REFUGEE CAMP TO CITY from reactive to resilient
ﻣﺨﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ
ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻉ ﻭﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ
Nada Maani
Master of Architecture Thesis 2015 School of Architecture College of the Arts
REFUGEE CAMP TO CITY from reactive to resilient
ﻣﺨﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ :ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ: ﺍﻟﻰﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻉ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﻉ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ
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REFUGEE CAMP TO CITY from reactive to resilient
by Nada Maani
Thesis document submitted in partial fulillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture at Portland State University Portland, Oregon June 2015
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PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE COLLEGE OF THE ARTS
The undersigned hereby certify that the Masters thesis of Nada Maani has been approved as partial fulillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture
Thesis Committee:
Advisor
B.D. Wortham-Galvin Assistant Professor of Architecture __________________________________
Committee Member
________________ Date
Sergio Palleroni Professor of Architecture __________________________________
________________ Date
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Acknowledgements Thank you to B.D. Wortham Galvin for going above and beyond your role as my thesis advisor. When I irst took a studio with you in 2012 my understanding of the role of the architect and architecture changed from one that is about the traditional capitalized process of design to one that is about engaging and empowering the community both socially and politically. You introduced me to the world of public interest design and there was no looking back. The support and advice you have given me helped shape my thesis but more importantly the designer I am today. I have never met a professor who is as much of an advocate for student success as you are. Thank you for including me in that. Thank you Sergio Palleroni for being a role model in the Public Interest Design world. You have shown me the impact architecture can have on communities. The opportunities you have given me, and the support and encouragement you have shown me in this past year have been invaluable. Thank you Jeff Schnabel for teaching me the importance of research in architecture and for being a great critic. Thank you to the School of Architecture at Portland State University. The past six years have wholly shaped my ideas about design. The unique and diverse program has exposed me to architecture as a tool for social change and poetic expression. The program has provided me with a solid base to build upon. Thank you Ahmad Aldwairi, Logistics Assistant at the World Food Program - WFP, for being my tour guide through Zaatari and answering any questions I had about the camp and refugees. The information you provided me was paramount to the success of my thesis. Thank you to my peers for inspiring me to work harder and design smarter. Most importantly, thank you to my family. Thank you for your unconditional support and love. Thank you for always believing in me and encouraging me to be the best I can be. I owe you all I have accomplished and all I will.
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“abandoning the strategy of convincing the whole world of the refugees’ misery through their architectural misery.”1 -Sandi Hilal, DAAR 1 “Refugees Reshape Their Camp, at the Risk of Feeling at Home.”
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ﻣﻠﺨﺺ
ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻼﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ
abstract thesis overview
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Despite refugee camps being designed to suppress grass-root urbanism, refugees have transformed some camps into informal cities with neighborhoods and a growing economy. The refugees seek normalcy even in the worst conditions and so transform spaces they occupy to make them their own. Refugee camps are intentionally built to be temporary1 and so are designed to have poor living conditions, but organic development in refugee camps is inevitable. Architects and designers focus too much on the dwelling unit and not enough on social aspects. Refugee camps are designed to ‘secure’ the individual without any thought to creating spaces that facilitate identity and expression of rights. The result is having a camp full of refugees without anything to do all day. I ind many problems with the lack of growth and the continued support for so many years. I don’t think there is a better way to respond initially to emergencies but given that the average life of a refugee camp is 17 years2, the temporary infrastructure becomes insuficient. Camps are considered a burden on host countries and so any sense of permanence is discouraged. My vision is to create spaces that respond to existing social networks inside established refugee camps. Traditionally emergency relief is reactionary and temporary. The goal is to challenge this notion and begin to respond with long-term resilient solutions. Michel Agier writes, “The question that I raise on this basis is whether these people will remain without a voice, or whether their space of an outcast life, however strange it might be, could be transformed into a site of social life and political expression, thus also transforming its victims, whom we still perceive as more or less guilty or undesirable, into recognized subjects with a kind of citizenship in practice.”3 1 Michel Agier, Margins of the World: The Refugee Experience Today (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008). 2 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Protracted Refugee Situations (Standing Committee, 30th Meeting) 3 Michel Agier, Margins of the World: The Refugee Experience Today (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008). Fig. 01: Grid to Organic Growth - Artifact
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Table of Contents 1.0
2.0
Introduction: Thesis Question..................................................................1
7.0
1.1 Thesis Question
7.1 Landmarks
1.2 Existing Conditions
7.2 The Courtyard
1.3 Existing Problems
7.3 Materials in the Camp
1.4 Goals
7.4 Progression 7.5 Circulation
The Syrian Civil War............................................................................... 11
7.6 The Champ-Elysees as a Courtyard
2.1 Arab Spring Protests 3.0
Case Studies...............................................................................................15
8.0
3.2 Case Study #2
5.0
Nadi Al-Atfal .......................................................................................................... 77 8.1 Verb to Space
3.1 Case Study #1
4.0
Investigating Syria.................................................................................................. 61
9.0
The Screens ........................................................................................................... 85
3.1 Case Study #3
9.1 The Structure/Module
3.1 Case Study #4
9.2 Screen Selection 9.3 Napping
The Site................. ......................................................................................25 4.1 Site Selection
9.4 Drawing
4.2 Site Issues
9.5 Crying
4.3 Humanitarian Aid
9.6 Chatting 9.7 Adult Screens
My Refugee Diaries ................................................................................ 33 5.1 The Jordanian Perspective
10.0
Redistributing Resources .................................................................................... 95
5.2 Clothing
10.1 Water Collection
5.3 The Drive There
10.2 Electricity
5.4 At the UN-WFP Ofice
11.0
The Urban Scale..................................................................................................101
5.5 Security Points/Entrance
11.1 Before - Champ-Elysees
5.6 UN Rules
11.2 Before - Child Spaces
5.7 The Caravan & Commercial District
11.3 Before - Safe Zones
5.8 The Courtyard
11.4 After - Safe Streets/Intervention Sites
5.9 The Local Leaders
11.5 After - Electricity Coverage
5.10 The Role of Women
11.6 After - Safe Zones
5.11 The Youth of Zaatari
12.0
Implementation ...................................................................................................115 12.1 From Parts to a Whole
6.0
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Precedent Studies ................................................................................................. 55 6.1 Public Space in Palestinian Refugee Camps - DAAR 6.2 Learn Move Play Ground
13.0
Readings ................................................................................................................123 13.1 Key Thinkers
14.0
Conclusion ...........................................................................................................127 13.1 What’s Next? 13.2 Abbreviations 13.3 Deinitions
Appendix A: List of Figures Appendix B: Bibliography
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Fig. 01
ﺳﻮﺅﺍﻝ ﺃﻻﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻔﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﺨﻴﻢ ﻻﺟﺌﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﻭﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻼﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻭﻣﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ؟
thesis question How can architecture transform a refugee camp into a child-friendly city that is designed around existing social networks?
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Fig. 02: Mapping Largest Refugee Camps in the World Fig. 03: Refugee Camp - 10 Largest Refugee Camps in the World Fig. 04: Refugee Camp - Democratic Republic of the Congo Fig. 05: Refugee Camp - Haiti Earthquake Fig. 06: Refugee Camp - Dadaab Refugee Camp, Kenya Fig. 07: Journey of a Refugee - Artifact Fig. 08: Revolt or Reform - Artifact
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7 CHAD 434,479
10 USA 263,662
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8 ETHIOPIA 433,936
5 TURKEY 609,938 4 JORDAN 641,915
2 IRAN 857,354
1 PAKISTAN 1,616,507
3 LEBANON 856,546
12 YEMEN 241,288
11 IRAQ 246,298
9 CHINA 301,047
6 KENYA 534,938
Fig. 02
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exisitng conditions understanding the current practice
43.3 million people forcibly displaced around the world 27.1 million IDP (internally displaced people) 15.2 million refugees 4.8 million UNRWA refugees 10.4 million UN refugees
3,800,028 Syrian refugees 600,000 refugees in Jordan 84,767 in Zaatari kkdsnknkdknkndknkdnkfndkfndk 40,674 children 1 At the start of 2011 there were 7.2 million refugees in exile. The United Nations of High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was established to deal with the consequences of the cold war with the assumption that refugees could not safely return to their own countries, that they would resettle in their countries of asylum. The aim is for refugees to be able to pick from three options. The irst being voluntary repatriation, the second being local integration, and the third resettlement. Local integration is often the case which puts a lot of pressure on already developing countries with their own existing political and economic instabilities. This results in static socio-economic camps on margins of countries. 2 A refugee camp is essentially a place to wait away from society until you can return to your country. It is a wasteland. Refugees end up dwelling in peripheral zones where temporality is a given. Refugees have no right to the land and no right to work. The refugees exist in a biological sense but no longer have a social or political existence. The refugees existence is one that id dependent on humanitarian aid. One cannot question the immediate need for humanitarian aid and their honorable intentions but the effects of long-term aid disassemble social networks. 3 1 “UNHCR, Syria Regional Refugee Response: Inter-agency Sharing Portal” 2 UNHCR, The State if the World’s Refugees: In Search of Solidarity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012) 3 Michel Agier, Margins of the World: The Refugee Experience Today (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008).
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existing problems understanding the issues with current practice 1. LIFE OF INACTIVITY Refugees end up dwelling on margins of countries. Despite local integration being an option for refugees, the ideal situation is voluntary repatriation. The background of camp life is inactivity and it affects the people who had jobs before the war. There is no labor market in the camps and refugees cannot work in the country the camp is in unless they have special permits. Some business is tolerated in the camps but usually less than a third of the population participates and those who do are men.1 2. LACK OF IDENTITY Public Spaces or community spaces relect permanence. Camps are considered a burden on host countries and so any sense of permanence is discouraged. This way of thinking is also shared by many of the older refugees. The camp emerges from an emergency and so every action taken is temporary. Refugee camps are contained with barbed wires and the identity that emerges is of people bruised by war, massacre, and death which makes people think of them as guilty and marked by dirty wars.2 The temporality is a direct result of the struggle to maintain a refugees right to return. 3. LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE Refugee camps are mainly composed of dwelling units. Dwelling units are usually tents but some are caravans. It is understandable to want to react to emergency situations with mass produced dwelling. There has been a lot of designs out there re-imagining the dwelling unit but the problem with mass production is it works in theory but one material does not behave the same way everywhere in the world and refugees are everywhere in this world. It is understandable to respond to emergencies with mass produced housing but what happens after? 4.RELYING ON SERVICES Members of the NGO and some UN staff do have a private interest in the camp continuing and having refugees rely on their services. Discussion exists about what happens during war but very little about what happens after the war to refugees. Referring to the World Food Programme ration card as “A strange situation that faces the refugees with the only choice of action that between passive accommodation to outside assistance, and illegality.�3 1Michel Agier, Margins of the World: The Refugee Experience Today (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008). 2 ibid. 3 ibid.
