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Anthropology - 'Arab Mohammad (".P' 'Arab Mohammad - Architecture IV ,r.P' Architecture I V - Armenia and Iran I V ")'r7?' Armenia and Iran IV - Art I in Iran ~?'

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" Hy the term "Muhammadan art" is meant those works of art which were

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IOld" ....4~ : Moharnm..:dan Law. Mohammedan An,;mlc..:1Urc.

The Encyc/opal'{Jia of Islam. 1936. ;",~j hl'llll. I bid ..

Ibid ..

4.I \A.o.;w

J.j

Mosque. tAr ~ J~..u:-l......o..l...,..,v...f..r.

_II

The Encyclopaedia oj 1.l/alll, 1936 .....~j blam . Ibid ..

J-j:

-IT

AI-Muharwm.

TIll' Encyclupaedia BrifOlmica. 14th edition,J-j: M"hIllJlIII(,t/lII/ .. I n

h,lt' jllln',

Ibid .. .J LU.J'....A .

li .E. von Gruncbaum.

MII/Wlllllllldtlll "I'!'JIII 'ul\,

IlllrOUUI.:llon b) li,L. Bosworth.

LunJon IIJ76.

!'>Lr I homa~ W, Arnold. /'(II//llI/g 11/ 1:./(1111. Oxlonl 1925. ';1 Ji.i~: .IV II/( , Camhridgl' !-li!;rory of Is/am. edited by P.M. Halt. Ann K.~. Lambton and Ikrnaru Lc\\ I~. Vul. 2B. Carnbndgc LJIll\Cr~ll> Pr c~~. 1970.

pr 702-703. The £lJeydopol'C/ia Briwllfliw. 14th edition. 1929\}..j: I'CI'!>ta. Pcr:'lan Art,

.\A

painting and Calligraphy. "the Encyclopaedia BrilGllflica. 15th edition. 1973, :J~ MohamlllcuiLnl~m.

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2. ihid. p. 45 . 3. OUo Preill. Die lrrei/l('hriji til'S (ia=a!i geNt'lI 1I1111111'1I( Ba ycrischcn AJ...adcmlc del' Wisscnschaften 1933), lI elle 7. pp. 1-15.

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"Die hinrichwng des Salih B.

AbduI4uddu~".

ul'.}dlllhfl' uml f...ulfur cle.\ Vordl'rl'll Orit'III.\ . (Leiden 19 ~ I J. pp. 53-66 .

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I. p. 141.

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22 . George Vajda . U'I LlI1diql

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(Rome 1937), p. 223.

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49. IgnM Gold/iher Salill B. Ahd.a/-Audclm do:,> /111111"111/1111 lI'ahrel/CJ cia reglt'ruflX dt'J cha/iJm AI-Maluh. (London HI93). II . pp. 104-129.

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,v,",,'" ,(.; \ r·'" ~.r.).~..:r.1 J~ ~ .Jul ,J"'-;s- -O\ 52. r. Gabriel!. COpl'rl' "'lim al-mul/aJla, 53. ihid. p. 236. 54. Domi nique Sourde!. I;t

usa. (Rome 1923). ~ III . pp. 197-247.

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56. O. Sourde!. ihid. p. 307. 57. F. Gabricli. NAppunti i)U Bassar b, Burd" in Bullell oj lill' Sdwo/ of Orii'luaf SlIulil'!;, (1937). pp. 151 · 157.

58.

NLa

'Zanda4a ' au Icr Siccle Abbasllidc

H ,

111 L'I:'/(lhoralioll cit'

/ '/\[(1111,

pp. 23-38.

59. Samuel 1'\) berg. Nder Kampf Iwi~chcn Islam un(j Manil.:h ai~mu~ Will Om'llw/nliu'!l LUera/llr;l'ifllllg. ( 1929). p. 42Jff.

60. Michclangelo Guidi.

/..11 fvlta Ira L ' I ..\/am e il'lwlI('lIei,HI1()

(Rome 1929). pp. I-XXV III.

61. G. Richter. SlUdit'lI ; ur g/!!l<Jlltilll' df'r a/reFl'11 Aral)i.Hi/{'1/ Furllt'lI\jJit'Kl'l (Lci plLg 1923). pp . 1-44 .

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64. G. Vajda. ihid. pp. 173-183

65. ihid, p. 197.

66. ihid. p. 198. H

67. H. II . Schacdcr. wZandik-/.indig in IralliRile BeilruKe. (1930). pp. 274-291.

68. Louis 69.

Ma s~ig non .

",indik". EI. IV. p. 1398.

La PU.I!lII)/1 de lIa f/a/. MaTlrr Mr!lriqul' de L"Num. (Pari~ 1975). I . p. 428ff.

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Ma~~ignon,

ibid. p. 428.

