon his journey, and through which he finally leaves our pathological viaduct. The one at the entrance is broadly indicated with a 'I First Aid" emblem, the one at the other, is called "The Massage Department." The two large gates are separated by the five years' travel of the medical curriculum, and few keepers of the gates have time for the long journey across the bridge of many sighs, since the purpose of the emergency worker is to help the injured inside, and the business of the masseur to assist him outside.

Let us together examine just one of the lines that leads across this tremendous bridge. Let us assume that a middle-aged man turns round, rather too quickly, and in falling to the ground, strikes his knee-cap against the pavement. He endeavours to regain his balance, but is incapable of raising his foot from its useless position. He nurses the knee in a pathetically caressing manner, and has the good sense to resist the temptations of the crowd to assist him to his feet.

An ambulance worker appears, and to him the victim apprehensively complains: "that he both heard and felt something give way." The profuse swelling, the immediate bruising and presence of ecchyrr.:Jsis suggest to the trained man that a cracked patella is present, and after a Thomas splint, or an improvised back-splint is applied, the patient is taken to the ,Out-Patients' Department of the nearest hospital.

The history of the fall, the excessive synovial effusion, and palpation suggest to the house surgeon a diagnosis of "Transverse Fracture of the Patella with Separation," 8.11r] X-rays confirm thi<;

opinion, and show the upper fragment to ha\'e been separated from the lower to the extent of an inch, a fact which is attributable ' to the strong pull of the Quadriceps Extensor.

Diagrammatic X-ray of Fractured Patella.

In the circumstances, reduction can only be affected by suture. The patient is taken to the theatre and ancesthetised. A horse-shoe incision, base upwards, is made, the flap is turned downwards, and the patella is exposed. Aseptic irrigation of the joint is accomplished, blood clots are pressed out from the surrounding tissues, the two fractures ends are revealed and any interposing fascia is removed. Then, either one, two, or three holes are drilled in each fragment in such a way that they are exactly opposite to each other, and silver wire passed from a superior opening to a lower one, and twisted to bring the two fragments together, flattened and moulded.

Alternatively, catgut, kangaroo-tendon or thick silk may be used. Accurate reduction is very essential if the possibility of late osteo-arthritis is to be entirely eliminated. The flap is then replaced, and the wound closed. The limb is then supported in a relaxed extension. Some surgeons prefer a back splint with pad, but it is more usual nowadays simply to maintain the leg in a slightly flexed position by merely resting the extended limb on a moderately hard pillow. A compression bandage is applied and the patient allowed to revive in his own time.

If the masseur is not actually presen t at the operation, he is notified of the. case, treatment the following mor111ng. HIS maIn object is to full function, and to achieve

th is end he must take infinite care to prevent any atrophy of the controlling muscles, ensure the absorption of fluid, and obtain mobility in the joint as soon as possible.

During the first week, the thigh, leg and foot are daily massaged, and the patient is persuaded to move activel y his toes anct ankle, while the masseur assists him to move the hip. The patella is moved laterall y , very carefully, on about the fourth day, but not sufficientl y to a ffect thf" more intim'lte dressing.

On the tenth da y the stitches are removed, and

AID.

shou ld conti n ue to wear some type of splint until approximate l y the tenth week. In the meantime, massage and exe rcises must be given daily, and the important rotatory movement of the knee practised assiduously until it is finally restored.

The scar tissue is specially treated ,vith olive oil and sma ll frictions which are applied to the periphery of the lesion and by degrees allowed to approach the "darning holes " After about the eighth week, re-education in walking becomes the essentia l treatment, but if the previous attention has been given by a thoroughly trained masseur, the patient should be able to resume normal locomotion very shortly after two months, and pass from the distant gate with g ratitude t o thos e who, by thought and study, have assisted him over the ravine of misfortune.

The Ho sp it a ll ers' e lll b .

TH E Club met on :\Iarch 14th at the Bon n i ngton Hotel, :\1 r. A. J. Bowman, the President, presiding.

The Secret a r y, M r. A. E. W e ll s , announced that the speaker for the evenin g , Dr. Bentall, had unfortunatel y been called to a Home Office Commi tt e e and would therefore be unable to be present. 1\Ir. Bowman had, at a momenes notice, kindl y consented to fill the breach and would g ive a lectur e on " Massage."

Przory for YVales.

\ ·EI.!:, 11 i:3 RIGAOE C ILUIP IONSIII PS S o m e o f th e m ost s kill e d a mbul a n ce a nd nur s in g tea m s o f. th e St. J o hn A m b ul a n ce Bri ga d e in V\ 'a les m et a t t h e Clt y ,:r a ll 0 11 S a tur da?:, A pril 4 t h to co mp e t e fo r th e Ll,a ndln a m Sh ie ld a nd Arthur Griffith s l\l e m o rial " Cup. E ac h C e ntr e of th e Priory is e ntitl e d t o e nt e r o n e a n:bul a n ce a nd o n e nur s in g t ea m - th e Gl a m o r ga n Ce ntr e b e lll g a ll o w e d two m a le t ea m s o n t b e ()"ro und s of n um e ri ca l s tr e n. gt h ; a nd 0 11 t hi s occas io n t e n t:ams of m e n a nd s i x nur SIn g t ea m s w h o h a d w o n th eir w ay t hr o u g h e limin a tin g co nt ests com peted is to t h e Bri ga d e Sur geo n s, wh o ga ye th e ir se r vices as jud ges :-

.l\l e n - Or. ]. ;\1. W l lso n, A b e rd a r e ; Dr. J. Pr osse r

D a n es , H e n goe d ; Dr. J. Lubran , P o ntn e w ydd ; D r . G. S. Phillip s, G w a un- Cae- Gurw e n., ':V o m e D r. J. P ]. J en kin s, Po n ty p oo l; Dr. C. B

1 l\ 1t1l a r Wllla m a n; Dr E. D Ow e n , [eath; a nd ;\li ss

E. A ( 1\l at l'o l1, G e ll igae r I so at io n H osp ta )

L ady S ud l OO lCe r :'.l rs. ;\l. L. Turtl E'r a nd C o mmi ss o n e r

T. E . R ichan.ls j u dged h e un ifor m s wo rn by Nur s in g an d

, \m b ul a n ce r eopect i\·ely. ' Ti le fo ll o w n g w e r e h e resu l t::; :-

RT lll R GRI FF ITII S ;\l Ei\ JO RJAL " C UP.

Ord e r T eam a nd Ce ntr e Ll f Indi- T Uni-

l\l erit R e pr ese n te d v idu a l ea m fo rm Tot a l

1 Ll ane ll ), (Ca rm a rth e n sh ir e)

1- P o n tnewy n yd d ( :\I o nm o u t h -

-"I + 5 ()

s hir e)

C Wl11allla n (A b e rd are)

B ui lt h W e ll s ( Br ec k noc ksh ir e)

Ba r ry (Ci ty of Car di ff )

Pl a n o f the operation; after Bickham.

active and extension of the knee is begun. The patIent IS taught. how to perform Quadriceps a.nd Gluteal contractIons and stronger manipulatIOns are now added to the daily treatment. The whole e x tremity i.s treated, and frictions are applied around the healIng scar and over the site of operation. Gradually the patient is permitted to turn his. sound side during treatment, and the postenor thIgh muscles are petrissaged .

Between the second and third week, the patIent starts to walk again, but to commence with he has the assistance of a Calirer, a back-splint or a leather-piece. At the end of a month he should be able to flex the knee to a fight ang l e, but

The President, who is a fully qualified and an experienced mas s eur, commenced his lec t ure b y referring to the meanin g of the word" m as sage, " and gave particulars of the work in the early age s up to present-da y It was onl y durin g the past .30 years that massa g e has been used so extensi vel y - orthopcedic work. The lecturer spoke of th e work of the masseur and the important factors thereof, and mentioned that in certain conditions massage was definitely contra-indicated. Th e lecturer demonstrated various movements with explanatory talk, emphasising the importance of always commencing at the top of the limb

After questions, a vote of thanks was proposed by Mr. Warren, seconded by Mr. Richards, and carr ied with acclamation, also to :vIr. Kemp who acted as patient. --_. _. -

The " Colon e C a rey" Cup, pre se nt e d to th e m e mb e r of th e Weston-sup e r-YIar e Di vis ion S.J A. B th e larg- es t numb e r o f drills and duti es durin g th e p as t y ea r , h as b ee n award e d o Pri vat e R Hewl ett wh o a tt e nd e d 1+ drill s and und e rtook 282 duti e s. Th e " H e nry Butt" trorh y o r th e runner-up "vas won b y S e r g- t. A. St e ph e n s.

C wm avo n ( Gl a m o r ga n Co unt y)

" LLA 'D 1:" \ :'I I "

K e n n'" II ill (Gl amoq{a n )

1 F fa ld a u I ns ti u te a nd G a n\ (G l a ll1 organ Co un ty)

3 Ab e rd are (Ab e rd a r e)

+ mm a nf o rd (Ca nn a rth e ns hir e )

5 Tr e d ega r ( o nm o u t h s hir e )

6 P e nrho s ( Bre ckn oc kshir e )

7 :K ava C o lli e ri es and P e l1),grai g Di st ri c t ( Rh o ndd a)

Tr e h a rri s (B o r o ugh o f l\l e r-

thYf Tydfil )

9 C a rdi Ff G e n e ral G v\'. R. ( Ci t y o f C a rdi fr)

10 Pl a y er S W e lfar e (Borough

of S\y a n sea Ce n r e) 208t lO S! 281 3+21

A v ood numb e r of m e mb er s o f t h e Priory and other s int e re ste d g- a th e r e cl in th e A ss embl y Ro o m fo r th e Pr es entation C e r C' l11on )" f o llowin g te a , a t whi cl l th e Han. John II. Bru ce ( Prin c ip a l e cret a r y a nd Commis s ion e r for Val es ) pr es id ed. I n th e a b se nc e o f th e Lord l\l ayo r (Ald e rm a n G. F. E van s , ]. P.) a nd the L a d y l\Iay o r ess th e trophi e s and pri zes w e r e pr ese nt e d by th e H o n. 1\1rs J. H. Bru c e. The L1an e lly Nur s in g a nd K e nfi g Hill Ambulance tea ms wiII hav e the h o nour of r e pr ese nting the Prior y fo r V\ al es in th e

Brigad e Fin a l Co m pet itio n s in London for the" D ewar" a nd " P e rr ott" Sh ie ld s. T he former h as been b r ought to \\Tal e s o n t w o occas ions; a n d thoug-h the" Pe r rott" Shiel d h as n ot b een w on b y ''' a es, teams from L1 a n elly gai n ed se cond pl ace in t\,\,o success ve yea r s . <

EXPLANATION OF :K URSIt\G TE \:'II T EST

" Th e fo u : membe r s of the team \i \ e in a sma ll vi lage Th ey w a l k m g one hot Summer day, late in the afternoon, to th e Ir a m b ul ance class. T hey are proceeding a l ong a c ountr y l.a n e and are half a mi le frol11 the Th ey n o ti ce a t r amp lyll1g under the hedge on the side of the r oa d, h e appea r s to be sleeping peacefully and after observina th a t hi s c ol o u r and breat h ing- are natura'1 they pass on at e m pt to examine or questio n the tramp \\ ll entail l oss o f m a r ks for this sectio n.

" Afte r passi ng the tramp t h ey meet an old ady from t h e vdl age , s h e loo k s very hot and i n passing- :;;reets t h em with t h e r e m a r k that " I t is a hot day." The old lad" the n Lo ll a p ses i n the ro3.d an apople c tic seizure and in -falling' f r act ur es he r left wnst. (Th e lad, is named '\[ rs. J ane E \'a n s,)

" Th e team sho u ld send one membe r for helpand means o f t a n spor t a n d to notify the lady s re ati\'es to get ready to r ecel 'e th e patient. '

"As th e tear:1 is going to ambu la n ce cl ass t h ey ha\'e th e ir h ave r sacs "\' It h them . T he tramp refuses to assist a n d o n b e in g s po k e n to wa l ks off " Th e fo ll o w ing ma r ks were allotted:

DETAILS OF T EST

P ART 1.

Obse rv e t r a m p, notice that h is colo u r br eat hi ng a r e natural Co n c lud e t h at he is s leeping and pass on

(If n o me n tion s m ade of t h e abo\'e observat ons, onl\

6 m a rk s w ill be awa r de d .) -

Exa mi ner comments t h at their neighbour '\I rs, Jane E,'a n s is co mi ng u p t h e la n e a nd that she looks yery hot and tir e d P ART' 2 ill r s. E\ 'ans col apses.

Ru s h o h e r ai d ; speak to h e r L1 nl } r esponse a g r oan +

Ob se r\' e co o ur of face, Ru s h e d +

Bre a thing sterto r o u s -t Pulse full a nd s l ow +

L ef t a rm d o u b e d u p a wkw a rdl y u n d erneat h +

l\IoY e m e nt s, onl y ri g h t a rm a nd l eg mO \'e +

Eyes, pupil s un e qu a do n ot r espo n d to li g h t o r to u ch +

1\ 0 h c£ ll lO rrh ag-e +

Diagn ose a po pl exy a nd in j ur y to left a r m 10

Immediat e ly se nd o n e m e l1l ber to t h e \' ill age t o +

Give n e w s o f !\Irs. J a. n e E \'a n s' co n d i tion. +

Instruct s om eo n e to obta in med ica l h el p +

Get men and m ater a l s to m a k e a st r etc h e r +

Ask r e la tiv es t o get r ea d y to rece i\ e i\lrs. E va n s -+ Th e m esse n ge r is a \\'ay 7 min utes

\\ hil e th is s b e in g d o n e t h e ot h e r u rn he pcu ie n t on t o h e r bac k +

Ele va t e th e h ea d an d s h o uld er s +

Turn th e face t o o n e s ide +

Gndo all t ig h l cl o thin g a bo ut n eck, chest an d \\·aist.. -t

Fan th e p a ti e n t to g iy e fr es h a ir -I

7 7 6

Tolal 120

INCREASING BRIGADE STRENGTH, Once again the Priory can record in its annual report for 1935 an increase in the strength of the SL J ohn Ambu-

A

lance Brigade in Wales. The tota l of 12,480 exceeds the 1934 fig u re by 227 (31 men, 69 women, 32 boys and 95 g irls), after t h e ded u ction of 133 members of Units disba nd ed owing to inact ivity. The membership now stands as un d er :-

Ratlway Ambulance News.

I nter- Rai I way Com petition 11936.

OPEN AMBULANCE COMPET ITIONS.

Open contests for teams of men and women resident in Wales and Monmouthshire and a competition for Sl. John Cadets will be organised by the Priory for Wa les, as usual, in conjuuction with the Royal Welsh Agricultural Society's Annual Show at Abergele, Denbighshire, on Friday, July 2-fth.

Ambulance competitions will be a feature of the Roval National Eisteddfod of Wales at Fishg-uard, during the first three days of August Bank Holiday week The events include open contests for the "Lady Lewis" and "Lady Bute" c u ps for teams of men and women respectively; and contests for teams of men, women, boys and girls in Wales and Monmouthshire.

St. John Ambulance Associatio n

BRISTOL.-The annual stretcher competition, open to teams resident within a distance of 12 miles from the Bristol Corn Exchange, will be held on Saturday, July 25th, at the Clifton Zoological Gardens. Six cups will be competed for as follows :-" Beavis" Cup, teams of 5 men; "Mrs. Squires" Cup (handicap), teams of 5 men; "Novice" Cup, teams of 5 men; "Horace Walker" Cup (bandicap), teams of 5 women; "Mather" Cup, teams of 5 men or women; " Cyril Lavington " Cup, teams of 5 men or women.

Full information can be obtained frol11 the Hon. Secretary, Mr. E. A, 0, Webb, 6, Somerset Slreet, Kingsdown, Bristol, 2,

GREAT YARMOUTH.-The final competitions of the Centre were held on Saturday, March 21st, the judges being Lt.-Col.

M. MacEwan, D.F.C , T.D" Mrs. M. MacEwan, M.B., Ch,B., Lt. R. Ingham Hyder, R.A.M.C., and Div. Supt. M. R. Sevenright.

The results were as follows :-

Men: c Borough" Bowl, 1, Gt. Yarmouth, L.N,E.R., 304 points; 2, Yarmouth Police, 301t points; 3, Lacon & Co" 273 points. Junior test: "Fell" Cup, 1, Lacon & Co" 220! points; 2, Gorleston, S,J.A.B., 162 points.

Women "Palmer" Challenge Bowl, Grout & Co, "B." J unior test: "Grout" Challenge Cup, 1, Lacon & Co., 233t points; 2, Norfolk B.R.C.S" 151t points

The individual tests were held prior to the team tests and resulte d as follows :-

Men: "Knights" Cup, 1, George Hatch, 82 points. J unior test: "Taylor" Cup, 1, Ralph Neale, 57 points.

Women: "Bayfield" Cup, 1, Miss J anet Bloom, 70 points. Junior test: "Meyer" Cup, 1, Mis!' Norah Key 62 points.

The Mayoress presented the trophies and prizes.

Among those who attended were the Mayor and Mayoress (Mrs. A. M. Perrett and Mrs C. Perrett), Mr. B. W. Smith (Chief Constable and Centre Chairman), Mr. E. R. Eastoe, and the Secretary, lVIr. F. Whall,

The Preliminary competition for ungrouped railways was held at St. John's Gate on March 27th, Dr. S Davies, of London, being the judge.

For the second year in succession the Midland and Great Northern Joint team was successful, obtaining 326 marks out of a maximum of 425. Metropolitan (L.P.T.B.) were second with 316, Cheshire Lines Committee third with 313 and Southern and L.M.S. Joint (Somerset and Dorset) fourth with 221.

The Midland and Great Northern Joint will therefore compete in the Final Competition against the representative teams of the four grouped railways. This competition, as already announced, will take place on May 27th at the Great Central Hotel, Marylebone, London.

Great Western.

COMPETITIONs.-The semi-final compehhons, held at Birmingham, Paddmgton, Bristol and Newport, have now been concluded, and resulted in the selection of the following eight teams to compete in the final competition in the General Meeting Room, Paddington, on May 1st: Fishguard, Gloucester, Liskeard, Swindon A., Swindon B., South Lambeth, Hereford, and Aberdare B. These teams will contest possession of the Directors' Shield, " Carvell" Cup and prizes offered by the Directors. An interesting feature in this year's contest is the fact that two beginners' teams are qualified to compete, Swindon B. and Aberdare, and of these the team gaining most marks will be awarded the "Henry Butt" Bowl, granted to the team securing highest place in the Beginners' Section in the Company's series of competitions. The judges in the final competition will be Dr. 'vV. J. Crawford of Southall (team test) and Dr. S. McCormac (individual tests).

CHELTENHAM.-The annual competition for the" John Player" Shield, open to members of the Cheltenham G.'vV.R. Ambulance Corps, took place in the Bennington Hall, Cheltenham, on March 19th, when four teams participated. The adjudicators were Dr. J. Allman Powell, Dr J. T. Grassie and Mr. Harvey, and among the interested spectators were Mr. L. J. A. Callaway, District Goods Manager, Mr. F. Gibbons, Asst. Engineer, and Mr. W. R. Stevens, Asst. Supt.

The results were announced at the close of the contest by Dr. Allman Powell, the team by Mr. ]. Gorton gaining first place, and Mr. A. E. Robmson second place. The shield was presented by Mr. E. G. Powell and the prizes by Mr. F. Gibbons. Dr. Allman Powell took the opportunity of presenting his cup, awarded to the man w h o had done most for the Corps during the past year, t o Mr. W. A. Aldridge, who had been for nine years treasurer. Examination awards and a number of the Company's gold efficiency medals were distributed by Mr. W. Eales. Mr. Callaway thanked Dr. Allman Powell for all that he had done for the Corps, to which he had been lecturer for 10 years and asked his acceptance, on behalf of the class of a set. Dr. Allman Powell suitably acknowledged the gift.

GLOUCESTER.-The eleventh annual dinner of the Gloucester Combined Ambulance Corps was held at the Spread Eagle Hotel, Gloucester, on March 14th, when a company of over 100 was present. Mr. L. J. A. Callaway, District Goods Manager, presided, and was supported by the City Member (Mr. H. Leslie Boyce), the City High Sheriff (Mr. H. Collier), the Deputy Mayor (Alderman Harry Harmer), Dr. J. F. H. Stallman, Mr. S. Morris (late president of the Corps), and officers of the Company. Examination awards and gold efficiency medals we r e presented by the Deputy Mayor Mr. Morris, who was accorded musical honours, said he particularly appreciated the fact that the Corps had elected him a life member, and in order to mark his 13 years presidency, he desired to give a silver cup to be awarded to the member who had done the most during the year to further the ambulance movement. Mr. J. H. Dee received the handsome trophy on behalf of the Corps, and suitably thanked the donor, and appreciation of the gift was also expressed by the Chairman and Mr. J. H. Drinkwater.

WOOTTON BASSETT.-The annual dance and presentation of awards, organised by members of the Wootton Bassett class, took place at the Memorial Institute on March 28th. The event was attended by 140 guests, and the proceeds will be devoted. to .obtaining equipment. for use in Wootton Bassett and dlstnct. Class a wards gamed durinrr the past session were distributed by Dr. ]. N. who made a special appeal to the generation to take up this valuable work. The proceedmgs were presided over by Mr. S. E. Till, Class President.

HEREFORD.-At the competition for the" Lilley" Cup which was held in the Town Hall, Hereford, on March 26th, the balance of merit was so level that there were only three points between the first three teams, the second and third teams gaining equal marks. The was presented by Dr. J. H. Lilley for annual competitIOn among teams in the Herefordshire Centre. Six teams competed, three representing the Great Western Railway, and Hereford Barton (G.W.R) were adjudged the winners with 226 marks followed by Hereford Barrs Court No. 1 (G.W.R.) and Herefordshire City Police, each with 223 marks.

The judO'es were Dr. G. Donaldson Tullis of Hereford, and Dr. H. b W Johnson of Leominster, and the trophy and medals were presented by Mrs. Williams of LIangibby Castle. The medals and ce:t1ficates were the gift of Viscount Hereford, who complimented the teams o'n their excellent performance. D:. c0ll!-menting on the work of the competItors, saId that thel,r excellence was largely due to the weekly matches of the Ambulance League.

SWINDON.-At the Baths Hall, Swindon, on April 3rd, over 500 members and supporters of the G,W.R. Am?ulance Centre met for the annual concert and presentatIOn of awards when Mr. J. Auld, Principal ASSIstant to the Chief Engineer, presided, supported by local officers of the Company and medical men Mr. Auld.gave a short resume of the year's work m the Swmdon Division sayinO' that 366 men had passed a successful examination dubring the past a record the Divi sio n . A tribute to the self-sacnfice and devotIOn of

ambulance \yorkers "'as paid by ::\1r. \\-. \\-. \Vakefield, :\LP. for Swindon.

Dr. T. P. Derry of the windon Medical Fund J1()spital. presentcd a large number of examination a,Yards to members of thc mcn' and \yomen's clas es) together \\ ith gold efficiency awards giYen. ?y the Company. J:Ic al. 0 presented to winning competitIOn team the trophies for the Diyisional and local conte t; Includ1llg the Church\\"ard" ::\lemorial Shield) (. Local" Cup and Cecil" Cup, and prizes a\\"arded by the Directors. Dr. Berry, "hile congratulating the recipients of a\\ards) and particularly the gold medallists) made a strong both for a large increase in recruits and for the ma1l1tenance of efficiency. There were 55 holders of gold medals, who \\ cre pillars of the classes. They were members of an a.:sociatioll which had great traditions which would neyer die, and it \\"a up to them to perpetuate them and keep them alive. He" a of the opinion that everyone should cle"ote a certain amou n t of time eyery day to some sen'ice ()ther than oneself.

lond on, Mid land and Scottish.

annual supper of the t. Philips Goods 'lation Ambulance CIa s ,\"as held on .:'I1arch 21st) there IH:ing" a good attendance of member and friends. .

ThL" Pre ident) ::\1r. G. Rid e r) oc cupied the chan-, accompanied by Dr. G . .:'II. E"an ) ::\le rs. S G. Spiller (Goods Agent), A. \Y. Lloyd (Chief Foreman), J. Smallclridr;'e (Carting Foreman) and Dr. Summerhill (Secretary).

::\Irs. Rider presented the a wards which included, gold label to E. J. Mahoney , for 25 years' ambulance "'ork, gold medals for 15 years' \\-ork to A. Holder. \\ -. ::\1. O\\-en, and L. ummers.

The Pre ident congratulated the recipients) also thc team in ,,-inning second place in the recent District C0111petition. He urged them to continue their study of ambulance \\'ork and endeayour to increase the cla s member"hip. H e also thanked Dr. E"an for hi very yaluablc a:sistance to the Class.

On the motion of Mr. Lloyd) thank \\ ere accorded to the President and ::\Irs. Rider) who was presented with a IJouquet.

CHI::STER.-About eighty members of the Clas attended the second annual dinner, when prizes won during the session were presented by ::\1r. VV. E. C. Lazenby.

:\1r. A. E. ::\lawson, Station :L\laster) ,,,as the Chairman, others present included the Sheriff (1\1r. \Y. II. Xightinga1c), Dr. J. \Velsh (class lecturer), Mr. \ V. E. C. Lazenby (Assistant Chief Officer) Labour and Establishment), and Messrs. J. Moore, C. J. Vidal) P. Kamm (Asst. to General Ambulance Secretary), A. H. Rutt, J. c. Barlo,Y, Strafford , F. VV. Booth) H Bairstow) R. M. Jones, \Y. Garratt, J. c. Brmm and W H Roberts.

::\11'. A. S. Clays) Hon. Secretary, in his annual report, said he could safely say that they had again put Chester on the L.11.S. map from an ambulance point of yiew. They had maintained an average attendance of oyer 60 throughout the season and 17 new men attended for thei r first-year examination, in all nearly 100 men had had examinations. :\lr. Clays referred to the assistance he had receiycd from 1\11' (Acting Manager) and .:'Ilr. ::\.la,",,:son (Chall"man), In the smooth running of thc org·amsatlQn.

The Sheriff, proposing the toast of " The and S. Ambulance 110vement," congratulated them upon the success of the moyement.

W. E. C. Lazenby replied and congratulated the Chester class 011 their special effort to ti0 ahead. As a

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result of a request, they had been transiern::cl from District Ko. 1-1- to District ::\fr). 16) and he hoped the) \\'oulcl benefit from the transfer. The directors of thl L..:'Il.S., thc chief officer and local officer ,\ cre anxious to further the ambulance moyemcnt. and the\" ,,,ere fortunate 111 haying the co-operation Dr.

::\Ir. A. J. ::\loorc proposed the toast of " Th e Doctors." and aid they o,Yed much to Doctors \\ -els h and O"en for their help and assistance

Dr. "-elsh: replying, explained the f(lr thc 'llccess of the last n\'o winter sessions. It depcndcd upon the attendance, enthu ia In, and family feeling amono' the member. and upon the excellent secretarial work of .:'IIr. Clays and Mr. .l oble.

::\1r. R. 11. Jones proposed the toast of the .i oint secretaries, Clay and ::\Ir. Xoble, and commcntcci upon the excellent \York they had done for the teams.

.:'IIILLHOU 'E .-Thc a \\-ard gained by members 01 the Lnco Ambul ancL" Class" ere p're entecl un ::\Iarch 1st hy :\[r. E. K. Carey, Ditrict Loco Supt. ::\Ir. Carey congratulated the members of the class on the good work they ,,-epc doil1!!," and pre en ted eig-ht certificates. fonr youchers. t,,-o medallions and t\\'entvnine labels. -

H.e also made a pre 'entation of a \\ irele s 'et to Amb. Officer E. ::\1atthew , who has left the di trict after 13 years' sen·icc.

PESYBOST.-On :'larch 5 th Signallllall James (hark Lockett of Penybont \"as pre ented ,,-ith a \T e ll ull1 \-ote of Thanks of the Order of St. Tohn of Terusalem.

The presentation \\"as made by ::\[r. C. H. Taii, who expressed his appreciation of the fact that ::\11'. Lockett's work in connection with the ambulance 1l10Yement had heen recognised by the Grand Priory. ::\11'. LOLkett ha been connected \\-ith the ambulance moyemcnt for O\-er 22 years. and hold the L.1\I.S. g-old mcdal for long' ambulance sen-icc.

Signalman Lockett i. all acti,-e in-;tructor to outside· classes in Radn o rshire, and has h een thanked for his en-ices by the \\ Te lsh Priory.

Mr. Tait was supported by ::'1r. A. v\-. Hamer, Asst. District Goods and Pa senger ::\1anager, ::\1r. J. V\T. Taylor. Chief tdff Clerk. and :\lr. H. O"'en, Di ,t rict Ambulance Secretary.

::\lr. Lockett suitahly responded. and aid that the: presentation of the Yellllm \Tote of Thank wa unexpected.

'T. HELExs.-T reatment of a "orkman \\ ho had ITcci\'ed an electric shock by 3,000 yolt . wa. the main test for teams from St. Helens' centre, competing for thc E\,enson" trophy The competition \\'as organised :\1r. A. vVarren. The examiners \\-ere Dr. R. Tackson, Dr. J. 0'::\1. Poole and Dr. J. BUfro\Ys.

Sutton Oak Loco Sheds No. 1 team \yith points out of a pos ible 320 were awarded the cup. St. Helens team ,ya placed econd with 138 point and the Sutton Oak Loco Xo. 2 team ,yas third \\·ith 113 points.

The cup ,,,as presented hy Mrs. E,-enson.

M. & G.N. Joint.

The Annual Ambulance Shield Competitiol1 \\ as held at ::\Of\\ ich, when l\ILlton Constable, for the first time, \\"on the shield ",;ith 233 points out of a maximum 33-1-.

Other teams and marks were: ::\loulton (214), Sheringham (213), South Lynn (213). Terrington (194), and Yarmouth (127).

Dr GenLle, of Attleborough, adjudicated and made 'cry pleasing comments on the high standard of \\-o rk.

The President of the Centre, 11r. R. B. \Valkcr (Traffic :\Janagcr ) .-poke in appreciatiye tones of the keen interc t laken in ambulance \york on the :\1. & G.X. Joint Line.

:'1r. A. E. Langley (Re ident Civil Engineer) accorded thank - to Dr Gentle for adj udicating, whilst ::\Irs. LangIe) pre entecl prIze to the first and econcl teams and was thanked hy ::\Ir. A. H. Na h (Resident ::\Iechanical Engineer ).

Tn the clbsence of 1\1r. H. J. Gufi (the Centre -ec rctary), 1\1r. S. R. Dodman succes fully deputi ed and \\a thanked the President for hi - ahlc en·ice.

The Challenge Cup Competition "a held at the Lad.' Clull. :\"o1'\\·ich. on .:'I1arch -+th o \\hen the South Lynn tcam for thc thircl year in ucces ion \\'ere adjudicated the winner The final placing \\'erc: 1, Lynn , .?871 point : 2. Hnlbeach, 221: 3, Yarmouth, 217: -1-. \\ -isbech. 208i: :'. Cromer. 167 5/6. Pos ibl e point, 398_

Dr. F. E. Bendix, or London. \\ ho judged the C0111petition. \,"as HTy plcased \\ ith the progrc - that had bcen

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The. ,'outh Lynn team repre entecl the Joint Line in the Pre1ll11l11ary 1nter-Raih\-ay Competition, held at St. John's Gate on ::\larch 17th, and were again 'llcces, flll 111 thlS e\"ent. Last year they ente red the final. heing placed second. only 10 points hehind thl \\·inner..

london and NOl"th Easter"' ll.

:\' ORTH EASTER:\" ARE.-\.

The tinal competition for the" \Yharton" 'hiekl II held at ':t-ork on Saturday. April -1-th, ",hen ix team \I·inner. of their eli trict competitions, competed.

The tc t \\"ere et and judged by Dr. K. H. Be\ of Barn -kyo In the team test competitor' had to treat a man \yho had fallen do,,-n a flight oi -teps and u tained a compound fracture right tibia: dislocation of eft elbO\\ and capillary bleeding from wound oyer the back of head. The indiyidual te ts ,,"erc of a and 111tere ting'

The Annual Competition the \1. & C. :\" Joint Line in progress. The Judge is Capt. F. E Bendix. made Il\ lhe ·illCl.. he adj tlllicatecl last year, anel eommen-te cl thal the standard of first aiel work on the ::\t & G lr Railway \\-a s \"Cry good indeed. _ The Pre.ic.lent oi the Centre, .:'Ill'. R. B. \\ alker. presented the cup and prize Lo the \\ inners and to thc runne rs-up :\1r. \ Yalker, \\ ho was congratula ted on b elllg recently made a erying Brother of the Order of St. John in recoo-nition of hi - sen-ice to the Ambulance Movement. ed a comprehelL in yote of thank to all ,:ho helped in the competition and exprc 'e el pleasure 111 dOl11g' all he could to foster ambulance \\"ork throughout the Joint Line He thanked the Centrl Secretary, 1\1r. H. J. for the good \york he had pUL in to make the compctition a tlcce .:'Ilr. (;off suitably replied and eliter congratulat111g the competitor on their excellent work.' mentio!1ed that the competitions vI-ere held to increase 111 the work. hut the primary aim of the Centrc: ,,-hlch to produce staff ahle to render efficient first ;l1d to the 1l1Jured whenthe necd a rosc; should 110t he lost sight of.

Thc re nit \\'ilS announced as follo\\- : 1. Hull lDairycoats), :no; 2, :\ e\Ha 'tIe (Central tation), 187: 3, dlesbrough tation): -1-, Leeds lPolice), 1-+0: 5, Darlington (Di trict Engineers), 1-1-/: 6. York (Police), 1-+0.

::\11'. Thos. Horn ky, Di\"i ional General Manager, York. presented the « \Yharton" and medals to the lInll team and the ,. Horn by" Ambulancc Challenge Cup to the X C\\'ca til' Central Statioll team.

SO eTHE R :\" A.RE.\.

On Thursday, ::\Iarch 26th. the final competition III the Great Xorthern Centre, for the cup pre ented by thc Officer of the old G.X. Railway. \,-as held at LiYcrpool treet, ,,,hen the ",inners of the di trict competition competed.

_ The judge \yere Capl. A C. \\ lute Knox, 1\1.c.. ::\1.B , Ch. B. (team) and Lt.-Col. H. L. ::\facE\\-ell. n.F.c., T.D ::\1.B. (indi\·idual).

::\laJl} officers of the Company \nre present to Wlt -

ness the work done and t o give encouragement to the men.

At the close of the competition, Sir Ronald Matthews (President) presided at the prize-giving ceremony. He announced the result as follows: 1, Peterborough, 233 marks; 2, Ardsley Loco, 226; 3, King's Cross Loco, 20n; 4, Nottingham Victoria, 5, Doncaster Plant, 186 ; 6, Firsby, 17H

The New England team will now represent the Centr e at the L.N.E.R. Group Competition to decide which team shall represent the Company in the Int e r-Railway and England v Scotland Compet iti ons.

The President congratulated the winners and wished them success in the futu r e.

Sir Ronald also presented the annual r eport of the Centre. The total number of teams entered this year was 41, an increase of 5 over 1935, and the number of award gained being 1,084. One hundred and eleven L ong Servic e Gold Medals, for 15 years' efficiency, had been issued to the Centre, and 82 Bars representing efficiency up to 30 years. Thanks were extended to the staff and District Officers for the continued interes t and the support th ey gave to the movement. He wished to place on r eco rd the very deep debt of gratitude owed to Mr. T. Smith (Centr e Secretary) for the way in whic h he looked after his V'ery large district. Sir Ronald alIso thanked the Medic al Officers, District and Class Secretaries and Instructors.

Capt. A. C. v\.'hite Knox commented on the work done by the competitors, pointing out om issions in the team test and gave hints for future reference. Lt Col. MacEwen was unable to stay for the prize-giving, but Capt. White Knox gave a message to the competitors f rom him.

The proceedings closed with a vote of thanks to the President, "which was proposed by Mr. Barrington-Ward (Supt., Southern Area).

The G.E. Centre final competition was held at Stratford on April 1st, the judges being Capt. F. E. Bendix, M.R.C.S., L.R.c.P. (team and No.3) and Capt. A. C. White Knox, M.C., M.B., Ch.B. (Nos. 1 2, 4 and 5).

The team test was well staged and depicted a man working an electric welder Suddenly there was an explosion and the teams found the worke r lying unconscious on the floor. In the individual test competitors had to treat a man suffering from a dislocated shoulder and lim e in the eyes.

Lt.-Col. H. H. Mauldin (Supt., Eastern Section ), preSIded. at the subsequent presentation meeting, supported by SIr Gerald Talbot, K.C.V.O., C.M.G., Mr. T. O. Mein, the judges and Officers of the Company.

Capt. W. Goodley, M.C., Centre Secretary, announced the result, which was : 1st, Parkeston "A," 2711/5 marks; 2nd, Yarmouth, 2409/10; 3rd, Cambridge 2383/10' 4th Bishopsgate "B," 238 1/5; 5th, March "A" 238 1/5: 6th' Stratford Works, 2281/10; 7th, Parkeston '" B , '; 2201/10. IndIVIdual: W. Page, of Yarmouth.

Chairman 32 teams took part in the prelImInary competttlons, Judged by Cap t. F. E Bendix. During the year ending September 30th, 1935 the numb e r of first aid awards gained was 919, also 16 gold medal s for 1.5 and 13 bars for five subsequent exammatlons. Smce 1929 the C entre had be en awarded 208 medals and 176 bars.

During the yea r Mr. W. J. Broom, C.M.E. Dept. , :M;r. Blaza, Supt.'s D ept., Lowestoft, and Mr. WIlkm, Engmeers Dept., Lowestoft h ave b een admitted as Serving Brothers of the Ord er of St. J ohn.

The team, Parkeston " A," wi ll represent the G.E. Centre In the Group Competition and he h oped they would be successful in being one of the two teams selected to represent the L.N.E.R. in the Int e r -Railway and England v. Scotland Competitions.

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Sir Gerald Talbot (President of the Centre) presented the prizes, being accorded a vote of thanks on the proposition of the captain of the winning team.

Both judges addressed the competitors, criticising the work done.

At the tea which followed, Capt. Goodley addressed the competitors, congratulating the winners and wished them every success in the futur e. Parkeston had now won the cup on 14 occasions and they relied on them to go further in the competitions.

Mr. T. O. Mein, the late Centre Secretary, also addressle d the gathering. It was, he said, very nice to be invited to the competition and to renew fri endships. He wanted to see a G .E. team win the Int e r-Railway Competition and urged competitors to take notice of the comments mad'e by the doctors. He was glad to see the comp e titors taking such a great interest in the work.

The West Riding Ambulance comp et itions took plac e at Leeds on Thursday, March 12th, with the following result: 1, Ardsley Loco, 272; 2, Ardsley Traffic, 255; 3 , Stanningley, 253. Other teams, in their order of merit , being Drighlington, Lofthouse, Leeds Central and Ardsley Shops.

The "Officer's" Shield was pr ese nt ed to Ards le y Loco team, the " Crowther" Cup to Ardsley Traffic, and the " Read" Cup, for the best team test marks other than the first or second teams, to Stanning ey Mr. W. M. Barrington Ward (Supt. Southern), presented the trophi es and prizes, and comp limented the competitors on t he very e fficient way they had done their work.

The District Superintendent, Mr. D. Gracie, was the Chairman, Mr. F. Longbottom, Dis trict Am b. Se c r etary , b eing responsible for the arrangeme11 ts.

Southern.

DISTRICT COMPETITIONs.-The Di strict Competitions have been held at various parts and the r es ults are as follows :-

District No.1, Group I.-1st, Bri cklaye rs Arms No. 1; 2nd, New Cross Gate No.2. Group 2.- 1st, Tattenham Corner; 2nd , West Croydon No. 1.

Di st rict No.2, Group I.-1st, Waterloo "A"; 2nd , Waterloo " B." Group 2.-1st, Wimbl edo n " A" ; 2nd Nine Elms" c." ,

District No.3, Group I.-1st, Ashford Works "A"; 2nd, Ashford Works No. 1. Group 2.-1st, Tonbrid ge Loco; 2nd, Dover Marine.

District No.4 Group I.-1st, H ors ham No.1; 2nd, Horsham No.2. Group 2.-1st, Redhill Loco; 2nd, Hove.

District No.5, Group I.-1st, Ea st leigh Eng. Shed No.1; 2nd, Southampton Ct1. N o 1. Group 2.-1st, Southampton Docks" H "; 2nd, Southampton Docks" c."

District No.6 , Group I.-1st, Exmouth Junction No. 1; 2nd, Exmouth Junction Mechanics. Group 2.-1st, Tl£ racombe; 2nd , Yeovil " c."

The first two in Group 1 will compete in the final compe tition which, as pfoeviously a nnounced, will be held on April 28th, at Southern House, Cannon Street Station.

WOMEN'S COMPETITION.-The 8th final competition was held on April 2nd at Southern House, Cannon Street, when five teams competed. Dr. J. Stanley Davies was the judge and some excellent work was carried 'Out.

Following the competition, Mr. W. G. Pape (Indoor Asst. to the Chief General Manager and Chairman of the Centre), at the presentation meeting. Addressing the competltors, Mr. Pape stated that the Southern Railway had as high a percentage of workers efficient in first

FIRST

aid as any other Company, but the female staff wer e much behind the percentage of the men. It was disap pointin g that only five teams had entered and he hoped to see an increase next year and also an increase of first ai d er certificate holders among the female staff.

Mr. E. A. Richards, Centre Secretary, announced the result as follows: I, London Bridge " A," 229; 2 , Waterlo o " A," 222; 3, Southampton Distri ct "A," 220; 4, Southampton District" B," 190!; 5, Lond on Bridge" B," 159

Mrs. ]. Stanley D avies pre sented the Directors' cup to the winning team and also week-end cases to each member. Waterloo "A" team members received h at bags. The individual prizes were the gift of Sir Herbert Walker.

Dr. Davies, addressing the competitors, criticised the work done. He wished to congratulate the No. 3 of Vvaterloo "A'" team on her very excellent performance in obtaining 38 marks out of 40.

The captain of the winning team proposed a vote of thanks to Mrs. Davies for presenting the prizes.

POOLE.-Mr. F. P. Watts (Asst. Div. Supt.) presided at the annual dinner of the Poole and District Ambulance Class, supported by Messrs. E. Hight, A. Holl oway (Stationmaster), J. Burrows (Eastbourne) and Doct ors Ian Curr and Malcolm Lamb.

Mr. Hight (Div. S.upt.) distributed the awards gained during the year and said how much he appreciated the honour of presenting them He also presented to Dr. Curr, in recognition of his services as lecturer to the class, a certificate of Hon. Life Membership of the St. Tohn Ambulance Association.

, The Chairman welcomed an unexpected visitor in Mr. Buckmaster, a former assistant of t he General Manager, and the first secreta r y of the ambulance movement on the old L. & S.W.R.

