History Of Modern Architecture Arc 4010

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CONTENT PAGE

18 Scandinavia

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Origins Of Modernism

19 Arne Jacobsen Piano Sanatorium Finland Alvar Aalto

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The Great Exhibition William Morris Wilk, C 2006, Modernism: designing a new world, 1914-1939, V&A, London St St Philips Birmingham

20 Tropical Modernism Ludwig Miles Van Der Rohe Luis Barfagen

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Walter Adolph Gropius Germany Bauhaus

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Fagus Factory Werkbund Exhibition Henri Van Der Velde Erich Mendelshohn Mechano Dancer Counter Composition V Modernism Weimar Republic

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Task Wassily Chair

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Unite D’Habitation

10 Le Corbusier 11 August Perret Early/ Late Italian Modernism 12 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti Eric Pramplini 13 Gruppo 7 Antonio Sant’Elia De Stijl

21 Charles Correa Kanchenjunga Apartments Geoffrey Bawa Kandalama Dambulla Sri Lanka Task 22 Regional, Critical Modernism 23 Old Birmingham Central Library After Modernism 24 Deny Lassus James Stirling Philip Johnson 25 Louis Khan Van adventure Pennsylvania 26 Frank Lloyd Wright 27 Fallingwater Taliesin Post Modernism 28 Charles Moore 29 James Stirling

14 Avant Grade Schröeder House

Brazilian Modernism 30 Paulo Mendes da Rocha Anhembi Tenus Clube Joao Batista Vilanova Artigas

15 Theo Van Doesburg Piet Mondrian Hendrick Petrus Berlage

31 Grupo dos Cincinnati Lina Bo Bardi

Task 16 Giorgio de Chiric

32 Task 33 - 38 References

17 Poster, Video 2

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Industrial revolution

The revolution traveled from Agraria and handicraft economy to the machine manufacturing industry. (The Archi Blog, 2018) Starting in 1760, architects were exposed to new materials such as glass, steel, and cast iron, allowing them to experiment and put into use. (The Archi Blog, 2018) Then, during the 18th century, many designers switch to Greek and Roman prototypes. The French architects Etienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux pushed the Egyptian and roman work forward, now their an inspiration to many. (The Archi Blog, 2018)

Origins of Modernism Modernism is a style of art, architecture, literature and various alternatives put together to create a contemporaneous style, which is used to enrich new ideas. (Architecture.

Majority of the artist during this period preferred simple styles, allowing them to express the building. (Architecture.com, 2018).

Adolf Loos a Viennese. Architect said, “functional objects should not be decorated, to do so was a waste of effort, material, and capital”. More importantly, this impacted 20th-century architects by creating a relatable style, by working with certain quantities of supplies and structures that allowed ornaments to be eliminated. (Architecture.com, 2018).

W.Watson, Designer of Walsall Work House in 1838. The house is a quarter mile from the center of town on Pleck Road. 1842, 1881, and eventually 1903 after a extenshion it accommodate 464 inmates “something like a hound-kennel, though neither half so clean or comfortable”, and inmates used dirty wooden buckets and only had a supply of two towels a week. However, the majority of the surrounding buildings have been taken down due to derelict. Although, the original workhouse is now known as St John’s Block within Walsall Manor Hospital. (Workhouses.co.uk, 2018).

(Bing.com, 2019).

Joseph Paxton

The Crystal Palace a combination of iron and glass bringing millions of visitors through the doors. Though, it had been burnt down on 30th November 1936 and couldn’t be rebuilt due to lack of funds. Paxton carried on building and designed a similar style greenhouse which had enough space for trees within its walls. (Architectural Review, 2018).

1851, Glass, window and brick taxes had been removed allowing factories to develop them into new complex designs in grillwork, and many gothic buildings adopted this popular style.

Improvements in iron opened many new doors during 1887 and 1889, As Alexandre Gustave Eiffel built the Eiffel Tower. The use of the French knowledge and technology inspired others to use steel skeletons to build museums, factories, and train station, and within these buildings, glass was used to create a skylight. (Architectural Review, 2018).

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The Exhibition was held by Henry Cole and Prince Albert who organized the manufactured products to be held in Crystal Palace, Hyde Park. The first show was in South Kensington Museum during 1857, which then became Vicotria and Albert Museum. (Vam.ac.uk, 2018).

com, 2018).

Throughout the second half of the industrial revolution, society was shocked by the ideas of new factories in urban areas. Although, this brought new forms of transportation into the area such as canals, tunnels, bridges and rail stations. Architects were also employed to provide culture cover. (The Archi Blog, 2018)

(Architectural Review, 2018).

The Great exhibition

William Morris: Arts & Crafts

(Bing.com, 2019)

Wilk, C 2006, Modernism: designing a new world, 1914-1939, V&A, London

William Morris, an artist, writer, and champion of social ideas, known for his pattern designs within fabrics and wallpapers.

Learning from Williams past and how he’d spent time practicing and refining new media and techniques. William believed as a designer they should have the working knowledge in media they use.

(Artyfactory.com, 2018).

(Bing.com, 2019)

The environment surround use from the chairs we sit on, posters we view, and graphic designs that surround us have all been designed around modernist. The twenty-first century had a very complicated relationship with modernism, as today we are still accepting the style and movement.

St Philips Birmingham

The building was designed by Thomas Archer a Warwickshire man, who was known for his position at the court of Queen Anne. However, the baroque architecture design came from his grand tour visit to Europe, which inspired him to create the cathedral. (Birminghamcathedral.

com, 2018).