77. Schacdcr, Ibid. p. 274. 78. Philippe Gignoux. glussaire dl'.) ill.\cripliull peh/('vies el porrhe.\. (London 1972), p. 38. 79. A.A, Beven, "Manichaeism" in Encyclopaedia oJ Religion and Ethics, (1903), Vlll, p. 398. 80, C. Mitchell, S. Epharacm. Prose Rejinalion o/Mani. Marcioll. and Bardisafl, L 30,18, 12l) . ..sl.t:- 1.1 ..xJ..jj ~;I" ,..::-1

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Konrad Kessler. Mani Forschungen IIher die Manh-haisc/!l' religio1/. (Berlin 1889). p. 181. H. Schaeder. ihid. p. 276. 82. Gu!>tav Flugcl. Malli 5l'ill(' Lt:'lll'(' ,..sJ~ !\ t. \'

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St'illt' Schrijit'll. (Leip/ig 1862), p. 73.

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93, Schacdcr. ihid, p, 274,

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"Soon the idkr~ and the good-for-nothing!,> lell in behind me." p. 47

"I p uffed up \\ ith pride and brimming \\ ith :-.cll-importancc cnlt:n.:u." p. 41.)

"Yuu kno\, \cry well that you can't dar \\itll one hand. " p. 52

M <f «.c;1

"'? ! I~ I", t~>"'»

.. - , hey arc ba r king up the \\I"ong Ire..:. " p. 62

"A :-.o\cn.: ign'!>

\ ' I(;C:-.

arc.: \ inllc:-.." p. 63 W <f «.JJ 1 0 1.,.,... ..;.; J

C" Ij> I,;. »

"P rince Glo ry-Bc-Af,h-and-Spil." p. 69

"Crying \\inc bUI hauking vinegar." p.

\0 <f

«~I,

,,\;.;1

u:'~ JIJ , ~ ..) .1. 1j:.o»

"It became a fiendish ob:-.c!>!>ion." p. 90

\ ' <f

«!i\..... .c;'y. clif ~ .1. 1r l ,~~ ~ 01,;.r»

"And I"i.\ they had the ncr"!.! to (;<-111 a bath! " p. 90

"I lap!>cd into total bit!)!)." p. 91

\\i.l!>

do\t.:r no\\

p. lJJ

:C...,s ,-!L;i,. \ \ . <f «.:.....1

JJ~ <sy J.'I';~, -'-" ~I .1. 1J>-I, v-S'/'»

"An) one \\110 become!> a Illcmbcr ollhi!> dub ha:-. II made lor Iil e." p. 100

J .0Lo

J<- jc

J .0'.r. IJ 0Lo).0 J ) ' J ~J 0Lor' 0j' IJ J ,j, ",,- , ~»

,. r i f

« . ~y

"A band 01 thic\-c!) attacked me and wok everything I u\\ ned. And therl.' I \\a!) \\ithout a penny to 111) name." p. 95

"J~ i f ~ ..,..,\:5' .r1r- J ' 0~..? U=-'.r. j J JJ; ~ d ~ ..j 0\...0 '" ,l5''" .. L4..-L::. 0JL,.- J .::.j, ....,. I~ jI . .0I,~ r' cS-1-r-'L-J~ J..;;;J J~' ,l5'

Lol

:.J...>.

:,~ '--":.; ,ro i f «"" ''? 'J~ ~L,..

..;£ i

~ J'» -

"In the mcallllmc. he had even di!>pla<.:cd the hupJc!)!) provin<.:ial governor."

p. 34

In the l11l!anlimc. he wa!> giving the hopic!)s governor a bad time .

.fv., J~I '; "It J

"II

,M cSLo ~ J'

«0,'? ..;£ i~» ~')\h..,I.:r--"

. ..::...-1 0';"':' ~..; ~.) J ":'-').).J~ :,~ ~.;

"Making a

lull

,el 01 faces." p.

:~ if '--":.;

'>,

,r' uP

«ri..; r' J

r'1 I,» -

,r-J' ..a, i f u"'-' «0'JJ1 J' ~» ~ ~

looking utter!) gflm.

"Shared" cS~

«Jvl, » ,rv i f

« ..• 0)' cS l

~J' ~I,» ~.;

J' -

. .::.-.1 ,,\;;;1 ~ jI (p. 42)

:,~ ~.;

,rA i f

«r'Ji

Lor' 0L,. cSr' » -

.. rub !>huuldcl"!> with the.: head!> 01 go\<crnmcnl." p. 45

:'y

if~'~';

rub !)huuldcr!) ",iIh the bigwigs [big !>i10b. lOp people cu.:,J. Lo a!>sOl:ialc.

