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NewLife Media F-56, Shewsabei 5th, FMI City, Hlaing Tha Yar Township, Yangon,Myanmar. G.P.O.Box 539 Office: 01-680455; Mob: 0943-135826
F-56, Shewsabei 5th, FMI City, Hlaing Tha Yar Township, Yangon,Myanmar. G.P.O.Box 539 Office: 01-680455; Mob: 0943-135826 www.bawathit.org newlifemyanmarmedia@gmail.com
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csif;vnf;? a,½Ic&pfawmfü wpfqw l nf; aombk&m;ocif\ om;o®;D jzpfMuaMumif;? om;OD;a,½Ic&pfawmfEiS fh nDtpfuakd rmif?ESrrsm; tjzpfukd wOD;ESiw fh OD; cspfcifjrwfE;kd &rnht f aMumif;jzpfvmav\/wdw k Ekd iS fh vd&k if; qd&k aomf wdu k &f u kd b f &k m;ESiv fh l udjk yefvnfqufpyf qufo, G af y;vdu k o f ?l olu Y o kd l vrf;cif;ay;vdu k o f jl zpfonf/ xdv k rf;udk avQmufvu kd vlwikd ;f avQmufEikd yf gonf/ ravQmufvu kd vnf; zefqif;&myg vGwv f yfpmG a&G;cs,f ydik cf iG t fh & vlwikd ;f \qE´yif/ c&pfawmfonf ygvufpwdik ;f Edik if w H iG f ay:xGe;f cJo h nf/ ud, k af wmfonf ygvufpwdik ;f Edik if o H m; *sL; (0g) tpöa&; vlrsdK; wpfO;D jzpfygonf/ oufawmfpOf wckv;kH onf a&S;ya0oPDacwftqufqufryS if Asm'dwaf wmf? tem*wóuwdawmfrsm;xm;&Scd NhJ yD;?xdx k m;&Sad om Asm'dwf awmftwdik ;f rSeu f efjzpfvmcJyh gonf/ ESpaf ygif; 2000 ausmfu ygvufpwdik ;f Edik if o H nf pwk&ef; rdik af ygif; wpfaomif;cefo Y m jzpfonf? tvQm; 150 rdik ;f ? teHtus,fq;kH awmifyikd ;f ü 75 rdik ;f om&Syd gonf/ xdaYk Mumihf xdEk ikd if o H nf qGpövefEdkifiH xufi,fjyD;? paumwvefEdkifiH xuf0ufrQom&Sdonf/ jrefrmEdik if H taemufyikd ;f wdik ;f {&d,meD;yg;cefo Y m&Syd gonf/xdEk ikd if \ H ajrmuf zuf&dS vufbEGeEf ikd if üH jrihrf m;aom [m&frek af wmifxyd Ef iS fh awmifaMum MuD;rsm;&So d nf/ ta&Sb Y ufwiG rf u l m; a*smf'efEikd if &H o dS nf/ awmifyikd ;f wGif ,k'awmifuek ;f ajrjrih&f o dS nf? taemufbufwiG f ajrxJyifv,f&o dS nf/ ajrxJyifv,furf;pyfrS ta&SYbuf 15 rdkifcefYtxd ajrjyefYjzpfonf/ tD*spfEikd if EH iS fh awmufavQmufvo l mG ;vrf;aygufonf/ 'kw, d rsOf;jydKif pyfMum;ajrmufbufrS awmufbufwpfavQmufv;kH wGif xH;k ausmufrsm;ESifh twdjyD;aom awmifuek ;f ajrjrihaf 'ojzpfonf/ xdx k ;kH ausmufausmMuD; onf ausm&d;k ozG,f *gvdveJ ,f? &Srm&de,f? ,k'e,fw0du k o f Ykd oufqif; - 11 -
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or®musrf;pmawmfjrwf tjrif (Biblical View) (1)/]]ndK;i,faMumihMf updwEf iS rfh b d wko Yd nf armihu f kd &SmMuNyD[k qdkaomf a,&Iu rdbonf tb,hfaMumihftuRefyfudk &Smygo enf;/ tuREfyk o f nf tb\tdrüf ae&onfukd rodygoavm[k ajymqdv k Qif olwYkd onf xdpk um;udek m;rvnfMu/ xdaYk emufa,&Ionf rdbwdEYk iS t fh wl oGm; ojzihf emZ&ufjrdKo Y Ykd a&mufí olwpYkd um;udk em;axmifvQufaeav\/xdk
h taMumif;t&m tvH;k pHw k u Ykd kd r,fawmfonf ESv;kH xJü rSwu f sHK;av\/ a,&I onfvnf; tpOftwdik ;f MuD;í ynmwd;k yGm;vQuf bk&m;ocifa&SU vlwYkd a&SUrSm rsufEmS &awmfr\ l }}(vkum 2;49)/ txufygusrf;yd'k t f & od&onfrmS (u) tbtdraf wmfjzpfaomAdrmefawmf/ a,&IuAdrmefawmfukd ]]tbtdr}f } [kac:qdo k jzihf touf 12 ESpo f m &Sad o;ol? rdbESpyf g;udyk if olütb&Sad Mumif;? xdAk rd mefawmfonf yif tb\tdrfawmfjzpfaMumif; ajymqkdvdk ufjcif;onfol\tbrSm aumif;uifbükH &Sad wmfral om tbxm0&bk&m; ocifjzpfaMumif; azmfjy vdu k jf cif;jzpfonf/ wdAufjynfrS jyefvmjyD; towfc&H rnfp;kd í bk&m;om;[k vdrv f nfjyD;w&m; a[mcJo h nfqjkd cif;rSm txufygt& vH;k 0rjzpfEikd af wmh acs/ jynfyc&D;rqdx k m;ESifh jynfwiG ;f rSmyif AdrmefawmfoYkd 0wfjyKaom 12 ESpo f m;t&G,u f yif ol\tbrSmxm0&bk&m;jzpfaMumif;? olonf bk&m; om;jzpfaMumif;azmfjyxm;ESiafh csjyD/ (c) ol\tbonf vly*k Kd¾ vf a,moyfr[kw/f xdaYk Mumifh c&pfawmfonf vlZY mwdukd cH,al wmfrcl phJ Of? tysdKunm rm&dEiS hf a,moyfwu Ykd t kd oH;k jyKawmfrcl ahJ omfvnf; trSepf ifppf c&pfawmf bk&m;\ Zmpfjrpfonf a,moyf? rm&dtm;jzifh jzpfwnftpjyKcJo h rl [kw?f vlom;rsm;udu k ,fwifprd ahf omiSg vlUZmwdc, H cl jhJ cif;omjzpfonf/ (*) emZ&ufjrdKüY aeí BuD;jyif;aMumif;xif&mS ;aeonf/ þae&mwGif c&pfawmfb&k m;onf tpOftwdik ;f BuD;jyif;aMumif; awGU&aomaMumifh wdrjf rKyfomG ;aom ZmwfaMumif;ESihf tjcm;t&yfa'oodYk udk roGm;cJah Mumif;awGU&ygonf/ (C) bk&m;ocihaf &SUvlwaYkd &SUrSm rsufEmS &/
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c&pfawmfESifhwdAuf'@m&D
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tajzrSe½f aI xmihf ( 7 )rsKd ; c&pfawmfb&k m;\ oufawmfpOf 12 ESprf o S nf 30 ESpt f Mum; ocifa,&I\ oufawmfpOftrSeu f kd aMuvnfatmiftwwfEikd q f ;kH MudK;pm; í atmufygtwdik ;f wifjy&Si;f vif;oGm;ygrnf/ 1/ yXr&Iaxmih-f or®musrf;pmawmfjrwf tjrif (Biblical View) 2/ 'kw, d &Iaxmih-f "avhx;kH wrf;tjrif (Customary View) 3/ wwd,&Iaxmih-f omoemordik ;f aMumif;tjrif (Historical View) 4/ pwkw&¬ aI xmih-f a'oEÅ& yx0Dtjrif (Geographical View) 5/ yOör&Iaxmih-f pufrv l ufrt l jrif (Technological View) 6/ qXr&Iaxmih-f pmay&Iaxmiht f jrif (Litracy View) 7/ owÅr&Iaxmih-f taxGaxG&aI xmihf (Miscellaneous View)