St Philips cathedral roughly cost £5000 to make as many of the materials were donated at no cost, until ten years later (1725), when the King’s donated in 1937 to help finish of the tower. The tower includes the bells, a four-faced clock, and the cupula which allows you to view Birmingham once at the top. Within the tower remains a lot of graffiti from past workers, that have left their names carved into the wood, as many of the materials inside haven’t been changed or updated. (Jstpr.org, 2018).

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Walter Adolph Gropius

Born on 18th May 1833 in Berlin and died on 5th July 1969, Boston, Gr., U.S. An American architect who tough in Bauhaus in 1919-28 and impacted the development of modern architecture. Walter contributed to many group projects, especially during 1925-26, as well as Harvard University graduate center and the united states embassy in Athens. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2018).

1907 he traveled to Italy, Spain, and England, and also joined the Architect Peter Behrens in Berlin. Becoming a member of German Lakjbour League (Deutscher Werkbund) in 1911. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2018).

Before the end of the world war, he went to the city of Weimar for his ideas on art education. Where he became a director of Grand Ducal Saxon school of art and craft in 1919. Along with successfully replacing the 200-year-old supremacy of the French Ecole des Beaux-art. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2018).

As Walter would teach, he taught himself new process and became familiar with new materials. Although finances were short and no formal study of architecture was offered at Weimar, his student would explore two and three-dimensional using paper, wire, and wood, as well as the effects, texture, and color. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2018).

Many disagreed with the Bauhaus students having the ability to express their feelings of art, individuality, and expressionism. Gropius believed that should be expressed through the economics of character and rational order of modern society. He saw architecture as ever-changing and related everything with the contemporary world.

(Bing.com, 2019).

Gropius also explored in designing, furniture, railroad cars, and an automobile, ending in emphasizing on houses and city planning, as well as understand the movement of the human body, and he understood the value of having a highly skilled team. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2018).

Germany Bauhaus

The word Bauhaus in German mean, “house of buildings”.

Opening on 1st April 1919, in Weimar, the first modernist art school in the 20th Century, which impact on Europe and the United States by society and technology, even after it closed.

1933 The police scoured the school for secret printings suspected of publishing anti-Nazi propaganda, and documents linking to the Bauhaus Communist party. (Borteh, 2018).

The education had a combination of crafts, fine arts and famous for the style its publicized and taught.

Their goal was to combine art, handcrafts, and architecture as a whole, and this movements trended from the 19th to 20th, as well as reuniting the romantic medievalism, which is a type of culture followed by the school in their early years.

However, during the 1920s the medievalism showed their most important achievement by the stress on uniting art and industrial design. Although they abandoned the ethos of old academic traditions of fine art education. (Borteh, 2018).

The school is now known for its knowledge which includes a number of artist and architectures.

Wassily Kandinsky, Josef Albers, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, Paul Klee, and Johannes Itten, architects Walter Gropius and Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe, and designer Marcel Breuer. (Borteh, 2018).

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The Bauhaus moved to Dessau in 1925, agreeing on better finances, for the growth of antagonism of the conservative Weimar community. The school had key modern features which also relate to 1920 international style such as, asymmetrical plan, smooth white walls set with horizontal windows and a flat roof. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2018).

Walter’s career was more of the achievement as an educator, rather than architect, he always reminds his students of his own habits, wearing beret with a business suit, which was symbolic to him as he wanted the two worlds to meet “ the gap between the rigid mentality of the businessman and technologist and the imagination of the creative artist”.

(Encyclopedia Britannica, 2018).

Turbine Hall, Berlin Moabit, 1927.

Peter Behrens made this modern building from glass and concrete, in November 1909, which made headlines for hundreds of years, and known as the “iron church”, “cathedral or work” and “machine dome”. The building still serves its original purpose, construction of turbines. (Siemens.com, 2018).

(Bing.com, 2019).

Fagus Factory, Alfeld an der Leine 1911-12 The factory is designed by Walter in 1910. This building still serves all stages of manufacturing, storage, and dispatch. (Centre, 2018).

Werkbund Exhibition, Cologne 1914 The Werkbund was a bright colored Glass Pavilion which was brightly colored but only now shows in black and white due to photographs. The exhibition was held at Reid Park in Cologne, Germany, with the city spending a sum of 5 million gold marks on the event. (Revolvy, 2018)

Henri van de Velde Werkbund Theatre, Werkbund Exhibition, Cologne, 1914

The theatre was destroyed a year after World War I. However, the theatre itself was not arranged well and the main materials used where reinforced concrete. Eventually many designed abandoned the traditional layout of stage and auditorium. (Anon, 2018).

Erich Mendelsohn, Einstein Tower, Potsdam, 1920-21 astrophysics institute

The Einstein Tower was built to house a solar telescope design by the astronomer Erwin Finlay-Freundlich to help with experiments and observations. Einstein never worked there, although he supported the operation of the telescope. The solar observation is still being carried out today as part of the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam. (Architectuul.com, 2018).

The exterior was meant to be concrete, but due to construction difficulties, they found that the bricks were covered with stucco, a fine plaster. After World War II, the building was heavily damaged, as the architect blog A456 noted, was ironically more in one with Mendelsohn’s conceptual sketches than the hpre-war structure was. During 1999, on its 75th anniversary, the building got a new renovation, solving issues such as dampness, decay and known as one of the few landmarks to be expressionist architecture.

Expressionist architecture being initially painting, poetry and originality in Germany in the 20th Century.

(Architectuul.com, 2018).

(Bing.com, 2019).

