URBANIZATION IN MOTION
FORCES OF DISPLACEMENT CRISIS &THE CITY
A NEW SCALE TO AN OLD PROCESS
A NEW SCALE FROM CAMP TO CITY
THE POPULAR IMAGE OF WAR REFUGEES & CLIMATE CHANGE MIGRANTS LIVING IN CAMPS IS NO LONGER VIABLE
60% OF REFUGEES LIVE IN CITIES
FROM CAMP TO CITY
80% OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLE LIVE IN CITIES
PEOPLE SEEK SPACES FOR SOCIAL, PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL SYSTEMS & INTERACTIONS
2013 PHILIPPINES
2005 USA
200 MILLION TO 1 BILLION CLIMATE CHANGE DISPLACEMENT BY 2050
2009 PAKISTAN
2014 INDIA
2009 SYRIA
THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY OFFICIALLY ACCEPTED MOBILITY AS AN INFORMAL ADAPTATION MECHANISM TO CLIMATE CHANGE 2013 BRAZIL
2014 JORDAN
2011 - 2014 USA
2009 IRAQ
WEATHER RELATED EVENTS ...
20M 2014 DISPLACEMENT BY EXTREME ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
DATA FROM INTERNATIONAL DISPLACEMENT MONITORING CENTER 2015 MAP GENERATED WITH CARTODB BY NADINE RACHID
... & CONFLICT DISPLACEMENT
60M 2014 DISPLACEMENT BY BOTH FORCES DATA FROM INTERNATIONAL DISPLACEMENT MONITORING CENTER 2015 MAP GENERATED WITH CARTODB BY NADINE RACHID
DISPLACEMENT BY CONFLICT & WAR
DISPLACEMENT BY EXTREME ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
“CATASTROPHIC CONVERGENCE”
“COLLISION OF POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS”
URBANIZATION DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC & POLITICAL UPHEAVAL
THIS IS NO LONGER LIMITED TO SHORT-TERM DISPLACEMENT. INSTEAD, IT’S BECOMING A RAPID URBANIZATION PROCESS
O
ve To r7 E Ap 50, ur pl 00 op ic 0 e at As io ns ylu m
THE PROCESS OF URBANIZATION THROUGH DISPLACEMENT FORCED BY POLITICAL, ECONOMIC & ENVIRONMENTAL UPHEAVAL
s amp not ve C ps are to a e ave cam eL
Middle/Upper Class Access to more options opt to living in cities
le ve pl he Peoions in t people they lea
-> ce ck dit Con tainable ies / on wed ba sus e in cit ot allo n liv the hey are t
Unregistered Refugees Urban Refugees
Live in cities / with family No access to assistance / services Possibility of economic growth & relocation to other countries
ps ed am nd nts y c inte of te ney ar ir or the tion mo mp ing ina aid Te utliv mb on 22 s o / co rely mp me s / Ca fra iner e ta tim con &
URBANIZATION IN MOTION
Registered Refugees UNHCR RSD + AFAD
Live in temporary camps Access to assistance / services Limited possibility for economic growth & relocation
RECOGNIZING URBANIZATION IN MOTION
CITY
CRISIS APPROACH
FORCES OF DISPLACEMENT
CITY CRISIS APPROACH
FORCES OF DISPLACEMENT
URBANIZATION IN MOTION
A QUEST FOR CONNECTIONS & NETWORKS WITHIN SYSTEMS
CHALLENGE
CITY
ABILITY TO ACT AS MEDIATORS PROVIDING BASIC NEEDS
CRISIS APPROACH
PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURES SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURES ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURES SOCIAL INTERACTION
HUMAN RIGHTS
HEALTH CARE, EDUCATION
ADVOCACY ACCESS TO GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, LOCAL INSTITUTIONS & DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES
ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
FORCES OF DISPLACEMENT
POLITICAL PARTICIPATION ANCHOR INSTITUTIONS SUPPORT NETWORKS
EXCLUSIONARY POLICIES DISCRIMINATION / MARGINALIZATION INEQUALITY POVERTY UNEMPLOYMENT INFLATION COMPETITION
MECHANISMS DESIGNED CONTROLLED SPACES OPERATE IN SILOS TEMPORARY SETTLEMENTS SHORT-TERM SOLUTIONS CHALLENGES IN OUT REACH IN URBAN SETTING
REFUGEES ECONOMIC MIGRANTS CLIMATE MIGRANTS
LOSS OF SYSTEMS & NETWORKS
e
o +G
R Se eac cr tiv et e ar ie s
M
Cr isi
s
a ch
ms n is
m v e rn
e n cie s e n t Ag
on
i pt u r r te e In f Lif o er tsid ch u O roa App Silos
Individ u Assist al ance
+ Informal Inn
itiatives + Solidarity Netw
orks +
Anch or In stitu ti
o ns
+. ..
Dy
na m Co ic Lif ntin e - ua Liv tion eli ho of od
Comm
unity
Multidisciplinary
ial Soc y enc esili
R
CRISIS: STATE OF EXCEPTION Predominantly utilizes mechanisms designed for controlled spaces such as temporary camps & rural areas. Faces operational challenges within the urban sphere. Operates in silos.
