DISSERTATION Year: 2020-21 Batch No. 18
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
Undertaken by: Muskan Rana Enrollment No.: 16E1AAARF40P071 V Year B.Arch. (B)
Prof. ANKIT KASHMIRI GUPTA
Prof. ARCHANA SINGH
GUIDE
COORDINATOR
Aayojan School of Architecture ISI-4, RIICO Institutional Block, Sitapura, Jaipur-302022
APPROVAL The study titled “Intelligent building skin” is hereby approved as an original work of Muskan Rana, enrolment no. 16E1AAARF40P071 on the approved subject carried out and presented in manner satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as per the standard laid down by the university. This report has been submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Architecture degree from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota. It is to be understood that the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, any opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study only for the purpose it has been submitted. ………..…..2020 Jaipur
Prof. K.S. MAHAJANI EXTERNAL EXAMINER 1
PRINCIPAL
Prof. ARCHANA SINGH EXTERNAL EXAMINER 2
COORDINATOR
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DECLARATION I, Muskan Rana, here by solemnly declare that the research work undertaken by me, titled ‘Intelligent building skin’ is my original work and wherever I have incorporated any information in the form of photographs, text, data, maps, drawings, etc. from different sources, has been duly acknowledged in my report. This dissertation has been completed under the supervision of the guide allotted to me by the school. Further, whenever and wherever my work shall be presented or published it will be jointly authored with my guide. Muskan Rana V Year B.Arch. (B) Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur
CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the research titled, Intelligent building skin is a bonafide work by Muskan Rana of Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur. This research work has been completed under my guidance and supervision in a satisfactory manner. This report has been submitted in partial fulfillment of award of BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE degree from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota. This research work fulfills the requirements relating to the nature and standard laid down by the Rajasthan Technical University. Prof. Ankit Kashmiri Gupta Guide Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It would not have been possible without the support of the institution to undertake this dissertation research. I would like to thanks Principal and Director, Prof. K. S. Mahajani for providing a helpful college environment and proficient faculty members even at this time of the global pandemic. I also extend my thanks to Dean Academics, Prof. N. S. Rathore, and Dissertation & Thesis Seminar Coordinator, Prof. Archana S. Rathore, for giving me a chance to take up this thesis and dissertation project, and for their continued guidance since the inception of the research. I am thankful to my guide Prof. Ankit Kashmiri Gupta for believing in me. I thank him for being highly co-operative and providing timely guidance and feedback on my work. His timely advice and approach have helped me to a very great extent to accomplish the task in the best possible way. My sincere thanks to all the dissertation guides and other faculty members for their valuable time and critics during the reviews and discussions. I would also like to thanks my friends for helping me developing the dissertation and my parents who have willingly helped me out in their best possible ways.
Muskan Rana V Year B.Arch. (B) Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur
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ABSTRACT Nations are moving towards an infrastructure inheriting the latest designs and technologies to enhance the building performance in every climatic condition. The high and increasing requirements concerning energy consumption and the indoor comfort of buildings result in a demand for more efficient facade construction. As the facade act as a mediator between the exterior and interior environment of the building, it should take into account various function and parameters to affect the buildings‟ performance. Intelligent skin offers higher performance compared to other facade systems by achieving dynamic adjustments to changing environmental conditions and improving the internal performance as well as the occupants' comfort. Moreover, the innovation and creativity behind these intelligent building facades is the most appealing feature as it is ecologically beneficial and feasible for the modern era. Several types of intelligent facade concepts have already been developed, and an increase in emerging, innovative techniques and solutions is expected in the near future. According to recent researches, the words such as „intelligent‟, „interactive‟, „adaptive‟, or „responsive‟ have been used loosely and interchangeably, creating confusion as to their specific meaning and their conceptual relationship to putting together performance and style. The aim of this research is to understand different types of intelligent building skins and how these skins can respond, adapt, and interact with the natural environment and humans. Also, the study assists the designer to explore different facade combinations at the same time for choosing the appropriate methods for thermal and visual comfort performance by simulation strategies. Furthermore, common definitions are going to be proposed, supported by the characterization design parameters, classification approaches, and real case studies.
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CONTENTS
APPROVAL ............................................................................................................................. i DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................ii CERTIFICATE ...........................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS........................................................................................................ vii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ...................................................................................... 2 1.2 NEED OF THE STUDY ....................................................................................................... 2 1.3 HYPOTHESIS ..................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 AIM ................................................................................................................................... 3 1.5 OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS .............................................................................................. 4 1.7 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2 –INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKINS ............................................................................ 6 2.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 7 2.2 WHY DO WE NEED INTELLIGENT SKIN? ........................................................................ 8 2.3 OBJECTIVES OF INTELLIGENT SKIN ................................................................................ 9 2.4 FEATURES OF INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN ................................................................. 10 CHAPTER 3 - TYPES OF BUILDING FACADES ....................................................................... 12 3.1 INTELLIGENT FACADES ................................................................................................. 13 3.2 KINETIC FACADE........................................................................................................... 14 3.3 ADAPTIVE FACADE ...................................................................................................... 15 v
3.4 INTERACTIVE FACADE.................................................................................................. 16 3.5 RESPONSIVE FACADE .................................................................................................. 17 CHAPTER 4 - DATA COLLECTION ......................................................................................... 18 4.1 LITERATURE STUDY......................................................................................................... 19 4.1.1. DEBIS BUILDING, BERLIN ........................................................................................... 19 4.1.2. AL BAHAR TOWERS, ABU DHABI ............................................................................. 23 4.1.3. KIEFER TECHNIC SHOWROOM, AUSTRIA ............................................................... 27 4.1.4 GALLERIA CENTERCITY, SOUTH KOREA .................................................................. 30 CHAPTER 5 - ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................... 33 5.1 ANALYSIS ON THE BASIS OF CASE STUDY .................................................................. 34 5.2 SIMULATOIN STUDY....................................................................................................... 35
TEMPERATURE ............................................................................................................... 36
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING ................................................................................................... 36
ENERGY CONSUMPTION ............................................................................................ 37
ILLUMINANCE/ DAYLIGHTING .................................................................................... 37
5.2.1 INFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 6 - CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 39 6.1 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................... 40 6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................. 41 GLOSSARY OF TERMS ........................................................................................................... x BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... xii
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS S.No.
PAGE NO.
ILLUSTRATION TITLE
SOURCE
1
Galleria Centercity, South Korea by UNStudio
2
https://www.archdaily.com/125125/g alleria-centercity-unstudio
2
SDU Campus Kolding by Henning Larsen
2
https://henninglarsen.com/en/projec ts/featured/0942-sdu-campus-kolding
3
https://architizer.com/blog/practice/ materials/behind-building-richtermusikowski-futurium/ https://albinorhinoblog.wordpress.co m/2016/03/19/biomimeticarchitecture/
3
Futurium Berlin by Richter Musikowski
4
The curling of these sheets allows for shade when it is hot out; whereas for transparency when it is colder. This concept was introduced by Prof. Doris Kim Sung.
