S pa c e D e m e n t i a : “ Transcendi ng S ense s Through Archi tecture”
written by :
NABIHAH ABDUL HAIYEE U1421111
supervised by :
RENEE TOBE
2014-2015 Theory and Interpretation MArch Architecture Par t II University of East London
“ Time talks. It speaks more plainly than words” ( Hall, 1969)
Fi g u re 0 1 : C h ow Kit R o a d , Ku a l a Lu mpu r, Ma l ay s i a 1 9 7 0’s
ABSTRACT
I
n the era where aggressive industrialisation continue to demolish the things of yesterday to create today’s objects, the space between our four wall, all the “small things” may appear to be the world’s final purely humane corner. The condition where man develop his extension - computer extends brain, telephone extends speech, vehicles extends feet - rapidly replacing nature then accelerate evolutionary process. The advancement of technology will reduce human knowledge of their body potential, at the same time they lost the connection between each other’s private life, losing power to gather them together which is to communicate. Communication always relates with culture and human perception through senses as they interact with the living and the non-living environment (“Vita-activa” active life, the more you engage the more knowledge you gain.). People that live in different sensory worlds much of the time do not use the same senses even to establish distance during conversations. The decay of knowledge of the past - which people experienced it in private realm is much more detailed and involved - leading to the generic adapting skill of human civilisation to the future with the help of technology, human no longer need each other to survive. Communication nowadays is more occularcentric, more to what we see rather than what we experience with more senses at the venue of event. Verbal communication is replaced mostly with texts and images, talking is always the second choice to convey much more intricate information. People are developing dependencies on electronic devices they made to keep in touch, to survive the new world without having to jump out from their private, safe and comfortable space nor they need other people for survival, whilst having each other in civilisation is what makes human differ from animals. Gradually they cut the transcendencies of knowledge of the past on how to use their body more than minimum. The increasing importance of sight, the eyes get more sensitive, more exact than other senses can give benefit to transcend knowledge of humanity of the past.
Figure 02 : “After the Flood� Place : Manek Urai, Kelantan, Malaysia Photo by Muhammad Hidayatullah Natural disaster can be a factor of deminishing knowledge of past.
Architecture, nowadays is highly perceived by the eyes, creating sparks to human curiosity to gain more information of which architecture is always a masterpiece of memory of time and space. Together with architecture of aesthetic comes the other senses to feel the space, the genius loci which can only experience by being in the space, memories are more indestructible with all senses combined together. This essay will discuss on how architecture (and art) is the best medium in communicating the decaying knowledge (memory) of past and adaptive knowledge (survival) of future civilisation through the sensation of space, describing Kuala Lumpur as case study.
Figure 03 : Petronas Twin Towers or KLCC, 1996. Designed by Cesar Pelli.
KUALA LUMPUR From a small tin-mining town, Kuala Lumpur (shortly KL) expanded to become the capital city of Malaysia, progressing steadily and now gently being recognised by the world. Constant changes and rapid growth illuminate the city flux as the administrative and commercial center of the country. Beforehand, Kuala Lumpur was a small settlement - derived from the confluence of two rivers (Kuala Lumpur itself directly translated as “Muddy Confluence”) of vernacular houses on stilts with ‘attap’ roof and timber structure. The settlement grew as an excellence trade centre, subsequently the city sprawl after massive tin ore mining operations in 1857. In 1880, J.G. Davidson as British Resident at that time had chosen Kuala Lumpur as the capital town of Malaya for administration purpose. It remains as capital until today throughout Japanese occupation in 1941-1942 and the country independence in 1957. Who would have known, in 50 years the landscape of the city changed massively with skyscrapers rooting the same old ground growing high seeking glory from the world. The 88 storeys Petronas Twin Towers recorded a history of the world’s tallest building and Kuala Lumpur Tower has ever been national pride as a high-technology communication tower. If to compare to the small size of the country, the achievements are extensive. Kuala Lumpur strategic planning continues to be a focus under the Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan 2020, which aims to make Kuala Lumpur as a world-class city with Vision 2020. Hopefully, or at least the vision will successfully balance the social and educate the mind of its society for future. The economic boom becomes magnet of migration in south east Asia altering the social culture fusion for not only from three main ethnics - Malay, Chinese and India, but generate subcultures from diverse backgrounds. The old squatters have now become strategically planned affordable housing that allocate higher density growth in a much healthier way. As population gradually increases every year, maximum efforts are made to provide comfortable physical infrastructure especially in commuting people from point to point. From the days of ‘beca’ (trishaw) to the introduction of mass rapid system (MRT), road upgrades and new highways were built around the city centre, which are crucial needs for a city with high usage of personal vehicles especially in an unpredictable rain, humid-hot climate like Malaysia. Technology advancement and modernisation has made the city suffer from lost of cultural heritage but that does not mean it is not exist. There are bundles of informations if we look closer to the facade of old colonial shophouses, to the post independent-modern parliament building, to post modern skyscrapers. The more you know the city, the more you need to explore but that should be before it is too late. Loudly passed down stories from real experience of older generation who lived through the struggles of independent day are now becoming unclear murmur, almost a whisper.