URBAN: SPACE OF INTERACTION Situates displacement-to-cities as an urbanization process Links the narrative about cities to development Provides a research process to engage with non-traditional actors Provides a framework for multistakeholder approach
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
VALUES
INVESTIGATE
IDENTIFY
RE-FRAME
INVESTIGATE THE FORCES INVOLVED: INSTITUTION, ORGANIZATION & OTHER INTERESTS INVOLVED IN THE AREA. INVESTIGATE THEIR APPROACHES & OUTCOMES
IDENTIFY THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED: MAP CONNECTIONS & NETWORKS WITHIN & ACROSS SYSTEMS IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY: 1) COMMONALITIES & DIFFERENCES 3) POWER DYNAMICS ACROSS SYSTEMS 2) MISSING CONNECTIONS
RE-FRAME THE APPROACH TO CHALLENGES: 1) APPLY A SET OF VALUES THAT WILL ENABLE SUCCESS IN ADDRESSING THE CHALLENGE 2) RECONFIGURE THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN INSTITUTIONS, ORGANIZATIONS & INTERESTS
INTERVIEWS SPATIAL ANALYSIS & MATRIX
THE URBAN LENS
THE URBAN PROCESS
MATRIX - SYSTEMS DIAGRAMMING
MATRIX - NETWORKS
CITY
SPACES FOR INTERACTION NEGOTIATION & PARTICIPATION SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS SPACE & TERRITORY
CATASTROPHIC CONVERGENCE
ROOT SHOCK SLOW VIOLENCE NON-CHOICES
MANAGING & CATEGORIZING
STATE OF EMERGENCY TENTATIVE PRESENCE SHORT-TERM
URBAN LENS
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
INVESTIGATE
IDENTIFY
NEW APPROACHES SHOULD Build on existing networks Provide support to the community as whole Build social resiliency Be long-term approaches Work across scales & sectors
CITY
NEW CRITERIA INTEGRATION BETWEEN SYSTEMS
RE-FRAME
CONNECTING COMMUNITY, NEIGHBORHOOD, STATE, NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL THINKING BEYOND AID EXPOSING INSURGENT URBAN ACTORS EXPOSING SPACES FOR COLLABORATION CONNECTING AN INSURGENT URBAN SYSTEM
CRISIS APPROACH
WORK ACROSS SCALES ENGAGE WITH UNTRADITIONAL ACTORS
ACTIVELY BEING A CITY
COEXISTENCE CO-PRODUCTION COHABITATION
SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM
FORCES OF DISPLACEMENT
ADAPTABILITY TRANS FORMABILITY RESILIENCE
URBAN LENS
APPROACH
URBANIZATION IN MOTION
A QUEST FOR CONNECTIONS & NETWORKS WITHIN SYSTEMS
VALUES
ISTANBUL
FATIH
RESEARCH FOCUS AREA FATIH DISTRICT
POPULATION DENSITY OF SYRIAN REFUGEES BY DISTRICT
UNHCR DATA MAP GENERATED WITH CARTODB BY NADINE RACHID
HUMANITARIAN AID APPROACHES
IMPACTS OF POLICY AMENDMENTS
SPACIAL ANALYSIS
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
VALUES
INVESTIGATE
IDENTIFY
RE-FRAME
INVESTIGATE THE FORCES INVOLVED: INSTITUTION, ORGANIZATION & OTHER INTERESTS INVOLVED IN THE AREA. INVESTIGATE THEIR APPROACHES & OUTCOMES
IDENTIFY THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED: MAP CONNECTIONS & NETWORKS WITHIN & ACROSS SYSTEMS IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY: 1) COMMONALITIES & DIFFERENCES 3) POWER DYNAMICS ACROSS SYSTEMS 2) MISSING CONNECTIONS
RE-FRAME THE APPROACH TO CHALLENGES: 1) APPLY A SET OF VALUES THAT WILL ENABLE SUCCESS IN ADDRESSING THE CHALLENGE 2) RECONFIGURE THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN INSTITUTIONS, ORGANIZATIONS & INTERESTS
INTERVIEWS SPATIAL ANALYSIS & MATRIX
MATRIX - SYSTEMS DIAGRAMMING
INVESTIGATE THE URBAN PROCESS
MATRIX - NETWORKS
CITY
SPACES FOR INTERACTION NEGOTIATION & PARTICIPATION SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS SPACE & TERRITORY
CATASTROPHIC CONVERGENCE
ROOT SHOCK SLOW VIOLENCE NON-CHOICES
MANAGING & CATEGORIZING
STATE OF EMERGENCY TENTATIVE PRESENCE SHORT-TERM
URBAN LENS
INVESTIGATE TIME
MIGRATION - IMMIGRATION - REFUGEES Pre WWI Population Growth
1914 - 1918 (WWI)
1800: 1 Billion people
- 1914-18: World War One - 1915-17: Armenian Genocide - 1916: Sykes Picot Agreement - 1917: Russian Revolution
Major Political Events & Structural Shifts
Boundaries & Border Control
- Free migration within Europe - no restrictions on immigration. - No passports or work permits are needed. - 1798: England to be the first to pass Alien Bill introducing immigration control
Migration Trends & Refugees
- Extensive immigration to North America: over 3 decades, America received 2 million political & religious refugees
- 1824: Joseph Fourier (French) announced the “greenhouse effect:” “the temperature of [the Earth] can be augmented by interposition of the atmosphere.