,...lil

(J.));i

(p.46) "to attcnd", r \ r..T' «..::...-\..,:..;. J "'::"""""n 1S1.r. . .)Y...rr. Lo mix :,~

'--":.; ,r\

i f «! ..:....,..... ,JJI ~

,0.ri

,JJI I~» -

"·1u arm!), Illr prll.h:! 10 alilb. lor hOllor!" p ..n • .J."..,.)

if.,;..:-L- Shu\, ) our

1t.1I..:! ~hu\\ )

lHII

hOllor! ~ j;.; ~

J~ ~ ~4 o~ Jo,;.)\... ~ ~ l.5..ljj) ,~ ~.) tA ~ v-!y.t!j .>J J~

:'.....:; 0....>:'; dT i f «.,.;>)' <.5' ,L,-

.s-

-""S"

b» -

J...l:pt blat.:J...l:llIllg reams 01 papn." p. 4lJ

'.J..:....:y.s-)y, c,w,).u;. . .,.;1,.,.;1,>- b b I) (laplol)) .u;..u;. i.,.-u; ,... - /. .::-.1 .c;; J '-"'G;- J ~ ~ ( d ..,.,IS -""I :"'L:.J

J~ thl.: l"l'1a ttl.: I ':'Yn--!

"n..:gularl~ ,.

tS~ «~l...r"» >.5 1; . ~ 0uJ':'

.-::.jJ<.5'

:'.....:; "thl: proud )oung

.s- ~ j

~a))l:J."

~.;

, l,.. i f «cs>1/ c,1y-

J.,..-» -

p. 50

>>'" j l r>Tn ,..,.,IS -",,1» ,>1.; JI...>- >>'"~ <1(-,-1/)) c,>-:;-,,;I.,;...., .:r.1.r. G . «..lO~ ~ c,1~ J t.;l,,; ..lO~ I) >>'"

I) JJ..,;v J '-'""''-'

~ bra,h

"t"t

.':'Yif f:-"L-

rJt:...l) Illlpudent

: ,.....:; 0....>:J' ,l l i f «! » > ...".,.. t."

.::...5J...,.)) -

"thl.: t:uuntr) lill~dl) Ita:.. ibdl a leatkr!" p. 50 ~ , SOl1ll.:bou)

u\\ It

tllL~ l:Oulltr~

the euulltr) l~ not 101 grab~ J:.L::.

. .,.;\.....) <.5' '-' >~ , l l i f «J.,..-) ~ if.

cP ~ .s- J.,..-~ <.5' J " III ~ ljlll.:~lioll~

~~ <.5' «,~..,.,Tn

\\I.:n.: .J..-)

jI LS I,~ ~o

l: lud c that..." p, 51

<.5' ......

. ~ if~'; I~ ~)

:o~~.;

··ctude·· JI';'"

mudd), UIlIIlII..:lhglbk

«.),:,.1 i f ...~ ~r»

race L\\111 bl:t.:ol1ll.:j unckan," p. 52

:>r \ uur

cP ~ ~'i.s-

IllUl J...) ,

:o~~.;, tiLT' " l lHIl

..,.,1 LS \.,t,r.:;- ....s::,)) -

~\\L:at

<.5'.:.,.1 1 .::-.»~.; ,.,.;1,.,.;1>", «Jr.)) I) «J/»

(\\!ll bl.:L:ol1lt..:) ulKkan.

I,..u;

... ..r'J.l.J .\.i;

....,T ....

I:...

~I.:' ~~

:,.G

'->:.; .O! <./'

«~./. -,.Jlj J-!~ cSJ~

l..

r=--Iy.»

"I \I·anted 10 make up a real good ,lOr) 101 ... " p.59 . ..:.........1 ~\.:....I) (p. 66) "gallant rouge"

\\I'II,:t:rat:I-..

Jc;~l,bantcr ~ {(.J'~»

J -::.-1 ,~..c:.....; ~ "'1" <./'

~~»jI

lIJo}

Jy;.:... -

.'Y. <.s'~, ~; gallanl yOUlh . .OS ~ 1,1 IJ -,Jb al tilt.:

head

.;';'4

tht..:

fUY'lCri-.all)1

o~~.; on the

~.s- "'I,,~ '->:.; . amlable,klndl)

~I ~ ,it uP «LJI..S'"'..J""""'!y o~

\\(1) lO

hOI blooded"

J>-

r» -

d-!4 if ,0;"';' 4....>:.} (p. 67) « roatl IJ «ij' "y.» ~ "L...oJ, ,r.; J

llij' "y.» cSl..r..rr. ~';J

J.J>,'cs"

"e;' cr;T .y..c;;»

. ..::.......,.,1 0.."..); J '\<ll'm-hr.:artc:u

:,.G~'; .Y'...r' ll.d <.s' JJ IJ ..r,y. ...oj' IJ ~J ~ I» .. LOok Ill::.

hor~c

and rilk ... thcl1 lht..:) lell the

... the; abandoned un\lunl1\ "~

'->:;

111111

:;"';'4

0;"';'

RU'l~ian

lor dead." p. 71

~.; ~4

(p. 77) "bl"ck ,heep brolher" YA<./'

if.r=-T 0J~

Ik...iJ.,:.L;J,I..r.» -

, ~L..; cs" r.-l.. brolhel

:,.G

'->:.; IV..!» (A'...r') «J.;G) 'Jv. J, 'J'» :""";J' -

"SlipplIlg 110111 ont.: cpi~o(k to another" p. 7~

.s- -::.-1,1.,.0 «':fu.~ cSlf"-" "'.;r.j'».s- 0T Jt... J (0,,5:..';) r~...,;v.....s- ''''';''';\'':' ...,,~ cs" cS),I/ Jy;....lr'J "T r' e/» ,-::.-lo..,y.T~JJ elIma\ :,.G

'->:.; .,, ' <./'

(I>"':';.d t... "TjI ij' cSl.l..p JI~J'JG ~

"And pt..:llpk really !...nc\\ ho\\ to muurn in tho'lc c.:arl, hou~chold

lamt.:Ilt." p.

that didn 't erupt into loud \\ •.tIllng

<-1'1

da)~.