F i g u r e 04 : ‘ Pa s a r M a la m ’, N ig ht M a rket; Th e st re e t w a s bl o cke d t o a l l ow e c on om i c a c t ivit y, a n or ma l v ie w of KL c it y c u ltu re b e fore p opu l at i on i n c re a s e Pe t a l i ng St re e t, KL 1972
F i gure 05 : New highway in Petaling J a ya , KL
CONTENTS
Introduction
Common World Today
Chapter 01
The Extensions
Chapter 02
Virtual Communication
Chapter 03
Visible Expression Conclusion
“Space Dementia”
Bibliography List of Figures
Introduction
C O M M O N WO R L D TO DAY
T
he common world, is what we enter when we are born and what we leave behind when we die. It transcends our lifespan into past and future alike; it was there before we came and will outlast our brief sojourn in it. (Arendt H., 1958). The world is more than nature or the physical space of the earth; it is what is shared publicly among and between individuals, with them who had live before us and with them who will born after us. The survival of whatever remains throughout layers of generations are the result of publicity to the public realm means that it can be seen, heard and remember by everybody that assume it is real and convincing. Passions and thoughts - the other kind of reality are private experience that leave shadowy and uncertainty truth of existence compared to what can be seen, heard and remember, unless they are transformed into something that fit to public acceptance usually in the form of artistic expression and storytelling. Each time we talk about private experience, we will bring the listener out to a sphere where they never have had before, leading to; for them; a nonlogical presentation of unprecedented event which they can hardly verify the reality of the story. Only with the presence of others who see what we see gives them confidence, double checking the reality of ourselves and the world. Illustration and writings has been proven as the best medium of communication to spread opinions and news convincingly since early human history. Language extends experience in time and space while writing extends language (T.H. Edward, 1969). Knowledge is however depends on the tolerance of fortified mind to be taken down and to be spread to anunexplored land. “Life is like being chained up in a cave forced to watch shadows flitting across a stone wall.� - Plato Today, the present day, time, or age; a transition of past and future, which most young mind unconsciously have been forgotten about, but treat today as an excluded world with nothing attached to the world of before and after. Today is a continuation of prestigious history to joyous dream, leaving traces of memory forward as a token of existence of the past.
Figure 06 :The Malays and the Javanese, hand-coloured copper engraving from Jan van Linschoten’s, Itinerario, 1596. The legend reads : “Inhabitants of Malacca, the best speakers, the most polite and the
Advancement of technology erased the boundary of information flow without impediment, instantaneously. This rapid boost of information exchange, enlarged the public realm making private realm diminished consumed by absolute acquiescence. Private experience is getting obsolete whilst chasing modernism and adapting to new world everyday, leading us to conformity. Living in today’s common world, people share similar thoughts just to be considered relevant by the society. Every individual wanted to be recognised, some are chasing fame and recruiting followers to alert their existence in society. The society decides what to accept and reject, everything that was verified to be bring out to the public was a result of generic concession. Today, catching up - on what is “trending” at particular moment and changing to what is next just in a blink of eyes - is exasperating but people are forged to move very fast by the industry. Even rushing as fast as today, we might catch a glimpse of past but tomorrow we might give up the legacy as we start sprinting with no time to even look around.