WATERLOO. - Members of the Waterloo Ambulance class and their friends spent a very enj oyab l e evening on the occasion of the annual concert and presentation of awards.

Mr. Edwin C. Box, Traffic Manager, presided, suppOlied by many of the chief officials of the Comp any.

Mrs. Cox presented the awards, including special framed certificates on vellum recording the fact that two members of the class (Mr. J. P. Flairn, London West Divisional Supt.'s Office, and Mr. C. Hatch, Trav elling Ticket Inspector), had attended, and had satisfied the examiner on no less than 31 consecutive annual examinations. Mr. Cox was herself the recipient of a sheath of flowers.

During- the evening Dr. Duncan, the popular lectur er to the Waterloo class, was handed a clock, subscribed for by the class "members, in ap preciation of his valu able serv i ces.

At the conclusion of the presentation Mr. C. Hatch in well chosen words p rop osed a vote 0 f thanks to Mr, and Mrs. Cox.

Mr. Cox, in reply, said he and M rs. Cox were delighted to be present to distri but e the awa rds The y both had the ambulance moyemcnt on the " S out h ern" very mnch at heart and were always wi llin g and anxious to do all in their power to further the first aid work. It was a source of great satisfaction to him that a t eam from the "Southern" had secured the Inter-Railway Shield on ten occasio ns during the past fifteen years, and h e sincerely hoped that at the contest this yea r they would again obtain the premier position.

Owing to heavy pressure on space, it has been found necessary to hold over many items and photographs until the next issue.

St. Andrew's Ambulance Association.

DUNDE E -The ann ual whist drive and :' dance of the Dundee (Tay Bridge) Ambulance Section was held in the Old Pala ce, Seagate, Dundee, on Friday, 13th, when a company of over 200 took part. The programme a lso includ ed the presentation of awards gained by members of the Section during last season.

Mr. R. S. Douglas, District Goods and Passenger Manager, who was accompanied by Mrs. Douglas, presided, and was supported by Mr. C. S. Chief Ass ista nt, an d Mr. H. R. "Watson, Passenger and Goods Agent.

Th e prizes were presented by Mrs. Douglas, who also presented certificates, medallions and section examination prizes to 20 successful students

Dr Tho mas Sprunt, Hon. Lecturer to the Section, was the recipi ent of a leather instrument case in appreciation of se rvi ces to the class. 1r.]. McKenzie, Section Commandant, making the presentation.

The "Gilroy" Cup Competition was held at Dundee West, L. M. S. R. Station on Sunday, March 29th. Six teams took part, three being from Tay Bridge, L. N. E. R. Section and three from Dundee West, L.M.S.R. Section. Dr. Macklin adjudicated in the General Knowledge Section and Dr. W. Fyff Dorword in the combined practical and transport test.

Dundee West No.1 team "were successful in winning the cup, together with handsome chromium-plated clocks, with 162 points. The team was led by A. Boyd, other members being J. Mitchell, ]. Campbell, W. Ogilvie and W. Simpson. Tay Bridge No.2 with 150! points were second and received leather wallets. I\lembers of this team were J. Nicol (captain), G. M'lntosh, J. Winton, G. Malcolm and G. Charles.

Mr. R. S. Doug-las, District Goods and Passenger Manager, Dund ee, L. M. S. R., presided, and presented the awards. He also thanked the doctors for their services.

COVVDENBEATll.-The annual social and dance of the Cow denb eath Co -operative Section was held recently, Mr. J. Toppin g (President) presiding. The chairman announced that 59 students had successfully passed the examination, 45 being first year, 9 second year and 5 third year. U nfortunate ly only two members were females.

Mr. R. Wilson, Commandant, presented the secretary, Mr. W. Ferguson, with a barOl"!Ceter from the Section as an appreciation of his work during the t,,-e1ve years he has acted as secretary and 8 years as captain of the team. 1\lr. Ferguson suitab ly replied.

Dr. Young, lecturer, was presented with surgical instrum e nt s. Certificates and medallions were presented by Irs. Young.

LEITH.-The annual competItIOn of the Leith District (L.l .E.R.) Ambulance Section of the S.A.A. Corps for the Inter-team Cup, \"as held at Leith Central Station, on March 29th.

Th e arbiters were Drs. ]. B Annan (oral), .-\ngus Walker (practical) and A. G. Smith (transport).

Se ve n teams took part and the cup was won by " F " team with 232 points, captained by P. Robertson and composed of 1arg-aret Scott, Jessie Ure, D. :'Ilathieson and T. Stoddart. The runners-up. with 225 points, were" D " team and comprised C. Hunter (captain), Effie Hogg, A. W y llie , A. Cameron and T. Girdwood.

At the close of the competition the arbiter compli-

mented the team un the manner in which the tests were carried through and at lhe same time look occasion to pass on some hints which should prove usefu l in future competitions.

The pre:;entalion of the cup and \Vas made at the annual general meeting of the Section, which was held on April 5th.

Police Ambulance News.

POLlCE :\TATIOl\AL FIRST .\10 COl\1PETITIOI\

Since our last issue we have received a letter from the Competition Secretary informing us that an error was made in the addition of the marks a,varded to the Reigate Borough Police team at the hnal ot the above competition. The total marks for the individual tests should be 145t, and nOl 137t as was announced. The error does not alter the placings of the finalist teams, Reigate Borough still being 9th \\'ith a total o f 26i-.

rUJ)(;E'S COMlIJENTS.

\Ve ha\ e received the following from Captain F. E. Bendix, L.R.C.P., who judged the team and :\T o. 1 tests :-

Although this is the first occasion on which I have had Lhe honour and pleasure of acting as iudge at this imporLant c ompetition, it has been my good fortune to adjudicate the standard of ambulance work attained by members of the Police Forces from various parts of the country. Myopinion as to the general first aid efficiency of the Police has not been shaken by this new experience. Nevertheless, it would be mere flattery to suggest that the ideal has been reached.

The Indi\ idu3.1 Test elicited a fairly good theoretical knowledge of th e Textbook; complete knowledge in this is essential to any outstanding success at competitIOns.

In the Team Test, Chapter I (" vVhal Is First Aid :") appears to have been rather neglected, especially "the essentials of first aid to the iniur e d. II man removed from a burning house! Yet a BURN was often the last injury to be foune!. Ag'ain, asphyxia in many instances proved of s econdary c onsideration in the rendering of first aid, and the /olt1 tlz ntle for the treatment of asphyxia was sometimes placed first, whilst much time was wasted in examination for injuries before commencing artificial respiration.

. In competition work the order of procedure in treatment IS of the utmost importance, and adherence to the rules car ried out in numerical secluence from the first rule to lasl is very necessary. One has sometimes been twitted preparing marking sheets in strict accordance with the but, whether right or wrong, the contents of this book IS the only fair standard so far as the competitors are concerned.

The methods of performing artificial respiration have been criticised already, and I can only repeat the words of the Textbook-" Imitate the movements of breathino'" 7c1illzoui exagg·e ratz'on. '"

l\1y enJeavour to inconvenience members of the team by means of. the intervention of the patient's "wife, was aborl1\'e, and this speaks well for their trainina as cntl:al and sympathetic guardians of the welfare or the pubhc.

F. E . BENDIX.

Owing to pressure on space , t he Ind ivid ual Marking Sheets will be publishe d next m on th.

AI O.

MET R OPOLITAN SPECL\L C O NSTABU L A R Y.

The Annual competit on for the "Gledhi ll " Cup, open to "PI' Division, was held recently at Catford, and for the eightl: consecutive time Lewisham Station were adjudged the W1I1ners.

Dr. Hughes judged the lest" and congratulated the competitors on their high standard of work. P. C. J. Facey, of Peckham, staged and organised tllE' event in a realistic manner, and was warmly thanked for his assistance.

Marks awarded were: Lewishal11, 305; Southend Village, Bromley, 246 ; and Beckenham, 235.

Commandant F. G. Mallett presided over the function, Councillor v..T G. Easterbrook presenting the "Gledhill" Cup to Lewisham and the "Jacobs" Cup to Southend Village (runners - up)

In the team test competitors had to deal with an escap" smash-a?d-gTab" thief who was badly cut by glass and had susta1l1ed a fractured leg. The individual test was the treatment of a sprained ankle and fractured collar-bone.

Briti sh Red Cross Soci ety.

The annual dinner of the Willesden and Wemblev Division (r\o. 55 Middlesex) was recently held under the chairmanship of the Commandant. The guests included \1iss]. Furst, asst.-county secretary for "Middlesex, Lt.-Col. A. H. R. Southam, vice-president, and Dr. K. S. Shene.

During the toas1s "which followed that of "The King," many tributes were paid to the efficiency and the enthusiasm of the detachment during the past year. Great progress had been made, there being onlv one regret, namely that the 55th had not been privileged to participate in the nation"l duties of the past vear.

The company afterwards visited the London Coliseum a fLtting end to a memorable evening

A dance in aid of the divisional funds will be held a1 the Foresters' Hall, High Road, Kilburn, on April 23rd.

Teams from the l\1idlands and vVest competed on Sat urday, !\larch 21st, at Gloucester, in the semi-final round oj the men's" Stanley" Shield competition.

The judges were; Oral first aid, Dr. W. Bowen-Owen (Merionetllshire) ; practical first aid, Dr. Gotham (Bristol) ; teat? work, Dr. ]. Gore (Wolverhampton); uniforms by Major H. Christie (County Director of Cornwall).

Miss Allen, County Director, announced the results as follows ;783 marks; 2, Somersel, 763t marks; 3, Blrm1l1gham, marks; 4, G l amofj:;an, 712 marks' 5 Warwickshire, 6, Gloucester, 6Q7t. The marks were 1000.

Div. SupL W. Graham and Div. Supt. A. B. Talbot have been promoted to Corps Officers of the Sunderland Corps. Mr. Graham will take over the duties of Corps Secretary and Mr. Talbot will become joint Hon. Treasurer with Supt. Nelson.

The distribution of awards to Suuthend and Dislrict Ambulance Centre, L. M. S. Railway, was held on Saturday, March 21st. Mr. W. D. W. Franks, J. P., presided and Mrs Sells (wife of Dr. R. Sells, the lecturer) presented the awards which included L. M S. Long Service Medals and bars. Mr. Charles Haxell received the" Arthur Canno n " si l ver cup,

Our Nurses P ages.

S.].r\. B. CAMP.-.1. calllp for officers and members of Nursil1g Divj"ions of the Brigade will be held this year at Rossall School, near Blackpool, from August 1st to 8th. The cost per head, inc l uding lodging, will be 37 16 for officers and 35 / - for members.

\ Nhile insLruclion and practical work will Lake up part of each day, there will be ample off duty periods when those attending- the camp wili be able to enjoy themselves as they please.

Rossall School is beautifully situated, and those \"ho slJend a ""eek there will feel that they have not only gained in knowledge, but ha\ e had a delightful holiday at the same time.

No.1 DISTRICT, S.T.A.B.

On March 28th, Lady Perrott, R.R.l'., Lady Supl.-inChief, an:i Lady District Supt. Miss VJalker ,,,ere At Home to Superintendents of Nursing- Di\'isions in the District.

Lady Perrott expressed her great pleasure at seeing so many young officers. She reg-ret ted the absence of olel faces, but the Brigade must go ahead, and new members be given a chance of showing- their enthusiasm in a jlmctical way.

Miss vValker gave a \ ery helpful address on Public Duty. She thanked the officers for the aid given her in the matter of sending members on duty, often at very short notice. She pointed out that with regard to local duties, permission must first be obtained from her by the Lady Divisional Supt. before members could be sent to cover them. This permission would al ways be granted for a bona fide duty. A Duty Sheet should always be carried by the senior member in case the officer in charge should not have one. This would ensure that members were credited \\·ith the duty.

Miss vValker asked that all outdoor uniturms be inspected at the first opportunity to make certain that it was in accordance with Brigade regulations. Coats when "yorn must be fastened at the neck, and must cover dresses and aprons. Badges must be in the correct places, and must be kept brig-ht. No one liked to part with an old badge, but when it became tarnished and worn it must be changed for a new one.

On duty, unless the number of cases to be treated was exceptiona ly heavy, as it had been on occasions during the past twelve months, .the senior ofllcer should leave the actual treatment to others, and herself rec-eive the cases as they came in and supervising the treatment given. In thus doing, she was giving more valuable service than by attending- to cases herself.

Miss \Valker stressed the point that new members should be given a good share of the work on public duty, the older members, if necessary, stnnding back that the younger might have their chance.

Lady Perrott also urged that the younger members be a ll owed to attend to cases whenever possible. They were keen and anxious to put their knowledge to practical use. She asked that any Superintendent present, whose members were not enrolled under the V.A D, movement, would bring the matter before her Division. If a state of emergency arose, those already enmIIed would be given first chance of service, and no matter ho\.v efficient another person was, she would have to see her name placed at the end of the existing list. Division which had not the required numher to

form a delachmenl could become it section of an o ther detachment

Lady Permtt expressed her plea un: that so lllany olTlcers and members in the District had tak e n the course at lectur e s on First Aid in Chemical "Warfare.

A vote of thanks to l\liss \"alker for her add re s. , proposed by Lady Perrott, was carried \Ytth acclamation

\Ve regret to have to record th e sudden death of L a d\ ' District Officer 1\1 iss Hoare (Reserve), O. B. E.) Comm a nde'Iof The Order, whi c h occurred on ;\larc h 2nd.

After a number of years' \\'ork in the else\\'her c, Miss Hoare was appointed Lady Di\ isional Superintendenl of Hampstead Nursing Division in June lQ12. She be ca m e Lady District Ollicer, Norlhern Area, in 1924, which po s ition she held until 1932, when she was placed on R eserve. From 1915 to 1919, she \\'3S Commandant of the Amer ican Ho spital for English soldiers at Caen \Vood TO\\'e rs, Hi g hgat e and for the splendid \\'ork she and h e r deta c hment did ther e. l\lrs. Chapin, organiser of the h o spital, ga\ e her a s um o f money, now known as the Chapin Fund, to prO\ ide uni form for women members of the District Di\' isi o ns hav e benefiteu by grants from this fund. -

Although sh e di:l such aluable work in th e s e n ice o f others, !\Iiss Hoare was always mor e re a dy to point t o th e help gi\'en by those assisting h e r than sh e w a s to take cr edit to herself. Her kindly manner, her readine s s to assi s t h: advice and example, endeared her to a ll.

The funeral took pla c e at Christ Church, Hamp s t ea d on !\larch bth, when officers and member s of :\0. 1 District attended to pay tribute to one whos e pa s sing they s inc e rel) mourned.

The Final Competition for the l\ ursing Bowl w a :; held on Saturday, !\larch 7th, the winner being \mbulance Sister Miss P. ;\1. Parrott of No. 78 (Fairlop) l\'ursing Di\ isi o n. The trophy \"as presented at the Di s tri c t Fin a l C o mpetitions.

EASTERN AREA.- The Seventh Annual Dinner a nd Dance of No. 60 (Dagenbam) l\ursing Di\'ision \\'as htld at the Cross Keys Hotel on l\Iarch 5th. There were about 130 present, presided over by Capt. v\'. Goodlp)" \1. c., Commissioner of No.1 District. He was accompanied by !\Irs. Goodley.

Others present included Capt. F. E. Bendix, Asst. Commissioner, Southern Area, and !\Irs. Bendix; Lady District Supt. 1\liss vValker; Di\,. Surgeon Dr. Wyers and l\1rs. vVyers; Lady Di\'. Supt. Swann and i\lrs S\;·an.n Nursing Onlcer l\liss Kekwick ; Dr, C. Huss ; Lady Dlstnct Officer 1\1rs. l\Iorrish District Officer C. E. Bower and ;\lrs. Bower; District OfFLcer J. Kemp and l\Irs. IZemp ; District Officer Haines and l\lrs. Haines; i\lr. T. O. l\1ein; Supt. J. Norman, Barking Division, and 1\1rs. l\orman; Supl. Ambler East Ham Division, and !\Irs. Ambler. to illness, Capt. G. vV. Kendall, Assistant COJl1missioner,' Eastern Area, and District Officer Fitch ,,,ere unable to attend.

A happy atmosphere reigned throughout the dinner, and followina the loval toast submitted by the Chairman, the toast of Divis'ion \\'as gi\ en by Capt. Bendix, \' bo recalled that when he first became associated with 1 0, 60 they \"ere in difficulties. They had been let d()\\ ' n and were unFlble to

hold classes and recruit mem bers to increase their strength. Then gradually the Division grew into one of the most efficient in the District.

Unfortunately fur t her difficulties developed, and Miss Swan and her band of women had a hard time, but thanks to their pluck and the loyal way the members supported their Superintendent, they weathered the storm. They retained the services and the enthusiasm of Dr. Wyers, and now were well on the way of regaining their numerical strength.

In r ep ly, l\1iss expressed. her what had been said. In carrymg out thelr dutles, and work were needed. Sacrifices had been made wlllingly, and the work had been done efficiently. The members were loyal, and she was sorry that a. number. of the.m had been preventE'd from attending that l11ght, oWing to lllness. She added that they were fortunate in their Divisional Surgeon, whose lectures had been most interesting.

The toast of "The Visitors" was proposed by Mlss Long, and r espo nded to by District Officer Bo.wer:

"The Chairman" was given by Mrs. MelkleJohn, who said they were more than pleased to welcome Capt. Goodley at the function that night. It was equally pleasing to see so many to greet their Chairman.

The toast was accorded musical honours and, replylOg, Capt. Goodley said that this was the seventh time it had been his privilege to occupy the position he did that night. He had known many of the members of that Division for yea rs, and he paid tribute to Miss Swann and her work there. He knew that in a Division there were differences of opinion and differences of temperament, but under Miss Swann's leadership he believed the Division would continue to flourish and to be a credit to the Brigade, He had had divisional experience both in London and in the country, and realised what a difficult task it was to run a Division successfully. He emphasised that the work of the Brigade was viral to-day in view of modern transport, and the dangers of the road, and in conclusion expressed his pleasure at being present.

Following dinner, a dance was held with Mrs. Fane as M.C.

WESTERN AREA. -N o. 64 (Ealing') Nursing Division celebrated its seventh birthday at Ealing Town Hall on March 28th. This event, which was a great success, had been arranf;ed for] anuary 25th, but was postponed owing to the death of His late Majesty, King George V.

Among the guests were the Deputy Mayor and Mayoress the Asst. Commissioner and Mrs. Warren, Lady District Supt. Miss Walker, District Officer Claridge, Dr. Selby, Supt. and Mrs. Bettison, and Dr. and Mrs. Hamiltun.

Games and competitions were entered into with zest by all. Following an interval for refreshments, Lady Supt. Miss Baxter expressed her pleasure in welcoming such a large gathering, and proceeded to cut the birthday cake which bore the badge of the Brigade, and a suitable inscription.

Tokens of appreciation from the members of the Division were presented on their behalf to Miss Baker and Miss Smart by the Deputy Mayoress, Mrs. Brookes, the Lady Div. President. This was followed by the presentation of a bunch of spring flowers to Mrs. Brookes.

In a short address, the Assistant Commissioner outlined his ambitions for vVestern Area, and congratulated the Division and the Nursing Cadet Division on the progress already made, which augured well for their future.

No.4 (LANCASHIRE) DISTRICT.

POULTON.-The annual competition for the "May Ralphs" Shield was held at the new Headquarters of the Poulton-Ie-Fylde Nursing Division, Old Post Office Building, Saturday, March 28th.

The adjudicator was Dr. H. E. Martin and the loeal

arrangements were made by Lady Ambulance Officer Mrs. M. B. Wood

The awards-which were very generously provided by the donor of the trophy, Mrs. E. Ralphs, for the two successful teams-were presented by District Officer W. H. Gastall, D.C.M., B.Sc., of Blackpool.

The results were as follows - 1, Blackpool "A ", 82 points; 2, St. Annes No.1, 68; 3, Blackpool "B" 65 4, Poulton, S2 5, St. Annes No.2, 31 and 6, Lytham, 31. No.5 DISTRICT, S.].A.B.

Ten teams from Nursing Divisions in the Harrogate district took part in a competition held at the County School, Wetherby, on Saturday, March 28th, for the" Lady Mountgarret" Cup, presented by Robinia, Viscountess Mountg-arret, and for the "Hardman" Cup, presented by Miss Herdman, of Ripon.

The judges were :-Uniform, Mrs. Geldard, Lady District Officer Leeds District; Team Test, Dr. C. C. Hargreaves, 'County Surgeon Miss wood Matron, Harrogate and Dlstnct General Hospital Oral,' Miss Cheavyer, Sister Tutor, Harrogate and District General Hospi tal.

The teams were placed in the following order :-1, Kirkby Malzeard, 175 points 2, Barkslon Ash, 172; 3, Rowntrees, 163. Ten teams competed.

Miss Lingwood presented the" Lady Mountg-arret" Cup to the Kirkby Malzeard team, each member of which received a medallion, and the" Herman" Cup to the Barkeston Ash team.

All the iudges briefly addressed the com petitors. Dr. Hargreaves thanked the judg-es and Dr. the of the local association, who had rendered aSSIstance to himself and himself in carrying out the arrangements.

!--":"" Kirkby Malzeard will now compete at Nottingham for the " Birkbeck" Bowl and the right to represent the District in Brigade Final Competitions.

The annual competition for the (C Birken " Cup, open to teams from Nursing Divisions in the Nottingham Area, was held at the University College, N otting-ham, on March 28th. Unfortunately only two teams entered for the distinction of representing the Area in the District Competitions. They were City and Central Nursing Divisions, both from the Nottingham Corps.

Tests were given in team work, oral and bedmaklOg·, the results beinf;: 1 City, 222 marks; 2, Central, 177 possible marks 263.

The team test was staged by Corps Supt. S. Ibbotson, and was judged by Dr. A. la Touche Darley, County Surrreon. Corps Supt. Ibbotson gave the oral test, in the of Dr. A. A. Denham, and Miss Collington, Sister Tutor of the City Hospital, kindly undertook the judging of the bed making.

The winning team was presented with the" Birken " Cup by the Lady Mayoress of Nottingham, Lady Ball, who said that this was the first time she had associated herself with the St. John Ambulance Brigade. She was delighted to have witnessed this practical demonstration of the efficiency of the members, and it gave her particular pleasure to present the Cup so kindly given by the late Mrs. Birken who had been one of her special friends. Lady Ball also presented handbags to each member of the winning team, and photograph frames to those of the runners-up.

Lady District Officer Miss Gil-,son said she greatly regretted the extremely small entry this year, but thought it was probably due to illness in other Divisions, and the fact that a number of members were busily engaged in studying Air Raid Precaution Measures with a view to qualifying in in this new aspect of Brigade work.

The com petition for the "Ash berry" Cu p was held al the St. John Ambulance Brigade Drill Hall, Sheffield, last

AUS '-fIN FOR AMBULANCES

W here Inve stment Value is most important of all

The private motorist has given lead.. Hospitals, Town Councils and Public AuthOrIties are lDvestmg too reasons are clear. If dependability in running, economy of maintenance and all the other Austill traditionS are of value in a car, hozv much more so are they in an Ambulance?

Fully equipped with every the 12, 16 and 20 h.p. Anlb u lances offer, each 1n ?wn sphere,. able investment value. Detailed pnce list and specificatlOns are available on request.

A FEW SPECI AL FEATURES OF AUSTIN A IBULANCES

Body of best Eng/ish ash oak, aluminium-panelled for dtlrabt!l!y. and easy cleaning. Semi- e//ip!ic zmc-mterleaved springs on non-lubricated for the patients' utmost WIde, unobstructed doorway for qlltck entty and exit of stretchers. Triplex throtJghout for safety. Ample tion. Full and ojjicial!J-approved equip1tlent. Special fittings as reqlJtred. Invest

THE AUSTIN MOTOR COMPANY LIMITED, LONGBRIDGE, BIRMINGHAM

month, teams from Rotherham, WombweIl, Hemsworth \V akefield and Barnsley l ursing Divisions entering.

Corps Surgeon Dr F. S. Hardy iudged the First Aid, and Si ster Hill , Sister Tutor at the Sheffield Royal Infirmary, assiste d by Sister R e d gate the same hospital, the Hom e ur sing-.

sec ured first place, and were presented with the" Ashbe rry" Cup by Hard y The y also r ece ive d prizes, the gifts of l\lis s Ashberry. This tea m will now compete for the" Birkbeck " Bowl at Nottin g ham this month

No.9 D ISTRICT, S.].A.B.

DE\'ON COUNTY COMPETITIONS. -A large numb er of e nthusiastic s upport ers of the St. John Am bulanc e Bri gade t rave ll ed to , ewto n A bb ot from a ll parts of De vo n to witness teams from ursing Divisions in the co u nty compete for the Ga le Shield an d Beckley and Shi llit oe Cups on March 1+th.

Th e team test was yery well staged. It ilwolved an accident to a motor ca r in which a cha u ffe ur , a ,voman a nd an infant were travelling. Th e woman and c hIld, apa rt from s hock, were unhurt, but the chauffe ur was found to be b adly injured, and as the car h a d o\'ert urn ed, he co uld only be rea c hed and eventua ll y removed through t h e s un s hine roof.

As ca n be imagined, lhere were many diffi c ul t ies to be o\'ercome, and gri'at resourc ef ulness and abil ity w ere requir ed in with the injur ed man, mO\'ing- him to hospital four mile, a\\'a)', a nd placing him in a correctly prepared be d.

Paignton (Lady Ambulance Officer Miss Garland, Ambulance isters C B Golding, E Hopper and G. W ebbe r forming the team) again took first pla ce with 379 m a rks. Th e other entrants wer e placed in the fo ll ow in g order :-2, Plymouth Central, 354 marks; Pl ymo uth Co-op., 293 marks; 4, Plymouth Friary, 262 marks 5, Newton \bboL, 256 marks; 6, PIYIllouth Ford, 248 marks.

The "Shil lit oe" Cup for bedmaking was won by Plymouth Co-op. team with 71 marks.

At the conclusio n the prizes were presented by 1\1rs. Ellis, the wi fe of Co lonel C. I. Ellis, Surgeon-in-Chief, who also attended.

The judges were County Surgeon] P. S. Ward (team test) Sister Tutor, Torbay Hospital (after - ca re) Coun ty Surgeon l\1orton PalIller (individual First Aid) Miss T ay o r (bedmaking)

Items (Divis iona l new s a nd competitions, social, interesting duties, lectures, etc.), for this page should be sen t to Ambu lance Sister, c/o The Editor, FIRS T Am, 4 6, Cannont reet, L:-Jn don, E C 4.

S.J.A. B. Overseas. NEW ZE ALA

The news of the r esig nation of Dr. F. J. Borrie as Assistant Commissio n e r of the Canterbury a nd West Coast District has been received by members with s inc e re regre ts Dr. Borrie first interested him se lf in Brigade work in 1907, when he lectured and founded two di vis ions at Purakanui in the Otago District. He later interested him self in the Railway Ambulance Di vis ion at Christchurch, and in October, 1910, he was appointed Di vis ional Surgeon to the Selwyn Nursing Di vis ion. In 1929 h e was appointed to Assista nt Commis!::ioner.

In recognition of his services, Dr. Borrie re ce ived a ce rtificate of commendation from St. John's Gate in 1921, a nd again in 1927 and 193 0 he received the decoration ot Serving Brother. a nd Offi ce r of the Order, respecti ve ly. lany functions have taken place during the fir s t three months of this year, the most important bein g the arrival of Col. Sleeman, Chief CommiE'sioner, S.J.A.B. O ve rseas and ins pections carried out b y him

A I D .

Divisional competitions a nd parades hav e bee n h e ld weekl y . On February 26t h, the di v isional co mpetitions of the Christc hur c h Di v ision took pl ace, 'when Pte. G. Armstrong's team \'\'as declared the winnin g team Ass istant Commissioner Dr Borri e presented the prizes.

The Sen ice l\'l e d a l has been awarded Amb. Sister K

1\1. Tipping, Chri stc hur c h Nur s in g Di visi o n, whilst a b ar h as been awarded to Lady Distri ct Officer 1\1. Co dy , Canterbury and 'Vest Coast District.

Coming Ev e n ts .

The Edit o r will be pleased to receive particulars of forthcom ing events for inclusion (fr ee of cha rge) under thi s heading

APRIL.

22 -C ity of London Special Constabulary, "l\ l c R ea" Cup Competition.

23. - Willesden & Wembley Division B. R. DRnee, Foresters' H al l, Kilburn.

25.-.-\.m a lgamated Anthrar te lnt e r-C o lli ery Competitions, Ammanford.

28,-Southern Railway Competition Finals, Cannon Street Station.

29.-London & North Eastern Railway Group Competition, l\larylebone.

30. - Do\'er To\yn Di\'is o n, S.]. ,\. B., Di\ isiona l Indi v idu al Cup COlllpetition. MAY.

1. - Great v\'estern R a ilw ay Competit ion Fill a ls, Paddin gton.

i. - London, Midland and S cott ish R ai l\\ 'a y Competition Finals, Sheffield.

2. - K ent County (1 o. 8 District S.]. \. B.) Competitions, H erne Bay.

6.-B ritish Red Cross Society" Stanley" Shield Competitions, "\Nh arncliffe R ooms, London.

7.-First Birthday Social & Dance Fairlop Nursing Divis io n, S.J.A.B.

10.- Flint shi r e Centre, S.]. -\. B., Annual I n spectio n and Co mpetition s, Hawarden Castle.

12.--Red Cross D ay

13.-City of L o ndon Special Constabula r y "S ir Wm. Smith" Cup Competition Final s.

1S. - L o ndon, Midland an d Scottish R a ilwa y Women's Com petition Final.

15 to June 9 -Nat ional V.A.D., B.R.C.S., Tr ai nin g Camp.

16. No. 8 District S.J.A. B. Co mp et iti o n Finals, Tunbrid ge Wells_

1 9 .-South Met ro polit a n Gas Co., "Good Saillaritan" Trophy Competition, Vauxhall.

20 to 22.--National Safety Congress, P a rk Lanc H ote l, London.

22 - Investiture Order of St. ] o hn St. J o hn' s Cate, L on d o n

23 .-N o 2 Di st ri ct S ]. A. B. Compet it ion Finals, Bournemouth.

23.-Presentation of Colours lo North Ridin g o f Yorks.

B. R. C. S. by the Princess Ro ya l.

23 -G reat Western R ai lway Gold Medalli sts' Outing, Leamington.

27. Inter-R a ilwa y Competition Final, Wharncliffe Room s, Maryl e bonc Road, London.

J UNE

S. St. John Ambulance Bri ga d e Competition Finals, Great Centr al HOlel, Mary ebo n e, London.

6. No. 1 (Prince of Wales') District Insp ec tion. Hyde Park.

20.-The P.D A.C., Ltd., Inter-Collier y First Aid Competi. tion, Ferndal e.

TURN YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF FIRST AID TO PROFITABLE ACCOUNT

Reader s of "First Aid" ha\ 'e not only a golclt:n opportunity of e normously in creas ing their eFficiency as memb ers of Nursing and .-\Illbulance units but they can, al the sallle time, adcl very considerably to their i ncollle.

Swedish "la ssage and ] oint 1\lanipu lat ol1 is cunsta ntly required for many different purposes;. but to be of max.imum benefit, you must be a sk dl ed operator holding a recogn;sed qualification.

If you are a Ljualified operator, you are head and shou lders above those who are not, and your professional sra nding enables you to take, with confidence, privat e pJ.ticnts through Do ctors, Xursing- Homes, Hospitals , t\ thletic Clubs, etc for which good fees are paid.

YOU CAN FOR QUICK TRAIN SUCCESS

By means of the Postal Course of Instruction in ;\lanipulative Th e rapy, offered by the SMAE Institute , Leatherheac1, you can do as hundreds of successfu men and \\'ol11en havc done al l over the country, and in fact in a ll parts of the "Vorld.

Their firsl introduction to the s uccess they ban: achie\'ed was through the free book, issued by the In stitute entitled "i\fanipulati\'c Therapy as a Profession" which tells you all about the Postal Course of training in t1lcse fasc'inating' and valuable subjects.

The book explains in ea ily understandable language e,actly what the teaches you, and hovv)'ou ca n applyyourqualdwd knowledge to considerable financia l ad\'antage to yourself and invaluable relief and he p to the patients you treal.

READ THESE GENUINE TRIBUTES

The following are extracts frOI11 a few of the do/.ens of original and uns o licited testimonials from past students which speak for thelllseh'es of the value of the Sl\lAE training :--

" i\lthough 111)' treatmenl is only done in 111)' spare time 1 am hl-wing patients sent to me 11y sc\en or eig ht different Doctors. - ].S.l\l."

" I canllot say too ll1uch in praise of the Sl\J.I-\E tuition, il pro\'ide for the high est poinl of efficiency, and ha gained for me Doclors' s upport, 100 cent. good results and many patlents. - J .D.

",\1) average weeks drawing' is at ;(g or £9, and 1 am kep t at it all day and every day except Sunday. Thanking you for the lift. - ]. E .\1."

"Since 1 declared myself a '\lasseuse, a III recognised by three of the local Doctors.-].F."

" You will no doubt be pleased to hear tlml out of 70 odd applicants I was appointed He ad to the United Football Club. ,Y ith this appOlOtment and my o\\'n pri\'ate practice I am "ery busy indeecl.]..-\. McP."

"1 was successful on 14th August ill being appointed Assistant Train e r to the Foot?all Club my knowledo-e of anatomy, etc., being suffiCient to en'able me to be out of about 150 applicants.

-L.B .B ."

IN YOUR OWN HOME & IN YOUR OWN TIME

The demand for trained and qualified operators in Swedish l\ I assage and Joint Manipul ation is increasing , and no\\' is the opport uni ty for enterpnsl.ng and ambitious men and women to enter a profeSSion which is far from o\'erero\\,ded and in which there is c;uch big scope. .'

You can learn in your own tlme and In 0\\,11 home " 'itho ut interfering with you normal employment: hut \\'r ite for the abo\'e booklet first, it free, and post free to all Fill in and post this Coupon

Fill in and post this Coupon to-day

Th e Secretary)

50) SMAE INSTITUTE)

LEATHERHEAD)

SURREY. /936

Pleas e send me without charge or obligat!on copy of the Institute's Book " Manipulativ e Therapy as a ProfeSSIon.

Mr,' Mrs. or M,ss.

f)f) R f<:

Querie s and Ansvvers to Corresponde nts .

Queries will be dealt with under the following rules:-

1. -Letters containing Queries must be marked on the top left hand corner of tbe envelope" Query," and addressed-FIRsT A I D 46, Cannon-street, Lopdon, E.C·4·

2. -All Queries must be accompanied by a "Query Co u pon" cut from the curren tissue ot the J oumal, or, in case of Queries from a broad, from a recent issue.

3.- The Textbook, to which reference m3Y be made in tbis column is the 38th (1928) Edition of S.J.A.A. Manual of First Aiel.

STRYCHNINE AS CAUSE OF INSENSIBILITY.

E. M. (Goodmayes)-I should be glad if you could tell me the reason for the inclusion of Strychnine under the Causes of Insensibility in the Textbook.

The query arose through wondering why Aconite was not also included. I thoug-ht that I had found the answer when on looking up Aconite Poisoning in HaleWhite's" Materia Medica" I read, "The patient is often conscious o the last." How ever, on turning to Strychnine in the same book I read, "Consciousness is retained to the last." So I am still as puzzled as ever over the matter.

The inclusion of Strychnine among the Causes of [nsensibility is in my opinion one of the very few slips in the current edition of the Textbook.- CORBET FLETCHER.

EXAMINATION HOWLER.

D. S. (East London)-At a recent examination a candidate was asked to state how he would treat a patient suffering from Corrosive Acid Poisoning. He replied that he would administer whitening taken from the walls. The examiner then asked what he would do if there were no walls. To this the candidate nonchalantly responded :- " In case I would get it f1'om the ceiling/" The roar of laughter given off by the examiner could surely have been heard at St. John's Gate! !

Good! Next, please! !-N.C.F.

TREATMENT OF COMPOUND FRACTURE.

D.G. (Desborough)-Please tell me if it is correct to apply cold dressings over a compound fracture of the patella. Emphatically no! A compound fracture being a fracture and a wound, you should first treat the wound and then the fracture. The Textbook in Rule 8 on p. 96 allows you to wash the wound if this is obviously dirty and if surg-ical aid is not immediately available; but that is a totally different proposition from the application of cold dressings.-N. C. F.

TREATMENT OF FRACTURE AT ELBOW.

W.B. (New Cross)-I note that on p. 69 of the Textbook it reads :-

" When a fracture of the arm or fore-arm involves the elbow joint and the accident occurs indoors, lay the limb on a pillow in the mos( comfortable position "

I presume that this is only to be done while splints are being prepared to fix the limb, before proceeding with the patient to hospital for X-ray. Or is the patient

expected to sit with the limb on a pillow until a local practitioner is called in? I would expect the latter to prescribe hospital treatment and X-ray examination. So by immediately taking the pat i ent to hospital I should, I imagine, save the local doctor an unnecessary visit and get the patient to the proper quarter for treatment more quickly. I should be obliged to receive your interpretation of this problem.

For a layman your letter seems over-confident; and you seem to forget that diagnosis is beyond the scope of first aid which exists primarily for the prevention of agg-ra vation of injury or condition. So if you are ever called to the home of a patient suffering from what you btlieve to be a fracture involving the elbow joint, then do as the Textbook tells you. Your duty as a first aider ends when you have obtained professional assistance for your patient. -N. C. F.

ApPLICATJON OF CAPELIt\E BANDAGE.

E. W. (Tottenham).-As a newcomer to ambulance work, would like your advice with reference to the application of the Capeline Bandage as detailed in the Nursing Textbook (pp. 26 and 27) In my class I was told that when applied, it should be able to be slipped off like a cap; but nOw I am told that this is not the case.

If the head bandage (whether made by roller or triangular bandage) can be easily slipped off like a cap, then it has been incorrectly applied. In each case the secret of success is to keep the margin of the bandage well down on the forehead in front and well down below the prominence of the occipital bone behind. This done, the bandage can be applied securely without being tight enough to cause discomfort and possibly headache from constriction of circulation. -N.

C. F.

METHODS OF TYING REEF KNOTS.

J. F. (Bermuda)-In the February issue ot FIRST AID just received, I notice a query on the method of tying reef knots. It is strange that, in every class of first aiders, there are some who experience the greatest difficulty in tying this simple knot. Some time ago it was my duty to examine a number of boy scouts for their tenderfoot badges; and I asked which was the hardest knot to tie, the answer was - " the reej knot." Ou t of 10 boys 6 made granny knots; and the remainder asked if theirs were really reef knots. The test was set again immediately. Two of the former six made reefs and two of the former four made granny knots. Apparently "Hit or miss" and all guess work!! On another occasion a first aider told me that the only way he could tie a reef was to tie his knot wrong, meaning that he tied a granny knot by nature or instinct. I find that, where men are told" Right over left, Left ove1 right," the knot invariably comes out wrong, not because the advice is wrong, but because it is never followed Some years ago I suggested a different line of instruction, and it never fails. My instructions are :-After the first bend, take the strand coming out at the top over, under the strand coming out at bottom, and then through the loop.

May I ask you to try this instruction? It doesn't matter which you actually call the top so long as it goes over, under, and through the other one. I call it the "Bermuda Reef Knot," because 98 per cent. of our candidates like myself are Englishmen; and more than 50 per cent: tie granny knots until they rapidly get the idea in the mind. Then I can honestly say- " Goodbye granny knots.

It is nice of you to offer to teach me how to teach; but unfortunately for your kind attentions, I am always true to

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SI'I.I TS.

I). G. (Desborough).- Pl ease tell me wh at cw.; " reg'ulation" splints. I ask because in our P er r ott Shield Pr elimi nary Competition two years ago we I,,\ 'e r e penalised one mark for n ot having" regulation" sp lin ts S o, as we were on ly half a mark behind the \\ inn e rs w e fee l h at \\'e cannot afford to make this kind of mi stake this year

The regulation sp lin ts u se d in Brigade Final Competitions are those which are contained in the s ur g ica l ha\ ersac. N.C F.

TREATMENT OF FRACTURED PEL\

t\. B. (Birm ingham)-At a r ecent team practice a query arosl' over t h e treatl1lent of a Fractured Pelvis.

The point ra se d was the pos iti on of the knot in tying the broad bandag'e ro und the hip s. A member suggested it should be tied o n the top, thus g i v in g eq ual support to both sides. On the ot h e r h and, it the kn ot i s tied at the side, as we have a lw ays done, one si d e of the Pelvis has the broad part of the bandage wh ereas t h e other has only the narrow knot. As the T ex tbo o k tp 72) is silent on this point, we should much your ruling. I a lso find no reference in your Ylzy and Tf lt erefore, which has helped us on several occasions.

For the reasons given 1 prefer to tie the knot "o n t h e top" as your co ll eag'ue suggested - .c. F.

TREAT;\lENT OF COMPLICATED FRACTURES OF RIBS.

J.D. (Guernse}). - On page 19 oJ your Jul y 1929 issue you give Detaz'led .lIm-king Sheet Va. IS. I h ave r ecent l y given this as practice to team leade r s; and I not e that that i n his test Bearer No. 2 is g i ven 2 marks for " cover warmly and give hot tea or coffee to drink."

Quite a good ruling for treatment for shoc k , but why s no mention made of treatment for bleeding fro m lun g -:

The bleeding, test slates, i s "brigh( red" and could hardly come from e l sewhe r e. D oes n ot the injur y call for ice or cold water to sip n accordance with Te xtbook teaching?

I note doctor is only 300 yards away, but would not cold water treatme nt be more obtai n a bl e tha n hot and, in any case, sure l y a stim ul ant wo uld in crease th e bleeding, a lth o u gh co llap se might come o n \'ery quickly. s h a ll be g lad to h ave yo ur remarks, hereon.

Your journal has g iv en bot h this Division a nd mys elf much valuab le help; and I blessed the da y when a friend gave me about 50 back numbers. I hop e before long to Ret them a ll to be regular s ub scribe rs. W e have a fine young Ambulance Di vis ion 2 yea rs old, a Division just forme d an d we are co nc e mplatin gCadet Di\' isions.

Your suggestio n s are good an d so und ; but unfortunale l y, the of the test do cs not spec ify where the accident Look place a nd what faci liti es the p lace of the emergency affo rd ed or f the d octo r is imm e diat e l y available, although he does tell us that the doctor" lives 300 ya rd s away." Consequf>ntly, for a l l we know, the a uthor of the test may have covered yo ur points when h e act ually judged the competition

Cordial co n grat ulati ons on the progress which your Amb ulan ce Di vision ha s made si n ce it was enro ll ed and best wisheS to those who are fo rmin g a Nursing Division.

A 10.