3
5
SDU Campus Kolding by Henning Larsen
3
6
Representation of Intelligent facade aspects
7
7
Intelligent facade form as a micro climate modifier
8
8
Parameters of Intelligent building skin
9
9
One Ocean, South Korea
15
10
Q1 Headquarters, Germany
15
11
Al Bahar Tower, Abu dhabi
15
12
ETH House of Natural Resources, Zurich
15
13
GreenPix – Zero Energy Media Wall, Beijing
16
14
Parking, Indianapolis, United States
16
15
Arab World Institute, Paris
17
16
Kiefer Technic Showroom, Austria
17
vii
https://www.archdaily.com/590576/s du-campus-kolding-henning-larsenarchitects?ad_medium=gallery https://www.matecconferences.org/articles/matecconf /pdf/2016/29/matecconf_ibcc2016_0 0104.pdf https://www.sciencedirect.com/scie nce/article/pii/S0360132319301416 Self https://www.archdaily.com/236979/o ne-ocean-thematic-pavilion-expo2012-soma https://www.modlar.com/news/212/k inetic-architecture-dynamicbuildings-that-will-move-you/ https://www.archdaily.com/270592/a l-bahar-towers-responsive-facadeaedas http://www.moritz-begle.com/asf--adaptive-solar-facade.html https://inhabitat.com/greenpix-zeroenergy-media-wall-lights-upbeijing/attachment/11044/ https://www.archdaily.com/536756/p arking-structure-art-facade-urbana https://archello.com/project/arabworld-institute https://www.archdaily.com/89270/ki efer-technic-showroom-ernstgiselbrecht-partner
17
Floor Plans
19
18
Working of glass facade
20
19
Exterior facade of Debis tower
21
20
Fritted louvers
22
21
Double layered facade - Outer glazed skin
22
22
Building layering model
23
23
Screens Al- Bahar tower screen‟s module
24
24
Sun-shading panels
25
25
Transformation of Panels
25
26
External (aluminum) facade of the building
27
27
Folding panels made of perforated aluminum move according to climatic changes
28
28
Section of panels
28
29
Detail of the folding panel
29
30
Movement of aluminum panel
29
31
External facade
29
32
External facade of Galleria Centercity
30
33
Detail of exterior facade
31
34
Moire effect - night effect
31
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http://www.arch.mcgill.ca/prof/melli n/arch671/winter2001/orose/drm/the sis/zdebis3.html http://www.arch.mcgill.ca/prof/melli n/arch671/winter2001/orose/drm/the sis/zdebis3.html https://www.commercialwindows.or g/case_debis.php https://www.commercialwindows.or g/case_debis.php https://www.commercialwindows.or g/case_debis.php https://www.archdaily.com/270592/a l-bahar-towers-responsive-facadeaedas https://www.archdaily.com/270592/a l-bahar-towers-responsive-facadeaedas https://www.archdaily.com/270592/a l-bahar-towers-responsive-facadeaedas https://www.archdaily.com/270592/a l-bahar-towers-responsive-facadeaedas https://www.archdaily.com/89270/ki efer-technic-showroom-ernstgiselbrecht-partner https://www.archdaily.com/89270/ki efer-technic-showroom-ernstgiselbrecht-partner https://www.archdaily.com/89270/ki efer-technic-showroom-ernstgiselbrecht-partner https://www.archdaily.com/89270/ki efer-technic-showroom-ernstgiselbrecht-partner https://www.archdaily.com/89270/ki efer-technic-showroom-ernstgiselbrecht-partner https://www.archdaily.com/89270/ki efer-technic-showroom-ernstgiselbrecht-partner https://www.archdaily.com/125125/g alleria-centercity-unstudio https://www.archdaily.com/125125/g alleria-centercity-unstudio https://www.archdaily.com/125125/g alleria-centercity-unstudio
35
Night view of Galleria Centercity
32
36
Day view of Galleria Centercity
32
37 38
Different visualizations using coloured lighting to creative emphasize on the building. Factors affecting Energy consumption in a building
https://www.archdaily.com/125125/g alleria-centercity-unstudio https://www.archdaily.com/125125/g alleria-centercity-unstudio
32
https://www.archdaily.com/125125/g alleria-centercity-unstudio
37
Self
39
Arab World Institute, Paris
41
40
Al Bahar Tower, Abu Dhabi
41
41
Hilversum Media Park, Netherlands
41
42
Taman Anggrek Mall, Jakarta
41
https://archello.com/project/arabworld-institute https://www.archdaily.com/270592/a l-bahar-towers-responsive-facadeaedas https://www.archdaily.com/901677/u nstudio-creates-urban-vision-forhilversums-media-park https://www.3cinno.com/aboutmedia-facade/
LIST OF TABLES Table 1 : Intelligent features in different types of intelligent facades
14
Table 2 : Analysis on the basis of case studies
34
Table 3 : Air temperature
36
Table 4 : Energy consumed by artificial lighting
36
Table 5 : Energy consumption
37
Table 6 : Amount of illuminance
37
Table 7 : Comparison on the basis of different parameters
38
Table 8 : Daylight factor for different spaces
ix
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INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
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INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The Media Park, Amaravati is a project that is an initiative to attract the professionals from media industry to showcase their work. My project revolves around the development of interactive, adaptive, and responsive building facades through intelligent skin systems. The intelligent skin system is permeable towards light, heat, and air; and its transparency must be controllable and capable of modification, so that it can react to changing local climatic conditions. When designing these façades, architects can embrace the new language of designing and explore the use of light and media as façade material to form an integral part of an architectural vision. Intelligent facade system in conjunction with innovative environmental systems can result in significant energy savings, improvement of indoor comfort and environment quality.
1.2 NEED OF THE STUDY In the present scenario, the media and IT world is taking over the culture and environment of every industry. Nations are moving towards an infrastructure inheriting the latest media designs and technologies. Moreover, the innovation and creativity behind these intelligent building facades is the most appealing feature as it is ecologically beneficial and feasible for modern era. Henceforth, to adapt to the latest transformations in the architectural industry, it is very important to tailor the old techniques into the intelligent building systems.
Figure 2 : Galleria Centercity, South Korea by UNStudio
Figure 1 : SDU Campus Kolding by Henning Larsen 2
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
1.3 HYPOTHESIS Building facades can be made interactive, adaptive and responsive through use of intelligent skin systems.
1.4 AIM The aim of the study is to discover the advancement in the building facades with respect to the materials and technologies and how the various parameters such as climate, indoor comfort, and energy efficiency affect intelligent building skin.
Figure 5 : Musikowski
Figure 3 : The curling of these sheets allows for shade when it is hot out; whereas for transparency when it is colder. This concept was introduced by Prof. Doris Kim Sung.
Futurium
Berlin
by
Richter
Figure 4 : SDU Campus Kolding by Henning Larsen 3
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
How are intelligent façades/ skin defined?
What are the various types of intelligent skin systems?
How are they related to innovative environment techniques?
How can buildings be interactive, adaptive and responsive to climatic changes?
What is the relationship between indoor comfort and building façade?
1.5 OBJECTIVES 1. To study the types of building skin systems. 2. To study the application and effects of skin system and its response to outdoor and indoor environment. 3. To analyze and evaluate the ways in which building facades can act as intelligent building skin, and improve the indoor environment.
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS 1. The study will be restricted to urban – developing area. 2. The study will consist of research on new technologies and media systems. 3. The focus group of the study incorporates fortunate companies and new enterprises. 4. To study modern technologies and materials used in contemporary architecture in terms of climate responsive design.
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INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
1.7 METHODOLOGY
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INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
CHAPTER 2 – INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKINS
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INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
2.1 INTRODUCTION The external walls are referred to as „facades‟ that feature a fundamental function of protection from weather and also interior comfort. Another aspect is its aesthetical feature and the need for ornamentation to offer the building‟s identity. The building facades mark the transition between outside and inside. Since facades act as a physical barrier, the need and comfort of its occupants, including tasks such as lighting, ventilation, and solar gains should be addressed. This inability of self-detection and self-adjustment cause the event of building envelopes that might perform under all kinds of weather. How enveloping did got transformed into skins? Interactive membranes replaced facades, a high covering interactive surface ready to exchange information with inside and outside of the building. Building membrane acts as a climatic mediator between climate and occupant. The term “intelligent” and “adaptive” building skins are referred to in facade design as the building envelopes that enhance the relationship between the built and the natural environment by using design principles inspired by nature. The „intelligent skin‟ is an essential part of the intelligent building, that element which performs the function of enveloping the inner space. It is a composition of construction elements confined to the outer, weather-protected zone of the building, which respond predictably to environmental variations, to maintain a comfortable environment. Energy flowing through the building fabric is automatically controlled for the maximum gain and minimal reliance on imported energy.
Figure 6 : Representation of Intelligent facade aspects 7
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
2.2 WHY DO WE NEED INTELLIGENT SKIN? The climate in any geographical location varies between morning and afternoon, between day and night, between seasons. It also differs for various locations around the globe, which becomes pronounced as a result of heating. The primary function of a building skin is to protect occupants from acting as a moderator between internal and external conditions. Building skins must damp the extremes of climate to form the interiors comfortable. The need for intelligent skin is to improve the performance of a building fabric by its capability and reduce the need for imported energy for heating, cooling, lighting, and ventilation. It provides a productive and price-effective built environment through optimization of its four primary components (structures, systems, services, and management) and therefore, the interrelationship between them. It maximizes the efficiency of its occupants and allows effective resource management with minimum living costs.
Figure 7 : Intelligent facade form as a micro climate modifier 8
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
2.3 OBJECTIVES OF INTELLIGENT SKIN The primary objectives of intelligent skin are - user comfort, energy optimization, thermal insulation, heat gain and ventilation, lighting, security, and automatic building maintenance procedures. Environmental Benefits • It improves and shields the ecosystems • It enhances the air and water quality • It protects the natural resources Economic Benefits • It reduces operating costs • It improves asset value and profits • It enhances employee productivity and satisfaction Social Benefits • It improves air, thermal and acoustic environments • It enhances occupant comfort and health • It contributes to the overall quality of life
Figure 8 : Parameters of Intelligent building skin 9
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
2.4 FEATURES OF INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN • LEARNING ABILITY Intelligent skin has the ability to learn. Neural networks and knowledge-based software algorithms, incorporating symbolic logic, providing the power to find out their energy status and thermal characteristics, and also relate previous or recent weather data, and current climate, to previous operating strategies. • RESPONSIVE ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING The artificial lighting system is an efficient daylighting strategy, with the power to deactivate or dim itself in response to the number of natural lighting levels. Intelligent systems are activated by occupancy sensors and controlled in response to sensed internal light levels. • DAYLIGHTING CONTROLLERS The maximization of daylight is recognized as the keys goal in low-energy design. A variety of active systems are used that answer solar angles, providing optimum positions for motorized light -guiding, light-reflecting, and light-shading devices. Light transmission can be varied and adjusted to suit internal demand. • OCCUPANT CONTROL Building occupants should have maximum personal control over their immediate environment, and this can be achieved by intelligent technologies. On-screen control panels and hand-held remote units are provided, but in situations where unchecked by occupants, the BMS reminds the user of the error or disallows continued functioning. • ELECTRICITY GENERATORS It is feasible for buildings to strive for electrical autonomy through self-generation. This extends the concept of buildings with living capabilities. Electricity is often 10
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN generated by photovoltaic, wind turbines, and combined heat and power systems. • VENTILATION CONTROLLERS Ventilation is automatically regulated for increased effectiveness and greater occupant control by operable elements of the building fabric, like retractable roofs, motorized windows, and pneumatic dampers. These moving elements also can be automatically closed unfavorable conditions, like inclement actions of wind and rain. Intelligent skin also helps to beat the matter of air and sound pollution. • HEATING AND TEMPERATURE CONTROLLERS Intelligent technologies are employed to attenuate the energy burden resulting from the highly serviced elements of heating, ventilation, and cooling. It demands for space and water heating through the utilization of passive solar strategies, given more precise motorized control. Control systems make sure the optimized operation of coldness predicament circuits. The sun is additionally utilized for water heating.