Chapter 01
THE EXTENSIONS
Chapter 01
THE EXTENSIONS
A ncient civilisation has shown us the picture of delicate monuments
built by human at different ages using limited resources around them guided by unburied technology at the time. Human is distinguished from other animals by their capability to push the limit of their muscles and brains. They developed their ‘extension’ to increase body efficiency and to improve or specialise in certain functions. For example, the extension part of brain is computer, the extension of voice is telephone, the extension of legs is the wheel and a lot more now. These extension has extremely increased human revolutionary process. Human extension, for some reason can be a frightening thought. A computer was once, 20 years ago, controlled by man to reach certain span to amplify human potential. Things turned out now differently after human started to let go most of their duty and let themselves to be controlled by computer or machine. Throughout technology advancement, the computers are constructed smaller and much more compact and mobile with multitask feature so that to engage closer with everyday actions, for example, obviously, smartphone. Too much attachment on it has become part of human body, no longer an extension, people can hardly breath without it, they lost their orientation and sense of time. Without it, they have no where to gain entertainment, some of them might feel lonely without distraction from social network. Almost everything was done through internet including weekly grocery and online payment, which can be set autopilot. Only by having one device, time spend for daily routine can be reduce and supposedly be filled with other activities that can increase efficiency. With the creation of extension is a new part of body that took over most of the job, other potential of our body parts like our hands and legs are kept dormant just for minimal use. Isolation happened when people no longer need to see each other to fulfil their needs, everything has been took over by technology. Interaction reduced to the amount which talking is no longer mainstream in socialising.
Figure 07 : Future Concept Computer Portable and consume less energy.
Figure 08 : “Hover Board” From 1985 movie “Back to the Future”, an interpretation of future after 30 years, which is the year 2015. Hover board, a levitating board, became a method of personal transportation.
Figure 09 : Processing Rubber (Lat, 1979) The illustrator trying to depict happiness comes from exploring techniques in making stuff manually using own body and time.
Instead, texting becomes a stronger method of conveying message. The eyes hold most of memories and interpret data more quickly than other sensory after constantly being put in alert. The computer allows us to multitask in gaining data compactly, we often screen reading rather than make time to indulge in it as the informations are endless with no exact finish line. Compared to reading real book, we feel the texture of the paper, we take time to read regardless the number of page because we now where to stop and have the idea of when it will finish. While the brain being rewired by the internet, the memory stores informations for short while and new informations will erased the old ones. The eyes worked hard to store this memory independently without support from other sensory. Extensions reduce the ability of body to link the sensory for optimum use, hence energy is less consumed leading to slow response to abrupt changes. In other way, human is getting less sensitive to their ever changing environment. In the future perhaps, the term ‘Vita Activa’ may extinct in society and civilisation. Hannah Arendt in her book “The Human Condition” introduced the term Vita Activa or Active Life as a core condition of human existence. Three fundamental points of vita activa are labor, work and action. Naturally, labouring is the most basic in human condition in order to sustain biological life like producing food and shelter for the sake of consumption. Work is things human do to transform their world into artificial realm when they design and fabricate things. Whereas action is activities that entirely depend on the constant existence of others, when people involve in communication and relations. The creation of machines and computers cut off individual dependency to other people, lowering the interaction level and reduce the quality of engaging their society even in a highly populated city. When detachment happens to near society like neighbours and family or can almost be called stranger; it is a symptom of dystopia where they no longer feel that they belong to a certain social or biological group. 50 years ago in Kuala Lumpur, almost everyone earned their chance to build their house on the ground, to own a piece of land regardless the size, but most importantly on the ground, where all social activities took part. Neighbours were few steps from front door, no physical boundary between houses nor visual and auditory screen to separate each compound. xchanging shouts of greetings every morning and evening with passersby on their way to and back from work, neighbouring children played together wherever the
the grass grew, barely knew each other’s name and mothers sat together on wooden bench under shady tree in the afternoon discussing their meal for the night. This was the time of undiscovered technology like internet and computer which happiness came from small things in life grabbed by their highly trained senses. Allegory of architecture; is fundamentally an extension of nature in the form of man-made dimension, granting us with the ground for impressions and knowledge of living in the world. It is not isolated or hidden relic; it widen out our horizon of mind and directs our attention to the existence of experience. City and building provide us with conceptual and material structure to social organisations and justify us the situation of everyday routine. Architecture manifests the cycle of day ; the rotation of earth and the cycle of year ; the revolution of earth. Every time we experience architecture, we secretly use our multi-sensory to participate in a space. Through space exploration, the eyes define the quantity of light entered, the colour and the quality, the nose remembers the smell of the territory trying to reminisce the equal past, the skin freezes when cold sweat when hot. That all feelings give us the consciousness of being alive at that memory and venue. The classic five senses has been fused and interacted into each other when sensing architecture, producing interlaced feeling more like a new adventure of perceiving the built world.