May you soon have a Boy and a Girl Cadd Division, and so become a co mplet e St. John frtll1i ly in Guernsey!-N.C. F.

OF NJURIES TO 1 lll NEYS.

B.1:3. (Spalding). - A di sc u ss io n re ce nLly arose in our Ambua nc e Room co n ce rnin g th e treatment of injuries to the kidneys or b ladder. Some of our member s wer e of th e o pinion th at ic e to suck or sips of co ld 'water shou ld not be given, meaning th at they would tr eat as for H a" morrh age from Lhe Stom ac h , Other s say lhat the y would t r eat as for H ru morrhag e fro m an In te rnal Organ and a llow ce to s u c k or sips of co ld water to be given. Your ruling on t hi s will b e greatly app r eciate d; and we thank you in anticipation.

For these injuries treatment sho uld h e as for H a.: lllorrhage from an Int e rnal Organ.-K C. F.

H UJ\IOUI< N F1RST All).

D.S. (East London ). - A se riou s ly injured man was founu unconscious in th e roadway. After attending to hi s injuries, the fi r st a ider found that hi s patient wa s co mir,g to and promptly ob tain ed his nam e and address. Th e n, wishing to know with \vhom he s hould get in touch to convey the tidings, asked him wh e ther he was married. "Oll yes," came the reply, "but she's r.' ot 10 blame/or t'ZIS. It' s rz lIIotor-Cllr l/zrzt's 1121' cause 0/ 117) i?'1jzt1:Y "

Good! Next, please! !-N.C F.

TR EATMENT OF BURST VARICOSE VEINS.

1".5 , (Liverpool)-ln spite of the a bs e n ce of such instru c tion s in th e Tex tbook our su r geon -l ect ur e r t e lls us to treat a burst va ri cose vei n as a wound by a pplic at ion of iodin e, &c. Re ce ntl y a member of our c la ss state d that he had see n it stated in a railway journ a b y a do c tor that iodine , applied to a bur st varicose vein, 'would be pos itive ly in jurious. In the c ircum sta n ces we ask you to arbilrate beLween these two a uthoriti es and to gi,'e u s yo ur views on thi s point.

1\-ly view s co in c ide with those of your su r geon -lecturer

To me it is utt e rly wrong to clap a pad 0:-: a hurst var icose vein without taking a ntis e p t ic precautions; and I a lw ays e mph asise this wh e n in my ect ur es I talk a bout treatment of burst va ri cose vein s . How iodine ca n be injurious to a burst va r icose vein and not t o a n ordinary wound, I do n ot know ! - N.C.F.

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AMBULANCE TRANSPORT IN CIVIL LIFE. By P. C. BOT rOMLEY, M.D.

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A CATECHISM OF AIR RAID PRECAUTIONS

Qu es tions and Answers

J. A. WYLIE & co.

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CONT E NTS OF THIS N U MBER.

ED I TORI A L .

THE usefulness and need for a THE B.R C.S. clinic for rheumatism, such as RHEUMATISM is run by the British Red Cross C LINIC. Society, is evident by the annual report of the Society on the wo r k carried out at their establishment in Petoplace, London.

The national benefit received cannot be over s t a t ed when it is learned that during the past five yea rs over 14,000 patiellts have been treated at t h e clinic. Of this number 85 per cent. have gained much relief, the majority being cured.

During 1935 no less than 89,810 attendances were made, this figure being the highest in the clinic's history. Of the 2,314 patients discharged d u ring the year, over half (50'9 per cent.) were d esc r ibed as "cured and free from symptoms, " w h ilst of the remainder 35'1 per cent. were de clared to be "definitely improved."

The available space and time for treatment has been taxed to the uttermost, states Sir Arthur Stan ley in the report, and some patients have had to wait longer than the Society wished. A very u r g e nt necessity is accommodation for in-patient t re a tment and for specialised convalescent treatme nt. Research work only serves to show that m uch more is required to solve the innumerable pro bl ems of rheumatic diseases.

Sir Arthur further states that the social proble m s of the patients themselves exercise al J the S oci e ty's i n genuity for finding financial and other m e tho ds o f solution

Th e financia l statement shows that, excluding s ubs c ri p ti ons and donations, the average yearly w or k in g l oss is approximately £3,500.

FOUND.- 1edallion No. W. A. 7197. Owner can have same returned on application to Mr. S. T. Beard, 27, Park Street Abergavenny, Mon. .

Extracts fro m the Manual of Instruction FOR THE Royal N aval Sick Berth Staff. *

( Con ti? 71t ed j1'om pag e 2S I .)

J O I N T S

A lot"nt, or A1-tt"culatt"on , is formed where two or more b ones meet.

They 3.re usually freely movable, but in some cases may be only slightly movable, as in the joints between the vertebrce, or immovable, as in the joints of the skull.

In freel y mo v able joints, such as those of the lim b s , the ends of the bones are covered with cartilage, which is elastic, lessening shock and f riction. The inside of the joint is lined with a delicate membrane, called the Synovial Membrane, w hich cont a ins a greasy fluid, called Synovz"aI Ftuzd. This fluid lubricates the joint, and allows the end s of the bones to glide smoothly over one a noth e r.

M o vea ble joints are completely surrounded b y stron g fi brous tissue which is called the Capsule, and outsid e of the capsule the joint is further s t ren g th e ned by means of ligaments.

Th e re are four varieties of movable joints ;-

(1) B a ll and socket joints, consist of a r o und ed h ead fitting into a hollow socket, as in the hip and shoulder joints, and allow mov e m e n t i n ever y direction.

(2) Hin g e joints, as in the elbow and kn e e , a llo w m o vement in only one direction.

(.3 ) Gliding joints have two flat surfaces which g lide upon each other, such as those between the bones of the carpus and tarsus.

(4 ) Pivot joints are those in which one bon e forms pivot, around which the other ro t ates , as in the joint between the atlas and a x is.

All j o ints may permit the following movement s :-

Flex ion, or bending

E x tension, or straightening.

A bduciz"on, or drawing a limb away from the middle line of the body.

* R e print e d b y p e rmis sion of the Controller of H. M. Stati o n e r y Offi ce Copi e s of the manu a l can be had of H. M. Stati o n<::ry Office, Adastral House, Kingsway, London, W C. 2 or a n y br a n c h , pri ce 4/ Sd. post free.

Adduciz"on, or bringing a limb towards the middle line of the body.

Rotaiz"on, or turning on its own axis .

The I(nee 10z"12t. This joint is described, as its interior differs somewhat from that of other joints, rendering it liable to a special form of injury.

The knee joint is a hinge joint, in which the lower condyles of the femur rest on the flattened top of the tibia. It resembles all freely movable joints in that the ends of the bone are covered with cartilage, it is lined with synovial membrane and surrounded by a strong capsule and ligaments. On the upper surface of the tibia there are two halfmoon or semi-lunar shaped pieces of cartilage, which form shallow cup-like depressions for the articulation of the convex condyles of the femur. These are called the E x t ernal and Internal Senu'-luna1/ Ca1-t£lages.

The outside edge of each cartilage is attached to the inside of the capsule of the joint. One or other of these semi-lunar cartilages may become displaced and nipped between the tibia and the femur. The accident is produced by a twist of the leg when the knee is bent, and is accompanied by a sudden pain and locking of the knee in a flexed position. The cartilage may be displaced outwards or inwards.

The intern a l s e mi-lunar cartilage is the more often displaced.

(2) CIR C ULATORY SY S TEM.

The Circulatory System consists of the Heart and the blood vessels, which contain the blood.

The Heart is a hollow muscular organ situated in the chest between the lungs. It lies more in the left than in the right side of the chest, and is about the size of a closed fist.

It is conical in shape; the base being directed upwards, backwards and to the right, and the apex downwards, forwards, and to the left.

The beat of the apex against the chest wa ll can be felt in the space between the fifth and sixth ribs at a point below and internal to the left nipple.

The Pericardium. The heart is c'Jntained in a fibrous sac called the pericardium. It consists of two layers, between which is a small quantity of fluid-the P e1-£card£al Ftu£d. The flu id l ubri-

cates the surfaces of the pericardium and preven t s friction.

THE CHAMBERS OF THE HEART.

The Heart is divided longitudinally by a muscular wall into a right and left side. These two sides do not communicate directly. Each side is again divided into two chambers, the upper, smaller and thin - walled, called the Aun"cles, and the lower, larger and thick walled cham bers called the Ventricles. The auricle and ventricle on each side do communicate directly into one another. There are thus four chambers, the right and left auricles and the right and left ventricles, and each chamber has two openings, one through which the blood en ter s and another through which the blood leaves.

The Rig ht Aztn"cle has thin walls. Blood enters it from the Superior and Inferior Vence Cavce, and passes through the Auriculo-v entricular orzjic e into the right ventricle. This orifice is guarded by the tricuspid valv e , ' which prevents the blood flowing backwards from the ventricle to the auricl e

The Rigltt V en tn"cle has thick walls. Blood enters it from the right auricle through the tricuspzd valve, and leaves it by the opening leading into the Pulmonary Artery. This opening is guarded by semi-lunar valves, which prevent the blood flowing backwards from the pulmonary artery into the ventricle.

Th e L eft Aurz"cle h as thin \valls. Blood enters it from the four Pulmonary Veins and passes th ro ugh the auncztlo-v e ntrz"c u lar on"fice into the left ventricle. This orifice is guarded by the mitra l valve, which prevents the blood flowing backwards from the ventricle to the auricle.

The Left Ventn"cle has very thick walls. Blood cnters it from the left auricle through the 'IlZzi1-al valv es and leaves it by the aorta.

This opening is guarded by sem£-lunar valves, which prevent the blood flowing backwards from the aorta into the ventricle.

The inner surfaces of the walls of both the ventricles are very irregular, and have small muscular pillars projecting from them called PaP£I1m" Muscles; from these pillars pass thin white strands, the Clz01-dce T end£n ece , which are attached to the valves and prevent these from being forced back into the auricles, when the ventricles contract.

The muscle of the heart receives its blood supply from the Coro1Zm y arteries, and its nerve supply from the vagus and sympathetic nerves.

THE BLOOD VESSELS.

Arteries are the vessels through which blood is carried from the heart. They are com posed of three coats, a thin outer coat of connective tissue, a thick middle coat of elastic and muscular tissue, and a delicate inner coat of endothelial cells. The

muscle of the middle co a t is suppli ed by ne r ves from the s y mpathetic nervou s sy st em ca ll ed vas omotor nerves, a nd th ese ca n alt e r t h e s ize of th e arteries, and reg ulate the amount of bl ood pass in g through them.

Arteries divi d e into branc hes, which bec o m e smaller b y repeated sub-di v isio n, a n d fi na ll y e nd in capillaries.

Capillaries form the co nn ectin g li n k b e twee n the arteries and ve i ns . T h ey a re m inu te tubes, only just lar g e en o u g h to all ow th e co r p u scles to pass, and are pr es ent in e ve ry pa r t o f t he body, forming a net w or k

The walls ar e co mpo s ed o f fla t endothelial cells, through w hich gas es, p lasma, and white blood corpuscl es can p ass . I t is here that the blood bathes th e ti s su es , g i vi ng them oxygen, nourishing them , and remo v i ng waste mate r ia ls Veins are the vessels throu gh which blood is carried back to th e h ea rt. Th ey commence by the union of several capillari es, an d the neare r they get to the hear t th e lar ge r t hey become by receiving other veins as tributar ies- li ke a r iver. Like the arteries th ey ar e comp osed of th ree coats-outer, middle and inner.

The mid d le co a t, ho w e ver , is mu ch thinner, and so the veins coll a pse w h e n empty (like a piece of canvas fire-hose).

The large veins in the lim bs are p rovided with valves, which are arr ange d t o prevent the blood flowing awa y from the h ear t.

(To be continued.)

C oun t y Offi cer E J Moors has been appo i nted Assl. County Commi ss io n e r of E as t Devon of the St. J ohn Ambulan c e Bri g-a d e

At the c om pe tit io n for W alsall L.l\1. S. Ambulance Classes h eld on Ma y 10t h at vVa sall, h e shield was won by Bescot Traffic D ept. , wi t h 144 p o ints.

At th e annual m ee tin g of th e C lacton Division, S.J \. B., it was report e d t hat 364 patie n ts had been cOlweyed in the tw o a mbulanc es, tr ave llin g over 11,000 mi les.

Th e a nnu a l pr ese n tation of awards to members of the Addi s c o mb e Di vis io n , S. J .A. B , took place 011 l\Iay 4th. l\lr. La t h a m, Di v Supl. So u t h e rn R a ilway, presented the a\yards.

On Frid a y, ay 1st , the a n n u al smok i ng concerL of Lhe S ta rb ec k L.N.E.R. a mbul a n ce class was he ld; Royle, Passen ge r Supt. , York pr esent in g t h e a"'ard s ga in ed at the annual e x a min a ti o n.

A t t h e annu a l co mp et i io n s for the "Lady Forester" Cup , B a rn s La pl e w e re d e cl are d t h e winners, followed Min e h e ad. The comp e titi o n is open to any S . J. A. B. team 10 North D e von and We s t Som e r se t.

T he St. foh n Ambula nce Brzga de Dzst?zct Reports.

Brigade Headquarters.

As previously announced the Brigade Finals will be held on Friday, Jun e 5th, at the Hotel Great Central MarylcbonlC, London, N.W. 1.

H.R.H. The Duchess of Y o rk, Commandant-in-IChlef of ursing Corps and Divisions, h as g raci ous ly con.s ented to attend and present the numerous trophIes and prIzes.

No. I (Prince of Wales's) District.

The No. 1 District final competitions were on Saturday, April 18th, at the N orthampt0!l Clerkenwell when a large and e nthUSI as tIC audIence witnessed work of the compet itors in the four events to be decided. This year t h e individual, drill and competitions were held on dates to the Dlstnct finals.

On the comp letion of the tests us ua l p a st of competitors was held, the music be111g supplIed by the District Band

Di str ict Offi cer C. E. Bower, com petItIOn secretary, announced the results of the day's events , also of the tests decided previously, as follows :-

"Massey Mainwaring" Cup: 1, Pacld111 g ton, 39H; 2, Euston, 353i; 3, East Ham, 339-1; 4! Southg?-te, 310; 5, S. ]\Iet. (Norman Road), 2931. Padd111gton WIll represent No.1 Dist ric t in the Brigade finals.

" Ninnis JJ Efficiency Cup: Cricklewood Division.

" Osborne" Competition (improvised): 1, S. M et. (E. Greenwich), 272; 2, Royal Arsenal, 264!; 3, Kingston, 4, Toynbce Hall, 222; 5, Hampst ead, 198.

"Sleath Gent" Cup CorpI. H. VV'. Bl ower, Dage11ham.

"William Neill" Shield: Dagenham Cadet Division

" Rideout" Cup, a new trophy for the Area securing the greatest number of awards: Northern Area (Asst. Commissioner Capt. A. C WhIte Knox, M.C).

Lady Turnbull kindly presented the trophies and was herself the recipient of a beautiful bouquet.

Capt. W. Goodley, M.C, Commissioner, pr es id ed over the gathering. He thanked Sir Hugh an d Lady Turnbull, also Col. Perowne, for their presence, which was an encouragement to members. He was pl eased Sir Hugh was present to witness the tests and referr ed to the cordial relationship which exists between th e p olice and the Brigade in London.

The Commissione r also referred to the incalculable competition spirit among the Divisions. To those who would be representing the District at the Brigade Finals he wished the best of lu ck; h e knew they wou ld do their best to bring the championships t o London.

Sir Hugh Turnbull, on behaM of L ady Turnbull and himself, expressed h is pl eas ure at be ing present. As Comm iss ione r of the City of Lon do n PoEce he knew the value of the work oar ri ed out by the members of the Brigade.

Th e jud ges, competition secretary, stewards and others, were thanked o n the propositi on of Capt. H. A. Fenton, District Surgeon.

Upon the applicatio n of Supt. J. E. Taylor, of Southall

Division, the Commissioner, Capt. W. Goodley, has give.n his permission a nd support to the r eque st that a Cath olIc Church Parade be arranged and h e'ld in London..

Many Catholic members have th.elr ti o n to attend such a gathering a nd an J11Vltat1On IS extended to all memb e rs interested in the proj ect. A small committee is to be formed to arrange th e details. and Supt. J. E. Taylor, of 3 Warwick R oa d , Southall, sex, woul d be pleased to h ea r fr om all t hos e who WIsh to make the venture a success.

No . II . D is tri c t.

On Saturday, May 9th, the splendid" Ol ga Sere.na" H ea dquarters of the South Buck s Corps were officla lly op ened and the g round and building pr ese nt ed to the Order.

Miss Olga Ser ena, th e donor of the buildil:g, p erformed the opening ceremony. She was receIv ed by Major Darvil-Smith, County Commissioner, and afte r inspectin g the gu ard of honour comp osed of Ambulance, Nursing and Cadet Divisions, und e r Corps Supt. Scott, opened the buildin g with a golden key pr esented by Mr. H. Tyson Chambers.

At the subsequent mee t in g, over which Mr. E. T. Bowyer CC (President 'Of the Corps), presided, Mr. A. G. Trev e ner, J.P. (Chairman of th e Slough U rban Distri ct Council), pr ese nted the deeds of the la nd. Th e Council, he said, g reatly appreciated the work of the Brigade and w ere pleas ed t o assist them in this way.

Sir Archib a ld D enny, on behalf of Miss Serena, presented the Headquart e rs. He inform ed the ga th e ring that Miss S e r en a had asked him to be h e r" voice." She had handed him a speech which h e propos ed to reae!. In this Miss Seren a thank ed all who had ass ist ed i n making the e rection of the buildin g possible. She felt lik e a happy little child lo ok in g at a n ew toy, which she had great pl eas ure in pr ese ntin g to th e Ord e r of St. J Oh11.

The d eeds and t h e g ift of th e bui 'lding w ere accepted on behalf of the Ord e r by Sir Percival Wilkins'O n (Secretar y-Ge neral ) In a well d el ivered speech. Sir Percival stated that it was such gifts as these which h elped to ke ep alive the oldest Ord e r of Chivalry. Th e re were now over 100 such h eadquarters throughout the country.

Following the d ed i cation by the S. W. Hagge:-, Sir J ohn Duncan addressed th e m e-e t111 g. H;e found. It difficult to express t h a nks for such a magmficent gIft. The work of the Bri gade depended upon the m embers , but with such headquarters greater efficiency would resu;lt and new members attracted. During 1935 m e mbers of the Brigade dealt with n ea rly 600,000 cases, the personnel now being almost 70,000.

A'ld . G. J. Thrasher (IChairman, Bucks Ambulance Commit tee ) and Dr. E. R. Weaver-Adams (Corps Suralso spoke words of thanks to the donors.

Miss Serena was prevailed upon to say a few words She expressed her mlost sincere thanks for all the kind things said and wished the Corps the greatest success.

Following the mele ting the Rev H agger dedicated the new ambu l ance, dter which the building was open for gene rail inspection.

F1R S T

1-Ir GII WYCOMRE.-D r. C A. Parker presided at the annual meetin<Y of the Hi g h Wycombe Divisi on and welcomed the and Mayofless (Councillor a nd Mrs. J. K. T ay l or) and Major P. G. Darvil-Smith, County Commissioner.

Dr. Parker intimated that the work last year had been hard but well done. A team was sent to Aylesbury which captured the shie ld for . tl:e. second time. A cup had bClen presented to the DlvlslOn by Mrs. G. H. Brocklehurst.

Al

D.

Under t h eir agreement wiLh the High Wycomhe Hos pital Contributory Scheme they carried 201 cases. Of t ho se 27 were London cases, lO Oxford and 1 Windsor. Cadet Supt. Lunnon presented a successful report. Maj or Darvil-Smith said he was mor e than with the reports. The total number of cases dealt WIth in Bucks was 8,000 and the High \71/ycombe Division was credited with a quarter of the total figure He referrcd to the A.R.P. and the part unclertaken by the Brigade The l\Iayoress pres ented certificates, vouchers, medallion s and labels to the members.

Opening of the new Headquarters of the South Buck Corps.

Top left: Gen eral view ot buildin g a nd g uar d of

Top right: Miss Ol ga S ere na, the the bud dm g open

Bottom: Sir John Dun ca n, Chief CommlsSlOner, With officers of the Corps.

grat ulated Gadet Supt. Lunn on on the work put in with the cadets.

Amb. Offic e r Rit tma n stated that the am bulanc e section found difficulty in k ee pin g step with the work which was increasing.

Transport Officer Goves presented the motor am bulance rep o rt. The figures were: cases, 390 7,670 miles; road accidents, 84 for 440 miles; otbler aCCiden ts , 53 for 624 miles; a total of 527 cases for 8,734 mil es, an average of just over ten cases and n ea rly 168 miles per week.

., Cases were conveyed to numerous dI s tant towns, lOci uding one to Ogmore VaIc, a total distallce of 32 1 lUlles.

WITNEY.-The annual dinner .of the. Witney was held on April 7th, when publIc gratItude for servIces r ende r ed was voiced by several speakers. d D' B R Combo (Div. Surgeon) preSIded, supporte b S'upt: J. C Chesterman, Amb. Officer S. Co llis (Div. Secretary), Mr. W. Rowe ( . Tr eas up er) and others. d the toast "The S l. M CAL Coutts propose r. '. de" Durin<Y the last 12 months, John Ambulance Bnga . D" had attended som e said Mr. Coutts, the vVltney _lvls1On. f tions There 200 ca ses 8 road accidents and /8 publIc unc k . h' h IS 'th th great wor w lC was. ndot hintg btyo 'as the Brigade and carne ou b

he was sure the members enjoyed a very large share of happin ess by virtue of their purely voluntary service.

Supt. Chesterman, replying, acknowledged the l oya lty of all ran ks, which had had so much to do with t he effic ien cy attained. The work of the Division was increasing, and it seemed would increase still further1 w ith the r es ult that there would be added responsibilities. This meant bigger clrains on the res ourc es and he appealed for further assistance towards repl enishing the stores.

Amb. Officer H owa rd proposed "Our Guests," and referred to the staunc h support the Division had always received from the officers and men and members of the p ublic.

Mr. F. W. IIi ckman 1 in r espo nse, said the members of the Brigade \\'ere held t oget h er by the g r ea t bond of service in a work which was carried out quite effective ly and yo lun tari ly.

No. II I. Dis trict.

NORTIL\1.IPToK.-The Northampton Corps celebrated its Jubil ee (?llay 4th, 1886 to 1936) by a Church Parade on Sunday, May 3rd, when nearly 300 members paraded, Corps Supt. 'vV. E. Edwards, M.B.E., being in charge of the men a nd L ady Corps Supt. Miss K. Bradford, A.R.R.C., the nurses. The following Divisions were represented: Men-Headquarters (under Supt. H. 1. Edwards), Daventry (Co rpI. F. Reynolds), Earls Barton (Sergt. \ V. L o rd ), To\\"cester (Supt. J. E. Sutton), Weedon (Sergt. Banner), Cadets (Amb. Officer F. T. ·Whitingj. Nurses-Headquarters (Lady Supt. Miss E. Cowley), Casti li an (Lady Supt. Mrs. 1. Jennings), Spencer (Lady Supt. ]\fr s J. Lieveslcy)) D ave ntry (Lady Supt Mrs. G Shaw), Cadets (Lady Cadet Supt. Miss F. Howe and Miss Ward)

Officers present incl ud ed Lady Dis t rict Supt. Mrs. W H. Reeves, A.R.R.C., L ady District Offi ce r Miss L. ;,Iawby, J\I.B.E., County Surgeon H. F. P erc ival, O.B.E., County Officers C. W. Curtis and F. Hol gate Smith, LB. E., Corps Officer E. J. Haywar d, Mr. G. C. Wells (Centre Secretary), Dr. D. Stone and Mr. and J\Irs. Harold \Vil ki nson.

His \iV o r shlp the Mayor of Northampton (Mr. S. Perkins) and the Mayoress, the Borough Chief Constable (Mr. J. 'Wi lli amson, O.B.E.), Supt. \iV. H. Afford (Borough Police), a large number of the public and old members also attended the service.

Canon Lewis preached a very enco ura g ing sermon, taking for his text" And the fire shall burn continually on the Altar, it sha ll never go out. " They were really commemorating, he said, the li g hting of a fire upon an altar 50 years ago. He impressed upon the younger mem bers the duty of see in g that the fire was never allowed to go out.

T ea was providcd afte r thc service and served by lady h elpers.

To celebrate the elect ion to the office o f President of the orthampton and CDl1l1ty Master Butchers' Association conferred on Pte. Harr y Wallington of Headquarter'.s Division, a social was held at Corps H'eadquarters on Apnl 27th, to whIch the Master Butchers were invited.

Private Wallington has been a member of the HeadDivision si n ce A.ugust) 1918, and is always ready and w llh.n g to assls.tance. He gave valuable help at AUXIlIary II ospltals dunng the latte r part o f the War and interest in junior organisations, being the first aId t ramer to the Boys' Bri gade

SOUTH CORPs.-This Corps, formcd four years ago w1th four ambulance and two nursing

divisions is developing rapidly under the directions of Corps Surgeon F L. ewton, Corps Supt. G. Fulloway and the Corps Staff. The number of divisions have now increased to seven ambulance a nd five nursing divisions Association classes have becn visited by Corps Officers and as a result new recruits ha\' e been obtained for the Brigade.

Some of the To\\n <lnd Borough Councils have been very helpful, f our divisions being provided with headquarters a nd storerooms free of charge. Th e Police and Fire Brigad es also co -ope rat e, also the loca l prc ss Field days have b ee n held, the work being' carried out with great enthusiasm. Duties are carried out in the local hospitals and in the rural districts some are performed in pri...-ate house s) much to the appreciation of t.he doctors and their patients.

Duties are ca rried out at numerous spo rts, cinemas, outings, etc.; and road patrols organised First aid boxes have , and are, being erected and maintaincd at isolated and dangerous sites and they have justified the proj e ct.

Great keenness is shown by the members in competition , eight trophies out of t en in the Are a being h eld by the South Worcestershire Corps. Great Malvern Nursing Division hold fi ve of these and will represent the No. 3 District at the Brigade Finals.

A.R.P . classes are being held and examinations a r ran ge d. The annual inspecti o n of the Corps will be held at Evesham on Stmday, July 5th.

WELLIKGBOROUGII.-M em bers of t h e W ellingbor ough

H eadq uarter's Divi s ion have lost a trusted and esteemed colleague by the d ea th of Mr. Frederick Victor Tompkins.

Mr. Tompkins was a corporal in tlle Division and had been a member f o r over 16 years, being a holder of the S e rvice l\Iedal. He took great inter est in competition work and was the lead e r of the team which won local trophies and h ad taken part in th e County events.

At the interm e nt the coffin was b o rne on a Wellingborough Fire En g ine, as he was an active member of that force . A guard of honour composed of members of the Brigade und er Supt. J. S. Parker and Amb Officer

F. W. Pentlow) lined the pathway at the church. Members of the local Council, including the Chairman, Mr. J. E. R ees by, J.P. ) were among the many mourners who followed the cort ege

No. IV. District

PREsToN -The "Dewar" Prelimina ry Competition fo r No.4 District (which compris e s Lancashire Distr i ct, and the Counties of Cheshire and Cumberland and W estmorland), was held at t.he Ambulance Hall, Chape l W alks, Preston, on Saturday, April 25th.

The organiser of the competition was District Officer

W H . Gastall, D.C.M. (B lackpool\ and the loca1 armngements were made by Corps Supt. Cap t. E. F Mi ll ington, and Officers of the Prest o n Corps. District Office r Capt. R. 1. Poston1 M D (Failsworth), and Corps Surgeon R. J . Oarke (Blackburn) were the adjudicators.

Nine teams entered and the r esults were deo1 ared as follo'Ws :-l st, Crewe (Ches h ire), 285 points; 2nd, Brie rfield, 283; 3rd, N eison, ?81; 4th, Crosfield (War ri ngton), 257; 5th1 Exchange (L iverpool), 6th, B lackburn , 244; 7th, Preston, 242; 8th, Darwen, 236; 9t h , F leetwood 226.

The l".ommissioner for Lancashire D istrict, M r. W G. Smith, O.B.E., presented the " T weeda le" Shield to the winners and the" Southport" Cup to the r unners- u p.

Ten .teafl:ls entered for the" Argenta" Cup Comp etition, whIch IS open to teams from No. 4 D ist ri ct , and

was held a t the Ambu lanc e Hall, Chapel Walks, Prest o n , on Saturd a Y1 May 9th.

After a very keen contest the result was declared as follows: Liverpool Exchange 228 poin ts ; 2nd, Crewe (Ch eshue), 227; 3rd1 Warrin g ton L.M.S. 218; 4th , Nels on, 216; 5th, Preston, 212; 6th, Brierfield , 200; 7th, Thornt on-Cl eve leys , 192; 8th) Castleton, 173; 9th Blackburn, 172 ; 10th, Burnley, 167. '

The II Arg enta" Cup was pr ese nted to Liv e rpoo l Exchange by the Commissioner for Lancashire Di st ri ct (Mr. W. G. Smith1 O.B .E.).

The Judg-es were District Officer Col. C. H. S. Redmond, T.D.M.B., Manchester (Team Test) , and Div Surgeon W. C. Rigby, M.B.) Adlin gto n (Individual Test).

BL AcKBu RN.-In aiel of t h e Blind Society and the Darwen Division, S.JA.B ., a ballet was staged at th e Bath Ass embly Hall b y pupils of the Misses Whittaker, t hi s b ei ng the ninth successiye yea r the Misses Whittaker have hee n responsible for a public charity performance.

Over 20 dancers, whose ages ranged from 3 to 16 yea r s, cont ribuled to the ball et a ncl was enjoyed by a la r ge a udi e nc e. The N ew Or ph cl1s Orchestra prm'ided a mu sical progTamme.

COLNE.-A l a r ge and apprec iative audience assembled in th e Municipal Hall , Colne) to watch 30 gracefu l young ladies display the art of dancing. Th ey we r e pup ils of Miss l\largaret H ague, M.T.S.T.D. The programme was cleve rly a rr ange d to give the utm ost ya riety fr om cl ass ical, ball e t and operatic to th e more modern musical comedy. Miss H ague was pre se nt ed with a bask et of carnations and. eve ral houquets , and m a ny of the p erformers ai 0 r eceived g i fts f r o m ad mir ers. The proceeds ,,'ere in aid of the Colne St. J ohn A mh ul ance A sociat ion.

LIVERPOOL. -At the ope nin g ceremony o f the St. J ohn Ambulanc e Bri gade dres ing station-an annexe to the existin g first aid post-a dedicatory se rvice was co nduct ed by the Corps Chaplain (the R ev. P owe ll Miller). Corps Sur geo n and Corps Supt. Colonel D C. L eyland Ort on, T.D., M.R.C.S., in de claring the annexe open, said there was no more useful service the S.].A.B. could perfonn in th ese days of eve r -i ncr easing traffic than to provide facilities for the tr eatme nt of ro ad injuries The original hut h as be en in ope r at io n for two years and dur ing the past 12 months had dealt with ove r 300 cases.

PRESTON.-The presentation by the 1ayoress of certificates and awards to m e mhers of the Nursing and Cadet Divisions of th e Preston Corps, S.J.A.B., reminds us of a form of ac t ivity in Preston, as in other places, which has been growing during the las t ten years and is now giving valuable service to the community. The number of awards presented is an indication of the number of gir ls and women interest ed in this work, and the present strength of the six nursing divisions connected with the Preston Corps has been attained by a steady inc r ease each year during t h e las t decade.

But also, and perhaps more imp o rtant the r e is. according to Mr Howa I'd, Lady Corps Supt., a greater keenness and a very satisfactory spirit among the g irls themselves. The cadet division has recently made excell ent progress1 and th e re are nowadays a considerabl e porti o n of gir ls who , after gaining t heir first experience with the S.J.A B., have taken up nursing as a profession. Th e Nnrsing Di\'isions of the Brigade are, in fact, <an exce llent recruiting grouncl for the nursing profession.

A 10. 283 No. V. District.

LEEDs.-On account of the g r owth of the :-\ ursing Divisions in the L eeds Corps, J\Irs R enton has been promoted to the rank of Lad y Corps Officer. This is the first appointment to this rank in Leeds

Miss Hick h as succeeded to the command of the Victoria Nursing Divisi on1 and the opportunity has been taken to divide this la rg e division hy forming the ChapelAllerton S ectio n int o a division with Mrs. Bateson as Lady Sup e rint endent.

Twen ty-s ix officers ha\'e been ce r tified as instructors under the Air Raid Precautions Scheme) and classes fo; members arc be in g commenced at once.

Corps Supt. R. H. Baker in his annual report of the CofP,S states that its strength is now 11 ambulance, 7 nursing , 3 boy and 3 girl cadet divisions, with a total personnel of 616 adult and 104 cadet members, an increase of 21 and 6 1 respectiyely over 1934. Seventy-two men are enrolled in the M.H. Reserve and three in the R.N.A.S.B.R. , and 157 women in the V.A.D.

Thirty street first aid boxes) situated in various parts o f the city, have continued to be of very usefu l sen'ice. An ambulance stat ion was equipped and staffed in Roundha y Park on Children's Day, Hospital Galas and during the Jubilee Cel ebrations, and a large number of cases were t r eated At St. George's Church Crypt, where two nursing members are on cluty cvery night, 3,243 men received attention.

In compet iti ons the Corps g'ained many creditable r esults, having \\'on some sixteen trophies. Tn the " Ellis on" Shi eld competition out of ten teams entered four from t h e Corps occupied the first four places.

J\I embers do duty daily at four theatres, 19 picture h ouses, and weekly at ] 5 football grounds during' the season.

Th a nk s a r e extendecl to the Surgeons for their excellent services, to the Chief Con table and to many local finns for kinclne. S and a sistance ginn to the Corps.

No. VI. District.

D .l"RLINGToN -At a ",hi t drive amI ocial held recently at the Headquarters of the Dad.ington Frien.dly Societies' Diyision, 1\1rs. ]. H. T aylor, \\'lfe of the DI\'lsional presid ent, presented a\yards to 14 members who had sat and passed the A.R.P. examination .. Torman Hammer, wife of 1\1ajor Hammer, the A.R.P. lecturer, presented the prizes won at the WhIst dnve.

Supt. T. Robins , :!\LJ\L, in mm'ing .a vote of thanks t o all wh o had helped to make the SOCIal a , .remarked that the Division \ver e very fortunate In hav111g Major Ham me r to lecture on A.R.P., as he had made a special study of the subj ect. . Mai o r Hamm e r, in reply, stressed the 1mportance of the dut;es which the Brigade wOllld be called upon to carry out ill the eye nt of hostilitie

No. VIII. ( Duke of Connau gh t 's) Oistl'i ct.

Th e SlIrrey ancl Sussex Connty C;ompetition held at Guildforcl on April 18 th, wlth th e followlllg' res ul ts: - ? ?

Surrey: 1s t, GUllclforcl S.R., -1-+9 .1 : Relgate, 3rd, Chipstead Valle y, 367.5. '. ?

Sussex: 1st. Bnghton Borough Pollce, Horsham , 504.2: 3rd. Ha st in gs S.R., 499.4. SlX team" competed. .'

The first two in each cOllnty w 111 meet the Wl11ner. of the K e nt Coullty com p etit ion s at Tnnbrid ge 'WeIL to cle cic1f;' the District Championship.

DEM \1\D Vv'.\LMER.-At the annual dinner of the Deal a n d WalJller Division the n eed [or a lle lV ambulance and the o'ooel work done by mel11bers \\'as emp hasised The h1\layo r (Counci ll or J. G. Tooms, 1\1. T.CE.), pr esickel, s u ppo r ted by Miss Tooms,. Si r W o llaston , AIel. E. Ca\'ell, 1r. D. A. Drtl11cls (1own Clerk), Dr . S. C. H. L',ne (Bettes h ange r), Dr. D. A. Davies, Dr. C P. J. Boulden, Transport Officer T. Wickens and othe r s

Owing to illness Supt. W. J.. Pocknell was unable t o be present and a message for hIS speedy r ecove ry was sent from the gat h ering.

"

In proposing the "Deal a n d DIVISI ? n, the Mayor eu logiseel t h e work o£. th e Bngade, whIch was done in a quiet but very effiCIent manner. He (bd not t hin k it possible to speak too hi gh ly of the \'aluable se:-vices rendered the community and he regretted they (lId not receive greater recognition. As M.ayor h e he a rtily conaratulated the Di"ision o n the sp endId 'work t h ey had were doin o and would do. It gave him pl eas ur e to k;lOW that were in a ll wa lk s of life those interested in ambu l ance work.

Transport Officer W ckens replied a nd referred to the cl ose association of a success on of Mayors. Th e Division was progressing, but not fast enough. Du.rin g the past year the wod< of the Brio'ade h ad been brought more to the notice of the genem l public. L ocal activities had been well carried out and at the annua l exa mination 46 members had passed. He found, with regard to transport work, that no less than 1,600 miles we r e covered over period of something like seven weeks, and ur ged those present to assist the enrolling of annual s ub sc ri be r s of I s. each, to cover the cost of running expenses.

S i r Gera ld Wollaston, K.C.V.O . (Genea l ogist of the Order of St. John), submitted the" Ladies and Visitors."

The toast was acknow l edged by Ald. C U. R Cavell. He paid warm tribute to the part played by women, particularly in the nursing- profession, and added that hi s wife was related to Sir J Oh11 Fur ley, the pioneer of the " Furley" stretcher

Northern Ireland (Ulster) District.

On Saturday, May 2nd, the annua l inspection of the Northern Ireland District was held in the U lster Hall, Belfast.

Tn the years 1933 to 1935 inspections we r e made by Her Grace the Duchess of Abercorn, H.R.H. The Du ke of Glo u cester and H.R.H. Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, and were more o r ess of a co mplim e n tary nature.

This year, h oweve r the inspection was c a rri ed out by Dr. N. Corbet Fletcher, As s t. Surgeon-in-Chief, and was of a thoroughly practical character.

S ir Robert Kennedy extended a hearty welcome to Dr. Corbet Fletcher and r efe rr ed to t h e part taken by U l ste r V.A.D's in the Great War. Since then it had been difficu t to keep t h e various Divisions at full strength, but w ith the inclusion of new" bl ood" this d ifficulty had been overcome.

Mr. Ian Fraser, F.RC.S.) Commissioner, gave an ifiteresting account of tIle strength of the District. Four years ag'O they had abo ut 100 members-to-clay over 400 we r e enrolled. In 1933 they had only seve n Divi s ions This number h ad n ow increased to 18. Th ey did not ge t the support they deserved from the public, but this diffic ult y was g r aduall y being overcome and th e ir services more f r eque ntl y called upon.

Dr. Corbet Fletcher, accompanied by Mr. Fraser, then ca rri ed out his inspection, giv in g all m emb e rs on parade an in dividua l and very k een inspection. T ests were then set Divisions in first aid, st r etc h e r drill, a rtificial respirat io n , sq u ad d rill , etc.

A 10.

At t h e co ll clusio n of th e in spect o 11 Dr. Corhet Fletcher said the parade hac! t h e makings of an exce ll ent District. Th ere \\'as, howen ]" , st ill a l ot to learn and h e proceeded to p oi n t o u t faults he h ac! .found a n d h ?w t o r e m e dy them gi\'i n o' \'aluablc in st ru ct Oll S a nd adVIce as h e went a long' ,..,

It was gratifying to the District to l ea rn that the As s istant Sllro'eon-in-Chief wo uld be ab l e t o report to the Ch i ef that a ll was we ll in No rth e rn Ir eland

In add it ion to those aheady me nti o n ed the following o ffi cers were in atte nd anc.e District Surgeon R. W. M. Strain Di str ict Officer D. Parker, District OBl.cer and Secret'ary A. W. Mann, Lad y District Supt. M i ss R Sinclair and Lady District Officer Miss B Whitaker. The parade consisted of Belfast (L.M.S ., South Belfast and Centra l Belfast Ambulance Dl\ ISlOl1S, representatives from h e Vvest, South, North and Ce ntr al Belfast Nurs in O' Division, a l so Lame and Bambridge Nursing Divisions, and in addition South Belfast Cadet Divisioll.

On the evening prior to the inspection Dr. Co rb et Fletcher l ectured for two hours on "Some Errors and Peculiarities in First Aid" to about 130 memhe r s 0 f Ambulance and Nursing Divisions. Mr. Ian Fraser, F.R.CS., the Commissioner, presided al thr me e ting , wh i ch was h C'ld at the District Headquarters. ----.

Wimbledon Ambulance Festival.

The final compet iti o n s con n ected with the above \.\'ere held in St. l\I a rk' s Hall, Wimbledon, before:1 lar g-e which included th e 1\Jayor, Alderman]. S. Holland Abbott, L a d y Ron ey and LRdy Holland.

B et ween the var io us tests plays and were g iv e n illustr at ing the ad\'a nta ges attached to a knowledge of ambulance \vork It was pointed out that the method adopted was the building up of a stage play aroun d a number of first aid te sts

The jud ges were Drs. Scott, K arran, 1\lilkr, C la rk e , Rayner, and Cozen; Mr. D. H. Carty bei n g the hon. secretary.

Dr. A. D B e lili os presided at the s ub sequent pr ese ntation meetin g- H e w elcomed the many v isitors and state d that seve n di st rict s o t he r than Wimbledon were represented in the competition.

The Mayor, who spo k e ve r y e nthu siastica ll y of all he had heard and see n, presented th e cup and c" rti fica te s as follows :-

Junior Team T est - 1 st , 15 (Harrow) Nursing Cadets; 2nd, King's College S c hool, 'vVimbl e don.

Women's Individual Te s :-Miss J ac k so n , Mr s. Rid g-ewa y, and Miss Cunningham.

Men's Individual Te s t s :-C B ain a nd John Davidson.

Women's Team Test :- Harr ow No 1; London Bridg e ·'B."

Men's Team Test - Metropolitan Polic e' 'W" Di vis io n; Wimbledon" Star."

The tests set were of an interesting n at urp. and th e marking sheets allowed for alternative t r eat ment where necessary. In the m e n' s t ea m tests there were two p a tient s, one suffering from gunshot wound and depres se d fra c tur e of forehead, fractured elbow and unconsciou s, whilst the other had had a severe electric shock. In th e wom e n' s te a m te st competitors had to treat a man who had been kno cked down by a motor cal' and sustained bl ee ding from the wrist and a fractured patella, and a man who had an e pilectic fit.

'vVe understand from the Se c r eta ry that this festival is the only one of its kind and that thi s year s event constituted a record. Any organisation which includ es fir st aid in it s training is allowed to enter t ea ms ,

Prz ory for !/Vales.

H EADQl],\R TER NOTES.