Economy
- 1850 -1914: 1st “age” of globalization ends - 1900: rise of the labor unions
Publications (Crisis as a myth)
WWII 1939 - 1945
1946 - 1950
- 1922: USSR first communist country worldwide
- 1915: 810,000 Armenian refugees outside Turkey. 1917: 1/2 million Russian refugees move to western Europe. - At this point refugees were people moving from neighboring countries: same religion &culture
- 1939 - 1945: World War Two - 1943: Lebanon gains independence from French Mandate
- 1922: Nensen Passport allowed the resettlement of 800,000 Russian 1923: Population exchange between Greece & Turkey based on religious beliefs. (Mass movement of Muslims into Turkey)
- Europe’s Refugee Crisis
- 1920: League of Nations distributes German & Ottoman colonies (except Turkey) among the Allied Powers of WWI British Empire, France, Italy & Japan) - 1938: Nansen Passport issued by The Office of High Commission for Refugees in London
- 1938: Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees - 1943: United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration - 1945: ILO joins the UN - 1945: UNESCO is created
- 1929: stock market crash in USA start of the Great Depression - 1930: Most industrialized countries face Global Economic Depression
- 1946: Syria gains independence from French Mandate - 1946: Start of the Cold War - 1948: the creation of the sate of Israel - 1948: Palestinian Nakba
1961 - 1970
- 1948 - 1962: United Kingdom had no control over immigration from other commonwealth countries 1951: 145 countries are obliged to 1962: UK introduces immigration After WWII all provisional border control measures became issue refugee travel documents control over residents of Lite (the end of the Nansen Passport) commonwealth. permanent - 1950: Israel issues the “law of - Emerge of the labor force nations return” granting citizenship to to Northern and Northwestern Jews Europe such as Portugal, Greece, Morocco & Tunisia - 1945 - 1950: About 11.5 million refugees from Eastern Europe - 1946 - 1950: IRO resettles one million refugees in Europe - 1947 - 1949: 700,000 Palestinian Refugees in camps between Gaza, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan - Arab Jews immigrate to Israel - 1946: The United Nations - 1946: The International Relief Organization - 1948: Universal Declaration of Human Rights. - 1948: UN Relief for Palestinian Refugees UNRWA (works agency) - 1949: Geneva Convention
- 1939: WWII cripples Global Economy - 1944: International Monetary Fund is created (IMF) Start of the fixed exchange rate system
1971 - 1980 1975: 4 Billion people 1975: 3.5 Million refugees UNHCR
- 1966: Baath party rules Syria after a coupe d’etat - 1967: Six-day war between Israel and the Arab League leading to the closing of the Suez Canal till 1975
- 1973: Ban on Immigration to Europe from 1974 - 1980 due to the oil crisis
- 1975: Indochina refugee crisis “boat people” - 1979: 1.5 million refugees from Afghanistan to Pakistan
- 1951: Convention relating to the status of refugees became the base of international law on refugees. - 1951: the Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees transformed into the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
- 1972: United Nations Environmental Protection Program (UNEP)
- 1965: US President’s advisory committee announces that greenhouse effect is a “real concern”
1981 - 1990 1987: 5 Billion people 1987: 13.1 Million Refugees UNHCR
- 1975: Wallace Broecker: titles his research paper Global Warming & so puts the word into use
1991 - 2000
2001 - 2010
1999: 6 Billion people 1999: 11.6 Million refugees UNHCR
- 1990: the rise of intra-state wars - 1993: Start of the European Union
- 1973: Oil crisis - 1975: Lebanese Civil War - 1978 - 1980: Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
- 1955 - 1973: Labor Immigration increased to Northwestern and Northern European countries
- 1955 Gilbert Plass concludes that doubling the CO2 emission will lead to an increase in temperature by 3-4 degrees. - 1958 Charles David Keeling starts the rise in CO2 in Mauna Lao in Hawaii and Antarctica
- 1927: Carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning & industry reach 1 billion tons/year. 1938: Guy Callendar concludes that rise in temperature from the previous is caused by CO2 - “Callendar Effect” was dismissed widely.
- 1914: WWI polarized Global Trade investments. - 1919: International Labor Organization (ILO) was created protecting workers’ rights
1951 - 1960 1960: 3 Billion people
- Mass mobilization of army recruitment and fear of foreign spies lead to introduction of international Border Control System as provisional measures. - Passports becomes important for border control - 1922 : Nansen Passport (started - 1942: 52 countries honored the for Russian refugees) Nansen Passport - about 450,000 passports were issued - 1933: Nansen Passsport Armenian, Assyrian, Turkish - Boundaries change in the Middle East due to fall of Ottoman Empire
United Nations & The International Community
Climate Change
1919 - 1938 1930: 2 Billion people
- 1985 - 1993: the implementation of the Schengen Rules - 1990 - 1997: the Dublin Regulations I, II & III - 1981: British Nationality Act - 1991: Collapse of the USSR and - 1981: France stops Immigration & the birth of independent countries drives out exiting immigrants Shift from immigration to asylum seekers - 1993: The Golden Venture smugles 286 Chinese immigrants to NY - 2000: European Refugee Fund - 1992 - 1995: 2.7 Million Balkan refugees mainly from Kosovo - 1999: 850,000 people remain refugees after the Balkan War
- 1989 - 1995: CIREFCA International Conference on Central American Refugees to develop projects in origin countries of conflict. - 1990s UNHCR relocates 100,000 Kosovo refugees in European states based on a quota system 1998: International community issue a Guiding Principals on Internal Displacement
- 2001: September 11 attack in NYC - 2001: USA war in Afghanistan - 2003: USA war in Iraq - 2003: Darfur war - 2006: Israel attack on Lebanon - 2010: The start of the Arab spring in Tunisia
- 1992: Earth Summit (Rio) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC (1994) - 1997: Kyoto Protocol - 1998: Warmest year on record
- 1960: European Free Trade - 1946: 2nd “age” of globalization - 1947: Organization of the European Association - 1960: OPEC Economic Cooperation (OEEC) - 1948: Marshall Plan - The Arab League institutes an economic boycott of Israel.