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INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
CHAPTER 3 - TYPES OF BUILDING FACADES
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INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
3.1 INTELLIGENT FACADES Intelligent buildings are those which combine both active and passive intelligence active features and passive design strategies, to provide maximum occupant comfort using minimum energy. The definition of an „intelligent‟ facade introduces the idea of dynamic movement and the „component‟ facade in which all building services components are integrated. Furthermore, the term „intelligent‟, when applied to a facade, must indicate the responsive ability of the facade to change according to environmental conditions. The intelligent skin is therefore a composition of elements, which acts as a barrier to the outside environment, yet can respond to climatic changes through the automatic reconfiguration of its systems to produce a pleasant indoor environment. An intelligent facade should be able to change itself through „instinctive autonomic adjustment‟, optimizing the building‟s systems relative to climate, energy balance, and human comfort, typically based on predictive models. This is often accomplished through building automation and physically adaptive elements like louvers, sunshades, operable vents, or smart material assemblies. The intelligent facade can be divided into two categories: 3.1.1
Single skin facade
These facades can be categorized into 3 types1. Sunscreen system 2. Solar facade 3. Ventilation system 3.1.2
Double skin facade
These facades can be categorized into 3 types1. Buffer system 2. Extract air system 3. Twin face system
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INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN TYPES OF INTELLIGENT FACADES Solar facade
Ventilated facade
MAIN POTENTIALS TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DESIGN Energy efficient- Source of renewable energy Contribute to cooling and heating purposes Visibility Flexibility Adaptability Customizability – shape and colour Energy efficient – Resolving moisture problems (air ventilation) Improved thermal comfort
Energy efficient – Decreasing solar heat gain Energy efficient – receiving optimized daylight Energy efficient – Ensuring proper air ventilation Sound insulation Enhanced aesthetic feature Improved thermal comfort
Double – skin facade
Double glazed facade
Energy efficient – Decreasing level of heat transfer Improved thermal comfort
Table 1 : Intelligent features in different types of intelligent facades
3.2 KINETIC FACADE Kinetic architecture as an architectural form can be defined as a form that can be inherently displaceable, deformable, expandable, or capable of movement. To elaborate, a kinetic façade is a technological system in which there is certain kind of motion, and is able to guarantee variable locations or mobility and/or variable geometry to all or one of its parts. The term „kinetic‟ also indicates an organism‟s response to a particular kind of stimulus in biology, and an ability to modulate energy in its primary forms, i.e., visible light and heat. A kinetic façade can respond to the flow energy, both natural and man-made, that affects building performance and the comfort of the people in them. These types of facades need to be efficiently tuned to boundary conditions 14
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN such as climatic conditions, different locations, varying functional requirements, or emergency situations.
Figure 10 : One Ocean, South Korea
Figure 9 : Q1 Headquarters, Germany
3.3 ADAPTIVE FACADE Adaptable architecture is a system that is able to change the shape, location, utilization, or spaciousness. By change of location, it indicates that the technological system is mobile, easily transportable, and able to be constructed and deconstructed quickly. Adaptive facades consist of multifunctional, highly adaptive systems, in which the physical separator between the interior and exterior space is able to change its functions, features, or behavior over time in response to transient performance requirements and boundary conditions, with the aim of improving the overall building performances. Furthermore, these types of facade allow energy to be saved by adapting to prevailing weather conditions, and support comfort levels by immediately responding to occupants‟ needs and preferences.
Figure 11 : Al Bahar Tower, Abu dhabi
Figure 12 : ETH Resources, Zurich
House
of
Natural
15
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
3.4 INTERACTIVE FACADE The term „interactive‟ is used less frequently with respect to building envelopes than in regards to computer-enabled artworks, and installations that encourage active public participation. However, an interactive facade requires human input to initiate a response, and it is also equipped with sensors and an automated building management system. It is programmed to optimize energy conservation while simultaneously ensuring the comfort of its inhabitants.
An interactive system is engaged with a user, based on an internal representation of its goals and the user goals.
An Interactive system is learned through continuous interaction with its environment, humans, and other machines. They perceive through their sensors, act through their effectors, and communicate with their environment and humans, using different machine learning frameworks and techniques. This creates an intermediate space between humans and their environment. Space where there are intelligent transformation and interaction that can sense, think, and understand its users / natural environment, and it can also absorb information and respond to that information accordingly.
Figure 13 : GreenPix – Zero Energy Media Wall, Beijing
Figure 14 : Parking, Indianapolis, United States 16
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
3.5 RESPONSIVE FACADE A responsive facade takes a lively role, initiating changes, to a greater or lesser degree, as a result, and performance of complex or simple computations. Responsive components are those elements of the building that adapt to the requirements of individuals also on changes within the environment. These components could also be high tech systems that employ sensor networks and actuators to watch the environment and automate control of operable building elements. Furthermore, these technological systems are often actively used for the transfer and storage of warmth, light, water, and air. They maintain an appropriate balance between optimum interior conditions and energy performance by responding in a controlled manner to outdoor and indoor environment changes and to occupants' requirements. In other words, responsive building envelopes are often defined as technological systems during which external environmental conditions like ventilation, humidity, light volume, radiation, and temperature influence the inside parameters of the building, i.e., thermal and lightweight comfort. The foremost common solutions are supported by several specialized subsystems (such as structural elements, sensors, membranes, control devices, etc.) that are liable for changing the envelope‟s geometry consistent with programmed performance.
Figure 15 : Arab World Institute, Paris
Figure 16 : Kiefer Technic Showroom, Austria
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INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
CHAPTER 4 - DATA COLLECTION
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INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
4.1 LITERATURE STUDY 4.1.1. DEBIS BUILDING, BERLIN Location: Berlin, Germany System: Double-skin facade Architect: Renzo Piano Building Workshop and Christoph Kohlbecker Completion: 1991-1997 The building is required to deal with the headquarters. Financial services, information controlled shut, air conditioning fully operational, and cooling through chilled ceiling technology, telecommunication, and media services. The project was the symbol of the Company's commitment to a united Germany, and therefore the rebuilding of its historic capital.
Area - 45000sq.m. Typical floor plate - 180m lower floor , 35m tower Number of storey's - 6 to 21 Annual energy use - n/a Energy use for building type - 1OOK Wh/meter sq.
GROUND FLOOR PLAN Figure 17 : Floor Plans
TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN
ROOF PLAN
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INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN SUN PATH
INTELLIGENT FEATURES
Building management system Learning facility Sun tracking facility Daylight control - reflection/protection Glare control - blinds/louvers/fixed Responsive artificial lighting control Heating control Heat recovery - warmth/cooling Cooling & ventilation control Fabric control- windows/dampers/doors Insulation- night/solar Solar water heating
Figure 18 : Working of glass facade
THE INTELLIGENT FACTOR The east, south, and west elevations have the very best exposure to solar gain which incorporates a glass wall of 700mm outside the most window wall. This outer wall consists of glass panels that open to 70degrees by sensors for natural ventilation in a warm climate. In the cold climate, they close to create an insulation layer. The inner facade consists of lower and upper panels of insulation glazing, in 20
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN the dark in warm weather the upper window opens automatically, to ventilate the interior spaces, and to emit the warmth built up during the day.
Exterior of the Debis Tower at street level. Six- and seven-story low-rise buildings in foreground, with twenty-story tower beyond.