The Pri o n ; for W RIes h as heen entrusted with the tRsk of brin g ing " First Aid in Mines" Lext-book of the St. John Ambulance Assoc iati o n up-t o-date; and a m eeting l-e pres e ntati\ 'e of all int erests in the Coalfield affected by the subject of fir st aid, und e r the chairm a n ship of Sir William J e nkin s, M. P., an Offi ce r of the Order, appointed the followin g as a Sub-Committee to co n sider the scope of the revised manual and iss u e invitations to serve on a R ev is ion Committee :-Professor George Kn ox, 1\1. 1.1\1. E., F. G. S. (Ch airma n), Major A. W. Ande r son, :-'1. B., Ch. B., the Hon. John H. Bruce, Pr ofessor T. David J ones and CartRin S. B. Turner, M.R. C.S ., L.R .C.P The subiect falls und e r two h ea dings (a) l\1inin g and (b) Medical. The form e r sectio n of the book will be elevoted to Gases, Causes

B. l\ TEDIc.\L. - l\ l ajor A. VV. ;\nderson :-'1. n., Ch. B., Captain S. B. Turner, L.R.C.P., Dr. T. W DRvid, Dr. D. Roc)'n ] ones, C. B. E, Dr. Peter 'vVilJial1ls, Dr. C E. Sa lt l\ Tajor vV . Owen E\'ans, l\L.B.E., l\1.B., Dr. e. Armstrong-, Dr. C. G. Mackay, Dr. A. 1\1. Robertson.

The i oto r Ambulance Tr ansport Sub-Committee on A pril 27t h agreed to a further reduction in the ordinary ambu lance hire charges. The Priory ambulance stations are co-ordinated in such R way that when the car in the immediate \"icinity is in use next nearest one is summoned ; and in future the extra mileage il1\'olved in bringing a CRr from a slation at a distance is to be reduced fr0111 1, 3d. to 9d. per mile. The Priory's service has been extended by the opening of a new station at Aberdare,

P/lOlo courlesv 0/ I 1 11 'eslern J.fa/l (Iud So II III IT'alL's _Yews

The Com mi ssioner for \V a les (thL Hon. J ohn H. L)fUce) presenting the " L1andinam" Shield to the capta in of the Kenrig IIill Team, which \\·ill represent the Priory for \V a les in the Brigade Finals.

of Accidents, Present Methods of Tr eatment, w hil e the (b) section will deal with l\1in or a nd Major Accidents and Method s of Tran spo rt. The s ubi ect is one of great importance to the Priory and the Mining Indu st r y, particularly as it may lead th e wa y to the linking up of the kindred subjects of SaFety in Mine s Rnd R esc u e \V ork in s u c h R manner that fir st Riders in t h e mine s will be give n a n opportunity to r e nder greater service than ever before. The services of the foll ow ing gentlemen a r e requested.

A. MIN r NG. - Prof esso r George K nox, l\ 1 1.l\1. E., F.G.S. , ProfessorT. David J o n es, l\r.Sc., Ph.D ., r..G.S., L. J. Barr aclo ugh, Esq., l.S c., 1\1. 1. 1\1.E., Capulin}. :-'I acLe o d Ca ry, O. B. E., F. L1ewelin J acoh, Esg., VV. D. Woolley, E s q., T. S C h a rlton , Esq., Oliver H arris, Esq., C. M. Kitto Esq.

which is meeting the needs of the local Council, the Hospital and the Colliery Company.

There is considerab le activity ill \V ales in connection \vith Air RRid PrecRutions. t h e past month over one hundr ed candidates from the vario u s Centres of South \ Vales h ave sat for exam i nations held Rt Priory House for Gracie 1 a nd Grade 2 I nstructorships. The training- of the Personnel in this subject is proceeding- apace, havino' been held in Ca rm arthcnsh ir e, Rrecknocksh,.re, and Aberdarc Centres [lnd the Caerphilly Sub-Di trirt.

V. I\. D.

The recent 1), formed St. ] ohn \\'omen's Voluntary Aid

Detachment, I<nown as Carmarthen 22 ,,·as inspected ror the first time on Thursday, April 30Lh, by Captain Whittaker, Mihtary Hospital, Pembroke, who was accompanied by the Assistant Controller for Carmanhenshire, Mr. E. D. Jones, in the absence of the County Controller, Brig-adier-General G. F. St. John, C B., D. L. Demonstrations in First Aid and Home ursing- were gi,·en to the expressed satisfaction of the Inspecting Officer, who remarked that he had operated in many a less suitable room than that prepared by the V.A. D. 's for his inspection. Assistant Commissioner Dr. Sydney \Villiams and Corps Surgeon Dr. Rhys Paton were present; and the fine performance renected great credit on the Commandant, Miss Evelyn Harries, Assistant Commandant, l\liss M. aIld all concerned.

BRITON FERRY PRESE 'TATlON.

Tribute to the memory of Sir Herbert D. \\'. Lewis, K. B. E., was paid by Mr. \N. B. vVilliams, in presenting to th e Briton Ferry Division at its Headquartprs on April 25th a large size photograph of the first Principal Secretary and Commissioner for \Vales, who the Briton Ferry members were proud to remember was a native of that town. The photograph was unveiled by Lady (Herbert) Lewis, O.B.E., the Assistant Lady Superintendent-in-Chief for Wales; and the Chairman, Mr. A. ]. Esmond, who was supported by the Mayoress of Neath (l\lrs. George Davies) and others, referred to the services of Sir Herbert as a pioneer of Ambulance \Vork in \Vales.

CENTRE FOR AMATEUR NURSES.

A novel experiment for the practical training 0f CardiAvVomen in First Aid and Home Nursing- was inaugurated on April 21st, when the Lord Mayor of Cardiff (Alderman G. F. Evans, ]. P.) opened the first Centre of the Cardiff Amateur Nurs(!s. The idea originated with Miss Miles, herself a trained nurse, who, \\ ith the help of personal friends, the Priory for Wales and other interested Bodies, has fitted up two rooms where women can be taught in a practical way how to deal with ituations arising- from accident or illness in the home. Lady (Herbert) Lewis, O. B. E., who presided at the opening ceremony, said there was an idea that the physique of British men and women was deteriorating. This surely was a matter which concerned the women in the home and it "vas fell that the new scheme could fulfil a very real purpose.

FORTIICOi\II'lG OPEN COi\IPETlTlON.

In connection with the Newport (1\1on.) and District Civil Sen' ice Sports Association, an Open Ambulance COIllpetition for teams of men in possession of First Aid Certificates of the S.J.A. Association will be held on June 2nd, entries f )r which should be sent to the Joint Secretaries, Mr. G. Jones, Arosfa, Blaenypant, l\ialpas, Newport, and Mr. ]. H. 22 Graig Park Villas, Malpas, Newport.

Sharlston and District Ambulance Association haye announced that owing to circumstances oyer which they have no control the annual competition, which had been arranged for this month, ·will not take place.

FLAG DAY PUBLICITY --The attention of the general public to your nee d s can b e attractively arranged by purchasing c op ies of t h e Poster advertised in this Journal f or all y o ur F l ag Day and other activities. Samples will b e sent o n

A I O.

St. Andrew 's Ambulance Ass ociation.

It is announced that Mr. vVellwood R. Ferguson, O. B. E., W. S., is to retire on May 31 st frol11 the position of General Secretary to the Association, a position he has held for 33 years. He is to be succeeded by Mr. James H. H. Henderson, the Assistant Secretary.

Mr. Henderson joined the St. Andrew's Ambulance , \ssociation in 1901 as an aillbulance officer after service with the old N.B. Railway. In 190] he ,vas appointed Chid Clerk and eleven years laler Assistant Secretary. In 1914when the London County Council decided to establish an ambulance service, Mr. Henderson's practical ad\'ice was sought. During the Great War he was Lieutenant and Senior Quartermaster of the R.A.l\I. C. V. Reser\'e and recruiled nearly 400 men for the H. H. R. and 400 female nursing starr for military hospitals at home and abroad.

Apople x y: Caus e a nd Effe ct .

By D M. P. CLARKE, M S.M.!., C.S.M.M.G., M E., L.E.T., ETC (Lecturer and Examiner. The Smae Institute.)

AN apoplectic fit is that collective group of symptoms common ly associated with cerebral hcemorrhage. It is directly caused by the rupture of any artery supplying the brain substance, but is most frequently the result of a lesion of either the lentt"culo-striate or the lentt"culo-optzc arteries, both of which are branches of the mid-cerebral artery. CA USES.-- The pre-disposing causes are chiefl.y:--

1. Occupational strain, resulting in extreme muscular or circulatory tension.

2. Age and sex. Is com monest between the ages of 45 and 65, and there is a marked male dispositio.n.

3. Type. The apoplectic /zabdus build seems to have some definite pre-disposition. The short-necked, heavily built, stout, plethoric type is typical.

4. The various factors which may produce arterio-sclerosis, e.g., immoderate eating and drillking, gout and renal disease, syphilis and chronic lead poisoning.

intense pain in the head, becomes faint and feels sick, may have.a convulsion which in a very short t Ime merges In complete coma. Not infre. quentlY:' unconsciousness is immediate. Perhaps the patIent at first somewhat mumbles in his speech his liI?bs gradually become powerless, and pulse IS barely palpable. \Vhen full unconsciousness intervenes, however, the pulse becomes full tense, the face is cyanotic, and the breathing IS stertorous. and the cheeks puffed out with each expiration. The patient cannot be roused. The pupils are usually dilated, but always inactive, and the head and eyes are turned towards the lesion. There may be in voluntary urination and evacuation. It will be recalled that in fainting there is a definite pallor, and discrimination is simple, but it is by no means simple to differentiate the coma of cerebral haemorrhage, and the coma due to other causes. Some indication may however be formed from the tone of the muscles. The arm and leg of the affected side drop more quickly than the other when lifted. All deep reflexes, of course, are absent.

The Secretary-Elect of the :5t. Andrew's Amhulance Association.

During his long associations with the St. Andrew's movement Mr. Henderson has been acti\'eiy concerned in all major Scottish disasters, including the lbrox football catastrophe in 1902 and the disaster to the troop train, in 1915, at Gretna when 227 pprsons lost their lives.

The splendid headquarters of the Association in North Street, Glasgow, were, to a major degree, due to his efforts in raising a fund of more than £33,500. Mr. Henderson is the oldest member in the service of the Association, which has now 45 branches throughout Scotland wilh a membership of over 8,000. All big functions are attended and probably the biggest yet organised was that in connection with the launching of the" Queen Mary."

Mr. Henderson's decorations include the King Edward and King George Coronation Medals, the 1935 Jubilee Medal and the 'yledical Service Medal with three bars.

The annual inspection of the Ed i nburgh v\'omen's Ambulance Section, No, 1, was held in Tollcross School, Dr. G. L. Malcolm Smith being- the inspecting olncer. The Section was inspected in transport and first aid, and there was a good attendance of mem bers.

M iss Elizabeth C. Valentine, the Commandent, reported a successful winter session.

It was stated that the Commandant and Miss E. S. J3rowll, secretary, had each a Jubilee l\ledal.

The exciting causes are not always apparent, and cerebral haemorrhage not infrequently occurs in sleep and without warning. On the other hand, any effort or emotion which gives rise to a sudden rise of blood pressure, may precipitate an attack. For instance, coughing, running, lifting a weight, straining at stool, a hot bath after a heavy meal, or even anger.

PATHOLOGY.--The changes necessarily depend upon the severity of the bleeding, but the affected artery is generally sclerosed. Several ounces of blood may be lost before the haemorrhage is arrested by clot formation, and the bleeding may destroy the brain tissue. It often flows into the Internal Capsule, and a great number of cases are rapidly fatal. Where clot formation occurs in time to save the patient's life, and where later, this clot is absorbed or encapsulated, some considerable recovery may be anticipated. In any case, vital nervous cells are destroyed, and the descending motor tracts are interrupted, giving rise to the spastic para lysis which is characteristic of these cases when recovery from the immediate effects of the lesion has taken place.

SYillPTONS - They may be, but usually there are not, premonitory warnings, such d isturbancE'S of vision, headache, numbness of the limbs, or giddiness The victim of an apoplectic fit, or " stroke" is more often sudden ly seized with an

TREATi\lENT.--The immediate treatment consists in obtaining as much rest and quietude as possible, until it is presumed the ruptured artery has healed. (The often suggested pressure on the carotids, and subsequent venesection is better avoided.) The head should be raised at once, and cold application made to that side of the cranium in which the lesion occurs. Heat may be applied to the extemities, and the patient carefully turned to his side to assist respiration, care being taken that the head does not drop forward and impede venous return. It follows that tight clothing should be loosened, and that stimulants are contraindicated. The room should be darkened and all visitors excluded. Later relaxation of the bowels is usually necessary, and if unconsciousness is prolonged, feeding per rectum must be made. The patient is usually kept in bed for a month or six weeks during which time the resulting /zenziplegz"a becomes apparant. Massage is begun at the end of the first week, and continued as long as there is improvement in the spastic paralysis. In fact, the only form of treatment of any value in hemiplegia is physio-therapy.

This is usually given regularly each day. The limbs are carefully treated with petrissage and effleurage, and the spasm overcome by graduated passive movements. Co-ordination is taught, and the crippling contractures so often seen in this condition are prevented. Complete cure is sometimes impossible, but with infinite patience and skill, a great deal may be done for these patients. Hemiplegia, however, calls for expert understandin 0" and is better avoided by those who have not b' the ability to understand these mtncate nen e lesions.

Mr. James H. H. Henderson.

Raz/way Ambulance News.

I nter- Ra ilway Com petition 1936.

We are ad\'isecl by :\Ir. D G. :.\Ionteith, St. John Ambulance Association Competition Secretary, that owing to t h e fact that I\1ay 27th is Derby Day and also the clay fixed for t h e sailing of the (, Queen l\Iary" fro111 Southampton on her maiden \'oyage to New York, the date of the final of the above competition has been changeel from May 27th to l\lay 28th,

As the result of the final competitions of the Group Railways and also the competition of the 'C'ngrouped, the follo\oving teams \I ill compete in the final.

Great 'Western: S\\ indon, Fishguarc1 IIarbour.

London, 1\liclland and Scottish: Crewe (Machine Shop), Bushbury Loco.

London and North Eastern: Tux£ord, Parkcstone.

Midland and Great Northern Joint: South Lynn, Southern: Horsham No.1, \\"aterloo " A."

The judges, as prel-iously announced, will be Dr. G, D, E. Tullis, of Hereford (team) ancl Dr. R. B. Duncan, of London (individual), the , -enue being the Great Central Hotel, :.\Iarylehone, London.

Gr ea t Western.

The final competition took place in the Genera l i\Ieeting Room at Paddington on i\Iay 1st, when the eight teams, from the origina l entry of 292, were called upon to deal with tests provided by Dr. VV. J. Crawford, of Southall (team) and Dr, S. McCormac (individual). None of the tests set this year \\"as of a railway character, but dealt \\-ith a motor mishap, suicide case, \o';orkman's accident and a case of sunstroke respectively, As i s usual, the" Final" attracted spectato r s from a ll parts of the line.

Mr. Charles J. Hambro} Deputy Chairman of the Company, presided over the subsequent presentation proceedings, supported by officers of the Company and medica l men.. The result, which was announced by l"Iiss C. A, Ault, Centre Secretary, was: 1st and" Directors" Cup, Swindon, 269!; 2nd and" Carvell" Cup, Fishguard H a rb ou r 3rd, South Lambeth, 2-1- 1 ; 4th, Swindon Beginners, Other teams in their order of me ri t we r e Hereford, Liskeard, Aberdare Beginners, The SWll1don Beglllllers' Team were awarded the " Henry Butt" Bowl} for the best bC1?,inners' team entered in the whole series of competitions.

Mr. Hambro, before making the presentations, spoke 1I1 the highest terms of ambulance workers, I-vho were lucky, he said, in haying something to clo that obyiol1s ly made them happy. He paid a tribute to h e 'I patients" who h a rl performed their part so weil. I n addition to competition trophies, i\Ir. IIambro also presented the Company's medals and certificate Cl\l-arc1s fo r exceptionally efficient first aiel rendered c1uring- the year 1933, as under:-

GOLD =\lED.IL AW.\RD-\Villiam II. \7 al1g'hcI11 (Goods Gua r d). Duffryn Yard.

SILVER MEDAL AW \RD- Gcof(rcy i\]chols (Shunte r ), Radyr Junction.

BROXZE ;\lED.IL Aw,IRD-John Potter (Goods Guard), Ca rmarthen Junction.

CERTIFICATE AWARDs-John B. Hassall (Clerk), Tyseley; E\vart J. Hancock (Clerk), Hockley ; Joseph A Cooper (Passenger Gua rd), Birmingham; Percy R. Kent (Trave llin g Ticket Collector). Wr ex ham; Edwa r d Hill (Shunter), Swansea; Henry G. Skinner (Shunter). Westbu r y; John W. 1\Iorris (Goods Guard). Ruabon; William A, Rowe (Running- Inspector) Neath; Charles J. Forward (Signalman), Penrhiwceiber; J osep h H Griggs (Turner), Barry; William R. Coombs (Labourer), Ba r ry Dock; \ Villial11 Moggridge (Shunter), Stoke Gifford; William J. Lumber (Lampman), Landore; Sidney T. WillO.ams (Clerk) Qllakers' Yard; Bernard W. Townsend (Engineman), Banbury; George H. Morbey ( Fi r eman), Banbury; Henry Marchant (Office Attendant), eath; Sidn ey Davies (Shunter), Neath.

Dr. H. Ca\'endish Fuller, the Company's Chief :\Iedical Officer, by whom the se lec t ion o f awards was made, gan some details of the va luable w o rk performed, and said the selection y\'as far from be in g an easy one.

A ,"ote of thanks to Drs. McCormac and C ra wford for adjudicating was proposed by Mr. J. F. Le an, Principal Assistant to the Genera l Manager, a n d the doctors, re ponding, gave some he lp ful comments on h e work of the teams,

\\-ORCESTER,-The annua l presentation of l ong sen-ice gold medals, competition trophies and prizes, and examination awards to ambu ance workers in the Worcester Diyision took place at the Guildhall, \¥ o r ceste r , o n April 29th, the distrib u tions being made by 1\1r. J. F. Lean, Principal Assistant to t h e General Manager. Mr. H. J. Peacock, Diy. Supt., presided. The Nlayo r of VVorcester, 1\1r. T. Duckworth, congratulated the G.W.R. on the encouragement they were giving to thc ambulance mo\-ement. l\Ir. L ean, after appea lin g for new members, presented the "Kilbo urn e Kay" Shield and prizes to the Honeybourne (Advanced) team} h e" Kilb o urne Kay" Cup and prizes to the Worcester Traffic team, and prizes to other winning team in the Company's r ecent competitions. The la r ge nu mbe r of efficiency awards presented included the 30 year bar to 1\1 r. W, J. Waite, who has acted as divisional ambu lance sec r etary since 1913, and to M r. VV. Evison.

PADDINGTON,-Members o f the seve ral amb ulance classes and teams in the London A. Ambulanc e Division met for their annuall social gathe rin g in the Institute , Paddington, under the presidency of Mr. C. T. Cox, DiY, Supt.) on April 27th, Among those pres ent were 1\1 r. and 1\Irs. H. Adams-Clarke, Dr. E. A. Butterwo r th, iVIiss C. A. Ault} a nd Mr. and Mrs, R. F. Burrough. 1\1rs. Adams-Clarke, who was made t he recipient of a bouquet by 1\1 iss Anne Borrough} presented awards to the Ladies' Paddington class. She a lso handed t h e" Frank Potter" Ch a ll enge Shie ld and prizes to tlle Ladies' (Beginners) team, the fir st team of women to hold this trophy, and ciistribnted a l a r ge numb er of gold efficiency awards Mr. Cox presented _ the Advanced trophy, the" Ernest Palmer" Shield, to the So uth L ambeth team, the" )'Iasscy Mainwaring" Cup to the P a ddington S.J .1\,H. team, a n cl compet iti on prize s an d examination awards gained by the men's teams and classes. He congratulated the Di"ision o n t h e numb e r of

FIRST

recruit s g-ained to, the mov eme nt. Dr. E. A. Butterworth was pr esented w ith a bar o m ete r in appreciation of his services to th e Paddington men's class, and a most enjoyable and varied programme was g iven by members o f th e ladie 3' class.

" R OBINS BOLITHO" COMPETITlON.-The annual competitio n for the "Robins Bolitho" Am bulanc e Shield, open to G.W.R. teams in West Cornwall, took place at Penzance on April 16th, when f our team s competed. Dr, J. G, Morgan, who adjudicated, sa id the work was of a high standard. Th e result was :- lst, Tr u ro No. 1, 2nd, St. r ves, 79; 3rd, Truro No 2, 73 ; 4th, Penzance, 64 The trophy was pr ese nt ed by Mrs. G. B. Morris, and the competition was followed by a repast provided b y Mr s Robins Bolitho. The pr oceedi n gs were pr es ided over by the Divisional L ocomotive Superintendent, Mr. A. \V. H. Christison.

AID. 28 9

Mr. G. L. Darbyshire presided at the prize presentatlOn, s upp orted by Lady Stamp, the L o r d Mayor a n d Lady Mayoress of Sheffield (Alderman F. Thraves and Miss Thraves), :i\Ir. Lazenuy, h e judg'es and ot h ers. Th e Chairman said how pleased they were to have Lady Stamp with them again to present the prizes. There we r e n ea rl y 9,000 Company emp l oyees in England and Wales qua lifi ed to render first aid Since the institution of L ong- Sen-ice Gold Medals 3,407 h ad been awarded, also 1,785 bars for 20 years' service; 868 for 25 years, 327 for 30 years, 83 for 35 yea r s and 11 for 40 years. The result of the day's competition was as follows :1 Crewe (Machine Shop), 326; 2, Bushbury Loco., 281; 3, l\tIlayfie ld (Manchester), 267§; 4} Aecring-ton, 265!; 5, ewton Heath, 24n; 6, Vvoh-erton, 24 1 ; 7, Saltley Traffic, 2-H; 8, Llandudno, 9, Edge Hill, Lady Stamp presented the Challenge Shield, other trophies and indiyidual prizes to the competitors, also

Olhcials, Jud ges and Co mpetitors at lhe 1st Divi s ional Compeliti?ns, held in t h e Magnet Club, \Vil ton, by the generosity o f the Gen e ral El ect ri C Company.

london, Mid land a nd Scottish.

At the final competitions of t h e L.M.S.} which w e r e held at Sheffield on J\1ay 1st, Dr. G. S. Phillips , of Swansea, set the teams a poser by acting as the r>atient in the team test of which h e was the jud ge. Not only wel-e lhe competitors puzz led but the spectators also, a nd many were asking" Where is the j \ldge?" b eing ,unawar e that the p::ttlent was the judge. N1I1e teams, Wlnll(rS of thc eleminating rounds, competed and some exce ll ent tests and work were witnessed by a good audience. The judo'cs in addit ion to Dr Phillips, were Dr A. of Preston (indiyidual), and Dr. A. T. Lakin, of 1\1r. G. S. Hill b e in g the Competition Secretary , The card in the team test was: (, You a re a Saturday afternoo n at the houes of the r ese rve, r:tan of yo ur eam, pmct is in g for an Ambul an ce Co mpetltlOn , When you ente r t h e reserve's father i s. there, .a nd cha.t s with yo u . \ Vhi lst you are th e r e an aCCIdent wdl happen o u tsicle which YOll will have to treat." Th e p at ient had h een up his rambler roses when l.le fe!l. fr?m a pair of steps il1to a co ld s ll sta ll1 cd InJufles to t h e heacl and leg' in add iti on to bcmg unconSCIOUS, The ot h er tests we r e also of a h izh sta ndard ,

meritorious first aid a\\-ards to :01r. E. \ Y. G. Norton, of Willesden, and Mr. J. E. 1\Iaskell, ?f. orthampton. Presentations were also made to the Dlstnct Ambulance Sec r eta ries

The Lord Mayor of Sheffield proposed a yote of thanks to Lady Stamp for presenting the prizes: The public were delighted by the work done vo1untanly and the presentation of meritorious awards told what be do n e by ski lied ass istance. On be h alf of the meetmg and the town of Sheffield he asked Lady Stamp to accept hi s thanks fo r her presence.

Lady Stamp, in reply, said .how much she \'alued the work done. She: considered r ad\\'ay ambulance workers were the best obtainable and they were r enderinO' valuab l e serv ic e to the nation, in addition to the Company.

1\1r. Cuthbert Jones proposed a vote of thanks. to the medical profession, coupled with the names of the J udg:es. It wou ld not be possible to obtain the state of per.fectlOn now r eached were it not for t h e voluntary sen'lces of t h e medical profession.

Dr. Phillips, replying, referred to the good sport s hip sho\\'n by competitors and the. excellent .0rganlsatlOn of 1\Ir. Hill. Haying acted as patient for 111l1e teams he \\'oldd he leavin o Sheffield a wiser man, but he \\-as pleased with the w ork done.

No.8 (Gi rl11i llgh:1ll1) Di st ri ct L.l\1,S. R aih\'ay.

A I"ote of thanks to Mr. Darbyshire brought the proceedings to a s tl ccessf ul conclusion.

The Annual Competition for the Station Illdividual Cup was h eld on Saturday, Apnl 2;,th, resulting- as follo\\'s :- l st, G. Kirkham; 2nd, W. D. W. Peyton; 3r'd, H. E. Sali bury.

The j lid O"il1O" ,,·as very effiCIent ly carned out by DiStrict Officer 1:\ Burton (pmctical), and Supt.. C. S. \\'alsuy (viva voce), who attended hy kmd permiSSlOn of District Commissioner Capt. V". Goodley. The arrangements \\-ere in the very capable hands. of Mr. E. T. Milburn (London District Secretary), ass isted by Messrs. 1ackson, Leaver and Nelson

- The cup was presented to the Wl11ner by I?lstnct Officer Burton, who congrat ul ated the men. on p e rformance, especially those who we r e makmg t heIr firsl attempt at competition \vork. Corps Supt. Walsby .a ls o commcnted on th e \york done, and gaye the competltors seyeral hclpful suggestio n s.

Northern (New Eng land), third, 194k, and No r th Eastern (Hu ll, Dairycoates), fourth, 189.

The T u xford rand Parkeston teams WIll the r efore represent the Company in the above competitions.

Southern.

Once again Horsham No. 1 (F. A. Trott captain) ,,·ere successful in winning th e championship shield of the Southern Railway at the fin a l competition held at Southern House , L ondon , on April 28th. Their win was all the more meritorious by the fact that the second team were no less than lOn marks behind the winn e rs-a r eco r d in th e amb ul a n ce wodd.

As is usu al the setting for the team test was magnifice n t a nd depicted a crash at :1. evc l c r oss in g betw ee n a train and a Illotor ca r. The scenery \,"as drawn to sca l e

Southern Railway Finals.

Lady Walk e r presenting the Championship Shield to Horsham No.1 Team.

At the clo c a unanimous \'ote of thanks was accorded to the judges and stewards (not forgetting the pati e nt s) for gi\ ing up thei r Saturday afte rn oon for the ben efit of the mcmbers

london and North Ea stern.

The Group Competitio n of the L.N.E.R. to decide which teams shou ld r ep r esent the Company in the 1nterRai lw ay Compctition and in the England v. Scotland 1nt >rnational was held at Marylebone 'On April 29th, the j udgc being Maj nr 0 rton, M D., of Coventry.

The team lesl dea lt w it h a man who slipped betwe en the platform and t h e foot bo a rd of a carriage, his right leg becoming firmly fixed. The individual tests were of a searching- character and Some good work was carried o u t by the competitors.

The result was a win for the Great Central team (Tuxford), who gained marks out of a possible 240. Great Easlern (Park es ton) was second, 211; Great

and left nothin g fo r the competit o rs to Im agi n e As one bystander said, " Th e re is only one thin g wrong. Th e train doesn ' t move."

Thr o ugh o ut the day a vast cro"vd were interest ed spectators in the team test, the story of which was: The team were trave ll in g by train (except No 5 who was travelling by wad) to an ambulance competition, when the engine whistl ed, brakes suddenly app li ed and the t:ain pulled up with a jerk. No.4 lookin g out of the carnag e window noticed t h at the engine was d e r a il ed an d from a small car that was lying across t h e rails a dishevell ed and blood-spattered man was cra w lin g On th e ir way to give assi s tance the fir eman of the engine r equ ested h elp for his driver, who had faHen unconsciolt s after stopping t he train. On examination the driver w as found to hav e had an apop lect ic seiz u re and sustained a fractured right kneecap and ,an impacted fracture of the right wri st. T h e other pati ent had received a long across th e right side of his head, and the arterial hcemorrh age could only be stopped by pressure on both th e temporal and occipita l arteries, and a complicated fracture of th e 6th and 7th right ribs. The individual tes ts were, as usual , conducted in private.

FIR S T

Sir Herbert W a lk er, who was accompanied by Lady V\Ta lk e r, presided at the subscqucnt presentation of awa rd s, s upp o rt ed by Mr. R. Hollancl-1\Iartill, ),11'. Eric Gore Browne, 1\1r. and Mrs. Szlumber, l\Ir. and Mrs. E. C. Cox and other officials, a so the judges: Dr. vv. C. Bentall, of Wadhurst, and Dr. ]. N Robins, of \iVestwell (team), and Dr. N Corbet Fletcher (individual).

The result of the competition was announced by the Centre Secretary, 1\1r. E. A. Richards, as follows:-

1 Horsham No.1, 492i; 2, \ i\Taterloo A, 390; 3, Southampton Cent r al o. 1, 356: 4. Waterloo B, 312§; 5. Ashford \ i\Torks o. 1, 6, Bricklayers' Arms 1 o. 1, 3061; 7. Horsham No.2, 298; 8. East leigh Running Shed No.1, 295; 9, New Cross Gate o. 2, 290?!; 10, Ashford Works A, 286: 11, Exmouth Junction No.1, 253; 12, Exmouth J unclion Mechanics, 22n.

The trophies and prizcs \ycre presented by Lady Walker.

Sir Herbert referred to the high standard of efficiency among the employees of the Southern Railway, due to the good work of the ambulance committee under 1\1r. E. A. Richards. He also thanked the judges, all wellknown in the ambulance world, for their good scn iccs.

Dr. Bentall, in reply, pointed out that a uccessful team must have a competcnt leader. The grcatest 10 s of marks was clue lo the fact thal the more serious case was not dealt with. first, and lack of observation.

Dr. Corbel Flelcher also replied. The work in his department was \\"ell clone. The hand seats could he hetter but had lhe accidenls actually happened the 10\\ es t team would be able to giye most cfficient service.

Sir Herbert \ \1alker, ""' ho replied to a vote of thanks to Lady vVaiker, proposed by 1\Ir. Trott of Horsham N? 1. staled that some 10,000 men on the Southern had gwen to 30,000 cases. He appealed to certificate holders to continue their studie and not stop at the first examination.

Pol ic e A mbulance N ews.

POLlCE NATI()NAL FIRST A. ID COi\ lP ETIT I ON.

NDI\ ]I)L', \L TESTS.

Th e marking sheets for the individual tests \\"ere as fo ll ows :-

['\0. 1.-Demonstrate and describe in detail the manner in \\ hi ch to improvise and app ly a tourniquel. :'Il ake use of thi s patient's ri g h t brac hi a l artery for the purpose. Til1le a ll o w ed, 4 minutes, beginning when you receive t hi s ca rd to be ava il ab le: Triangular bandages, st ick slo n e, Co r k, w oo l. (The a \\·a rdin g of marks ·will uepend upon a clear d esc ripti o n of eac h step in the practical demonstration.)

Apply a firm pad, 1 ; on pressure point, 1 2

Under inner si d e of biceps muscle

lnn er sea m of coat, 1 ; roughly in dicates 2

Encircle sea m by n a rr ow bandage, 1 ; centre o\·er pad, 1 2

Ti e e nd s in half-knot, 1 ; o n opposite side, 1 2

La y s h or t, 1 ; stro n g st ick , o r s imil ar obj ect, 2

On half knot, 1 ; over it tie r eef knot , 1.. 2

Twi st s ti c k to tighten ba nd age 1

Th ere by pr ess in g pad o n a rt e r y 1

Anu a rr es ting Ho w of bl oo d, 1 ; lock st ick in position, 1 2

By e nds of bandage a lr ea dy ap pli ed

Or by a n o th e r ba nd age pas e d round stic k a nd limb... 1

Th e pa d of the tourniqu e t mu st b"accurately p lace d on th e pr ess ure pa d

So as to co mpkl ely co mpre ss t h e arte!"y

AID.

O t h erwise arterial blood 1

,\Vill be a ll owed to pass along the limb 1

And the veins being compressc·d by the tourniquet 1

\Vill not allow blood to return 1

Thr o u gh them to lhe heart 1

Tb e result will be dangerous swelling 1

And conge tion 1

Sh ould a suitable pad not be at hand 1

.\. knot made in the centre of the bandage 1

And when available, a stone or cork 1

Enclosed in it. 1 ; to gi\·e it lirmness and bulk, 1 2

See that the bulging (not the Hat) side of the knot 1

I s o n the pressure poine 1

The use of elastic bandages 1

Except when part of a limb is cut or torn olT 1

I s to be rigorously avoided 1

.-\s it stops the return flo,, · of blood 1

T hro u gh the veins... 1 -+u

No. 2.- on: FOR ]UI)GE. - Competitor is brought ill.

H e sees a man in shirt sleeves on a step ladder leaning· ovel and hammering at something invisible. Steward turns competitor round so that his back is to man on ladder. Suddenl) there is a crash and competitor, on turning round, finds man on floor with fallen ladder beside him, Man to be lying on face moaning a little and right arm stretcheJ out in front of him. Strapping to represent fracture of rig-ht collar-bone. First aid kit in prominent position 011 stage. Two bystanders, who disclaim of Erst aid if asked.

Time allowed, 8 minutes from fall of ladder.

R apid approach to fallen man

Any response when spoken to (no)

State of breathing (quick and shallo\\") ; state of pulse (fast and weak)

Colour of face (pale) ; state of skin (cold and clammy)

,-\n)" isible (no)

(Bystanders to cro\\ d round)

.\l otion bystanders au ay LOuser, tight clothing ahout neck and che::,t

Examination of patient, head (bruise on right ioreh ead) Fluid fr0111 ears or nose (no) ...

Right collarbone (find irregularity, dl for 111 it) , swelling)

Left collarbone (no injury) :

Arms (no injury) ; hands (no injuf))

Spine (no injury), 1 ; ribs (no injury), Abdomen (no injury), 1 ; peh is (no injury)! 1

Shoulder-blades (no injury), 1 ; legs (no inJury), Gently turn patient on back, obtaining a::'sista.ncl.! from b, stander (when turned on back patIent begins to mumble)

,\ s ).;: patient ,,·here he has pain (right shoulder and forehead)

Patient tries to sit up and grcans with pain; tell him n ot to sil up

Ask bystander to fetch cold water and gi\ e sips

Co lour of face and state of pulse (better )

Tell patient his collarbone is broken; you are a first aider and want to put it right for him

1n lruct bystander to support him

Rel11O\'e brace on right side

Insert pad -+ inches by 2 inches in right ar1111: it

Forearm \\'ell up, shoulder back, St. John sltng

Broad banda<re rOLlnd elbo\\" and trunk

Ascertain if pbulse prc ent al wrist (yes) ; tighten sling

(Patient begins to get up and wants to get on with his work)

T actf ull y restrain him, pointing out danger

Ask bystandef for cold water and Rpply colll water clressi ng tv bruise on forehead

Examine pulse (much better) 1

A,sk judge where man can lie and if he can arrange for him to be looked after and attended to by a doctor 2

(J udg-e tells competitor patient can rest in side room and doctor is on his way.)

Help paticnt to side room, co\ er him with blankets, and reillain with him until doctor arri\ es 3

Smartness and general enlcicncy 3

50

No. 3,-You have been rushed, with all the ;l\'ailable members of your Forcc, into the country to assist at a rail\-vay smash. You are detailed to look after a man who is lying 100 yards away from the other. .\ doctor tclls you the patient has a suspected fracture of the spine and may have internal haemorrhage; is badly shocked and has been given morphia. The doctor tells you to treat the paticnt for shock and any further injuries you can find.

If you become seriously worried about the condition of the patient, give two short blasts on your whistle. It is 2 p. m., and the weather is fine. A first aid kit in box and some rugs are available. Time allowed, 8 minutes, beginning when you received this card.

NOTE FOR JUDGE. - Patient, fully clothed, with high stiff collar and tight body belt, to be lying on his back on b oards on a stretcher on level ground, Pallor of fRce and two cuts on each palm to be indicated. Patient to moan at intervals.

Carefully CO\'er patient wi,h rug

Turn head to one side and gently cle\'ate foot of stretcher on to first aid box 1

Find and loosen tight collar and belt 1

Is h e conscious (semi-conscious) ; docs he reply when spoken to (incoherent) ; decide untrustworthy 1

Breathing (quick, sighing and irregular); pulse (rapid and weak) 1

Pupils (small, equal, sluggish reaction) 1

Colour of face (pale) ; state of skin (cold and cl a mmy) t

Quickly examine for further injuries, frequenLly reexamining face, breathing and pulse". 5

Face, cars, nose, head (no injury) 2

Collar-bones, breast-bone, shoulder-blades (no j n jury) 2

Ribs, abdominal surface, pelvis (no injury) 2

Leg kneecaps, shi.1 and brooch bones, feet (no Injury) .oo oo. 2

Arm bones, bones of forearms, hands, joints (no injury) 2

Find deep cuts on both palms". " 1

Character of cuts (lacerated) ; any haemorrhage (no}... 1

N ate absence of haemorrhage." , .. . . 2

Exclude foreign bodies (none) , 1

Apply iodine, dressing and bandages ,. 2

Bandage tightly arms from fingers to shoulders 4

Smelling salts to nose (first tested) 1

(At one minute to go, if competitor has been regularly re-examining face, breathing, pulse, etc., Judge to say: "Breathing is becoming hurried and laboured, accompanied by yawning and sighing, pulse failing, and patient restless.")

Decide internal h<Cl11orrhage, condition bad, blow two short blasts on whistle 4

(At half-minute to go, Judge says: "I am the Doctor. You are worried why?")

Detail breathing and pulse changes, restlessness 2

(Judge: "Any further injuries ?")

Cuts of both hands - no h<Cl11orrhage 2

Gentleness of handling, general smartness and efficiency

AID.

Nos. 4 and 5.- YOLl two are on holiday and, with one passenger, are being ferried in a punt across a swiftly flowing river about 2 p.m 011 a iine day in June You remark how ill the ferryman looks, vVhen nearly across the river he gives a groan, drops his pole, clasps his hands across his stomach, and collapses, unconscious, in a huddled-up position. In his fall you notice he has smashed a bottle on the seat beside him and the broken glass has cut him across the wrist. Width of river, i mile; vilL'lge with cottage hospital on bank you have just left; no houses on further bank; and no other craft in sight. .\ct. Time allowed, 8 minutes, beginning when you recei\ e this card.

NOTE FOR JUOGE.-All action inside punt. No first aid kit available, Punt about 8 feet by 4 feet, with one cross seat and a seat at bow; other passenger in bow; boatman at stern; competitors on cross seat; large red gash marked across patient's right wrist; patient's face pale

Does the patient respond when spoken to (no)

State of breathing (quick and shallow); pulse (quick and poor)

Colour of face (pale) ; state of skin (cold and clammy) 4

Are pupils reacting and equal (yes) 2

Character of haemorrhage; is it red and spurting (yes) 4

Apply indirect pressure; does this control h"L:morrhage (yes, if properly done) 4

Ask other passenger if he can take charge of punt at once (yes) 4

Warn him to be careful in changing o\ er; trim punt as he mo\ es to stern 3

And to punt back to villagE: as quickly and evenly as he can 3

Examine patient's right arm and hand for fracture (none found) .. , 2

Elevate and support patient's right arm; can fOfl.'igll bodies be excl uded ( no) 4

Remove glass from bJttom of punt 3

Gently lower ferryman to bottom of punt.,. 6

l\lake as c0mfortlble as possible with head to one side and feet raised 3

Loosen tight clothing at neck, chest and waist 2

Examine abdomen for wounds (none found) -+

Cover \vith coats ". 2

Improvise and apply tourniquet and pad to brachial artery 4

Narrow bandage, strap, or cord, with centre over pad, tying ends with half-knot on opposite side 4

Stick, etc., on half-knot and over it a reef knot; twist stick 4

Is h<cmorrhage controlled (yes, if properly done) 2

Lock stick in position 2

Are any clean dressings available (no); decide to leave wound 4

(Six minutes after beginning of test Judge says patient has regained consciousness.)

Inform patient you are first aiders and ask him what happened 4

(Judge: "Patient says he has had indigestion, but this is the worst aLlack he has ever had-the pain is terrible. The patient groans and writhes.")

(At one minute to go, the Judge says: "Punt has arrived at landing-stage.")

Send other passenger to CoLlage Hospital for stretcher and instruct him to inform the hospital that patient is suffering from severe abdominal pain and haemorrhage from the radial artery 6

Is h<:emorrhage still controlled (yes) 2

Watchful care over patient until arrival of stretcher 2

Smartness, adaptability and general smartness 10 100

2

4

FIRST

CITY OF LONDON SPECIAL CONSTABULARY.

The results of the recent re-examinations have now been made I<no'vvn and over seventy members passed their examination.

On April 24th the annual individual competition for the " 1\lcRea" Cup was held at headquarters, the judges being Capt. A. C. White Knox, 1\1. c., 1\1. B., and Capt. F. E. Bendix, 1\1.R.C.S., L.R.C.P" the Chief and Assistant Aledical Officer respectively, of the Force.

In the practical test competitors had to deal with scalds on the left leg and a dislocated right elbow, whilst the viva voce tests dealt with the examination of eyes and breathing

Capt. \Vhite Knox announced the result, which was 1, A-Sergt. Quick, "C" Division ; 2, SergI. Canning, "D" Division; 3, Sergt. Churchill, "A" Division, Thirteen com pet itors com peted.

1\1 ETROPOLIT.\ l SPECL-\L CO:\fSTABCLARY.

The annual competition s of th e above Force "were I'elcl on Sunday, April 19th, when 18 teams, the largest entry ever received, competed for the trophies.

AID. 293

eight years this Division has been successful on four occasions.

Sir vValter said how very grateful they were to the judges for their assistance. It was very gratifying that the number of telllS entering had increased.. First aid was an essential part of police training, and he was pleased to announce that between fifteen and sixteen hundred members of the Metropolitan Specials were under training. He extended thanks to Supt. Smith, of Peel House, and his staff for allowing the competitions to be held in such splendid premises; to Chief Inspector Ludgate and his staff for the smooth running of the competition' and lastly to Commander Brown all the work he had ;Jut the first aid movement.

The judges brieny addressed the competitors, gi v ing useful advice for future occasions.

The trophies and medals are to b e presented at the annual review to be held in Hyde Park on June 21st.

LEEDS CITY POLICE.