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h tBuHawmft& emZ&ufNrdKY ü aexdik jf cif;jzpfaMumif;od&onf/ (C) tNrJaeawmfro l nf/ c&pfawmfonf emZ&ufNrdKw Y iG t f NrJ[yk g&Sad omaMumihf AufvifNrdKU rSajymif;a&TUNyD; emZ&ufjrdKüY tNrJaexdik af Mumif;od&onf/ emZ&ufjrdKUom; a,&I[yk if trnfwiG cf o hJ nf/ (3)/]] a,&Iuvnf; ya&mzufrnfonfum; rdrjd rdKUrdrt d aqG ae&m? rdrt d rd f rSwpfyg;tjcm;aomt&yfü toa& &So d nf[k xdo k w l t Ykd m; rdeaYf wmfr\ l }} (rmuk 6;4)/ (u) vuform;om;/ c&pfawmfonf vuform;om;? ud, k af wmfwikd v f nf; vuform; jzpfaomaMumihf ol\ ae&yfwiG f rdrt d aqGtrsdK;rsm;Mum;ESifh rdom;pkü toa&r&S/d txifBuD;rcH&? rsufEmS r&aMumif;? vlw\ Ykd pdwaf eoabm xm;? obm0 w&m;udk az:jyxm; ygonf/ olta[mtajym raumif;í r[kwyf g? &Gmem;jruf&mG EGm; rpm;jcif;rsdK;udk azmfjyjcif;yifjzpfygonf/ rSwcf suf/ / c&pfawmfonf vuform;b0 cH,jl cif;jzihf ol\ zefqif;&Sib f 0 udk ykí d cdik v f x kH if&mS ;aponf/ zefqif;&Sijf zpfaMumif;udk oufaoxljyaejcif;jzpfonf/ vuform;[lonf jyKrnhft&mwdkif;udk OD;aESmufü t&ifpw d u f ;l MuHqjyD;rS ]]vufawG}Y }taumiftxnf azmfwnf aqmuf&olrsm; r[kwyf gvm;/ bmrSr&Sad omt&mudk &Sv d matmif zefqif; cJah ombk&m;\ zefqif;&Sijf zpfjcif;udu k vlweYkd m;vnfEikd af om taetxm; tjzpf vuform;tjzpf touf&SifaexdkifawmfrlcJhjcif;omjzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumihv f nf; pepfus aooyfwu d spGm pMum0Vm MuD;udk zefqif;cJo h nfrmS obm0us vuf&majrmufvaS yonf/
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xdkodkYrsufESm&onf[kqdkaomaMumihf (bkef;BuD;a&SUür[kwf) xm0&bk&m;ocihaf &SUürsufEmS &jyD;xm0&bk&m;\ w&m;oma[maMumif; xif&mS ;\/ (i) tjcm;w&m;ra[mcJ/h c&pfawmfonftjcm;tjcm;aombk&m;wd\ Yk w&m;rsm;udk ra[m cJh?tewåoufoufESifhvlwdkYodNyD;om; ocFg&oabmxm;oufoufudk rajymcJ?h ra[mcJyh g? a[mcJv h Qifb&k m; a&SUürsufEmS &vdrrfh nfr[kw/f (2)/]]c&pfawmfukd emZ&ufv[ l í l ac:MuvwåUH [laom ya&mzuf wd\ Yk EIwx f u G Ef iS t fh nD emZ&uftrnf&adS om NrdKo Y aYkd &mufí tjrJaeav\}} (róJ 2;23)/ (u)csufjrKyfa'o/ vltcsdKYwdkYtwGuf csufjrSKyfESihfBuD;jyif;&m a'owlwwfaomf vnf;? tcsdKt Y wGurf l csufjrSKyf ESiBfh uD;jyif;&m a'ooD;jcm; jzpfaewwfonf/ xdt Yk wl c&pfawmfonfvnf; AufvifjrdKY wGif arG;í emZ&ufjrdKw Y iG f BuD;jyif; aexdik cf ahJ Mumif; (tjcm;a'oodrYk oGm;aMumif;xif&mS ;) xif&mS ;aeonf/ (c)emZ&ufNrdKUom;/ emZ&ufvq l o kd nfrmS emZ&ufNrdKw Y iG f BuD;jyif;usifvnfaexdik f aomaMumihf ac:qd&k jcif;jzpfonf/ emZ&uf vljzpfrnht f aMumif;vnf; ya&mzuftm;jzihf a&S;rqGuyif MudKwifa[mMum;csufyifjzpfonf/ a[mMum;xm;onht f wdik ;f emZ&ufom;rSe;f vlwu Ykd odcMhJ uonf/ xdaYk Mumihf a,&Ic&pfawmfonf emZ&uNrdKüY BuD;jyif;aexdik af Mumif; xif&mS ;onf/ (*) ya&mzufusrf;pum;/ ya&mzufEw I x f u G Ef iS t fh nD[q k adk omaMumihf taMumif;rJh jzpfysuf vmjcif;r[kw?f BudKwifAsm'dwaf wmf rdeq Yf x kd m;onht f wdik ;f bk&m;ocif\ - 15 -
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(4)/]]taMumif;rlum; oifwt Ykd vd&k o dS rQ wdu Yk kd oifwrYkd awmif;rSD oifwYdk tbodawmfr\ l ? xdaYk Mumihf oifwq Ykd ak wmif;&rnfrmS aumif;uifbkH ü &Sdawmfrlaom tußGEkfyfwdkY\tb? udk,fawmf\ emrawmfjrwftm; &dkaoav;jrwfjcif;&Sdygapaomf? EdkifiHawmfwnfaxmifygapaomf?tvdk awmfonf aumif;uifbükH jynhpf o kH uJo h Ykd ajrMuD;ay:rSm jynhpf ykH gapaomf/ toufarG;avmufaomtpmudk ,aeYay;oem;awmfryl g? olwyg;onf uREfkyfwdkYudk jypfrSm;aom tjypfrsm;udk tuREfkyfwdkYonf vGwfouJhodkY tuREkfyfwdkY\ tjypfrsm;udk vGwfawmfrlyg/ tjypfaoG;aqmif&modkY rvdu k rf ygapbJ raumif;aomtrIt&mrS u,fEw I af wmfryl g/ tpd;k ydik af om tcGiEfh iS fh bke;f wefc;kd awmftmEkabmfonf urÇmtqufquf ud, k af wmfü &Syd g\/ tmrif[k qkawmif;Muavmh/ oifwo Ykd nf olwyg;\ tjypfuv kd w T f awmfrv l Qif aumif;uifbükH &Sad wmfral om oifw\ Ykd tbonf oifw\ Ykd tjypfukd vTwaf wmfrrl nf? oifwo Ykd nf olwpfyg;\ tjypfukd rvTwv f Qif oifw\ Ykd tbonf oifw\ Ykd tjypfukd vTwaf wmfrrl}}( róJ 6;8-15) / txufygusrf;jrwft&od&onfrmS u/ xm0&tzcrnf;awmf/ uREfyk w f v Ykd o l m;rsm; tm;vH;k \tbonf crnf;awmf xm0& bk&m;om jzpfonf/tjcm;tjcm;aom bk&m;ESihf tjcm;tjcm;aom arsmuf? qifu h pJ onfwrYkd jS zpfwnfvmjcif;r[kwyf g/ c/aumif;uifb/kH uREfyk w f v Ykd o l m;rsdK;EG,rf sm;\ zefqif;&Sicf rnf;awmfb&k m;onf aumif;uifbHkü&Sdawmfrlonf/ tjcm;tjcm;aomt&yfa'oüwnf&Sd wnfaeawmfro l nfr[kw/f
*/ oAÁnKwbk&m;/ xdkt&Sifonf uREfkyfwdkYqkrawmif;rDuyifawmif;rnhfqkudk odEiS afh wmfrNl yD;aomoAÁnKwÓPfawmf&iS f bk&m;jzpfawmfr\ l / C/ tajzay;aomt&Si/f zefqif;xm;aomvlom;rsm;tm; tjypfwGif;ü epfrGef;um? ]]ighjrif;igqdkif; ppfudkif;a&mufa&muf}} xif&mqdkif;aeMuaomfvnf;? aemifwjzifh txHawmfw;kd 0ifcsOf;uyfMuonfh vlw\ Ykd qkawmif;jcif;udk em; anmif;? Mum;emawmfral ombk&m;jzpfonf/ i/jrifjh rwfaomemrawmf/ &dak oav;jrwfxu kd Nf yD;? vlom;wdik ;f ud;k pm;,HMk unfjcif;ESit hf wl wdik w f nfwrf;wac:qdak wmif;tyfaom emrawmfjrwfyikd &f iS jf zpfonf/ p/&kad oav;jrwfjcif;&S&d rnf/ xm0&bk&m;\emrawmfudk &dkaoav;jrwfjcif;&Sd&ef oGefoif awmfrlcJhonf/ aumif;uifatmufajrBuD;ay:wGif tjcm;tjcm;aom vly*k Kd¾ vf? tjcm;aom bk&m;rsm;tm; wpfwef;wnf;xm;&SNd yD; tav; tjrwfxm;&ef xyfrrH oGeo f ifc/hJ q/xm0&Edik if aH wmf/ c&pfawmfbk&m;rdefYawmfrlaom EdkifiHawmfonf þavmuü wpfo;D wjcm;wnfaxmifaombk&m;ocif\ avmukw&å m Edik if aH wmfjzpf onf( avmuD Edik if aH &;? avmuDEikd if aH wmfr[kw)f / Z/tvdak wmfjynfph jkH cif;/ aumif;uifbHkü tvdkawmfjynhfpHkouJhodkY uREkfyfwdkY aexdkif&m þajrBuD;ay:? þavmuü jynhpf akH p&ef oGeo f ifonf/( aemifwrvGeb f 0 tusdK;omr[kwf? ,©KypöKyÜef rsufarSmufb0\ tusdK;jynhf0jcif;udkyg
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apvTwjf cif;r[kw?f a&G;cs,fc&H jcif;r[kw/f C/a,&I\pum;awmfukd em;axmif&rnf/ c&pfawmfa,&Ibk&m;\pum;awmfudk em;axmif&rnf[k aumif;uifbrkH S ynwfawmf? trdeaYf y;awmfral ombk&m;onfum; xm0& bk&m;ocifyifjzpfonf/ i/ bk&m;om;jzpfonf/ rdrdudk,fudkrdrd bk&m;om;jzpfonf[k ajymcJhjcif;rSm vdrfnm zefw;D jcif;r[kw/f aumif;uifbrkH S toHawmftm;jzihf þolum;igESpo f uf jrwfE;dk &m ig\cspfom;aywnf; [laom tcsufu bk&m;om;awmf {uef pifppfreS u f efaeaMumif; oufao&Sad yonf/ bk&m;&Siu f , kd af wmfwikd u f vnf; c&pfawmftwk tppfcjJG cm;Edik &f ef þodMYk udKwif tem*wåed rd w d jf y oufaoxlxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ (10)/]]wzefrm&fewfonf a,&Iukd tvGejf rihv f pS mG aom awmif ay:odYk aqmifomG ;í þavmu&So d rQaom wdik ;f Edik if w H u Ykd 4kd if; xdw k ikd ;f Edik if H wd\ Yk bke;f pnf;pdru f kd vnf;aumif; jynGeí f ud, k af wmfonf ighun kd w G jf yyf ud;k uG,v f Qif ,ckjyavorQwdu Yk kd igay;rnf/ a,&Iuvnf; tcsif;pmwef ighaemufoq Ykd w k af vmh/ oif\bk&m;ocif xm0&bk&m;ocifukd ud;k uG,&f rnf/ xdb k &k m;ocifuo kd m 0wfjyK&rnf/ usrf;pmvmonf[k rdeaYf wmfrl avonf/ xdt k cg rm&fewfonf txHawmfrS xGuo f mG ;í aumif;uif wref wdo Yk nf csOf;uyfvQuf vkyaf uR;Mu\}}(róJ 4;8-11)/ txufygusrf;yd'k w f rYkd o S &d onfrmS ? rm&fewfonfu/ wefc;kd jyEdik af Mumif; od&\/ c/ vlupkd nf;pdraf y;Edik af Mumif;od&\/ */ bk&m;trSwjf zihu f ;kd uG,f cHcsifvaS Mumif;od&\/