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goals criteria of validation Designed around the child’s body WHY? Although I do not intend to exclude adults from the spaces, it is important for the children to feel like the space is designed for them and not only through the program. Adults will feel that they are invading the children’s space if they enter these spaces. HOW? This is done by understanding how space could be physically different when responding to a child’s body and state of mind than that of an adult’s. Spaces feel safe and accessible for children WHY? Children fear separation from parents and violence from superiors. The space must feel like a safe haven and accessible by every child no matter race, gender or age. HOW? There is an existing structure that I intend to work with but the manipulations to the caravans and material choices associated with the spaces would set the atmospheric qualities. Spaces promote a child community that begins to create an atmosphere of equality WHY? Existing NGOs in Zaatari such as ‘Save the Children’ and ‘UNICEF’ deal with the immediate needs relating to protection and safety. They end up segregating females and males which is sensitive to the culture. But these views have been stressed due to the fear of parents over their children and poverty. This structure only adds to the mentality that females are not equals which results in dangers such as child brides. HOW? I do not argue that architecture can change people’s beliefs but it can provide the space to move beyond certain gender roles. Instead of reinforcing a social norm that is more harmful in the long-run. It will spatially provide moments in shared/community space between females and males. This will create an atmosphere of equality and respect. It is an opportunity to redeine spatial expectations. Just as the camp is a product of resisting oppression, this youth center is also a product of resistance. Route of travel is safer for child WHY? Two of the fourteen reasons children do not attend school are due to issues with route of travel. HOW? This could be addressed by providing this vertical child youth center within every district. This creates a network of youth centers and a city for children. 9
This issue could also be addressed at an urban scale. Streets could be made safer for children by addressing sidewalks and transportation methods. Parents feel safe WHY? The reality is that children are kept away from these spaces because parents do not feel that their children are safe. In order to allow their children to go to these spaces then this issue must be addressed. HOW? The youth center will be vertical and stacked on top of the existing businesses. This will allow it to become a landmark thus giving parents security about allowing their children to be there. The street symbolizes a future for children not just adults WHY? This is the conceptual aspect of the design. The Champ-Elysees inspired me to pick this refugee camp but it was missing children and their role in the city. HOW? I believe that because the space addresses and engages children through art, play, and education then the program in addition to the appropriate space is an opportunity for children to foster a child community that in return challenges existing social norms regarding gender roles. Facilitating a publuc space that is friendly for all refugees WHY? The idea behind transforming a refugee camp into a livabel city is one that is about improving the quality of life for refugees. HOW? To begin this process I am suggesting designing for the refugees that at most risk in the camp; the women and children. Diminihsing the tension between the Jordanians and Syrians WHY? Tension exists between host countries and refugees because host countries are usually also dealing with their own economic and political instabilities. HOW? By providing refugees with the opportunities to rain water collection and generating electricity through solar panels.
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ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻻﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺭﺑﻴﻊ ﻋﺎﻡ
the syrian civil war spring 2011
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The Syrian Civil War is more commonly known as ‘the Syrian Uprising’. The war began in the early spring of 2011 as part of a series of protests known as the Arab Spring protests in the Middle East. Syrians were protesting President Bashar Al-Assad’s government. Governmental forces responded with violence with aim to stop the protests. The protests eventually because an armed rebellion after months of military sieges.1 By July 2013, the Syrian government lost control of over 70% of the country and about 40% of the Syrian population. The Syrian Civil War is unoficially considered a Proxy War ( a war that is instigated by a controlling power that does not itself become involved).2 1 “Mercy Corps, Quick Facts: What you need to know about the Syria crisis” 2 “By arming Syria rebels, US drawn into proxy war” Fig. 09: Syrians Protesting Fig. 10: Syria Post - War Fig. 11: Syrians Protesting Fig. 12: Syria Post - War Fig. 13: Mapping Syrian imigration Fig. 14: What If ? - Diagram Fig. 15: Inlux of Syrians into Jordan
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TURKEY 450,000 21 refugee camps $95,798,789 requires an additional $276,591
15 November 2012 Fig. 09
SYRIA 2,007,598 persons of concern
LEBANON 622,000 refugees 1,400 locations $457,175,896 (38%) 18% of population
Homs
Fig. 10
03 January 2013
Damascus countryside Daraa
Zaatari refugee camp is 12km from Jordan-Syria border
Fig. 11
03 February 2013
JORDAN 490,000 2 refugee camps $457,758,594 (22%) 11% of popultion
Fig. 12
13 28 February 2013
Fig. 13
November 16 2014
EXISTING
WHAT IF ?
year 1
year 1
emergency response: dwelling units support spaces
emergency response schools & medical
security re-imagine dwelling unit
public space implementa-
August 25 2014 facilitate businesses & shops
community spaces
religious institutions
recreation & entertainment
June 03 2012
year 17
year 17
average life of a refugee camp Fig. 14 Fig. 15
2,500
1,500
500
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ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ
ﻣﺆﻗﺖ, ﺩﺍﺋﻢ, ﺗﻄﻮﻋﻲ,ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ
case studies investigating existing camps
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Fig. 16: Nahr El-Bard - Before Reconstruction Fig. 17: Nahr El-Bard - Community Members Working Together Fig. 18: Courtyard in Nahr El-Bard - After Reconstruction Fig. 19: Nahr El-Bard - After Reconstruction Fig. 20: Photo of Tower of David Fig. 21: Photo of Tower of David Fig. 22: Photo of Tower of David Fig. 23: Photo of Tower of David - Interior Courtyard Fig. 24:Tower of David - Interior Courtyard Fig. 25: Roman City Grid - Plan Fig. 26: Roman City Grid - Diagram Fig. 27: Roman City Grid - Photo Fig. 28: Burning Man - Plan Fig. 29: Burning Man - Structure Fig. 30: Burning Man - Interior Space Fig. 31: Burning Man - Tent Formation Fig. 32: Burning Man - Tent Formation
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case study #1 reconstruction of nahr el-bared refugee camp The camp was originally established by the League of Red Cross Societies in 1949 to accommodate Palestine refugees from the Lake Huleh area of northern Palestine. UNRWA began providing services for the refugees in 1950. In mid-2007, around 27,000 Palestine refugees were displaced from the camp due to the conlict between the Lebanese Armed Forces and the extremist group Fatah Al-Islam. The camp was pounded with heavy artillery and aerial bombardments during the three-month siege. About 95% of the camp was destroyed and a structural assessment showed that the camp had to be completely rebuilt to be occupied. 1 The planning of this project created a network that included the community, the Government of Lebanon, and various local and international stakeholders. The reconstruction team set goals before designing and reconstructing the camp. They are listed below: 2 - The reconstruction of residential and non-residential units in the same neighborhood pattern as before, with common area improvements and infrastructure installations. - The improvement of residential units from their previous formulation, allowing proper ventilation and open public space. - The re-housing of all those Palestine refugee families who lived in the camp prior to its destruction in 2007. - The reconstruction of the UNRWA Compound with its various services and installations at its former locations adjacent to the sea.3 Relevance Two main goals of the redesign of the camp included: 1. increasing public space from 15% to 37% 2. including the community to produce a local product This relects that the design is more than about the housing or infrastructures associated with a typical refugee camp, but rather spaces associated with a city. The redesign is not temporary but a permanent one.
1 “unrwa, Nahr El-Bared Refugee Camp� 2 ibid. 3 ibid.
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Fig. 17
Fig. 19
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case study #2 tower of david Hilda Ochoa-Brillembourg was one of the most successful Venezuelan bankers of the early 90’s. In 1994 after the economic crisis the tower was intervened and the mega-structure of 121,741.00 m² with only 61% done passed to the ownership of the state. The state authorities have not known what to do with the structure. There were several attempts to resell it in 2001 for a base price of 60 million but failed. In 2006 the tower was negotiated unsuccessfully in the Public Offer and so was squatted by social groups. There are many examples of building being squatted but what makes this different is it has generated business and a micro economy in the tower. The tower was transformed into a city, with many networks at various scales. Examples of this include apartments, warehouses with supplies, hairdressers, ‘play-station’ rooms, a dentist and even a church. Pastor Alexander Shepherd Daza of the church in the tower says “The day somebody comes to evict us they will have to offer us new homes to all together, because we are all united- we are a community. We have fought against the thugs, thieves, and all those negative people, therefore we have built our homes here”. Evictions have started July of 2014. 1 Relevance The community formed in the tower and the transformation of function is to be learned from. The building was designed to be a part of the fabric of the city but has become a city. The idea of taking ownership by squatting is interesting. Can this be applied to refugee camps? 1 “npr, Fall Of The Tower Of David: Squatters Leave Venezuela’s Vertical Slum”
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case study #3 roman cities Roman city are laid out in relation to the Kardo Maximus (NS) and the Decumanus (EW). The city is then designed around this axis and is basically composed of repeated and parallel streets that form a rectangles and thus a grid. This city grid symbolizes equality in the city with hierarchy given to natural symbolic elements. In the Idea of a Town, Joseph Rykwert chooses to examine past situations like the Roman cities and how they were designed and organized based on ‘divine laws’. There is a clear social structure that is repeated on different scales creating a relation between home and city and home and land. The Roman city is not a product of trial and error but of one formed in the mind and designed to emphasize ‘a system of custom and belief’ and this was a relection of culture and everyday life. 1 Relevance Cities are not physical structures but symbolic and conceptual. Roman cities are oriented with a speciic orientation. How should the Zaatari city be oriented? Towards their own country or the border? How is the city organized? What hierarchies already exist in the city and how can architecture support them? 1 Joseph Rykwert, Idea of a Town: The Anthropology of Urban Form in Rome, Italy and the Ancient World (MIT Press, 1988).