The annual conlpetitions for the "Gillgra s s" trophy and the Chief Constable's trophy, o ren to divisi o n s of the Leeds City For ce, wcre held on April 8th, wh e n some excel-

The judges \-"ere Capt. F. E. Bendix (team), Capt. A. C. White Knox and Capt. \V. GooJley (individual). Commander E. B. Brown (Director of r\mbulance Training) was in charge, the arrangements being carried out under the supervision of Chief Inspector Ludgate.

In the team test competitors had to deal with a labourer who had been injured by falling timber and, on examination, was found to be suffering- from stupor, a crushed foot with large lacerated wound, bleeding from the nose, and a fractured pelvis.

In the individul tests Nos. 1 and 2 had to answer numerous questions; No.3 treat a patient suffering from a vertical contused wound on the outer side of leg; Nos. 4 and 5 render aid to a man who had been pinned against a Belisha Beacon by a motor-car and sustained a fractured elbow and simple fracture of ribs.

Sir Walter Allen, Commandant-in-Chief, announced the results, which were: 1 and" Gollin " Cup, " P" Division, ; 2 and" St. Clair" Cup, "D" Division, 181 ; 3, "C" Division, 172t; 4, "s" Division, The names of the winning team were: Sub-Inspector vVoodl11an, captain (Lewisham), Inspector Leach, S.-c. Denman (Southend Village), Sub-Inspector Jacobs (Bromley). During the last

lent work was judged by Col. G. H. L. Hammerto'1, C. ?II. Goo D, S. O. (team), and Dr. A. G. S. Broughton (individual), Mr. Edward D, Glover (Secretary, Leeds Centre, S J.A.A.), was responsible for the arrangements.

In the team test competitors had to deal with two men who had been fighting. one sustaining a lacera ted wound over the right eye and a wound of the abdominal v/all through which the bowels protruded. The seco :ld patient had a fractured jaw, haemorrhage from the mouth , and a lso a wound over left temporal reg-ion with concussion of the brain. The Indi\"idual test was "Describe the Cerebrospinal cn'ous System,"

The "Gillgrass" trophy was won by "A" Di\ ision with 234 points; " D " being second with 218; " B" third, 214 and" C" fourth with 1 Q4.

For the Chief Constable's trophy the Captains of " A," " C" and" D " teams tied for first place and a further test was given, This ,,'as "Describe and Gi\ e Treatment of Epilepsy, Hysteria and Infantile Com"ulsions." .-\s a result of this test lonstahle \V. E. Isted, "A" Di\ ision, was declared the winner.

The judges paid compliments to the cO'llpetitors on the work done which was of a high standard.

" B" Division Birmingham Special Constabulary .\mbulance Class. \Vinners of the " Proctor" Ch allenge Cup and l\ledals.

_-\ mong th, \,.ho wilne sed the tesb wa the Chief Con table (\lr, R, L. )Iatthe\\ _), the Chairman of the "-atch Committee (,-\lderman R, \\'inn t, ,-\Idennan H, -Lhofield and Councillor _-\. R. Jone ----, -

Com ing Events .

The Editor will be pleased to receive particulars of forth, commg e\'ems (or inclusion (free of cbarge) ander this beading.

BPiti s h Red Ct'oss Society .

O\\'ing- to indipo ition H, R. H, the Prince s Ro\'al. ,,'as unable to be present at the final competltlOn the c, tanle\'" hield, ,,-hich were held on :'lay 6th, at the \\-harnc1iffe -Rooms, London. This \,'as a di appointment lO tho '(:' present \"ho look fOr\\'ard with plea ure to meet their" Chief" at this \'earh' CTathering- but their di appointment \\'as omewhat -abated"'b\' the p,re-ence ot ir _-\rthur tanley, the \'ery popular and beio\'ed Chairman of Society, Sir _-\rthur al 0 the donor of lhe Shields, Eig-ht teams of \\'omen and bye of men competed throughout the da\' and excellent work wa carried out before a \'ery large audience.

Our i Vurses Pages.

l)rder of t. John, t. John'::, Gale, London.

23.-:\0. 2 Di tricl S.J.A.B. Competition Final, Bournemouth,

23,-Pre entation ot Colours to :\'orth Riding of Yorks.

B. R, c., , by the Royal.

n.-G:-eat Railway Cold :'ledallisb' Outing, Leamlllglon.

1. ' , - -lnter-Raih\'{i\' Competition Final "-harnclifTe Room " :'larylebonc Road, London.

JC:\E.

3.-Cardiff and Road _-\mbulancc COlllpetition, :\ e\\ port (:'lon.).

5, - St. John ,-\mhulance Brigade Competition Finals, Greal Central Hotel, London.

6.-:\0, 1 (Prince of \\-ale '51 District Inspection. Hyde Park.

10 -L.:\. E R. In ternational Competition, York.

H. Hampshire County, S,J.--\,B. Inspection, \\-inchester.

H,-Eastern _-\rea (:\0, 1 District) S.].A.B, _-\nnual Parade, Grays.

H. - _-\nnual Re\'iew Kent Di\'ision S.]._-\.B., Ram gate.

::!U.-The P,D,_-\.C., Ltd., Inter-Collien First Aid Competition, Ferndale.

2U,-Halifax Infirman' Demonstration and Gala "\\'hiltaker" hield Co[:;'petition,

20,- outh Coal Trimmers _-\mbulance Conlpetition ,

_-\\\'ards (" :'liles" Cup Competition) and oClal of Bncklayers _-\nns Di\-i ion, S.J.---\.B., .-\11 Saints' Church Hall, :'I10nson Road, S. E.1.

2i-.-St. John's Day,

26. - Annual meetings of the Chapter and General of the Priory for \Yales.

27.-:'Ionmouth h' C \ I 1 Ire en re ,,,l1l1ua nspection, Tredegar Park.

27. - \\'ombwell Open "Elliott" :'IIemorial Cup Competition, \Vombwell.

27,-Brighouse Infirmaries and Hospitab .-\nnual Coml)etition.

JULY.

i-.-St. John ,--\mbulance Day .-\ppeal, Cardiff and Distrid.

5.-South \\rorcestC!rshire orps, S.].A. B., Annual Inspection, E\'esham.

5,-;;ational" Road T:ansport Ambulance Asoociation Stark Trophy Flllal Competition, Huddersfield.

11.-,--\nnual Competition for "Dempster" Shield, Eiland, Yorks.

The ream te ts \yere :-

\\'O:I1E:\,-Scene, _-\ Cro!:>:> Road, ,-_\ 1ll0l0r-C\ cle com,,-ith dri\'er and run do\,'I; b\' a car which g-oes on, The team come' up in another car ha\'lllK WIth lhem their fir [ aid hayer ack. The R, _--\. " which i do cd, contains a telephcne stretch r and fir t aid equirment. The deaf cottager can' upph hot \\'ater, tea, etc.

Injuries to be treated.-Fatient _-\,- OIlCU SiOIl ; complicated fracture ot pine.

Patient B,-Pott's fracture, left; h:- Leria.

The team i" allo\yed half-an-h'1ur in which to administer First ,-\id and Home

:'!E:\,- .cene, _-\ Cros Roads,-.-\ trong i\orth-East \\'lnd IS blO\nng. Two motor-cyclists collide. The team i on dut :- at the adjacent aid post, ,,'hich i fully equipped. There IS a telephone one mile a,,-a\' The neare t town at which there is a hospital i 5 miles away, There i an ambulance at the hospital. -

Injurie to be treated.-PatieI1l _--\.-Fractured left thigh, -

Patient B.-"-ound on head; compre - ion of brain, The team is allo\\'ed t\\'enty minutes in "'hich administer first aid. LO

, _-\t the completio!l of the tests Sir _-\rthur lanley preSided at the presentatlOn upported by ,ariou officers of the Society and the judges. -

Dame Beryl OEYer before announcing the results, said ho,,' pleased they \\'ere to ha \ e Sir .--\ rthur with them to presen.t his shields to the "'inning team. The results were :omen.-1, 66, 8,)3.&; 2, Denbighshire 12, .,1 ." Glasgow 12, 199, Other teams in order of merit were Kirkcudbright 10, Essex i-O, Somerset 106 taffordshire 2 and Derby hire 12.

'\len,-1, Durham 1, 912 2, Stafford hire 5, 859; 3, uffolk 15, 27. CIa go\\' 7 and County of London 59 'were fourth and 6fth re"pecti\'ely.

_ Indi\'i?ual'r ."'omen,-" E\'elyn \\-ren" up (best officer), :'1lss \\ nght, Gla go\\' 12 ; "G. E. :,Iorgan' BO\\'1 (hest member), :'liss Kenworthy, Denbigh5hire 12.

.\len.-" Gordon Harker" Cup (be t ofrIcer), :'1r. T, Durham 1. This cup is a new trophy.

Sir .-\rth ur presented his shields to the t',,·o "'inning team, al 0 sd \'er and bronze medals to the firsl and econd teams in each section

The Table II of War Gases w hich appeared in our Aug.ust,: 1935 is s ue, can be had in page form at nommal charge of 2 -. per 50, post free. Applications should b e s e nt, together with remittance to " p' A d" 6 C ' ust 1, 4, annon-street, London, E.C.4.

:\ 0. 1 DJ TRJ -T, .j. _-\. B. _1.t the District tlnal h.:ld at the :\c'rLhampt()n Institute on ,1.pril 1 tho Lady Turnlull, "'ife "t :ir Hugh Turnbull. oI1lmissioner ity Police. rre - ented thL' :\ursing trL'philO w the sucec sful diyi-ions. The resul'';; "j the c:mlpetitions were ::'Iacfadden" Cballenge up: 1, Hamrstead; ::!, TeIllple ; -', Ea,,[ Ham; -1 Balhalll 1nd 5, Lr.1'go:; Court.

" Brooks" Efficiency Cup: Finchky and oUlhg-ate.

":'lountgarret" up: 1, "-atford; 2, Ciyil n'ice; 3, Fairlop ; 4, Richlllond 5, Cro\-don and .:\ddisL'0t11be.

" Kursing' " Bowl: _\ r, :'1. (Fairl"'p Diyi - i,'n.) ,. :'lcRae" Cup: Harm\\' Cadets. Hamp - tead :\ur ing Diyisit')n will rei reo:;ent the :\0 1 Di-trict at the Brig-ade finals.

EA T IT UI \- 1., n. IXSPEC I10:\.-On Frid:,y e,'ening' .\lay 1st, Cart. Burtury, R -\. 'I.e., carried out an in I'ectiL')Il on behalf of the "-ar ffiee.

The Di\ ision ll1U tered at the TO\\'!1 Hall. East Ham, lhe Inspecting Officer being' acc,')Il1I anied by 01. Tr"ur ( ounty Controller Essex \" -\,0.), RL,binia, \-iSCL'untes:,[ountgarret, (\ B. E, (_-\5 io:;tant Controller for Essex). ThL're were also pre-ent Dr. D. ,'\\,ilsL'n, :'I,R.C.P. (Lady Di,'. urgeon, :\' 1, 1. O\ erseas Brig-ade. Punjauh), Lad\' District Officer :'lr.- :'lorri-h and District L, Bo\\'t>r (Gao:; Ollicer, :\0. 1 Di - triCl).

The Di\'i _- ion, under the direction of CL1Illlllandant '\lro:;. \Yoolford, :'1.1. H., alld the flicer-in-Charg-e of the Di\ ision, .\lr-. Oaih'ie, gaye den1l"ln tration- of Firsl .-\id, Home ing, Im'aEd oL')kery, and Gas Drill.

I n connection "'ith he latter the Di\'isionnl Headquarter.:; \\'a taged to represent a First Aid and Gas Ca , ualty tation, \\'ith nece an' decontamination centre.

The ga - squad urlder eetion-Leader:'1 iss :,lol're dealt with ca -ualtie - from mustard ga , . pho-gene, and tear gat;.

At the clo e of the inspection, the Di\'i ion \\',lS COI1lplimented on it work by Inspecting rs_

Lady ;'\lountgarret handed Grand Prior Badges to Cadet Joan Gallant and l\\ .\liller, and LC.L. H,1n1e Aur ing ertiiicates tL') Cadets -hy :,[iJler and J,')an \\\'olford.

2 DISTRICT, S.J.A.B.

V.A. D. It-iSPECTlOX ,\T formed from Bournemouth, BL1urnell1outh, outhbourne, '\\'esLbollrne, :'Ieyrick, and Talbl,t -:\ursing Di\'isions of the B-rigade were inspected b:- Count:-' Commis ioner :'lajor Tenr-y on Smith on Saturday, ,-\pril i-th, at Bournemouth Tmyn Hall. There \\a a large number of spectators pre ent, including the :'layor and .\layt1re s of Bournemouth, Alderman and ;'\[r Harri

The member were lined up and in pected by the ommi siOller, and just as thi \\'a completed the doors at the rear of the hall were flung open, and a score or so of cadets ru bed in and cL111apsed, l\urses \\'ere kept bus" for the next half-hour attending to fractured pines, leg, rib, burns, scalds, and cases of g-a poi t)ning, The" patients" were taken to "ho pital" but were not detained for long. All then formed up and the Count\' Commissioner took thl' sRlute.

.-\ddre - ing- the he said he eXI'eC'led :1 \'l'n high srandard oi ettici<.nc,- Ir,'m them. and Ih c<1uld ,afeh tell them thnt had Il'r tht>ir C'rp" U<'\\ 11 lh:lt a tl" :110,'n.

In the "trelH,th "f the Brigade'l1 H.1rI';; \\a" < ,II ,) r QOO_ To-da\'the\ had ,)\'er1,;- La::;t\earl l1 e number "f -,',l"t'S ,f ,lecidt>nt "uddeI1 illneso:; tre lted h\Brig-ade members \\'a:' 5 U ')" -; .." an in 'rease "Ii aln1.'';; /ll, OO I. R 'ad ,lc,' idel't - tre.hed ["tat led :?':;,IOO, an increast> L' )l )II , and attendances at lw"pital::;, clinic- ,lnd \"e!fare entre.;; \\ l'rl 4 0 ,i-00.

Tenny - on thanked thl.· CLq.'S i,r till during- the R0\ al :\;1\-al Re\' ie\\ last year and r ferred al -" to the medical cLlmforts del'L'l where a c;reat work \\'a carried on. and w the 1 eadl hut;;, la - t Year o\er :.000 ca.::e- treated.

Speaking- Qf air raid preeautiL'n - the C<'unty C,1l1lmi ,.;;i,')ner said that if and \\'hen the ciyie autlh,rities ask d fl'r their eQ-')perariL'n and help, the\ WL uld 100' read, w g-i\ it. It \\'a ,- thus \ ery nece':::an that the\- "hl'uld train e", ;:;L' that wh n tlle time the\ \\:"uld he read\. "-00' mu--t ha\-e at lea,;t 11ne dressing statil,n per - luare' mile of the tLl;-., n, and each stati 'n "'ill require tlD trained men and woman.

He c"ncludel with thanks ,'n behalf of the Chief C .:>1l1missioner for their Yen' hig'h _ tate ,1f etncienc\'. lo\ alt\'. and that sense ,"If ll' dut) \\'hieh til":':- had ,,110\\'n,

The :'[ayor \,'a." thanked fL'r his r'resenee and sUpf ,')rt by :'[ajor :'lorse, the ,1.ssistant CL')unty ,1.lderIll:ln Harrio:; replied, endor - ing- :'faj,'r T,' n!l\'" " n "mith·.;; remarks

:\ l'). 3 II [STRIL'T, _. J. A n.

111\ JSw:--,-, - :\w.lru.:; - label,; and f endants, medallions and hrst aid certificale '- gain d b,' members of this Di\-isioll were distributed 1 \' :'1rs. Tennant at a s,'cial gathering at the CL'-')[ erati\'l; 'ak, toke, la -t month,

There \'\',1' a large number Qf peL)ple pre,;;em, am,'ng them being Sut: t. Gar\\'oL')d, toke Di\ i -ion, Lady :'lrs. Jen-i-. Hanley i\ursing Diyi-il'n, nnel Lady _-\mb. t1icer :'lrs. Gilham.

11". Tennant, \\'ho \\'as intr,'duced b:' said 'he \\'as pleased to til' any sen ice she cL'uld to a " ist the Brigade.

In a brief addres;;, upt. Gan\'oLld SpLlke t,f the progress made b\' the Di,-isil1ll ince the men and ladies had jL)ined force, ' During- the pa -I twel\ e nwnths. the Di\-iion had d"nc excL"llent ha\'ing attend",d ab,111t i-OO ca - es,

i- (L.-\XC,-\SHIRE) DtSTRICT.

EFTO" DI\-JSIO)\. -The 21st anni\'ersan- t,f the foundation of the efton ;\ursing DiyisiL,n l'ol Corps) \\'a held on :'1ay Ith, \\'hen war memories \\ en' re\'iy d at a dinner and re-union, Dr. \\'. aims, the founder, I residC'd, :lnd origi nal members ,,:ere fnlI1l \ ariou parts of the countn'. Tfle t(last of "The rder ,)( S\. John" \\'a.;; prt'l o,:;ed b\

\Ir.] D. l\1 orrat (County S ec retary o f the B.R.C.S ) ill the abse n ce through illness of 1\11'. Stoetoll Adamson.

Mr. VV. G. Smith, Dis t ri c t COlllmissioner, replied and ga\ 'e a brief history of the Order.

Among st the g ue sts w e re Alderlllrll1 ]. G. P a ris, Irs. ]. M. Hugh es (formerly Connell, the V.A. D. Commandant at the Hospital), Mrs. A. Nelson (first Supt. of the Division) and C. Anderson ([Vlatron of the M y rtle Ho s pital )

Dr. Du\-a ll ( Di v. Surgeo n) presented on behalf of the Divisi o n, a c u t g lass electric r ea ding lamp to Miss B. A. Pear ce, the present Supt.

Th e evening passe d ple asa ntly away with community s inging a fifteen minute s re ca lling old memories and renewing acq u ai nt a n ces, a n exhibition of handwork and other int e r est in g a rti c es fro m the o ld l\1 y rtl e IIospital, at which hos pit a l members of th e Division were the original members.

No. 5 DIS THICT, S ].A. B.

Th e a nnu a l compet iti o n open to tea ms from Nurs ing Di visions in h e District was held at the Y.W.C.A. Hall, Nottingham, on April 18th. Seven teams entered and their work was judged by Corps Surgeon C. N Parker (team test), Div. Surgeon and Supt. Major Cohen (individual practical), 1\Jiss Rose, Matron, Nllttingham City H os pital (bedmaking), and Lady District Officer i\Jiss Unthank (uniform).

Th e results were anno un ced as follows :-1, Nottingham City, 261± 2, Rotherham, 252 ; 3, Burley and Kirksta ll , 237 ; 4, Denaby, 22 -+ 1 ; 5, Spalding, 207] ; 6 , Kirkhy l\1a lzear d , 202l ; 7, l\ !irfi eld 1671

Nottingham City Nursing Divi s ion th e r e for e won the " Birkbeck" Bo""l, and will represent the Di s tri c t in Brigade Final Competitions. They were congratulated by Lady District Supt. 1 rs. Birkbeck, 'w ho said th at competitions fostered eff1ciency in the m em bers. She a lso referred to th e p art allocated to the under the Air R a id Prp ca ution Scheme, and said that the scope of Brigade activities and responsibilities "'ould be e nl a rg- ed thereby; she advised all members to study the s ubj ect, although s h e sincerely hoped t h at their sen' ices in t hi s capacity would n eve r he necessary.

The trophy, with clo cks to each m e mber of the winning team, was presented by Lad y Ball, Lad y Mayoress of Nottingham, w h o expresse d her hi g h opinion of the work of the Brigade, espec ia ll y as it was all vo luntary.

All h e judges r.omp lim e nt e d the teams on their efficiency, and Miss Rose r e m arke d that it was not difficult to pick out those who had had some hospi ta l experience. If more members would und e rtak e ho spita l duties, it would give t h em va lu ab e experience from a practica l point of view, and t h e ho spita ls would a lso benefit by the assistance thereby arro rd ed them.

CRESWELL NURSING DJ\ 'TS ION. - To ce lebrate the Silver Jubil ee of the Di v s ion, a tea was held at the Drill Hall on Satu rd ay, Apri l 25t h. Assistant Commissioner Chambers, L a dy District Ofiic er Mrs. Wood, Mr. Lambert and Mr. Young, General Manager and Agent respectively of the Bolsover Colliery Co., were a mong those present.

Assistant Commissioner Cham hers pa id a tribute to the work done by the V. A. D., formed from thi s Division duringthe war, undtr Lad y Distri c t Officer Mrs. Wood, Co..;mandant of th e local hospital. He remarked that nine members of the Division held the Service Medal for 15 year's efficient se rvi ce in t he Brig-ad e For a small Division that was a remarkabl e r eco rd. H e co nclud e d with a reference to t h e se\'ere lo ss surre r e d by th e ambulanc e mov e ment by the death of Assistant Commissioner Buxton of Sheffield, who was the ca mp quart e rma s ter of No 5 District.

l\Jr. Chambers pre se nted l\Jr. L a mb e rt with a c r ificat(:' of <lppo iIltJ1l CIlt as Vice-PresideIlt of tile Di\ s ion.

SHEFFIELD lU RSTNG DIVI STON.-A t th e Annual Gen e ral over whi c h Lady Di st rict Ofocer Miss Ashberry pr esided, it was rep o rted th at 829 cases w e re tre ate d by mem b e r s in 1935, a tot a l of 2,540 duti es being- carried out.

Awards granted durin g- the year includ e d Bar s to Ser v ice Medals to Lady Ambulance Officers 1'I'liss B ea um o n and Mis s

Daniel, apd Ambulance Sisters Mrs. Nutt a ll a nd 1\liss Ht;pworth; Ser vice Medal toAmbulance Si ste r Mrs Booth; also three F o urth Service Che v r ons; two Third S e rvi ce Chevrons; seve n Sec on d Sen'ice C h ev r o n s ; and one First Sen-ice Chevron.

NO .7 DIS TR ICT, S.].A. B.

Di st ri ct final competitions w ere held at Shrewsbury, on Saturda y, April 18th, wh en five teams entere d for the women's t ests, two co min g from O swest r y, two from H e r eford, and one frol11 l\laricet Drayton.

Os\vestry No.1 team not only won the District s hield, scoring 379 point s o ut of 550 but also was a w arded the c Exham " Memori a Bowl for ga inin g- the hi g h est number of marks in the individu al tests, 1 83 out of 250.

The " P e rk s" Cup, whi c h was competed for by junior teams, was won b y Hereford No.2 tea l1l , with mark s out of a possibl e 550.

Col. C. W. Eames, Acting Co unt y ComIl1issio n e r for Shropshire , w as in th e c b a ir on this occas io n a nd among those who attended w e r e L ord Forester, Capt. Sir Edward Headlam, ;\[rs Cock (Deputy j\layor of Shrewsbury), Ald. ]. H. Perks and l\[i ss Shore.

The trophies w ere pr ese nt ee!. by Lord Forester who a so presented se rvi ce med a l s to L ady Ambulance Oro ce r Mis s L o we of :'I1 a dely, and A mb. Sister Miss Evans of I ron bridge. Dr. Crofton, Miss Cochran of the Salop Co unty Council Hospital), who iudged the team test, a nd Dr. L eo n Fay who awarded marks for the individu a l tests, ;;\ 11 cGmp liIllented the entrants on their work, a nd gave helpful a d vi ce for future occasions.

Col. Eames thanked L or d F o r este r for making the presentati o ns, and in r ep y th e latt e r expresse d his pleasure at bein g able to attend. As President of the District, he wa s very please d to t hink that they had s u c h a good team to go to London for Brigade co mp et iti ons, and h e wished the team the best of lu c k.

Lord Forester also expressed the general regret at the absence through ill-health of Dr. Down er. Th ey would all hope to see him bac k amongst them soo n. I Ie thanked Col. Eames for takin g Dr. Do,vner' s place.

NO.9 DISTRI CT, S.J.A. B.

Th e District com pe titions were h e lJ at W ey m o uth on Saturday, April 4th, when, in t he wom e n 's tests, te a ms frolll Cornwall, Devon and Dor se t co mpeted for th e Burn Shield and the privilege of repre se nting the Di s trict at Bri ga de finals.

The results were announced as follows :- 1, W ey mouth, 246 marks; 2, Paignton, 238 ; 3, Plymouth Cen t ral, 234 ; 4, Plymouth Co-op., 213; 5, Redruth, 205; 6 Pool e , 197

The "Burn" s hield w as present e d to W ey mouth and

When>you write to any of our Advertisers kindly mention FIRST AID. It dosen 't cost you anything and it pleases the Advertisers, and Us

the" Elli s" cup to Pai g nt o ll, the runner-up, by the l\1a yoress of Weym o uth.

County COI1ll1lission e r R odi e r He a tll witne sse d the CO I1l peti t iOll s as a lso c1 iel many oLlle r offi cers of th e th r ee counties.

IRISII FREE STATE DIST RICT

The annual competitions for Nursing Divisions w ere h e ld at the Brigade Hall, Dublin, o n April 25th

In the tests for the Irish w o men's c h a ll e n ge c u p, th e judges were Dr. M t:: Donnell assisted by Asst. Commissioner Ma c Namara (team tes t), Miss B. Ph e la n (home nursing), Supt. G. W. B e lt o n (first aid), L a dy Di s tri ct Officer Mis s Overend (uniform).

He a dqu a rter s Nur s ing Divi s ion took first place with 208! m a rks; Har co urt ca me second with 20 4, and \t\l est Belfast third with 163.

Th p, winner of the "Overend" cup for hom e nursingwas Headquart e rs Nursing- Di visi o n. Three teams entered, one from North e rn Ir e land.

Dr Ella Webb assisted by Asst. Commi ss ion e r Mac William judged the t ea m test for the no v i ces' co mp et ition for the" Dr. vVebb" c up. Si ster Comy n awa rd ed mark s fo r home nur s ing by th e teams, Supr. Smurth\\'aite for individual first aid, and Lad y Di strict Officer 1\1 r s Shanb fo r uniform.

Th e re sults were :-1, Kin gs t o n , 2, H eadquarte r s, ; 3, W. and R. Jacob' s, 17 3 -The" O vere nd" c up fo r h ome nursing- was \\'on by kin o-sta n. Four t ea ms e nt e r ed for this.

°The individual c up co mp et ition was held the previous Thursd av, a nd w as won by Amb. Si ster l\lcNeill, City of Dublin Nur si n g Di\ ision, th e runn er- up being Amb. Si ster B. Di c ken so n, Harcour L Nursing Divi s io n, who was therefore awarded th e" Novices'" s hi e ld.

BRITI SH RED CROSS SO CIETY

The training ca mp fo r Voluntary Aid D etac hm e nt s of the B.R.C.S., is a gain being held at N o rthwo o d Park near vVinche s ter. The date s fix e d are Ma y 15th to Jun e 9th

A b o ut 700 orficers and m e mb e r s a re to attend for one or mor e veeks of intensi ve trainin g in firs t aid, d efe nc e aga in st c hemi ca l warfare, inf a nt w e lf a r e, or hy g ie n e and san itation.

Th e p e riod of the camp will take up the holiday of many, si n ce the p e r son n e l of the d etac hment s IS large ly drawn f rom the r a nks of business and prof essio n a l women.

It ha s been de c ided to c hang e the shape of the orficers' hat. M ess r s Scott, Ltd., 1, Old Bond-street, London W 1 ha ve now a n e w stock available.

'Officers who wish to h ave their present hats adapted to the lI ew s hape can do so by sending the h ats to .\[ essrs. Scott, Ltd., who will make the n ecessa r y alteratIOns at a c harg e of 2/ 6, plus po stage.

Items (Divisiona l n ews and competitions, soc ial, interestin o duties, lectures, P.tc.), for this page shou ld be se nt to Sister, c Th e Ed itor, FIRST Am, 46, Cannollstreet, London, E.C.4.

IIicldeton 1\lain w o n th e final of the "\Vood Shield" co mpetition, held on Saturday, April 1 8t h, at Barn s ley. Th e comp e tiLion is run und e r th e auspice,> of the Y or kshire C\)ll ieries Ambulance Leag-ue.

Ambulance from News Cuttings the Press.

The Editor invites Reader s to send new spape r cuttings on matter of general interest for inclu sio n in this column.

GASSED TN BATTIROOM.

Two schoole- irl s were overcome last night by fumes in a bathroom at their hom e in Go ld ers Green, N. 'ltV. Th e g irl s were s isters, Beryl Parker, aged 14, and J anet Parke r, aged 13. They had had a bath when one co ll apsed over the bath while the other sank to the noor. Both were taken to h ospita l where the elder girl died. Her sister recove red, and was later allowed to go home.-Sunda) , Express.

BIRO's NEST LEADS TO DEATH.

A hird's nest was stated at the inquest at \-Voking yesterda y on Miss A nni e Crouch, aged 52, of Byfteet, to have caused her death by stopp in g t h e vent pipe of a gas geyser, causing h er to be asp h yx iated in the bathroom.

A lod ger, who made t h e discovery, stated that on the day before Mis s Crouch's death he himself was overcome wh il e having a bath, and collapsed o n the floor. Although h e to ld l\liss Crouch, apparently she had done nothin g to put matters right. - il.1omillg P osi

KILLED BY P EANCT.

A month ago Samuel Briggs, a fourteen-year-olu schoolboy, was talking to his friend in the playg-round a Poplar (London) school, when h e s ud den ly began couglllng a nd said, " I h ave swa ll owed a pe an ut·" II e later became ill and died.

At the inquest yesterday, it was ren'aled that the swallowed peam:t \\'as the cause of his illness and dpath. Accidental death was the verdict.-Sunda)I Pictorial.

KILLED BY BROKEN TUi\IBLER.

The theory that Engineer Lieutenant-C omma nder A udl ey H og-g, who was found dead in his cabin in the battleship at Ral11illi es, at Sheerness, stumbled and fell on a tumbler wa.s advanced at the inquest at Sheerness yeste rd ay

Dr. \\'ar, who made a post-m o rtem eXamll1atlOn, said o ne wound had severed the internal jugular vein. Two pieces of t h e broken glass which he had been sho\\'n fitted perfectly into the w o und s.

Th e seve r ance of t h e jugular vein would cause death In a few seco nd s, and the victim would not have ?een to ca ll out. Th e wounds co uld not have been !I1tentiOnally self-inllict ed or infli cted by another person.

Verdict: Accidental death.-Sllnday Pictor/al.

R ESCUED BY ENGINE l\lEN.

r-\ remarkable sto r y was revealed yesterday a! ho\\: the driv e r a nd fireman of a goods train stopped theIr train to r escue tw o chi ldr e n from drowning n a pond Iwar Egham (Surrey) late the pre\' o u s afternoon.

Tbeir train was passing Pooley Gree n crosslllg when their attention wa s ca ll ed to two childre n -Joyce, aet 8, Alec T ay lor, aet 6- \\'h o WE're in difficulties after t h e ice.

Driv er W. Long and Fireman vV allace ran to the pond, brok e th e ice, plung-ed into the water,. an d e\'entually got the children to the bank. Th ere they re\,I\'ed them and sa,:\" that they w ere s p eed il y take n home. \V et through, the radmen r et urn e d to their eng in e and contmued Feltham.

1\1r. Taylor, the c hildr en's father, sa id th.at \l ec fell In \\'hil e trying- to rescue hi s sister.-J)at!y l Ji at!.

The Hospitallers' Club.

AT the April meeting of the Clu b the mem bers had the great pleasure of listening to Dr. V/. Bentall, O.B.E., discoursing on the " St. John Ambulance Briin India." For over an hour the:speaker gave a descriptive picture of his tour across India and the con nections he made with the Brigade. In the Madras Presidency he that 28,000 lepers received weekly InJections: made possible by men and women of the ; during the Bombay riots only one thing linked together the different creeds namely the St. John Ambulance Brigade; in Lahore where the headquarters of all India were situated, official text books in 30 different languages were sent out, stores for S.J.A.A. and B.R.C.S., all under the supervision of a retired Mohammedan merchant. Here, also, trainsfully equipped for emergency were always ready on the L.N.\V. Railway. Along the Grand Trunk Road towards Calcutta were to be found. road-side posts ready for the fray. In Calcutta Itself the activities of the Brigade were nearly as active as No.1 District at home. Nursin.g .duties were carried out at hospitals, anti-natal clIl1leS and other centres manned by the St. John personnel. The speaker inspected 600 Police comprising 10 nationalities, about 500 Girl Cadets: the girl's school, and was present at competItions. Everywhere he went he fou nd divisions of the Brigade and the work of the Order.

Numerous members of the Club supported a vote of t?anks proposed by Mr. Standingford and the President (Mr. Bowman) in asking Dr. Bentall to accept the thanks of all members expressed the hope that. o.n some future occasion he would pay another VISit to the Club and give further lectures.

Obituary.

SAMUEL OSBORN, P.R.C.S., 1.R.C.S.

WE regret to announce that Dr. Samuel Osborn passe? away April 16th, one day after celeb ratIl1g ?I? 88th birthday. Born in 1848 he studied medICll1e at St. Thomas's Hospital and in turn served as house-surge?n, resident a.ccoucheur and surgical registrar at that InstitutlOn. He saw war service in the Greco-Turkish War of 1876; the South African War; the Balkan War of 1912 and the Great \Var.

He was greatly interested in the work of the :St. John Ambulance Association and Brigade, bell1g one o[ the first two surgeons o[ the Brigade

A I D.

appointed in 1887, and received, along with that pioneer fohn Furley, a Jubilee Medal from O u een Victoria in recognition of Brigade work. was a lecturer and examiner in the Association and in 1894, gave the first lectures on home to men of the then l\Ietropolitan Corps, of which he was Chief Surgeon. In 1900 he presented to the No. 1 District a Challenge Shield for annual competition in methods of improvisation, and this shield is still competed for each year. In 1907 he res igned his position of District Chief SurO"eon. His services were recognised from time to °time and he was appointed Knight of Grace of the Order of St. John and the possessor of the long service medal.

He frequently wrote on ambulance and n urssubjects, his book" First Aid to the Injured," being translated into many languages, including French, German, Chinese, Japanese, Greek, etc. So passes away another pioneer and stalwart to whom we, of a later generation, owe a debt of gratitude for the determination In forming the voluntary amhulance movement in face of great difficulties.

S.J . A. B. Overseas. INDlA.

The inspeclion of the Bombay Corps was held on April. -I-th , when H E. the Governor of Bombay c arned ,out t1.1e Inspection. The Governor was received by r:.sst c,.:ommlssioner G, \Viles, District Supt. Capt F. N. h.apadla, and Dr. R. V. Clayton. On this occasion nve Muslim women in full purdah turned out and this fact did not escape the notice of Lord Brabourne who expressed his appreciation of their splendid example,

Following the inspection Capt. Kapadia submitted the annual report. He referred to the resig'nation of Sir vVilliam Sharpe, Kt. (then Mr. Sharpe), as Assistant Commissioner, and the good work carried out by 1\1r. D. F. Panthaki, M, B. E., ]. P., who acted for some months as District Superinten?an.t addition to his duties as Superintendenl of the ParSi DIVISion. During 1935 increased activities were reported. Membership had increased to 610, with 10 ambu2 nursing and -+ cadet divisions. :vIany puhlic functLOns were attended and on one occasion two men were rescued from a burning house. Assistance was oITered on the occasion of the Quetta earthquake but was not required.

Altogether some 180 duties were carried out Parsi Division doing 52 and Parsi Nursing Division 41'. The number of accident cases and sudden illnesses reported to have been treated amounted to 974, being 258 more than in :'934. was provided for 1,430 patients and invalids, an. I.ncrease of 408 over the previous year. Numerous competitIOns were held by the various divisions and atthe Inter-Divisional Competition held on December 14tll

Parsi Ambulance and Nursing- Divisions were the successfu'l teams, winning the « Lund" Ambulance ChallenO'e Shield and the "Shirin D. F. Panthaki" Ambulance Challenge Cup respectively.

His Excellency then dislributed various awards and the hope that the would go on growing.

The public of Bombay was growlllg more appreciative of the work done by the. Brigade. He was glad to notice that they sho:ved a great Improvement in uniform and movements dunng panlde

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The following are extracts from a few of the dozens of original and unsolicited testimonials from past students which speak for themselves of the value of the Sl\lAE training :-

" Although my treatment is only done in my spare time I am haying patients sent to me by seven or ei crhl difTeren Doctors. - J. S.l\l."

"I cannot say too llluch in praise of the Sl\lAE tuition, it provides for the highest point of efficiency, and has gained for me Doctors' supporl, 100 per cent. good results and many patients.-],D."

« average weeks dravving is at £ 8 or £9, and I am kept at it all day and every day except Sunday. Thanking you for the lift. - J. E. M."

"Since I declared myself a I am recognised by three of the local Doctors.- J. F."

"You will no dou bt be pleased to hear th;:! ou t of 70 odd applicants I was appointed Head Trainer to the United Football Club. With this appointment and my m.vn private practice I am very busy indeed.].A.McP."

"I was successful on 14 h August in being appointed Assistant Trainer to the City Football Club, my knowledge of anatomy, etc" being sufficient to enable me to be chosen out of about 150 applicants. -L.H.B."

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NAME State whether Mr. Mrs. or Miss.

-1 DDR F:SS

Q ueries an d Ansvvers to Correspond ents .

(2ueries will be deall wilh un ele T the following rules:-

r. -Letters containing Queries must be marked on the top left hand corner of tbe envelope" Query," and AID 46, Cannon-street, London, E. C. 4.

2 -All Queries mu!'[ be accompanied by a "Query Coupon" cut from the current issue at the J numal, or, in case of Queries from abroad, from a recent issue.

3.-The Textbook, to which reference may be n ad. in lhis coIL n n is the 38th 1I928) Edition of S.J.A.A. Manual of }irst Aid.

PIPECLAY FOR CORROSIVE Po [SONS.

1\1. N. (Brighton) - The other da y w e were discussing the Treatment of Poisons, especially when the remedies nam ed in the Textbook were not ava ilable. One of us stated that if he were called to a case of Corrosi\'e Acid Poi son in g and cou ld not obtain lime water or chalk or whitening (Textbook, p. 173). then h e would raid a tobaccon ist's shop get a new clay pip e, crush this into p ulp a nd gi\'e it mixed with water to the patient. Others \vere of the opin ion that the clay pipe would not be of sen·ice Your v iews therefor e on this suggestion will be much appreciate d.

Pipe clay, frol11 which tobacco pipes are made, is a fine whi te plastic powder. Consequently, a clay pipe crushed to a powder, would ser\'e as a us ef ul substitute for the remedies n amed in the Textb ook as neutral ising age nts for the Corrosive .: \ cids, -1'\. CORBET FLETCHER.

EXAMIN.\TIO;>,l H OWLER

C. E. ( Pl ymo uth) - I n a recent examination I asked a candidate how he would treat a patient who had cut his throat and who was los in g blood freely f r om the wound. To my int ense he replied :-" I would comp r ess hotlt caroNd arteries.l" 1\lay the fates preserve me from falling into the hands of this would-be first-aider who, perhaps fortunately for me, fail ed to get his qualifyingcert ifi cate! !

Good! Next, please! !-N.C. F.

CLASSIFICATION OF SNAKE VENOM.

L. D. ( Jewstead) - During a recent dis c ussion on "poisons the question arose as to whicll of the three classes of poisons, ll amed in Chapter XIV of the Textbook, covers the poisons introdu ce d into the body by the bite of a snake As we could not solve this problem, \v e ?cclded to your help; a nd we take this opportUl11ly of thankJl1g you for all the valuable information whi c h you set o ut in your columns of FIRST Am.

As the seque l to the bite of a venomous snal{e, the poison inj ected passes int o the b lood st r ea m of the victim and produces varying degrees of paralysis. If a fatal issue r es ult s, then de at h i s due to Asphyxia co nsequent on the paralysis of t h e Brain Centre whi c h controls thc br eat hing. Snake venom, therefore, is to be classed among the third g roup of the Narcotics named in the Textbook (pp 170-171) namely the Tarcotic :\sp hyxiants. - N.C.F.

LOCKJAW FROM INFECTION OF WOUNDS.

S. "IN. (Stepney) -During- a recent conversation with some members of my Division, I casually mentioned that if open wounds came into contact with horse dung, Lockjaw results. This remark caused a terrific argument, everycne disagreeing. In these circumstances I would like your ruling on the matter

It were more true to say that when open wounds come into contact with horse-dung- Lockjaw (Tetanus) lIlay 1'esult. Germs, like ourselves, require food, warmth and moisture; and the germ of Lockjaw Hourishes in horse-dung Indeed, it is common in earth, especially the soil of cultivated land and in the dust of cit ies; and it is constantly present in the excreta of the h e rbivol-a, especially of the horse while it is not infrequent in the faeces of human b e ings. - i-J'. C. F.

REGULATION SPLINTS AND HA\'RESAC.

A. F. (Kettering)-Ca n you tell me :-

(1) What are" regulation" splints.

(2) What is an " official" havresac?

The reason I enquire is because we lost a mark for not having" regulation" splints in a competition two years ago; and now we have lost a mark for not havingan "official" havresac. Our splints are not c, sectional" ones; and our bag is fitted out after th e style of a nurse's bag and contains notlzing whateve1' fo r the purposes of first aid beyond the materials mentioned in the Textbook.

Furthermore, the Rules for the Perrott Shield Competition do not tell us to purchase our equipment from St. John's Gate. So why should we run to the need less expense of so doi ng for com petitions?

Also, I can find nothing in the General Rules and Regulations to support the judge's ideas a bout equipment. As long as we keep to the Textbook in the equipment ca rried at competitions what else matters, providing that it is neat and clean?

I always read with great intert' s t your r ep lies to the many queries which you receive; and I shall look for your solution to our difficulty with keen anticipation.

The c, regulation" splints used in Brigade Final Com petitions are those which are contained in the surgical havresac which, heing supplied by the Stores Department, is "offi cia l. "

You are right, however, when you say that the Conditions of the Perrott Shield Competition do n o t require teams to this sp.ecial equipment. Indeed, they go further and lay It down 111 par 7 that for Preliminary Competitions " each Team will provide its own equipment which will be sp.eci0ed by the Officer in charge of the District, County Dlstnct or Area "

On your statement of facts, therefore, it would seem that someone has blundered! !-N.C.F.

SHO CK F ROM ABDOMINAL INJURY.

L.D. (Newstead).-Also, I should be much obliged if you will tell me what happens and how we should treat the patient who is IC winded" as the result of a bl ow on the wal in the region of the solar p lexus, such Injury being caused by a football.