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h od;k oli,fuMkd unh&f UI avmh/ igr&Srd DS &SEd iS o fh nfjzpfí ighxufomí BuD;jrwf aomolonf igh (a,m[ef) aemuf<uvmonf[k qd&k mü xdo k l ( a,&I) udk qdv k \ kd / tpuxdo k u l kd igrod? a&üAwÅZd u H kd ay;apjcif;iSm ighuakd pvTwf awmfral om olu tMuifo\ l tay:ü 0dnmOfawmf qif;oufí em;awmf rlonfudk oifjrifvQif xdkolum; oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmfü AwÅdZHudk ay;aomolaywnf;[k rdeaYf wmfr\ l }}(a,m[ef 1;29-30?13)/ txufygusrf;yd'k w f rYkd o S &d onfrmS u/ avmu\tjypfukd aqmifco hJ /l avmuDom;rsm;\tjypfudkaqmif,lcJhaomt&Sifonfa,&I jzpfaMumif;od&onf/ tjcm;aombmomü vlwpfpw kH pfO;D \ tjypfukd wpfpkH wpfO;D u rnforYkd S raqmif,El ikd [ f q k akd omaMumifh tjcm;aomvrf;pOfr[kwf cJo h nfukd pOf;pm;qifjcif;MunhEf ikd yf gonf/ c/ 0rf;uGn J t D pfu/kd a,m[efonf c&pfawmfEiS fh wpf0rf;uGaJ wmfpyfí t&ifarG;ol jzpfaomfvnf; bk&m;Zmwdawmftm;jzihf c&pfawmfonf a,m[efr&Srd &DS EdS iS fh aeaMumif; od&onf/ */ AwåZd u H akd y;ol/ a,&Ic&pfawmfonf ,HMk unfow l ynfo h m0ursm;tm;vH;k wdu Yk kd oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmftm;jzihf AwÅdZHudk ay;aomoljzpfaMumif; od&onf/
q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif
C/ a,&Iu xm0&bk&m;ocif zefqif;&Siu f o kd m 0wfjyKud;k uG,f &rnf[k a&S;"r®a[mif;usrf; oGeo f ifcsufuykd if ud;k um;í jyefvnfred q Yf kd ajzMum;cJhonfudk awGY&onf/tjcm;bk&m;udk udk;uG,f0wfjyK&ef roGef oifcyhJ g/ tjcm;aom bmom w&m;wdrYk S bk&m;rsm;udv k nf; ud;k uG,&f ef vnf; roGeo f ifcyhJ g?/usrf;pmudk om tajccHu;kd um;ajzqd&k jcif;onf/ (11) /]]ynwÅu d srf;? tem*wÅu d srf;rsm;udk y,fzsufjcif;iSm igvm onf[k rxifMuESi?fh y,fzsufjcif;iSg igvmonfr[kw/f jynhpf akH pjcif;iSg igvmownf;/ igtrSet f uefqo kd nfum; aumif;uifEiS afh jrMuD; rysufp;D rSw D ikd af tmif; ynwÅu d srf;ü ti,fq;kH aom pmvH;k AdEK¨ wpfv;kH rQ jynf;pHjk cif; odYk ra&mufrrDS ysufp;D &}}(róJ 5;17-18)/ txufygwdrYk o S &d onfrmS u/ <uvm&jcif;/ c&pfawmfonf avmuodYk <uqif;vmaomtcg taMumif;rJ?h tajccHrJh<uvmawmfrlcJhonfr[kwf? bDpD 500-600 rqdkxm;bdESifhOD; a&S;ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmuyif "r®a[mif;usrf;yg Asm'dwjf yKa[mMum;xm;onhf twdik ;f tem*wÅu d srf;? ynwÅu d srf;rsm;ESifh tnDjynhpf akH p&ef <uqif;awmfrl vmcJjh cif;jzpfonf/ c/ uwdawmfpum;/ aumif;uifEiS afh jrMuD; rysufp;D ao;aomaMumihf ynwÅu d srf;ü ti,fq;kH aom pmvH;k AdEK¨ wpfv;kH rQ tuket f pif rjynhpf akH o;aMumif;? quf vufí urÇmv Y o l rdik ;f aMumif;BuD;wGif bk&m;a[mESit fh nD jynhpf kH vmayOD; rnfjzpfaMumif;od&onf/odUk jyD;rS aumif;uifEiS afh jrMuD; ysufvwå?YH aumif; uifopfEiS fh ajrBuD;opfjzpfvmvwåUH [ktwdtvif;rdeaYf wmfrcl o hJ nf/ (12)/ ]] þavmu\ tjypfuakd qmifomG ;aom bk&m;ocif\ - 29 -
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]]"avhx;kH wrf;tjrif }}(Customary View) (1)/]]olonf vuform;om;r[kwaf vm/rm&d\ om;r[kwf avm/,muky?f a,mao? &Srd ek w f \ Ykd tudk r[kwaf vm/ olEY rS rsm;wdo Yk nf igwdEYk iS t hf eD;tyg;aeMuonfr[kwaf vm}} (rmuk 6;3)/ txufygusrf;yd'k w f rYkd o S &d onfrmS u/ rdbvufiw k v f uform;/ a,&Ionf vuform;om;jzpfonf? ,k'xH;k pHü om;orD; wdw Yk iG f tBuD;qH;k aom om;onf rdr0d goemyg&m? MudKufEpS o f uf&m vkyif ef;udk vkyfudkifa&G;cs,fí toufarG;0rf;aMumif;jcif;trludkrjyK&/ BudKuf onfjzpfap? rBudKufonfjzpfap? 0goemygonfjzpfap? 0goemrygonf jzpfap? zcif\vkyif ef;udk 0dik ;f ulí vkyu f ikd f toufarG;&onf/ tarGcv H yk f udik &f onf? usefom;orD;rsm;uom rdrpd w d Mf udKuf? ESpo f uf&m? 0goemyg&m wdu Yk kd vTwv f yfpmG vkyu f ikd cf iG &Yf Muonf/ c/ nDtpfuEkd rS rsm;/ igwdt Yk eD;tyg;ü olEY rS rsm; &Sad eMuonfr[kwv f m;[k qdak om aMumihf c&pfawmfonfr&Scd o hJ a,mif jzpfaeonf/ trSepf ifppf þvuf orm;b0jziho f m tcsdeu f ek v f eG cf í hJ vlral &; rvIy&f mS ;? ryg0iftm;cJ?h y&d abm*? opfom;? ud&, d m rsm;wdjYk zihf om tcsdeu f ek v f eG cf ahJ Mumif;od&onf/ vloed nf;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ (2) touf 30 jynhrf o S m vl&moGi;f í bmoma&; vkyu f ikd cf iG Yf ay;onf/ touf oH;k q,f ESpf rjynhrf csif; bmoma&; 0ifa&mufO;D pD; acgif;aqmif yg0ifciG , fh 'k xH;k pHür&S/d cGirfh jyK obm0vnf;usonf? touf