Figure 10 : Peasant Women, early 20th century. Wearing what is comfortable at the time for their hard labour work, suiting the climate and religion guideline.
Figure 11 : Malay Women, 1960’s. This is a classic view that we can not find anywhere today; of Malay women walking down the street with umbreallas and traditional wear.
Figure 12 : Kuala Lumpur Women, 2014. Called by an event “Keretapi Sarong”(Sarong Train) to walk and use public transportation around urban KL to promote the culture of Sarong with modern wear.
Chapter 02
VIRTUAL C O M M U N I C AT I O N
Chapter 02
V I R T UA L C O M M U N I C AT I O N
E
verything that man does is associated with experience of space, a synthesis of multiple senses - visual. kinesthetic, auditory, thermal and olfactory; everything are shaped by their culture. By that, people raised up in different culture perceived different sensory world. Culture is the way of life of people cultivated from behaviour patterns and attitude. Hence, people from different culture have bad time to understand each other’s behaviour, often occur misinterpretation and culture shock. These are effects from complexity of emotion, relationship and routine therefore affecting and distorting communications. Language is not just a medium for expressing feeling and throwing out idea but crucially as an important element of constructing thought. Culture affect the way a language is structured while language is a medium to structure a community by providing a platform of communication. Language changes after being under used, its’ structure weaken and less terminologies are able to used to describe an intricate story. This phenomena can largely relate to young Malaysian living in urban city like Kuala Lumpur who have been taught to use Bahasa Malaysia (Malay language) since their first day in school but the language is being underused and they are losing descriptive words in order to have a detailed storytelling experience and expression. Tiada kata secantik bahasa, Untuk ku puji adinda, Tiada gambar secantik lukisan, Nak ku tunjuk perasaan. -Lyrics by P. Ramlee, 1950’s
Translation : No words as beautiful as language, for me to praise you, no picture as beautiful as painting, for me to show my feeling.
Figure 13 : Translation : Learn! Use! Nippon (Japanese) Language!
A poster at time of Japanese occupation in Malaya, showing the importance of language to spread ideology
Reality is harder to achieve but at very vague conversation, conveying reduced story of experiencing the memory. Most of the words chosen are just enough to explain the technicality of situation rather than putting the listener into their own hallucination. Whilst the earlier language was much more poetic, metaphoric and rhythmic, used in daily life to show high respect and courtesy to each other especially between different generation and gender, to not cross the border of culture orthodoxy. Living in Kuala Lumpur now is unreasonably lonely even in hustle and bustle of the big city. Privacy became main possession highly protected from violation of public but questionably not in virtual world. It is quite amazing how virtual space become so universal and public, everybody are living in the same sensory world, a new virtual country without social structure and same common knowledge are shared among the netizens. However the physical space we breath in is exposed to decaying quality. The skin and the material around us touching each other briefly, barely capture the texture and temperature. Talking virtually on phone or computer is much more favourable rather than meet and talk to experience the environment. The urge from curious human instinct to know more than what they see, attracts them to get out of their comfort zone to travel the risk and eventually use their ability to make decision and creativity to solve problems pushing their preconceived limit. There is a whole world of behaviour that is unexamined, unexplored and have been taken for granted, not only that people communicate each other without the use of words. Besides, our behaviours and culture is equally important to the fact that information exchange can be different on world level and quite different things being convey on another level. Edward T. Hall had mentioned about the relationship of space communication with senses and how it affect activity organisation in his book The Silent Language; “Space, not only communicates in the most basic sense, but it also organises virtually everything in life. It is easier to see how space can organise activities and institutions than to recognise subtle manner in which language arranges the furniture of the mind. The answer lay in how they used the silent language of time and space. What people do is frequently more important than what they say. Time may indicate the importance of the occasion as well as on what level an interaction between persons is to take place. “ — (Hall, 1956)
Figure 14 (above) : An illustration of tea stall in 1960’s Tea drinking, is a social culture from past and still remain today but with assimilation of urban trend and mixed culture.