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Fig. 27
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case study #4 burning man Thousands of people gather in Nevada’s Black Rock Desert to create Black Rock City. The city is temporary city that lasts for a week with no trance of existence after. Burning Man is created by citizens who participate in the event. The culture is communal and is about self-expression through art. It is considered by many who attend a way of life. It is based on a set of ten principle highlighted below: - radical inclusion - gifting - de-commodiication - radical self-reliance - radical self-expression - communal effort - civil responsibility - leaving no trace - participation - immediacy1 Relevance The temporary city is designed around one thing. All grid lines lead to the center. What is interesting about the grids is that they divide the city up and create an organizational scheme but the arrangement of the temporary structures themselves are not in a grid. It is a contained/structured freedom. There is a culture of community reliance that can be applied to refugee camp. The lessons learned from Burning Man are not about the culture itself but how the culture is formed or enhanced through design. 1“Burning Man�
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Fig. 28
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Fig. 31
Fig. 32
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ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺤﺺ
the site site selection & investigation
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The investigation of space and its problems is related to the physical aspects and the cultural, psychological, religious, and juridical are almost ignored. The solutions are a burden on communities as a result of architects and planners own ideas and biases.1 Joseph Rykwert chooses to examine past situations like the Roman cities and how they were designed and organized based on ‘divine laws’. There is a clear social structure that is repeated on different scales creating a relation between home and city and home and land.2 The Roman city is not a product of trial and error but of one formed in the mind and designed to emphasize ‘a system of custom and belief’ and this was a relection of culture and everyday life. Many civilizations practice conceptual towns and origins on rituals that would aid planners and architects. Rykwert is interested in the conceptual model and not the physical that is left and uncovered by archaeologists.3 The Zaatari camp was designed to maximize the number of refugees on a given area and to maximize security. That is what the physical represents. Like Joseph Rykwert I am interested in the camp based on how people understand it. How have people transformed this mass produced prison into their ‘temporary home’? People have imposed their own social structure onto the given physical structure and appropriated it. 1 Joseph Rykwert, Idea of a Town: The Anthropology of Urban Form in Rome, Italy and the Ancient World (MIT Press, 1988). 2 ibid. 3 ibid. Fig. 33: Al-Azraq Refugee Camp Fig. 34: Zaatari Refugee Camp Fig. 35: Zaatari Refugee Camp - Site Plan Fig. 36: Zaatari Refugee Camp - Medical Center Fig. 37: Zaatari Refugee Camp - Inside a School Fig. 38: Zaatari Refugee Camp - Inside a Food Market Fig. 39: Zaatari Refugee Camp - Taekwondo Refugee Camp
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site selection al-azraq refugee camp vs. zaatari refugee camp Al Azraq Syrian Refugee Camp Zarqa, Jordan 2014 - Present
Fig. 33
Infrastructure Al-Azraq is 5,240 acres. Four times the size of Zaatari. It has the capacity to hold 150,000 refugees. AL-Azraq has both waste and water treatment centers. Housing units are caravans. Economy Everything is provided in Al-Azraq. The camp is designed to suppress any micro economy from developing. Security The security is at a maximum is Al-Azraq. This is to prevent the camp from developing like Zaatari. Identity A lot of people run away from AL-Azraq and escape into host communities and as a result are completely cut off from any assistance. Al-Azraq is lacking the social aspect Education Schools were set-up before the refugees arrived. Freedom of Movement Al-Azraq camp is set-up like a prison and so movement is limited. 1 1 “UNHCR, Syria Regional Refugee Response: Inter-agency Sharing Portal�
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Zaarari Syrian Refugee Camp Mafraq, Jordan 2013 - Present
Fig. 34
Infrastructure Zaatari is 1,310 acres. It has the capacity to hold 60,000 refugees. Waste management in Zaatari is composed of collecting waste and driving 50km to dump it. Tents are being replaced with caravans. Economy In Zaatari there is a grassroots economy. It has many small businesses. The camp has taxis, hospitals, 584 restaurants, and a commercial district of 3,000 shops. Security In Zaatari 65% of the camp is from Daraa and there is racism against people from the Sham. Security is now established by community leaders. Identity Social networks and structures are present in Zaatari. The camp has been taken over by the Syrian Refugees. Education Schools were tents for over a year. Freedom of Movement Although movement of refugees in and out of the camp is highly restricted, some refugees are sponsored to work outside the camp.1 1 “UNHCR, Syria Regional Refugee Response: Inter-agency Sharing Portal�
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site issues existing problems The camp has a capacity of 60,000 refugees but has about 85,000 living on its 1,310 acres. It is 12 kilometers from the Jordanian-Syrian border. The refugee low, at times as high as 4,000 a day. 1 The camp has taxis, hospitals, 584 restaurants, and a commercial district of 3,000 shops. Camp director is Killian Kleinschmidt of the UN High Commission for Refugees. It costs 1 million a day to run the camp. The camp is run by both the UNHCR and the Jordanian government.2 Since the camp opened there has been numerous protests about insuficient food, poor infrastructure, and expressing political views about the Syrian Civil War. Since the camp was built to quickly meet the inlux of Syrians into Jordan the infrastructure and living conditions suffered. There are numerous reports of crime including rape, prostitution, and drug-dealing.3 Despite the organic development violence is high in the camps. In Zaatari 65 percent of the camp is from Dara’a and there is huge racism against people from the Sham which causes ighting amongst residents. There are rocks thrown at aid worker. 4 The inlux of Syrians into Jordan puts too much pressure on Jordan’s already minimal resources. It is increasing the cost of food and housing for Jordanians and also decreasing job opportunities for Jordanians. It is also putting too much pressure on the health and education services. 5 1 Alison Ledwith. Zaatari: The Instant City. (Boston, Affordable Housing Institute, 2014) 2 ibid. 3 ibid. 4 ibid. 5 ibid.
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DISTRICT 3
DISTRICT 1 DISTRICT 7
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NGOs food security water management medical administration education public/community space
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humanitarian aid reconstruction of nahr el-bared refugee camp Community Mobilization InterSOS is in charge of distributing “stoves for tents, blankets and winter clothes” as a part of the winterization campaign. International Relief and Development Inc. (IRD) Medical Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) International Medical Corps French military ield hospital Moroccan military ield hospital Italian Field Hospital UAE Red Crescent Jordanian Red Crescent Handicap International IOM / International Organization for Migration Jordanian Hospitals and Health Ministry for treatment IFH Noor Al-Hussein Foundation, Partner with UNHCR, UNFPA UNFPA WASH (Water/Sanitation/Hygiene) UNICEF Food WFP Education UNICEF SCJ / Save the Children - Jordan IRC / International Rescue Committee IOM / International Organization for Migration UNFPA Norwegian Refugee Council Hygiene Promotion ACTED responsibility lies in the ield of water treatment, water testing and waste management JEN Women’s & Children’s Protection The International Rescue Committee(IRC)
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Water & Sanitation Federal Agency for Technical Relief THW constructed 160 kitchen units and 380 toilets. MSB MercyCorps Other ICRC is tracing families and relatives of refugees The following is a list of NGOs on site. 1 The Zaatari refugee camp is gradually moving away from top-down service provision into a self-provisioning urban conglomeration, where refugees are provided with various forms of cash-based assistance and encouraged to address their own needs themselves. 2 1 “UNHCR, Syria Regional Refugee Response: Inter-agency Sharing Portal” 2 “Refugee Camp for Syrians in Jordan Evolves as a Do-It-Yourself City.”
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ﻣﻔﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﻴﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ
my refugee diaries comparing refugee camps in jordan
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During this past September, I visited the camp in Jordan. The aim was to do some ieldwork along the intersection that I identiied. I went there with the goal of allowing my experiences to inluence my design decisions. During my visit I realized that the Champ-Elysees was male adult dominated. I knew then that I wanted to design for the children and women of the camp. The design intervention will transform the street to symbolize a future for all refugees and not just male adults. Fig. 40: Diary Cover Fig. 41: Route to Zaatari Refugee Camp Fig. 42: Security Point/Entrance Fig. 43: Exterior Wall Conditions Fig. 44: Refugee Options - Artifact Fig. 45: Zaatari Refugee Camp - Overview map Fig. 46: Site Selection - Plan Fig. 47: Caravan - Exploded Axonometric Fig. 48: Site Selection - Axonometric Fig. 49: Tyologies Fig. 50: Elevation Fig. 51: Existing Conditions - Section Perspectove Fig. 52: Mapping - Local Leaders Fig. 53: The Courtyard Fig. 54: Movement Fig. 55: Community Leaders Fig. 56: Female Children Drawings - Child Brides Fig. 57: Comparing Pre-War Syria & Zaatari Fig. 58: Comparing Statistics Befor and After the War Fig. 59: School Attendience, Pie Chart Fig. 60: School Attendance by Genger and Age
Fig. 61:School Attendance by District Fig. 62: Reasons for Lack of Attendance Fig. 63: Inside Schools in Zaatari Fig. 64: Inside Schools in Zaatari Fig. 65: Inside Schools in Zaatari Fig. 66: Inside Schools in Zaatari Fig. 67: Inside Schools in Zaatari Fig. 68: Inside Schools in Zaatari Fig. 69:Mapping Child Spaces Fig. 70: Children’s Schedule
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entry#1 the jordanian perspective pre-visit I woke up at 5 a.m. the morning of the irst visit. I was really nervous about going to the refugee camp. I am ashamed to say it was because I was afraid. Every time someone found out that I was going to visit Zaatari they would give me a lecture about being safe along with a story they have heard about something that had happened in the camp. “They sell their daughters”, someone once told me. “Even the children will sexually assault you”, said another. It is hard to remain optimistic in such an environment. Maybe these stories are skewed because some Jordanians have a hard time seeing beyond how the refugee’s presence effects them.
entry#2 clothing Getting dressed to go to the refugee camp was interesting. A family friend is a journalist who covers stories at Zaatari often, and he told me to cover myself up properly because women at the camp are always at risk. I debated wearing a hijab but decided to go with oversized clothing and hat to cover my hair. It is sad that women have to protect themselves from men attacking them and have to use clothing to do so. The hijab’s intent is not protection but respect. Measures are taken to protect these women as should be but there also should be something done to deal with the attackers and these issues at their core.
entry#3 the drive there
Fig. 41
The drive to Zaatari took about 2 hours. A family friend, Ali and I headed there together. From my research and the camp being near the Jordan-Syria border I knew the site was a wasteland. This was only emphasized by the drive over there. We started in Amman and headed to Mafraq. The progress was as follows: Amman ................... Wasteland ....... Mafraq ... Military Camps .. Refugee Camp (Wasteland) Before heading to the refugee camp, we stopped at the UN - WFP ofices. It was in the ‘Military Camp’ area. About a 5 minute drive from Zaatari.