I hc.:n.:

\\1.1'111'1

'loon i.I'I l \\l.:l1lll1l0 111) )carl)

,,~ ,->:.;~, .G i f IJ iJ' <k:- '~J~

.s- JJI <k:- J'

"e"rl)"

"'y'.c:1j j l :$

I here \\a~n't aIHHI':ot; that dIdn't erupt into mourning on<.:t.: a yt.:ar lor tht.:~a~l:

01 good luel-. ~~

(p. b II

") ou l:i.lught a I.:hlll"

I.) A'(

vP «o~ ~.).r"» c.JU:,...pl -

on J) «0,~yL.r'))I~ «0,'? <S'r'))J «0.L:.<S'r'))~ I 'if.) ,}l>-~, ,.,;Io,'?

..w c;.i~

.F-~ <S~ .);.;.;Iy. hypogl)cacmia ~:r. C')lh." I~' I; 01 J

.) _ ....;,~~ J-I ~ .) -<-~~ ooW ~ ~ -'ol.O

J"-

,) ,

~ 0~ ~ L...;.) 1.,.1 . .::....1 0y

. J 01,; if ~ ~I ~,L. 00j ~ -'y i f 0t.,;~1 ~I' ~ i.r'u; !.::.... I 0'Y. .:.r-'" ;,; AI" uP

«~~

~? <S~ I;j.1

rl> <.5").r-l.:yL~ I.: ~ I.: <sj--P :....;J~ ~))

uP\.>. r l <sj--P . .::....1 o";;'~'; (p. ~ II "L""",. I'",,,on " <sj--P :....;)~

. .L:. Cif Ij--P ...b \j ~ ..,...a. ~ 1.,.1 .r>' ..,;~ : o~ ~.;

,,, t i f

«(..li~ ~)/

• ..:........1 Cur~or)

'1"

-AI)...l:o-

1..0.,...0

ha~ty L>~ (~ ),j»

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..s:.,- ~ "1))

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and

n.:cit~

a k\\

<.>}.....j))

"Said a lat. juic) prayer" p.

"~I" t .. '1 ~ ~..r"-!~"""') J ~

i.,. U; ,.,.......) .::....1

vcr~c~:

J"'; . -'o l~)

may be. il you lend your hc.:art the Almight)

\\ ill be pcr!)U<H.h:d to rc~torc her health Ont:t: more. I agreed to ('ullleand ... " p.

if.))

"CO I11,, "

J'.r' J- I-, G

,'A ~ ,y <;\.>.~, ":No .) .::....1

0T ~fo:...

o,,;~.r>' J;;... ~ o~~ <s":No.11 0y';" .,;1 uP/ uA'" ~IJ~' J;';Li (rl 0,1, "."t o~~ I~ cJ'o ~.?Y 0~.r>' <.5"r,l Iy-1 <s1-, (oW ~ ~,).t" 'Y. 0.L:.

.r>' ~~ 0-'0' J t,..;1 <;\.>. ~ c;.i~

~ ~ J ~ '-'"'" I..i-"~~"; 0T J

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(p.

.'Y..r.- l;... whim, ".,;;.~.; (p. ~Y) "pr"lc,!>"

,\0uP «.,;1.,. '-'"'" ~ r-~ ~~)

~7) ~I 4c';~, ,t uP «lA. ...;\.r.)) -

.) LrU 0.) i-'o' I~ i f '..... ,\.::....1)):o~ ~,;

"When I got then.:. I jOllnd the head bathkccpcr with a beard that owco

nuthing to Ru:-.tam's" p. 90

I ~a\\ lh~ hl!ad balh("'l!t.:pl!r \\ llil lhl! bl!ard thal Illali.:!lt.:d Ru:-.lam '~

,;S cs'

~y I; ~I.,..;;, ,y <J,.,.

iL..:.- ~ J.j\0.).r.,jL.f

cs'l.>- ,\.:...I JI.,;-

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, '\dl~n I gOl lhl!n.:" 0)~ ,j).,)\ ~ "J~p $'

-J L:/.)

