EDUCACIÓN PLÁSTICA BILÍNGÜE 1º ESO
UNIT 4: SPACE AND VOLUME
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UNIT 4: SPACE AND VOLUME
4.1 THE CONCEPT OF SPACE When we look around a room, we can see that something is wide or narrow, tall or short, near or far. To visually measure space and volume, we need to look: -Vertically, from top to bottom, to compare height. -Horizontally, from side to side, to compare width. -Transversally, from front to back, to compare depth.
The third dimension: Depth Artist use many ways to create the illusion of depth on a flat surface: change the object size, modify the distance between objects, make objects more transparent, overlap them, intersect them, make them pass through each other, apply contrasting tones, make use of perspective, etc. We will study these techniques right now.
VINCENT VAN GOGH: The bedroom. Oil on canvas
What is Space and What is volume? Space is an element of art that is the area above, around, and within objects. Volume is a shape in three dimensions. Shapes are flat. If you take a shape and give it three dimensions, it has volume. A three-dimensional form has volume. Volume (three-dimensionality) can be simulated in two dimensional work (like a painting) This self portrait by Rembrandt is an example of simulated volume. The face looks three-dimensional. In actuality, however, it is a two-dimensional (flat) artwork, a print.
WIDE: ancho NARROW: estreito MEASURE: medida FROM TOP TO BOTTOM: dende arriba ate abaixo HEIGHT: altura WIDTH: anchura DEPTH: profundidade OVERLAP: superpoñer (montar unha cousa sobre outra) INTERSECT: cruzarse, intersectarse APPLY: aplicar THREE DIMENSIONAL: tridimensional TWO DIMENSIONAL: bidimensional REMBRANDT: Self portrait. Etching on paper.
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EDUCACIÓN PLÁSTICA BILÍNGÜE 1º ESO
UNIT 4: SPACE AND VOLUME
4.2 SIX WAYS TO CREATE ILLUSION OF SPACE IN ART WORKS There are six ways artist can create the illusion of space in a drawing or in a painting:
SIX WAYS TO CREATE ILLUSION OF SPACE 1. Overlapping: one object appears to be behind the other. 2. Shading: light and shadow create the illusion of form and space. 3. Placement on the surface: objects higher in the picture appear to be in the distance. 4. Size: small objects look distant, while closer objects should be larger. 5. Value and focus: lighter values and less detail suggest distant objects. 6. Linear perspective: parallel lines and edges seem to go toward one or more vanishing points.
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EDUCACIÓN PLÁSTICA BILÍNGÜE 1º ESO
UNIT 4: SPACE AND VOLUME
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4.3 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIFFERENT PLANES
1. Experimenting with size: to create the illusion of distance, we must place the largest objects in the bottom half of the support and the smallest ones in the top half. Horizontal lines help to separate a vertical plane form a horizontal one: for example, a wall from a floor. Another horizontal line, the horizon, separates the sky from land. 2. Contact between objects: if shapes on a plane are in contact or near to each other, it means they are at the same visual distance. If they are next to each other, we can compare their sizes. 3. Separation of objects: to make objects look far apart, we can separate them vertically, horizontally or in a straight line. We can create a sense of even more space and depth if we separate them diagonally. PLACE: Poñer, colocar BOTTOM HALF: metade inferior TOP HALF: metade superior FAR APART: DIAGONALLY: diagonalmente, en diagonal SLIGHTY FURTHER AWAY: lixeiramente alonxadas SLIGHTY HIDDEN BEHIND ANOTHER: lixeiramente escondidas detras da outra INTERSECTING: intersección CONTRASTING TONES: tonos de contraste
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4. Transparency: if we put an object under a transparent shape, since we can see through it, the object seems to be behind the shape and therefore, slighty further away. 5. Overlapping: to create the effect of one object slighty hidden behind another, we put one object on top overlapping the other, without completely covering it. 6. Intersecting: wen two shapes cut through each other, either entirely or partially, they intersect. Together, they make a new shape. 7. Contrasting tones: we create a difference in tones when we use light to illuminate an object, creating light areas and shadows. The difference between the lighter and the darker areas is called contrast. We can simplify values of tone to: white, grey and black.
EDUCACIÓN PLÁSTICA BILÍNGÜE 1º ESO
UNIT 4: SPACE AND VOLUME
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Most artist use some of these techniques to decide where to put objects or figures in a composition. If we use more than one of these techniques, it is easier to create a sense of depth.
