A cancer diagnosis can be scary. Your imagination might be working overtime, playing out best and worst-case scenarios. You may also have questions like: “What are my chances of survival?” and “Is my cancer going to spread?”
It’s normal. There’s so much to learn about prostate cancer and which treatment is right for you, and it can be unsettling not to know how this will all shake out.
But knowledge is power.
This comprehensive e-book was developed by industry experts, prostate cancer patients and Urologists to provide you with knowledge and resources to help you personalize your cancer care for the best possible outcome.
Hear from real patients throughout their prostate cancer journey
“ I was in my late 50’s and seeing a
urologist for the first time after a referral from my primary care physician. Digital rectal exam? PSA test? What was I in for?”
- Geoff McLennan, Prostate Cancer Patient & Advocate
Follow his journey
Prostate cancer at a glance
1-in-8 American men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in their lifetime
Over 288K men expected to be diagnosed in 2023
African American men are at a higher risk of developing prostate cancer
If a family history of cancer is present, you may have a higher likelihood of having a more aggressive cancer
1-in-5 Veterans will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in their lifetime
Chapter 1 - Pre-cancer screening
1.1 PSA
What is PSA?
PSA is a protein (prostate-specific antigen) produced by cells that line the small glands inside the prostate. When a man has prostate cancer, his PSA levels tend to increase which is why a PSA test is often used by physicians to screen for prostate cancer.
What is a PSA Test?
To conduct a PSA test, a physician will take a blood sample and send it to a laboratory for analysis. A PSA test result is an important factor when determining a prostate cancer diagnosis, plan, and treatment. However, an elevated PSA does not always mean a man has prostate cancer. Additionally, a low PSA does not mean that cancer is not present.
Understanding your PSA results
In general, doctors often consider PSA levels of 3.9 ng/mL and lower to be normal depending on your age. It is also important for your doctor to track any increases in your PSA levels as these increases may suggest the presence of cancer even if your PSA is in the normal range.
My urologist advised that the PSA test could be influenced by other behavior, such as riding a bike or strenuous exercise.”
- Geoff McLennan, Prostate Cancer Patient & Advocate “
Follow his journey
According to the American Cancer Society ® , men with a PSA level between 4.0 and 10.0 ng/mL have a 25% chance of having prostate cancer. Men with a PSA level greater than 10.0 ng/mL, their chance of prostate cancer is over 50% 1
ng/ml
Common causes of an elevated PSA
Age
It is normal for PSA levels to increase gradually with age.
Medical Procedures
Any of the following medical procedures could potentially lead to a rise in PSA:
• Prostate Biopsy
• Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP)
• Urethral Catheter
• Cystoscopy
Uri nary Tract Infec tion
If you have been diagnosed with a urinary tract infection, this could irritate or inflame the prostate cells that could lead to a result of a falsely elevated PSA.
Sexual Activity
Participating in a sexual activity that involved ejaculation within about 48 hours before testing can affect PSA results.
Certain Medications and Supplements
Medications such as aspirin, statins, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or medication for urinary problems have the potential to affect PSA levels. Nutritional supplements such as testosterone can cause PSA levels to rise.
1.2 Digital Rectal Exam
What is a Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) 1?
Doctors use a Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) to screen for cancer. This procedure is completed to examine the health of the prostate gland and to check for abnormalities and prostate cancer. The prostate can be felt through the side of the rectal wall. Please note that not all parts of the prostate can be felt on this exam.
What can you expect with a DRE?
A DRE is an in-office examination where your doctor or nurse gently inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the anus to estimate the size of the prostate and feel for lumps or other abnormalities. Due to the additional pressure on the prostate, some men may feel discomfort or the urge to urinate during the exam.
If the PSA or DRE tests are suspicious for prostate cancer, your primary care doctor will likely refer you to a urologist who will request further testing such as prostate biopsy and/or imaging.
Chapter 2 - A prostate biopsy
All this new terminology felt overwhelming. I had not exactly been a good science student in school!”
- Geoff McLennan, Prostate Cancer Patient & Advocate
Follow his journey
2.1 Biopsy
As mentioned, rising PSA levels and an abnormal DRE may suggest cancer is present. To confirm the presence of prostate cancer, your urologist will order a prostate biopsy. A biopsy is the small sampling of tissues from the prostate to be reviewed by a pathologist to determine if cancer is present.