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entry#4 at the UN - WFP ofice At the UN - WFP ofice is where I irst met Ahmad. He was a young man, probably my age, and he works in logistics (food distribution). I contacted a Senior logistics assistant at WFP - UN Jordan branch, he then connected me to Ahmad because Ahmad was going to be at Zaatari the day I had arranged to go. When Ali and I arrived at the camp Ahmad was waiting outside where he greeted us and led us inside to his ofice. On the way to his ofice, the head of the ofice stopped us and asked Ahmad if he had the oficial documents to get us into the camp which he did not. Ahmad had planned for us to leave the car at the UN ofice and head over to the camp with him in the UN oficial car. The security at the camp does not check who is inside the oficial UN cars. They would have just let us pass through. I had planned for this and had a backup plan. The head of security ended up getting us the appropriate documentation to allow our car to enter the camp.
entry#5 security points/entrance We all left the UN ofice and headed towards the refugee camp. Ali and I followed Ahmad in the UN car. There were two security points. At the irst point no one stopped us, I later found out that it was common for cars to follow the UN cars when there were political visitors to the camp. At the second point we were stopped and asked to park to the side. We waited about 5 minutes when the oficer came and let us through. The camp is surrounded with a metal fence and walls that are painted with refugee faces. The camp was initially surrounded with a metal fence but due to many security risks and escapes had to be reinforced with a two-meter earthen wall, a ditch, and the fence. Even though refugees have no right to the land or any form of ownership, I still felt like I was invading their space and entering their home. Ahmad told me that access to the camp was easy, and they used to allow people and journalists to visit and record the activities inside the camp when it was irst set-up. Then many rumors about men selling women to foreigners for money made refugees refuse to participate after that. It is now very hard to visit. I was not allowed to photograph. Along the street where the security points were, I saw many refugees entering and leaving the camp. They either have work permits outside or permits to visit family in Jordan.
entry#6 UN rules We left the car in the parking lot and then got into the UN car with Ahmad. We were dropped off at the ‘Champ Elysees’ and planned to walk the entire street. On the way from the parking lot to the Champ Elysees, Ahmad would tell us about different rules the UN set in place to ease the relationship between the refugees and the oficials. One was that when they were in the UN car driving that they would keep their windows open. This was because the UN did not want the refugees to feel like they were exposed to the elements while the oficials had the privilege of their AC or heaters in the car. They wanted to diminish the resentment the refugees felt towards the oficials. Ahmad said that it made sense theoretically but after two security incidents, the irst was a child spitting on a women in the car and the second a man in the car being slapped in the face, that the oficials stopped following the rule. There is a lot of resentment from the refugees towards oficials working in the camp. At irst the Jordanian police were allowed inside the camp but after it became too dangerous.
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entry#7 the caravans & commercial district Ahmad, Ali, and I were dropped off on the Champ-Elysees. All modes of transportation occupied the street. It was muddy, chaotic, messy, and overwhelming but one of the most beautiful places I had ever seen. Its beauty lied in the Syrian’s resilience and creativity, it was truly inspiring. The street is lined up with caravans. There was not an empty area. I walked in there with a sense of what I was going to see but was completely shocked at the number and density of businesses that occupied the street. Not one caravan looked like another. Many different typologies exist. They sell everything one might need or want such as food, electronics, and clothing. I saw a man dump a bunch of boots on the ground and started yelling, ‘2JDs for men’s shoes and 1JD for women’s”! Everything in the camp is signiicantly cheaper. Some say Jordanians from surrounding cities come into the camp to purchase goods because of the price difference. I do not see how they can enter the camp to do so though. At irst, all refugees lived in tents, then the UN started replacing the tents with caravans. The refugees did one of three things with the caravans. They either use the caravans for housing as intended, sell the caravans, or modify the caravan to open up a business. They take the caravans and transform them to their liking and business needs. It is assumed that the businesses are illegal but that is actually not true. It is how the products enter he camp that is illegal. The refugees do not pay for anything. Not for the food, electricity, water, or housing. They do this to feel like they have purpose, a job, and a future. Ahmad said that a lot of the refugees were merchants in Syria. They are good business people that started from zero. The refugees buy their goods from neighboring cities. The refugees also sell their food distribution cards and use the money at the Souq they created. It is no longer about having services provided, it is about having freedom of choice. After I left the camp, I relected on what I saw and realized that I would need to visit the camp again. I was overwhelmed on my irst visit that I spend my entire time observing the shops and people and did not record the layout of the caravans. I was also unsure of my site and so there was too much to see. My second visit I spent a couple hours documenting what the shops were and grouping them into similar typologies. I had a map I downloaded from the UNHCR’s website that I intended to write my observations on but when I started I realized that the map did not match what I saw. There were streets marked that I did not see and openings that did not exist.
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entry#8 the courtyard I asked Ahmad to describe how the caravans are distributed, how newlyweds receive new ones, and how they deal with families needing to relocate to new areas. When refugees arrive in Jordan they irst stay in a camp right at the Jordan-Syria border called ‘Rabah Al-Sarhan’ then they go to registration to either Zaatari or Azraq as their camp. Each family is given an identiication number which indicates how much money, food, and other supplies they receive based on the number of people in the family. They are given a tent to live in until it is replaced with a caravan. Caravans are not readily available like tents are. If there are newly weds then they have to apply for a new identiication number and then receive a tent until it can be replaced. They are relocated to a new district because technically there should not be enough space for them. The surveyors set-up a grid for all the caravans and so oficials replace the tents with the caravans they are supposed to place them where the surveyor indicated. The refugees then move the caravans and organize them into a U-shape to be near their families. They move them using a device they built out of metal stolen from the surrounding fence and wheels. While I was there I saw this happening in district #3. The caravans set-up in a U-shape result in a courtyard space that becomes the family’s public space.
entry#9 the role of women I think the most shocking stories were about the women of Zaatari. I should not call them women but children since they were still under 18. “No woman under the age of 18 is single, and if she is then her parents marry her off to a much older man as his second or third wife”. Women not only use clothing but also marriage to protect themselves in this camp. Weddings happen often and fast. The man comes and asks for the woman and then the wedding happens. If he pays for her then he gets her. Women/ children are treated as products in this refugee camp. I asked whether there were any female community leaders, I knew the answer but I decided to ask anyway. He said, “women have no value in this camp”. Ahmad was once working at the food distribution site when a 14 year old with a baby approached for her daily bread. The UN-WFP gives out break every morning at 05:30 a.m. Ahmad asked her where her mother was to scan the identiication card and it turned out she was the mother, married to a much older man.
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entry#10 the local leaders
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I read a lot about the ‘maia’ that is running the camp, and I wondered if it were true. I studied the local leaders through published documentaries such as ‘Syria-Crisis - a day in the life - Zaatari’. The video showed Kilian Kleinschmidt (in charge of the UN camp, also referred to as ‘the mayor’) meeting with the camp leaders to try to put an end to the protests. Seemed to me that the UN almost lost control of the camp and the result was these complex social networks. Ahmad says that there is not really a maia but there are community leaders. The camp is separated into 12 districts. Each district has a local community leader and a leader for every street in the camp. This set-up was established by Kilian. When the UNHCR wants to distribute resources or relay a message then they contact the district leaders. The leaders are all men and they are not assigned by the UN but they are self-proclaimed and usually the Sheikh’s of Mosques. The 48and problem is these leaders then chose the street leaders show favoritism with many different choices. It is a male dominated world.
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entry#11 the syrian youth
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They call them the ‘lost generation’. When I was walking throughout the commercial district I saw a group of children sitting on a blanket in front of the Saudi School doing nothing. Four hours later I passed the same area and they were still sitting on a blanket in front of the school doing nothing. Currently there are 81,776 refugees, 50.4% are female and 49.6% are male. 27.7% of females are under the age of 17 and 29.6% of males are under the age of 17. My design will focus on empowering and making space for the youth along the Champ Elysees that is not involved in child labour. Only 40% of the youth attend school despite education being provided for free. Education is segregated by sex, girls attend in the morning and boys in the afternoon. There are 60 boys enrolled for every 40 girls. There are many reasons children do not attend school and they include harassment, violence, corporal punishment, fear of being separated from family, child labor, travel distance, and insuficient toilet facilities. The lack of education may unfortunately lead to an illiterate generation. The youth of Syria are called the ‘lost generation’ because of the decline in their education and their uncertain future. Female youth are at risk to sexual assault, being sold (child brides), while the male youth is at risk of being recruited to negative political organizations. All youth are at risk to child labour.
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administration education public/community space
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ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ
precedent studies lessons learned
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Fig. 71: Public Space in Palestinian Refugee Camp - DAAR Fig. 72: Public Space in Palestinian Refugee Camp - DAAR Fig. 73: Public Space in Palestinian Refugee Camp - DAAR Fig. 74: Learn Move Play Ground - Conceptual Design Fig. 75: Learn Move Play Ground - Conceptual Design Fig. 76: Learn Move Play Ground - Design Implementation Fig. 77: Learn Move Play Ground - Design Implementation
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precedent #1 public space About In West Bank’s refugee camp, after six years a permanent public square is added. This is controversial because it challenges the idea of refugee camps remaining a way station and temporary shelter. This public space designed by DAAR (Decolonizing Architecture Art Residency) is now used by all refugees but mostly by children. It also challenges the notion of females being in the public sphere, where the space has become an equalizer. 1 Lessons Learned Given the Syrian’s culture, my initial reaction is to design a segregated youth center. The camp already has spaces (poorly designed) to house the various programs that engage children but they meet the immediate need. My youth center will not only meet these short term goals but also address social norms that promote inequality. 1 “Refugees Reshape Their Camp, at the Risk of Feeling at Home.”