h 30 &Syd gu tawGt Y MuHK &ihu f sufrUI ? A[kow k tawmftwef pHv k ifr&l NdS yD jzpfaMumif; em;vnfEikd yf gonf/ xdaYk Mumihf a,&Ionf touf 30 jynhrf S pwifí trIaqmif&jcif;jzpfygonf/ (3) ]]touf wq,hEf pS Ef pS t f &G,w f iG f ,k'yocgwdx Yk ;kH pH &So d nhf twdik ;f a,&I&v S ifNrdK&Y AdS rd m® efawmfoo Ykd mG ;Mu\/ yJjG yD;tjyef c&D;ü aysmufí rdbwdYk &SmawGaY omtcg oH;k &uf&adS yjyD/ xdjk yefawGpY OfwiG f rdbonf tb,hf aMumihf tuREfyk u f kd &Sm&ygoenf;/ tuREfyk o f nf tb\ tdrüf ae&onfukd rodygoavm/ olwo Ykd nf xdpk um;udk em;rvnf Mu[kyg &S&d m ]]tb\tdr}f } [k qdo k jzihf xm0&bk&m;udk omaz:jyae\/ (vk 2;40-52) / xdk 12 ESpf t&G,f vlrr,fonf wdAufbek ;f BuD;wdEYk iS fh vdu k yf goGm; vQif 12 ESpo f m &Sad o;aomaMumihf i,f&, G v f eG ;f ayonf/ rsOf;ajzmiht f wdik ;f 3850 rdik f a0;aom c&D;udk vdu k yf goGm;&ef cufcv J aS yrnf( ,kw, då w k rå &S?d ynm&Srd qef)/ vuform; b0jzihf 30 jynho f nhw f ikd af tmif vuform;om vkyu f ikd cf yhJ gonf/ tjcm;odYk c&D;roGm;cJyh g vuform;b0jzihf rdcif ESiafh rmif ESrwdkYudkauR;arG;apmihfa&Smufwm0ef,lcJhonf/ tdrfaxmifrIwm0efudk xH;k pHEiS t fh nD wm0efauscJo h yl g/ (4) 12 ESpf t&G,f 3 &uf rQom uav; aysmufomG ;&Hjk zihf acgif;rD;? &ifrD; awmufatmif y&da0' avmifjrdKufcJhMu&Smaom rdbESpfyg;wdkY\ tjzpfupkd Of;pm;Munhyf g/ þwdak wmif;vSaom 3 &ufavmufrQ twGuyf if xdkrQ&ifylcJhMuaom rdbESpfyg;tbdkY 18 ESpfumvygwfvHk; 12 ESpfrS 30 ESpt f Mum; cGcJ mG cJ&h onfqv kd Qif rdbrsm;\ ylyefru I kd tus,fw0ihf wcrf; wem;ESifh rdbESio fh m;orD;wd\ Yk arwåmbGrYJ sdK;? vGr;f aw;uAsm? Zmwfeyd gwf rsm;tjzpf or®musrf;pmü rSww f rf; wiftyfayonf/ þrQavmufaom *E¨0ifajrmuf c&D;Murf;MuD;udk rSww f rf;xm;&St d yfayonf/ rdbESpyf g;ESifh
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rcGrJ cGg &Scd ahJ omaMumihf rSww f rf;r&Scd yhJ g/ xdaYk Mumih-f u/ rdbarmifbmG ;wdEYk iS fh cJcG gG jcif; rSww f rf;usrf;pmür&S/d c/ *sL;ordik ;f aMumif;rSww f rf;üvnf;r&S/d */ cGcJ gG ygu jyefawGaY Mumif;? jyefvmaMumif; rSww f rf;r&S/d C/ jyif;xefMuyfwnf; tElpw d v f aS om ,k'bmomxH;k wrf;t& tjcm;ol wyg;vufov Ykd t JG yfay;0Ho h nhf rdbrsm;vnf;r[kwcf /hJ i/ ukeo f nfrsm;tm; vGaJ y;vdu k &f onhw f ikd af tmif ypfawmif; qefcgaexdik í f &aom bmomrJv h w l ef;pm;rsdK;r[kwcf /hJ p/ olo Y abmESio fh mG ;onfqv kd Qifyif *E¨0ifajrmuf &J0phJ eG pYf m; oufpeG q Yf zH sm;jzpf&ayrnf/ odrYk [kwu f vnf; ]] t&Snq f ;kH oGm;aom ti,f qH;k aomvluav;}} tjzpfrw S w f rf;&S&d ayrnf/ q/ 18 ESpf umv tvGr;f bG&YJ &dS rnf/ rdcifonf? um;pifwifcsdeüf yif&cdS o hJ nf/ rdciftaejzihf 18 ESprf Q cGcJ gG cJah om om;jzpfygu xdt k vGr;f bGu YJ v kd nf; id, k jkd rnfwrf;aom xnf;oGi;f rSww f rf;&S&d ayrnf/ ps/ *E¨0ifajrmufc&D;oGm;rSww f rf; tawGt Y MuHK &Si;f vif;csufr&S?d rawG&Y / n/ toGm;c&D; rSww f rf;r&S/d #/ tjyefc&D; rSww f rf;r&S/d xdkYaMumihf taxmuftxm; uif;rJhaomtaMumif;t&m rsm;aMumihf c&pfawmfonf wdAufjynfodkY ra&mufEdkifaMumif; od&SdEdkif ayonf/ (5) By H.E.Dana. A life of Christ, pg. 18
This experience, however, brought no expression of arrogance of agonistic on the parts of the boy Jesus. He returned with Marry and Jeseph to Nazareth, subject to them as in the past. Of his experience from that time to the begining of his public ministry we know nothing in detail, but only in a general way that he led a normal but pure and benevolent life. It is generally believed that Joseph died in the early years of Jesus’s manhood and that Jesus then became the head of the Nazareth household.
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wwd,&Iaxmihf ]]omoemordik ;f aMumif;tjrif}}(Historical View) c&pfawmfonf wdAufjynfoYkd oGm;a&muf&m Ak'b ¨ mom t,l 0g'udk wdAufjynfreG f bke;f awmfMuD;ausmif;wGif wynhcf ?H rcHoEd ikd &f ef wdAuf jynfoYkd Ak'b ¨ momomoem a&muf&jdS yefyY mG ;aom ckEpS o f uú&mZfukd wGucf suf aomfum; vltaygif;tm; ]]tuRwfw&m;rS a0;uGmap&ef}} rd;k vH;k jynf?h r[kwrf rSe?f rlrrSeaf omvkyMf uHZmwfreS ;f aumif;aumif;odEikd af yonf/ wifjycsuf (1) tdycf sf*sD0v J f qdo k l ordik ;f ynm&SiMf uD;u wdAufjynfoYkd Ak'b ¨ mom pwifa&muf&cdS ahJ om ckEpS rf mS at'D 500-600 wGijf zpfonf/ wifjycsuf (2) c&pörwfwefz&dqo kd \ l ordik ;f t& wdAufjynf odYk Ak'b ¨ momonf at'D 7 &mpk tv,f at'D 700 cefY odrYk [kwf 650 cefüY a&muf&cdS o hJ nf/ wifjycsuf (3) &efuek f 0ZÆm? odyw HÜ uúov kd &f dS pmayt& Ak'b ¨ momonf wdAufoYkd a&mufonfrmS at'D 650 ? 700 cefY odrYk [kwf at'D 640 cef[ Y ak zmfjyonf/ wifjycsuf (4) rmCjrefrmjyefaom &m[kvmoHupd n ö ;f \ wdAuf Ak'o ¨ moem pmtkyt f & 640 rwdik rf D wdAufoYkd Ak'b ¨ mom rjyefyY mG ; ra&muf&dS ao; aMumif; od&onf/ wifjycsuf ( 5) Kenneth W. Morgan jyKYpkaom Buddhism Interpreted by
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Buddhists pmtkyt f &/ Although only the Himalayas separat Tibet from India and there had been several attempts by Indian monks to introduce Bubbhism into Tibets it was not until the twnty century after the Buddha ( Seventh Century A.D) That Buddhism was officially introduced into Tibet, making it the last of the Modern Mahayana countries to accept Buddhism.
Ak'a¨ *gwr\ aESmif;ydik ;f 12 &mpkjzpfaom c&pfouú&mZf (7) &mpkwiG Af 'k b ¨ momudk wdAufjynfow Ykd &m;0if rdwq f ufEikd cf o hJ nf[ak wG&Y ygonf/ 4if;pmtkyrf mS The part of the Buddha [laom pmtkyrf S pmrsuf ESm 65 wGif Buddhism Interpreted by Buddhists [k a&;xm;ojzihf 4if;pmtkyrf mS Ak'b ¨ mom0if? usrf;wwfrsm; ud, k w f ikd f teufziG q fh x kd m;aom Ak'0¨ g'[k t"dygÜ ,f&o dS jzihf Ak'b ¨ mom0if usrf;wwfynm&Sirf sm;ud, k w f ikd f teufzGihfcsufpmtkyfüyg&Sdaom Ak'¨bmom wdAufodkYa&mufaMumif; ouú&mZf jzpfojzihf xdak t'D 700 cefY qdo k nfrmS vGepf mG rS taxmuftxm; cdik v f akH om ouú&mZfjzpfawmhonf/ 4if;pmtkyu f kd Kenneth W. Morgan jyKpkco hJ nf/ wifjycsuf (6) c&pfawmfonf oufawmf 30 rwdik cf ifü jynfyodYk tjcm;c&D; oGm;cJh onfqakd om tqdjk yKcsuf rawG&Y ? rMum;od&? rSww f rf;rSw&f mr&Syd g[k yg&Sd onf/ R.W.F. Wootton \ Christian Worship pmtkyrf aS zmfjy&vQifThe Lord Jesus was offered in the Temple according to the ancient law as a child six weeks; he went there again at the age of 12, when a boy became a member of the community of Israel. (But we do not know of any other visit in the first 30 years of His life).Synagogue worship chapter 8. Christian Worship of God.