What can you expect before and during a biopsy?
To prepare for the biopsy, the doctor may do the following:
• Ask you to stop taking certain medications
• Prescribe antibiotics to prevent infection
• Order an at home enema
• Have a clear liquid diet and avoid heavy meals in the days leading to the procedure
It's crucial that you talk with your doctor about the full list of instructions before your biopsy. During the biopsy procedure, the doctor will use either the Transrectal (TRUS) or Transperineal (TPUS) approach, mentioned below, to guide a thin hollow needle into the prostate. In some instances, the doctor will order an MRI before the biopsy to locate abnormalities within the prostate that may represent prostate cancer. The needle retrieves several thin cylindrical sections, or cores, of prostate tissue. Most urologists take 6-12 core samples in total from different areas of the prostate.
Some doctors may recommend imaging guidance during the prostate biopsy procedure to help ensure that the best samples are being removed. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS) is a form of imaging guidance.
What is a Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS)?
A small probe, about the width of a finger, is inserted into the rectum. The probe emits soundwaves that enter the prostate and create echoes. Those echoes are picked up by the probe and sent to a computer that turns them into an image of the prostate. This procedure often takes less than 10 minutes and is done in a doctor’s office or outpatient clinic.
What is a Transperineal Ultrasound (TPUS)?
This approach differs from TRUS because the biopsy needles enter between the anus and scrotum, called the perineum, using an ultrasound imaging for guidance to the prostate. You should discuss the differing biopsy approaches and risks with your urologist as your might prefer one procedure over another.
What happens after the biopsy is performed?
Biopsy samples will be sent to a lab and examined by a pathologist for cancer cells by looking under a microscope. If the pathologist can see cancer, a grade will be assigned. This grade is called the Gleason grade. Prostate cancer Gleason grades range from 1 to 5. Higher Gleason grades usually represent more aggressive prostate cancer. The Gleason grades will be available in the pathology report.
But because pathology includes looking at your biopsy slides under a microscope, the interpretation can vary between pathologists.
Chapter 3 - Gleason scoring
3.1 What is Gleason Scoring?
Pathologists review biopsy tissue under a microscope and assign it a Gleason grade based on the appearance of the cells. If cancer is present, it will be assigned two Gleason grades ranging from 1 to 5. The primary grade, or first number shown, is the most common Gleason pattern (grade) found in the biopsy. The second number is the second most common Gleason pattern (grade). These two numbers are added together for a Gleason score. Gleason scores range from 2 to 10 with most prostate cancer ranging from 6 to 10. An example of a Gleason score is 3+4=7. In this example, 3 is the primary pattern, and 4 is the secondary. When added together they equal 7.
Another term you may hear regarding Gleason scores is Grade Groups. Gleason scores have been divided into groups ranging from 1 to 5. Gleason score and Gleason grades determine the Gleason group.
Gleason Group Break Down
Well differentiated
Moderately differentiated
Poorly differentiated/ Anaplastic
Gleason pattern = 4+5, 5+4, 5+5
Limitations of Gleason Scoring
Gleason scores play a vital role in determining treatment decisions. First developed in the 1970s, Gleason scores have been used to assess the aggressiveness of patients’ prostate cancer. Because Gleason is based off looking at cancer tissue under a microscope, there can sometimes be a difference of opinions between diagnosing pathologists.
Additional testing can be done to get a more accurate assessment of your cancer’s aggressiveness. Certain genomic tests like the Prolaris ® test combine clinical and pathologic features (findings on DRE, PSA and Gleason score) with personalized information about how aggressive your tumor is—giving you a complete picture of your prostate cancer prognosis.
Chapter 4 - Genetic and genomic testing
4.1 Genetic and Genomic Testing
At its most basic understanding, cancer is caused by changes, or alterations, to a cell’s genetic code. These alterations change the way the cell behaves, including when it grows, divides, or dies. Cells that are unable to be repaired by the body can lead to cancer and cancerous tumors. Advancements in prostate cancer treatment guidelines now include genomic and genetic tests to help doctors understand different aspects of your cancer to better personalize your care.
What is Genomic Testing?