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:,-,-,,~;,,",\ <.J'" «r-:'1.r.1 ~I ~.) ~» "Whl!11 Itt.: It.:arnl!d that I \\a~ onglllall) Irallian " p. Yl

L., I "as Iranian through and through

«r-:'I;.I ~I» c5 lf

rs-

cs' JI.,;-

. -'-" G~ .::-., J-I)

u'; \,.to

:,-'-" ~; ,W <.J'" tt"f '::"';1;.1 ~ 0 1;.1 0~1 ) ~ c:..,;~ ;'»"Whl!n )ULl \\t.:n.: )oul1g. an Iranian nobleman hr()ugllf

rOil

huc/.. (/,\ (/

(.::-.1 0') .y-i.;)

,,1/1I·mit·'·· p.91

took you to Iran"! :.,;1 ~ ..J,~ ~,,>-T :,-,-,,~;, \. i <.J'" tt=...) cs' 01.:.....:/

c5Y.r

.::.......j;, .::.....,.;

r"Lv

<f'Jr "'1;. .. .1; ~L:J~»_

'" ... they spcnd money on brides for bachclors of Arabia.'" p.97 they spend money lor wedding or. .. ,,-,-,,~;

(p. IO I)

'"Learning and civiliLation" \ \ \ <.J'" tt0.c..;J ;y» ~'::"""';..i'r!

enlightment t0y» c5 lf

"the milk has yet to come" p.I04 :,-,-,,~;, \ \0 <.J'" tt,..v\,J

c5r-=-.ir"» _

. ..:...,.....1 .)1....... milkman

<.:.JI .) ,,-,-,,~; (p.I04)"pair ofstocks"\ \"'\ <.J'" tt..,.,I;>,:" ~» ",,>-':iG J . .::-.1 C:"""" ga ne rs

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Iran Namch, Vol. Y

Creator and Resurrection in Khayyam

by 'Ali Dashti

The late 'Ali Dashti divided his book Dam/ bi Khayyam (English translation by L. P. Elwell-Sutton, In Search of Omar Khayyam, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1971) into three parts: (I) In search of Khayyam; (2) In search of the quatrains; and (3) Stray thoughts. At the outset of the last part, Dashti wrote "This is the first draft that came 10 mind and is intended 10 reOect the shadowy form of my own conjectures about Khayyam . The first two sections of this book are in reality an introduction to this final goal.' He then selects five quatrains which in his view are representative of Khayyam's thoughts. The fourth of these begins "The withered tulip never blooms again.' Using this refrain as a subtitle, Dashti then asserts the following: (1) Contrary to certain writers, Khayyam was not a skeptic who doubted the existence of a Creator, for none of his authentic quatrains denies the Creator; and (2) Doubt about the resurrection and Khayyam's despair are more palpable in his poetry, though such belief is more in keeping with the human condition since it provides mankind with a sustaining hope in future life. Khayyam's quatrains definitely bely this hope and bespeak the poet's lack of belief in an afterlife.

Selections *

The Persian Songs of Abu Nuwas

by 'Abd aI-Rahman 'Imadi

In this article, the author examines thejarsiyiil or Arabic poetry of Abu Nuwas of Ahwaz in which the author inserted Persian phrases. He specifically cites a fragment that the historian Hamzah Isfahanl quoted, writing "the fragment appears to be prose, and, as far as I know, no one has ever noted the fact that it is a piece of poetry nor reported nor introduced it as such," 'Imadi identifies the fragment as a Pahlavi-Persian song in praise of eight things: the pre-Zoroastrian shrine of Nawbahar in Balkh. !\ow Ruz, the festivals of ancient Iran known as Gahanbar and Absalan. etc. \Ve know, writes the author. that the singers and musicians who performed such praise-songs would accompany them" ith lively foot-tapping, He has determined the poetic form of this fragment to be prose and notes that in the fragment. the performer or minstrel or poet would request from his li~teners to give a bur (here noting the various meanings of the word) In honor of the eight things esteemed by him. The fragment by Abu I\uwas contains nine hemistichs with a syllabic ictus and twenty words of which four are Arabic and the rest Pahlavi-Persian. He explains the Arabic terms used in the fragment and in the! end of his article discusses the ancient shrine of Nawb:lhar.

.. AhHrU(/ trwulull'/; hy Paul Sprachman.

Iran Namch, Vol. \

Concerning tht! importance of the 'Gorakhpur manuscript' Nazir Ahmad

writes that, first, it contains thirteen glw:als, seven qat'ahs. four ruba'is and two verses morc than the Qazvini-Ghani edition of the Drvtin-i HiiJi:. Part of these poems are also inscribed in the manuscript of the Asif'yyah Library of Haydarabad. Second, in the introduction of the collector of the Divan too , there are noteworthy findings: a)that the name of the collector is not cited as was the case with the later manuscripts wherein the collector "as named to be 'Muhammad Gulandam'; b) there exist phrases in the praise of'Aliibn Abu Talib; c) ,eferences are made to the year of Hafiz's death; d) the title "shahid" (martyr) was used in reference to Hafiz; e) allusions were made to the fact

