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Book Review

meaning of a class designation, something like "commoner" or, perhaps, in the Iraqi, context, "peasant", as contrasted with an Arab knight or citizen. Morony knows this -- in his earlier book, Iraq a/rer rhe Muslim Conquesr (Princeton, 1984), he glosses "'ilj" as "a person of low social status" (p.S31) and as "a lower class person" (p. 184) -- which makes his present choice of the sometimes inappropriate equivalent "lout" puzzling. Similarly, Morony's consistent translation of qawm as "folk"sometimes leaves us wondering what the meaning of a particular passage is. Qawm sotnrimes means simply "a group a/people", bur at others means specifically "the enemy", and suggesting in rhe translation which nuance was intended by the author would have clarified some rather nebulous passages (e.g., on pp. 67-68). The phrase wa ma lana wa li-hadha [al-minbar] means not "it is not for us or for this pulpit", but "what have we to do with this pulpit?" (p. 102); cf. Wright, Arabic Grammer,ll. ISOC. The translation has very few misprints; several that I noted seem to imply that the publisher's copy-editors need to review the use of the apostrophe (e.g., p. 32, "he was it's governor. .. "; p. 43, "of their's"; p. 113, "when I heard it's roar. .. H). For the most part, however, these are but minor blemishes ina volume that generally meets high standards. It will doubtless find much use, and deserves a warm welcome. Fred M. Donner The Oriental Institute University 0/ Chicago

Iran Nameh. Vol. VI

the casual reader, is the fact that the book nowhere contains any key to the abbreviation codes used in some of the footnotes. evidently referring to various manuscripts of al-Tabari's text. Perhaps such a key has been provided in volume one of the series, to serve for the series asa whole, but since I did not have volume one at hand, it remains a mystery what "C", "Co", and "0" refer

to (presumably, "the text" refers to the text of the Leiden edition, and "Cairo" refers to the text of the Cairo edition). Another problem - with somewhat more momentous implications for the book's utility, however - is that the indexing appears to be erratic. While toponyms and personal names (including, I am glad to say, the names in isniids) are thoroughly indexed, for which we must be most grateful, the indexing of subjects is haphazard. For example, there is only one entry under "shurtah (police)," even though the shurtah is mentioned many times N

throughout the text; moreover, the non-Arabic reader, for whom a translation such as this is most obviously intended, could certainly expect at yet none is provided. In the least a cross-reference - "police, see shurtah H

any case, it might be well to register here my suggestion that the editorial board of the translation project arrange to have a thorough, comprehensive index of the complete series prepared, once all 38 volumes have appeared in print, to spare readers the need to sift through 38 separate indexes in search of a particular person, place, or subject. At that time, of course, the editors

should carefully consider what subject entries they wish to include in the index, and be certain that each volume is carefully searched for appropriate entries, rather than just relying on the existing subject entries in the index to

each volume, which, to judge from this example, may be quite deficient. Such a unified index would form a fitting capstone to this monumental project. It would guarantee that the translation series would be one of real utility, both to the non-specialist reader and to the serious researcher who, at present, has

no carefull subject index of ai-Tabar. to consult. Although the translation itself is quite accurate, a few details must be corrected. Occasionally, the translator seems to have chosen the wrong vocalization for a proper name: e.g., it is probably Talid b. Zayd, not Tulayd (p.51); l:Ia~j'ra , not l;Iu~ayra (pp. 50, 141); al-Mubarak, not al-Mubarik (p. 219); Zal>l>af, not Zul>l>af (pp. 100, 105); and perhaps Qurayb, not Qarib, although opinion appears divided on this (p.IOO) (but cf. al-Dhahabi's AIMushtabih Ii asmo' al-rijiil [Leiden,18631, p. 423). Note also Judhiim (not "l:Iudham,,), p. 130 In a few cases, I found Morony's selection of a particular English equivalent grating; for example, he consistently uses "lout" to render "'j./}". a word that frequently appears. This translation is suitable at times, particulary where 'jjj is being used as a pejorative, but in most cases it quite clearly has the

Book Reviews

Fred M. Donner

the History oj al- TabarT. vol. XVIII. Between Civil Wars: The Caliphate oj Mu'iiwiyah, translated and annotated by Michael G. Morony (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987) With the appearance of this volume, the massive project of translating the complete text of al-Tabaii's Ta 'rikh al-rusul wal-muliik draws one step closer to completion. Michael G. Morony, of the University of California, Los Angeles, has undertaken the arduous task of translating this section of the text, and is to be thanked for having provided us with an English version that is, in this reviewer's opinion, both quite readable and reasonably accurate. I was repeatedly impressed by Morony's ability to convert the often formal or stilted Arabic phrases, particularly in the passages of dialogue which abound in this text, into idiomatic English, while capturing the essential meaning of the phrases. A few passages of the translation, chosen at random and checked against the origina l text, confirm the general fidelity of the translation to the meaning of the original. Morony has carefully compared the original text of the Leiden edition with parallel passages in a large number of published sources, such as al-Baladhuri's Ansab al-ashriif, the Kitab al-aghiini. the Naqa'id of the poets Jarir and Farazdaq, Maydani's Amthal, etc. These parallels have clarified the meaning of many opaque spots in the text, and the translator is to be commended for his efforts in this direction, which help reduce the disadvantage imposed by the fact that there exists no truly critical edition of al-Tabari's text based on all the extant manuscripts. Morony has also provided the reader with a large number of concise, but generally very illuminating, explanatory glosses in the footnotes; these, too, add measurably to the ease with which one can read this translation. No translation can be perfect for all needs, of course, but this volume has the marks of a very reliable and serviceable one. There are, inevitably. some features that raise doubts or questions in the reader's mind. Perhaps most puzzling, although not of particular import for