Figure 15 (Below) : Usual view of modern tea stall. The activity of drinking tea giving an excuse to stay up all night long. Usually until midnight, followed by football match preview
Figure 16 : Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Building Built by British colony in early 20th century.
Chapter 03
VISIBLE EXPRESSION
Figure 17 : Traditional Malay House The house usually decorated with wood carvings. Rusting timber wall and clay slate roof give a sense of time.
Figure 18 : A Sketch of Kampung Baru by an urban sketcher, a village in the center of Kuala Lumpur with KLCC background “Some picked up a good chat with passing travellers. Some cycled with curious, friendly local kids. Some even marked their first time being in Kampung Baru.� -S. Shairi
Chapter 03
VISIBLE EXPRESSION
O
ur technological culture - the extensions, have separated our senses more clearly. The vision dominates other senses, the ‘ocularcentric’ paradigm, a vision-generated interpretation of knowledge and reality. The oversight of other senses create imbalance in physical experience, the eyes are becoming more exact witness than ears. The sight becomes the only sense that is fast enough to chase the increasing speed of technology advancement. Hence, the expressions today are more oculacentric for faster understanding or to capture and store memories in mind. People screen quickly through their surrounding and choose - only anything that protrude by their trained eyes - to look closer to be examined by their brain. The study of civilisation and human existence of past by the transcendency of knowledge is from what human see through ancient writings and ruins. The movements of people in a city can be explained by the scale of buildings, orientation and location. Architecture is a primary instrument to relate human existence with time and space. Learning by grabbing information from eyes is the only way to inform people what they do not know and spark the passion of discovering things by giving real involvement through other senses as well. The visible expression leads the way to connect the past and present, in this context, architecturally. “I exist in life only if I can see” — Le Corbusier “One needs to see clearly to understand” —Le Corbusier Most vernacular buildings express the actual fact that societies share certain common goals and value of different aspect of life even though there were varying ways of perceiving the reality. The way architecture shaped the traditional society may be different compared to more formalised system of today. By destroying a certain physical setting, it is possible to destroy the culture who lived in it. As long as the link still co-exist, it will remains as a silent language in communicating the past to the young generation; of acknowledging life and expected attitude such as politeness and formality. It gives subtle influence to the way we behave, the books we read, the clothes we wear, the food we eat, and the houses we build. This is the influences that make a city distinguishable as belonging to a certain culture.