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]]xdo k w Ykd Ad ufjynf taMumif; a&;om;xm;aom pmtkyrf sm;xJwiG f ]]&m[kvmoHupd n ö ;f }}\ pmtkyrf mS um; pHjyKxdu k q f ;kH aom pmtkyjf zpfonf[k qdv k Qif rSmtHrh nfrxif/ wdAufjynfoYkd Edik if jH cm;rS yk*Kd¾ vf wpfo;D wpfa,muf tvnftygwf a&mufomG ;bdv Yk nf; rvG,af y/ Edik if u H vQdK0Suf todcuf oavmuf Edik if \ H bmomw&m;rSmvnf; axGjym;qef;Mu,fvaS yonf}} (yg&*l)/ txufygwdrYk S od&aomtcsuf[rl u l m;wifjycsuf ( 8) wdAufwikd ;f jynfonfyifvQif (7) &mpkusrSom wdik ;f jynftjzpfoYkd ay:ayguf vmcJah Mumif;? q&du k sefq*efyb kd &k ifu pwifwnfaxmifaMumif; od&onf/ c&pfawmfonf touf 30 ESpo f m þavmuwGif r*fvrf;w&m; udk zGi&fh ef omoemhtrIuakd qmifcNhJ yD;aomaMumihf at'D 30 0ef;usif\ aESmif;ydik ;f umvwGif r&Sad wmhNyD/ at'D 30 rS 700 tMum;wGijf zpfaom aMumihf r[m;',m; uGmjcm;aeayNyD/ ]]qifBuD;v,fjyifrSmoGm;onfh tvm;}} txif;om;t&Si;f om;jzpfaeonf/ wifjycsuf (9) ]]c&dq&du k sef}}bk&if eefwufaomtcg (at'D? 755-797) ü Ak'b ¨ momomoemrSm ESpf 100 cef&Y NdS yD[k qdak omaMumihf at'D 655 0ef;usif üom Ak'o ¨ moem a&muf&adS Mumif; wGuí f &onf/ xdt k csde?f xdu k mv? xdt k wdik ;f twmwGiu f m; c&pfawmfonf r[mtrIjyKNyD;í aumif;uifoYkd odr;f qnf;jcif;udk cH,al wmfrNl yD;jzpfonf/ wifjycsuf ( 10) oEÅ&u©rd ax&fukd tdE, d´ Edik if &H dS ]]emvE´wuúov kd }f } rS &Sib f &k if ]]c&dq&dv k a'usef}} yihzf w d í f a[mMum;aomESpw f iG f wdAufjynfü Ak'¨
h bmoma&mufonfrmS ESpaf ygif; 100 cefY &SNd yDqakd omaMumihf ( at'D? 755797) twGi;f wGiyf ifyihzf w d cf &H onf/ xdaYk Mumihf Ak'o ¨ moemonf at'D 600 ? 700 0ef;usifüa&mufaMumif; aocsmonf/ xdt k csdeüf c&pfawmf bk&m;\ ]]r[mu,fcRwfjcif;}} vrf;onf twdtvif;zGiahf y;awmfrcl NhJ yD;jzpfonf/ wifjycsuf (11) wdAufjynfuw dk nfaxmifjyD; Ak'o ¨ moem vrf;cif;ay;olonf at'D 615 wGiaf rG;zGm;í 650 wGif uG,v f eG o f nf[k qdak omaMumihf wdAufoYkd 615-650 twGi;f ü Ak'o ¨ moema&mufaMumif; od&avonf/ xdt k csdeüf c&pfawmf bk&m;\ ]]r[mu,fcRwfjcif;}} vrf;onf twdtvif;zGiahf y; awmf rlcNhJ yD;jzpfonf/ wifjycsuf (12) wdAufjynfawmifyikd ;f rGeb f ek ;f awmfMuD;ausmif;rS ausmif;xdik f q&mawmf ]]t&Sit f &d,ykwrÅ [max&f}}xHoYkd a&mufco hJ nfqjkd cif;rSmvnf; ,kwådr&SdaMumif; txift&Sm;vDq,frIomjzpfaMumif;odjrifEdkifonf/ ]]oEÅ&u©w d rax&f}}tm; wdAufoyYkd ihaf qmifaomtcg Ak'o ¨ moemawmf onf ESpaf ygif; 100 cef&Y NdS yD jzpfaomfvnf; wdAufvrl sdK; &[ef;oHCmvnf; r&Sad o;? Ak'b ¨ mom bke;f awmfMuD;ausmif;wdu k v f nf;r&Sad o;? bk&if\ tvdk t& oEÅ&u©dwrax&fonf jA[®ykwÅ&jrpf\ ajrmufydkif;ESpfrdkiftuGm&Sd ae&mudk Ak'b ¨ mom ausmif;wdu k w f pfwu kd af qmuf&ef a&G;cs,fowfrw S f vdu k Mf uavonf/ xdaYk Mumif-h u/ rGefbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;wnfaqmufaMumif;udk ordkif; taxmuftxm;rsm;r&S/d ]]oEÅ&u©w d rax&f}} omvQif tdE, d´ rSvmaom bke;f awmfMuD;jzpfavonf/ c/ rnfonhaf usmif;wdu k rf Qvnf; r&Sad o;aMumif;od&onf/
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c&pfawmfESifhwdAuf'@m&D
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*/ ]]oEÅ&u©w d rax&f}}ae&ma&G;íom wnfaqmufxm;aom ausmif ; wk d u f o m&S d a Mumif ; od & onf / xd k Y a Mumih f þausmif ; wd k u f wnf a qmuf a omtcsd e f ü xd k t csd e f ü c&pf a wmf bk & m;\ ]]r[mu,fcRwfjcif;}} vrf;onf twdtvif;zGiahf y;awmfrcl NhJ yD;jzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumifh ]]ynm&So d wdjzpfc}J }[krqdak p&atmif txl;owdjyKoifah om ordik ;f rsm;jzpfaeonf/ wifjycsuf (13) trsdK;om;ynma&;0efBuD; OD;zd;k usm;a&;om;aom ajrmufyidk ;f Ak'b ¨ mom r[m,e *dP k ;f [laom pmtkyt f & Ak'b ¨ momonf tdE, d´ rS wdu k &f u kd f wdAufoYkd a&mufvmonfrmS at'D 650 avmufwiG o f m jzpfonf [kyg&So d nf/pmrsmufEmS 141 wGif atmufygtwdik ;f zwf&EI ikd yf gonf/ ]]wdAufjynfodkY a&mufvmaom Ak'¨bmomr[m,me*dkPf;rSm w&kwfjynfu wqihfvmonfr[kwf/ tdE´d,uyif wdkuf&dkufa&mufvm onf/ a&mufvmonfrmS omoemouú&Zf 1194 ? c&pfouú&mZf 650 avmufwGifomjzpfavawmhonf/a&mufvmaom r[m,e *dkPf;rSm xdt k cgqDjzpfaom omoem 110 ausmfrS 1700 ausmftxd ( 7th century to 12nd century) tdE, d´ wGijf zpf&adS eaom r[m,ersdK;jzpfavonf/ xkrd [m,ersdK;rSm ,m*pm&0g'? 0dZmÆ ,me? wEÅ&0g'? pke;f ?ewf? ya,m* wdjYk zihjf yGr;f oD;aeavonht f wGuf twefysufp;D aeaom trsdK; tpm;rsdK;jzpfavonf/ wdAufjynfoYkd a&mufvmaomtcg &S&d if;jzpfaom? pke;f ?ewf? ya,m*? *gxm? rEÅef t,l0g'wdEYk iS fh xyfí a&maESmoGm;av&m rsm;pGmajymif;vJysufp;D í? wpfusyfwiG f wpfrwfavmufom Ak'b ¨ mom t,l0g' usefavawmhonf/ - 47 -
rSwcf suf/ (1) jrefrmtrsdK;om; uav;? vli,f? vl&, G ?f vlvwfEiS fh Edik if jH cm; om;rsm;uyifoad omtjzpfomru tausmftarmf ynma&;0efMuD;uyif? 650 at'DrS wdAufjynfoYkd Ak'b ¨ momomoemawmf a&muf&adS Mumif; a&;om;xm;onfuakd wGU&onf/ rSwcf suf/ (2) xdw k Ad ufEikd if o H Ykd a&muf&adS eaom Ak'b ¨ momrSmvnf; ,aeYjrefrm Edik if w H iG f txift&Sm;wnf&adS eaom ax&0g'Ak'b ¨ mom omoemawmf r[kwb f J r[m,eAk'b ¨ momomjzpfaMumif;od&onf/
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h wdik o f \ l tw¬KyÜwdå udak &;om;&ef tb,frmS vQif puúLpm&Guu f kd &&SEd ikd yf g tHeh nf;/c&pfawmfvufxufü wpfurÇmvH;k puúL? pm&Gurf ay:&Sad o;/ C/c&pfawmfb&k m;\vufa&;rl/ c&pfawmfonf ol\vufawmfjzifph mrsufEmS aygif; 100 ausmf wGif a&;om;xm;onfqykd gu vufa&;rlEiS fh xdpk m&Gurf sm;;udk ,ckacwfwiG f vlxt k m; acwfreDS nf;pepfjzihf &dw k u f ;l jzefaY 0wifjytyfayonf/ txl;ojzihf c&pfawmftm; bk&m;rSe;f rodaom 'dXad wGtwGut f mCtcGit fh a&;MuD;yif r[kwyf gvm;/ ,aeYacwfwGif rdkufu,f*sufqif? rGef&dk;ponfhomref &kyf&Sif tEkynm&Sif rsm;\ ypön;f rsm;udyk if a':vmoef;csDay;NyD; 0,f,al eonfh acwfwiG f c&pfawmfb&k m;\ vufa&;puúLudt k rSeaf wGU&Syd gu tb,frmS wd;k wd;k wdww f w d jf zifh aeEdik Mf uygrnfenf;/ i/ 0doravmborm;rsm;/ tqd;k taumif;rSm tvGepf yfpNk yD; ausmfMum;rlwiG f olx Y ufigom &Sad omolwu Ykd vnf; ,aeYxt kd rlut kd aotcsm ppfxw k jf zefaY 0Muayrnf/ txl;ojzifx h pkd uúLom&Scd yhJ grl ]]ql;av;vrf;qH}k } ESihf ]]0if;armfO;D }} pmtkyf wdu k o f nf? xdpk mtkyu f kd rwifra&mif;yJaernfvm;/ p/ puúLordik ;f aMumif;/ puúLay:aygufonfrmS w&kwjf ynfwiG f at'D 200 tpydik ;f ü wD x G i f E d k i f c J h a Mumif ; tajccH ynmtxuf w ef ; ausmif ; English 'órwef;wGif oifMum;aom pmrsufEmS 27 wGif atmufygtwdik ;f azmfjyyg &Sad vonf/ ]]Paper, one of the most useful materials of this modern