Since every cancer is unique, genomic tests, like Prolaris ® look at the cancer to see how it is behaving and how aggressively it is growing. This information is then used to inform patients about their risk of dying from prostate cancer or cancer spreading outside of the prostate into other areas of the body.
This personalized information will help you and your doctor plan out the best treatment strategy for you. For example, if you have a slow-growing cancer you may not need treatment right away or at all. Your doctor may recommend actively monitoring your cancer which could help you avoid the side effects that treatment could cause. Faster-growing cancers may need to be treated more aggressively to give you the best possible outcomes. Genomic tests can also tell if you will respond favorably to certain therapies, like hormone therapy.
What is needed to perform the test?
Genomic testing is preformed on a small sample of cancers tissue. If you already have a prostate cancer diagnosis, no additional biopsy is needed. If you do not yet have a diagnosis, your doctor will perform a biopsy to remove a sample of tissue needed for these types of tests.
The Prolaris genomic test is personalized to me; it takes a look at the cancer and measures it in its individual aggressiveness.”
- Tim Petracca, Prostate Cancer Patient
Germline Testing
Most cancers develop from random mutations, but up to 17% are inherited, or hereditary. Certain inherited genetic mutations can make it more likely that someone with the mutation will get cancer, as well as develop it earlier or even develop multiple cancers in their lifetime.
Two types of gene mutations are important in cancer:
Random —the mistakes that occur in DNA by chance and are repeated as the cell divides. These mistakes are more likely to accumulate as you get older. Being exposed to radiation or certain chemicals can also make genetic changes more likely. It's important you share any possible exposures with your doctor.
Hereditary or inherited —the genetic mutations a person is born with that are passed on by the person’s father, mother or both through generations.
Did you know up to 1 in 6 3 men with prostate cancer have a genetic mutation that may have caused their cancer?
Prostate cancer may be a hereditary cancer
Hereditary cancer occurs when a gene mutation is passed down from parent to child. People with hereditary cancer mutations in their family are more likely to have relatives with the same type or other related types of cancer.
Hereditary prostate cancer is generally more aggressive than nonhereditary types, which means that early detection, along with new treatment options, can be lifesaving. Having hereditary cancer can also mean a higher risk for developing more than one cancer and those cancers often occur at an earlier age.
How does genetic testing work?
Genetic tests use next-generation sequencing technology to analyze small samples of blood or saliva to check for actionable mutations that may exist in every cell of your body – not just your cancer cells. This information will help your physician further customize your cancer care and is the same type of genetic testing that women with breast cancer and men and women with colon cancer routinely get to help customize their treatment plans.
Is genetic and genomic testing affordable?
Because genetic test results are used by patients and clinicians to make medical treatment decision, there is typically broad insurance coverage for these tests.
How can ge netic testing change treatment decisions?
Regardless of where you are in your prostate cancer journey, genetic testing can tell you if you have any changes that could cause your disease to be more aggressive or increase your risk of developing a secondary cancer. Genetic testing can also help qualify you for new prostate cancer medications should your cancer spread or if you already have metastatic disease.
Your family could also benefit from genetic testing
Your genetic test results could also help your parents, brothers, sisters, sons, and daughters. If testing identifies a mutation, there is a 50% chance that related family members also have the mutation. Armed with the knowledge that a mutation exists; family members can proactively make life changing medical decisions that could potentially save their lives.
As a father, who has a son and a daughter where breast cancer and prostate cancer could clearly be a risk, germline testing was the answer.”
- Tim Petracca, Prostate Cancer Patient
Medical societies that specialize in prostate cancer treatment guidelines strongly recommend genetic testing if you meet any of the following criteria 4 :
Metastatic prostate cancer
High-/Very high-risk prostate cancer
Personal history of prostate cancer with family history and/or ancestry of:
• Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry
• ≥ 1 close blood relative* with:
- Ovarian cancer at any age
- Pancreatic cancer at any age
- Breast cancer ≤ 50 years old
- Triple-negative breast cancer at any age
- Male breast cancer at any age
- High-risk, very high-risk, or metastic prostate cancer
≥ 3 close blood relatives with prostate cancer (any grade) and/or breast cancer on the same side of the family including the patient with prostate cancer
*First, second or third degree relative on the same side of the family
See how genetic and genomic tests impact real patients’ lives by clicking below:
Meet Tim Petracca
Meet Richard Tyus
Meet Ed Hoppe
Meet Emily Hoppe
Chapter 5 - Prostate cancer treatment
5.1 Prostate cancer treatment options
After being diagnosed with prostate cancer, you and your doctor will start to discuss your medical management options. Knowing your tumor aggressiveness is critical for understanding if you are safe to pursue active surveillance or if you should pursue one or multiple forms of treatment. Each of the below treatments has pros and cons, so make sure to talk with your doctor, family, and friends to gather as much information as possible to create a plan that is best for you.