Figure 19 : Exterior facade of Debis tower
ENERGY STRATEGY In the Debis building, natural methods are used to keep the building comfortable, using double glass skin. When natural ventilation is operated, it improves the office acoustic in natural ventilating and sealed mode. CONSTRUCTION The building consists of ferroconcrete frames, and two exterior claddings. The facade comprises a screen of terracotta ahead of highly insulated panels acting as a weather barrier. The transparent facade is employed in the western facade of the tower. The concrete floor slabs remain exposed at the fringes of the ground to soak up radiation and act as a damper. GLAZING The outer skin of glass louvers reduces the wind pressure on the most exterior glass wall behind and prevents the rain from the inner envelope. It protects the blinds within the cavity which provide solar protection to the facade. The inner glazing has a hopper within the upper part of the wall which may be opened.
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INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
A detail of the fritted louvers which diffuse the daylight entering the space. The windows overlooking the atrium also have fritted louvers to temper the light. The frit density decreases on the lower level windows, to let in more light. Figure 20 : Fritted louvers
Double- layered facade of the tower with operable window inside, and outer glazed skin. In this photo, the outer skin is open in the summer position.
Figure 21 : Double layered facade - Outer glazed skin
22
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
4.1.2. AL BAHAR TOWERS, ABU DHABI Architect: Aedas architects Year of construction: 2009-2012 Floors: 27 + 2 basement Floor area: 56.000 m² Location: Abu Dhabi, United Arab emirates Climate: hot and dry climate, and highest temperature: 50 Degree Celsius The city has intensive sunshine all year long with fewer chances of rain. In such extreme weather, environmental design is that the priority on the planning agenda.
CONCEPT • The design concept is based on the fusion between bio-inspiration, regional architecture, and performance-based technology. • Circles and orbits are used to reflect the concept of unification and unity evident in nature. The design principle is to realize a performance-oriented, culturally relevant, technologically advanced, and aesthetically intriguing building. Planning is based on six tangential arcs, taken from three intersecting circles; a pattern which forms the basis of nearly all geometric configurations known to the region. The design for the project began with two simple cylinders because the circular plan giving the foremost efficient floor area usage while also creating the best volume with the smallest amount surface area which can highly reduce the sun exposure area.
An integrated building model consisting of both the geometry of the building and the mashrabiya shading devices Figure 22 : Building layering model 23
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN DESIGN ELEMENTS • The design is based on the concept of adaptive flowers and the "mashrabiya" - a wooden lattice shading screen. • A dynamic and sensitive shading screen acting as 'mashrabiya‟, and secondary skin filters the light and reduces glare. • It is powered by renewable energy derived from photovoltaic panels. • It wraps a giant lattice almost two towers completely except for the area north-facing facades.
Figure 23 : Screens Al- Bahar tower screen’s module
OPERATION • As the sun rises in the morning in the east, the mashrabiya along this side of the building will begin to close, and when the sun moves around the building, all vertical strip mashrabiya moves with the sun. • At night all screens fold, allowing more of the facade.
TORRES - "COCOON BUILDINGS" • It is based on a pre-rationalized geometric shape, tuned via parametric design tools to achieve the optimal ratio of the surface between the walls and floor. • The form of the towers is optimized to complement the shading system.
24
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN INTELLIGENT FEATURES • Each unit comprises a series of panels stretched PTFE (poly- tetra- fluoroethylene) and is driven by a linear actuator to progressively open and close once per day, in response to a pre-programmed sequence that's calculated to avoid direct sunlight to from the instant it hits the facade. • Computer-controlled, • Operates as a curtain wall, • Two meters of the exterior facade of buildings, in a separate frame • Each triangle is coated with micro fiberglass • Programmed to respond to the movement of the sun • The whole system is protected by a variety of sensors that open the units in case conditions change or rise to cloud winds. • Geometric patterns that make up this giant screen include more than 1,000 mobile elements that contract and expand during the day, depending on the sun position.
Figure 24 : Sun-shading panels
Figure 25 : Transformation of Panels
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS • Roofs facing south each tower incorporate photovoltaic cells • Generating approximately five percent of the entire energy required renewable energy sources, used for heating water • The towers have been one of the first buildings in the gulf that received a leed silver rating.
25
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN EFFICIENCY • It is estimated that the screen reduces solar gain by more than 50% and reduces the need for air conditioning. • Screen's ability to filter light has allowed being more selective in the choice of glass. • This allows us to use more naturally tinted glass, which allows more light inside and less need for artificial light. • The intelligent facade, together with solar thermal panels for hot-water heating and photovoltaic panels on the roof, minimize the need for internal lighting and cooling, altogether reducing total carbon dioxide emissions by over 1750 tons per year.
26
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
4.1.3. KIEFER TECHNIC SHOWROOM, AUSTRIA Architect: Ernst Giselbrecht + Partner Location: Steiermark, Austria Year of completion: 2007 Primary use: Showroom and office space
The Kiefer Technic Showroom is a hybrid exhibition space and office that moves according to the general weather conditions. It is a pertinent example of modern interactive architecture with an outer framework of 112 tiles that shift and fold into rows on command. The facade of the Kiefer Technic building expands and contracts to regulate the amount of sunlight permitted to the interior. This responsive design minimises the necessity of air conditioning by maintaining a constantly moving shield against external heat. CONCEPT
Allowing users to personalise their own space with user controls Providing building with a dynamic facade that is compatible with outdoor conditions Regulate the internal environment of the building
Figure 26 : External (aluminum) facade of the building 27
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN PERFORMANCE This system is able to adapt automatically to the climatic changes, and each panel on its facade is able to move individually. As the result, the system is able to take the large amount of shape compositions, based on weather conditions, occupant preference or even outdoor architectural appeal.
Automated control of folding panels Folding panels made of perforated aluminum move according to a set of variables Electrically driven Manual override by occupants
CONSTRUCTION The moving panels are made up of perforated aluminum and each single panel is powered by an electric motor. This makes the facade quite costly, but also easy to maintain and replace the panels in case of defect. The highly modular system of panels makes it easy to install, but connecting the pivoting axel to each panel makes it time consuming. Materials
Light colored metal panels High reflectance
Figure 28 : Folding panels made of perforated aluminum move according to climatic changes
Figure 27 : Section of panels 28
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN SUSTAINABILITY The panels are lightweight; therefore moving the panels does not require and cost much energy. They move against the force of gravity, that makes it a little more inefficient in terms of power consumption. Aluminum also makes the structure weather resistant and durable.
INTELLIGENT FEATURES 1. Integration of systems and components Lighting controller heating, and cooling controllers Ventilation flaps integrated in the facade 2. Shading system Perforated panels act as shading systems 3. Electric Lighting & Controls Automatic movement of the light shelves Reduce the use of electric lighting 4. Automated control 5. Learning ability 6. Sun- tracking ability
Figure 31 : External facade
Figure 29 : Detail of the folding panel
Figure 30 : Movement of aluminum panel 29
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
4.1.4 GALLERIA CENTERCITY, SOUTH KOREA Architect: UNStudio Project: Galleria Centercity Location: Cheonan, South Korea Building surface: 66,700 m² Programme: Department store with multifunctional facilities Transportation: Cheonan is well connected to the capital by railway and road, with a new high speed rail link was completed just recently. The Galleria Cheonan responds to the current retail climate in Asia, where department stores also operate as social and semi-cultural meeting places. Because of this, the quality of the public spaces within the building was treated as an integral aspect of the design.
The main architectural theme for the Galleria Cheonan is that of dynamic flow. This is found both inside and outside.
Figure 32 : External facade of Galleria Centercity
The media facade will be the largest illuminated surface of its kind. The strategy for the building enclosure consists of creating an optical illusion. During the day the building has a monochrome reflective appearance, whilst at night soft colours are used to generate waves of coloured light across the large scale illuminated surface. The lighting design was developed in parallel with the architecture and capitalises on the double layered facade structure. Computer generated animations specially designed by UNStudio are incorporated into the lighting design and refer to themes related to the department store, such as fashion, events, art and public life. 30
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
Figure 33 : Detail of exterior facade
This detail shows the openings provide daylight to the interior. At the same time, the lamellas of the outer facade prevent direct sunlight from entering the building, ensuring a cooler environment, while the use of white finishes throughout the interior minimizes the need for artificial lighting.
Moiré effects, special lighting and animations ensure that the outside changes appearance constantly.