Vernacular Malay houses are one of strong visual reference that still carry cultural value and advise the young Malaysians the way their ancestors used to respond to surrounding. The flexibility of the house to respond to changes of time and life style makes it a good documentation of history that marks the symbols of tragedy or ceremony. The language of Malay houses are not similar throughout Malaysia, after they were incorporated and adapted to significant foreign characters. Vernacular houses in north Malaysia were derived from the fusion of Siamese (Thailand) and Malay architecture, houses in south-west were blended with Minangkabau (Indonesia) architecture and houses in Kuala Lumpur were adapted by some colonial elements throughout the era of British administration. Somehow the tendencies of integrating foreign identity in Malay houses, really relates back to their culture where they tend to adopt new outside behaviour as a way of carrying out life. They are highly tolerated to changes and refuse to be aggressive in maintaining a solid self identity as a way to protect themselves from massive devastation. This flexibility might be the reason for sequel chapters of land affiliations and colonisation by Portuguese (1511), Dutch (1641), British (1842), Japanese (1941) and also the assimilation of different religions like Islam, Hindu and Buddha. Today, Kuala Lumpur is a place of multicultural events, eating is never a monotonous action, talking is never a singular language and religious festival is never celebrated exclusively. Usually the house were built by the owner and the villagers using all available materials most commonly timber for structure and wall, rattan and tree roots for connector, and ‘rumbia’ or ‘nipah’ leaves for the roof. Hand crafted carvings were used to decorate the house to show the owner’s status and floral patterns were used after the spread of Islam in the region. During colonisation periods, Malay houses were exposed to new technologies brought from the West revising the materials used for example; bricks and cement for foundation, nails for joints, clay tiles and zinc for the roof. The process of adopting new technologies and style had distinguished unique architecture of Malay house that convey their own stories for centuries. Modernism in Malaysia started after independent in 1957, when people of Malaya tried to define their national identity by making their own design statement in modernist way. With the help of British architects, some of the buildings were built according the latest technology, style and materials. It is called international style, but had been adapted to climate and national development even though the style was not meant to be defined regionally. The clean lines, reduced ornamentation, the
Figure 19 : Indian Cleansing ceremony in Batu Caves, 2014.
Figure 20 : The yearly Chinese dragon dance performed in the street., 1947.
Figure 21 : United Malays National Organisation Headquarter, 1960’s Art Deco
Figure 22 : Parliament Building, 1970’s. Modern Style
Figure 23 : Ministry of Public Works Tower. 2014. Post Modern
Figure 24: Old Shophouse, early 20th century. Colonial Style
Figure 25 : Bank Negara Malaysia, 1959. Brutalist
Figure 26 : Utusan Headquarters, 2014. Traditional post-modern.
Figure 27 : Kuala Lumpur Railway Station, 1920’s
Figure 28 : Kuala Lumpur Railway Station, 2010
Conclusion
“ S PAC E D E M E N T I A”
Fi g u r e 29 : Re l i g i o u s H i ndu C eremon y i n B a tu C a v es , Ku a la Lu mp u r Th e y re mi n d u s t h e e ss e n c e of hum an it y, t h e st ar t of hum an e volut i on f rom n atur a l bui lt e nvi ron me nt.
Conclusion
“ S PAC E D E M E N T I A” Vernacular houses take us back to crawling time and stillness of the past. Its architecture is responsive, remind us of silence. A sensuous architecture experience makes all external voices silent, focusing on our existence and makes us realise our solitude. The unimaginable speed of time during the last century has tumbled into a plane present, it echoes the prehistoric past. Human forgets his sense of self as a classical being and terrified by the threat of time. Architecture unchained us from the prison of today and let us involve in slow healing flow of time. Cities and buildings are machines of time enabling us to understand and to see the evolving history and to take part in the time cycles that outrun individual life. Architecture unites us with the ancestor; through buildings we are capable to illustrate their daily life. Time and space will forever tied together. Human body and movement are in consistent communication with the environment; the world and human being mould each other constantly. The eye sees and send messages to the body and other senses, hence strengthening the sense of reality. The architectural and urban environments that people create are expressions of this filteringscreening process. In fact, from these man-altered environments, it is possible to learn how different peoples use their senses. Architecture and art strengthened the sense of self, connects us with hidden dimension of imagination, dream and desire. Cities and buildings provide ultimate discussions beyond architecture, instead of total aesthetic, they project meanings and bring our consciousness back to the world of our sense of being alive. Maybe by letting go the greedy eyes from keeping in charge of controlling the body perception to actual world, can open up the possibilities of exploring a new realm of thoughts. “The chief benefit of the house (is that) the house shelters day-dreaming, the house protects the dreamer, the house allows one to dream in peace” — Bachelard, 1958 A space; strengthens, halts, frames and focuses our memory and prevents them from fading away. To dream an imagine ourselves being outdoor we need to be inside a space to think clearly, the rhythm of thought echoes in the walls of the room. Architectural works created an inseparable complex impressions, weaving surrounding natural environment with tectonics world, incorporating the infusion of mental and physical structures. The visual expression of a building draws images of memory, dream and imagination.