Heritage of Expressionism: Zaha Hadid, Evelyn Grace Academy, London 2011 1914: Dialectic of 20th century Modernism

Romantic vs Rational Expressionistic vs Classical Original vs Traditional Individual vs Collective De Stijl T. van Doesburg, Counter Construction, 1924 Composition A 1920 - it’s no object nature by making no reference to anything beyond itself. Piet Mondrian, is a framework of aesthetics, to have a solid outline of colors, this reflects with past experiments with Schoenmaekers mathematical theory. (The Art Story, 2018).

Mechano-Dancer 1922 - De Stijl Art, has a very unique aesthetically of having combinations of

horizontal, verticals and diagonal lines. The style also consists of layers, shapes and the use of primary colors.

Mechano-Dancer, a hybrid man-machine, which has characteristics of a man, the main inspiration is Dada and Italian Futurism. (The Art Story, 2018).

Counter composition V 1924 - Van Doesburg wished to move further than De Stijl with the

introduction of Elementarism. He continued to make use of horizontal and vertical lines, describing the elementarism to being positive and negative as far as color is concerned. (The Art Story, 2018).

Counter composition referees to things not being parallel but actually at a 45° angle, creating a new relationship between the composition and canvas. He continued to explore the primary colors, as well as a grey triangle, with black and white. Applying this to colors and compositions to furniture design and buildings. (The Art Story, 2018).

Modernism in the Weimar Republic 1920-33

The Weimar republic uses to show the modernist revolution during the late 19th century, and Europe slowly adapting to this style during the late 19th century. However, Walter Gropius the first director of the Bauhaus said, “A world has been destroyed; we must seek a radical solution”. Although, the Bauhaus artist believed that their poetry, music, their, painting, and architecture was creating a new world. However, their paintings and sculptures influenced them to design furniture and lighting fixtures. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2018).

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IUB Chair (Model B3) The Wassily Chair 1925

Designed by Josef Albers in 1926-27 and made for the Bauhaus School. The chair was a groundbreaking designing during the 1920s and screamed Bauhaus with its use of overlapping steel and black fabric.

The minimal aethetic is unique because of how often this style of seating is still in use, the chair is also lightweight, easy to move and was mass produced.

I chose this chair the for its simple apperance of a miniature single sofa which removes (Bing.com, 2019) all the unnecessary components such as the large hand rests and oversized seat, and only offers what its made for. (Borteh, 2018).

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Le Corbusier Art Decoratifs in La Chaux-de-Fonds was the school Le Corbusier joined at age 13, learning the art of enameling and engraving faces, following his father’s footsteps. (Biography, 2018).

L’Eplattenier was a tutor, Le Corbusier looked up to, and taught his art history, drawings and the naturalist aesthetics of art nouveau. Ditching his studies in the watchmaking and moving on with his art and decoration studies. However, L’Eplattenier insisted that his student learn architecture, which leads him to commission for local projects. (Biography, 2018).

Traveling through Europe after designing his first house at age 20 in 1907, he went through central Europe and the Mediterranean, including, Italy, Vienna, Munich, and Paris. Taking part in apprenticeships with a range of architects. They especially looked at reinforced concrete construction by pioneer Auguste Perret. Later renowned Architect Peter Behrens, with Le Corbusier who worked from October 1910 to March 1911 near Berlin. (Biography, 2018).

While traveling his made major architectural discoveries, in various places. Firstly, the contract between large collective spaces and individual compartmentalized spaces, this formed the basis of his residential building and eventually becoming vastly influential to others. Secondly, class proportion via Renaissance architecture. Finally, geometric forms, and use of landscape as a tool for architecture. (Biography, 2018).

Eventually, Le Corbusier returned to La Chaux-de-Fonds to teach alongside his tutor, L’Eplattenier, and expand his architectural practice. Creating villas and exploring the use of reinforced concrete as a frame, though modern techniques. This made buildings more affordable and would help to rebuild the cities after the World War I. The houses he designed would consist of open plans, freeing exterior and interior walls from being a restriction. The design became Le Corbusier ’s primary method for his architecture during the next 10 years.

(Biography, 2018).

Le Corbusier created an article for new architects that would fulfill the demands of the industry, for functionalism, and the long-term architecture concerns. Including his first city plan, the Contemporary City, and two housing types. Maison Mono, and the Maison Citrohan referring as “the machine of living”. Maison Citrohan showed the characteristics of having supportive pillars that would raise the house above ground level, a roof terrace, open floor plans, ornamentation-free facade and horizontal windows strips for more natural light, The interior would be a contract of opening living space and cell-like bedrooms. Citron City diagrams would come with green parks and gardens under the feet of clusters of skyscrapers.

The designs for 40 houses came to life during 1925-26 near Bordeaux, although the authorities cut the water supplied to the complex for six years leaving them uninhabited. (Biography,

2018).

Radiant City in 1930, Le Corbusier change how people would be housed, according to family size and not economic position. He only saw “frightening chaos and saddening monotony”.

While dreaming for “cleaning and purging” the city with “calm and powerful architecture”, Corbusier kept himself busy during the late 1930s with working on a famous project for cities of Algiers and Buenos Aires, using government implements for his ideas to be eventually reconstructed, and not for his benefit.

Charles Edouard Jeanneret 1887-1965 Le Corbusier used steel and reinforced concrete throughout his work while working with geometric forms. He’d also showed a clear form and structure within his paintings. (Biography, 2018).

Born on October 6th, 1887 in Chaux-deFonds, Switzerland and is the second son of Edouard Jeanneret, an artist who painted dials in the watch industry, and Madame Jeanneret-Perrct, a musician and piano teacher.

His family left during the Albigensian Wars in the 12th Century. (Biography, 2018).