PAUL CEZANNE: Still life with apples. Oil on canvas
4.4 CREATING VOLUME FROM A PLANE Here are several ways to create a volume from a flat surface. One method is to fold an object enough times until it becomes a closed object that has volume. Geometrical figures that have volume, such as the cube, the cylinder and the pyramid are made up of regular, flat geometrical shapes which fold onto each other.
4.5 DIFFERENT WAYS OF SHADING We use pencils to draw forms as well as to shade objects and give them volume. Pencils are usually made of wood and
FOLD: doblar, plegar. CUBE: cubo CYLINDER: cilindro PYRAMID: pirámide MADE UP: constituidas FOLD ONTO EACH OTHER: que se plegan unhas sobre as outras. LEAD: mina GRAPHITE AND CLAY: graffito e arxila. HARDNESSES: durezas SMUDGE:manchar
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come in different shapes. All pencils have different leads * Lead: the thin black or coloured part of a pencil that marks paper. Black leads are made of a mixture of graphite and clay, so we call these graphite pencils. The leads in pencils have different hardnesses.
EDUCACIÓN PLÁSTICA BILÍNGÜE 1º ESO
UNIT 4: SPACE AND VOLUME
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Harder pencils (coded with the letter H) have more clay in them and are used in Technical Drawing because they smudge less.
Softer pencils (coded with the letter B) have less clay in their leads and are used by artist to obtain more intense black tones.
Coloured leads are made of coloured pigments that are mixed with different binders to make them solid. We call these coloured pencils, or watercolours if they are soluble in water.
SOFTER PENCILS: lápices brandos INTENSE BLACK TONES: tonos de negro intenso COLOURED LEADS: minas de colores. WATERCOLOURS: acuarelas. INTENSITY: intensidade SKETCH: bosquexo, boceto ANGLE:ángulo CROSS-HATCHING: sombreado DARKER TONES: tonos máis escuros LIGHTER TONES: tonos máis claros DUST: polvo RUB A DRAWING: frotar ou difuminar FINGERTIPS: xemas dos dedos RUBBER: goma de borrar BLEND: mezclar DAMP PAINTBRUSH: un pincel húmido
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4.6 HOW CAN WE WORK WITH PENCILS? We can create different graphic effects using either coloured or graphite pencils: 1. We can change the intensity of the lines we draw. The harder we press with the pencil, the darker the lines are. For the lighter lines, we only need to press the pencil lightly on the paper. 2. To create a shaded surface, we can sketch with the pencil at an angle. The tones will be darker if we rub harder than if we rub more softly. 3. If we cross lines over each other (cross-hatching), we can create surface with textures. 4. We can make attractive pictures by combining different types of lines (straight, wavy, parallel, cross-hatched) etc
EDUCACIÓN PLÁSTICA BILÍNGÜE 1º ESO
UNIT 4: SPACE AND VOLUME
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5. We can make interesting combinations by overlapping lines of different colours in different directions or overlapping darker tones on top of lighter ones. 6. We can use the dust from a pencil to mark or stain the paper as we draw. To create lighter or darker zones, we can rub a drawing with our fingertips. 7. On surfaces smudged with dark pencil, we can make white lines and free shapes using a rubber. 8. If the pencils are also watercolours, we can blend the lines with a damp paintbrush. VOCABULARY UNIT 4: SPACE AND VOLUME Behind: Blend: Clay: Damp: Darker: Depth: Diagonally: Far apart: Fingertips: Further away: Graphite: Height: Hardnesses: Hidden: Intersecting: Lighter: Narrow: Paint brush: Place: Rub: Slighty: Smudge: Smudged: Transparency: Wide: * Transcript all this vocabulary definitions in English. You can find all of them in these on-line dictionaries: http://www.macmillandictionary.com/ http://www.wordreference.com/es/
EDUCACIÓN PLÁSTICA BILÍNGÜE 1º ESO
UNIT 4: SPACE AND VOLUME
USEFUL LINKS FOR UNIT 4: SPACE AND VOLUME
SPATIAL CONCEPTS: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nS4HhudIN4s http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rAyfXdPo9n8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UzVI9OVdpKU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hYoVjm2Eow VOLUME CONCEPTS: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVzu1_12FUc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BsaOP5NMcCM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xS7ROqedAkk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7qE_Tc8e4g http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jxv_NGICsag
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