The condition of " winding" is one of shock resultinCT from a.bdominal injury which causes irritation of the pa hettc Nervo u s System and especially that part of it which is cal.led " the solar plexus" and is situated in th e region of the pit of the stomach. In other words, it is, as the Textbook teaches you on p. 161, "a condition of sudden dep r es-

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BRIGHOUSE 11 FIR:\L\RIES Ar\D IIOSPITAL COl\l IITT EE A;\lNL"AL FETE AN D CARl\' 1VAL. -The an nual OPEN Ambulance Competition for a Siher Challenge Cup and valuable prizes will .be held on June 27t h, 1936. E ntr y forms and particulars on t o Ambul a n ce Offi cer Jam es R aunders, +, Industrlal·street, Brighouse, Yorks.

WOl\lBvVELL CO:\ IP ETlTION.-Tbe "E lliott " l\lemorial Cup Competition will take place at \V ombwcll on Saturday, Jun e 27th, 1936. Entry forms and particulars from G. Askew, hon. 1.00, Hough-la ne, \,v o_m b\\'el ncar Barnsley,. l. orks. First prizes ya lu e d at ;6 7 10s. also \'aluable prtzes for 2nd anJ 3rd teams.

sion of the er\'ous System resulting from and occ urring immediately after injury" and it may last only for a few moments or may de\"elop into co ll rtpse "

Th e condition of "winding" usually results from a sharp and sudden blow on the abdomina l wall an d causes a stoppage of breathing which (fortunately tor footballers) is u sua ll y temporary. The latter is a reflex effect of the abdominal injury; and as the most marked symptom, it gives its name to the condition which may \ a r y from a transient incapacitation to a fatal syncope, the latter often without apparent lesion. In these c ir cumstances, treatment should he as for Shock (Textbook pp 162-163.)-N.C.F.

HU:.lOUR FIRST AID.

E.C. (Surbiton).-During the course ot lectures to a female class the surg-eon -I ecturer scvera l timcs stresse d the point t.hat the unnecessary removal of cloth in g s hould be aVOIded because this would be likely to increase the shock already present On the day of examinat ion one would-be ambulance sister remembered this warning, So, when the surgeon-examiner asked her the treatment of an insensible man, she Rave the General Rul es and finished up by sayinR :-" I wouJd not remove th e clotlll'ng in case I slzocked tlte man when lte recr)'vered consciousness .I "

Good! l\'ext, please! !-N.C.F.

FORE[GN BODY IN

A. W. (Finchley)-Please tell me what is the best first aid treatment for a person who has swallowed a pin or a needle when medical aid is unavailable.

Since there is no immed iate danger to li fe or to part, except. attempts. to make the patient vomit or by admll11stratlOn of apenents, no first aid is indicated. The patient should be told to keep quiet or if a chi ld to 0-0 to bed until medical aid is available. If this be long d claye d no can result from stodgy food or perhaps sandWiches com posed of thm bread and butler with a layer of cotton wool betwee;:. the slices.-N C.F.

TREATi\lENT OF FRACTURED FEMUR.

E.A a recent cup compet iti on the fo]lo\v in g test was given to one of o ur ambulance

SIsters A woman lying on the r oadway, suffering from Simple Fracture of the Femur: nearest telC'phone, an.d doctor half a mile away: one -not too bnght : day fine: fi r st a id app li ances co no.f 12 triangular bandages, 3 well-padded splints (15-111. In. length). The three sp lin ts must be used."

Hav1I1g asked eight officers of the Brigade (men) received a different method of d ea lin g with the 1I1Jury each one, I should be most grate ful if yo u would gIve the correct method.

You do not tell whether or no the competition was conducted on the baSIS of the Associiltion T ex tb oo k though yo ur reported. appe<l l to Brigade Officers for thdir views suggests that It was so conducted .

Accepting this as a fact, then I conside r that the test' was absolute!y ultra vires and that i t shou ld not have b ee n set, .because It ?emancis that three sp lints must be Ils ed. To me It l ooks as If the a uth or of h e test, yi e ldin g to hi s (or h e r) perso?al vle,:"s on the treatment of Fractured F em ur and the lI1struct.ions of the Textbook, wanted the comp etItors to put up the fract ur e in a " box-splint" which can be formed by placlllg one splint on the ba ck, one on the outer

side and one on the inn er side of the thi g h and by fixing the splints with triangular bandages.-N.C F.

LI FTI NG PAT[ENT INTO BED.

].S. (Hull).-As a r es ult of recent competit io ns aro-uments ha,,:e ar!sen with reference to th e correct wayhto lift a patIent mto bed and we thank you in anticipation of your kind answer.

The T extbook (p. 210) tells u s that No. 4 disengages a nd goes to patient's head. (1) D oes this me a n that h e s upports the head or that he stands out of the way. Again, the T extbook (p. 211) tells us that if t.l:e bed is n a rrow and there is r oom the pat ient may be lIft e d over the foot of the b e d. (2) Ho\\' is this done ? Should it be with two bearers on eac h side or by the method des c rib ed on p 2 10 ?

(1) Clearl y No. -j. mu st di sengag-e comp lete l y because h e has to stretcher and will do t hi s m ore quickly anu more effiCIently If he us es both hands for the job.

(2) Clearly this is done by the method d escribe d on p. 210 , Nos 1, 2 and 3 being on the side of the p at ie nt furth est the bed. O the rw ise unn ecessary movement of th e and w aste of time will result from taking up the pOSItIOn suggested 111 yo u r query.-N.C.F.

TREAT.\IEl'iT OF WOUNDS.

A. \N (Finchley)-In the c urrent number of Tile Scout I r ea d the following :-" If you want to take t h e st in g out of that wound when yo u treat it with iodine, get someone (or y ours e lf) to blow h ar d on t.he place while you apply the iodine."

Is this statement co rrect; and if so is it advisable?

Your ruling thereon will be appreciated.

The instruction merely emphasises the old warning that the of burnin g a wounded part is increased if you a pply lOd1l1e too freely and the n cover the wound with a dressing b efo re the iodin e has evaporated.

It is diffi c ult to g iv e a "ye s or no" answer to your query, because the sting produced by paintino- a wound with iodine (this being the correct m etho d) usu a lly only momentary. Consequ e ntl y, tellin g a patient to blow on the wound would b: us ef ul if the patient was scared by the thought of the stmg associated with iodine a nd if his mental disquietude was distracted by being told to blow hard.N.C.F.

ROY AL HALIFAX INFIRMARY DEMONSTATION AND GALA ASSOCIATION (affilialed to Central Ambulance Comp e ti.ti?ns Associations). Fifth Annual Open Ambulance CompetItIOn fo r the "Ald. Whittaker" Ambulance Shield, va lue £25 and prizes to the value of £10, to be held at Manor Heath Grounds Skircoat Green-road Halifax! ?n S3.turday, June 20th, 1 9'36 Entry forms CompetltI.on Secretary, Mr. J. W. Riley, 39, Peel-street, CommerCial-road, Halif ax Entries close June 18th, 1936.

ELL AND DEMONSTRATIO AND GALA. -A mbulance Competition for t.h e "Dempster" Ambulance Shi e ld take place on Saturday, July 11 th, 1 9 36. First three p; lzes to the value of £10 ; if m o re than 20 entries, four prIzes. Three spec ial prizes will be awarded to the co mp et it o r s g-a ining- the highest numb e r of mark s outSIde t.he pri ze winning t ea ms. E ntrie s close July 8th,

1 936 Open o all t ea ms, Association or Bri cra d e Entry forms on application to H. H o r s fall, 30, George-street, EII.and, Y?rks. Cheap fa r es L.Yl.S.Ry. N.B. - Elland BrIgade wdl not compete.

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Subscriptions, Advertisements and other business Communications connected with FIRST AID should be forwarded to the Publishers, DALE, REYNOLDS & CO., LTD., 46 , CANNON STREET, LONDON, E.C.4. 7 elegrapkic Address-" Twenty-jour, London. Telephone-City 37IO.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

AT the conclusion of the TO 1 District inspection, Sir John Duncan, Chief Commissioner of the St. John Ambulance Brigade, who inspected the personnel on parade, said the work carried out by m em bers was" a great exam pIe of self-sacrifice to others."

A

'Ve do not wish to blazon this message forth among the army of workers to which his words refer, but we do heartedly endorse Sir John's words, which do not apply to one section only but to all members of the voluntary ambulance army to be found up and down the country.

Not a day goes by without some reference being made in the newspapers of prompt first aid given by one who has devoted his spare time to a hobby which is for the service of others more than to self.

There are, however, many of the general public who still think that those who line the streets at public processions, attend the theatres, cinemas and football matches are well paid for their services.

The ambulance man or women does not look for praise or reward, to them their work is a labour of love, but they must not hide their light under a bushel too much. It is as well to let the public know that the work is undertaken voluntarily, and that no grant is received from the Government or other authority towards the upkeep of this essential public service. The am bulance worker attends so many functions that his presence is taken as a matter of course, few realising that in many instances time and money is lost by the worker carrying out his voluntary service.

Extracts from the Manual of Instruction FOR THE Royal Naval Sick Berth Staff. *

(Conhnued 11'om page 2 79 J. TIlE ARTERIES.

The Arteries of the body arc arranged like the branches of a tree, the trunk of which comes directly from the heart and is called the Aorta.

The Aorta commences at the left ventr icle and, passing upwards, arches over the roof of the left lung, and then descends within the chest on the left side of the vertebral column.

It pierces the diaphragm and enters the abdomen, ending opposite the fourth lumbar vertebra. It is usually described in three portions, the ascending aorta, the arch of t7te aorto, and the descendz'ng am'ta, the last part being sub-divided into the tlwraczc am'ta and the abdomz'nal aoda.

From the arch of the aorta three branches are given off- the Innominate, the Left Common Carotid, and the Left Subclavian Arteries.

Tlze Innominate Arte?y divides into the rz'glzt common carotz'd and the right subclavz'an arteries. From this point both sides of the body are alike, so that only one side need be described.

The Common Carotz'd Artery runs up the side of the neck behind the sterno-mastoid muscle to the level of the thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple) where it divides into the internal and extenzal 'cm' oNd arteries.

The Internal Carotzd Artery runs up the side of the neck, lying very deeply near the vertebrce, and enters the skull through a canal in the tern poral bone. It supplies the brain and the eye.

Th e External Carotid Arte1Y lies nearer the surface, and gives off four important branches :The fadal, lz'ngual, temporal, and arteries.

The Facz'al A1,tery runs from the neck over the lower jaw to supply the face.

The Lingual Artery lies under and supplies the tongue. ' ,

The Temporal Artery runs upwards in front of the ear, to su ppl y the side of the head

The Orczpzlal A1'te1J' runs backwards behind the ear, to supply the back of the head

The Subclavian A1,tery passes outwards from behind the sterno-clavicular joint to the lower

* Reprinted by permission of the Controller, of H. M. Office Copies of the manual can be had of H.M. StatlOnt;ry Office, Adastral House, Kingsway, London, W.C 2, or any branch, price 4/ Sd. post free.

border of the first rib, where it becomes the axillary artery. It gives off branches to the surroundinO' parts, and one important branch, the Vertebral artery, which runs upwards and enters the skull through the foramen magnum to supply the brain.

The Axz'llmy A1'te1Y runs from the first rib to the lower border of the axilla, where it becomes the brachial artery.

The B1'achz'al Artery continues down the inner side of the arm and then curves to the front, where it ends one inch below the bend of the elbow, by dividing into two - the radial and ulnar arteries.

The Radz'al Arte1J1 runs down the outer side of the front of the forearm to the front of the wrist. I t then winds backwards round the carpus, and finally enters the palm of the hand by passing between the first and second metacarpal bones. Here it forms an arch called the deep palmar m'ch which gives off branches to the fingers. artery at the wrist lies under the skin, and can be easily felt. This is the" pulse" which is felt in determing the rate and strength of the heart beats.

The Ulnar Ade1Y runs down the inner side of the front of the forearm to the front of the wrist. It then passes straight into the palm of the hand to form the superjidal palmar arch, which also gives off branches to supply the fingers.

The Tlwracz'c Aorta gives off branches to the lungs, (:esophagus and intercostal muscles.

The Abdominal Aorta gives off the following important branches :-

(1) The Coeliac Arte1Y, a short thick branch, which rl ivides in to

(a) The Gastrz'c A1tery, which supp l ies the stomach;

(b) The Splenz'c Artery, which supplies the spleen;

(c) The Hepatzc A1'te1Y, which supplies the liver.

(2) The Mesenterz'c Arterz'es, two in number, which supp ly the small and large intestines and the rectum.

(3) The Renal Arterz'es, two in number, which supply the kidneys

Opposite the fourth lumbar vertebra the abdominal aorto divides into the right and left common iliac arteries

The Common Ilz'ac A1'len'es, about two inches

in l ength, run downwards into the pelvis, O'radually separating as they go, and each into an interna l and external iliac artery.

The Internal Iliac Arte1y divides into several branches to supply the tissues and organs of the pelvis.

Th e External Iliac Arte ry passes downwards and out of the abdomen at the middle of the fold of the groin, where it becomes the femoral artery.

Tile Femoral ArteJJI commences at the fold of groin, midway between the anterior superior spll1e of the ilium and the symphysis pubis. It runs for a short distance down the front of the thigh, and then dips through the thigh to appear at the back of the knee as the popliteal artery.

Th e Popldeal A1' t ery passes down the back of the knee and divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.

The A 7lterz'or Tz'bz'al A rt e ry passes forwards between the tibia and fibula to the front of the leg, and then runs downwards deeply covered by muscles. At the front of the ankle it becomes superficial, and is continued on to the dorsum of the foot as the dorsalis pedis artery.

Th e Dorsalis Pedis Artery forms an arch on the upper surface of the foot, from which branches are given off to supply all the toes.

The Posterz'or Tibial Artery runs down the back of the leg, deeply covered by the calf muscles, to behind the internal malleolus, where it divides into the internal and external plantar arteries.

The Int ernal and E x ternal Plantar A rterz'es form a loop on the sole of the foot, from which branches are given off to supply the toes.

THE VEINS.

Thp, Vei ns of the body are larger and more numerous than the arteries, and are divided into two sets - the superfici a l and the deep veins.

The S1tp e rjic z'al can be seen under the skin as bl uish cords; they return the blood from the surface of the body and communicate with the deep veins.

Tize D eep Veins usually accompany the arteries and take the same name. Thus the femoral vein runs alongside the femoral artery , carrying blood up the thigh from the leg and foot.

Vezns oj tlze Upp e r Pa1't of tlze Body. - The veins of the neck which rcturn the blood from the head are called the lugular Vez'ns.

All the veins from the head, neck, upper limbs and chest, unite to form one large vein, th e SuperZ:or Vena Cava, which enters the right auricle of the heart.

V ez'ns of the Low er Part oj til e Body.-The veins of the lower limbs unite to form the Inferior Vena Cava, which runs uplVards through the abdomen and chest to the right auricle of the heart.

The Renal Vei11s run from the kidneys into the inferior vena cava.

Gastn'c, Mesent e1'ZC, and Splenic Veins, which drain the stomach, intestines and spleen, unite to form ope lar g e vessel, the Portal Vez'n which runs to the liver. The venous bl o od lea;es the liver by the Hepatz'c vez'n, which runs into the inferior vena cava.

THE BLOOD A ND IT S CIR CU LATION.

Composz'tio n of the Blood has alread y be e n described.

Uses of the Blood. - (1) To absorb oxyg en from the air in the lungs by means of the h ce moglobin in the red blood corpuscles, and carr y it to all parts of the bod y , After giving the ox y gen up, the bloorl absorbs the carbon di-oxide excreted by the tissues, and carries it to the lungs to be exhaled.

(2) To absorb nutriment from the digested food and carry it to the tissues.

(3) To absorb waste matter from the tissues and carrry it to the organs of excretion for remova l from the body.

(4) To distribute and maintain the heat of the body.

(5) To pro v ide moisture for the tissues.

(6) To protect the body against invasion by bacteria.

Cz'rculatz'on of tIle Blood.-In order to perform these functions the blood must circulate through the body. It is pumped by the he a rt throu g h the arteries and capillaries, and returns to the heart through the veins, thus completin g a circle. When the heart muscle contracts it causes w hat is common(y called a B ea t. This heart beat ma y be divided into three stages, which occur in the following order :-

(1) Both auricles contract and force their contents into the ventricles.

(2) Both ventricles contract and force their contents into the aorta and pulmonar y arteries; the blood cannot return to th e auricles, as the auricular-ventricular valves are closed.

(3) A pause , during which the auricles refill.

The beat, which can be felt, is caused b y the contraction of the ventricles.

The heart beats at the rate of about 7 2 times a minute, and this forcible expulsion of the blood from the heart sets up a wave in the arteries , which is called the Puls e The pulse can be felt in any superficial artery; the radial artery is usually chosen as the most convenient.

(To be continu e d.)

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St. John Ambulance Brigade Final Com petitions.

The 1936 competItions \,,-ere brought to a successful conclusion on June 5th, when the District winners competed for the championship awards at the Great Central Hotel , London.

As in past years there was a very large gat hering of interested mcmbers and friends to w i tness the teams work and from the provinces the usual contingent was present. There were a few missing faces, notably Major J. F. C. Hossack (Commissioner, No. 10 District) who, we were sorry to learn, was indisposed, and Asst. Commissioner Elsc who was in camp with the No.5 District at Blackpool.

Once again, thanks to the generosity of the Bri t ish International Pictures, Ltd., the team tests were wonderfully staged and \\'c han nothing but praise for the settings. In the men's tests the scene was that of a Boxing Ring. with the referee bemg n one other than the famous Kid whilst that of the nurses' was of a bungalow with a portable garage attached. In both cases the settings left nothing to the imagination of the competitors and thc high marks obtained by the leading teams is an indication of the competitors' appreciation of the efforts in this direction.

The competitions were under the direction of the Chief Commissioner, Sir John Duncan, assisted by Major P. G. Darvil-Smith (Brigade Secretary and County Commissioner, Buckingham), and District Officer H. J. \;Vrigglesworth (Asst. Brigade Secretary, and of No.8 District), and to them and their wi llin g band of efficient stewards is due the thanks of all for the smooth running of the day's events

The Committee responsible for the preparation of the tests \vas: Col. C. 1. Ellis (Surgeon-in-Chief), Dr. N. Corbet Fletcher (Asst. Surgeon-in-Chief), Dr. W. C. Bentall (A.R.P. Staff Officer B.H.Q., Asst. Commissioner, No.8 District), Captain A. C. White Knox (Asst. Commissioner No.1 District), l\Iajor N. W. Hammer (County Surgeon, N.R. Yorks, No.6 District), Dr. F. E. Edwards (Corps Surgeon, No. 7 District), Mrs. Helen Noakes (Lady District Officer, No .8 District).

The judges were: Amhulance-Team Test , Captain H. A. Fenton, L.M.S.S A. (District Surgeon, No.1 (Prince of V\Tales's) District), and E. S. Toogood, M.A., M.R.C.S., L.R.c.P. (County Surgeon, Cornwall, No. 9 District)·

Practical with Oral Questions, K. H. Beverley, M.R.CS.; L.R.CP. (District Surgeon, No .5 District), J. C de H. qayre, M R.CS , L.R.CP. (Corps Surgeon, No.2 District), J. S. Symonds, M.R.CS., L.R.c.P. (Divisional No: 3 (E.) District): Uniforms, Major A. J ennyson-Smlth, M.D. (County Commissioner, Hants No. 2 DistTic.t), l\Iajor W. H. F. Noble, L.M.S.S.A. (Asst. CommIssIoner, No.8 (Duke of Connaught' s) District).

Test, First Aid, J. R. Hammerton, M B., B.S. (DIVISIonal Surgeon, No. 8 (Duke of Connaught's) District), and A. T. McKay, M.D., B.Ch., M R.CP: (T.), B.A.O: (Divisi ona l Surgeon, Irish Free State DIslnct); SectlO.n, ;tVliss A. M. Phillips, R..R.c. (Matron-1I1-Chlef, Terntonal Army)· Practical WIth Oral First Aid, Capt. W. H. M.B., Ch Office r No .6 District); Home Nurs J.l1g, MISS Tutor, University College IIospItal); Bedmak1l1g, MIss E. Watt (Ma tron of the Royal Hospital, Richmond); Uniforms, Mrs E. A. Tweedalc CB.E., (Lady District Superintendent, No: 4 (Lancash1re) DIStrIct), Mrs. M. Birkbeck (Lady District SuperIntendent, No.5 District).

About four o'clock H.R.H The Duchess of York,

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wearing the uniform of Commandant-in-Chief of Nursing Corps and Division, arrived at the Hotel, being welcomed by the Earl of Scarborough (Sub-Prior of the Order), Sir John Duncan, Sir Percival 'Wilkinson (Secr e tary-General of the Order) and Lady Perrott (Lady Supt.-in-Chief).

A Guard of Honour, formed by members of the No. 1 (Prince of Wal es's) District under Capt. \V. Goodley Commissioner, was insp e cted and t he Duch ess took great interest in those wearing Service and other decorations. After witnessin g two teams at work Her Royal Highness partook of tea.

PRESENTATION OF TROPIlIES.

The subsequent announcement of results and presentation of trophies ceremony was presided over by the Earl of Scarborough. He most h eart ily v,eIcomed the Duchess not only for the office she holds but for the great interest Her Royal Hi g hn ess takes in the work done by the Brigade. His Lordship referred to thc work done just over a year ago at the Jubilee Celebrations, when the Duchess sent a letter of thanks on her personal observations on that occasion. Next year the Brigade would be caJ][ed upon to do duty at the Coronation and the SubPrior was confident that the memb e rs of the Brigade would do the part. The week following the Coronation would be set aside for ce leb rations in connection with the Brigade Jubilee. Lord Scarborou g h also referred to the work of the Bri g ade during 1935, wh e n over 600,000 cases were attended. The n ew duties in connect ion with the protection of civil population from possible attacks from the air had been readily taken up.

H e r Royal Highness said she was v e ry pleased to attend and present th e prizes. It was not the first time she had attended the annual competitions but each time she was mo re impressed by the high standard achieved. ?he had many opportunities of see in g members at work 111 the streets and she knew what they did in competitions was what they also did in actual eme r ge ncies. She hoped to take part in some of the functions which she understood had been arranged in connection with the Brigade Jubilee.

Sir John Duncan announced the results as follows :_ .r PERROTT " CHALLENGE SHIELD.

1

" P e rrott" Challenge Shield: Herne Bay.

"Co rb ett Fletcher" Trophy (Rw111ers-up) : Kingston (Hull).

" Chalmers" Trophy (highest individual) : Weymouth.

" The Lady Mountgarrett" Cup (Bedmaking) Weymouth

" Ellis" Cup (Best Officer): Lady Supt. N. Sale (Aylesbury).

"DEWAR" CHALLENGE SHIELD.

6 Paddington Borough o. 1 367

7 Barn staple 9 342

8 l\Iidcllesbrough 6 331

9 H atfield 10 315

10 Shrewsbury " 7 313

11 Go lclth orpe & Barnboro' ,,5 304

Maximum marks obtainable 505

" Dewar" Challenge Shield: Horsham.

Symons Eccles" Challenge Cup (Runners-up): Crewe.

" Trimbl e" Trophy (Highest Individual): Horsham.

" Ellis" Cup (Best Officer): Corps Ser gt. -Major

R M. Hargr aye (Gold tho rpe & Barnboro')

H e r Roy al Highness g raciously presented th e trophies and individual priz es to the competitors, also a memento to each cadet w ho had done duty durin g the day.

THE TESTS.

For the men the following team test was set :-

CARD OF INSTRUCTION.- You are attending a boxin g match in the capacity of first aiders. The doctor in attendance has been ca ll ed away but he has left his telephone number, and will r eturn in twenty minutes. He has asked you, in his absence, to attend to any emergency which may arise.

STAGlNG OF T EST.-Boxing ring, with a boxer wearing a dressing gown, and a second in each corner. Outside each corner a pail, bottle of cold water, sponge, towels R eferee and tim e -keeper with bell. First aid room with kit and prepared stretcher.

ACTION OF TEST. - R eferee ra lls boxers to centre of ring and says a few words to them They return to their corners and remove dressing gowns. Bell for first round goes Box for half a minute (No. 1 box er with back to team), At the end of half a minute No.1 boxer is knocked through the ropes to front stage, hitting his h ea d on pail and knocking it flying. He remains hanging on the ropes. The time-keeper co unt s ten and out, and the man's second rushes to him and calls the referee. The referee calls fo r the amb ul ance men and t h e test commences from that call. No.2 boxer has retired to the other corner and whil e team hastens to the assistance of No.1 a splash of red is placed over his nose and mouth.

INJURIES OF PATIENT.-No. 1 Boxer: Larg-e bruise forehead with concussion and stupor. Compound fracture jaw, left side, with a little blood from t h e mouth. Simple fracture right radills three in ches above wrist, and simple fra cture lower rib left s id e.

No. 2 Boxer: Broken nose (compound fracture) with hcemorrhage and irregularity and simple fracture right metacarpals.

The nurses' team test was :-

CARD OF INSTRU CTION.-Your Lady President h as invited the Divisional team to tea , after which her husband is t2king the members on to an evening competition. Sh e is un ab le to accompany you as her s mall daughter is feeling out of so rts and has spent the day in bed. It is ideally w arm weather.

STAGING OF TEST.-A bungalow with portable garage attached, the doors of which open separately . One door to remain clo se d a nd bolted at th e bottom. A sitting-r oom, which is furnished with chairs, two settees and a tab le. A bedroom with a sma ll girl in bed clad in pyjamas A pail of wat e r at the corner of the garage (outside) just behind hin ge of right door. One woma n three men, one boy and one gir l.

ACTION OF TEST.- Team to enter and sit down to the tea tabl e with the Lad y President and her so n. T ea is

AID.

309

assumed to have been finished. The hostess sends her son to see if his father has the car ready and says that she will jllst go in and see how her little girl is getting on. She returns quickly to say, ":\lary is shi\'ering violently and seems to be very ill." The next moment the boy is heard calling for help. His mother and the team run to his assistance, taking their surgical ha\Tesack. The boy is still calling for help when the team arri\'es on the scene. He says he found the garage door closed and heard the e ngine running inside. His father did not answer \""hen he called him, so he broke open the door with the hatchet and found his father lying on the floo r. He sho\, s his cut hand and almost collapses. The father j, lying motionless on his back. At a given signal from the judge two men (tradesmen) arrive.

The little girl in bed has been instructed to shiver vio lentl y throughout and to make her teeth chatter loudly. If asked, she ,,-i ll say she has a sharp cutting pain in her right side and indicates site.

INJURIES. -Father: Asphyxia caused by fumes from car. Simple fracture left patella.

Boy: vVound left hand ca used by hatchet blow Venous bleeding-. Shock

Girl: Became very ill, complaining sharp cutting pain right side and shivering down spine

The indi vid u al and dual pracLical tests "'ere :OF FICER OR l\lEMBER-IK-CII.-\RGE. (First a cold day your brother and you are in a lonely hut in a wood, where he has been preparing some explosi\'es for bJO\ying up tree -stumps. You have just finished tea Your brother has returned to the work-bench; and you are going out of the door, when there is an explosion. You recover your balan ce and turn round to see him fall and hit his head on the concrete flOOL Act as you would. You know that there is a first aid cabinet fastened to the wall and that there is a kettle nearly full of \Yater which has boiled. There is no help available nearer than half a mile . The test starts when you receive this card. Time limit is 14 minutes.

BEARERS Nos 1 AND 2. (First Aid).-You t,,-o are in uniform and you are walking home \\'ith your surgical havn:sack from a drill at your headquarters in a small town in the co un t r y It is a January night; the time is 9.30; the weather is col d and damp.

vVhen you are in the now empty market place and about 200 yards from the house of your Di\'isional rou see an eld erly man knocked dm\'n by a touring c:::r as .It comes round a badly lit corner. The man falls With hiS upper limb s outstretched on the pa\'ement, .and his across the kerbs tone. As you approach he IS support1l1g hims elf on his h ands in an attem pt to rise from the ground. Time limit is 14 minutes.

BEARERS i\Tos. 3 AND -to (First A.id).-On a warm dry Saturday afternoon you t,,·o are on duty at a first aid hut which is sit u ated about 6 miles from Dorkmg, and you expecti ng other members of your Di\'ision to report for dut y at a ny minute.

I\b o ut 3 p. m. a man rushes up and tells you that he has just seen a policeman injured in to stop runa,,:ay horse and that the patient is lying- by the roadSide outSIde the" Drm'ers' Arms," which is 200 yards away.

The test starts \\·hen you recei\'e this card. The time limit is 14 minu tRs.

SISTERS Nos. 1 AND 3 (Bedmaking).

CARD .\ (given on arr iv al).-It is feared that lhis patient has some spina l injury. She l1:ust, therefore, not h.e turned on to her side. You are reqUIred to put fractunboards on the bed and to do wh at you consider necessary to m ake her comfortable. Circular air-cushion is to be placed und er her buttocks.

CARD (given after 5 Plinutes).-Patient C011lplalllS of tenderness of left heel and asks you to do what you can to ease it.

CARD C (given when bed is finished or at 15 minutes).Patient asks for a drink. There is some lemonade which you may g-ive her. Time limit is 16 minutes.

SrsTEH No.2. (Nursing).

PART A.-During an epidemic in your neighbourhood you are helping the district nurse. She has left you to wait upon a doctor who is coming to take stitches out of a wound on this girl's left shoulder. You are to prepare everything that will be wanted and to have the wound just ready for the doctor in 7 minules' time. The nurse has already sterilised what will be needed except the sharp-edged instruments. All you have to do is to take the things from the steriliser.

PART B.-By this time the bandage should be removed and the au ter wool taken off. You are now to assume that the doctor has taken out the stitches and re-dressed the wound, and that he has instructed you to cover the dressing- with this wool, and to replace the spica bandage as he has a heavy day's wode before him. You are also required to leave your patient comfortable.

(The bandage you found upon the shoulder was not n ecessarily correctly applied). Time limit is 16 minutes.

We cannot close this report without adding our praise to the" patients." Their acting was excellent, in fact so

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the honour of bringing back a coveted shield to one's district. Others, too, must experience a feeling of satisfaction and relief that all has gone well. How many competitors realise the months of careful thought and study that has gone to the perfecting of the tests? Schemes have been submitted, criticised, altered and amended by the Competition Committee, whose members are unnoticed on the day. They wear no gaudy armlets and receive no thanks, but are content to sit among the crowd. How many in the audience appreciated that the success of the Tests depended on the careful moulding of a rough scheme into a coherent whole by Col. Ellis and his satellites?

To one whose happy days as a competitor are over, the Annual Day has taken on rather the aspeect of a school reunion. One comes up regularly year by year, not merely to criticise, but still to learn. Principally one comes to renew old friendships, and to fight one's battles over again. As one enters the hotel, a former rival siezes one by the arm and soon there is animated talk, in which every other sentence begins with" Do you remember?" Then one meets those imposing ladies in grey and black, the school manns of one's earliest days, who were so a\\'e inspiring-. You have prC'bably forgotten each other's names, but faces are familiar and kindly greetings are exchanged. These officers have the secret of perpetual youth-lhey never change. One small

of one whose chief occupation seems to be that of slaying members of the teams. What it is to be a gas expert!

Looking around, one catches sight of a busy and pretty steward. She makes one realise the number of these " reunions" one has attended, for one remembers her as a little lassie in a white frock with golden curls down her back!

Such a lot of time is spent gazing round and talkingyet everyone learns something. Even the judge gets a severe reprimand for "un professional conduct" from the red headed termagant from" 'ull." How dare he sit on her patient's bed?

Last come the prize giving with its speeches. We hear with delight from her own lips that our Commandant-inChief will take her part with us in next years Jubilee celebrations. Then, while the prize giving is going- on, we note with amazement that the sash of the Order is worn on different shoulders by different officers. Tut, tut! Each year it i.s a matter of surprise to find that even the mighty appear 1I1correctly dressed!

However, here is the end of another happy reunion and it is time to hurry off to catch a train and look forward to next years meeting.

National Road Passenger Transport Ambul'ance Association.

THE Midland Area preliminary competition fnr "Stirk" Trophy was held on May 17th at Nottingham, 'when 10 Road Passenger 0 ndertakings entered a team.

The judges were: Dr. Parker (viva voce), Dr. Crooks (stretcher), and Messrs. Ratcliff and West (individual practical).

The tests were: Viva voce-No.1 had to give the signs and symptoms of shock and the grave dangers of this condition; No.2, where may blood issuing from the mouth come from, and state the difference between blood coming from the lungs and from the stomach, also the main difference in treatment; No. 3 was asked the treatment of infantile convulsions; No. 4 how to place a patient with a fractured spine on a stretcher with only three bearers available; No. 5 what the skin consists of and its functions.

The practical tests were: Nos. 1 and 2 had to treat a man suffering from a dog bite and fractured leg; No.3 and 4 an asphyxiated man who had been pulled out of a canal and had also a torn right ear; No.5 was required to treat a man with a fractured humerus (upper third).

Colliery Ambulance News.

Houghton Colliery were declared the winning team in the annual competition for the Joicey and Lambton's Colliery Challenge Cup.

This is third time that Houghton Colliery have been successful 10 this competition having won in 1930 and 1932.

The competition was organised by Ambulance Officer G. A. Coulson in 1927 was ambulance attendant demonstrator and class secretary at HouO'hton-le-Sprin; Colliery, which position he held for some 14 He also been a competitor for some 30 years, and is now with the Houghton S.J.A. B. Division.

r e alistic were they in the men's team test that the " d e feated" boxer received abrasions on the leg 2nd also on the forehead caused through falling through the ropes. In the ,other tests too the acting did much to add realism to the day s proceedings.

THE BRIGADE COMPETlTIOl"S, By B. M. H.

Once the Brigade year has reached its climax in t he competItions for the" Perrott" and "Dewar" shieltls. Th.e , w?rk of comes to a close, with its tangible of beautiful pnzes and its invisible but greater gifts of lI1creased and stronger friendships.

At first, on reachll1g home again, coaches and competitors heave sigh of relief to think that the concentrated work of the .wlnter months has earned a rest at last. Later comes a of emptiness and regret. There seems a lot of spare time and one n:isses the constant companionship of the team. Truly thert:: IS more in competitions than merely

!ady fro.m the with a large amount of energy, still 1l1SlStS 111 ':10V1I1g you about. She used to force you to rel.uctant drill - now she harries you from chair to chair in spite of red ticket. Tall, and may we add impressive, officers 111 full dress, who ought to be worn out with the cares of organisation, greet you, and spare a moment to welcome you as thoug-h they really felt your arrival was a matter of importance.

" N.C. F':' stops you at the top of the stairs and buttonholes you. the .Anci.ent Mariner, he has a story to tell, and holds you With hiS gltttering eye till it is teld. No not " Next,. ylea.,e "-we really must see some more of the com petitron.

. Further on, one bumps into the mercurial Mr. Grossman Wizard of "desirable residences." He hails one an .old fnend and chuckles satanical ly over the pitfalls into which the teams have fallen. He knows his" Black Book" as well as any competitor. At last one rests in front of the Women's Test, of the Energetic Lady. Here the most nottceable _thlOg IS the perpetual smile on the face

In the team test tbe competitors were supposed to 0e travelling- in a 'bus to the competition when, on reaching some traffic lights, the driver collided with two cyclists. One patient had a depressed fracture of skull and compression, the other sustaining a fractured spine.

The result was as follows; 1, Nottingham Corporation Passenger Transport Dept., 317; Western Welsh Omnibus Co., Ltd. (Aberdare), 262; 3, Midland Red Motor Omnibus Co., Ltd., 260; 4, West Bromwich Corporation Transport Dept., 260. These four teams will compete in the final, at Huddersfield, on July 3th. Other teams, in order of merit, were: Birmingham Corporation Tramway and Omnibus Dept., WalsaII Corporation Transport Dept., Barton Motors (Beeston), West Bridgford Council Transport Dept. (Notts.), Burton-an-Trent Corporation Transport Dept., and Trent Motor Traction Co., Ltd. (Derby).

Those present included Mr. J. H. Stirle (Chairman, East Midland Traffic Commissioners and donor of the trophy), Mr. J. L. Gunn (President of the Association), Mr. D. Hardy (Hon. General Secretary), and officials of various Road Passenger U ndertaking-s.

The accompanying photograph depicts the 1936 te a m, the members of which are :-

Back row, from left, G. A. Coulson, A. l\larshall, J. Wardle (reserve), Div. Supt. E. M. !\lartin.

Seated, from left, T. ElIis, G. Saxon (captain), T. Hedley.

Port of Bristol Authority.

At the Port Authority's Offices, Queen Square, on May 20th, Mr. E. ]. W. Quick, M.S. R., gave an illustrated lecture to the mt:mbers of the Port of Bristol First Aid Classes on "Bone Construction. ,.

Alderman Edward M. Dyer, J. P., presided, and was supported by Mr. Frank Brown (Assistant General Manager of the Docks and Chairman of the First Aid Committee), Dr. Gorham and others.

The Chairman having extended a cordial welcome to Mr. Quick expressed his appreciation that the interest in the movement was being so enthusiastically maintained, and referred to the excellent services which Dr. Gorham had rendered again as Honorary Instructor.

A hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Quick for his lucid and interesting lecture was proposed by Mr. Frank Brown and supported by Dr. Gorham.

When corresponding with advertisers kindly mention "F IRST AID ,"

S. J. A. B. Com petition Finals.

H. R. H. the Duchess at York Presenting the The Saltley L.l\1. & S. Team Com peting in the " Perrott" Shield to Herne Bay NursinO' " Dewar" Team Test. Division. b

The St. fohn Ambulance Brigade DzslJ'zct Reports.

Brigade Headquarters.

Sir John Duncan, Chief Commissioner, in his ann:l'al report for 1935 revealed that it was a year of lro<Yress and that the work had increased both In scope :ml'size.

Th e number of cases dealt with, 600,000, was an Increase of 75 600 over 1934 and a record in the history of the Brigade. Reference was made to the work carried out in London during the Jubilee Celebr ations, when 7,500 cases were dealt with .

On the roads there we re in service during 1935, 1,160 roadside huts and first aid posts; 25,000 cases were dealt with o r 6000 more than in 1934. Ther e was also on the a fl.'eet of 275 motor ambulances , which traveUed nearly 1t milli on miles , and carried 122,800 patients; over 10,000 more than the previous year.

All this increased work has called for Increased staff, and during the year of 1935 the Brigade increased by no fewer than 113 new Divisions; at the s'ame time the personnel increased by 1,110.· The total strength of the Brigade has n ow reach ed 78,137 men) women and cadets, in England, Wales and the Irish Free State

The possibility that one day this country may be subj ected to a gas attack from the air called for a special effo rt. Training courses for those suitable to act as instructors were held, there now being 1,100 trained personnel who have already started to instruct the rank and file. In addition a start has been made in training the public in the safeguard of self protection in case of a gas attack.

The AR.P. No.2 Special Brigade Ord e r gives full particulars of (1) training of general public; (2) Air Raid Precautions Auxiliary Reserve; and (3) amendments to Special Brigade Ord er dated Octob e r 31st 1935.

Th e first part deals with arrangements for classes, examinations, etc. The second part ref ers to the new force to be co mpos ed of men and women drawn from the general public, not members of the Bri gade, who have passed their AR.P. examinatio n and are willing to do duty should the occasion arise. They will be required to pass a re-examination in AR.P. work every year.

No. I (Pr ince of Wales's) District.

Asst. Commissioner Capt. G. W Kendall has asked to be allowed to r elinquish the command of Eastern Area and in consequence of same th e following alterations will take place as and from June 25th, 1936:-

Asst. Commissioner Capt. F. E. B endix will be transferred from Southern Area to Eastern Area; Capt. A C. White Knox from Northern Area to Southern Area; County Surgeon W. A. Rees appointed Acting Asst. Commissioner, Northern Area.

Over four .:housand members of the No.1 (Prince of Wales) District paraded for the ,annU'al inspection, which was held in Hyde Park on Saturday, June 16th.

Owing to indisposition Field Marshal Sir Philip W. Chetwode was un ab le to attend to carry o ut the inspection, so the Chief Commissioner, Major-General Sir John Duncan, K.C.B., C.M.G., C.V.O., D.S.a., undertook the duty.

Before his arriVlal the parade was drawn up in five battalions of men and two of nurs es on the assembly ground and, to music by the Band of H.M. Gua!"ds (by kind permission of Col. M. B. Beckw1th-Sm1th, D.S.O., M.C.), under the dir ect ion of Major A. Ha rr is, M.V.O., Senior Director of Music, Brigade of Guards, marched to their respective places on the parade ground. Ambulance ,and Nursing Cade ts were also on parade, but they reported on the parade g round.

The Insp ecti n g Offic er arrived at 4.45 p.m. and was m et by the Earl of Scarborough (Sub-Prior), Sir PerciVlal Wilkinson (S ec retary-G ene r al), Col. G A. Moore (Asst. Chief .commissioner), and Col. C. 1. Ellis (Sungeon-inChief).

After th e Flag h ad been brok en , th e General Salute and National Anthem pl ayed, Capt. W. Goodley, M.C., Commissioner, introduc ed his Staff and accompanied Sir John on his tour of insp ectio n. On numerous occasions Sir John congratulated members on their work in the Brigade and took g reat interest in the Cadets.

FoIlowin <Y the inspection the Chief Commissioner took the salute at b the march past, which was accomplished in good style.

At the compJ.etion of the function the Inspecting Officer inform ed Fi1'St Aid that it had been a most successful parade. Wh en one thinks, he added, of all these people coming from a very larg e area, some having a journey of over 30 miles and many afte r a day's work, it is a great example of self-sacrifice to others.

ORPIN GT ON.-On Whit Monday, June 1st, the Orpington Division of the Southern Railwa y Corps (Southern), held an " Ambul g-amia " at Oldfield, Hi g h Street, Orpington, by kind p ermission of Mr. E. J. Elton.

The opening ceremony was performed by Sir 'Waldron Smithers, J.P., M.P (Pres ident of the Divisi on) , a Guard of Honour bein g formed by members of the Corps under Corps Supt. A. J. Green. Sir Waldron, who was accompanied by Lady Smithers, was received by Supt. B. Record and Dr. Grant.

The Presid ent said he was particularly pleased to help the St. John Ambulance Brigade. He admired the work because it was done voluntarily-an example to ·all. He congratulated them 'On the work carried out in the past and appealed to the public to support the Brigade either by money or by becoming members and so be prepared for emergencies. He hoped the fete would be a success.

Corps Supt. Green voiced a vote of thanks to Sir Waldron and Lady Smjthers for their presence. He endorsed Si r Waldron's words and would welcome any person who wished to enral in the Brigade.

Inoluded in the many events at the fete was an ambulance competition , a baby show, a boxing display and a carnival dance, which was held in the Village Hal1.

The !ambulance competition was , however, not well supported by the Corps teams, only three competing-one from Orpingtoo and two from Bricklayers' Arms. The judges were Div Surgeon]. Grant :and Corps Supt. Green (team) and Dr. A M. Keith and Corps Officer G . Butler (individual), and a good display was presented to the Ilarge crowd.