Auguste Perret, rue Franklin, 1902 The building facade has ten floors with a terrace, characterized by symmetrical windows and a central courtyard below. A double door entrance, that leads to shops with glazed windows on the bottom floor. Each floor includes three windows and a central window parallel to the street. Auguste Perret has shown the reinforced concrete within the skeleton of the building, although the majority of the concrete is covered with floral tiles acting like a protective skin. (Artdecoceramicglasslight.com, 2018).

The building shows the modern architecture through its new materials of, concrete, brick built glass, wide bays, terrace, this allows residents to get plenty of natural light. (Artdecoce-

ramicglasslight.com, 2018).

(Biography, 2018).

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Filippo Tommaso Marinetti Manifesto of Futurism

(Bing.com. (2019).

Enrico Prampolini

Born in Italy 1894, studying in Lucca and Turin Italy, and briefly attended the Accademia di Belle Arti in Rome, studying under Duilio Cambellotti. (Guggenheim.org, 2019).

During 1912 he joined Giacomo Balla studio where he became a member of collecting Futurist art, meaning he had met the leaders if the movement, including Umverto Boccioni, Carlo Carra, and Gino Severini. (Guggenheim.org,

Born in Alexandria, Egypt in 1876 and was educated in Egypt and France. He was the author of the Destructon (1904) and La Ville Charnelle (1908), two volumes of ignored poetry, before the controversy with his Mafarka il Futurista (1910) novel. (Anon, (2019).

Gruppo 7 A group of architets from 1924 from Polytechnic of Milan, Luigi Figini, Guido Frette, Sebastiano Larco, Gino Pollini, Carlo Enrico Rava, Giuseppe Terragni and Ubaldo Castagnoli. The group was officially established in 1930, under the name MMIAR (Italian movement for rational architecture). On the news, the group made the new principle known to the public architecture, the modern movement that is now growing through Europe.

(Educational.rai.it. (2019).

Futurist Architect Antonio Sant’Elia

The publication of “Manifests de Futurisme” in Le Figaro 20th February 1909, marked the origins of futurism, which he described in detail of being a rejection of the past. Throughout his life he espoused the merits of futurism through his writing, including his essays, futurismo e fascismo (1924), and his plays, Tamburo di Fucoco (1932). (Anon, (2019).

2019).

HIs painting where defined by sharp angles and a hard edge geometricism that seemed to articulate the techno anarchy ideas of F.T. Marinetti. (Guggenheim.org, 2019).

(Bing.com. (2019).

1913 he wrote the manifesto “Cromofonia: I colore dei suoni”, in which he adopted the main tenets of Vasily Kandinsky. (Guggenheim. org, 2019).

Prampolini incorporated ballas ideas about mechanical dynamism and the dematerialization of bodies though light into his own purpose of futurist stage design. He removes the boundary between observer and performance, which illuminated the primary role by replacing humans actors with colored gass and explosive noises. (Guggenheim.org, 2019).

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The 28-year-old architect died why in the eighth battle of the isonzo monfalcone in Adriatic coast. However, he left one complete building behind, Villa Elisi in Brunate, i=outside of Como.

The house was built on land that was purchased in December 1911, and the house is decorated by frescoes in the style of Klimt, which was a collaboration from his sculptor friend Girolamo Fontana. The design of his holiday house was a combination of a small modern villa. It was represented as an opportunity for San’Eia to prove his worth as an architect and as Mason and site manager as he himself had to overlook the decorative elements and structural elements that would emerge from being on the steeply sloping ground. (Landes, 2019).

DE STIJL (Bing.com. (2019).

meaning style in dutch, found in 1917 by two pioneers of the abstract art, Piet Mondrian and Theo Van Doesburg.

A group of Dutch abstract artists who promoted the style of the geometry of horizontal and vertical lines. the use of primary color. (Tate, 2019).

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Avant-Garde Avant-Garde , the French term vanguard or advance guard. Appearing in the first half of the 19th century, and credited to the influential thinker Henri De Saint-Simon. Believing in the social power of arts and saw artists alongside scientists and industrialists. (Tate, 2019).

Beginning in the 1850s, with the realism of Gustave Courbe, who was strongly influenced by early socialist ideas. followed by the success of the modern art movement. (Tate, 2019).

The avant-grande is now applied to many new ideas of creativity and is still used to describe art. It creates the idea that art should be judged primarily on the quality and originality of the artist’s vision and idea. (Tate, 2019).

Gerrit Rietveld and Truus Schröder: Schröder House, 1923-4.

Gerrit Rietveld designed this house in Utrecht, the Netherlands in 1925, designing the house to be more distinguishable and unique on every level. The only house builds in a De Stijl style marked with primary colors. (ArchDaily, 2019).

The two-story house contained a transformable kitchen, dining, living area, studio space and reading room on the bottom floor, the second floor contained bedrooms and storage space, and separated by portable partitions. (ArchDaily, 2019).

The death of Mr. Schroder, made his wife and three kids want to move to a smaller house until her death in 1985. The flexible floor area meant there was no hierarchical arrangement of rooms, and the collapsible stair walls allowed the children to open the area for a larger play area and closed them at night for a private bedroom. All rooms have supplied to water, a drain and should have a door to access outside.(ArchDaily, 2019).

The house is an inspiration due to its use of space and the concept and idea to represent the De Stijl movement. The reinforced concrete slabs and steel profiles, walls made of brick and plaster, window frames, doors and floor made from wood together this preserves the design.

(ArchDaily, 2019).

Theo Van Doesburg

A young Dutch architect Cornelius Can Eesteren met Va Doesburg in Weimar in 1922. The following year they created a series of white, grey and back architectural models on planes, and together with the three primary colors red, blue and yellow. Together they converted the housed to encompasses the inside and outside while painting was not a limited to a decorative role but to give dynamic energy to space. (Tate,

2019).