that, Hafiz served as a tutor of the King; f) and a mention was made of the fa ct that Hafiz wrote commentaries on the books Kashshaj and Mif/ah. 1\azir Ahmad adds that in 1971 he prepared a critical study of the Diva-II-; Haft: based on the 'Gorakhpur manuscript', and the comparisons which he had made between that manuscript and other important published manuscripts of the Divan-; Hajio. At that time, one of Professor Nazir Ahmad's Persian friends, Mr. Mohammad Reza Jal<iliNa'ini, learned of this study and requested the manuscript of the study for purposes of publication. Although Professor Nazir Ahmad had also received a generous offer from Dr. Khanlariwith regard to putting the aforementioned study into print, he submitted his work to Mr. Jalali Na 'ini, who took the manuscript of the study with him back to Iran. Subsequently, Mr. Jalali Nil'ini made substantial changes in the text of Professor 1\azir Ahmad's work without consulting him or obtaining his consent. The introduction which Nazir Ahmad had written to the work was thoroughly changed, and footnotes ammended to the volume by Jaloli1\a',nl only served to increase the number of comparisons between various

manuscripts, obfuscating the underlying points of Nazir Ahmad's "ork. Finally, Mr. Jalal, Nil."n; put his own name to this work, and that of Nazir Ahmad as the co-editor. It is added that all these actions were undertaken by Mr. Jalali Nil',n; against the wishes of the author. The resultant study was published in Tehran in 1971, and was reprinted twice more since then. In the second a nd third editions, Jalali Na'lni has compared the Grakhpur Drvan with one of the manuscripts of the Diwin路j

Haji= found in Turkey. From the three editions, Professor Nazir Ahmad received forty copies of

the first, one of the second and four of the third, all sent by the publishers. The four copies of the third edition were accompanied with a nole from the

publisher stating that, all the proceeds from the third edition were forwarded to Mr. Jalal, Na'Ini. In the end Nazir Ahmad writes: ''I'm reconciled to all this but I cannOt reconcile to his being recognized as an autorilY on Hafiz--thc Di\\路on is generally called

Jalali ]\,,'inl edition (like Qa,wini edition)."

The Gorakhpur Ms. of the Divan-i Hafiz: The Tale of Its Discovery and Publication *

Nazir Ahmad

Nazir Ahmad, Professor and formerl) head of the Department of Persian Language at Allgarh Muslim University of India writes that, around thirty years ago he learned of the existence of a manuscript of the Drvon-i Haft::. in the private library of one of the renouned families of the city ofGorakhpur in the province of Uttar Pradesh of India. Upon acqlring this information, he set out to personally examine that manuscript, primarily, in order to learn oCthe

date of its inscription. In his article, Professor Nazir Ahmad details his effons and the help of his friends and colleagues in obtaining access to the manuscript which was the property of the Sabzpush Family. After several years of soliciting the permission of the Family with regard to examining the Divan, finally he was allowed to work with and closely examine the 'Gorakhpur manuscript'. Professor Nazir Ahmad's examination of the manuscript revealed that the newly found Divan was dated 824 A.H. This finding made the DiVali three years older than the manuscript of the DfvQ-n-i Hafi::. which was used by Muhammad Qa7vlnl and Dr. Qasim Ghani in preparation of their edition of the Diviin-i Haft:, published in 1320, 1941. Nazir Ahmad adds that this valuable manuscript contains within its text or margins, the Divan-i Sa'de Mathnawl oUamshid and Khurshrd, DivGn-i Haft: , D[,'iin-i Ja Iii I 'A :ud, and selections from the D/"Qn-i Kamal Khlljandr

AhSlrUt"l Irulls/aled hy ValL RCla ~;llIr.

Iran Namch. Vol. V

Zindiqs; (2) Etymology of the term; (3) The political connotations of the term in Islam; (4) The caliph"1 campaign against Zindiqism; and (5) Zindiqs of note.

The Zindiq Heresy

Early Islam *

by Turaj Taban

The author begins his article by writing "During the third Islamic century, when the cultural heritage of Greece was inundating the intellectual centers of Islam , a group of thinkers became so infatuated with the rationalities of

Hellenic philosophy that they appeared to have made a new discovery or thought they were on the verge of a new disco, cry. This group, which was also inOuenced by ancient Iranian thought, formed the free-thinking believers of the ' Abbasid period and were known collectively as Zlllllidiqa (Zind'qs).

"Zindiq" is an Iranian word borrowed from the Sasanid administrative apparatus ... " Taban then surveys the writings of scholars who studied the Zilldiqs and notes that exploration of the meaning of the term has been

hampered by distortions and invectives that enemies of Zindi"qism have inserted into the historical record. He \l.rtiles "In sectarian warfare. "zindiq" was certainly applied with malice. But in general one can say that whether by design or not. the term was used to label any form of theosophy and philosophy that did not recognize the shari'ut and the izadiriz as the ba~is of all belief." He adds '''ZindiiJ' was not applied with consistency at all times and in all places; hence not only were followers of Man,and Mazdak, philosphers, and logician> ZlIldiqs, but so were Rafiz,s and Mu'tazilites." It was also the case that those who accused others of Zindiqism could themselves be branded Zind'qs. Taban's article is divided into five parts: (I) Historical sources on

â&#x20AC;˘ Ahllrau

IrUfl}/cJ/t'ti

".1' Paul Sprachman.