Figure 34 : Moire effect - night effect 31
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN INTELLIGENT FEATURES
Building management system Learning facility Daylight control - reflection/protection Responsive artificial lighting control Heating control Insulation- night/solar
Figure 37 : Night view of Galleria Centercity
Figure 36 : Day view of Galleria Centercity
Figure 35 : Different visualizations using coloured lighting to creative emphasize on the building. 32
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
CHAPTER 5 - ANALYSIS
33
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
5.1 ANALYSIS ON THE BASIS OF CASE STUDY As it is shown in the previous case studies, intelligent building skins are notable for the presence of one or more of the following technological features/ parameters:
THERMAL COMFORT POWER DEMAND ENERGY EFFICIENCY
DEBIS BUILDING, BERLIN
AL BAHAR TOWERS, ABU DHABI
KIEFER TECHNIC SHOWROOM, AUSTRIA
GALLERIA CENTERCITY, SOUTH KOREA
LIGHTING
HEATING
VENTILATION
DAYLIGHT CONTROL
Table 2 : Analysis on the basis of case studies
The intelligent building skins efficiently contribute to the energy balance of the building, limiting the need to use air conditioning devices, with a consequent reduction in energy consumption. In many cases, these skins are used which delegate the adaptive capacity to the smart materials of which they are composed. The skin of the building does not necessarily involve a change in the spatial configuration but rather concerns the regulation of the thermo-physical properties based on the external climatic conditions. In other words, intelligent facades can be interpreted as the capacity to produce energy in a dynamic way, according to the energy requirement of the building. These facades are also capable of reducing the use of artificial lighting in the internal area by using daylight controllers. This helps to improve the occupant comfort and working conditions.
34
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
5.2 SIMULATOIN STUDY After obtaining basic building and weather data, this information was used to simulate the energy performance of the various rooms in their current state. The simulation software used for this research was DesignBuilder. This simulation software can be used for quick design decisions regarding building energy performance, carbon, lighting and comfort measurement and control. It provides a user friendly interface and has the capacity to simulate energy consumptions and other parameters from basic input of the building shell, thermal zones, climate data and economic parameters.
Location – Jaipur, Rajasthan
Area – 5m X 8m
Material – Brick wall with glass
NO WINDOW
HORIZONTAL WINDOWS- 60% GLAZING
VERTICAL WINDOWS – 40% GLAZING
HORIZONTAL WINDOW STRIP
CURTAIN WALL 35
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
Temperatures, Heat Gains and Energy Consumption - ROOM, Building 1
Plus Output
1 Jan - 31 Dec, Daily System Fans (kWh)
Heating (Gas) (kWh)
Cooling (Electricity) (kWh)
Temperatures, Heat Gains and Energy Consumption - ROOM, Building 1
15
EnergyPlus Output
10
yPlus Output
Fuel (kWh)
15
5
10
0
5
Temperature (°C) Heat Balance (kWh)
Evaluation
Cooling (Electricity)
Temperatures, Heat Gains and Energy Consumption - ROOM, Building 1
Air Temperature (°C)
Radiant Temperature (°C)
System Fans (kWh)
Heating (Gas) (kWh)
Air Temperature
1 Jan - 31 Dec, Daily
Operative Temperature (°C)
Cooling (Electricity) (kWh)
Radiant Temperature
Evaluation
Outside Dry-Bulb Temperature (°C)
Exterior lighting (kWh)
Operative Temperature
Outside Dry-Bulb Temperature
Temperatures, Heat Gains and Energy Consumption - ROOM, Building 1
30
10 30
1 Jan - 31 Dec, Daily
Evaluation
5
20 20 0
System Fans (kWh)
20
Air Temperature (°C) Walls
10 30 10
0 -20 20
System Loads (kWh) Total fresh air (ac/h)
-20 20 1.2 0
Cooling (Electricity) (kWh)
Radiant Temperature (°C)
Exterior lighting (kWh)
Operative Temperature (°C)
Outside Dry-Bulb Temperature (°C)
Roofs External Occupancy Zone Sensible Temperatures, Heat Gains and Infiltration Energy Consumption - ROOM, Building 1
Ground Floors
Ground Floors (kWh)
System Fans (kWh)
Heating (Gas) (kWh)
Air Temperature (°C)
Radiant Temperature (°C)
Roofs (kWh) External Infiltration (kWh) 1 Jan - 31 Dec, Daily
Cooling (Electricity) (kWh)
Heating
Occupancy (kWh)
Zone Sensible Cooling
Solar Gains Exterior Windows (kWh)
Zone Sensible Heating (kWh) Evaluation
Exterior lighting (kWh)
Operative Temperature (°C)
Glazing (kWh) Walls (kWh) Ground Floors (kWh) Roofs (kWh) Zone Sensible Cooling Cooling (kWh) Sensible AHU Heating Total Cooling
Outside Dry-Bulb Temperature (°C) External Infiltration (kWh)
Occupancy (kWh)
Heat Recovery Sensible Heating
Solar Gains Exterior Windows (kWh)
Heat Recovery Total Heating
Zone Sensible Heating (kWh) Heat Recovery Sensible Cooling
Temperatures, Heat Gains and Energy Consumption - ROOM, Building 1
Heat Recovery Total Cooling
0 0
20 -10 0
Heating (Gas) (kWh)
Glazing (kWh) Walls (kWh) Zone Sensible Cooling (kWh)
0
20 -100
30 10 -20
yPlus Output
Heating (Gas)
TEMPERATURE
15
yPlus Output
1 Jan - 31 Dec, Daily
System Fans
0
gyPlus Output
Evaluation
Exterior lighting (kWh)
1 Jan - 31 Dec, Daily
-20 -20 -30 30 -40
System (kWh) SensibleFans Cooling (kWh)
Heating (Gas) (kWh) AHU Heating (kWh) Radiant Temperature (°C) Heat Recovery Total Cooling (kWh)
Air Temperature (°C) Glazing (kWh)
0 20 30 25
Walls (kWh)
Cooling (Electricity) (kWh) Total Cooling (kWh)
Operative Temperature (°C)
Ground Floors (kWh) Roofs (kWh) Total Cooling (kWh)
Sensible Cooling (kWh) AHU Heating (kWh) Zone Recovery Sensible Cooling (kWh)(kWh) Heat Total Cooling Mech Vent + Nat Vent + Infiltration
10 0
Evaluation
Exterior lighting (kWh) Heating (kWh) Heat Recovery Sensible Outside Dry-Bulb Temperature (°C)
External Infiltration (kWh)
Heat Recovery Sensible Heating (kWh)
Heat Recovery Total Heating (kWh)
Heat Recovery Sensible Cooling (kWh)
Occupancy (kWh) Solar Gains Exterior Windows (kWh) Zone Sensible Heating (kWh) Heat Recovery Total Heating (kWh) Heat Recovery Sensible Cooling (kWh)
0 -20
-25 1.0 -40
Air Temperature (°C)
0.8
Glazing (kWh)
-40
30
Radiant Temperature (°C)
Walls (kWh)
Operative Temperature (°C)
Ground Floors (kWh) Roofs (kWh) Total Cooling (kWh) May
Mech Vent + Nat Vent (kWh) (ac/h) Zone Cooling Sensible Cooling (kWh) AHU Heating (kWh)Apr MechSensible Vent + Nat Vent++Infiltration Infiltration 20 2002 Feb Mar (ac/h) 20 2002 Heat Recovery Total Cooling (kWh) 1.0 Jan 0
Outside Dry-Bulb Temperature (°C)
External Infiltration (kWh) Heat Recovery SensibleJul Heating (kWh) Jun