1926 van Doesburg was invited to join Hans Arp and Sophie Taeuber-Arp in the redevel(Bing.com, (2019). oped aubette building in Strasbourg as a cafe, restaurant, and cinema complex. Doesburg took charge of every element down to the tables and ashtrays. (Tate, 2019).

Van Doesburg said “The point is to situate man within paintings, rather than in front” and argued, “Man does not live in the construction but in the atmosphere generated by the surfaces”. (Tate, 2019).

Between 1914 and 1918 the old world had died and the new world needed to take place. “The style” or De Stijl was found in Holland during the great world war, And this emerged at the same time as Dada and the Russian Avant-Garde movement, All wanting to rebuild the new world of the ruins of the old.

The roots of De Stijl can be traced back to cubism. Van Doesburg the organizer of the diverse groups was carrying his ideas throughout Europe until he died in 1931. (Willette, 2019).

The old is connected with an individual and the new is connected with the universe. The manifesto needs to be read as wrong or false. (Willette, 2019). the straight, vertical lines and primary colors eliminate the traces of the artist personality.

From the beginning, De Stijl has been a conflict between painters and architects. (Willette, 2019).

Piet Mondrian (18872-1944) He characterized the modernist aesthetic. though abstraction, he believed to reduce the form to its pure fundamental state. Simple shapes, strict geometry, and primary colors which remain popular to the culture to this day. His design balanced between of nature, represented by the horizontal and vertical in his painting. (Kingandmcgaw.com, (2019).

Hendrik Petrus Berlage

(Bing.com. (2019).

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Born on February 21st, 1856 in Amsterdam and studying \architecture in Zurich, Switz. During a visit toU.S. in 1911, Berlage studied an American building, and from there Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright introduced him to Europe.

(Idesign.wiki, (2019).

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Piazza d’Italia 1913 Mystery

Giorgio de Chirico The buildings within the paintings have simple geometric shapes which stand out against the surrounding environment. The atmosphere is very quiet within the painting and only consist of primary colours, red, blue and yellow, and a few people. These colours help show the De Stijl movement, as buildings are white and don’t have many textures or patterns. This also shows what happen to Europe during this period due to the lack of movement within the paintings.

Melancholy of a Street 1914 Aldo Rossi L’architettura della città 1966 Aldo was a start architect and designer who studied architecture from 1949 until 1959 at Milan Polytechnic while writing his journal “Casabella Continuita” which he edited and published in 1966. Eventually, teaching at Milan Polytechnic and then moved to ETH in Zurich to teach from 1972 to 1975. Rossi organized the 15th Triennale, attempting to gain architects that were interested in Fascists. He Wanted to detach the formal language, and materials to make them available to Postmodernism.

(Rossi-aldo.com. (2019).

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Film - https://youtu.be/8h1vWyDfHGw 17

Scandinavia 1910 - 1970

Arne Jacobsen

ERIK Gunnar Asplund

Arne was born 1902-1971 and worked with architectural projects within Denmark and abroad.

Designing small holiday homes to large hospitality projects, he would design everything himself from door handles to cutlery, this made him the most respected architect in Denmark. (Carlhansen.com, (2019).

An Extreme change happened during 1880 in Europe, Scandinavia effected Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Iceland. The new art movement and style offered its own style and long-standing traditions, geo-politics-geography, language, natural resources, and the critical.

Each country had their own tradition responding differently, giving a unique style while facing challenges which became a style and history of Scandinavia design. (The Museum of Modern Art, 2019).

1887 the Stockholm exhibition brought awareness of the Nordic art and craft movement.

The modern style during 1939 brought popularity in furniture and home design, as is known as Swedish or Danish modern style. (The Museum of Modern Art, 2019).

The Swedish modern movement is known for furnishing which had already been seen in Chicago 1933, Paris Exhibition 1937 and during the start of the century. (The Museum of Modern Art, 2019).

The Term “Swedish grace” was used to describe Swedish art industries in the 1920s and its quality to improve daily life. Scandinavia did well in this area. (The Museum of Modern Art, 2019).

Erik was recognized as the leader of the twentieth-century architects. He won competitions to expand his south Stockholm Cemetery, which allowed him to expland his career and style. (The Museum of Modern Art, 2019).

The early sketches of the Chap where based on Swedish Romanticism, and having the proposal of “a synthesis of the temple and hut” according to a historical architect Caroline Constant. The chapel had an entrance through the wood to the steep shininy roof, and pyramids supported by columns.

Light only enters the interior, but its open for visitors too. (The Museum of Modern Art, 2019).

The original drawings are very child like, but the geometric shapes and forms together create a strong bond. However, the woodland chapel was redesigned to create a stronger cubic volume within the chapel itself. (The Museum of Modern Art, 2019).

Project SAS Royal Hotel in Copenhagen is his best-known project and he was the architect and interior design for this project. (Carlhansen.com, (2019).

His career was focus on light textures, and industrial design. Inspired by organic shapes, which he used through seven of his furniture pieces. Inspired by flowers and landscapes would be applied to him fabrics by using watercolors.

1924, Studying on Royal Academy of Fine Arts, He was influenced by Kaare Klint and Kay Fisker the leading designers. Also, awarded the Honorary Doctorates for the University of Oxford and the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, and became a member of the European Academy Councils. Achieving the RIBA BronzeMrfal in 1963 and Medaille d’Or from Academie d’Architecture de France in 1971. (Carlhansen.com, (2019).

Paimio Sanatorium Finland1929-33 Paimino was put together in seven parts, and designed down to its small details such as furniture, although there where standard products available at the time.