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precedent #2 learn move play ground About It is a format for summer schools initiated and organized by Barbara Pampe and Vittoria Capresi in cooperation with several local and German partners, fully inanced by the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs through the DAAD – the German Academic Exchange Service. LMPG aims at improving the courtyards of public primary schools in Cairo, through the participation with the children and the teachers translate the dreams of the children in playing elements. Using bricks, concrete, wood and colors they create different spaces to play, move and learn.1 Lessons Learned Designing the youth center to be child-oriented. Certain actions/verbs associated with art, play, and sports will dictate the design of the youth center. Some examples include: sitting, napping, chatting, climbing, and readings. 1 Vittoria Capresi and Barbara Pampe, learn move play ground: how to improve playgrounds through participation (Berlin: Jovis Verlag GmbH, 2013).
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ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ؟ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﺪﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ
what would permanent be in a place to temporary infrastructure? understanding the physical through the lens of the social
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To understand not only how to design permanent within temporary but also design for the Syrians, I began an investigation into understanding the physical in pre-war Syria through the lens of the social and interpreting how the relationships between the public, private, and the in between would appear in the camp. I investigated ive different themes, landmarks, progression, the courtyard, screens and circulation. It will become a landmark by being permanent and through visual hierarchy. This is most important for the parent’s of children using the Nadi spaces because it makes them feel safer about sending their children to the spaces. The module is also located as a starting point on one of the busiest streets along one of the safest intersections in the camp. Raising the structures also allows the temporary caravans to be moved around underneath and the permanent to not be a burden. Fig. 78: Investigating Landmarks in Pre-War Syria and Zaatari Refugee Camp Fig. 79: Investigating Courtyards in Pre-War Syria and Zaatari Refugee Camp Fig. 80: Investigating Materials inside the Camp Fig. 81: Investigating Progression in Pre-War Syria and Zaatari Refugee Camp Fig. 82: Investigating Circulation in Pre-War Syria and Zaatari Refugee Camp Fig. 83: Plan/Elevation - Conceptual Design Fig. 84: Sections - Conceptual Design Fig. 85: Axonometric - Conceptual Design
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permanence landmarks in pre-war syria
Roman ruins left behind in Syrian cities become historic landmarks. These landmarks become a tool to navigate the city by signifying civic spaces. The intent is for the intervention to become a visual landmark. This will be done by creating a second ground loor and though the use of color.
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the courtyard social layers in pre-war syria
U-shaped housing in Syria allows communal living. The community members are family members. The courtyard becomes the women’s public space during the day. There are elements that provide privacy or gathering within the courtyard itself depending on the time of the day and who is using it. The mashrabiya/window screen offers privacy while allowing light and air through. The courtyard has a central element which is usually a fountain. The lessons learned from traditional Syrian can be applied inside the camp. The refugees are already moving tents and caravans around to create u-shaped housing.
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materials in the camp building a material catalogue
I did a study to create a catalogue of the building materials and techniques that available inside the camp. A large supply of tent fabric is available and it is waterproof. The string that connects the tent to the ground is also available. The caravans are mae of sheet metal, foam insulation, and I-beams. The oficials use cranes to lift the caravans and move them around. Metal mesh is used all over the camp to create separations and gates. Could this material be used in a more positive way? There is metal from the surrounding fence. Since they added a concrete wall around the camp, there is not use for the metal one anymore. It is already being used by refugees to create devices that move the caravans around. The concrete wall has photos pasted on it. A concrete wall means concrete is available for use. Scrap metal sheet is also available. The refugees are provided or even bring in wood to the camp. Wood is usually used to create the awnings for their shops and businesses.
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progression understanding the souq in pre-war syria
The facades of buildings are on the interior of the spaces where the courtyards are and not the ones facing the street/public realm. The division of space in homes is not apparent. This is different in civic spaces such as the souq. The columns act as landmarks and entrance to the souq. The repetition of the columns does not only create rhythm but also divides up the space into sections without the need to have walls or partitions. The souq is usually covered to provide shade but still has openings to allow light and air in. The souq is usually divided into different sections depending on what is being sold. There is usually a hierarchy created through the proximity of shops to mosques.
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circulation understanding movement through pre-war syria
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I notice a lot of stairs in Syrian cities which is also common in the old downtown in Amman, Jordan. The stairs are a way to provide access for citizens to civic spaces such as amphitheaters, souqs, and mosques. What if the second ground had a circulation system incorporated into it and provided access to the various modules spread across the camp?
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the champ-elysees as a courtyard conceptual design Studying the courtyard housing and understanding the various spaces created and why they are created aided me in looking at this street as a courtyard and thus creating spaces for everyone. The layers that traditionally exist in the Syrian courtyard housing are fundamentally created for a woman’s privacy thus giving her public space in her own home. I did not just mimic that but I learned from it and translated it according to the needs of the refugees. In a single module the following spaces exist: The existing shops highlighted in grey, the dwelling units highlighted in pink, the women’s public space highlighted in blue, the Nadi highlighted in red, the circulation highlighted in orange, the family space highlighted in green, and the business’s interaction and customization space highlighted in light grey. When multiple of these modules are put together along a street they create the courtyard.
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ﻧﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ
nadi al-atfal from verb to space
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I started investigating what the Nadi could be within that module. I decided to use action words to begin to inform these spaces. Examples of actions include, sitting, napping, chatting, climbing, reading, eating, and jumping. There are 16 action words. For each one of these actions I went through the process of irst collaging to reach an atmospheric understanding and second model making to reach spatial awareness. Then I translated them into section perspectives. Just as the adults have manipulated the caravans to create spaces for their businesses, the intent is to manipulate the caravans to create the spaces for children derived from the action words Fig. 86: From Verb to Space (chatting, connecting, napping) Fig. 87: From Verb to Space (playing, reading, dancing) Fig. 88: From Verb to Space (crying, swinging, dangling) Fig. 89: From Verb to Space (drawing, watching, hiding&seeking) Fig. 90: From Verb to Space (jumping, eating, climbing) Fig. 91: From Verb to Space (gathering)
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THEMES public yet hidden nooks to create intimate spaces
THEMES stories gaming/media sharing
THEMES natural light control Fig. 86
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THEMES playing together and alone objects/toys long space
THEMES multiple layers alone yet together accommodates different group sizes
THEMES spacious central zone colorful Fig. 87
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THEMES alone small space hidden 81
THEMES tension weight
THEMES structural in-between spaces Fig. 88
THEMES customizable changing surfaces
THEMES hierarchy slope/angles
THEMES maze options Fig. 89
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THEMES vertical safe contained
THEMES sharing community
THEMES challenges vertical surfaces Fig. 90
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THEMES utilizing the edges visual connections Fig. 91
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ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎ؟ ﺗﻘﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺎﺕ
how can design empower people both socially & politically? investigating the screens
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Going back to the module. You can see that I ended up with 23 horizontal and vertical screens. I picked three of these screens to develop further. The irst is the screen separating the Nadi from the public. I also used action words to design this screen and so there are 16 different options for this one screen. As you move through these elevations you will see four of them. Napping, Drawing, Crying and Chatting. The idea is that the refugees can pick and choose which space they want to match with which screen. This results in two spaces. The interior space derived from the action word and the interstitial space between the screen and that interior space. The second screen is the one on top of the Nadi space. I used this as an opportunity the ease the tension between the Syrians and Jordanians over shared resources by adding solar panels and a water collection system. The third screen is the screen in front of the shops and restaurants; the adult screens. They allow the owners to market their business through signage, customize their storefront using the interstitial space and allows access to each business separately which is reminiscent of the souq in pre-war Syria. Fig. 92: Perspectives of Structures along Champ-Elysees Fig. 93: Exploded Axonometric of a Module Fig. 94: Details of a Unit in the Module Fig. 95: Screens Fig. 96: Screen Options Fig. 97: Screens Phase1 - Elevation & Narrative Fig. 98: Napping Screen - Plan Fig. 99: Napping Screen - Perspective/Light Study Fig. 100: Screens Phase2 - Elevation & Narrative Fig. 101: Drawing Screen - Axonometric Fig. 102: Drawing Screen - Plan Fig. 103: Screens Phase3 - Elevation & Narrative Fig. 104: Crying Screen - Plan Fig. 105: Crying Screen - Axonometric Fig. 106: Screens Phase4 - Elevation & Narrative Fig. 107: Adult Screen - Axonometric Fig. 108: Adult Screen - Diagram Fig. 109: Chatting Screen - Axonometric
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the structure the second ground plane
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the screens screen selection
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NAPPING The napping screen has two stages. The irst is about waking up and letting light in and the second is about moving to the balcony space and greeting the adults. There are four wooden planks on both the top and bottom that rotate and are set in place using a peg. The wooden planks are connected using a fabric designed/produced by the refugees.
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DRAWING The drawing screen is made of wooden triangles that rotate around a metal rod. The irst side is a chalkboard surface, the second is a whiteboard, and the third has pictures of children’s faces pasted on it. The screen is not only about dividing spaces but about activating space.
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Fig. 104 Fig. 105
Fig. 103
CRYING The crying screen acts as a tool for the child to look outside onto the champ-elysees but not have anyone be able to look into the space they occupy.
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CHATTING The chatting screen becomes a space by incorporating seating and zones for children to sit and chat ADULT SCREENS The adult screens allow the owners to market their business through signage, customize their storefront using the interstitial space and allows access to each business separately which is reminiscent of the souq in pre-war Syria. 94
ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻧﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ
diminishing the tension between the jordanians & syrians re-distributing resources
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The inlux of Syrians into Jordan puts too much pressure on Jordan’s already minimal resources. It is increasing the cost of food and housing for Jordanians and also decreasing job opportunities for Jordanians. It is also putting too much pressure on the health and education services. The refugees of Zaatari receive free water and steal electricity. This causes tension between the Jordanians and Syrians. 1The design aims to relieve that tension though solar panels and a water collection system. If refugees were no longer a burden on host countries, will refugee camps become livable cities? 1 Alison Ledwith. Zaatari: The Instant City. (Boston, Affordable Housing Institute, 2014) Fig. 110: Existing Water Stations - Plan Fig. 111: Water Collection Point Fig. 112: Water Collection Point Fig. 113: Water Collection Point Fig. 114: Intervention Water Stations - Plan Fig. 115: Water Collection System Connection to Structure Fig. 116: Water Collection System - Axonometric Fig. 117: Water Collection Tank Fig. 118: Water Collection System - Elevation Fig. 119: Existing Lamp Posts Fig. 120: Lamp Posts as Electricity Hubs Fig. 121: Lamp Posts as Electricity Hubs Fig. 122: Lamp Posts as Electricity Hubs Fig. 123: Intervention Electrical Coverage Fig. 124: Solar Panels Plan Fig. 125: Tent to Structure Connection - Detail Fig. 126: Solar Panels System - Axonometric
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ﺍﻳﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﺧﺮﻯ؟ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻸﻃﻔﺎﻝ
where else can this intervention be applied? from one module to a child-friendly city
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Both my observations and my research led me to realize that it would not be suficient to have this intervention be only along this one intersection. I would design a module that would spread over other safe streets in other neighborhoods. Fig. 127: Existing Conditions: Champ - Elysees Fig. 128: Existing Conditions: Child Spaces Fig. 129: Existing Conditions: Safe Zones Fig. 130: Intervention Locations: Safe Streets Fig. 131: Post - Intervention: Electrical Coverage Fig. 132: Post - Intervention: Safe Zones
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champ-elysees existing conditions
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child spaces existing conditions
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safe zones existing conditions
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safe streets / intervention locations post-intervention
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electrical coverage post-intervention
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safe zones post-intervention
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ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ
implementation from parts to a whole
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Fig. 133: Section Perspective A Fig. 134: Section Perspective B Fig. 135: Section Perspective C
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The area in the back is for the housing caravans. This is where they originally exist. Usually the owners of the businesses live in these caravans. The family space allows parents to pick up their children from the back of the Nadi. The Nadis shown in the perspective from left to right are: crying and napping. This Section highlight the relationship between the screen and the space and shows the interstitial space created between them. The solar panels are an opportunity to ease the tension between the jordanians and syrians over shared resources. The women’s public space allows them to take part in the activities along the champ-elysees.