The result was: 1 Corps Challenge Shield, Brick-

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l ayers' Arms No.1, 370 marks; 2 and "Grant" Cup, Orpi n gton, 3, Bricklayers' Arms. No.2, 2S2!. H ig h est Individual: Sergt. Ironmonger, captain Brickl ayers' Arms No. 1. Throughout the afternoon there was a good crowd present, but unfortunat ely the weather was not all that it might have been. Neverth e less the affair proved a great success and credit is due to Div. Secretary W. Finlow who organised the fete; to Miss Watson (Matron, C.V. Hospital), who judged the baby show; to Mr. Harry Taylor who organised the boxing progr amme; and to the stewards who did their bit to make a success of the Division's first venture.

SOUTHALL.-The Heston Section held la successful parade on Saturday, May 23rd, when the Mayor (Ald. G. R. Speed, J.P.), attended and pr esented the awa rds Rained at the recent examination carried out by Dr. R. W. B. Rux ton.

Mr. L. A. Harrison (Div. Presid ent) welcomed the Mayor and other visitors including Mrs. Harrison, Councillor C. Collins (Southall-Norwood UD . C. ) and M:s. Collins Dr. Llo yd, Supt. J. E. Taylor, Lady Supt. MISS L ewis Lady Ambul ancc Officer Miss Gibbs.

The Mayor said that the p e rcen tag e of passes was not only a credit to Dr. Lloyd (the lect ur er) but also to the men who had put in so much work. The voluntary work undertaken was a fine spirit. R eferring to Dr. Lloyd the Mayor said he had been asked by the members present th e doctor with a littl e present as a token of theIr esteem and gratitude.

Dr. Lloyd, in accepting the gift, an attache case, said the work done by the Brigade was invaluable. He greatly appreciated the spirit that had prompted the gift and referred to the keenness shown by the members.

Supt. TaylDr 'asked the Mayor to a set of glassware to CarpI. and Mrs. Cotton as a weddmg' present from the Division.

The transport section of this Division is doing .good work and journeys have b ee n und er taken to mallY dIstant parts.

The Division also assist the lo ca l doctors w1th the administration of oxygen and during 1935 cases of pneumonia were attended und er th e supervlslOn of the patient's doctor.

No. 107 (YORK ROAD, L.N.E.R.) DIVlsION.-On day, May 2nd, this Division held a very successful SOCIal Evenin o at Divisional Headquarters.

A of about 90) including District Off: ce r T. McBride Mr. T. Smith, Div. Presid ent, and Mrs. Sm1th, enj oyed ad excellent concert by the" Gay Sextette" (under the direction of Madge Willis a nd Lyn Ashton), arranged by Mr. A. Acrel!.

In th e interY'al refr eshments were served, and awards Q'ained by member's during the prev ious year were preby Mrs H. H. Dye, wife of Div. Supt. Dye.

A large company of members and friends assembled at Garfield Road School, New Southgate, on May 6th to celebrate the fifth birthday of No. 118 (Southgate) Divis io n and the fourth of No. 74 (Finch ley and Southgate) Nlursing Divisi on: An ex.cellent of music, games and danc1l1g was arran ged; pnzes be1l1g given for ga m es and spot

During the refreshmept mterval, plY. Supt. S. H. Collins took the opp o rtul11ty of members and their wives and friends fo r the asslstance and help he had r ece ived throughQu"t the. year.

District Officer J. Standmgford d1stnbuted the Cerbfic ates !gained by members of the new ly-f ormed C.a?et Corps, and pres ent ed the" Br?'Oks '.' EffiCIency CompetltlOn Certifioates to Lady Supt. M1SS V1cary and her team. It

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was distinctly gratifying, he said, that so young a Division should have gain ed the "Brooks" trophy. Great credit was due, too, to the Men's Divisi on who had repr esented the Northern Area in the final competition for the" Tviasse y Mainwarin g" Challenge Trophy. It was his privilege to convey birthday greetings and good wishes from Headquarters to the Divi sio n.

With fitting ceremonial the Birthday Cake was cut and handed r ound, and further games a nd dancing brought a very enjoyable eve nin g to a close.

No. I I. Di s trict

The final competitions of No.2 District were held on Saturday, May 23rd, at Bournemouth. Teams representing the Counties, which comprise the District, competed before the following judges :- Ambulance: Major A. Tennyson Smith, M.D. (County Commissioner, Hampshire), team; Dr. VV. Hutton (County Surgeon, Gloucestershire), Officer; Dr. D. L. Beath, O.B.E. (County Surgeon, Somerset), Bearers 1 and 2; Dr. H. S. T aylor Young (Div. Surgeon, Salisbury), Bearers 3 and 4. The competitions were organised by Major Darvil-Smith and District Officer H. J. W ri gglcswo r th, t h e looal arrangements being carried out under the superv isio n of District Secretary Major F. O. Chappell.

In the team test the competitors had to treat two patients. One had a deep punctured wound on outside of lower third of left thigh, also a fracture, and lacerated wound on left side of scalp; the other having a fractured clavicle, left side.

At the completion of the tests Major Tennyson Smith presided over the gathering, supported by Dr. N. Corbet Fletcher (Asst. Surge on-in-Chief) and Mrs. Fletcher, the jud ges, the County Commissioners and others Th e chairman said they we r e indebted to Headquarters in a rr anging the competition and to the Bournemouth Corps for the good work they h ad done. It was a great honour and pleasure in having the Asst. Surgeo nin-Chief pres ent and he would ask Mrs. Fletcher to hand the challenge trophi es to the successful teams.

In the ambLrlance tests Wolverton were placed first, followed by Cheltenham Friendly Societies, Portsmouth City Police, Swindoll, Fishponds, Banbury, Minehead, and Reading S.R.

Dr. Corhet Fletcher addressing the gathering thanked those pres ent for the cordial reception extended to himself and Mrs. Fletcher. The work in the Nursing section was done splendidly, but he would emphasise the importance of competitors to concentrate on their job and forget the presence of the judge.

Major Darvil-Smith extended thanks to the Judges fDr th eir untiring efforts.

(Nursing results will be fOlmd 'On " Our Nurses' Pages ").

SOUTH BUCKS CORPs.-A new Austin Motor Ambulance ordered by th is Corps has been paid for in a novel manner. In stead of asking the general public for subscriptions, people were asked to give components, as listed in t h e m aker's lists. The response has been great and the plan, which was originated by. Mrs. Ralph We-c:v,erAdams wife of the Corps Surge on, IS worthy of repet1tlOn.

No. IV. District LANCASHIRE.

l1ANCIIESTER.-The Manchester and Salford Corps carried out the public duty at the Annual of the Church of England and Catholic chools on ":A h1t Monday and Whit Friday, June 1st and Jth r espectlvely.

FIRST

On \Vhit Monday 246 ambulance men and .women were dispatched to 23 First Aid Stations, at whIch 192 cases recei v.;d attention Seven of these were removed for further attention to the Roby Street Branch of the Manchester Royal Infirmary.

\Vhit Monday was fine but dull wIth a cold w1l1d blowing, consequently this kept down the number of cases treated. d

On Whit Friday 241 men and women were 111ance at 33 First Aid Stations, 'at which 392 ca:ses attention. Fourteen of these cases were removed eIther home or for further treatment to the Roby Street Branch of the Manchester Royal Infirmary. In one instancefractured ribs, and in another spinal inj ury. The latter case was examined by the Corps Surgeon, Capt. N. W. Rawlings, LM.S.S.A., who happened to be at the station, and he ordered its immediate removal.

ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE.-It is with very great that we have to record the death of Div. Supt. Damel Hall of the Ashton-under-Lyne Division. Although 80 of aKe the neViS of Mr. death came as a great shock to everyone who knew h1m. ..

Mr. Hall was one of the pioneers of the Bngade 111 Lancashire and had been Chairman of the South-East Lancashire Review Committee for the past 26 years.

One of his last acts was to present a beautiful shield for competition at the South-East Lancashire Review. Unfortunately his death on the same day as .the Review, May 23rd, and he was .thus unable to publIcly present the trophy to the first w1l1ners.

His death will be a great loss to Ashton and No.4 (Lancashi re) District.

NORDEN.-Organised by the Norden Division, an joyable basket whist drive took place in the Conservative Club, Norden. Twenty-three tables were occupied and the event was very successful. Supt. J. Horrocks presented the prizes and expressed thanks to all who had assisted.

CLITHEROE.-A new sphere of activity for ambulance workers was referred to by Div. SUflgeon J. S. Cooper at the Annu-al Dinner of the Clitheroe Divisions.

Dr. Coop e r said that air raid precautions would be introduced soon and ambulance workers would provide 1he perscJl1neL although the premises and the material required would be sl.J1)plied by the Town Council.

In addition to the Brigade a supplementary force would be formed of people not in the ambulance movement who would assist. He had beell appointed as a properly certified instructor and he appealed to all ambulance workers to attend the lectures so that they could play their parts if there was an attack from the air. No. V. District.

NOTTINGHAM.-The preliminary round in connection with the annual competition for the" Spaight " Cup, open to Ambulance Divisions of the Nottingham Corps, was held at Bath Street Schools and the Parliament Street Depot on Sunday, May 10th. The tests at both places were identical, the judges being Corps Officer (R.) F. Carrier and Curps. Supt. S. Ibbotson.

As the result of this round N otting-ham City, Cinderhill, Mapperley, Nottingham Corporation Passenger Transport "A" and Bulwell Divisions competed in the final, which was held on May 24th.

Owing to rain the cO<mpetition was h eld in the Pavilion on the Forest, the judge being Dr. R. G. Sprenger. Competitors were required to deal with two victims of a

AID.

supposed bicycle collision, in which one patient received concussion and the other severe h<emorrhage.

The result was a win for the Nottingham Corporation Passe11lo-er Transport " A," who scored 83 points. Other were: 2, Cinderhill, 80; 3, Mapperley, 73; 4, Bulwell, 72; and 5, Nottingham City, 60. .

The trophy, which was presented to the Corps by the l ate Corps Superintendent, Major H: W. Spaight, was handed to the by Asst. CommlsslOner

A. B. Gibson, J.P., who comphmented them, '<1:5' holders of the cup, on r etaining it for a further member of the winning team and also of the Cmderhl11 team received individual prizes.

Corps Officer C. Lewendon, Corps Secretary, made the arrangements for the competition and among those present was the Corps Surgeon, Dr. G. H. P.arker, and Corps Supts. Weller and Ibbotson.

No. VIII. (Duke of Connaught·s) Oist.-ict.

The No. 8 District finals were held at Tunbridge Wells on Saturday, May 16th, when representatives from three counties competed for District honours.

Prior to the competitions the District Staff were entertained to lunch eon by Lt.-Col. C. B. Palmer (President, Tunbridge Wells Division), at which function the Mayor (tCou!l1cillor E. B. Weekes) said that the local authorities looked upon the work of the Brigade as of the utmost importance.

The judges were :-Men: Div. Surgeon J. R. Hamertan (Herne Bay), team; Div. Surgeon P. Mansfield

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Cup (winners Sussex finals), Brighton Police; "Mrs. Richards" District Cadet Challenge Cup, Hastings Boys. (Nursing results on "O ur Nurses' Pages.")

The Comm issioner extended thanks to the judges, to Mrs. Falwasser, to Supt. Billinness (Tunbridge Wells Division) and Marking Sheet Stewards.

Dr. Pollock, in reply, said that while the work done was better than on previous occasions, competitors should be more gent le with the patients. He wished the winning teams the best of luck in the final.

The proceed in gs closed with three hearty cheers to the Commissioner, given at the call of Major W. H. F. Noble (Asst. Commissioner).

The arrangements were under the supervision of District Secretary H. J. Wrigglesworth.

DAHTFORD.-On Monday, May 11 th, Major 'vV H. F. Noble. Asst. Commissioner, accompanied by District Officer Hancox inspected the Dartford Division and remarked that was very pleased with the smartness of every man in both uniform and drill. Since the cO<m·· mencement of the Division he had always thought one day it would be on top fo r smartness and efficiency, and it pleased him to be able to say it now was, and he could see nothing to stop it from remaining there.

Before leaving, Major Noble presented, on behalf of the Division, a table book-case to Pte. Farrelly, on the occasion of his wedding.

The following promotions have been advised :-Amb. Officer J. Brookwell to Div. Superintendent; CorpJ. P. Edward to Seligeant.

S.J.A. B. Overseas.

SOUTH AUSTRALIA.

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a display of first aid, stretcher drill, artificial respiration and also improvised work.

Col. Sleeman, addressing the members, stressed the importance of first aid. Its value had been appreciated during the past years dnd would be needed far more in the future. Owing to the prevalence of motor accidents and

Lady District Supt. Mrs. Falwasser presenting the "Three Counties" Shield to Horsham Division. L.M.S. Women's Competition.

(Sevenoaks), officer practical; Corps Surgeon Capt. E. Scott, D.S.O. (Ashford), Bearers 1 and 2; Div. Surgeon A. M. Pollock (Tunbridge "vV ells), Bearers 3 and 4; Uniforms, Commissioner E. A. Richards. Nurse A. Reynolds (Herne Bay), Corps Supts. B. Wells (D.H.Q.) and J. Baker (Chatham) judged the Cadet tests.

The competitions continued for three hours and some excellent work was witnessed by a very large gathering of inte;-ested spectators.

Commissioner Richards presided at the presentation ceremony and announced the results as follows :-Men : 1, Horsham 475; 2, Brighton Police, 451; 3, Ashford Works, 430; 4, Herne Bay, 393; 5, Reigate, 392; 6, Guildford S.R., 386. Cadets: 1, Hastings Boys, 192; 2, Herne Bay Boys, 188t.

Lady District Supt. Mrs. Falwasser presented the trophies as follows :-" Three Counties JJ Shield, I-I orsham; " Cotton" Shield (for runners-up) and" Dr. Locke"

PROSPECT DIV1SION.-This division of the Brigade Overseas was formed on February 23rd, 1933, with thirtyone members under Supt. C. Grosset, Amb. Officers E. VV. Bristow and A. E. Karlsson, Sergeants W. P. Saville and S. J. H. Page, Corporals Till, Ferguson, Dight and Griffin, with G. Gordon as Divisional Secretary. In two years the membership had increased to 48.

Since the inception of the Division 936 functions have been attended, necessitating 1807 calls on the and on 1,114 occasions assistance has been rendered to ll1Jured persons.

In the competition arena the fine spirit and keen interest taken by the officers and men has met with good success. The Division has won the" Faulding " Shield for Squad Competition for two years in and also the individual competition for the same penod.

A Cadet Division has recently been started; the lads being very keen.

On Thursd ay, April 16th, the Division had the hono.ur and pleasure of being inspected by Col. Sleeman, .Chlef Commissioner S.J.A.B. Overseas. He was accompal11ed by Dr. S. L. Dawkin, Commissioner for South Australia, District Officers R. V. Bulman, R. P. Good, R. McLachlan, Dr. E. H. Russell and Staff Officer Heath. The parade was welcomed to the Town Hall by the Mayor of Prospect, Mr. E. G. Whittle, Councillors Day and Gurr.

Twenty-one members of the Division attended and gave

work done by the Prospect Division.

other causes of injury the need for the knowledge of first aid was proving very helpful. He thanked the members .who o-ave up their sport and time to such a worthy object, as it was a voluntary organisati?n, and cong.ratulated the Division on its appearance and d1splay, and wished it every success in the future.

NEW ZEALA D.

Major J. W. Crampton has been appointed to act as Assistant Commissioner of the Canterbury and West Coast District in succession to Dr. F. J. Barrie, who as announced in our April issue, had resigned from that position.

On March 25th the Christchurch Ambulance DlvlslOn held a competition for the "Chapman" Cup and Vases, Amb. Officer P. A. Wentworth and Sergt. S. Rowberry acting as judges. After a keen contest, which includ ed resuscitation and hremorrhage, Pts. H. Lamb (l eader), I. O. Barr, 1\1. Taylor and 1. ·White were declared the winners.

The 1st (Ipswich) Air Duty Division, S.J.A.B., was under canvas over the Whitsun holiday at Sutton. About 35 mem bers attended, and apart frol11 the inclement weather, a unanimou<; desire was expressed by all for a similar venture in the near future.

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Mustering a strength of ·li5 women and 193 men, detachments of the Sussex branch of the British Red Cross Society from every corner of the county, on t.he lawns of the Royal Pavilion, Brighton. The Impressive parade was inspected Lonl Leconfield. With the divisions standing to attention, the County Colours were consecrated by the Vicar of Brighton and afterwards presented by the Duchess of Norfolk (County President), who was accompanied by Dame Beryl Oliver, from Headquarters.

Col. J. L. Sleeman, Chief Commissioner S.J.A. B. Overseas, inspecting

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Przory for fVa/es.

HEADQUARTER NOTES.

Nursing and Cadet personnel of the Brigade in Wales are to benefit this year hy holiday and instruction camps at Barry Island, Glamorgan

By courtesy of the Glamorgan Territorial Arm} Association, the camping- grounds and hutments at t?lS popular resort are being- placed at the disposal of the PrIory for the purposes of a V.A. D. and nursing camp from the 1st to 8th August. As one of the primary objects is the development of the V.A.D. scheme among St. John Nursing Units in "\-Vales, the V.A. D. personnel is to receive priority in the acceptance of applications for attendance up to a maximum of 100. With the aid of a grant from Priory funds the charge per member is reduced to 12/6d., travelling expenses addititional. The hutments which have been freshly painted and repaired by the T.A.A., will be available for sleeping quarters and messing in place of tent equipment, and trestle beds with mattress and blankets will be provided, together with all other requirements. The catering- is in the hands of a well-known firm; and while lectures and rractical work will occupy part of the time each day, plenty of free time will be available for holiday making.

A welcome grant of £250 from King George's Jubilee Trust enables the Priory to organise what is intended shall become an annual Cadet camp. The facilities granted by the Glamorgan T.A.A. for the V.A.D. and nursing camp will be available also for the Cadets; and after the conclusion of the nursing camp on August 8th the site can be occupied by not more than 100 Cadets inclusive of officers for several subsequent weeks, the first week August 8th to 15th being allotted to Girl Cadets. The greater part of the grant will be expended on the purchase of permanent camp equipment, and as notification of the allocation of the grant was not received by the Priory sufficiently early in the year to give the Cadets as much notice as might be required, it is hoped that Senior Divisions will help to subsidise Cadet Units.

The Ambulance Committee of the Priory on May 26th decided to send a letter of commendation to Mr. Ronald Jenkins, a member of the Talyllyn Ambulance Division, whose services were the means of saving the lives of two men who got into difficulties in Llangorse Lake on Sunday, April 19th. The incident provides evidence once again of the value of an ambulance training in the remote country districts where, in place of the hazards of industry, the absence of doctor or nurse can render the presence of a first aider a matter of vital importance.

On the subject of Air Raid Precautions, the Commissioner for the Borough of Swansea, Dr. Urban Marks, is to be congratulated on the success of an intensive weekend course of ledures, held in the Swansea Civic Centre on May 23rd and 24. The course opened at 2.30 p.m. on the Saturday with a lecture by Assistant Commissioner G. Campbell followed by one from Assistant Commissioner Major A. '0,1. Anderson, M.B., Ch.B. Others who contributed to the programme were Captain S. B. Turner, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. and Miss Evelyn Harries. The 101 students who attended the course included 31 doctors, who are due to sit an examination for Grade 1 Certificates shortly.

The first six Officers of the Brigade in Wales selected

by the Priory at the request of the Chief Commissioner to attend the Falfield Gas School, Gloucestershire, from August 17th to 29th are Dr. S. B. Turner (Bargoed), Dr. R. Baird Milne (Bridgend), Staff Officer Emrys James (Aberdare), Corps Secretary D. J. Down (Neath), Corps Secretary A. Poole (Port Talbot) and Div. Supt. B. Adams (Ferndale). A similar course is being arranged in Cardiff, and throuCYh such Priory Headquarter Courses and local in many of the counties the machinery for the training of the whole of the Brigade personnel in Wales in A. R. P. is becomjng more and more complete. As a result of the examination held at Priory House in the week commencing April 20th, the following have been appointed Grade 1 Instructors: Commissioner Capt. T. E. Richards, J. P., Assistant Commissioner Major A. W. Anderson, M. B., Ch. B., Corps Surg-eon C. Millar, Div. Surgeons R. Baird Milne, G. Mitchell and F. Rees, Staff Officer Captain D. G. Richards, Corps Supt. D. J Corps Secretaries A. Poole, and W. Richards, Corps Treasurer H. Jones, Corps Inspector of Stores Major D. S. Williams, Div. Supts. A. Limbrick, J. Jefferies, E. Hyatt, E. Evans, Baden Adams and G. Barnett, Lady Div. Supt. Miss 1. Williamson, Amb. Officers W. Coles, T. Dayment and F. Whitcombe, Serg-ts. S. Davies and y.,T. Hole, Private W. Walters.

BRIGADE SERVICE RECOGNISED.

The following awards of Service Medals and Service Medal Bars to Officers and Members of the Brigade in Wales have been approved by H. R. H. the Grand Prior-Se1'vice Medals.

Carrnarthenshire.-Corps Officers Evan Davies and W. J. Walters.

Glamorg-an.-Div. Supts. W. G. John and W. H. Morris, Lady Div. Supt. M. J. Sutton, Amb. Officer W. G. Evans and Sergt. J. T. Banks.

Monmouthshire.-Corps Officer EIIis Jones, Amb. Officer S. Holland, Sergt. A. Bobbett, Corpl. T. Axford and Privates W. Screen, H. Protheroe, J. Axtord, T. Evans, J. J. Slaughter and F. WiIIiams.

Cardiff.-Div. Supt. A. J. Jenkins, Lady Amb. OJIicer C. E. Thomas, and Pte. J. Munday.

Swansea.-Asst. Commissioner H. S. Cann, Staff Officer W. H. Fisher.

Rhondda.-Corps Treas. W. J. Walters, Div. Supt. B. Evans, Lady Div. Supt. M. M. Jenkins, Pte. E. Davies.

Aberdare.-Amb. Officer G. Phillips, Pte. G. T. Jones.

First Em's.

Glamorgan.-Staff Officer J. Richards, Div. Supts. B. Evans and A. Limbrick, Pte. E. T. Bowen.

Monmouthshire.-Div. Supts. E. Harvey and F. Cockram, Amb. Officers J. Wren and C. H. Williams, Sergt. H. Broom, Corpl. A. J. Starr, and Pte. T. H. Jones.

Cardiff.-Lady County Officer E. M. Prichard-Williams, Lady Corps Supt. S. Evans, Corps Treasurer W. G. Cotter, Amb. Officers G. Burnell and W. T. Edwards, Lady Amb. Officer M. Thomas, Corps Sergt. Major E. C. Edwards and Pte. W. Harries.

Rhondda.-Corps Secretary W. R. Matthews, Amb. Officer B. Edwards, Privates E J. Edwards and H. Roberts. Aberdare.-Sergt. J. Parker.

Second Em's.

Monmouthshire.-Corps Supt. A. H. Williams, Corps Secretaries S H. Mog-ford and H. J. Lewis, Amb. Officers F. Thomas and J. Jones, Pte. U. O. Nicholls. Merthyr Tydfil.-Pte. D. Davies.

Aberdare. - Corps Supt. W. Jackson and Corps Treasurer J. C. Parker.

Thz"1'd Bar.

CardiIT.-Corps Inspector of Stores T. C. Noakes. BRECKNOCKSlIIRE CENTRE INSPECTION.

The Commissioner for Wales (the Hon. John H. Bruce) accompanied by the Assistant Surgeon-in-Chief (Dr. D. Rocyn Jones, C. B. E.) and Assistant Lad y Su peri n tendent-inChief for Wales (Lady Lewis, O. B. E.) inspected a parade of 682 members of Ambulance, Nursing and Cadet Divisions recruited from the following districts in the Breclmockshire Centre at Brecon on May 23rd :-Ystradgynlais. Penrhos, Abercrave, Abercrave Lower, Builth, Llangammarch, Llanwrtyd, Erwood, Hay L1anwrthwl, Brecon, Talgarth, Talyllyn, Defynock, Bwlch, Cefn, Clydach, Pontsticill, Penderyn, Llanelly Hill, Gilwern and Newbridge.

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Officc:r J. Lewis (Builth), Lady Cadet Supt. MISS V. M. Malt (Butlth), Cadet Officer H. Morris (Clydach), Corporal C. S. Palmer (Hay). Div. Secretary]. H. Pritchard (Clydach), Lady Div. Secretary Mrs. G. M. Rackham Div. Treasurer W. A. Llewellin (Clydach), Lady Dlv. Treasurer Mrs. V. M. Jones (Gilwern), Div. Storekeeper B. Williams (Clydach), and Lady Div. Storekeeper Mrs. F. R. Aspey (Gilwern).

A March Past was carried out to the tune of the Brigade March, played by the Brecon Ex-Servicemen's Band.

CAERNARVONSHIRE AMBULANCE CONTEST.

The Caernarvonshire Police competed in an Inter-Divisional Ambulance Competition at the Drill Hall, Caernarvon, on May 26th, when Mr. E. Hugheston Roberts (chairman) and members of the Joint Police Committee, members of the County Council, and other persons demonstrated interest in First Aid and Ambulance Work by their attendance.

Mr. H. W. E. Dickey, Pwllheli, was the judge, and the result was :-1, Caernarvon Division, 196t ; 2, Conway Division, 177t 3, Pwllheli Division, 172t

Dame Margaret Llovd George, who is the Lad:y President of the Caernarvonshire Centre of the Priory for Wales, plesented the" Duncan Elliott Alves" Challenge Cup to the

Brecon Cadet Nursing Division at the Annual Inspection.

The Parade was under the command of the Centre Commissioner, Lieut.-Colonel C. G. Cole-Hamilton, C.M.G., D.S.O., who was supported by Assistant Commission<:r G. Roblings, M. E., Commander A. T. L. Wilson (Centre Chairman), the Mayor of Brecon, Mrs. C. G. Cole-Hamilton, Miss Po wei (Castle Madoc), Colonel J. Lloyd, M.C., and G. E. Sayce (members of the Centre Committee). Others present included the Mayoress of Brecon, Miss Cole-Hamilton, Miss Thomas (Abersenni), Mrs. G. E. Sayee, Colonel and Mrs. Bagshaw, Mrs. Norman Taylor and Mrs. Riddell (Hay).

The COIllmissioner for Wales presented a Priory Vote of Thanks to Corps Supt. W. D. H Powell, vVye Valley Corps, for excellent work in recruiting for the Brigade in North Breconshire ; and handed Warrants of Appointment to Mrs. J. M. Murray (President, Brecon Nursing Division), Mrs. Paskin (Lady Centre Officer), Corps Supt. Capt. D. S. Francis, Corps Inspector of Stores S. Parsons, Div. Supt. T. B. Evans (Defynock), Cadet Supt. G. A. D. Hibbert (Clydach), Lady Nursing Officers Miss S. Williams (Brecon) and Mrs. M T. Jones (Gilwern), Lady Ambulance Officers Miss G Harvard (Brecon) and Miss S. D. Lewis (Gilwern),

Captain of the winning team; and in the course of remarks expressed keen interest in am bulance work, urglll g the need for the tuition of school children, police officers and railway-men, in First Aid.

The Chief Constable (Mr. Edw a rd Williams) express e d grateful thanks to Dame largaret for her attE;ndance, .whi ch had involved travelling from London at conSIderable 1I1convenience.

Dr. R. H. Hadfield, of Boswedden, St. Just, has been appointed County Officer for Cornwall St. John Ambulance Brigade. He succeeds Dr. G. Symons, of Penzance, who recen tl y resigned.

Corps Supt. James Cotter, Birkenhead Corps, S·l·A. B., has been appointed as a County Officer for Cheshire. 1\1r. Cotter formed the Birkenhead y'l\I.C.A. Division in 1921. He is a Serving Brother of the Order of St. John.

Rat/way Ambulance News.

Great Western.

IRoNBRIDGE.-At a smoking concert held at the swan Hotel0J1 May 18th, Mr. W. J. Waite, Div. Amb. Secretary, Worcester, presented examination awards gained by members of the Ironbridge class, and congratulated them on their success. Mr. W. Lloyd, presiding over the gathe rin g, was supported by Dr. T. S. Hoy, examiner, and :\1r. F. Bill, secretary.

YEOVIL.-First aid awards won by the Yeovil G.W.R. class were presented at a gathering at the Great Western Hotel by Mr. A. Brown, Asst. Div. Traffic Supt., Bristol, and Mr. W. N. Pellow, Loco. Supt. The presentations included prizes ga in ed in the recent competitions and a of go ld efficiency medals. Mr. R. O. West, statlOn master, paid a tribute to Dr. C. W. Gee, the lecturer, and Mr. Payne, secretary.

FOWEY.-The presentation of first aid awards to members of the Fowey class took place at the station on May 18th, Mr. J. F. Anstey, Asst. Traffic Mana<Ter presiding. He expressed hopes of a larger recruitr;ent of new to the movement, and paid special tribu1te to Dr. Kmg and Mr. Moses for their services to the class. Mr. Tippett, the energetic Div. Secretary, said that. where wharves and docks with their accompanying applIances eXlstcd an efficicnt body of ambulance men was an added asset.

GOLD MEDALLISTS' OUTING.-The fourteenth annual ol1tmg of G.W.R. Gold Medallists took place at Leamington Spa on Saturday, May 23rd, when some 3S0 holders of. the Company's IS-year efficiency medal, with their wlve.s, assembled from all parts of the system. The proceedmgs opened .with lunch at the Town Hall, when the Mayor of Leam111gton, Alderman C. H. Southern, J.P., them a warm welcome. Mr. H. Adams-Oarke preSIded over the gathering and among the guests were Mrs. Colonel Sir Bertram Ford, Asst County Con.1nlISSlOner S.J.1\.B., and Lady Ford, Major H. S. B. WhItley, DIV. Engineer, Wolyerhampton, and A. J. Insall, A.sst. Div. Supt. Mr. Adams-Clarke, con:reymg the good WIshes of Mr. J. F. Lean, Principal Ass lstant to the General Manager, referred to the extra?rdl11ary mcrease in the numbe.r of gold efficiency awards Issued. At the former gathenng held at Leamin<Tton in 1923, there were 2SS men holding the award that number had now grown to over 3,400. A stirring speech on the and service of the St. John movement was made by SIr Bertram Ford. After lunch the party emfora road. tour .of the beauty spots of the surroundmg 111cluchng Warwick, Stratford-an-Avon, Shottery, Kemlworth and re-assembling at the Hall for tea, before entra111111g for their various dest111atIOns. whole of the arrangements, which were excellent, were 111 the capable hands of Mr. F. Ove r bury of the Birmingham Ambulance Division, and hls Mr Ove!"bury had) on the previous day, been Invested as a ServIng Brother 'Of The Order, at

St. John's Gate, in recogl1ltJOn of his long and valucd services to the movement.

London, Mid land and Scottish.

The 1936 Women's Final Competition, which was held at Euston on May 15th, might well be described as the London versus Glasgow Competition. As the result of the preliminary round two teams f rom London and two from Glasgow met in the final and for the first time in the history of the competition a team from "across the was 'Successful in carrying off the championship; 111' Glasgow also occupied the second place.

The udges were: Dr. T. J. Coakley, of Liverpool (tcam and No. S), and Dr. W. G. McAfee of Hoylake (individual an'd viva voce).

The team test was that of a woman who had fallen from the top of some cliffs 5ustaini11'<T a discIocation of the right shoulder and of ricrht tibia. Further examinati on disclosed the fact that she was also from corrosive sublimate poisoning. In the intests Nos. 1 and 3 had to treat a patient for haemorrhage on left temple and burst varicose veIn; Nos. 2 and 4, a simple fracture of right leg and

FIR S T

The result of the competItIOn was :-lst Gla9gow "B," 305 points; 2nd, Glasgow" A," 30n; 3;d, EustlOn " D," 4th, Euston " A," 284.

Among those present we noticed Miss Mervyn Welfare Dept., Mr G. S. Hill, General Ambulance and other offiCIals of the Company, Mr. James H. H . Henderson, Genera l Secretary S.A.A.A., Dr Bull ard others

Among those who attended the Investiture at St. John's Gate, London, held on May 22nd, was Mr. J. E. Matthews, who had been promoted to Officer of the Order.

Mr. Matthews is the District Secretary of No. 8 District and has been an active ambulance worker for over thirty years. As secretary he was responsible for the co-<ordination of the classes on the old L.N.W. and Midland Railway ambulance centres at the time of the amalgamation in the L.M.S Railway.

The increase in the classes from seven to 21 was a feature of his successful leadership, which was recognised by the 500 members when they presented him with an illlllminated address in 1932.

In addition to railway activities he is also Corps Officer of the Birmingham Corps, and is the holder of the Order's Service Medal with two bars. He was admitted as Serving ,Brother in 1924.

The Annual Presentation of Awards of the Camden Class took place at a well-attended ansi repre sentative Social held on Friday, June Sth, under the chairmanship of Mr. C. Nixon, the Goods Agent, supported by Mr. G. W. Galloway, Asst. District Goods Manager, and Mr. E. T. Milburn, District Ambulance Secretary.

The awards, which were presented by Mr. A. L. Castleman, London District Goods Manager, were as follows :-Certificates 5, Vouchers 7, Medallions 15, Labels 40; IS-year Gold Medals to Messrs. French and Hamilton, 20-year Gold Bar to Mr. Hooper, 2S-year Goid Bars to Messr s. W. Dickinson and Furneaux. Individual Station Trophy R eplica ; 1st, Mr. G. Kirkham; Silver Medal, 2nd, Mr. W. D. W. Peyton; Bronze Medal, 3rd, Mr. H. E. Salisbury.

In making' the presentation Mr. Castleman complimented the Gass on their continued success and in the fact that the mmlbers and interest had been maintained. An opportunity was also taken to present to the Secretary a Cl1t glass salad bowl as an appreciation from the members of his services to the Class

The Concert, kindly provided by the numerous artistes, very much enjoyed by all. The duties of M e. to the Dance which fo-llowed were admirably carried out by M r. Gtu111c11.

AID. 319

Cll-St aid. He hoped the ambulance movement w0uld continue to prosper in the Portsmouth district.

SOUTIIAMPTON.-The 11 th annual prescntaton of awards to m embers of the Southampton Dock centre was held reecntly. Comn:ander W. A. Graham, O.B.E., preSIded, the awards bell1g handed to the successful candidates by Mrs. Wentworth Shields, wife of the Docks Engineer.

Mr. Petty (District Secretary) thanked the lecturers, ll1structors and the members for their support.

ASIIFORD.-Mr. R. E. L. 1\Iatillsell (Chief I\lechanical Engine e r) presid ed on the occasion of the presentation of awards gained by members of the Ashford (Kent) class. Mrs. Maunsell distributed the awards.

The Chairman reviewed the work done during the past season and noted with pleasure the success gained by the younger members. He thanked the doctors for their services and also Mr. Henniker for the cnergy and real hard work he had put into the movement.

EXETER.-Mr. H. Bullen presided at the presentation of awards to members of the Exeter Central Centre which was held on June 4th.

Mr. e. F. de Perry (Div. Supt.) presented the awards and asked whether there should not be a larger percentage of ambulance workers among those employed on the railways.

Messrs. E. Knowl es and E. Northcot received Bronze Medals for seven years' service, and Messrs. G. Bidder and H. Farmer Silver Medals for 14 years' service.

NEWHAVEN.-The awards gained by members of the N ewhaven class were presented at the annual clinl1er held recently at the Sheffield Hot el. Mr. H. K. Payne (Div. Marine Manager) presided, the awards being distributed by Mrs. Payne.

Mr. C. A. Pritchard (Asst. to the "Marine Manager) eulogised the work of the railway ambulance men and paid great tribute to the services of Dr. Summerhayes, who had lectured the class for many years.

Mr. G. Johnson, District Secretary, congratulated the N ewhaven team on their success in the recent competitions.

Sir Alfred Beit, Bt., M. P., Presenting the Championship Cup to Glasgow" B " Team.

arterial hcemorrhage in left forearm' and No. S a fracture? right clavicle. The in the viva voce sectl'on were of. an exacting nature, but the competitors answered them In an efficient manner.

.Sir Herbert Hartl ey, Vice-President of the Company, preSIded at the subsequent presentation of prizes and those p.resent that the Directors took the keenest Interest In first aId work. He introduced Sir Alfred Beit B.t., y.rho was the Member of Parliament for the who had accepted the invitation to present the pnzes.

Sir Alfred .he was very pleased to- be present and had watched. WIth Interest the competitors at work.

The proc ee ds of the Social are b eing devoted to the relief of an ambulance colleague, late of the Motive Power Department, who has been bedridden for the last three years.

Southern.

PORTSMouTH.-The annual presentation of awards was held on May 23rd) when Mr. e. W. England (Goods Agent) presided and expressed his pleasure that the two teams had done well and the high positions gained would be a real encouragement.

Mr. E. A. Richards (Welfa.re Asst.) presented the awards and paid tribute to those who had qualified in

Major A. Tenn yson -Smith, County Commissioner, Hampshire, inspected the Southampton Corps, S.lA. B., in the Carlton DriIl Hall, Southampton. Corps Supt. H. S. Thomas was in charge of the parade which numbered about 120. County Officer Dr. J. C. Glen and Corps Surgeon John Clayre were among those present.

FLAG DAY PUBLICITY,-The attenti on of the general public to your needs can be a ttractively arranged by purchasing copies of the P oster advertised in this Journal for your Flag Day and all other activities.

re qu est.

Sam pies will be sent on

Inter - Ra ilw a y Competition Final, 1936.

"SOGTfIERN" l\GAIN.

AT the final of the above, held on Thursday, l\Iay, 28th, at the Great Central Hotel London, the annual "Southern" (as it were) WE're again to the fore. On this occas.ion Waterloo A turned the tables on Horsham No.1, beatIl1g them by a m8rgin of 22t marks. Thus for the 8th time, since the grouping of the railways in 1925, a Southern team has taken the premier place in the Ena!.

The interest and enthusiasm taken in this com;1etttlOn shows no sign of diminishing; one might almost say that each year the number of visitors continues to grow. Throughout the day a large crowd witnessed the efforts of the crack railway teams, and if in some instances the work was not up to the usual standard one expects from these teams nerves must be the answer. However, in the team test the staging was quite good; hut once again we must ask: What about the staging in the individual tests? more especially as last year this section was well

A I D.

1. Southern (vVaterloo A)

2. Southern (Horsham No . 1)

J. L. M. S. (Crewe, Machine Shop)

4. L.&N. E . (Parkeston)

5. M.&G.N. Joint Committee

6. L. M. S. (Bushbury Loco)

7. L.&N. E. (Tuxford)

8 G. W R. (Fishguard Harbour)

9. G W. R. (Swindon) l\Jaximum marks obtainable, 495.

Mr. 'William Whitelaw presented the Challenge Shield to the Waterloo A team, and the" CorbeL Fletcher" Cup to tile runners-up. In addition, each competitor received an individual prize presented by the Order.

Sir Hunter-\Veston, in his own easy style, extended thanks to Mr. Whitelaw for his presence; he also wt::lcomed Sir Herbert Walker and Sir Ralph Wedgwood, who show great interest in ambulance work, and, said Sir Aylmer, rightly so. Accidents do happen, and it was of the greatest assistance to have qualified men to render aid. Thanks were also extended to the judges for their great work in the ambulance movement; to the stewards, and to Mr. John Maxwell and Mr. Joe Grossman of the British International Pictures, for their great assistance in staging the tests.

Mr. vVhitelaw, in reply, said it was a great pleasure to present the prizes. Railway people attach great importance to ambulance work, and the more done for the cause the better would be the result for the public. IIe congratulated the winners and the continued success of the Southern. It was a privilege and honour to distribute the prizes.

Dr. Tullis, replying for the judges, said it was a privilege to judge, and wished to thank the patient who had allowed the teams to :nake use of his amputated arm. The work done had been good, and he did not intend to go over the tests, as all teams would have their marking sheets on which would be seen the various items.

The proceedings closed with a vote of thanks extended to all present by Sir Aylmer on behalf of the Order.

THE TESTS.

The team test set the com petitors was of a straightforward nature, the marking sheet being as follows :_

CARD HANDED TO Nos. 1, 2, 3 AND 4.

Waterloo "A" Team, Winners of the Inter-Railway Challenge Shield for 1936.

staged. This part of the proceedings were barren of all "props," except if screens can be called such, and we do think that more attention should be given in this direction. We are fully aware that staging costs money, but, nevertheless, we feel sure that the competitors would greatly appreciate any efforts made to stage the individual tests better.

The judges on this occasion were Dr. G. D. E. Tullis, of Hereford (Team and No.5), and Dr. R. B. Duncan, of London ( as. 1, 2, 3, 4), and we congratulate them on the way they closed watched the teams at work.

At the subsequent presentation meeting, Sir Aylmer Hunter- Weston (Chancellor of the Order) presided, supported by Sir Percival Wilkinson (Secretary-General), Col. Perowne (Hospitaller), William Whitelaw, Esq. (Chairman, L. &N. E. R.), Sir P alph Wedgwood (Chief General Manager, L.&N.E.R.), Sir Herbert Walker (General Manager, Southern Railway), and the judges. Others present included Mr. Lazenby (L.M.S.), Mr. J. F. Lean (G.W.R.), and other officials of the various Railway Companies, in addition to the Centre Secretaries.

Sir Percival Wilkinson announced the results as follows :-

It is a Sunday afternoon in January; the weather is fair but cold. You are railwaymen, strangers to the town, waiting in the Waiting Room for the only Sunday train, and you are watching a gang of platelayers through the window. Should the necessity arise render fil'st aid. Time allowed, 20 minutes, beginning when you hear a crash.

NOTE FOR JUDGE.-Curtain has risen showing staged accident, with set of rails and sleepers suspended by one chain, other chain broken. Patient (wearing garters) with amputation of one arm, unconscious, and with a compound complicated fracture of 6th, 7th, and 8th ribs on same side, lying very near the rails.

Captain to ask Stationmaster to stop all traffic (there is none in the siding where they are platelaying)... 2

Is any first aid equipment available (yes, in the next room) 2

Send two men to collect equipment 2

Hurry to scene of accident 2

Tell foreman to cease all work, explaining who you are 3

Inquire if any danger from suspended rails (yes, they may fall at any moment) 8

(The other chain snaps and rail falls 2 minutes from start of test; if no inquiry made and man treated where he is, with fatal results to the patient and injury to one of the bearers, causing a crushed

FIRST

foot. 1'\ 0 further marks for treatment of patient, only marks earnable for treatment of crushed foot case)

If inquiry duly made

Warn all bearers of imminent danger

Irnmediately examine for bleeding (stump arm)

Immediately apply digital pressure to artery

Quickly remove from danger keepingupdlgltal pressure

Apply tourniquet to brachial

Is a telephone available (yes, 111 the waltlllg room)

Inquire 1'e doctor, hospital, and ambulance (all 3 mIles away) ... ... ... ... ...