Occupancy (kWh) Solar Gains Exterior Windows (kWh) Zone Sensible Heating (kWh) Heat Recovery Total Heating (kWh) Heat Recovery Nov Sensible Cooling (kWh) Aug Sep Oct Dec
Day
1.0 0.9
-20 -25 0.8 0.9 -40 -50
Glazing (kWh) Walls (kWh) Zone Sensible Cooling (kWh)
2002 0.8 Day
Ground Floors (kWh)
Feb Mar Apr Sensible Cooling (kWh) AHU Heating (kWh) Heat Total Cooling (kWh) (ac/h) MechRecovery Vent + Nat Vent + Infiltration
Air Temperature (°C) Outside Dry-Bulb Temperature (°C) Occupancy (kWh) 1 Radiant Temperature (°C) System Fans (kWh) Solar Gains ExteriorTemperature Windows (kWh) Glazing (kWh) 2002 Operative (°C) Heating (Gas) (kWh) Day Zone Sensible Heating (kWh) Outside Dry-Bulb Temperature (°C) Walls (kWh) Cooling (Electricity) Zone Sensible Cooling (kWh) System Fans (kWh) Glazing (kWh) Exterior lighting Sensible Cooling Heating (Gas) (kWh) Ground Floors (kWh) Walls (kWh) AHU Heating (kWh) Air Temperature (°C) Cooling (Electricity) Roofs (kWh) Ground Floors (kWh) Total Cooling (kWh) Exterior lighting Radiant Temperature (°C) External Infiltration Roofs (kWh) at Recovery Sensible Heating (kWh) Air Temperature Temperature (°C) Operative (°C) Heat Recovery Total Heating (kWh) (kWh) External Infiltration Radiant Temperature (°C) Occupancy Outside Dry-Bulb Temperature (°C) at Recovery Sensible Cooling (kWh) Operative Temperature (°C) Occupancy Glazing (kWh) olar Gains Exterior Windows Heat Recovery Total Cooling (kWh) (kWh) Outside Dry-Bulb Temperature (°C) Solar Gains Exterior Windows (kWh) Walls (kWh) (kWh) h Vent Zone + NatSensible Vent + Infiltration (ac/h) Glazing Heating Zone Sensible (kWh) GroundHeating Floors Walls (kWh) (kWh) ZoneSensible Sensible Cooling Cooling Zone Roofs (kWh) (kWh) Ground Floors (kWh) Sensible Cooling (kWh) Sensible Cooling (kWh) External Infiltration Roofs (kWh) AHU Heating (kWh) (kWh) External Infiltration Occupancy AHU Heating (kWh) Total Cooling (kWh) (kWh) Occupancy (kWh) Solar Gains Exterior TotalWindows Cooling (kWh) at Recovery Sensible Heating (kWh) (kWh) Solar Gains Windows (kWh) ZoneExterior Sensible Heating Heat Recovery Total Zone Sensible Heating (kWh) t Recovery Zone Sensible Sensible Heating Cooling (kWh) (kWh) Zone Sensible Cooling (kWh) at Recovery Heat Recovery Total Heating Sensible Cooling (kWh) (kWh) Sensible Heat Recovery Total Cooling Cooling (kWh) (kWh) AHU Cooling Heating t Recovery Sensible Heating (kWh) (kWh) h Vent + Nat VentAHU + Infiltration (ac/h) Total Cooling (kWh) Total Cooling Cooling (kWh) (kWh) Heat Recovery Total at Recovery Sensible Heating (kWh) Vent + Nat Vent + Infiltration (ac/h) Heat Recovery Total Heating (kWh) at Recovery Recovery Sensible Sensible Cooling Cooling (kWh) (kWh) at Heat Recovery Recovery Total Total Cooling Cooling (kWh) (kWh) Heat h Vent Vent + + Nat Nat Vent Vent + + Infiltration Infiltration (ac/h) (ac/h) h
7.52 7.52 Feb Mar 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.56 Sensible Cooling (kWh) AHU Heating 0.00 0.00 7.52 7.52 Heat Recovery Total Cooling (kWh) 25.69 27.11 0.00 0.00 25.38 27.84 Mech Vent + Nat Vent + Infiltration (ac/h) Feb Mar 25.54 27.47 0.00 5.56 17.30 25.52 0.00 0.00 12.36 12.36 -0.60 2.60 25.69 27.11 Mech Vent -2.00 + Nat Vent + Infiltration0.71 (ac/h) 0.00 0.00 0.62 9.53 -6.98 -9.09 25.38 27.84 -0.41 1.79 0.00 0.00 25.54 27.47 Feb Mar -2.89 -0.56 26.88 27.33 17.30 25.52 0.24 1.22 25.94 28.41 10.48 10.48 3.68 2.52 -0.60 2.60 Feb Mar 26.41 27.87 0.00 0.00 3.61 2.69 17.30 25.52 -2.00 0.71 0.00 8.14 0.00 -10.94 17.07 17.07 -4.35 6.60 0.00 0.00 -14.77 0.00 0.00 -6.98 -9.09 -4.40 -0.17 0.00 0.00 26.67 27.20 2.80 13.06 -0.41 1.79 -9.78 -9.65 0.00 -16.29 0.00 25.73 28.05 -2.89 -0.56 -0.60 1.66 0.36 0.40 26.61 27.46 26.20 27.63 0.55 0.33 -3.28 -0.63 26.11 29.11 0.24 1.22 17.30 25.52 0.00 -0.35 26.36 28.29 0.19 1.21 -2.45 5.24 3.68 2.52 0.00 -0.51 17.30 25.52 11.23 7.70 -4.23 0.31 0.75 0.76 -7.25 9.60 3.61 2.69 6.67 5.23 -9.06 -9.26 -3.90 -0.97 -0.36 -20.03 0.00 -10.94 -0.53 1.75 -10.91 -10.44 -1.91 -26.19 0.00 -14.77 -3.21 -0.59 -0.68 1.48 0.00 0.00 -5.31 -1.12 0.20 1.21 0.00 0.00 -1.91 -27.91 0.18 1.20 7.90 5.39 0.00 -16.29 0.62 0.45 20.29 13.88 6.31 4.20 0.85 0.35 8.90 8.23 0.36 0.40 0.00 -16.90 -4.45 -28.27 0.00 -0.35 0.55 0.33 0.00 -22.18 -8.79 -36.23 0.00 -0.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.35 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.76 0.00 -23.87 -8.79 -38.18 0.00 -0.51 0.58 0.42 0.64 0.50 0.75 0.76 0.83 0.40 0.78 0.33 0.00 -0.35 0.00 -0.35 0.00 -0.59 0.00 -0.58 0.95 0.96 0.75 0.76
7.52 Apr0.00 9.35 (kWh) Total 0.00 7.52 28.31 0.00 29.75 Apr 29.03 9.35 30.27 0.00 12.36 4.85 28.31 0.00 4.90 14.58 -9.39 29.75 2.61 0.00 29.03 Apr 0.60 28.66 30.27 1.20 30.70 10.48 2.57 4.85 Apr 29.68 0.00 3.21 30.27 4.90 12.56 -19.69 17.07 12.67 0.00 -24.37 0.00 -9.39 3.28 0.00 28.54 19.72 2.61 -10.08 -25.33 0.00 30.21 0.60 2.40 0.58 28.71 29.37 0.44 0.49 31.68 1.20 30.27 -0.95 30.20 1.20 9.69 2.57 -0.87 30.27 7.91 4.06 0.75 18.95 3.21 5.23 -9.66 1.83 -30.76 -19.69 2.52 -10.89 -38.22 -24.37 0.52 2.18 0.00 0.78 1.20 0.00 -39.19 1.20 5.52 -25.33 0.65 14.23 4.71 0.51 6.45 0.58 -26.73 -40.92 -0.94 0.44 -32.84 -51.91 -0.87 0.00 -0.95 0.00 0.75 -33.82 -52.83 -0.87 0.63 0.66 0.75 0.51 0.49 -0.93 -0.94 -0.86 -0.87 0.95 0.75
No window
JANUARY
23.59
FEBRARY
25.02
MARCH
27.60
APRIL
29.45
MAY
29.98
JUNE
30.07
JULY
29.21
Roofs (kWh)
May Total Cooling (kWh)
AIR TEMPERATURE (℃ ) 0
System Fans (kWh) 0 2.0 Heating (Gas) (kWh) -502002 Day -20 Cooling (Electricity) (kWh) 1.5 -40 Exterior lighting (kWh) System Fans (kWh) 1.0 Air Temperature (°C) 0 Heating (Gas) (kWh) Radiant Temperature (°C) -25 2002 Operative Temperature (°C) Cooling (Electricity) (kWh) -50 Day -75 Outside Dry-Bulb Temperature (°C) 1.5 Exterior lighting (kWh) System Fans (kWh) (kWh) Glazing Air Temperature (°C) Heating (Gas) (kWh) Walls (kWh) 1.0 3 Cooling (Electricity) Ground Floors (kWh) Radiant Temperature (°C) Roofs (kWh) Exterior lighting 22002 Operative Temperature (°C) External Infiltration (kWh) Day
External Infiltration (kWh)
Occupancy (kWh)
Jun Jul Heat Recovery Sensible Heating (kWh)
7.52 May0.00 3.72 Cooling (kWh) 0.00 7.52 32.11 0.00 31.98 May 32.04 3.72 32.80 0.00 12.36 2.72 32.11 0.00 4.61 7.98 -11.79 31.98 2.76 0.00 32.04 May 0.21 32.05 32.80 0.03 32.83 10.48 1.70 2.72 May 32.44 0.00 2.20 32.80 4.61 6.18 -2.61 17.07 6.79 0.00 -7.99 0.00 -11.79 3.39 0.00 32.07 12.14 2.76 -12.10 -10.49 0.00 32.43 0.21 2.57 0.21 32.05 32.25 0.00 0.23 33.57 0.03 32.80 -0.28 32.81 0.03 5.32 1.70 -1.15 32.80 5.22 3.68 0.76 9.41 2.20 1.22 -12.18 2.62 -7.06 -2.61 2.65 -11.89 -18.29 -7.99 0.23 2.39 0.00 0.39 0.03 0.00 -22.28 0.03 3.64 -10.49 0.20 9.39 1.67 0.00 1.29 0.21 -4.93 -12.46 -0.28 0.00 -13.83 -28.27 -1.81 0.00 -0.28 0.00 0.76 -17.29 -33.89 -1.15 0.21 0.20 0.76 0.00 -0.28 -0.28 -1.84 -1.60 0.96 0.76