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Fig. 133
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This section cut highlights the adult screen and emphasizes the role of the interstitial space in transforming the street from one that is movement oriented to a public space. The Nadis shown in the perspective from left to right are: watching, climbing, drawing, dangling, and dancing. The community decided to take up a module and create a movie theater for the children. In the dangling space the structure rather than the caravan is used to create the play area.
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Fig. 134
120
The Nadis shown in the perspective from left to right are: gathering, connecting, and dangling. The dangling space is an example of how the caravans can be used to create a space that is between multiple caravans instead of inside of it. In addition to the women’s public space empowering women to take part of the public life in Zaatari, it also allows mothers to keep an eye on their children while they are in the Nadi. This is a very important factor that will inluence the success of this intervention.
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Fig. 135
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Readings the theory
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Fig. 136: Mappig of Relevant Thinkers and Writers
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Fig. 136
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The following is a list of books and articles I wrote literature reviews on. Their signiicance and relationship to my thesis topis is highlighted in the igure to the left. How to Build a Perfect Refugee Camp, Mac McClelland - The New York Times (February 13, 2014)
The Ethics of Refugee Policy, Christina Boswell Introduction (2005)
Refugee Rights: Ethics, Advocacy, and Africa, David Hollenbach Introduction: Human Rights as an Ethical Framework for Advocacy (2008)
From Camp to City: Refugee Camps of the Western Sahara, ETH Studio Basel Recreation and Leisure (2013)
Refugee Rights: Ethics, Advocacy, and Africa, Abebe Feyissa, with Rebecca Horn There is More Than One Way of Dying: An Ethiopian Perspective on the Effects of Long-Term Stays in Refugee Camps (2008)
Defying Displacement: Grassroots Resistance and the Critique of Development. Anthony Oliver-Smith Chapter 1: Disasters of Development: Development Forced Displacement and Resettlement Section: Introduction
Writings on Cities, Henri Lefebvre The Right to the City (1970) Refugees Reshape Their Camp, at the Risk of Feeling at Home, Michael Kimmelman The New York Times (September 06, 2014) Architecture after Revolution, Alessandro Petti, Sandi Hilal, Eyal Weizman - Decolonizing Architecture Art Residency, DAAR Introduction & Prelude (2013) From Camp to City: Refugee Camps of the Western Sahara, ETH Studio Basel Living (2013)
Cities for People, Jan Gehl Chapter 3: The lively, safe, sustainable, and healthy city Section 3.1: the lively city (2010) A Refugee Camp is a City / World Refugee Day, Ana Asensio RodrĂguez - ArchDaily (June 20th 2013) Refugee Camp for Syrians in Jordan Evolves as a Do-It-Yourself City, Adam Ferguson - The New York Times (July 04, 2014)
Temporary Urban Spaces: concepts for the use of city spaces, Florian Haydn and Robert Temel Chapter: The Temporary in the City (2006)
Handbook for Emergencies, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR Chapter1: Aim and Principles (Geneva December 1982)
The State of the World’s Refugees: In Search of Solidarity, The ofice of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Chapter 3: Durable Solutions: Breaking the Stalemate (2012)
The Idea Of A Town: The Anthropology of Urban Form in Rome, Italy and the Ancient World, Joseph Rykwert Preface (1988)
Dangerous Sanctuaries : Refugee Camps, Civil Wars, and the Dilemmas of Humanitarian Aid, Sarah Kenyon Lischer Chapter 6: Collateral Damage: The Risks of Humanitarian Responses to Militarized Refugee Crises (2005)
Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters, A New Urban World, Robert Neuwirth Preface & Prologue (2006)
Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution, David Harvey Preface (2012) On the Margins of the World: the refugee experience today, Michel Agier Chapter 3: The Desert, The Camp, The City (2008)
Buildings Must Die: A Perverse View of Architecture, Stephen Cairns & Jane M. Jacobs Chapter3:Terminal Literacy - Dross, Rust, and other Architectural Junk (2014) Theories and Manifestoes of Contemporary Architecture - A City is not a Tree, Christopher Alexander (1965) Architecture for the Poor, Hassan Fathy (1969)
Walking the City: The Physical and Social Dimensions of the City Made [Public], B.D. Wortham-Galvin & Isaac Williams The Funambulist Pamphlets Volume 07 Cruel Designs #10: To design a prison, or not to design a prison: what about a hippocratic oath for architects? (July 29, 2013) Informalising Architecture: The Challenge of Informal Settlements, Kim Dovey (14 November 2013)
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Conclusion what’s next?
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The Syrian refugees like many other political refugees are victims that have led an oppressive government for a chance at a better life. Instead they are imprisoned within barbed wires in a camp on the margin of a country 12 km from their home.1 They are now in an environment where there is even more oppression. Where children have no future and women have no value. Simply put, having livable cities instead of refugee camps does not diminish a refugee’s right to return and it should not be used as an excuse anymore. So the question that I raise is whether as human beings we should be satisied with these poor living conditions and if not then as architects what can we do about it? 1 “UNHCR, Syria Regional Refugee Response: Inter-agency Sharing Portal”
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Abbreviations1
UN
United Nations
UNHCR
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
ICM
Inter-Governmental Committee for Migration
ICRC
International Committee of the Red Cross
ILO
International Labor Organization
LRCS
League of Red Cross Societies
NGO
Non-governmental organization
OAU
Organization of African Unity
PAHO
Pan American Health Organization
UNDP
United Nations Development Progamme
UNDRO
Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator
UNESCO
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNICEF
United Nations Children’s Fund
UNIPAC
UNICEF Packing and Assembly Centre, Copenhagen
WFP
World Food Programme
WHO
World Health Organization
UNRWA
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
1 “United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees., 2014 Syria Regional Response Plan, Acronyms”
129
Deinitions EMERGENCY 1
a situation which the life and welfare of a human being is threatened and so an extraordinary response and exceptional measure must be taken.
REFUGEE 2
“owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to, or owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country.” - 1951 Refugee Convention
FORCIBLY DISPLACED PEOPLE3
people who have been forced to leave their home due to an emergency.
INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLE4
refugees that have lost their homes but remain in their country of origin.
URBAN REFUGEES5
refugees that live in cities of host countries and not in speciied refugee camps.