Send bearer to 'phone for doctor and ambulance and to warn hospital .,. (Bearer returns to say doctor not but ambulance will be here in about 10 minutes).

Instruct bystander to meet ambulance and direct It to nearest point to accident

When is train due (in about 10 minutes)

TREATMENT OF STUMP OF ARM.

Is wound obviously dirty (no)

Iodine own fingers

Iodine wound ."

Obtain rubber band or equivalent (palic11l'" g-arters)

Apply rubber band or equi.valent round end of stump

Clean dry absorbenL dresslllg

Large pad of cotton wDol

Carefully bandage

FURTIIER EXAMINATION OF PATIENT.

Any further visible b<elllorrhage (yes, from mouth)

Character of bleeding (bright and frothy)

EXAMINE FOR CONSCIOUSNESS.

Colour of face (pale)

Does he answer questions (no)

Test pulse (120, weak)

State of breathing (shallow, qUick)

Are pupils equal (yes)... .:.

Do eyes react to light and touch (very sluggishly)

Test temperature of skin (cold and clammy)

EXAMINE CllEST.

Note torn clothing

Discover '..vound 2 inches 10nD' o\'\:r 6th anJ 7th ribs (same side as stump)

Inquire as to bleeding (yes)

Character of blood (bright and frothy)

Is the blood spurting (no)

DiaO'nose compound complicated fracture of nbs

Gently turn towards injured side and support

Undo all tight clothing

Iodine hands

Iodine wound

Dry dressing

Large pad of cotton

Lightly bandage to retalll dresslllg

Detailed examination for any further 1I1Junes (nd)

Send bystander to meet trai:1

And inquire if doctor on t ralll

And if so bring him to thIS senous case

Tell bystander to get hot-water bottles from refreshment room or nearby house (refreshment room closed on Sunday. No house near)

Instruct someone to improvise hot-water. bottles from workmen's tea-bottles, filling them WIth hot water from crane engine

GENERAL TREATMENT OF PATIENT.

Apply hot-water bottles all round patient

After testing them

Keep air passages clear

Keep head low and to one side

Carefully watch pulse and breathing (about the Watch tourniquet

Raise both lower limbs and bandage from toes to groin

Sprinkle face with hot and cold water alternately

Apply smelling salts (after

Keep patient well covered With blankets

Prepare stretcher

Load patient on to strecther

Ask foreman to clear any loose rails and out of way...

great care of injured side

Carryover rails and to roadv.:ay

What is patient's condition now (gettll1g restless)

Gently restrain

Has he recO\ 'ered consciousness (partially) . .

Warning and encouraging \vords

(Judge, at 5 minutes to go l:as arrived. Also if team sends to tra1t1 to 1I1qulre If there is a on it :-Doctor has arri ved.)

Detailed report to doctor :-Shock, amputat.ion of arm, compound complicated fracture. of nbs. (doctor instructs you to g e him to hospital as qUickly as possible)

Inquire if quicker by train or ambulance (ambulance)

Loading into ambulance... . . ..

Two bearers to accol1lpany patIent.

vVatchful care en route

Extra efficiency marks

Total

IF INQUIRY NOT MADE AND No ACTlON TAKEN.

Judae :-The ot11er chain has broken and killed the bpatient. Judge that nearest to patient has received an 1I1Jury to hiS rI g ht foot

Examine foot carefully .. . . .

Elicit pain, swelling, and loss of power

Very carefully shoe and sock

Any bleeding (very shght from top of foot)

Is bone protruding through wound (yes, fr:lgll1el1ts of first and second metatarsal bones)

Iodine hands aiid wound

Clean dry absorbent dressing

Well-padded splint to sole from heel to toes

Figure 8 bandage.

Support foot in ralsed posltlOn

Keep patient's head low ..

General treatment for shock

Send for ambulance if not already done

Cover dead rm.ln over and send someone to inform police and stationmaster (J udge :- Am bulance has arri ved.)

Load fractured foot-case on to stretcher

Carryover rails and sleepers

Load into ambulance...

Two bearers to accompany to hospital

Extra efficiency marks

Total

The individual tests were given as follows :-

No.1 ,""hile walking across a public sees a boy being by a dog, with its oWI:er follo\,:1t1g and 0' to the doO'. The boy collides VIOlently WIth a lr.ee caus lnt>:-' ) d tl doO' lllfilctS a inO' hccmorrhaae from the nose an le t"> wound in the boy's right calf. .Pa;k r 20 ards away First aid to be rendere III mll1u lves N y 2 and 3 on duty on a raihvay platform, n down the stairs to catch a tvhen nearing the b"'ottom step, his stick gets between hIS

legs and he falls on to the platform. The patient has bruise on the right temple, a simple fracture of the neck of the right femur, and a simple fracture of the left tibia and fibula. First aid material is available. First aid to be rendered in 8 minutes.

No.4, on entering the Snake House at a Zoo, sees a crowd round the Keeper, who is lying- on the Aoor. He finds that the Keeper has just been bitlen by a venomous snake, and that he became giddy and fell. First aid material is available. First aid to be rendered in 8 minutes.

No.5 is drinking a cup of tea in the Porter's room. A porter in the room, while attempting- to lift a heavy box off a shelf, suddenly faints and the box falls on his right shoulder, resulting in a compound fracture of the right clavicle. First aid material is available. First aid to be rendered in 6 minutes.

JUDGES' COl\ll\lENTS.

Once again it is our privilege anu pleasure to publish the comments of the two medical judges who officiated on this occasion. These comments contain many hints, of which competitors of the future should take note.

TEAM TEST AND No. S.

By G. D. E. TULLIS, M. D.

TEAM TEST.-A competition judge, after having roughly mapped out his test and having"decided what, in his opinion, is the correct way it should be tackled by the team, then thinks of two ways in which the competitors may lose points(1) "unforgivable sins," i.e., things done or omitted by the team which would jeopardise the life of the patient, when all or a great many marks may be lost; and (2) "forgivable sins," which are important in a senior competition of this sort, and which mean the omission or commission of little things, whereby the comfort of the patient suffers, or lack of anticipation on the part of the captain when the best (and not the second best) for the benefit of the patient may be done. These" forgivable sins" carry with them a smaller number of marks, but in the end may determine the winner of a com petition. I am very pleased to be able to report that in no case were any cr unforgivable sins" committed in this test, and I did not expect them, although I made provision for tremendous penalties if any team had so risked the life of their patient. The" unforgivable sins" in this test were clearly (a) failure to completely and immediately arrest arterial hremorrhage; (b) failure to appreciate the very dangerous position of the set of rails, and the necessity for th.e immediate removal of the patient from that danger; (c) failure to appreciate how very seriously ill the patient was, and to take every step to counteract shock, etc.; (d) failure to n:cognise the tremendous importance of cleansing and .clean the two compound fractures; (e) failure in recogn1smg that as the ambulance was due in 10 minutes it was an extra strain on the resources of the patient to move him first to the waiting room and then later (another move) to the ambulance. I admit some teams demurred about this and 1 did my best to point out how very unsuitable the waiting room was, as it was full of decorators' material and there was no fire! !! You were told in the test that the day was " fine, but cold," so that so long as your patient was "veil blanket:d and kept warm it was better to only give him the exhaustIOn of one move. I often think teams do not realise how very trying a long carry in a stretcher is tu a very ill n1an.

Now for the" forgivable sins," less important from the patient's of view perhaps, but very necessary for g'linlI1g (or 10Sl,!g!) marks for a competing team. I can only deal here .wlth very few of them. Surely the most important was that If a doctor was not available immediately, as the

A I D.

team was told, someone should have been sent to await the arrival of the train and enquire if a doctor was on it and to bring him to this serious case, so that medical aid would have been available at the first possible moment. (I am not sure that this should not be classed among the "unforgivabies"!) Then again, although it is not specified in the test, a team should surely realise that boiling water emptied from a crane engine directly into a glass bottle would end in disaster. That is why I arranged for a tin box to be there to pour it into first.

Extra efficiency marks were given if precautions were taken. A rubber band, if available, should be applied to an amputation stump. The most likely place to find this would be if the man were wearing garters. Here we helped you a lot, because if you looked you would have found that, through an oversight, this man was wearing garters as well as suspenders! !! Obviously some reason for this!

The carryover loose rails and sleepers is rough going therefore it would have been wise to have directed the ambulance to come to the nearest point to the accident. I was surprised to see that many teams approached the accident and then had to send a bearer all the way back to the station for equipment instead of taking it with them. Now I have done picking holes in what to me was one of the finest bits of ambulance 'work that I have ever judged. The high level of the work was very creditable not only to the teams themselves but reflects the greatest credit on their instructors.

No. 5. - 1 was rather disappointed in the way this really easy test was tackled. The salient features in it were (1) a man in a faint, and (2) a compound fracture of the clavicle. The diagnosis of each was easy. The only " snag" was that no pad should be put in the axilla and a broad bandage afterwards applied, because that would cause extension. The other point was that it was wrong to undertake any treatment of the fracture until the man had been brought round from his faint. Most competitors disregarded the faint and carried on with the fracture allowing the patient to rerover the best way he could. Moreover it is extremely difficult to treat a fractured clavicle unless the patient can sit up. Why was the box not used to prop him up when he had recovered? It would have been so much easier for No.5. Very few of the competitors were generous enough to give the patient the cup of tea I handed to each No.5. Wasn't it a good brew?

INDIVIDUAL TESTS (Nos. 1, 2, 3 AND 4).

By R. B. DUNCAN, M. D.

No. 1 had to deal with a boy suffering from bleeding from the nose and a lacerated wound on the back of the right calf due to a dog bite. As the dog-owner was present, why not ask him for the history of the attack? This would have saved some competitors from jumping to the conclusion that the boy had been bitten by a mad dog, and thus avoided the application of a tight ligature round the thigh, which of course only aggravated the hremorrhage at the calf. By asking the boy and dog-owner for a clean handkerchief, hremorrhage could be controlled, then remove to cottage by means of the human stretcher, lay on a couch and treat for shock (as indicated by the marked pallor of the boy's face) with rest, quiet and warmth. The fact that no first aid materials were provided in the cottage was intended as a hint to keep the boy quiet and await the doctor.

Nos. 2 and 3 had to deal with an old man who had a simple fracture at the neck of the right thigh and a sim pIe fracture of the left leg, which were easily ascertainable on careful examination. Obviously the fracture of both bones in the left leg was the more serious injury, as it could be so readily made into a compound, and yet only once was the walking-stick used as a temporary splint. I believe two or

three competitors failed to locate the corks on the leg until I made them feel for them after the test was over. It is good first aid to be careful and thorough in examining a patient. No.4 was called upon to render first aid to a keeper who had been bitten by a venomous snake in the space between the thumb and index finger of the right hand and in falling had broken his right arm. The patient was seen to be propped up by a bystander, face pale, and yet it did not occur to some of the competitors to lay patient down. Two punctured wounds were duly treated, but no one made any reference to the two on the under surface! Some of the competitors took it for granted that the pain in the right arm was due to the snake bite and never troubled to examine for a fracture, with I fear disastrous results.

On the whole I was frankly disappointed with the work. I admit there was a lot to be done in a short time, but it was done by some, and so those who were up for the first time in Lhe Inter-Railway Competition must take heart and persevere ::.0 as to benefit by their experience.

Police Ambulance News.

ClTY OF LONDON SPECIAL CONSTABULARY.

The annual competition for the" Sir \i\lilliam Smith" Cup was held last month. This year tl:e cOI?petition was run on novel lines, the individual tests be1l1g viva voce base? on diagnostic knowledge, whilst in the team test the com petttors were told exactly what the injuries were. There was no time limit in the team test; quickness, neatness and correct method and application of bandages, etc., being noted by two judges, who added ten seconds to the actual time taken for each and every error. Two teams competed against each other on "knock-out" lines.

The com petition created a great deal of and those present included Sir Turnbull (CommlsslOner), Capt. Davison (Asst. CommlsslOner), and Chief Supt. Booth, of the City Police; Commandant G. T. Chief Officer Major Chalk, and other officers of the City Specials; Mr. D. G. Monteith (Competition Secretary, S.].A.A.), Capt. W. Goodley (Commissior.er No. 1 District, S.]. A. B.), and others.

The judges were the Chief and Medical Officers of Force, Capt. A. C. White Knox and Capt. F. E. Bendix.

At the close of the competition, Capt. White h nox announced that "B" Division were the winners, "A" 2 being the runners up. Other teams were "A" 1, "C': and "D".

Commandant Foxon presided at the supper wlllch followed. He thanked the doctors for their services throughout the winter season, also Commander C. G. En:ery and Commander G. E. Craft for arranging and runn1l1g the and competitions. Thanks were also extended to the 111structors, Sergt. Rose, P. C. Lear, and P. C. Pryor, ot the Regulars.

Mr. Foxon welcomed the visitors, and asked Slr Hugh Turnbull to present the prizes.

Sir Hucrh presented the cup to the winning team, and also the" McRea" Cup to A j Sgt. Quick (individual competition winner), and a tankard to A Sgt. Hattam, last year's winner.

1

The Com missioner congratulated the w1l1ners on. t lelr success. It was, he said, a pleasure to be present. to the competition. He appreciated the work done 111 first .ald by members of the Specials, and wished as many as pOSSible to be trained in the . . Capt. Goodley thanke? the Commandant for the tion to witness the competttlOn. He haQ watched With 111-

AID. 323

terest the work done, and was pleased to note the progress made. He wished them further success in the future.

l\IETROPOLlTAN.

The 2nd annual competition between the Regulars and Specials of "M" Division was held on May 11th at Southwark.

Three teams, 2 Regulars and 1 Specials competed for the cup presented jointly by Supt. Dalton and Command a nt Matthews, the judges being Capt. A. C. White Knox, M.C., M. B., Ch. B. (team), and Mr. G. E. Craft, of FIRST AID (individual).

After a very interesting contest, Kennington-road were declared the winners with 218t points, followed by Southwark (179t) and Specials (171t).

Commandant Matthews handed the cup to the winners, congratulating them on their success. He referred to the splendid effort of Southwark on their first competition attempt; and to members of his own Force he his congratulations. He also extended thanks to the Judges for their valuable services.

Supt. Dalton added his thanks to the judges and also to Commander Brown, Director of Ambulance Training , M. S. C., for his attendance.

The judges, in reply, gaye useful Capt vVhite Knox complimented the teams on the1r exc€l1ent work, which had reached a very high standard.

Commandant Brown also replied. He was of the opinion that first aid assisted to make great friendship between ReG'ulars and Specials. Having just returned from a " gas" he emphasised the importance of learning air raid pre-:autions.

Inspector Fraser, who was for arrangements carried out, was duly thanked for hiS services.

Practical Points.

The Editor invites Note' on actual Cases- wirh reference to good and bad points in Treatment-for inclusion in this Column

DANGERS OF AMMONI A

A member of our City Football team being faint dislocatinG' his knee in a recent match, asked for smel11l1g salts. N was available; but a bottle of liniment containinG' ammonia was held to his nose. Be ing carelessly used a';:) quantity of the liquid escaped down his throat and G'ave rise to partial asphyxia. .

';:) He was taken to hospital, suffering from severe p01soning.-M. N. (Hereford).

DANGERS OF ELECTRICITY.

The dang-ers of electricity in the home are illustrated b the death -in our town of a young servant glrl who was efectrocuted while using an electric iron at the house of her employer. . h

It was stated at the inquest that a defect 1? t e mIca 1n h sed a sl10rt circuit and that the gIrl was found t e Iron cau , .' d dead on the scullery floor. She was hold1l1g. the 1ron an had a arently picked up a pail of water wh1ch had. bee.n over. Contact with the bucket restored the CirCUit and she received a fatal shock...

The coroner returning a vedlct of aCCidental death said that death was to a comb.ination of the wet floor and the <;lefect in the iron.-B.S. (Sohhull).

Our Nurses' Pages.

COMPILE D BY AMBULANCE SISTER.

No.1 DISTRICT, S.J.A.B.

F AIRLOP NURSING DIVISION. -1\ successful Social and Dance in aid of Divisional Funds was held at the Red House Hotel on Thursday, May 7th, this being the first anniversary of the formation of this Division.

In celebration of the event, a 55 lb cake was provided by the members and cut during the evening. The bouquet of carnations which decorated the cake was presented to Mrs. White by Lady Div. Supt. Mrs. Browne.

Mr. A. W. Green, J. P., E. C. c., made a brief speech during the interval, paying tribute to the work of the Brigade, and expressing his pleasure at his association with it as President of the Fairlop Nursing Division.

District Officer J. Kemp thanked the President and Mr. iN. C: White, the Vice-President, for their help and support, especially for 1\lr. White's generosity in lending the Jubilee Room.

180 and supporters spent an enjoyable eVEnmg. An shadow-graph burlesque was ably performed by Amb. Sisters M. Smith and E. Wild ish assisted by Mr. Wil.dish. Dancing- continued until midnight, and a happy evening came to a close with the singing of Auld Lang Syne.

SHOREDITCH NURSING DIVISToN.-The Annual Divisional Com petitions held ?n MaY.19th, County Surgeon Capt. R. V. Steele kmdly acttng as Judge for the First Aid test and Lady District Officer l\liss Masson for the Home Nursin; and also correctness of uniform. t>

The.' c Cup, for .First Aid, was won by Amb. Sister MIss Martin, and the Stiver Jubilee Cup for Home Nursing, by Am b. Sister Mrs. Rood. '

No.2 DISTRICT, S.J.A.B.

May 23rd, the winning teams from Nursmg DlvlslOns of Somersetshire, Gloucestershire Bucking ?amshire. ar:d at Bournemouth'to compete m the Dlstnct Frnal CompetttlOns. They were judged by D.r. N. Fletcher, Assistant Surgeon-in-Chief (First AId), and Sister Brown, Victoria and West Hants. Hospital (Home Nursing) in the test?; and Lt.-Col. S. Hunt, C?untf Surgeon, Bucks, Sister Fisher and Sister Gough, Vlctona and West Hants Hospitals, practical individual work.

The. result was a win for Buckinghamshire, the marks given berng :-1, Aylesbury, 2, Meyrick (Bournemouh), 352 ; 3, Cheltenham, 310t ; 4, Weston-super-Mare, 269.

Mrs. Corbet Fletcher very kindly presented the cc Whittaker" Cup to the Aylesbury team.

CITY NURSING DIVISION.-This Division and Its N ursmg Cadet Division was inspected on Wednesday May 20th! by Lady County Offtcer Mrs. Hayes, who accompal1le:i by Lady Corps Officer Miss Hayes.

The parade was under the command of Lady Div. Supt. Mrs. Hawkes and Lady Div. Surgeon Dr. Churches' Lady Cadet Supt. Miss B. Errington Loveland was in of the cadets.

Examinations were given in First Aid, Home Nursing

and Drill, and the Divisions were complimented on their progress during the past year, and on their increased efficiency.

. A successful dance was held by the Nursing Division on Fnday, May 22nd, in aid of Divisional Funds. There was a large attendance, and the nurses were indebted to some of the members of the Ambulance Division for valuable assistance on this occasion.

No. 7 DISTRICT, S.J. A. B.

OSWESTRY NURSING DIVISION.-The annual inspection was held at the Church House, Oswestry, on May 25th, when the Lady Forester, Staff Officer to the Lady Supt.-inChief, visited the Division for this purpose. She was accompanied by Lady County Officer Mrs. Andrews.

The members gave a smart display and were congratuhted upon it by Lady Forester. She said it was especially gratifying to know that they undertook duty at the Cottage Hospital. She complimented them also on winning the County Shield, and by so doing would represent the District in Brigade Final Competitions.

The Division was in charge of Lady Div. Supt. Miss M. Pugh and Div. Surgeon Dr. Marshall.

After the inspection the Lady Forester presented awards gained during the past year.

No. 8 DISTRICT, S.J.A. B.

The .District Final C?mpetitions were held on May 16th, at Tunbndge Wells, the Judges for the teams from NursinO' Divisions being Assistant Commissioner W. C. Bentall, O.B.E., F.R.C.S. (first aid), and Lady District Supt. Mrs. Falwasser (home nursing), team tests, and County Surgeon A. E. Porter, Nurse G. Clements and Nurse Sicygars (individual tests). t>

The results were: 1, Herne Bay, 252 '85 ; 2, Redhill and Reigate, 252'625; 3, Folkestone, 239'5 ; 4, Hastings, 222.

Lady District Supt. Mrs. Falwasser kindly presented the cc Cotton" Shield to the winners, and the cc Chill" Cup and" Onslow" Cup to Redhill and Reigatc, the runners-up. Also the "Gentle" Cup to Hastings, this trophy being awarded to the winning team from the County of Sussex.

DOVER NURSING CADETS.-At the County Competitions held at Herne Bay, on Saturday, May 2nd. A team from Dover gained first place in the tests open to teams of Nursing Cadets. They gained 123 points out of a total of 175. Second place in the was won by Folkestone With 121t marks, and third place by Ramsgate with 117.

V.A.D. INSPECTIONS.

The Annual War Office Inspection of Hants V.A.D. 232,New Forest West and Ringwood Division, B.R.C.S., place at the Village Hall, Burley, on May 27th.

Major J. E. G. VachelI, R.A.M.C., representing- the War Office, and Major-General Sir Richard Luce, K.C. M. G., C. B., County Controller, were the Inspecting Officers.

FIRST

The tests covered a wide field and included treatment of sick cases, fractures, the preparation of an emergency operating theatre, rendering first aid in an ex plosion and a case of gas poisoning.

The Inspecting Officers complimented the detachment on its efficiency and general smartness.

The Annual Inspection of the V.A. D. of the Darlington Nursing Division, S.J.A.B., was held on Wednesday, May 27th, at the Divisional Headquarters.

The members were examined in First Aid, Home Nursing and Air Raid by Major W. Russell, R.A.M.C., Catterick, who was accompanied by Mr. W. F. Laing, Count} Controller, and Lady District Officer Mrs. Ritson. The Cqmmandant, Nurse A. G Gardner, and her members were complimented on their efficiency.

Lieut-Col. L. M. Routh, R.A.M.C., inspected the Ealing V.A.D. (Ealing Nursing Division, S J.A.B.) last month. He was accompanied by Assistant Commissioner S. J. Warren, Lady District Supt. Miss Walker and Lady District Officer Lady Mountgarret. Mrs. E. H. Brooks, Divisional President, Cr. Brooks and Dr. Hamilton were also present.

First Aid, Home Nursing and Bedmaking tests were correctly carried out by the members, who also treated cases suffering from mustard gas.

Lieut.-Col. Routh urged that they should become fully acquainted with methods of dealing with gas warfare cases, and air raid precautions. He said they were a large detachment, and he would like to see more mobile members. He congratulated them on the work done that evening.

Col. C. 1. Ellis, C.M.G., M.D., Surgeon-in-Chief, S.l.A. B., together with Major Cornelius inspected V.A. D. Devon 122, formed from members of the Paignton Nursing Division of the Brigade. There was a good attendance on parade, under the command of Commandant Miss Whitehead, and the skill and efficiency shown by the V. A. D. 's was witnessed by an appreciative audience, which included Mr. G. W. H. Spanton (Chairman of the Paignton Urban District Council) who, by virtue of his office, is one of the County VicePresidents, Mrs. Demetraidi, President of the Division, Mrs. Ellis, Mrs. Harvey Royce, Rev. H. G. Forres, Mrs. W. J. Radford and Mr. Radford (Hon. Secretary, S.J.A.A. Paignton Branch).

The Inspecting Officers expressed themselves thoroughly satisfied and quite pleased with the efficiency of the members of the detachment, and with the training they had received.

The V.A.D. formed from members of the Yeadon Nursing Division, Shipley Corps, was inspected on May 21st by Lieut. -Col. McQueen, R.A. M. C., and Brig. -Gen. W. Sandys, County Controller, at Yeadon. Among- those who attended were Dr. M. J. Bett, Div. Surgeon, Miss Jennings, Div. President, Mrs. Frankland, Mrs. Arnold-Forster, Corps. Supt. ]. H. Potter and Mrs. Potter, Lady District Officer Mrs. Geldard, Corps Officers A. Lambert and Mrs. Mawson and Amb. Officer B. Dawson.

Tests were given in First Aid and Home Nursing, and the members were congratulated on their knowledge and smart appearance.

The importance of tuition in Aid Raid Precaution measures being given to members was emphasised by both Col. McQueen and Brig.-Gen. Sandys. In the event of a gas attack frOIll the air, assistance would have to be given to

the suffering, and also help would be needed to prevent panic among the civilian population.

Items (Divisional news and competitions, social, interesting duties, lectures, etc.), for this page should be sent to Ambulance Sister, c/o The Editor, FIRST AID, 46, Cannonstreet, London, E.C.4.

C oming Events.

The Editor will be pleased to receive particulars of forthcoming events for inclusion (free of cbarge) under this heading.

JUNE.

24.-St. John's Day.

25.-London, Midland and Scottish Railway International Com petition, Euston.

26.-Annual meetings of the Chapter and General Assembly of the Priory for Wales.

27.-Monmouthshire Centre Annual Inspection, Tredegar Park.

27.-Wombwell Open" Elliott" Memorial Cup Competitiun, Wombwell.

27.-Brighouse Infirmaries and Hospitals Annual Competition, Brighouse, Yorks.

28.-Surrey County B.R.C.S. Competition, Drumhead Service and Branch Rally, Dorking.

28.-Central Area (No.1 District, S.J.A.B.) Annual Church Parade, St. Clement Danes Church.

28.-Church Parade and Unveiling of Memorial Tablet to Mrs. Mildred King, Finchley Division, S.J.A. B., H oly Trinity Church, East Finchley.

30.-Concert, followed by Film Lecture on "The Bl ood Transfusion Sen ice" by P. L. Oliver, O.B.E., organised by Bricklayer's Arms Division; admission fre e ; St. George's Hall, Old Kent-road, S. E.1.

JULY

4.-St. John Ambulance Day Appeal, Cardiff and District.

5.-South Worcestershire Corps, S.J.A. B., Annual Inspection, Evesham.

5.-National Road Transport Ambulance Asoociation cc Stirk " Trophy Final Competition, Huddersfield.

11. - Annual Competition for" Dempster" Shield, Elland, Yorks.

12. -Church Parade Kent B. R. C. S. Detachments, l\laidstone.

18 to Aug. 1.-Scottish B. R. C. S. Camp, Sunderland Hall, near Selkirk.

19.-Surrey and Sussex Divisions, S.J.A.B., Annual R eview, LittIehampton.

19.-Walsall and District Corps, S.J.A.B., Annual Inspection, West Bromwich.

24.-Royal Welsh Agricultural Show Ambulance Competition, Abergel1.

25.-No. 1 (Prince of Wales's) District, S.J,A. B., Annual Flag Day.

25.-Bristol Centre, S.J.A.A., Annual Stretcher Competition, Zoological Gardens, Clifton.

AUGUST.

1 to 8.-Nursing Personnel, S.J,A. B., Annual Camp, Rossall School) near Blackpool.

Salve for Protecting Skin from Injury by Gas Warfare.

By DR. OTTO MUNTSH, Surgeon Major in the Reich Army, Berlin.

DANGERS to civilians from air raids in a future war raise the important question for a protective means from poison gas. Among these poison gases" Dichlordiathylsulfid," the French Yperite, and the English Mustard gas play an important part and cause severe inflammation of the skin. Very soon after the introuuction of the poison gases a protective remedy for the skin was sought for, and among other remedies a protective salve was recommended.

The entire international literature takes a huge responsibility upon itself. It not only defi;-}es certain salves as protective and being proof against the above-named poison gases, but affirms systematically the possibility and the practicability of protecting the skin by means of a salve.

As basis of thorough experimental tests I contest the reliability of most of the protective salves against" Dichlordiathylsufid" as announced in international literature, and above all I contest the possibility and practicability of protecting the skin by means of salves. In order to prevent errors being made in the enlightenment and maintenance of the populace I submit the results of my tests to international criticism.

Conclusive for an opinion on the permeability of a salve for "Dichlordiathylsufid" is the knowledge of the action of this poison gas on salves and on fats in general.

In our experiments which for the greater part were published in the German periodical "Gasschutz und Luftschutz" (Protection from Gas and danger of Air) in 1933, we stated that only the American preparation "Antiphlogistine," and the preparation "Glykylol" are absolutely Impermeable and keep off poison gas for an unlimited time. A number of other salves and s.alve mixtures keep off poison gas for a certain tIme, whereas others very quickly permeate and spread the poison gas on the surface and deeper. To the last-mentioned salves belongs especially lard (adeps suillus).

The efficacy of Antiphlogistine is due to its composition. It contains as basis unctuous fat as as which is a compound and only in thIs combInatIOn has it a chemical-physical effect. component pa:t alone could not prevent the pOIson gas permeatIng.

The numerous salves and salve mixtures ad vertised are permeated by poison gas after a

certain time and are therefore absolutely worthless. The practical application of a protective salve is however impossible for people. It is inadvisable to cover the human body with a more or less thick layer of fat either by applying it or rubbing it into skin, without disturbing the vitally important cutaneous respiration and thereby causing very unpleasant subsidiary results. {t is never possible to obtain a uniform consistence of a salve in the skin. Loss through resorbtion, through mechanical expulsion and through the effect of heat takes place, the viscosity of the sal ve is thereby changed and becomes in course of time faulty and permeable.

The idea of discovering a possible protection for poison gas by applying or rubbing a salve on the skin must be abandoned, all experiments lead to disappointment in the practical execution of this procedure.

In spite of this the study of impermeable salves, viz., Antiphlogistine, can be made use of as a practical protective means, if experiments are made from a technical point of view and these salves are used in some form in material for clothing, and thus a useful protective garment will be invented.-Extract from lecture given at the fourth International Congress for Life Saving and First Aid in Cases of Accident.

Over £100 was collected on behalf of the Southampton Centre, S.J.A.A., and Southampton Corps, S.J A.B., at the recent flag day.

The total takings in the street and other collections held in Surrey by the Briti s h Red Cross Society w a s £1,272 2s. Sd. The expenses amounted to £67 8s. 1d.

The annual inspection of Holt Division, S.J.A.B., was made on Wednesday, June 3rd, by the CommiSSIOner, Mr. T. A. Cook, M.P., who was accompanied by County Officer Balls (Cromer). The parade was under the command of Supt. E. Briggs and Amb. Officer A. H. Colman.

The new ambulance of the Sid mouth S.J.A.A. was dedicated on June 7th by the Rev. J. G. Cornish. Sir Edward Cane presided over the proceedings, supported by members of the Urban Council and representatives of numerous St. John Ambulance Divisions under the command of Asst. Commissioner E. J. Moors, ofAxminster, and Corps Officer Bowden, of Exeter.

Some 200 members of the North Devon Area, S.J.A.B., paraded in Rock Park, Barnstaple, on the occasion of the annual rally and inspection of the units of the Area. Col. C.

1. Ellis, Surgeon-in-Chief, was the Inspecting Officer and he was accompanied by County Commissioner H. J. Vick, Lady County Officer Miss Hardie-Jackson and others, including the Mayor and Mayoress of Barnstaple.

AUSTIN FOR AMBULANCES

hereWInvestment Value is most important of all

T h e private motorist has given the lead. Now Hospitals, Town Councils and Public Authorities are investing too. The reasons are clear. If dependability in running, road stability, economy of maintenance and all the other Austin traditions are of value in acar, how much more so are they in an Ambulance?

Fully equipped with every modern refinement, the 12, 16 and 20 h.p. Ambulances offer, each in their own sphere, remarkable investment value. Detailed price list and specifications are available on request.

A FEW SPECIAL FEA TUR ES OF AUSTIN AMB ULAN CES

B ody of best E ngli sh ash and oak, alumin ium-p anelled for dPlrability and ea sy cleaning . Se mi-elliptic , zinc-interleaved sp rings on non-lubricated shackles, fo r t he p atien t s' tdm ost comfo rt Wide , unobs t nlcted door way fo r qtlick entry and exit of st retchers. Triplex glass throttghout for safety A mple ventilation. Full an d officiallY-app roved in t erior equipment. Sp ecial jittings as requir ed

Queries and Ansvvers to Correspondents.

Queries will be dealt with under the {al lowing rules:-

I. -Letters cont aining Queries must be marked on tbe top left band corner of the envelope "Query," and addressed-FIRsT AID 46, Cannon-street, London, E. C.4.

2. - All Queries must be accompanied by a "Query Coupo n " cut from the current issue at the Journal, or , in case of Queries [rom abroad, from a recent issu e.

3.- Tb€ Te xtbook, to wbich refelence mlly be made in. this is the 38th (1928) Edition of S.J.A.A. Manual of FllSt Ald.

CHOICE OF ARM-SLINGS.

]. F. (Bermuda)-Th.ere is yet one detail in first aid which always gIves endless wornes, men after the first year in the S.].A. B. and that IS With regard to arm-slings.

I venture here to give another key help. The Textbook doesn't always say what kind of sling. On page 32, for the hand, for the sling is. not memioned. However, I ha\'e agall1 found that fight slings are used when the instruction has" sunk in " I say tha t the choice of sling is governed by the part. From the elbow to the shoulder is shorter or smaller than from the elbow to the tip of the fingers. So fOlinjuries in the smal1e?' portion use the small arr::1 sling; and for the la?'ger portion use the large arm sling. If the injury is in the elbow joint, I take an imaginary line down the front of the humerus or co\'er the side of the humerus with a splint reaching below the elbow 'lnd say that if the injury is covered now we shall use a small arm-sling. I refer to the srnall ann, the large arm, and the St. John arm-sling, though I feel sure you will kick about this new definition of the upper limb. Still, where needs must the devil drives; and if the objective is attained, what matter! No one has trouble with the St. John sling. we accept your instructions without quibble. If my idells help only one first aider I feel my efforts will not have been in vain.

To me it would appear that your method of choice, ingenious as it is, would lead you into many errors. Taking one instance only, I gather from your instructions that for a lacerated ,,,,ound you would select a small arm-sling if this wound were situated in the region of the arm, whereas, in point of fact, the large arm-sling is indicated.

To me it would also appear that your statement, that the Textbook does not always state what kind of arm-sling is to be used, is not strictly true. The Textbook gives specific instructions with reference to the small arm-sling, to the St. John arm-sling and to the large arm-sling for fractures of ribs. So by inference it follows that for all other injuries of the upper limb the large arm-sling is to be selected.-N. CORBET FLETCllER.

A I O.

Fig. 40 on p. 74 d oes illu st r ate three broad bandages in u se-name ly at chest, pelvis and both knees. Should we therefore app y broad bandages for chest unless otherwise stated? Your kind ruling will be appreciated. Clearly the omission of th e s ize of bandage.s Band C on p. 73 is a slip. You are, therefore, co rre ct JI1 your suggestio n s that these s h o uld be broad bandages.

A lso I wonder why with a Fractured Femur (p. 73) the feet s h o u ld be firmly tie d together and with a Leg (p. 76) they are to be drawn in to a natural pOSltlon and h e ld until the sp lin ts have been fixed.-N.C.F.

TREATMENT OF FRACTURED HUMERUS.

A.H. (NorthBeet). - My pals and I have a differ e n ce of opinion with reference to the treatment of Fracture of Humerus ncar the shoulder joint. The Textbook tells us to put a broad bandage round limb and bod y. So I say that the bandage must go c?mp le tely round the lim b and body ltke a figure-of-elg-ht. My pals, however, say that the bandage s hould be over the limb and round the body. I sha ll, therefore, be gratef ul for y our comments

Your pals are right. If the Textbook had intended you to apply the bandages as a fig ur e-of- eight, i[ would hav e told you so: but, knowing that attempts to apply such a bandao'e with a Fracture of Humerus near the sho ulder joint probably result in the f urth er displacement of the fragments, it does not !- N. C. F.

TREATMENT OF VENOMOUS SNAKE BlTE.

D.\V. (Merthyr Tydfil).-Ullder the treatment of Bites by Venomous Snakes, the Textbook (p. 132) tells us immediately to place a constriction between the wound and heart as near the trunk as possible and afterwards to add one or two more constrictions between it an d the wound.

We take these instructions to mean that, sho uld some of the poison get n to the venous stream it will be trapped between the constrictions. What we would like to know is what method (in the event of some of the poison being betwe<:-n the sho uld be adopted in the removal of the constnctlOns. Should the one nearest the trunk be loosened first or la st? Alternately does it make any difference which co nstri ction is removed first? We shall be pleased to h ave your kind answer to our query.

In the face of the definite statement in Rule 1, p. 132 of the Textbook your suggestion that the object of treatment is to trap the poison between the constrict ons is both in gen ious and also ingenuous! The Textbook tells yo u that the constrictions are a pplied to " prevent the veno u s blood from carrying the poison thro u gh the body." the first lig-ature is placp.d as near the trunk as IS possible; a nd for the same reason i follows that this li gat ur e should be removed last.

"FIRST AID"

Ch.B., L.I{.C.P., L.D.S, late Capt. R.A.M.C. (T. )

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"FIRST AID" WALL DIACRAMS

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Complete Set of 19 sheets on tough cartridge paper, with Roller, 42 / - net. Post 9d.; or on Linen 70 / - net. Post 1 -.

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TREATl\iENT OF FRACTURED FEMUR.

G. C. (Surbiton).-A discussion arose in our class recently as to the correct number of broad bandages used in the treatment of a Fractured Femur.

The Textbook (on p. 58) states-" Fo?' trunk tlte b?'oad bandage should be used" ; but only one bandage is n!lmart as "broad" on p. 73. Neverthe l ess,

To me the weakness of the in8tructions o f the Te xtbook on this subject is that ligatures may not be imm ed iate ly availab le in any emergency. How o n g would it take you to pull off your shoes and take o ut the laces? S.ome firstaiders, therefore, might waste va lu ab le moments 111 searching for ligatures. Consequently in my l ect ur es . I always teach that the first thing to do is to grasp the Itmb firmly with hand (or hands) between wound and h ear t, a nd tl:en (with the aid of an assistant, if present) to follow u]J With the treatment as set o ut in the Te xt bo ok. - N.C.F.

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ACUTE ABDOMINAL PAINS.

T.A. (Burton).-Being an interested reader of FIRST AID I should be pleased if you would give your opinion of my action in the following circumstances ;-

While at work the other day a bqy complained of pains in the lower abdomen. He worked some distance from me; but later he passed me as he went outside.

I asked him how he felt; and he just smiled. Knowing that he was subject to fainting, I \X.:ent to the door to see if he was alrig-ht; and I saw that he was making his way towards the first aid room, ,vhere, about 190 yards away, there is a qualified nurse and everything t hat is required.

When he was about 30 yards from the first aid room, the boy fainted and fell to the ground So a workmate and ran to him and carried him to the first aid room by the two-handed seat. 'When we arrived, I was told that the boy had acute pains in lower abdomen and that I ought to have sent for the stretcher. As the distance was only 30 yards, I tbink this suggestion absurd. I believe that the nurse was of the opinion that the boy was suffering from appendicitis because he was sent to hospital within a few minutes. He was, however, back at work next day.

So I ask if I was rig-ht in carrying him to the first aid room or if should haye waited for the stretcher.

On your statement of facts it appears to me that you would have been better advised if you had removed the boy b)" the human stretcher. I do not like the idea of sitting up a patient who is suffering from acute abdominal pain in view of the probable (and rapid) onset of shock; and for the same reason would not have kept the boy out in the open while the stretcher was being fetched. -N. C. F.

EXAMINATION HO\\·LER.

D.S. (East London). - ln a recent examinat ion a candidate for the Association certificate, being asked to tell what he knew about the carpus, replied: - " It is a well-known fresh wate1' Jislt! "

Good! Next, please! !-N.C.F.

PIM CIJALLENGE CliP MARKI l G SHEET.

J.N. (Leyland).-Having studied the detailed marking sheet which was used in the team test this year for the Pim Challenge Cup Competition and published in the March issue of FIRST AID, shall be grateful if you will explain several points for me.

First, I note that in Section A, Sub-section 4 marks are given for (C proper and complete examination for wounds, &c." Secondly, I note that in Sub-section 6 marks are available for (C promotion of warmth," before he examination for fractures which is delaved until Section B. Thirdly, I note that patient is on'ly placed in recumbent position towards the end of the test (Section C). My queries, therefore, are :-

(11 the injuries, such as "enous h;:cmorrhage from nght thIgh and burn of l eft leg be difficult to find while the patient is in the prone position, especially as the Bearer per:orming artificial respiration would cover the patifnt's lower limbs with his?

(2) Did the judge (as is suggested in the marking the"teams to ., the circulation by fnctlOn of hmbs before exam1l11l1g for fractures?

(3) Or, on the other hand, is all the treatment to be done when the patient is placed in recumbent position (Section C) ?

AID.

There are two types of detailed marking sheets used in modern competitions.

The one has been called (C the find a bit and do a bit" sheet, because it seeks to set out the details of diagnosis and treatment in sequence. It usually ends in chaos and is not to be commended, 1110re especially as no doctor would commence treatment in any emergency until he hau made a complete examination of the patient except when (as in this case) there was some urgent indication for immediate action.

The other is a properly detailed sheet which is prepared in systematic fashion and covers all the various steps in diagnosis, treatment and transport; and it is interesting because no hard and fast schedule will cover all possibilities and requirements. Such a sheet (of which the one under discussion is a good example) has the advantage of being arranged for convenz'ence t'n 772al'k ing; and, unlike its fellow, it rarely (if ever) misses points either with reference to essential details in diagnosis and treatment or in the process of judging.

Now in answer to your queries -

(1) The emergency selected for this test was complicated by the need to deal with a state of asphyxia, by comparison with which the injuri es are for the time being' negligible. Further, until breathing is re-established the ha'morrhage would not be severe; and you forget that only one member of the team is performing artificial respiration. So while, as you rightly point out, the other mem bers would certainly be handicapped in their further examination, they need not be completely idle.

(2) As the detailed sheet is properly prepared and divided into sections, this query does not really arise. In any case the team, which promoted circ ula tion by friction of the limbs before excluding fractures thereof, would have no cause for com plaint if the judge penalised them heavily for such action.

(3) Certainly the routine steps of treatment of the several injuries can be carried out more quietly and more eiIiciently when the patient is in a recumbent position.- r .C.F.

ORIGIN OF TERi\lI-SOLAR PLEXUS.

P. B. (Finchley). - l have often wondered why the portion of the Sympathetic Nervous System, which is situated in the upper part of the abdomen, is called" Solar Plexus," and I have asked many doctors to explain this term.

So far I have been unlucky in my thirst for knowledge. I note, however, that you seem able to help us in all our difficulties and I now ask your kind help on this point.

The solar plexus consists of nerves radiating from a ganglion, that is a special centre of nervous action. This arrangement suggested the "Sun" and its rays to the anatomists of old and they, therefore, applied the term " Solar" which is derived from the Latin word "Sol," meaning the sun.-N.C.F.

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