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yOör&Iaxmihf ]]pufrv l ufrt l jrif}}(Technological View) ]]tm;wufoa&m BudK;yrf;jyD; vdkufvHpHkprf;awmh aemufqHk; wdAuf jynfawmifyikd ;f rGeb f ek ;f awmfMuD;ausmif;&Sd ausmif;xdik q f &mawmf jzpfaom rax&fjrwfukd c&pfawmfb&k m; ud, k af wmfwikd u f pm&Guaf ygif; 100 ay:rSm olu, kd w f ikd f 18 ESpt f wGi;f awGMY uHKcJ&h aom b0tawGt Y MuHKrsm;udk rSww f rf; wifjyD; MudK;eJY ususeecsKyfaESmifum olu Y w kd &m;"r®rsm; a[majym oGefoif ay;cJhwJhtaeeJY uefawmhcJhwJhrSwfwrf;udk&cJhw,f/xdkxm;awmf rlaom rSww f rf;rsm;xJrmS c&pfawmfb&k m;ud, k af wmfwidk f atmufygtwdik ;f a&;om; xm;wm awG&Y &dS w,fvYkd }} &d&k pfpu f a&;om;xm;onf/ u/ puúLacwf/ ocifa,&I c&pfawmfvufxufwu kd f puúLrsm;ray:r&Sad o;yg/ ay&Gu?f usL&d;k ? tkwcf syf? &GYH cJrsm;jzih4f if; om;a&usrf;pmvdyrf sm;om&Scd hJ ayao;onf/ c&pfawmfu, dk af wmfwikd f ok"r®mZ&yfwiG o f \ l tw¬KyÜwrdÅ sm; udk tem*wH0H usrf;üa[majymAsm'dwfjyKxm;onhf a[&Sm,tem*wåd usrf;pmvdyu f kd zwfcb hJ ;l onf/ ,aeY usrf;rsm;yifvQif yifv,fe?D yifv,f aoukr®&ef*lrsm;? pOftdk;ajrtdk; tp&SdonfwkdYrS &&Sdaomusrf;pmvdyf rsm;yifjzpfMuonf/ aemufq;kH ul;,lí acwfr&DS w kd Ef ydS f Mu&avonf/ c/ wdAufEiS hf puúLacwf/ xdt k csdeu f mvwGiv f nf; rnfoyYkd if wGucf suf? oH;k oyf aeapum rl? trSeyf ifc&pfawmfomG ;cJah omfrS wdAufjynfüvnf; c&pfawmfu, kd af wmf - 49 -
world, was invented in China at the beginning of the second
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h c&pfawmfonf Ekwfawmfjzihfa[mawmfrl\/ vlwdkYurSwfwrf;wifjy\? ausmif;yifraecJah omaMumihf ESrd af jymjcif;jzihf vuform;om; r[kwaf vm [kyif wdik ;f xGmajymcJMh uygonf/ 2/ usrf;pmordik ;f / &Siaf ,m[ef 8;6 wGif a,&Ionf atmufoiYkd v YkH Quf vufnKd ;awmf ESifh ajrüa&;om;í aeawmfr\ l / þusrf;yd'k üf od&onfrmS vdiu f pd üö rSm;,Gi;f azmufjyefaeaom rde;f rtm; a,&Ixo H Ykd ac:vmNyD; axmifacsmuf qifar;jref;cef;rSjzpfonf/ c&pfawmfonf ol\oufawmfpOf wpfavQmuf vH;k ü rnfonhpf mayudrk Q a&;om;jzefaY 0jcif;r&Scd yhJ g/ ,ckvkd ajrMuD;ay:rSm rdrv d ufnKd ;awmfEiS fh ESpMf udrrf Q a&;jcpfcb hJ ;l onfuo kd m usrf;pmü zwf&&I ygonf/ ay? pm&Gu?f ausmufxuftu©&m rwifcb hJ ;l yg/ ,k'wdx Yk ;kH pHt& tdraf xmifqo kd nfrmS rdom;pk\ yxrqH;k aom ynmqnf;yl;&m? ynm&SmazGoo l nf rS;D ck&d m jzpfonf/ tdraf xmif;onf vufO;D ausmif;jzpfonf/ rdbrsm;u bk&m;ociftaMumif;ESifh odrw S zf , G &f m wdkYudk om;orD;wdkYtm; tvTwfusufrSwfapí oifMum;ay;cJhMuonf/ wuúov kd ?f aumvdyaf usmif; ynm&yfrsm;udk a,&IroifMum;cJah omfvnf; tdraf xmifwiG ;f üyif rdbynma&;awmh&adS yonf/ &Siv f u k m 4;16-22 ü BuD;yGm;awmfr&l m emZ&ufjrdKo Y Ykd a&mufjyef vQif xH;k pHawmf&o dS nht f wdik ;f Oyk'af eYü w&m;Z&yf od0Yk ifí usrf;pmzwf&w G f jcif;iSgxawmfr\ l / Z&yfapmiho f nf ya&mzuf a[&Sm,\ usrf;pmvdyu f kd ay;í usrf;pmudk zGiafh wmfrv l Qif awGaY omtcsufum; xm0&bk&m;ocif\ 0dnmOfawmfonf ightay:üwnfawmfr\ l taMumif;rlum; qif;&Jom; wdt Yk m; 0rf;ajrmufp&m owif;udk Mum;ajymapjcif;iSm ighub kd o d yd af y;awmf rljyD/aMurGaomolw\ Ykd temudak ysmufapjcif; iSgvnf;aumif; vGwjf cif;
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c&pfawmfESifhwdAuf'@m&D
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century AD.}}
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taMumif;ESihf rsufpduef;aom olwdkYtm; jyefjrifapjcif;taMumif; iSgvnf;aumif; xm0&bk&m;\ r*FvmESpu f mvudk Mum;ajymapjcif;iSg vnf;aumif; ighuakd pvTwaf wmfrjl yD [kvmownf;/ usrf;pmvdyu f kd w&m; Z&yfapmiht f m;ay;NyD;rS xdik af wmfr\ l / w&m;Z&yfü&Sad om oltaygif;wdYk onf ud, k af wmfukd aphaphMunh&f v I QufaeMu\/ a,&Iuvnf; ,aeYyif þusrf;pmcsufonf oifwMYkd um;&onhf twdik ;f jynhpf akH vjyD [kred aYf wmfr\ l / xdkoltaygif;wdkYonf udk,fawmfudk0efcHí wihfw,favQmufywfaom EIwfawmfxGufpum;udk tHhMocsD;rGrf;vQuf? þolonf a,moyf\om; r[kww f akH vm[kqMkd u\/ txufyg usrf;pmawmfjrwfro S &d onfrmS ? a,&Ic&pfawmfonf1/ emZ&ufNrdKw Y iG &f o dS nf/ emZ&uf N rd K Y t m;BuD ; yG m ;awmf r l & mt&yf [ k q d k a omaMumif h emZ&yfjrdKüY tjrJaexdik af Mumif;od&onf/ tjcm;jynfyodo Yk mG ;cJah Mumif; t&dyt f aiTUyifrawGU&/ 2/w&m;Z&yfwiG &f o dS nf/ c&pfawmfonf xHk;pH&Sdonhftwdkif; Oyk'faeYü w&m;Z&yfwGif usrf;pmvdyu f o kd m zwfMum;aMumif; od&\/ tjcm;aombk&m;\pmay? tjcm;aombk&m;\w&m;ra[m? rzwfrMum;? rnfonfph uúLrQvnf; roH;k cJah Mumif; usrf;pmvdyu f Mkd unfjh cif;tm;jzifah wGU&onf/ 3/ tem*wåpd um;awmf/ c&pfawmfb&k m;zwfMum;awmfral omusrf;yd'k o f nf a,&Itm; nGe;f qdak om usrf;pmvdyjf zpfjyD;/ a,&Iu ]],aeYyif þusrf;pmcsufonf oifwMYkd um;onht f wdik ;f jynhpf akH yNyD[k rdeaYf wmfr\ l }}/ tarmcH? tyifyef;cHí vdrv f nfZmwfvrf;qifaeygrnfvm;/ w&m;orm;? bk&m;w&m;wdu Yk tck - 53 -