- 1987 “The Camp of the Saints” reprinted - Influenced lobbiest
- 1992: “the Population Threat” by Michael Teitelbaum (urges for population limitation) - Paul Kennedy Militrization of internal migration discourse - KEEP THEM OUT language - access to policymakers - mid 1990s “The Camp of the Saints” reprinted - 1994 “Must It Be the Rest Against the West?” Paul Kennedy - Atlantic Monthly (apocolypse) 1995: “Alien Nation: Common Sense About America's Immigration Disaster” Peter Brimelow
- Dec. 2013: Greece is accused of not allowing refugees through its borders (land & sea) - Dec 2013: Turkey builds a wall on its Syrian border to limit clashes with rebels. - 2015: Turkey, Jordan & Lebanon put restrictions on Syrian refugees - 2015: UK agrees to resettle 500 refugees then closes its borders/ Switzerland agrees to host 300 refugees - June 2015: Italy, Greece & Spain resettle limited numbers of refugee - August 2015: Bulgaria puts a razor wire fence on its Serbian border
- 2003- 2009: Iraq war displaces million Iraqis. (4.7 million) - 2006: Over 2 million Iraqi are refugees or internally displaced - 1.2 million Iraqi refugees reside in Syria - 2006: Internal displacement in Lebanon
- 2011: Syrians escape to neighboring countries - 2011: First Syrian refugee camp opens in Turkey - 2014: Number of EU asylum seekers increased by 25% (afghan, Eritrea or Syrian) - 2014: 87,000 people arrive to Italy by sea mainly from Eritrea and Syria - April 2014: Lebanon reaches 1 million Syrian refugees - UNCEF raises concerns about education, poor health facilities - Aug. 2014: 3 million refugees - 10,000 resettled by EU - May 2015: Refugees arrive to Greece by boat - June 2015: 103,000 refugee arrive to Europe - Sep. 2015: Australia, Canada UK and USA increase the numbers of refugees they will host
- 2009: UN climate summit “Copenhagen Accord”
- 2012: UNHCR urges EU states to ensuring access of asylum seekers to their territory. - 2013: UN declares the refugee crisis is the worst since Rwandan genocide. - 2013: UN launches an appeal for $6.5 billion in aid for Syria - Aug 2014: UN calls for more resettling by the EU - May 2015: UN allows refugees to stay in Greece for 6 months - Sep. 2015: UN calls for EU to take 200,000 refugees more - 2013 - 2014: retina scans for refugees outside camps - 2014: Alternative to camps program
2007: IPCC 90% evidence human emissions responsible for climate change - 2001:USA off Kyoto agreement - 2011: Greenhouse gas rising than ever before - 2005: Kyoto protocol becomes - 2012: Arctic ocean: lowest summer ice cover since 1979 international plan - 2013: IPCC 95% evidence human emissions responsible for climate - 2006 - 2009: worst drought in Syria change on record - 2006: emissions 8 billion tons/year - 2007: IPCC 90% evidence human emissions responsible for climate change - 2006: Stren reviews climate change can damage GDP by 20% - 2007 - 2008: financial crisis
- 1973: “The Camp of the Saints” Jean Raspail (apocalipic novel mass immigration from the south to France) Vision of North vs. South (”racial will” langauge) - 1977 “The Camp of the Saints” reprinted
2015
- March 2011: Uprising in Syria becomes violent - 2013: war in Syria becomes sectarian - 2014: The rise of ISIS - 2015: Syrian forces attack refugee camp in Damascus (Yarmouk) - Sep. 2015: world starts paying attention after kid drown on Turkey shore
- 2012: Greece increases guards on its turkey border to prevent refugees from crossing over - 2013: Number of Syrian refugees reaches 1 million - 2014: number of EU asylum seekers increased by 25% (afghan, Eritrea or Syrian) - 2014: 87,000 people arrive to Italy by sea mainly from Eritrea and Syria - Oct 2013: 16 countries pledge to resettle refugees - Dec 2013: Germany proposed to resettle 5000 refugees for 2 years - Dec 2013: Bulgaria builds a 30km fence on its Turkey border
- 1989: UNHCR issues a comprehensive plan for a coalition of governments who agreed to resettle refugees in their countries. - 1987: Montreal Protocol - 1988: IPCC for Climate Change - 1989: Margette Thatcher calls attention to Climate Change - 1989: CO2 emissions reach 6 billion tons/year - 1990: IPCC 1st report
2011 - 2015 2011: 7 Billion people 2011: 10.4 Million refugees UNHCR 2015: 19.5 Million refugees UNHCR 1/2 of which are in urban areas
- Refugees are mailnly Syrians, Iraqis, Eritrean, Somali Nonwhite, mainly Muslim
- Aug. 2015: Germany welcomes refugees breaking the Dublin Regulations - Sep 2015: EU talks about refugee quotas - USA takes 0.3% of the 4 million Syrian refugees
TIME
2013 REFUGEE POPULATION DENSITY 2014
Data regarding the refugees in Turkish cities is based on a combination of estimates and official numbers and NGO surveys. -- The number of refugees fleeing to camps does not include the numbers of refugees fleeing to cities as the later is unknown. Sources: Orsam: Research Foundation, Turkey. AFAD: Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency. Turkish Statistical Institute
INVESTIGATE FORCE O
Turkey is ranked 18 in the world by population! Why not use the money to settle refugees in EU.