“Space dementia in your eyes and Peace will arise And tear us apart And make us meaningless again� -Space Dementia, Muse, 2001
Figure 30 : Photoshopping the Future; Take a look at the world that awaits us in 2050.
Figur e 3 1 : S e k e p i n g T e n g g i r i r e t r e a t , B a n g s a r , K u a l a L u mp u r. A n e w i nt e r pre t at i on of t r a d it i on a l Ma l ay arch ite c ture i n ur b an KL by S e ks an D e s i g n .
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abdullah, A. K. (2012) International Style in KL, http://www.mir.com.my/rb/ photography/portfolio/azrul/html/inter.html Arkib Negara (2015) Kuala Lumpur Merakam Sejarah dan Pembangunan Negara, http : / / w w w. ar k i b. gov. my / we b / g u e st / ku a l a - lu mpu r- m e r a kam - s e j ar a h - d an pembangunan-negara Bachelard G. (1958) The Poetic of Space. Boston : Beacon Press Hall, E. T. (1969) The Hidden Dimension. New York: Anchor Books Doubleday & Company Inc. Lat (1979) Kampung Boy, Kuala Lumpur : Berita Publishing Nasir A. H, Wan Teh W. H. (1996) The Traditional Malay House. Kuala Lumpur : Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia Berhad Palasmaa J. (2005) The Eyes of the Skin. England : Wiley-Academy Rapoport A. (1969) House Form and Culture. New Jersey : Prentice-Hall Inc Reinghold H. (1993) Virtual Community. United States : Addison Wesley
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 01 : http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=438753&page=14 Figure 02 : http://muhdhidayatullah.com Figure 03 : http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?p=122439706 Figure 04 : https://www.pinterest.com/pin/155585362102394163/ Figure 05 : https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10152301299794735&set= pb.787134734.-2207520000.1427723464.&type=3&theater Figure 06 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayisation#/media/File:Malays_and_ Javanese.jpeg Figure 07 : http://www.designyourway.net/blog/inspiration/30-cool-high-techgadgets-to-give-your-home-a-futuristic-look/ Figure 08 : http://pantherbook.org/news/2014/11/22/back-to-the-future-2hoverboards-become-reality/ Figure 09 : Lat (1979) Kampung Boy, Kuala Lumpur : Berita Publishing Figure 10 : http://www.asiafinest.com/forum/lofiversion/index.php/t138871.html Figure 11 : http://vintage-kl.tumblr.com Figure 12 : https://twitter.com/timeoutkl/status/459576454347386881 Figure 13 : http://www.malaysiadesignarchive.org/occupation/ Figure 14 : Lat (1979) Kampung Boy, Kuala Lumpur : Berita Publishing Figure 15 : https://www.flickr.com/photos/yanweitan/9874449463/ Figure 16 : http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?p=55981469 Figure 17 : https://www.flickr.com/photos/weekit/7492460502/ Figure 18 : https://instagram.com/syukrishairi/ Figure 19 : http://muhdhidayatullah.com Figure 20 : http://www.thelincolnshireregiment.org/henriksen.shtml Figure 21 : http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?p=55981469 Figure 22 : http://kitamanusiakelana.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/suasana-kualalumpur-di-tahun-60an-dan.html Figure 23 : https://www.facebook.com/GDPArchitects?fref=ts Figure 24 : https://joerghein.wordpress.com/tag/old-buildings/ Figure 25 : http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?p=41581846 Figure 26 : https://www.facebook.com/GDPArchitects?fref=ts Figure 27 : http://www.timlightnostalgia.co.uk/KTM/ClassI.html Figure 28 : http://khafizblog.blogspot.co.uk/2010/10/dairi-stesen-keretapi-kualalumpur.html Figure 29 : http://muhdhidayatullah.com Figure 30 : http://www.fastcocreate.com/3016768/photoshopping-the-future-takea-look-at-the-world-that-awaits-us-in-2050#3 Figure 31 :http://www.sekeping.com/tenggiri/home.html