1935 The furniture became a key product for Aalto. However, the steel tubular construction dominated the patient’s rooms. Aalto’s office was added, and a new staff living quarter had been added into the area. (weArch, (2019).

Alvar Aalto Vuoksenniska Church Imatra 1957-9

The church of three crosses is well known in the city of Finland, and is Aalto’s most famous work, the shape of the church is seen throughout his other pieces and this church is a trapezoid, allowing the interior walls to be moved, and each area has its own lighting and color theme. (Alvar Aalto -säätiö, 2019).

(Bing.com, 2019).

Woodland Chapel, Woodland Cemetery, located in Stockholm, Sweden.

(Bing.com, (2019).

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Tropical Modernism

Lecture Many Hot counties place rugs down in their gardens to absorbs the rains to create a cooling effect and let out a fragrance smell after. While designing in hot countries you have to take light, sun, rain, and insects into account, amd make sure all areas are exposed.

Charles Correa

Born on 1st September 1930, and died 16 June 2015, Mumbai India. The Indian architecture was well-known for his urban architecture, and his adaptation to modernist tenets to local climate and styles. Often working in poor climates and use of traditional methods as he believed the land was more important than weather, such as the sun and winds. (Encyclopedia

Britannica, 2019).

Kanchenjunga Apartments - 1985 - 88

The Kanchenjunga apartments are located in Mumbai India, and they were a direct response to culture and urbanization to climate conditions. The site is east-west orientated to allow people to view the city and feel the sea breeze. However, due to heavy rains and direct sun the building needed a protective layer to avoid damage. Old Bungalows solved the issue by wrapping a protective layer around the main living area, which defends against the issues. (ArchDaily, 2019).

Geoffrey Bawa (Bing.com, 2019).

Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe

Ludwig was born on 27th March 1886, in Aachen, Germany, and is the youngest out of five who attended a Catholic School.

While growing up Ludwig was breaking ground records, but he was working as a draftsman during this time. Eventually, he was able to get his first commission in 1906 and start to design residential homes, also he gained influence from architect Peter Behrens, who taught the likes of Le Corbusier. During the first world war, he served in the Germany military and moved onto creating structures such as the German Pavilion for 1929 Barcelona Exposition.

Ludwig eventually got married to Ada Bruhn the Dame’s head, and created his own little shop in Lichterelde, and became a well-known architect in Germany.

1930’s, moving to the United to create Lakeshore Drive Apartments and The Seagram building. Unfortunately, he passed away in 1969, but he left bridges, and road circlings from the world war and became an Avant-garde architect in mid-1910 for Germany. His last design was the national gallery based in Berlin, where he gained commissions from the west government of Germany in 1968. (Biography, 2019).

Geoffrey designed unique styles which combined the context of tropical modernism within his work. This allowed him into winning and gaining recognition, including the (Bing.com, 2019). award of the Aga Kahn Special Chairman’s award for architecture “001 and the Deshamanya title. His techniques where shading floors to create a cooling effect and, rolling blinds to exclude the sun, Hunkers make from fabricona cord to keep guest cool. (ArchDaily, 2019).

Kandalama, Dambulla, Sri Lanka 1911-94 The building was designed to look out from and view the pool and ocean, rather than to look at. The exterior surrounds such as the mountains travel within the building and allowing people to enjoy the unique style. (ArchDaily, 2019).

Luis Barfagen

Passing away in Mexico City 22 November 1988, Luis was one of the most important figures of Mexico. He trained as a civil engineer and left behind published works, conferences buildings, houses and gardens that remains relevant today.

He created designs that are so inspirational still today and surprised many architects today.

Luis also used a used light to create significate dimensions and spaces, by using rough textures and water reflections that brighten the sunlight within the building. (Archdaily.com, 2019).

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Old birmigham Central libtrary Regional Modernism - A mixture of traditional and modernims style, used with materials, forms at a specific time and place.

Critical Regionalism - Architecture that strives counter placelessness and lack of modern archi-

tecture and a lack of identity.

Chapelle Notre-Dame-du-Haut and Humayun Tomb

The Chapel which is a twentieth Century building made by Le Corbusier. The exterior of the chapel is plain white with a dark sweeping roof that sits on the chapel. Inside the chapel is very dull, although there are many windows scattered around they do not deliver as much light inside. (Modernist Summer: Schröder, Gray, and Hadid, 2019).

The Humayun Tomb is Octagon shape with a tomb on top and each side has a large arch opening. While the Interior is coated in yellow and white marble. Both buildings have many windows which allow light to travel through but, Humayum windows are in an octagon and allow light from every angle, unlike the Chapel. (India-

Library of Birmingham designed by John Madin in 1969-1974 and made by Indesign group.

Madin a postwar architect who lived in Birmingham and designed other well-known buildings, the Chamber of Commerce and post and mail building. (Wainwright, O, 2019).

The Library had been inactive since 2013 due to the new library opening in September 2013 as it replaced the old one. The library had been around for 41 years until the council received a petition of 2,000 signatures in closing down the library.

29th June 2013 the library was closed and in 2016 it was demolished piece by piece, with a “concrete cruncher” which initially “nibble” at the building while the public watched. (Wainwright, O, 2019).

The site had a great history of architecture, linking back to Le Corbusier, and the use of concrete exterior and 80’s/90’s Brutalist architecture. (ITV News, 2019).

After being demolished the site 10 years later was recreated into a £500 million development area for offices, shops and a walkway to Chamberlin and Centenary square. (Wainwright, O, 2019).

The new library has many similar features as the old by having open areas to view others from different floors, as Bob Taylor wanted others to know who was using the library. The third allows you to have a clear view of the entrance to create a feeling of the building to be one.