ve To r7 E Ap 50, ur pl 00 op ic 0 e at As io ns ylu m
2015 EU REFUGEE DEAL WITH TURKEY $3.9 BILLION
Council of Europe Refugees Turkey assumes responsibility (Resettlement, inclusion)
2013 Law of Foreigners & International All Other Countries Temporary Asylum Protection (Put into effect in 2014)
ps Cam e not ave ps ar to
Middle/Upper Class Access to more options opt to living in cities
(must find alternative long-term solutions) Syrian Refugees considered “guests”
The fact the people are treated differently depending on their Engine is not new to the refugee story!
e m Le leav ve ple he ca Peoions in t people they lea
-> ce ck dit Con tainable ies / on wed ba sus e in cit ot allo n liv the hey are t
Unregistered Refugees Urban Refugees
Live in cities / with family No access to assistance / services Possibility of economic growth & relocation to other countries
ps ed am nd nts y c nte te y ar ir i of ne or the tion mo mp ing ina aid Te utliv mb on 22 s o / co rely mp me s / Ca fra iner e ta tim con &
FAULTY IMPLEMENTATION : - Lack of qualified personnel to apply the process - “Unlawful custodies” - “Bureaucratic & judicial” format - Unlawful Deportations - “Torture & ill-treatment in security level” - Social discrimination & prejudice - Social Stigmatization
TURKEY
Ad thro dresse ug sM ove h refo igrat rsig rms ion per ht, w on m Mana mit s a ork an igratio geme nd n asy d resi n poli t cy, lum den pol cy icy
TO HANDLE 2 MILLION REFUGEES IN THE COUNTRY FROM GOING TO THE EU: - Stop refugees from crossing the border - Improve refugee conditions in Turkey - Resettle refugees - Provide jobs - Provide education (Arabic) - Train & fund NGOs & organizations working with refugees .
Different Urban Journey Lack of Access to Infrastructure
Registered Refugees UNHCR RSD + AFAD
Live in temporary camps Access to assistance / services Limited possibility for economic growth & relocation
1951 Refugee Convention
Civil war 2012
Adopted with “Geographic Limitations”
SYRIA
Political Unrest 2006 - 2009 Drought Iraq Invasion 2005 2M Refugees come to Syria
FORCE 1951 Refugee Convention Adopted with “Geographic Limitations”
Turkey assumes responsibility for resettlement & inclusion of refugees from Council of Europe. Refugees from all Other Countries will be granted Temporary Asylum& must find alternative long-term solutions
EU / TURKEY DEAL Negotiations late 2015 Turkey to limit smuggling of refugees to Europe
EU / TURKEY DEAL SIGNED 2016
2011 WAR IN SYRIA Law of 2013 Foreigners & International Protection Drafted 2014 Implemented
FREE KIMLIK Identity Card
The law addresses Migration Management through reforms on migration policy, oversight, work and residency permits and asylum policy. Refugees are considered GUESTS and are allowed to live outside of camps. If applying for third country asylum, refugees will be placed in camps outside of major cities. FAULTY IMPLEMENTATION : - Lack of qualified personnel to - Unlawful deportation - Bureaucratic & judicial” - Reported cases of “Torture & ill-treatment in security level.” - Social discrimination, prejudice and stigmatization.
FREE HEALTH CARE EDUCATION
JANUARY 2106: TURKEY ISSUES WORK PERMITS Multiple Limitations
NEW VISA REGULATIONS FOR SYRIANS NEW KIMLIK REGULATIONS LIMIT MOBILITY BETWEEN CITIES
MORE REGULATIONS ON REFUGEE MOBILITY
INVESTIGATE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION FORMAL ACTORS
are the traditional actors involved; usually they belong to government agencies, INGOS & local NGOs
THEMATIC
Government Agencies Access to jobs: Informal / low-wage ECONOMIC GROWTH
Child labor: informal / textile industry
Work permits (2016) Illegal/ Lack of enforcement
Socioeconomic situation allows for options for work & partnerships
Investment visa
Hard mobility between countries: requires application process & fees
Enforced tourist visa Requirements
Mobility between cities: requires re-registration in new city MOBILITY
INSURGENT ACTORS
FORMAL ACTORS
CHALLENGES
Mobility within city Resettlement: requires registration with UNHCR & relocation Citizenship: not possible
International & Local Ngos
Local Initiatives
Technical & (recently) vocational training Awareness / adult training
MPI: assistance in sale of products AD.DAR: Child education
Breaks community international network
Modified Registration Policy
Some assistance with registration process Provide location of services
Local networks provide location of services
Registration Policy
Awareness of process / Legal assistance
Awareness of process / Legal assistance
Community centers
Private community centers
Existing infrastructure
The challenges identified by both the formal & insurgent actors through reserach, interviews & needs assessment processes.
RELIGION
HOUSING
Affects funding for NGOs Religious institutions have an effect of where people live
Support for Faith-Based NGOS
Hight rent
Existing gentrification trends
Affects location in the city Current urban project affect refugees location in the city Competitiveness with locals Child labor Access to public schools
EDUCATION
Approved Syrian schools
Existing Urban Transformation Existing gentrification trends Illegal / Lack of enforcement Legal / Lack of enforcement Approved
Unrecognized Syrian degrees limit access to public universities & jobs
LANGUAGE
Limits knowledge of rights
Official websites
Limits access to services
Hot-line translation
Limits access to local community Causes misconceptions / barriers by host community
Faith-Based NGOS: health, education ...