5.2 Active Surveillance
What is Active Surveillance 5?
Some prostate tumors grow very slowly and never cause health problems. Active surveillance involves regular testing and monitoring. Additional or definitive treatment can be started if cancer shows signs of progression.
Advantages of Active Surveillance:
• Avoid or delay treatment side effects including erectile dysfunction (chronic inability to achieve or maintain an erection satisfactory for sexual intercourse) and urinary incontinence (partial or complete loss of bladder control)
• Less impact on quality of life/normal activities
• Less risk of unnecessary treatment of small, slow-growing cancers
Active Surveillance Protocol
Disadvantages of Active Surveillance:
• Low chance of missed opportunity for cure
• Periodic follow-up MRI and/or prostate biopsies may be necessary
An example of an Active Surveillance protocol may include the following:
• PSA (blood test) every 3-6 months, or as directed by your urologist
• DRE (digital rectal exam) no more often than every 12 months, or as directed by your urologist
• Repeat prostate biopsy no more often than every 6-12 months, or as directed by your urologist
• MRI Imaging of the prostate may be paired with a biopsy
5.3 Definitive Forms of Treament 5
Men with more aggressive tumors should probably undergo treatment. The type and intensity of the treatment is usually tailored to the potential risk of the disease. The most common forms of treatment include surgical removal of the prostate, radiation therapy and hormonal therapy. When a single therapy is chosen, additional therapies may be considered later if the cancer should return.
Men with very aggressive cancer may be offered multiple forms of therapy at the beginning of their disease. National cancer guidelines offer suggestions as to which treatments may be the most appropriate based on the patient’s risk and potential outcomes of the treatment.
However, appropriate risk classification is very important in this decision and this actual risk assessment can be very difficult to make.
The final decision on whether to use a single or multiple forms of therapy is a shared decision between the patient and the physician. Factors for making this decision are: perceived aggressiveness of the disease, the outcomes of the treatment, potential side effects of treatment or treatments and, of course, how the patient and his family want to proceed.
Surgery - Radical Prostatectomy
Surgical treatment is an option for some patients with prostate cancer. Before deciding on this treatment, a doctor will evaluate if the patient is healthy enough for an operation. The goal of surgery is to remove all cancerous tissue. During this process, normal prostate tissue will also be removed.
Most surgeries can be divided into three types:
1. Radical Prostatectomy without pelvic lymph node dissection
2. Radical Prostatectomy with limited pelvic lymph node dissection
3. Radical Prostatectomy with extended lymph node dissection
What is Radical Prostatectomy?
Radical Prostatectomy (RP) is an operation in which the entire prostate, and sometimes other tissue is removed. This procedure is used when the tumor appears to be contained within the prostate. There are several types of RP including open, laparoscopic, and robotic assisted.
Open approach to prostatectomy
This option is the more traditional approach to doing a prostatectomy. Surgeons operate through a single cut to remove the prostate and nearby tissues. There are typically two methods used for open radical prostatectomy.
1. Radical retropubic prostatectomy
During this operation, the surgeon will make a single incision from below the belly button down to the pubic bone. The patient will be placed under general anesthesia or be given spinal or epidural anesthesia along with sedation during the surgery.
2. Radical perineal prostatectomy
During this operation, the surgeon will make an incision in the skin between the anus and scrotum (the perineum). This approach is used less often because the nerves that control erections cannot easily be spared and lymph nodes cannot be removed. However, it is often a shorter operation and might be an option if the patient does not prefer the nerve-sparing procedure, has had multiple previous abdominal or pelvic surgeries, or does not require lymph node removal.
Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy
For a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP), the surgeon makes several small incisions through which special instruments are inserted into the pelvis to remove the prostate. One of the instruments has a small video camera on the end, which allows the surgeon to see inside the abdomen.
Robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy
A laparoscopic prostatectomy can be completed with the assistance of a “robot.” During the operation, the surgeon sits at a control panel near the operating table and uses this to control robotic arms to operate through several small incisions in the abdomen. Many physicians believe the robot allows for making more precise cuts compared to the surgeon’s hands. Surgeons who perform robotic-assisted surgery go through intensive, specialized training.
What is Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection?
Additional procedures may be performed on men with advanced disease. One of these procedures are removal of lymph nodes. Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection (PLND) is an operation that removes lymph nodes from the pelvis. PLND is advised when there is a 2% or higher risk of cancer within the lymph nodes. Nearly half of men will have a PLND with their radical prostatectomy.
What are the potential side effects of surgical treatment?
The potential side effects of surgical treatment can include but are not limited to:
During the operation:
• Bleeding requiring a blood transfusion
• Heart attack
• Blood clot formation
After the operation:
• Pain and swelling
• Urinary incontinence
• Erectile dysfunction
• Dry orgasms
• Infertility
Radiation
Radiation is a procedure used in cancer treatment that uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. Radiation treatment damages the cancer cells’ DNA, leaving them unable to survive, grow, and spread. Specialized doctors, called radiation oncologists, specialize in the treatment of prostate cancer, and currently use two common forms of radiation treatment, External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT) and Brachytherapy. Please consult your urologist or radiation oncologist when seeking more information on radiation treatments.
What is External Beam Radiation?
External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT) delivers radiation from outside the body using a large machine. The radiation passes through the skin and other tissue and targeted on the tumor. The treatment requires several sessions per week for many weeks.
What is Brachytherapy?
Brachytherapy delivers radiation therapy by placing radioactive seeds inside the prostate. The seeds are about the size of an uncooked grain of rice. They remain in the prostate to give a low dose of radiation to a specific area for weeks or months. After about 90 days, the radiation is completely gone.
What are the potential side effects of radiation treatment?
Potential side effects of radiation therapy can include, but are not limited to:
• Erectile dysfunction – over time
• Urinary problems
• Rectal problems
• Fatigue
Hormone Therapy
Prostate cancer cells need hormones called androgens to grow. Hormone therapy can slow tumor growth or shrink the tumor for a period of time. Hormone therapy is often given together with radiation therapy. Certain types of genomic tests like Prolaris ® can help you understand if you would benefit from hormone therapy or if you can avoid it.
Multiple types of hormone therapy exist. Speak to your doctor for a full list.
Bilateral orchiectomy:
Removal of the testicles can reduce the level of testosterone in the blood by 90 to 95 percent. This type of treatment, called surgical castration, is permanent and irreversible.
LHRH (Luteinizing horomonereleasing horomone) agonists or antagonists:
Drugs that are used to stop the testicles from making testosterone. It can either be injected into a muscle, injected under the skin or implanted under the skin every 1, 3, 4, 6, or 12 months.
Antiandrogens:
These drugs block receptors on cancer cells from receiving testosterone. These drugs are often used in combination with orchiectomy or other forms of ADT. This combination can also be called combined androgen blockade, complete androgen blockade, or total androgen blockade.
Estrogens:
This form of treatment can stop the adrenal glands and other tissues from making testosterone.
What are the potential side effects of hormone therapy?
Side effects vary by type and include but are not limited to:
• Erectile dysfunction
• Reduced desire for sex
• Weakened bones
• Weight gain
• Loss of muscle mass
• Diabetes
• Heart disease
• Hot flashes
• Mood changes
• Fatigue
All prostate cancer diagnoses are different, and a certain form of treatment is not appropriate for all men. It’s crucial that you are aware of all treatment options available to make the best decision to fight your specific cancer. 5
Chapter 6 - Resources
6.1 Supporting a loved one with prostate cancer: What can you do?
Get information
Be a support system for your loved one by learning about his specific disease. Not all prostate cancers are the same and can vary largely from patient to patient.
Get involved
Attend appointments, take notes and be prepared to ask questions. Explore treatment options and discover how genetic and genomic testing can help personalize his treatment.
Join in the fight
You are not alone. For additional support, join support communities and advocacy groups.