Iran Namch. Vol. V

the way for their extension into cultural settings other than Western. But this theoretical adaptation must be performed very cautiously. There are. however, a number of successful pioneering works, such as those of Henri Corbin, that can function as tentative models.

The article concludes by pointing out to the continuity and relevance of the paradigmatic patterns of culture, concealed and embedded in such texts, from their traditional settings into modernity.

Man on the Crossroads of Past and Present: On the Necessity of the Hermeneutic Readings of Traditional Cultures in Modernity * by Hamid Dabashi

Cultures are constituted by persistent motifs of normative thought and behavior. In th eir traditional settings, these modalities of a legitimate, and legitimating, culture are manifested in content of cultures, organizational basis of social institutions, as well as in mores sanctified through a specific metaphysical world view. Other than these persistent loci of cultural ex pressions, c rit ical texts that have survived the test of time, are also the physical embod iments of thc supreme symbolics of a living tradition. Th is article is an attempt to demonstrate the historical necessity of the hermeneutic encounters with traditional cultures, through exegetical readings of texts and cri t ical analysis of moral demand systems. social institutions and their structure, as well as cultural mores, customs, a nd traditions. What has already been achieved in the various fields of cultural studies are mostly in the philological, historiographical. and texlUalanalysis. Although such studies have been quite crucial and necessary, they are not sufficient ends in themselves. What is also needed is interpretative and subjective understandings of the symbolic repertoire of these texts so that a comprehensive penetration into the general fabric of the culture becomes possible. Extensive theoretical works in the Hermeneutics, in its theological, philosophical, social scientific, and literary dimensions. already have paved

Ah:'lrorl tram/aiI'd III the author.

Iran Namch, VoL V

practice are works from the early Islamic era by such authors as Mas'udt, Harnzah Isfahanl, Firdawsl, etc. Sasanian audience ceremonies were held at

Taq-i Kasra (the palace of Chosroe I at Ctesiphon) as well as out in gardens, Two types of audiences were knov,'n: the general audience and the morc private, special audience. The fact that princes were schooled in audience

ceremonies testifies to their importance during the Sasanid period. Like so many of the Sas.nid customs adopted by the 'Abbiisids, the rites of royal audience were introduced to the caliphs' courts by Iranian Muslims . To describe the 'Abbasid version of these ceremonies, Motlagh draws on the writings of Gardizr, $abT, Nizam al-Mulk Tiisl, Abu al-Fa~l Bayhaq~ and Tabarl, and uses the exceptional audience 'A?ud al-Dawlah had with the caliph to illustrate them. He does not go into detail about Tiihirid bars, but uses Tiirlkh-i Sislan, Siyasal-Namah, Zayn al-Akhbar, Munij al-Dhahab, and Habib al-Siyar to present a detailed picture of the Saffiirid-era audiences. He likewise uses the traditional sources for details of Zlyarid and Sam.nid audiences and finds it noteworthy that the master of bar ceremonies became, at times, so powerful that he could occasionally depose a king and crown another in his place. As case in point of Buyid audience, Motlagh uses a description of Sam~am a\-Dawlah's court and contrasts these rites with those found among the 'Abbasid caliphs.

The Royal Audience in Iran *

Djalal Khaleghi Motlagh

This is t he first of a t\\o-part article on the practices involved in royal audiences (bar) in Iran from Achaemenian times to the Qajar period. Fou rteen illustration are included in the text of the article. The author writes that t he original meaning of bar was . . permission. leave" and that t he ceremonies of royal audience formalized the throning of the king and the admission of individua ls to the court. The bar ceremonies represent somt: of

the most important rites of Iranian statecraft; their permanence demonstrates the continuity of the culture of Iran , and their wide diffusion, the influence of that culture on the cultures of surrounding countries. In thIs issue of Iran Nameh, Motlagh SUTVC)S the practices of royal audiences at the Achaemenian, Parthian, Siisanian, 'Abbasid, Tiiherid, Saffarid, Sam.nid, Ziyarid. and Buyid courts. As artifacts of Achaemcnid ceremonies. the author used inscriptional evidence and Greek historians' descriptions of the hiir from the time of Daryush 1 (r. 521-485 b.c.) and Ardashir I (r. 465-425 b.c.). He notes the Iranian borro\\.ings from A~syrian and Egyptian cercmOI11CS and examines the special audiences given on such festive occasions as the equinoctial Now Ruz and the fall holiday Mihrigan. He also nOl es that, since the Parthian culture served as the medium through" hich Achaemenid customs reached the Sasanids, what can be said about the laller's bar also applies to th e Parthians. Sources of information about Sasanian court

â&#x20AC;˘ Ah!)lrUU lrulI..,Jutt'd

by Paul Sprachman.