Weak local participation
Awareness of rights Faith-based NGOs Arabic language
Turkish language lessons Accompanying services Weak integration programs Weak integration programs
GAP
Affects location in the city
THEMATIC CHALLENGES
Exploitation Start businesses & hire Syrians Easy for investors Smuggling
This represents the disconnect between the formal & insurgent actors. Aid organizations work in silos even among each other.
Easy for investors
Guest Status
Live - work neighborhoods
Private Sector
GAP
AD.DAR: Child education
Businesses next to transportation hubs Smuggling New businesses in Syrian neighborhoods Affects location of Syrian businesses
Imam Ali gives aid through mosque Exploitation
Private community centers Private community centers: awareness AD.DAR: training for access to school
Local networks provide information Translation App
HAMISCH / AD.DAR / Mutfak (kitchen) HAMISCH: Turkish Syrian cultural center
Provide services in Arabic Art centers: Salt/Pages/Arthere
INSURGENT ACTORS
are small-scale & grassroots orgnizations, small buiniesses, private sector initiatives & individules involved in the process of Urbanization in Motion. These are identified through deep research. Here they are devided between 2 groups but this list can be as specific as needed.
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
VALUES
INVESTIGATE
IDENTIFY
RE-FRAME
INVESTIGATE THE FORCES INVOLVED: INSTITUTION, ORGANIZATION & OTHER INTERESTS INVOLVED IN THE AREA. INVESTIGATE THEIR APPROACHES & OUTCOMES
IDENTIFY THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED: MAP CONNECTIONS & NETWORKS WITHIN & ACROSS SYSTEMS IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY: 1) COMMONALITIES & DIFFERENCES 3) POWER DYNAMICS ACROSS SYSTEMS 2) MISSING CONNECTIONS
RE-FRAME THE APPROACH TO CHALLENGES: 1) APPLY A SET OF VALUES THAT WILL ENABLE SUCCESS IN ADDRESSING THE CHALLENGE 2) RECONFIGURE THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN INSTITUTIONS, ORGANIZATIONS & INTERESTS
INTERVIEWS SPATIAL ANALYSIS & MATRIX
IDENTIFY THE URBAN PROCESS
MATRIX - SYSTEMS DIAGRAMMING
MATRIX - NETWORKS
CITY
SPACES FOR INTERACTION NEGOTIATION & PARTICIPATION SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS SPACE & TERRITORY
CATASTROPHIC CONVERGENCE
ROOT SHOCK SLOW VIOLENCE NON-CHOICES
MANAGING & CATEGORIZING
STATE OF EMERGENCY TENTATIVE PRESENCE SHORT-TERM
URBAN LENS
IDENTIFY Policy Advocates Think Tanks International & Local Humanitarian Aid Organizations Anchor Institutions
NETWORK DIAGRAMMING: This is a process to identify how these actors are related to each other and the types of connection they have across scales & sectors. The purpose is to identify specific points of entry & points for interaction
MICRO
Multilateral Organizations
MESO
Legislative Bodies
MACRO
International, National, Regional & Local Government Agencies
Private Sector Grassroots Organizations Local Initiatives Individuals Insurgent Actors
IDENTIFY ORSAM Research Center
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY
UNHCR: UN Refugee Agency SUPPORT TO LIFE COMMUNITY CENTER Aysu Kıraç
Local Ministries
HRDF: HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION Seme Merve Is
Local Municipalities
Public Spaces, Community Centers Schools, Healthcre Facilities & Services
ASAM - SGDD: ASSOCIATION FOR SOLIDARITY WITH ASYLUM SEEKERS & MIGRANTS
SALT IOM: INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (Turkey) Selen Muldur
UNIVERSITY
IMAM
IMC: INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL CORE ISHRAQ (women support)
KARAM ASALA
SYRIAN NUR ASSOCIATION FOR RELIEF Heath care facility and school (faith based)
SENAY
HAMISH Syrian Community Centers Schools, Healthcre Facilities & Services
Insurgent Relation
One-way Limted
Observation
Faith-Based Organization
Two-way Limited Collaboration
Access Limited
Anchor Institution
Government Agency
Activist
Two-way Direct Collaboration
Access Direct
Turkish Actor
Research Group
General
Pressure
Advocacy
Syrian Actor
International Organization
Conservative
Low-income
Low-income
Secular Artists / Academics Activist General
PAGES
One-way Direct
Conservative Local Community
Refugee Community
ADDAR
Secular Artists / Academics
ARTHERE
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
VALUES
INVESTIGATE
IDENTIFY
RE-FRAME
INVESTIGATE THE FORCES INVOLVED: INSTITUTION, ORGANIZATION & OTHER INTERESTS INVOLVED IN THE AREA. INVESTIGATE THEIR APPROACHES & OUTCOMES
IDENTIFY THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED: MAP CONNECTIONS & NETWORKS WITHIN & ACROSS SYSTEMS IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY: 1) COMMONALITIES & DIFFERENCES 3) POWER DYNAMICS ACROSS SYSTEMS 2) MISSING CONNECTIONS
RE-FRAME THE APPROACH TO CHALLENGES: 1) APPLY A SET OF VALUES THAT WILL ENABLE SUCCESS IN ADDRESSING THE CHALLENGE 2) RECONFIGURE THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN INSTITUTIONS, ORGANIZATIONS & INTERESTS
INTERVIEWS SPATIAL ANALYSIS & MATRIX
RE-FRAME THE URBAN PROCESS
MATRIX - SYSTEMS DIAGRAMMING
MATRIX - NETWORKS
CITY
SPACES FOR INTERACTION NEGOTIATION & PARTICIPATION SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS SPACE & TERRITORY