Prepping for your next doctor's appointment
Attending doctor appointments can be scary and you may feel overwhelmed with information. It is important to gather as much insight as you can about his cancer. If you are attending a doctor appointment with a loved one, here are questions to ask his doctor. These questions can help you both begin making decisions about his prostate cancer care.
□ What is his Gleason score?
□ Has his cancer spread?
□ How aggressive is his cancer?
□ What is his risk group?
□ What genetic and genomic testing options do we have?
□ What is the best treatment based on his risk group and stage?
□ What are side effects associated with treatment options?
□ Are his children or other family members at risk?
Just because you're diagnosed with prostate cancer doesn't mean your life has to end.” - Camie Piazza, Caregiver
Watch Camie's story as she follows her husband's prostate cancer journey
A transparent, confident relationship with your urologist is important not only for your current health, but for your future health outcomes.” – Geoff McLennan,
Prostate Cancer Patient & Advocate
Follow his journey
Shared decision making
Deciding on which treatment option to pursue should not be taken lightly. This should be a shared decision between a patient, his loved ones, and his healthcare provider. If you’re feeling like you don’t have enough information to make the right decisions, seek out additional expert opinions such as a GU Oncologist and/or Radiation Oncologists.
Leverage your Patient Navigator
Many clinics have access to patient navigators to help patients set up appointments for doctor visits, and get financial, legal, and social support.
Patient advocacy and support groups
You are not alone.
There are various advocacy groups at the local, state, and national level that aim to provide support to patients and families who have been impacted by prostate cancer. Certain groups like ZERO Prostate Cancer, PHEN, ASPI and AnCan connect men with other men going through similar experiences via support groups and webinars, provides education on their current diagnosis, and information on clinical trials and advanced therapies.
Nutrition and Prostate Cancer
Your diet and nutrition are important factors to consider when facing prostate cancer. A good diet can decrease risk of disease and possibly prevent or delay prostate cancer progression. There are many anti-cancer super foods and supplements that you can incorporate into your diet that could contribute to your cancer aggression.
Guidelines for a healthy diet
Your diet should be:
• Primarily plant based
• Include fruits and vegetables
• High in fiber
• Low in fat
• Limit simple sugars
Listen to this episode of The Modern Urologist that focuses on nutrition and prostate cancer. Dr. David Levy, who has done extensive research on prostate cancer nutrition and treatment, discusses measures that can be taken to improve your diet by taking certain vitamins and supplements and mentions which foods to incorporate and those to avoid.
Maintaining good nutrition during and after treatment
A good diet regimen can help prepare you for recovery after treatment and may also prevent your cancer from returning.
Recent studies have shown that the risk of dying from prostate cancer is more than double in obese men diagnosed with the disease compared with men of normal weight at the time of diagnosis. Obese men with local or regional disease have been shown to have nearly four times the risk of their cancer spreading beyond the prostate or metastasizing. 6
Although certain treatments may affect your appetite, weight and eating habits, it is still crucial to do what you can to maintain a healthy diet. If you have difficulty eating due to side effects from treatment, reach out to a registered dietitian/nutritionist (RDN) who can help make sure you are getting the nutrition you need.
“When I was diagnosed with prostate cancer, I weighed 310 pounds. After listening to a session with nutritionists that specialized in cancer patients, and getting approval from my healthcare provider, I switched to a strict plant-based diet, started exercising, and drinking more water. This has contributed to me losing 65 pounds and coming completely off medication that I had to take due to me having uncontrolled type 2 diabetes.”
– Brian Jones, Prostate Cancer Survivor
6.2 Managing anxiety and depression
A prostate cancer diagnosis can take a toll on patients both physically and emotionally. Depending on your cancer stage and treatment, you may be feeling fear, anxiety, sadness, and depression.
If you are struggling with signs of depression or anxiety, you are not alone.
The GeneSight Psychotropic test is a genetic test that shows your provider how your genes may affect medication outcomes. The GeneSight test may reveal which medications to treat depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions require dose adjustments, be less likely to work, or have an increased risk of side effects based on your DNA.
The test is a simple cheek swab taken in your healthcare provider’s office or can be sent by your doctor to be taken in the convenience of your home. Learn more about GeneSight.
If your information is no good, your decisions are no good.”