NADI 6
club
AL7
the; it usually preixes Arabic proper nouns
ATFAL 8
children
1“UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency, Emergencies” 2 “UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency, Refugees” 3 “UN: World Refugee Day” 4 “UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency, Internally Displaced People” 5 “UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency, Urban Refugees” 6 “Britannica English, Arabic Translation, club” 7 “Encyclopaedia Brtitannica, Al-”
`
8 Britannica English, Arabic Translation, children”
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List of Figures Appendix A Figure 01: Grid to Organic Growth - Artifact Figure 02: Mapping Largest Refugee Camps in the World
Figure 19: Nahr El-Bard - After Reconstruction http://www.dezeen.com/2013/05/02/reconstruction-of-nahr-el-bared-refu gee-camp/
Figure 03: Refugee Camp - 10 Largest Refugee Camps in the World http://www.borgenmagazine.com/ten-largest-refugee-camps-world
Figure 20: Photo of Tower of David http://blog.panampost.com/marcela-estrada/2013/08/09/the-tower-of-david/
Figure 04: Refugee Camp - Democratic Republic of the Congo http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee
Figure 21: Photo of Tower of David http://blog.panampost.com/marcela-estrada/2013/08/09/the-tower-of-david/
Figure 05: Refugee Camp - Haiti Earthquake http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Haiti_storm_kills_ive_quake_ survivors_lashes_tent_city_999.html
Figure 22: Photo of Tower of David http://www.citylab.com/housing/2014/04/day-life-most-unusual-building-ca racas/8780/
Figure 06: Refugee Camp - Dadaab Refugee Camp, Kenya http://www.zegabi.com/articles/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/dadaabrefu geecamp_311067c.jpg
Figure 23: Photo of Tower of David - Interior Courtyard http://blogs.reuters.com/photographers-blog/2014/04/02/the-tower-of-da vid-venezuelas-vertical-slum/
Figure 07: Journey of a Refugee - Artifact
Figure 24: Photo of Tower of David - Interior Courtyard http://www.hufingtonpost.com/2014/07/23/tower-of-david-venezuela-evi ctions_n_5613100.html
“UNHCR, Syria Regional Refugee Response: Inter-agency Sharing Portal” Figure 08: Revolt or Reform - Artifact Figure 09: Photo of Syrians Protesting http://pixshark.com/syrian-civil-war-protests.htm Figure 10: Photo of Buildings in Syria Post-War http://www.abc.net.au/news/linkableblob/4949766/data/girl-stands-by-build ing-damaged-by-syrian-forces-data.jpg Figure 11: Photo of Syrians Protesting http://d.ibtimes.co.uk/en/full/352930/syrian-children.jpg Figure 12: Photo of Buildings in Syria Post-War https://syriancrisis.wordpress.com Figure 13: Mapping Syrian imigration data obtained from UNHCR Figure 14: What If? - Diagram Figure 15: Diagram of Inlux of Syrians into Jordan
“UNHCR, Syria Regional Refugee Response: Inter-agency Sharing Portal”
Figure 25: Roman City Grid - Plan https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/53/d8/b4/53d8b4f8aa8851c 39f72676990a5a4a5.jpg Figure 26: Roman City Grid - Diagram https://kmjantz.iles.wordpress.com/2013/05/ig09-02.jpg Figure 27: Roman City Grid - Photo https://www.lickr.com/photos/26034413@N04/4312103517/ Figure 28: Burning Man - Plan http://www.kennyreff.com/burningman/my-irst-burn-part-1/ Figure 29: Burning Man - Structure http://stuckincustoms.smugmug.com/Burning-Man-Page igure 30: Burning Man - Interior Space https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/_HXmym6kIj95RopNyP8G4cAugjZAg gIs1UNAX0LSc2esu1x7z4M99n6LU0yhygCnGa1JAcs=s114 Figure 31: Burning Man - Tent Formation http://darkroom.baltimoresun.com/2013/09/inside-burning-man-2013/
Figure 16: Nahr El-Bard - Before Reconstruction http://www.akdn.org/architecture/project.asp?id=4307
Figure 32: Burning Man - Tent Formation http://www.alexinwanderland.com/2013/10/01/the-ten-principles-of-burn ing-man/
Figure 17: Nahr El-Bard - Community Members Working Together http://www.akdn.org/architecture/project.asp?id=4307
Figure 33: Al-Azraq Refugee Camp http://www.alrai.com/article/653792.html
131 Figure 18: Courtyard in Nahr El-Bard - After Reconstruction http://www.akdn.org/architecture/project.asp?id=4307
Figure 34: Zaatari Refugee Camp http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaatari_refugee_camp
Figure 35: Zaatari Refugee Camp - Site Plan
“UNHCR, Syria Regional Refugee Response: Inter-agency Sharing Portal”
Figure 47: Caravan - Exploded Axonometric site visit
Figure 36: Zaatari Refugee Camp - Medical Center https://www.lickr.com/photos/worldbank/14159654359
Figure 48: Site Selection - Axonometric site visit
Figure 37: Zaatari Refugee Camp - Inside a School http://www.aljazeera.com/humanrights/2013/05/20135136445430108.html
Figure 49: Typologies site visit
Figure 38: Zaatari Refugee Camp - Inside a Food Market http://d2atr2ilx9iyd.cloudfront.net/contentAsset/image/63a7b61b-e0924738-8535-1ca1df3d6ddc/image/byInode/1/ilter/Resize,Jpeg/jpeg_q/69/ resize_w/604
Figure 50: Elevation site visit
http://www.wfp.org/sites/default/iles/imagecache/widget_photo_single/600_ JOR_WFP-Emanuela_Cutelli_000p.jpg Figure 39: Zaatari Refugee Camp - Taekwondo Classes in a Refugee Class http://www.timesoisrael.com/in-refugee-camp-syrian-kids-practice-tae kwondo/ Figure 40: Diary Cover Save the Children Figure 41: Route to Zaatari Refugee Camp google maps screenshot Figure 42: Security Point/Entrance http://lorielinks.lorienovak.com/noors-installation-at-the-zaatari-refu gee-camp/ Figure 43: Exterior Wall Conditions http://lorielinks.lorienovak.com/noors-installation-at-the-zaatari-refu gee-camp/
Figure 51: Existing Conditions - Section PerspectIve site visit Figure 52: Mapping - Local Leaders
“UNHCR, Syria Regional Refugee Response: Inter-agency Sharing Portal” A day in the life: Za’atari, a documentary series by UNHCR and The Telegraph Figure 53: The Courtyard site visit Figure 54: Movement site visit Figure 55: Community Leaders A day in the life: Za’atari, a documentary series by UNHCR and The Tele graph Exit Syria, diaries from Zaatari, by SBS Ground Zero Syria, a Vice documentary on Zaatari
http://noorimages.com/outdoor-installation-in-zaatari-refugee-camp/ Zaatari: A Documentary Film (Video not out yet) Figure 44: Refugee Options - Artifact data obtained from UNHCR Figure 45: Zaatari Refugee Camp - Overview Map http://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/14/sport/football/zaatari-refugee-camp/
Washington Post stories of Syrian refugees (with short videos) The Guardian video of family life in a Syrian refugee camp The Guardian video of Syria’s child refugees
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/An_Aerial_View_of_ the_Za’atri_Refugee_Camp.jpg http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-10/inside-zaatari-one-of-worlds-larg est-refugee-camps/5506792 Figure 46: Site Selection - Plan site visit
Figure 56: Images of Female Children Drawings about Child Brides http://www.buzzfeed.com/richardhjames/powerful-images-of-forced-mar riage-drawn-by-syrian-ref#.tr7qVRXGJ Figure 57: Comparing Child Labor, Clothing as Protection, and Violence Before and After the War Save the Children: Too Young to Wed: The growing problem of child marriage among Syrian girls in Jordan.
132
List of Figures Appendix A Continued
Figure 58: Statistics on Births and Child Brides in Zaatari Refugee Camp Save the Children: Too Young to Wed: The growing problem of child marriage among Syrian girls in Jordan.
Figure 73: Public Space in Palestinian Refugee Camp - DAAR http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/07/world/middleeast/refugees-reshapetheir-camp-at-the-risk-of-feeling-at-home.html?_r=0
Figure 59: School Attendance, Pie Chart unicef, REACH: JOINT EDUCATION NEEDS ASSESSMENT REPORT
Figure 74: Learn Move Play Ground - Conceptual Design http://www.naibooksellers.nl/learn-move-play-ground-how-to-improve-play grounds-through-participation.html
Figure 60: School Attendance by Gender and Age unicef, REACH: JOINT EDUCATION NEEDS ASSESSMENT REPORT Figure 61:School Attendance by District unicef, REACH: JOINT EDUCATION NEEDS ASSESSMENT REPORT Figure 62: Reasons for Lack of Attendance unicef, REACH: JOINT EDUCATION NEEDS ASSESSMENT REPORT Figure 63: Inside Schools in Zaatari http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/syrian-crisis-ba bies-born-fear-2239820 Figure 64: Inside Schools in Zaatari http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-22/unicef-child-protection-specialistjane-macphail-with-children/4973784
Figure 75: Learn Move Play Ground - Conceptual Design http://www.naibooksellers.nl/learn-move-play-ground-how-to-improve-play grounds-through-participation.html Figure 76: Learn Move Play Ground - Design Implementation http://www.play-scapes.com/play-design/contemporary-design/learn-moveplay-ground-susanne-hofman-architekten-and-baupiloten-cairo-egypt-2012/ Figure 77: Learn Move Play Ground - Design Implementation http://www.baupiloten.com/projekte/learn-move-play-ground/ Figure 78: Investigating Landmarks in Pre-War Syria and Zaatari Refugee Camp Collage Investigations Figure 79: Investigating Courtyards in Pre-War Syria and Zaatari Refugee Camp Collage Investigations
Figure 65: Inside Schools in Zaatari http://www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-live/2013/jul/25/syria-refu gee-crisis-a-day-in-the-life
Figure 80: Investigating Materials inside the Camp Collage Investigations
Figure 66: Inside Schools in Zaatari http://m.rescue.org/blog/ircs-work-syrian-women-and-girls-photo-essay
Figure 81: Investigating Progression in Pre-War Syria and Zaatari Refugee Camp Collage Investigations
Figure 67: Inside Schools in Zaatari http://m.rescue.org/blog/ircs-work-syrian-women-and-girls-photo-essay
Figure 82: Investigating Circulation in Pre-War Syria and Zaatari Refugee Camp Collage Investigations
Figure 68: Inside Schools in Zaatari http://digital.vpr.net/post/syrias-grinding-war-and-toll-it-takes-children
Figure 83: Plan/Elevation - Conceptual Design Figure 84: Sections - Conceptual Design
Figure 69:Mapping Child Spaces http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/settlement.php?id=176&re gion=77&country=107
Figure 85: Axonometric - Conceptual Design Figure 86: From Verb to Space (Chatting, Connection, Napping)
Figure 70: Children’s Schedule http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/settlement.php?id=176&re gion=77&country=107
Figure 87: From Verb to Space (Playing, Reading, Dancing) Figure 88: From Verb to Space (Crying, Swinging, Dangling)
Figure 71: Public Space in Palestinian Refugee Camp - DAAR http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/07/world/middleeast/refugees-reshapetheir-camp-at-the-risk-of-feeling-at-home.html?_r=0
Figure 89: From Verb to Space (Drawing, Watching, Hiding&Seeking) Figure 90: From Verb to Space (Jumping, Eating, Climbing)
Figure 133 72: Public Space in Palestinian Refugee Camp - DAAR http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/07/world/middleeast/refugees-reshapetheir-camp-at-the-risk-of-feeling-at-home.html?_r=0
Figure 91: From Verb to Space (Gathering)
Figure 92: Perspectives of Structures along Champ-Elysees
Figure 114: Intervention Water Stations - Plan
Figure 93: Exploded Axonometric of a Module
Figure 115: Water Collection System Connection to Structure