(YouTube, 2019).

picks.com, 2019).

The Chapel is very plain compared to the Tomb as it lacks in colour. Although, one wall is brightly coloured making it stand out from the surroundings. Furniture within the Chapel is made from wood and don’t consist of much design.

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After Modernism: UK and US 1950 - 1970

Louis Kahn

Deny Lasdun

Kahn was born on 20th February 1901 and known for his combination of modernism with weight and dignity of ancient monuments. Although, he only adopted this style during the late ’50s despite his death at age 73 on 17th March 1874.

Joining the pantheon where he worked with modernist architect which includes Le Corbusier and Miles Van der Rohe. Eventually, his family emigrated to Philadelphia where the majority of his work remains. (Biography, 2019).

As a designer, he wouldn’t often get involved with noise debates and he stuck to his architecture beliefs. Viewing classicism as a constant changing revolution, and he saw the link between the total renewal and the attachment from the past. (Rowntree, D, 2019).

1939-1945 - Lasdun served as a Royal Engineer and was Awarded MBE. His first experiment “Strata” was completed in London around 1950, his ideas had been in mind for 20 years and constantly viewed the area with social spaces.

The RPC become his favorite building, as 30 years later he added a meeting room to the building which became the three “entirely satisfactory spaces” of his oeuvre. (Rowntree, D, 2019).

Lasdum was skilled in concrete use, he said “concrete is a very intractable material, but it can be a beautiful material if used in the way its own nature intends”. (Rowntree, D, 2019).

James Stirling 1926-1920

A British architect is known for his famous building Sackler Museum, No1 Poultry and the Neue Staatsgalerie.

James had a great knowledge of architectural history and demonstrated this through his career. Starting off with deconstructive style, and putting colors to building for aesthetic appearance. (ArchDaily, 2019).

Philip Johnson

Vannaventuri Pennsylvania The house took 6 years to design and market with the modernist movement. Starting the project after Venturi’s Father died in 1959, he wanted his mother Vanna to out the family house so he designing a house on Milman Street, Philadelphia on the suburb of Chestnut Hill.

The house had no special requirements or deadlines allowing him to create an unpretentious house, with all the rooms on one level and no garage. (Frearson, A, 2019).

Eventually, the 34-year-old architect was a working teacher at the University of Pennsylvania, where he soon after met his wife and business partner, architect Denise Scott Brown. (Frearson,

A, 2019).

Johnson was born in 1906 in Ohio, U.S and died on 25th January 2005, New Canaan. He was known for his Internation style and postmodernist architecture. Marcel Breuer was Johnson’s tutor while he studied and graduated in 1930 from Harvard University. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019).

He also worked with Miles Van Der Rohe in the Seagram Building in New York City 1958.

This enlarged his reputation as well as his glass house design, known for the structure, rectilinear structure and use of large glass walls which gives a minimalist aesthetic. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019).

The glass house style was used throughout other designs such as the art gallery and Pavilion sculpture, Johnson continued to design into the 21st century and won American Institute of architect gold medals 1978 and the Pritzker architecture prize 1979. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019).

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Frank Lloyd Wright Frank was born on 8th June 1867, Richland Centre Wisconsin, the U.S. and died on 9 April 1959 Arizona. He was known for being the most creative American architect and writer.

The most famous design was “Praire style” in the 20th century for residential design in united states. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019).

Early years Frank was given the middle name Lincom at birth but adopted Lloyd as his middle name. Spending his infant years in Rode Island and Weymouth, Massachusetts, before returning to his mother in Wisconsin.

1885-6 when Frank studied at the University of Wisconsin as a special student, taking an engineering course. He supplied the family income and eventually didn’t like the situation.

He dreamed of Chicago, huge buildings and of unprecedented structures rising. (Encyclopedia

Britannica, 2019).z

Fallingwater

Fallingwater was for Edgar J. Kaufmann and his wife Liliane. Meeting Wright in 1934, they wanted to a summer home for the family and they knew Wright loved nature and recognized that the family wanted to incorporate the landscape of their favorite country. The idea was to allow the family to live with the water, as he says he wanted the Kaufmanns “to live with the waterfall, as an integral part of their lives”. (Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, 2019).

The building is made from reinforced concrete, local sandstone to blend with rocks and this all floats above the water. The first floor has a living room, with open spaces to create a continuous space throughout the house, with hatch doors in the living room to a stairway which leads to the stream of water below. Glass doors open up to the surround spaces, giving a more clear view of the surrounding landscape. (Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, 2019).

The house was apart of them for 26 years until they donated the property to the Westen Pennsylvania Conservancy, with its 1,543 acres of land. 1964 the house opened into a museum and hosted more than five million visitors. (Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, 2019).

1887 Wright got a job in Chicago for J.L Silsbee, doing architectural detailing. Then he worked as Sullivan 1893 after marrying kitty. Frank opened his own and this grew to him having 10 assistants and his family grew to six children. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2019).

Wrights had six children with Catherine Tobin (Kitty), where they met when Frank was 22 in all soul Church. The first child was Lloyd (1890-1978), and then John (1892-1972), Catherine (1894-1979), David (1895), Frances (1898-1959) and finally Robert (1903-1986).

Eventually, he fell in love with his neighbor Mamah and went to Europe. However, male servants killed his girlfriend, two children and burnt their house down. He then met Miriam where he moved to Japan for. 5 years later Miriam left Frank and a few months later he found Olga. Miriam got the law on Frank and soon got known as the man act and known for affairs, murders, house fires, and bad business. (Tobin, 2019).

The Prairie styles interested many young architects and by now Wright was 33 and Chief Practitioner who was mainly self-taught. The prairie school was well known for modern building homes.