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h [kxo kd t l m; qd&k moavm? igonfcrnf;awmf\ trIwUkd udrk jyKvQif ighukd r,HMk uESi?hf jyKvQif ighurkd ,Hak omfvnf; xdt k rIwUkd udk ,HMk unfavm/xdo k Ukd ,HkvQif crnf;awmfonf igü&Sdawmfrlonfudk4if;? igonfcrnf;awmfü &Sad wmfro l nfu4kd if;? ,Hí k odrw S Mf uvdrrhf nf[k rdeUf awmfr\ l / xdt k cg ud, k f awmfukd zrf;qD;jcif;iSg &SmMujyefvQif? xdo k w l Ukd \ vufrS xGu<f uawmfr\ l }}/ "r®opfacwfumvwGif a,&Ic&pfawmfb&k m; jyKawmfrcl ahJ om wefc;kd edrw d v f u©rsm;xJrS jyKawmfral om wefc;kd jym#d[m trsm;rS tcsdKUaom trIrsm;yifjzpfonf/ av;q,fe;D yg;cefU aom wefc;kd edrw d v f u©Pmawmf rsm;ukd c&pfawmf0ifor®musrf;pmwGif az:jyxm;ygonf/ c&pf0ifusrf;wdUk wGif twdq k ;kH jzpfaom &Sirf muk c&pf0if usrf;\ av;pkwiG f oH;k pkaomusrf; rsm;uedrw d v f u©Pmrsm;udo k mcGjJ crf;pdwjf zmwifjyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ ,kwpf t G qH;k a,&Ic&pfawmfukd qefUusiforl sm;uyifvQif a,&I bk&m;udkr,HkMunfjim;vnf; jyKawmfrlaomwefcdk;edrdwfwdkUudkodrSwf 0efccH MhJ u&ygonf/ odUk aomfvnf; ]vlurkd ek ;f vsifru l o kd ;kH } qdo k nfh pum; twdik ;f vlwUkd \ taxGaxGaom rvdrk ek ;f xm;jcif;enf;rsm;jzifh ]r&St d jypf} ud&k mS BuHypfwifcMhJ ujyefao;onfrmS ,aeUacwfwiG v f nf; 0rf;enf;zG,&f m tjzpfawGUjrif&ygonf/]]oifwdkUonf pdwfrysufapjcif;iSg þpum;udk igajym\/ avmuDom;wdUk onf oifwUkd udw k &m;p&yfrS ESix f w k v f rd rhf nf/oif wdUk udo k wfaomolrnfonfum;? bk&m;0wfuikd gjyKNyD[rk rd d xifrw S af om tcsdeu f mv a&mufvrd rhf nf}}(a,m? 16;1-2)/ a,&Ic&pfawmfjyKawmfrlcJhaom edrdwfvu©PmawmfwdkUwGif ewfq;kd ESix f w k jf cif;? usef;rmapjcif;? rd;k oufrek w f ikd ;f tm; Nidr;f apjcif;? aojcif;rS &Sijf yefxajrmuf apjcif;ponfwUkd onf vly*k Kd¾ vfrsm;jzifjh yKawmf rlaomtrIrsm;jzpfNyD;? tjcm;aom trIrsm;rSm vlom;wdUk ESihf qufE, G jf cif;
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&Sib f &k if'g0d'rf S olc, H &l &Scd ahJ om EIwu f ygwfawmf zGijhf yxm;onfh c&pfawmf a,&Itjzpfawmfudk &Sif;vif;pGm jrifawGU&ygonf/"r®a[mif;usrf;wGif crnf;awmfb&k m;ocifEiS t hf wl avmuDr;kd ajrESihf pMu0Xmwpfcv k ;kH tm; wpfajy;nD ydik o f pd;k pHawmf rlaom t&Sijf zpfawmfro l nf/ a,&Ionf bk&m;jzpfonft h m;avQmfpmG vlrsdK;wum? ,Ofaus;rI tvTm? bmomw&m;? vltaygif;wdUk xuf omíjrifjh rwfaomaMumifh csD;rGr;f jcif;ESihf ud;k uG,jf cif;udk txl;cH,al wmfrx l u kd af om bk&if wumwdUk \bk&if? t&SifwumwdkU\t&Sif?bk&m;taygif;wdkUtxufwGifpdk;pHydkifoaom tkyfpdk;jcif;tmPmpuf&Sdonf/]]bk&m;ocifonfbk&m;wdkU\y&dowfü &yfvsuf aeawmfrlí? bk&m;wdkUtv,fü pD&ifawmfrl\}}(qmvH? 82;1) avmuodUk wzefjyefvnf <uvmrnf [k rdeUf qdo k nfh bk&m;vnf;jzpfygonf/ 4/ tHzh , G t f rIujkd yKawmfrcl /hJ a,&Ic&pfawmfb&k m;onf tBuD;jrwfq;kH aom vlwUkd OD;aoQmif jzpfawmfro l nfomru tBuD;jrwfq;kH aom w&m;udk oGeo f ifneG jf yonfh t&Siw f pfqw l nf;aombk&m;jzpfawmfro l nf/ xdrk Qru tvif;w&m;udk &&Sdolxufru {aumAka'¨gwpfqlwnf;aom bk&m;omvQifjyKydkifaom tHhzG,fwefcdk;edrdwfvu©Pm jym#d[mrsm;udkvnf; jyKawmfrlcJhygonf/ vlwUkd \ ynmw&m;?uefUowfrt I pGr;f ESihf avmu ed,mrrsm;jzifh wdik ;f wm vTr;f rd;k aecsdef umvwGif c&pfawmfb&k m; jyKawmfrcl ahJ om edrw d v f u©Pm wefc;kd jym#d[mwdUk rSm vufczH , G &f mrjrif tqD;twm;rsm;jzifh uefUuGucf MhJ u avonf/ xdrk Qru a,m? 10;36-39 wGiv f nf; ]]crnf;awmfonf oefU&Si;f apí þavmuodUk apvTwaf wmfral omolu?igonfb&k m;ocif\ om; awmfjzpfonf[q k akd omaMumifh oifonf bk&m;ocifukd vGeu f sL; ajymonf -63-
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h taejzifh c&pfawmfa,&Iukd odrw S 0f efcu H ;kd pm;cdv k jHI cif;omjzpfonf/ rSm;,Gi;f aom bmomw&m;? rdpmä 'dXq d &m orm;rsm;u a,&Ic&pfonf bk&m;r[kwf aMumif; oGeo f ifwwfMuonf/ wzef ,Zfyak &m[dwrf if;u ]]oifonfc&pfawmfwnf;[laom r*Fvm&Sad om bk&m;ocif\ om;awmfreS o f avm[kar;jyefvQif? a,&Iu rSef\aemifumvü vlom;onf wefcdk;awmf\vuFsmbufüxdkifvQuf rdk;wdrfudkqD;<uvmonfudk oifwdkUonf jrif&MuvwHh[k}}rdefUawmfrl\/ xdt k cg ,Zfyak &m[dwrf if;onf rdrt d 0wfukd qkwv f Quf? tb,foufao vdak o;oenf;? bk&m;ocifukd vGeu f sL;í ajymaom pum;udo k ifwUkd onf Mum;&MuNyD[q k akd vonf/ ( &Sirf muk? 14;61-64)/ þpum;tm; Mum;em&olwUkd onf c&pfawmfa,&Ib&k m;\ qdv k kd &if;udk aumif;pGmem;vnfonfrmS tmjA[Hukd u,frawmf rlcahJ ombk&m;? arma&Sukd trIawmfjrwftwGuf ac:awmfrcl ahJ ombk&m;tjzpf rdrd ud, k u f kd rdrad jymqdn k eT jf yaeaMumif;udk aumif;pGmod&MdS uNyD;? xm0& wnf&adS eaom bk&m;tjzpf jyqdak eonfukd &Siv f if;pGmem;vnfMuonf/ xdUk twGuf aMumif; vnf; bk&m;udv k eG u f sL;ajymqdo k t l jzpfEiS jhf rifum c&pfawmf bk&m;tay: wGif trSm;trSef ydik ;f jcm;em;vnfjcif;r&So d nfw h ikd af tmif vlwUkd owfrw S f xm;aom pnf;rsOf;? bmoma&;abmifrsm;jzifh tavhus tarSmifz;kH vGr;f aeMuonf/ ]]oifwUkd onf pdwrf ysufapjcif;iSg þpum;udik gajym\/ avmuD om;wdUk onf oifwUkd udw k &m;p&yfrS ESix f w k f vdrrhf nf/oifwUkd udo k wfaom olrnfonfum;? bk&m;0wfudkigjyKNyD[krdrd xifrSwfaomtcsdefumv a&mufvrd rhf nf}}(a,m? 16;1-2)/
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r&Sdaom trIrsm;jzpfMuonf/a,&Ibk&m;onfyifv,fESifhavjyif;udk trdefUay;wm;jrpfawmfrlaom tcgwGif wr[kwfjcif; &yfwefUoGm;cJhyg onf/ taMumif;rSm zefqif;cH oufrw hJ Ukd onf zefqif;&Sit f m; emcHjcif; &SMd uonfom/ þae&mwGif bk&m; tjzpfawmfEiS hf pd;k pHyikd o f tkypf ;kd jcif; tmPmpufawmfudk4if;? c&pfawmf\ tjzpfawmfwdkUudk awGUjrif&ef avmuDom;wdUk twGut f cGix hf ;l yif jzpfonf/ &Sirf muk c&pf0if 4;41 wGif ]]xdo k w l Ukd onf tvGeaf MumufvefUí þolum; tb,foUkd enf;? avESiyhf ifv,fonf ol\pum;udk em;axmif ygonfwum;[k tcsif;csif; ajymqdMk u\}}[lírSww f rf; wifxm;onfukd awGU&ygonf/ xdUk aMumifh jyKawmfral om edrw d v f u©PmwdUk onf ]]xm0& bk&m; aumif;jrwfawmfro l nft h aMumif;udk jrnf;prf;í odrw S Mf uavmh ud, k af wmfukd cdv k aHI omolonf r*Fvm&S\ d }} ( qmvH? 34;8) qdak om w&m; awmfESifhtnD a,&Ibk&m;\ bk&m;*kPfESifhtjzpfawmfudk ;qdk az:jy aejcif;rsm; yifjzpfawmfro l nft h wGu?f aumif;jrwfjcif;&So d nf r&So d nfukd um; um,uH &Sif avmuDvo l m;wdik ;f twGuf jrnf;prf;odrw S f Edik af om wpfcw k nf;aom tajzjzpfayvdrrhf nf/ 5/ bk&m;jzpfaMumif;rdeUf awmfrcl /hJ a,&Ic&pfonf rdrdudk,fawmfwdkif bk&m;jzpfaMumif; &Sif;&Sif; vif;vif;ESihf tav;xm;um xyfwvJ vJred Uf awmfrcl yhJ gonf/ tu,fí c&pfawmfa,&Ionf bk&m;r[kwcf yhJ gu bk&m;tm; jypfrmS ;&ma&mufNyD; ynmwfawmfq,fyg;wGif yXr ynmwfawmftm; csdK;azgufveG u f sL;jcif; omjzpf&ayrnf/ c&pf,mefrsm;\ jyKjyifajymif;vJ oGeo f ifrrI sm;aMumifh a,&Io S nf bk&m;jzpfvm&jcif; r[kwyf g? ppfreS af om bk&m;jzpfaMumif; c&pfawmfa,&Iudk,fawmfwdkif rdefUawmfrlcJhaomaMumifh c&pf,mefrsm; - 65-