Figure 94: Details of a Unit in the Module
Figure 116: Water Collection System - Axonometric
Figure 95: Screens
Figure 117: Water Collection Tank
Figure 96: Screen Options
Figure 118: Water Collection System - Elevation
Figure 97: Screens Phase1 - Elevation & Narrative
Figure 119: Existing Lamp Posts
Figure 98: Napping Screen - Plan Figure 99: Napping Screen - Perspective/Light Study Figure100: Screens Phase2 - Elevation & Narrative Figure101: Drawing Screen - Axonometric Figure102: Drawing Screen - Plan
“UNHCR, Syria Regional Refugee Response: Inter-agency Sharing Portal” Figure 120: Lamp Posts as Electricity Hubs http://www.talkradionews.com/on-location/2013/10/31/in-jordan-syrian-ref ugees-defy-makeshift-lifestyle.html#.VXIs5mRViko Figure 121: Lamp Posts as Electricity Hubs http://www.unhcr.org/thumb1/538f21346.jpg
igure 103: Screens Phase3 - Elevation & Narrative
Figure 122: Lamp Posts as Electricity Hubs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaatari_refugee_camp
Figure 104: Crying Screen - Plan
Figure 123: Intervention Electrical Coverage
Figure 105: Crying Screen - Axonometric
Figure 124: Solar Panels Plan
Figure 106: Screens Phase4 - Elevation & Narrative
Figure 125: Tent to Structure Connection - Detail
Figure 107: Adult Screen - Axonometric
Figure 126: Solar Panels System - Axonometric
Figure 108: Adult Screen - Diagram
Figure 127: Existing Conditions: Champ - Elysees
Figure 109: Chatting Screen - Axonometric
Figure 128: Existing Conditions: Child Spaces
Figure 110: Existing Water Stations - Plan
Figure 129: Existing Conditions: Safe Zones
“UNHCR, Syria Regional Refugee Response: Inter-agency Sharing Portal”
Figure 130: Intervention Locations: Safe Streets
Figure 111: Water Collection Point http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/09/12/national/if-u-s-comes-callingwill-abe-back-syria-strike/#.VXIqIWRViko
Figure 131: Post - Intervention: Electrical Coverage
Figure 112: Water Collection Point http://www.christianexaminer.com/article/hollywood.power.couple.roma. downey.mark.burnett.start.middle.east.relief.fund/47552.htm
Figure 133: Section Perspective A
Figure 113: Water Collection Point http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2012/08/13/syria_crisis_demand_is_ high_for_scarce_water_supplies_at_zaatari_refugee_camp_in_jordan.html
Figure 135: Section Perspective C
Figure 132: Post - Intervention: Safe Zones
Figure 134: Section Perspective B
134 Figure 136: Mapping of Relevant Thinkers and Writers
Bibliography Appendix B Petti, Alessandro and Hilal, Sandi and Weizman Eyal. Introduction to Architecture after Revolution, by Alessandro Petti and Sandi Hilal and Eyal Weizman, 6 - 23. Berlin: Sternberg Press, 2013 Kimmelman, Michael. “Refugees Reshape Their Camp, at the Risk of Feeling at Home.” The New York Times, September 07, 2014. Temel, Robert “The Temporary in the City.” In Temporary Urban Spaces, edited by Florian Haydn, and Robert Temel, 55 - 60. Berlin: Birkhauser, 2006 Lambert, Leopold “To Design a Prison, or not to Design a Prison: What about a Hippocratic Oath for Architects?” In The Funambulist Pamphlets Volume 07: Cruel Designs, edited by Leopold Lambert, 62 - 65. 2013 Lischer, Sarah Kenyon “ Collateral Damage: The Risks of Humanitarian Responses to Militarized Refugee Crisis.” In Dangerous Sanctuaries: Refugee Camps, Civil War, and the Dilemmas of Humanitarian Aid, edited by Robert J. Art, Robert Jervis, and Stephen M. Walt, 141 - 166. New York: Cornell University Press, 2006 Agier, Michel “The Desert, The Camp, The City.” In On the Margins of the World: The Refugee Experience Today, translated by David Fernbach, 39- - 72. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008 The Ofice of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. “Durable Solutions: Breaking the Stalemate.” In The State of the World’s Refugees: In Search of Solidarity, edited by Judith Kumin, 65 - 90. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012 Ferguson, Adam. “Refugee Camp for Syrians in Jordan Evolves as a Do-It-Yourself City.” The New York Times, July 04, 2014. McClelland, Mac. “How to Build a Perfect Refugee Camp.” The New York Times, February 13, 2014. AD Editorial Team. “A Refugee Camp Is a City / World Refugee Day 2013” ArchDaily (2013), accessed August 03, 2014. http://www.archdaily.com/?p=391712 Hollenbach, David “Human Rights as an Ethical Framework for Advocacy”. In Refugee Rights: Ethics, Advocacy, and Africa, edited by David Hollenbach, 1-12. Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press, 2008. Feyissa, Abebe “There is More Than One Way of Dying: An Ethiopian Perspective on the Effects of Long-Term Stays in Refugee Camps”. In Refugee Rights: Ethics, Advocacy, and Africa, edited by David Hollenbach, 13-26. Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press, 2008. O’Neill, William “What We Owe to Refugees and IDPs: An Inquiry into the Rights of the Forcibly Displaced”. In Refugee Rights: Ethics, Advocacy, and Africa, edited by David Hollenbach, 27-52. Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press, 2008. ETH Studio Basel, “Living”. In From Camp to City: Refugee Camps of the Western Sahara, edited by Manuel Herz, 112-153. Lars Muller Publishers, 2013. ETH Studio Basel, “Recreation and Leisure”. In From Camp to City: Refugee Camps of the Western Sahara, edited by Manuel Herz, 406-485. Lars Muller Publishers, 2013. Wortham-Galvin, B.D. and Williams, Isaac. “The Stranger’s Path: The Cultural Landscape of Urban Form,” Instant Cities, The Center for the Study of Architecture in the Arab Region, American University of Sharjah, UAE, April 2008. Fathy, Hassan. Architecture for the Poor: An Experiment in Rural Egypt. University Of Chicago Press, 2000 Alexander, Christopher. “A City is not a Tree”. In Theories and Manifestoes of Contemporary Architecture, edited by Charles Jencks and Karl Kropf, 30-33. Academy Press, 2006. Jacobs, Jane, and Cairns, Stephen. “Terminal Literacy - Dross, Rust, and other Architectural Junk”. In Buildings Must Die: A Perverse View of Architecture, 31 - 49. The MIT Press, 2014 Neuwirth, Robert. Preface to Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters: A New Urban World, xi-1. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2004 Rykwert, Joseph. Preface to Idea of a Town: The Anthropology of Urban Form in Rome, Italy and the Ancient World, 23-27. MIT Press, 1988 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. “Aim and Principles” In Handbook for Emergencies, 2-14. Geneva, 2007
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Gehl, Jan. “The lively, safe, sustainable, and healthy city” in Cities for People, 61-117. Island Press, 2013 Oliver-Smith, Anthony. “Disasters of Development: Development Forced Displacement and Resettlement.” In Defying Displacement: Grassroots Resistance and the Critique of Development, 1-42. University of Texas Press, 2010 Lefebvre, Henri. “The Right to the City”. In Writings on Cities, edited by Eleonore Kofman and Elizabeth Lebas 146-159. Wiley, 1996 Boswell, Christina. Introduction to The Ethics of Refugee Policy: Ethics and Global Politics, 2-15. Ashgate, 2005 Harvey, David. Rebel Cities: from the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution. London: Verso, 2013 Davis, Mike. Planet of Slums. New York: Verso, 2009. Dovey, Kim. “Informalizing Architecture: The Challenge of Informal Settlement” Archit Design, 83: 82–89. November 14, 2013 Cary, John. “Public Interest Design” Accessed March 13, 2014 http://www.publicinterestdesign.org/glossary Feldman, Roberta and Palleroni, Sergio and Bell, Bryan and Wakeford, Katie and Peterson, John and Badanes, Steve, and Swenson, Katie, and Fisher, Thomas. Wisdom From The Field: Public Interest Architecture In Practice. The Fellows of The American Institute of Architects, 2011 Feldman, Roberta and Palleroni Sergio and Bell,Bryan and Wakeford, Katie and Peterson, John and Badanes, Steve, and Swenson, Katie, and Fisher, Thomas. Expanding Architecture: Design As Activism. New York: D.A.P./Distributed Art Publishers Inc., 2008 Sutika, Mitchell . “The Problem With Refugee Camps (Architecture, Design, Planning) Humanitarian Aid (2014), accessed August 05, 2014. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). “Protracted Refugee Situations” Executive Committee of High Commisioner’s Programme, Standing Committee, 30th Meeting, UN Doc.EC/54/SC/ CRP.14, 10 June 2004, p. 2. “UNHCR, Syria Regional Refugee Response: Inter-agency Sharing Portal” Last Modiied May 31, 2015, http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php “BBC, Syria: The story of the conlict” Last Modiied March 12 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26116868 “Mercy Corps, Quick Facts: What you need to know about the Syria crisis” Last Modiied May 15, 2015, http://www.mercycorps.org/articles/turkey-iraq-jordan-lebanon-syria/quick-facts-what-you-need-knowabout-syria-crisis “By arming Syria rebels, US drawn into proxy war”, Last Modiied June 15, 2014, http://news.yahoo.com/arming-syria-rebels-us-drawn-proxy-war-190907079.html “unrwa, Nahr El-Bared Refugee Camp”, Last Modiied November 24, 2009, http://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/features/nahr-el-bared-refugee-camp “npr, Fall Of The Tower Of David: Squatters Leave Venezuela’s Vertical Slum”, Last Modiied July 23, 2014, http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/07/23/334613896/fall-of-the-tower-of-david-squatters-leavevenezuelas-vertical-slum “Burning Man”, Last Modiied 2015, http://burningman.org/ Ledwith, Alison. Zaatari: The Instant City. Boston, Affordable Housing Institute, 2014 Vittoria Capresi and Barbara Pampe, learn move play ground: how to improve playgrounds through participation, Berlin: Jovis Verlag GmbH, 2013
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Bibliography Appendix B Continued Save The Children, Too Young to Wed: The growing problem of child marriage among Syrian girls in Jordan, London: Save the Children, 2014 “Britannica English, Arabic Translation, club”, Last Modiied 2014, http://arabic.britannicaenglish.com/en/club “Britannica English, Arabic Translation, children”, Last Modiied 2014, http://arabic.britannicaenglish.com/en/children “Encyclopaedia Brtitannica, Al-”, Last Modiied 2014, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/11873/al “United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees., 2014 Syria Regional Response Plan, Acronyms” Last Modiied 2014, http://www.unhcr.org/syriarrp6/docs/syria-rrp6-acronyms.pdf “UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency, Emergencies”, Last Modiied 2015, http://www.unhcr.org/pages/503352e46.html “UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency, Refugees”, Last Modiied 2015, http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c125.html “UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency, Internally Displaced People”, Last Modiied 2015, http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c146.html “UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency, Urban Refugees”, Last Modiied 2015, http://www.unhcr.org/pages/4b0e4cba6.html “UN: World Refugee Day”, Last Modiied June 20 2014, http://www.un.org/en/events/refugeeday/background.shtml
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