7.52 Jun 0.00 Jul 10.80 Heat Recovery Sensible Heating 0.00 7.52 28.49 0.00 29.69 Jun 29.09 10.80 Jul 32.37 0.00 12.36 5.22 28.49 0.00 3.67 16.10 -10.36 29.69 3.45 0.00 29.09 Jul Jun 1.22
Vertical
Windows 28.75 23.40 Jun
25.07 27.91 30.05 30.68 30.78 29.64
32.37 1.20 30.58 10.48 1.87 5.22 29.67 0.00 3.53 32.37 3.67 14.12 -18.93 17.07 14.01 0.00 -23.74 0.00 -10.36 2.35 0.00 28.66 21.82 3.45 -11.30 -29.72 0.00 30.08 1.22 3.26 0.29 28.85 29.37 0.37 1.13 31.63 1.20 32.37 -1.13 30.24 1.20 10.58 1.87 -3.09 32.37 5.77 3.03 0.75 20.95 3.53 4.45 -10.75 1.19 -28.20 -18.93 3.37 -12.46 -36.83 -23.74 1.16 3.03 0.00 1.84 1.20 0.00 -43.41 1.20 4.01 -29.72 0.34 10.36 4.35 0.31 4.82 0.29 -24.96 -37.07 -1.12 0.37 -31.85 -50.09 -3.33 0.00 -1.13 0.00 0.75 -38.36 -58.62 -3.09 0.32 0.37 0.75 0.34 0.35 -1.12 -1.12 -3.29 -3.25 0.95 0.75
Jul
Solar Gains Exterior Windows (kWh)
Aug Sep Heat Recovery Total Heating (kWh)
7.52 7.52 Aug 0.00 Sep 0.00 10.15 11.11 (kWh) Heat Recovery Total Heating 0.00 0.007.52 7.52 28.18 28.48 0.00 0.00 29.20 29.71 Sep 28.69 29.09 10.15 Aug 11.11 29.90 30.61 0.00 0.00 12.36 12.36 2.76 3.71 28.18 28.48 0.00 0.00 4.28 5.14 13.95 15.62 -8.78 -8.87 29.20 29.71 2.30 2.25 0.00 0.00 28.69 Aug 29.09 Sep 0.55 0.68
Horizontal
windows28.92
28.51 29.90 1.21 29.72 10.48 1.33 2.76 Aug 29.11 0.00 3.32 29.90 4.28 12.62 -16.23 17.07 7.20 0.00 -20.69 0.00 -8.78 3.41 0.00 28.31 17.76 2.30 -8.83 -30.25 0.00 29.36 0.55 2.18 0.37 28.81 28.84 0.12 0.44 30.40 1.21 29.90 -0.69 29.60 1.20 5.57 1.33 -4.13 29.90 4.09 4.00 0.75 10.45 3.32 5.64 -8.60 2.13 -23.27 -16.23 2.27 -9.37 -30.13 -20.69 0.50 2.00 0.00 0.57 1.21 0.00 -40.66 1.20 2.86 -30.25 0.45 7.36 4.74 0.05 7.87 0.37 -20.88 -28.93 -0.69 0.12 -26.81 -38.17 -4.49 0.00 -0.69 0.00 0.75 -37.06 -51.47 -4.13 0.40 0.53 0.75 0.07 0.08 -0.69 -0.69 -4.27 -4.40 0.95 0.75
23.67 25.44 28.40 30.88 31.65 31.66 30.31
30.61 1.20 30.54 10.48 1.843.71 Sep 29.73 0.00 3.38 30.61 5.14 14.05 -18.52 17.07 9.33 0.00 -23.02 0.00 -8.87 4.08 0.00 28.77 20.55 2.25 -9.08 -33.07 0.00 30.13 2.070.68 0.35 29.05 29.45 0.30 0.531.20 31.28 30.61 -0.76 30.16 1.20 7.251.84 -4.35 30.61 5.67 4.76 0.75 13.72 5.443.38 -8.80 2.61 -27.21 -18.52 2.17 -9.65 -34.34 -23.02 0.58 1.89 0.00 0.82 1.200.00 -45.48 1.20 3.95 -33.07 0.45 10.20 4.78 0.190.35 6.33 -24.43 -33.87 -0.750.30 -30.43 -44.88 -4.71 0.00 -0.76 0.00 0.75 -41.18 -59.53 -4.35 0.42 0.48 0.17 0.240.75 -0.75 -0.76 -4.59 -4.56 0.95 0.75
Oct
7.52 0.00 2.60 (kWh) 0.00 7.52 31.60 30.930.00 Oct 31.262.60 31.010.00 12.36 3.93 0.0031.60 -1.09 7.9130.93 -14.38 2.06 0.00 31.26 -0.20 Oct
Zone Sensible Heating (kWh)
Nov Dec Heat Recovery Sensible Cooling (kWh)
Oct Heat
7.52 7.52 Nov Dec 0.00 0.00 5.32 3.27 Recovery Cooling (kWh) 0.03Sensible 0.07 7.52 7.52 27.06 26.37 27.940.00 26.74 0.00 Nov Dec 27.505.32 26.56 3.27 24.570.03 22.14 0.07 12.36 12.36 2.70 1.03 0.00 0.00 26.37 1.3827.06 -0.72 9.44 27.94 6.59 26.74 -8.59 -7.74 1.34 0.02 0.03 0.07 27.50 26.56 Dec -0.85 Nov -1.44
Horizontal
window strip 31.85 27.19 0.1131.01 32.09 10.48 2.54 3.93 31.97 0.00 Oct 3.96 31.01 6.08-1.09 -2.22 17.07 9.58 0.00 -5.48 0.00 -14.38 -1.53 0.00 31.75 12.60 2.06 -15.44 -7.18 0.00 31.51 1.81 0.52-0.20 32.01 31.63 0.25 0.11 -0.29 33.22 31.01 -0.27 32.61 0.11 7.622.54 -0.58 31.01 7.78 -1.22 0.76 3.96 13.30 4.82 -14.79 -1.59 -11.37 1.95-2.22 -16.43 -18.55 -0.25 1.55-5.48 0.00 -0.56 0.110.00 -22.02 0.11 5.44-7.18 0.58 14.02 4.39 0.19 6.18 0.52 -8.14 -19.77 -0.270.25 -13.90 -30.33 -1.17 0.00-0.27 0.00 0.76 -16.91 -35.19 -0.58 0.55 0.62 0.26 0.200.76 -0.27 -0.27 -1.24 -1.03 0.96 0.76
23.55 25.26 28.14 30.44 31.13 31.16 29.93
1.2224.57 28.49 10.48 2.87 2.70 27.84 0.00 Nov 2.60 24.57 7.97 1.38 -11.80 17.07 7.04 0.03-8.59 -15.20 0.00 0.29 0.00 27.13 13.21 1.34 -9.32 -15.68 0.03 28.15 1.21 0.54 -0.85 27.19 27.64 0.62 1.22 -0.90 29.15 24.57 -0.28 28.17 1.22 5.49 2.87 -0.06 24.57 8.76 0.83 2.60 0.80 10.62 5.23 -8.89 -0.70 -21.74 1.29-11.80 -10.27 -27.46 -0.88 1.04-15.20 0.00 -1.49 1.22 0.00 -27.94 1.21 6.15-15.68 0.57 15.81 4.22 0.64 8.12 0.54 -18.24 -30.86 -0.28 0.62 -23.07 -38.76 -0.07 0.00-0.28 0.00 0.79 -23.58 -39.13 -0.06 0.56 0.59 0.64 0.63 0.80 -0.28 -0.28 -0.09 -0.07 0.96 0.79
Curtain wall 26.47 1.23 22.14 27.19 10.48 3.10 1.03 Dec 26.83 0.00 2.52 22.14 5.51 -0.72 -7.18 17.07 1.87 0.07 -7.74 -9.52 0.00 -0.96 0.00 26.45 9.41 0.02 -7.95 -10.07 0.07 26.99 -0.09 0.30 -1.44 26.33 26.72 0.43 1.23 -1.47 27.54 22.14 -0.05 26.94 1.22 1.82 3.10 -0.01 22.14 9.47 -0.61 0.84 2.72 2.52 5.41 -7.63 -1.69 -16.11 -0.03-7.18 -8.75 -19.85 -1.46-9.52 -0.19 0.00 -2.37 1.22 0.00 -20.49 1.22 6.66-10.07 0.32 17.10 4.26 0.41 8.30 0.30 -13.40 -23.30 -0.05 0.43 -16.48 -28.77 -0.02 0.00 -0.05 0.00 0.92 -17.13-0.01 -29.35 0.31 0.33 0.41 0.41 0.84 -0.05 -0.05 -0.02 -0.02 1.16 0.91
23.67 25.59 28.85 31.71 32.70 32.69 31.00
AUGUST
28.81
29.21
29.80
29.45
30.42
SEPTEMBER
29.07
29.64
30.49
30.04
31.31
OCTOBER
28.57
29.13
29.96
29.54
30.76
NOVEMBER
26.92
27.29
27.81
27.56
28.23
DECEMBER
23.95
23.72
23.90
23.82
23.87
Curtain wall
Table 3 : Air temperature
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING No
Vertical
Horizontal
Horizontal
window
Windows
windows
window strip
10.5000
10.5000
10.5000
10.5000
10.5000
Zone Area [m2]
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
Total Power [W]
420.00
420.00
420.00
420.00
420.00
1982.40
1548.39
1548.39
682.38
657.50
Lighting
Power
Density [W/m2]
Consumption [kWh]
Table 4 : Energy consumed by artificial lighting
36
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
ENERGY CONSUMPTION Total Energy [kWh] No window
8052.06
Vertical windows
7402.05
Horizontal window60% glazing
10374.39
Horizontal window strip
9224.40
Curtain wall
13355.72
Figure 38 : Factors affecting Energy consumption in a building
Table 5 : Energy consumption
ILLUMINANCE/ DAYLIGHTING
Floor Area (m2) Average Daylight Factor (%) Minimum Daylight Factor (%) Maximum Daylight Factor (%) Uniformity ratio (Min / Max) Min Illuminance (lux) Max Illuminance (lux)
No
Vertical
Horizontal
Horizontal
Curtain
window
Windows
windows
window strip
wall
40
40
40
40
40
0.00
4.415
11.19
8.610
15.209
0.00
0.669
2.754
1.572
4.189
0.00
15.602
27.653
24.575
30.481
0.00
0.043
0.100
0.064
0.137
0.00
66.88
275.44
157.19
418.96
1.42
1560.25
2765.42
2457.79
3048.46
Table 6 : Amount of illuminance 37
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
5.2.1 INFERENCES
The most suitable temperature in Jaipur is between 25 ℃ - 28℃.