CATASTROPHIC CONVERGENCE
ROOT SHOCK SLOW VIOLENCE NON-CHOICES
MANAGING & CATEGORIZING
STATE OF EMERGENCY TENTATIVE PRESENCE SHORT-TERM
URBAN LENS
RE-FRAME THEMATIC
Government Agencies ECONOMIC GROWTH
Child labor: informal / textile industry
International & Local Ngos
Local Initiatives
Technical & (recently) vocational training Awareness / adult training
MPI: assistance in sale of products AD.DAR: Child education
Breaks community international network Some assistance with registration process Provide location of services
Easy for investors Smuggling
Modified Registration Policy
Local networks provide location of services
Registration Policy
Awareness of process / Legal assistance
Awareness of process / Legal assistance
Businesses next to transportation hubs
Community centers
Private community centers
Work permits (2016) Illegal/ Lack of enforcement
Socioeconomic situation allows for options for work & partnerships
Investment visa
Hard mobility between countries: requires application process & fees
Enforced tourist visa Requirements
Mobility between cities: requires re-registration in new city Mobility within city
MOBILITY
INSURGENT ACTORS
FORMAL ACTORS
CHALLENGES
Access to jobs: Informal / low-wage
Resettlement: requires registration with UNHCR & relocation Citizenship: not possible
Existing infrastructure
Affects location in the city Religious institutions have an effect of where people live
Support for Faith-Based NGOS
Hight rent
Existing gentrification trends
Affects location in the city
HOUSING
Current urban project affect refugees location in the city Competitiveness with locals Child labor Access to public schools
EDUCATION
Approved Syrian schools
Existing Urban Transformation Existing gentrification trends Illegal / Lack of enforcement Legal / Lack of enforcement Approved
Unrecognized Syrian degrees limit access to public universities & jobs
LANGUAGE
Limits knowledge of rights
Official websites
Limits access to services
Hot-line translation
Limits access to local community Causes misconceptions / barriers by host community
Faith-Based NGOS: health, education ...
AD.DAR: Child education
GAP
Affects funding for NGOs
RELIGION
Exploitation Start businesses & hire Syrians
Easy for investors
Guest Status
Live - work neighborhoods
Private Sector
Faith-based NGOs Arabic language
Turkish language lessons Accompanying services Weak integration programs Weak integration programs
Affects location of Syrian businesses
Imam Ali gives aid through mosque Exploitation
Weak local participation
Awareness of rights
Smuggling New businesses in Syrian neighborhoods
Private community centers Private community centers: awareness AD.DAR: training for access to school
Local networks provide information Translation App
HAMISCH / AD.DAR / Mutfak (kitchen) HAMISCH: Turkish Syrian cultural center
Provide services in Arabic Art centers: Salt/Pages/Arthere
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY
PARADIGM SHIFT
LOCAL MINISTRIES LOCAL MUNICIPALITIES SERVICE PROGRAMS
INGOS & PARTNERS FAITH-BASED NGOS
SYRIAN NUR ASSOCIATION FOR RELIEF Heath care facility and school (faith based)
GRASSROOTS RESEARCH PRIVATE INDIVIDUAL OBSERVATION ACCESS DIRECT RELATION IMPLEMENTING PARTNER INDIRECT RELATION POLITICAL PRESSURE TWO-WAY DIRECT COLLABORATION ADVOCACY LIMITED COLLABORATION
public spaces
ISHRAQ (women support)
public hospitals public schools
UNHCR: UN REFUGEE AGENCY
ASAM - SGDD: ASSOCIATION FOR SOLIDARITY WITH ASYLUM SEEKERS & MIGRANTS
LOCAL COMMUNITY
IOM: INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (Turkey) Selen Muldur ORSAM Research Center
SUPPORT TO LIFE COMMUNITY CENTER Aysu Kıraç HRDF: HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION Seme Merve Is
religious institutions
AYSE CAVDAR Independent researcher, Social scientist & journalist DIDEM DANIS Galatasaray University Migration in Turkey
IMC: INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL CORE
Syrian schools community centers health care center / services
REFUGEES
SPI: SMALL PROJECTS ISTANBUL Community center YUVA ASSOCIATION (support for third country) SALT Turkish Art Gallery ASALA Pharmacist ALI Imam at local mosque ARTHERE Syrian Art Gallery PRIVATE SECTOR HAMISCH Syrian / Turkish Cultural Center PAGES Arabic Book Store
DIRECT RELATION INDIRECT RELATION
1.Build on existing networks 2.Provide support to the community as whole 3.Build social resiliency 4.Long-term approaches 5.Work across scales & sectors
RE-FRAME
CRISIS NARRATIVE ORSAM Research Center
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY
UNHCR: UN Refugee Agency SUPPORT TO LIFE COMMUNITY CENTER Aysu Kıraç
Local Ministries
HRDF: HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION Seme Merve Is
Local Municipalities
Public Spaces, Community Centers Schools, Healthcre Facilities & Services
ASAM - SGDD: ASSOCIATION FOR SOLIDARITY WITH ASYLUM SEEKERS & MIGRANTS
UNIVERSITY
IOM: INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (Turkey) Selen Muldur
IMC: INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL CORE ISHRAQ (women support)