Architects went for bold, plain walls, with family living areas, and perimeter heating below.

Wright builds 50 houses from 1900 to 1910 and they were spacious and convenient. Majority of the houses had low roofs and rooms flow together without uninterrupted space. (Encyclope-

dia Britannica, 2019).

Frank’s Architecture is strongly associated with the landscape, as many of the buildings within the united states are different depending on the surroundings. “A building should appear to gown easily its site and be shaped to harmonize with its surroundings if nature manifests there”. (Freshome.com, 2019) Wright’s Desert Laboratory is made from the surrounding materials and has the aesthetics of sloping mountains and the sand-colored bricks help create the idea of a desert. On the other hand, fallingwaters is built in a different context but the landscape is almost within the house, such as the water that runs below.

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(Bing.com, 2019).

Wright’s Desert Laboratory

The laboratory is known as Taliesin and is located in the McDowell Mountain in Scottsdale, AZ. The building is Wrights home and School of Architecture at Taliesin. (Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, 2019).

Wrights winter home is deeply connected with the desert. It was built and maintained by Wright himself and it’s his most personal architectural creation.

(Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, 2019).

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POST MODERNISM Post Modernism consists of classical motifs, allusions, bright colors and a variety of shapes and materials within different structures.

The style is a disconnection of modernity and modern movement, where individuals expressed their freedom to create happiness. (Architecture.com, 2019).

Charles Moore

James Stirling James was born a British architect in 1926-92 and known for his famous projects including the No 1 Poultry and the Neue Staatsgalerie. His career started with tech style and evolved into buildings that had a range of style. While working he often traveled between London and New York, as he was concerned with architecture style. His work styles changed during the post-war into European Modernism. (ArchDaily,

Pizza d’Italia

Charles Moore created work with neon trims and with light and shadow across the area. His ideas were “inclusive” architecture which can be spoken to and enjoyed by all. Many saw his work to be iconic but with a very poor taste. The site was completed in 1978, and the Italian community had been overlooked by French, Spanish, Africa, and other native Americans.

The designs consist of curves and arches and contained a bell which is placed around the fountain. An import feature is how light and shadow plays across different textures and surface. (Brake, 2019).

2019).

No 1 Poultry, London The facade consist of stripes with a clock face, and a courtyard. A wedge-shaped building in the heart of London, the Poultry has five floors of offices and shops on the ground floor. (ArchDaily, 2019).

(Bing.com, 2019).

The American architect has a playful but diverse style. During 1950, his mother asked for a house design, and so Venturi designed the first postmodern building. However, these features had also been used Miles Van Der Rohe and Frank Lloyd Wright and the house has many ornaments to give this style, such as the arch on the facade which has no purpose.

Many said the house design was like a child drawing, such as the roof split, unusual doors, windows, and chimney. (Gibson, 2019).

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BRAZILIAN MODERNISM The Brazilian modernism became more revealed and integrated with the world. The nation became liberated, independent at the same time that continued to adapt foreign materials and world cultures. (Encyclopedia.com, 2018).

Grupo dos Cinco The group of five men finding the early movement and sought to promote Brazilian culture which emphasized nonEuropean elements (Library.brown.edu, 2018).

The group split during 1820 due to different interests and disagreements over traditional movements, while personal disputes. (Library.brown.edu, 2018).

Paulo Mendes da Rocha Born in Brazil 1928, Mendes da Rocha began his crareer as a “Paulist brutalist� avant-garde member in 1950.

He received his degree in 1954 and opened his office in 1955 were soon created his early masterpiece, the Athletic Club of Sao 1957. (Pritzkerprize.com, 2019).

Mendes da Rocha acted like a president in the Brazilian Institute of Architecture where he taught at the University of Sao Paulo, he also kept his practices private. Receiving many awards including the Miles Van de Rohe Prize for Latin American Architecture in 2000, this helped him pay for renovation to Pinacoteca do Estado the oldest fine art museum. (Pritzkerprize.

com, 2019).

His most recent designs are a chair which is made from a single steel bar with a leather seat and back. (Pritzkerprize.com, 2019).

Anhembi Tenis Clube

Lina Bo Bardi Bardi was born on 4th December 1914 and passed away on 20th March 1992. She was known for her expressive architecture in the 20th century of Brazilian architecture. While growing up in Brazil, she studied at the University of Rome and after graduating she moved to Milan and joined with Go Ponti to become an editor of Quiaderni di Domus. (ArchDaily, 2019).

The influences came from her surroundings in Rio de Janeiro and she looked at modernist constructions, while studying the Brazilian culture, and the art tradition. Bardi was also into Scenery production, graphic design, art, and furniture. (ArchDaily, 2019).

Glass House 1951

Located in Morumbi, Sao Paulo, she designed her home to be a work of rationalist art in Brazil.

1957 she designed the new home of the Museum of Art Sao Paulo, and the building was suspended 70 meters long square. Due to her death in 1992 many of her ongoing projects were suspended. (ArchDaily, 2019).

Made by Vilanova Artigas and Carlos Cascaldi in 1961, the ideas was to create different areas within the court and outside.

The structure is made from raw concrete which allows natural light to enter through the roof and the building is made with built-in drains. The artificial lights give an effect of still have natural light when it gets dark within the volleyball court. (Brazilianconcrete.wordpress.com, 2019).

Joao Batista Vilanova Artigas Estadio Do Morumbi 1952-1970

The station is lifted off the ground to allow access for parking, while the outside has no space outside as its surrounded busy roads and fast-moving traffic. The foyer inside is the only area for public space. (Brazilianconcrete.wordpress.com, 2019).

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Power point Refrences Naim

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Anaya

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