Iran Nameh, Vol. V

thus should not be accepted without question. While the importance and value of the contributions of certain orientalists to our knowledge of preIslamic Iran and to the culture and history of the country after the Islamic conq uest is undenia ble, this does not change the fact that other orienta lists are

either mistaken in what they say or are biased. The author tries to disabuse those who accept the opinions of such orienta lists as gospel. He cites the example of orienta lists who used the improper "Arabic sciences" and, having

been confronted by many objections, adopted the term "Islamic sciences," which is just as wrong. The locus classicus of the title of the lead article is the fourteenth edition of The Encyclopaedia Britannica (1929) which rather than "Islamic" speaks of "Muhammadan" art, architecture, etc. This shows that certain orienta lists were attributing the art and architecture of the Muslims to their prophet, something which Muslims themselves never did. The imprecision of the term is further shown by the fact that under the category of Muhammadan art are also grouped works by Jews, Christians, Buddhists, etc. who lined "under Muhammadan patronage and in Muhammadan countries."Therefore, such subcategories as "Judeo-Muhammadan," "Christian Muhammadan," and "Buddhist Muhammadan" were created (cf. Sir Thomas W. Arnold, Painting in Islam, Oxford, 1928).

Muhammadan Art! *

by lalal Matini

The lead article in the present issue of Iran Nameh. is, in fact. another in a series of articles, such as "Islamic Art!" and "Arabic Sciences!", which were

published in previous issues and in which the author makes the following points: (I) The use of ethnic and religious affiilation to characteri/e such topics as art and science is the novel work of a group of orienta lists, unprecedented among Muslim authors, who have never used such terms to categorize their own art and science; (2) In addition to being exceptional. such characterizations do not rcally establish precise boundaries; hence European and American scholars have not characteriLcd two thousand years of art in

the West as "Christian;" (3) The use of such terms tends to obscure the Iranian contribution to the art!) and science~ and invests such Arabic-speaking national entities as Kuwait, Bahrein, Qatar, Yemen. Jibouti. Oman, Iraq, etc. (most of which can not trace their political existence beyond fifty years) with an unjustified cultural credibility; and (4) rhe coinage "Islamic art" is fundamentally at varience with religious teaching, for tile heading comprises mallers that are forbidden by Islam (save for the orientalists who claim that they are using "Islamic" in a novel way). The author's purpose in this article is to alert his fellow countrymen who have studied Iran and Islam in Western universities to the fact that the views of European and American scholars in the field are not always correct and

â&#x20AC;˘ Ahlfra('( Iram/ull't! hr Paul Sprachman.

FOUNDATION FOR IRANIAN STUDIES

D ISSERTATION PRIZE

The Foundation for Iranian Studies a nnounces a prize or $1000 for the best Ph.D. dissertatio n in the field o f Ira ni an Studies. All ::.tudcnts completing t heir dissertations be tween July I, In6 and July I, 1987 are eligib le to app ly fo rt he 1987 pn/c. Dissertations must be nominated by the a uthor's a d v i ~o r with a kucr 01 acceptance for the deg ree accompa nyi ng the

dissertation . Appl icants fo r the 1 9~n award sho uld subm it t wo cop ies or the dl::.s~rta l ion to: Secreta ry; F ou ndatio n ro r Ira nia n

Stud ies: 4343 Montgome ry Ave nue, Su ite 200; Bet hesda, M 0 2081 4. The deadline is A ugust I, 1987.

Contents

Iran Nameh Vo l. V. No.3, Spring 1987

Pers ian Articles Se lections

Book Reviews Communicat ions

English Abstract of Articles: Muhammadan Art' The Royal Audience in Ira n Man on the Crossroads of Past and Present... The Zindiq Heresy in Early Islam The Gorakhpur Ms. of the Dil'{lI1-i Haji:: The Tale of its Discovery and Publication Abstract of Selections:

lalal Malini Djalal Khaleghi MOllagh

19 21

Hamid Dahashi Tura) Taban

23 25

Na:ir Ahmad

The Persian songs of Abu Nuwas 'Abd ai-Rahman ' Imadi Creator and Resurrectio n in Khayyam 'Ali Dashti

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FOUNDIXTION FOR IRIXNIIXN STUDIE.:S

CJratV A Persian Journal of Iranian Studies

Muhammadan Art! lalal Matini The Royal Audience in Iran Djalal Khaleghi M otlagh Man on the Crossroads of Past and Present... Hamid Dabashi The Zindiq Heresy in Early Islam Turaj Taban The Gorakhpur Ms. of the Divan-i Hafiz: The Tale of its Discovery and Publication Nazir Ahmad Selections: The Persian Songs of Abu Nuwas 'Abd aI-Rahman 'lmadi Creator and Resurrection in Khayyam 'Ali Dashti Book Reviews Communications V ol.

v, No.3.

Spring 1987