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h aocsmaomtrIudkjyqdk&ygvQif? a,&Ic&pfawmfonf bk&m; pifppf jzpfaMumif;twGuf oufaoawmif;cHjcif;twGuf tjiif;tcHk jyKawmf rrlc?hJ xdt k pm; c&pfawmfa,&Ib&k m;\ pum;wdUk onf rSeo f nf rrSeo f nfukd &Si;f vif;pGmjzifh rdeUf ‘>ruf a[maz:jynTe;f cJjh cif;wdUk aMumifh vlwikd ;f u &Si;f vif; pGmjzifhyif a,&Ic&pfawmfbk&m;jzpfawmfrlaMumif;udk aumif;pGmodjrif em;vnfcMhJ uygonf/ xdak eU acwftcgumv or,rSmyif bmoma&; acgif;aqmifrsm;tMum;ü a,&Ionf bk&m;jzpfawmfral Mumif;udk tod trSwjf yKcJMh uonfom/ xdUk twGuv f nf; c&pfawmfb&k m;u rdro d nf bk&m; r[kwaf Mumif;vnf; awmif;yefpum;ESihf jiif;qefjcif; rsdK;vnf; jyKawmf rrlcyhJ gay/ 7/ tjypfuif;pifaMumif;rdeUf qdak wmfrcl /hJ a,&Ionf jyKrdaomtjypf?rjyKrdaomtjypftvH;k pHrk S uif;vGwf cJo h nf/ rjyKrdaomtjypf[o l nf aumif;rSe;f odvQufEiS hf rjyKjcif;udk qdo k nf? jyKrdaomtjypfonf raumif;rSe;f odvQufEiS hf jyKrdjcif;udq k v kd o kd nf/ tjypf [líqd&k mü? um,uH? 0pDu?H raemuH ponfwUkd yg0ifonf/tjypf'pk &du k w f Ukd onf t&mcyford ;f udk odjrifaom teEÅwefc;kd awmf? teEÅrsuf arSmufawmf &Sif a&SUwGif tm;vH;k yuwd oabmjzifh zH;k uG,jf cif;r&Sd awGUjrif awmfro l nf/ ordik ;f wGiMf unfyh gu ]]um,uH? 0pDu?H raemuH wnf;[laom uHo;kH yg; wdUk rS4if;? ADZtjypfr4S if; uif;pifo[ l í l [pfa<u;Edik af omol wpfpkH wpfO;D rQ r&Scd yhJ g}} jrefrm pum;yH&k o dS nft h wdik ;f ]]jypfrsdK; rJrh xif? ajcmujfypf uif;oJvJpif}}[laomolr&SdcJhyg/ ]]tb,faMumifhenf;[lrlum;/ bk&m; ocifonf tjypfEiS u fh if;pif aomolukd igwdUk twGuaf Mumifh tjypf&adS om oljzpfapawmfr\ l /taMumif; rlum;? igwdUk onfxo dk t l m;jzifh bk&m;ocif a&SUawmfü ajzmifrh wfaomol jzpfrnftaMumif;wnf;}} (2 aum? 5;21)/
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&Siaf ,m[ef? 10;30-31 wGif ]]igonf crnf;awmfEiS hf wpfv;kH wpf0wnf;jzpf\}}[k rdeUf awmfral omtcg *sL;vlrsdK;wdUk onfu, kd af wmfukd ausmufcJESifh aygufowf&ef BuHaqmifMujcif;jzpfonf/ xdktcg a,&I c&pfawmfonf ]]igonf crnf;awmf\ tcGiEhf iS hf aumif;aomtrIrsm;wdUk udk oifwUkd tm;jyNyD? xdt k rIwUkd wGif tb,frnfaomtrIaMumifh ighukd cJEiS yhf pf Murnfenf;}} [kar;awmfrlcJhygonf/ xdktcgwGifum; ]]aumif;aom trIaMumifh cJEiS yhf pfrnfr[kw?f oifonf vljzpfvQufyif bk&m;ocif jzpfa&mif aqmifí bk&m;ocifudk vGefusL;aom pum;aMumifh cJESifhypfrnf}}[k qdck MhJ uonf/ (&Siaf ,m[ef? 10;30-33)/ 6/ bk&m;jzpfaMumif; tjcm;olrsm;tm;oufaojyawmfrcl /hJ c&pfawmfa,&Ionf bk&m;jzpfawmfral Mumif;udk rde‘f >rwfawmf rlchJ onfomru bk&m;pifppf {ueftrSef jzpfawmfral Mumif;udk oHo, &So d rl sm;? rdpmä t,l&o dS rl sm;tm;vnf; 0dpu d pd mö uif;apjcif;tvdUk iSg oufaoxif&mS ; w&m;a&at; tNrdKufaq;udk wdu k af uR;awmfrv l Quf ppfreS af om or®m w&m;vrf;awmfoUkd ñTejf yawmfrcl yhJ gonf/ r? 26;63-65 ]]a,&Ionfww d q f w d pf mG aeawmfr\ l ?,Zfyk a&m [dwrf if;uvnf;?oifonfc&pfawmfwnf;[laombk&m;ocif\ om;awmf rSeo f nf? rrSeo f nfukd ajymapjcif;iSg touf&iS af wmfral om bk&m;ocifukd wdik w f nfí oifu h u kd sdeq f akd ponf[q k v kd Qif/ a,&Iu oifqo kd nfh twdik ;f rSef \/ xdrk Q ru aemifumvü vlom;onf wefc;kd awmf\ vusFm bufüxdik f vQuf rd;k wdru f q kd ;D vQuf <uvmonfukd oifwUkd jrifMu&vwH[ h k rdeaf wmfrl \/xdt k cg,Zfyak &m[dwrf if;onf rdrt d 0wfuq kd w k v f Quf þolonf bk&m; udk vGeu f sL;íajymNyD/ tb,foufaoudv k akd o;oenf;/ bk&m;udv k eG f usL;íajymaompum;udk ,ckyifoifwUkd Mum;&MuNyD}}[k awGU&onf/ - 67 -
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h xdo k Ukd rdeUf qdck ahJ omyk*Kd¾ vfonf ordik ;f wGicf &pfawmf a,&Irw S pfyg; tb,frnfaomyk*Kd¾ vf? tb,frnf odUk aomolwpfO;D wpfa,mufrQr&Scd yhJ g? "r®opfwiG v f nf;aumif;? ,aeUrsufarSmuf acwfwiG 4f if; xdo k Ukd aomolr&Sd cJ/h xdt k &mtwGuf wynfah wmfwUkd onfvnf; rSm;,Gi;f cJo h nf[k jynTecf hJ aom jyKjyifcahJ om taMumif;r&S?d yuwd or®mw&m;? opömw&m;wdUk t&Sif a,&Ib&k m;twGuf Munfvifaom MowåyÜ w&m;wdUk jzifh rdrw d Ukd \ ,HMk unf ud;k uG,rf t I m; ]]toufuykd "gerxm;}} wnfMunfaom pdwjf zifh ouf0if ,HMk unfchJ Muonf/ 8/ tjypfajzvGwaf wmfrcl /hJ þavmuwGif vkyfaqmifudkifwG,f&mü BuHKqHkaeMu&aom 'kut © ylr;D ESihf aomuy&da'0wdUk onf4if;? tdjk cif;? emjcif;? aojcif;paom udpt ö rIBuD;i,f toG,o f , G w f Ukd onfvnf; tjypfw&m;\ tusdK;quf rsm;omjzpfonf/ Oyrm ppfruf? aojcif;w&m;? emusifausuGrJ ?I rlcif;? qif;&Jjcif;? ylyefaomu ponfwUkd yifjzpfonf/ odUk wdik af tmif tjypfw&m; twGuf cGiv hf w G jf cif; w&m;um; &Smava0;avyifjzpfonf/ xdUk twGuf bmomw&m;tcsdKUu taumif;qH;k ajzaq;taejzifh aumif;aomtrIrsm;udk jyKvkyjf cif;tm;jzifh cGiv hf w G jf cif;udk &,l&ef bk&m;udk &SmazGu;kd uG,Mf u&if;? raMucJah omtukov kd t f wGuf b0tqufqufwiG f ay;qyfjcif; wnf;[laom edó&nf;udk toH;k jyKMu aomfvnf; ppfreS af om tjypfvGwfjcif;w&m;udkum; aMueyfatmif vlom;wdkU &SmazGrawGUEdkif jzpfMu&onf/ þae&mwGif a,&Ic&pfawmfb&k m;\ tjypfciG v hf w G jf cif;onf vlwikd ;f twGuf txl;tqef; tHMh orSio f uf jzpfMu&jyefygonf/ tjypfEiS hf jynf0h aeaom trsdK;orD;tm; tjypfrS aemifw &&ef rdeUf qdak wmfrcl o hJ nf/
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