The minimum daylight factor for a general office space should be at least 3.75 %.
The illumination in a general office space can vary between 300 lux –1500 lux. Where fine detailed work is being carried out, anything up to 1500 lux can be used – this is only necessary in very rare circumstances. No window
Vertical windows
Horizontal window
Horizontal window strip
Curtain wall
40
40
40
40
40
Temperature (℃ )
26.27
27.04
28.97
28.03
29.887
Electricity Consumption [kWh] (Artificial lighting)
1982.40
1548.39
666.38
682.38
657.50
Total [kWh]
8052.06
7402.05
10374.39
9224.40
13355.72
Average Daylight Factor (%)
0.00
4.415
11.19
8.610
15.209
Min Illuminance (lux)
0.00
66.88
275.44
157.19
418.96
Max Illuminance (lux)
1.42
1560.25
2765.42
2457.79
3048.46
Floor Area (m2)
Energy
Table 7 : Comparison on the basis of different parameters
By analysing and evaluating the results of simulation in a general office building (area- 40sqm), it can be concluded that the most preferable daylight factor can be achieved in the vertical window facade providing 40% glazing, i.e., 4.415%, when the outside temperature varies between 25 ℃ - 28℃. The preferable illuminance in the office space of area can vary between 300 lux – 1500 lux, which can be observed in two facades. The horizontal window facade providing 60% glazing has 275.44 lux – 2765.42 lux, and the vertical window facade providing 40% glazing has 66.88 lux – 1560 lux. Thus, the vertical window facade providing 40% glazing can act as most suitable building skin that would also help to improve the indoor environment. 38
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION
39
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
6.1 CONCLUSION For designing intelligent facades local climatic conditions, outdoor environment, and indoor spaces with a view to parameters such as energy performance, thermal comfort, air quality, temperature, etc. should be taken into account. The skin of the building acts as an environmental filter that is extended with the ability to adapt to different outdoor and indoor conditions by choosing the most appropriate response in each situation, developing the ability to learn, and communicate with the humans/ natural environment. Energy-efficient technologies, especially in the facade design, play an important role in the proper and sparing use of energy. In line with the latest advances in technology, intelligent buildings are compatible with their environment that can provide for highly efficient energy use. Because of the reduction in energy resources and increasing costs in the world every day, energy conservation in the building is primarily focused on building systems targeting the energy crisis, which may produce its own energy, ventilation, heating, and cooling. Therefore, intelligent skins came up, and are gaining more importance and will certainly become an integral part of the new buildings in near future. The main aim of this system is to provide comfort for building occupants, and therefore the comparison of the intelligent skin with the human skin reactions provides the right answers to understanding its function. Intelligent facades assist the designer to pass from the idea to architectural concept by using climate and visual comfort strategies that comply with an energy code. By exploring at the same time, many facade combinations for their thermal and visual comfort performance, designers can have better criteria in choosing an appropriate stating direction for further exploration. Accordingly, it is essential to fully consider the application of intelligent facades, as well as the required technical analysis and simulation strategies, during the early design stages of buildings. The study concludes that the use of intelligent facades is a significant criterion for the development of environmentally benign buildings, and these facades use responsive, interactive and adaptive techniques to act as an intelligent system.
40
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS Following recommendations can be made to design the building facades with advance and innovative techniques to improve the indoor environment, and enhance the working conditions and occupant comfort in the building blocks of Media Park.
The buildings functioning as administrative block, office, training center, etc. can have kinetic facade or/and double facade to improve the indoor environment, working conditions and occupant comfort.
Figure 39 : Arab World Institute, Paris
The spaces like exhibition area, workshop area, etc. can have interactive facade to display the work of the professionals as well as the show the daily updates. It will create an emphasis on the visitors as the people in the media park would be able to communicate with the facades.
Figure 42 : Hilversum Media Park, Netherlands
Figure 40 : Al Bahar Tower, Abu Dhabi
Figure 41 : Taman Anggrek Mall, Jakarta
The intelligent building facade helps the building to significantly contribute towards the reduction of energy consumptions, enhancement of the building energy and environmental performance, and also enrich the user‟s visual and thermal comfort.
41
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Intelligent building skin – It is an envelope that adapts itself to its environment by means of perception, reasoning and action. This innate adaptiveness enables an intelligent building envelope to cope with new situations and solve problems that arise in its interaction with the environment.
Contemporary architecture - It is a form of construction that embodies the various styles of building designs stemming from a wide range of influences. It cuts away from the modern architecture of the late twentieth century by including eco-friendly features and embracing all kinds of creativity.
Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) – It refers to the quality of a building‟s environment in relation to the health and wellbeing of those who occupy space within it. IEQ is determined by many factors, including lighting, air quality, and damp conditions.
Autonomic respond concept- It is an involuntary action when the material of the building changes itself dynamically in response to global climate change to reduce energy requirements.
Retractable roof – It is a roof system designed to roll back the roof on tracks, so that the interior of the facility is open to the outdoors. They are also known as operable roof or retractable skylights. They are mostly used in auditoriums, stadiums, etc.
Chilled ceiling technology – It is a type of radiation/convection HVAC system designed to heat and cool large buildings. Pipes of water are passed through a beam (a heat exchanger) either integrated into standard suspended ceiling systems or suspended a short distance from the ceiling of a room. As the beam chills the air around it, the air becomes denser and falls to the floor. It is replaced by warmer air moving up from below, causing a constant passive air movement called convection, which cools the room.
Building management system- It is also known as a building automation system, is a computer-based control system installed in buildings that controls and monitors the building's mechanical and electrical equipment such as ventilation, lighting, power systems, fire systems, and security systems.
Photovoltaic (PV) - It is a method known for generating electric power by using solar cells to convert energy from the sun into a flow of electrons by the photovoltaic effect. Solar cells produce direct current electricity from sunlight x
INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN which can be used to power equipment or to recharge a battery. PV has become the cheapest source of electrical power in regions with a high solar potential. A photovoltaic system employs solar modules, each comprising a number of solar cells, which generate electrical power.
Mashrabiya- It is an architectural element which is characteristic of traditional architecture in the Islamic world. It is a type of projecting oriel window enclosed with carved wood latticework located on the upper floors of a building, sometimes enhanced with stained glass.
Illuminance - It is the total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area. It is a measure of how much the incident light illuminates the surface, wavelength-weighted by the luminosity function to correlate with human brightness perception.
Daylight factor- Is a measure of the total daylight illumination at a point on a given plane expressed as a ratio (percentage) which the illumination at the point on the given plane bears to the simultaneous illumination on a horizontal plane due to the clear design sky at an external point open to the whole sky vault, direct sunlight being excluded.
Table 8 : Daylight factor for different spaces
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INTELLIGENT BUILDING SKIN
BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212017315001061
https://wfmmedia.com/evolving-trends-facade-design/
https://scholar.google.com/
https://encore.unl.edu/iii/encore/search/C__SIntelligent%20Building%20Skin_
https://www.archdaily.com/270592/al-bahar-towers-responsive-facadeaedas
https://www.commercialwindows.org/case_debis.php
https://www.designindaba.com/articles/creative-work/dynamic-solarshading-kiefer-technic-showroom
https://www.archdaily.com/125125/galleria-centercity-unstudio
High Performance Façades for Commercial Buildings by Stefan Bader
Intelligent systems in architecture façade systems by Alin Rubnicu
Development of intelligent façade based on outdoor environment and interior thermal comfort by Mostafa M.S. Ahmed
High-Performance Commercial Building Façades by Eleanor Lee and Christian Kohler
https://beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/BEE_ECBC%202017.pdf
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