EDUCATION: Child Labor Access to Public Schools Access to Syrian Schools Unrecognized Syrian Degrees
SYRIAN NUR ASSOCIATION FOR RELIEF Heath care facility and school (faith based)
Syrian Community Centers Schools, Healthcre Facilities & Services
One-way Direct
Insurgent Relation
One-way Limted
Observation
Faith-Based Organization
Two-way Limited Collaboration
Access Limited
Anchor Institution
Government Agency
Activist
Two-way Direct Collaboration
Access Direct
Turkish Actor
Research Group
General
Pressure
Advocacy
Syrian Actor
International Organization
Conservative
Conservative
Low-income
Low-income
Secular Artists / Academics Activist General
Local Community
Refugee Community
ECONOMIC GROWTH
Secular Artists / Academics
RE-FRAME
CRISIS NARRATIVE ORSAM Research Center
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY
UNHCR: UN Refugee Agency SUPPORT TO LIFE COMMUNITY CENTER Aysu Kıraç
Local Ministries
HRDF: HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION Seme Merve Is
Local Municipalities
Public Spaces, Community Centers Schools, Healthcre Facilities & Services
ASAM - SGDD: ASSOCIATION FOR SOLIDARITY WITH ASYLUM SEEKERS & MIGRANTS
SALT UNIVERSITY
IOM: INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (Turkey) Selen Muldur
IMC: INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL CORE ISHRAQ (women support)
EDUCATION: Child Labor Access to Public Schools Access to Syrian Schools Unrecognized Syrian Degrees ECONOMIC GROWTH
KARAM SENAY
SYRIAN NUR ASSOCIATION FOR RELIEF Heath care facility and school (faith based)
HAMISH Syrian Community Centers Schools, Healthcre Facilities & Services
LANGUAGE
Insurgent Relation
One-way Limted
Observation
Faith-Based Organization
Two-way Limited Collaboration
Access Limited
Anchor Institution
Government Agency
Activist
Two-way Direct Collaboration
Access Direct
Turkish Actor
Research Group
General
Pressure
Advocacy
Syrian Actor
International Organization
Conservative
Low-income
Low-income
Secular Artists / Academics Activist General
PAGES
One-way Direct
Conservative Local Community
Refugee Community
ADDAR
Secular Artists / Academics
ARTHERE
September 2009
Hidden and exposed: Urban refugees in Nairobi, Kenya
URBAN SERVICES DURING PROTRACTED ARMED CONFLICT
Sara Pavanello, Samir Elhawary and Sara Pantuliano HPG Working Paper
UNITED NATIONS
TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD:
A CALL FOR A BETTER APPROACH TO ASSISTING AFFECTED PEOPLE
March 2010
2009
DEVELOPMENT
UNHCR policy on refugee protection and solutions in urban areas
2010
THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
2015
2015
REPORT MARCH 2015
HSP/WUF/7/3
2014
2015
HSP/WUF/7/3
HUMANITARIAN
UNHCR Policy on AlternAtives to cAmPs
2015
Sara Pavanello, Elhawary harassment andSamir community and Sara Pantuliano violenceHPG Working Paper 2. Recognize March 2010 & support contribution to local economy 3. New models needs for service delivery in urban areas
GLOBAL: 2015 1. Multi-sector/stakeholder approach. 2. Link humanitarian relief to development goals 3. Assistance to local governments 4. Better understanding of the urban context & non-traditional partners 5. Innovation 6. Engage with private sector 7. The role of cash & livelihood in saving lives 8. Invest in technology & data Secure protection
HSP/WUF/7/3
UNITED NATIONS
TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD:
MENTION OF DISPLACEMENT ONCE IN THE INTRODUCTION THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
REPORT MARCH 2015
HSP/WUF/7/3
HUMANITARIAN
GLOBAL: 2014 UNHCR’s policy is to avoid the establishment of refugee camps, wherever possible, UNHCR while pursuing alternatives to Policy on AlternAtives camps that ensure refugees to cAmPs are protected and assisted effectively and enabled to achieve solutions. UNHCR may also find it ... camps should be the exception and, to the extent possible, a temporary measure.
Hidden and exposed: Urban refugees in KENYA: 2010 Nairobi, Kenya 1. Protection from police
GLOBAL: 2015 1. The relief-rehabilitationdevelopment paradigm is counterproductive 2. New paradigm is needed URBAN SERVICES 3. Urban services are based on interdependent people, hardware DURING and consumables. PROTRACTED 4. Urban extends beyond the city 5. Urban services are ARMED CONFLICT interconnected A CALL FOR A BETTER APPROACH TO ASSISTING AFFECTED PEOPLE 6. Services are disrupted by interconnected direct, indirect and cumulative impact. 7. Accumulation of incremental impacts can lead to progressive deterioration 8. IHL offers a degree of protection 9. Research is needed
DEVELOPMENT
GLOBAL:UNHCR 2009 policy on 1. Providing facilities refugeereception protection and 2. Undertaking solutions inregistration urban areas and data collection 3. Ensuring that refugees are documentedSeptember 2009 3. Determining refugee status 4. Reaching out to the community 5. Fostering constructive relations with urban refugees 6. Maintaining security 7. Promoting livelihoods and selfreliance 8. Ensuring access to healthcare, education and other services 9. Meeting material needs 10. Promoting durable solutions 11. Addressing the issue of movement
MENTION OF DISPLACEMENT ONCE IN THE INTRODUCTION