Iran Nameh, Vol. VI

objective admiration of her work. However, there has been no lack of individuals, though insignificant by all norms, who, for obscure motives, have tried to discredit ParvIn and declare herfame undeserved. One of them went even so far as to write a book in 1977, that is 36 years after her death, to prove that she compleUy lacked in

intellectual capacity and that the well-known Divan has been composed by someone else. Some of her admirers, on the other hand, have started shrowding her memory in a web of romantic stories. Few others, carried by

revolutionary zeal of the last nine years , would like to present her as the voice of the suppressed masses, one of them even suggesting that she probably was killed by the old regime! The contribution first discusses these trends, and then carries a selection of tributes paid to Parvin by a number of outstanding Iranian scholars, including a poem by Bahar. A selection of her own poems closes this commemorative tribute.

Selections Parvin E'tesami Remembered* by Heshmat Moayyad

The 80th anniversary ofthe birth of the poetess Parvin E'tesami(March 16, 1907 - April 5, 1941) offers the occasion for a brief commemoration of her work and a glance at her image in Iranian's writings .••

Along with M.T. Bah;;r, Parvin assumes the highest rank among the traditional poets of Iran in this century. She composed 21 I poems of various lengths, mostly in mathnavi, qasida, and qi!,a forms. The substance of her poetry is didactic and moralising. She is critical of the social injustice prevailing in her country and expresses deepest sympathy for the poor and the helpless children. Characteristic of her style are the many fabIes and strife poems, mostly involving birds, flowers, and inanimate objects. No poet in the history of Persian literature has fared better and more penetrating in this genre.

The first edition of ParvIn's works, containing 158 poems, appeared in 1935 in only 1000 copies. Shortly after her death in 1941 the complete Divan was published in 3000 copies. It has gone through at least 8 printings since then, each time in a much larger number. In addition to these editions published by her brother, several other editions of the full text as well as selections have also appeared. ParvIn is one of the most popular poets of Iran in this century. Famous Iranians from Moh. Qazviili, Dehkhodii, and Bahar down to the younger scholars of today have all showered upon her words of praise and even wonder. Her flawless character has always added personal sympathy to • Abl'fract translated by the author .

•• For more see: A Nightingale's Lament. Selections from the poems and fables of Parvin E'tesami (1907-41). Mazda Publishers 1985. A new edition of her Divan with a new introduction and a bibliography, also published by Mazda Publishers, is due soon to appear.

Islamic Art and Architecture: the Necessity of Changing a Rubric * by Mehdi Burbur In the history of art and the profession of art connoisseurship. no term is as

poorly articulated as "Islamic Art and Architecture. " Despite this, the practice of using the adjective Islamic to classify art has generalized and produced such terms as "Islamic metalwork", "Islamic gardens", and "Islamic miniatures and painting." What makes the practice more alarming is that those who are aware of the problems created by such terms and their inappropriatness are among the worst offenders. Oleg Grabar in his The Formation of Islamic Art is forced to use "Jews Islamic Architecture" and "Christian Islamic Architecture." The author's article deals with his objections to this rubric .

â&#x20AC;˘ AhSIrU( '/ trUWi /UIt.'d hy Paul Sprachman .

WritinlS of Suhrawardi ...

correspondence of Yusuf, Ya'qiib, and Zulaykha to the three-fold divisions of Intellect, i.e., Beauty, Sorrow, and Love respectively, and compares Avicenna's (Ibn Sinal Risalat al-'ishq (treatise on love) with the Munis al路ushshaq.

The Best of Tales in the Persian Writings of Suhrawardi

(Abu al-Futub Shihilb ai-Din Suhrawardi, 1155-91) by

Zhaleh Mahmoud

After briefly writing ab out Suhrawardi the mao , the author introduces his school of illuminatist philosophy (lfikmGl-i-ishriiq) and discuss its two bases: Peripatetic Philosophy and "presential" knowledge (H. Corbin's term) that comes as intuition after enlightenment. In explaining the name of his philosophy Suhrawardi says "it is illuminated from the east where the sun rises, the Orient," where the pre-Islamic Persian sages developed their philosophy of the light-of-Glory. Ifikmat-i ishriiq, then represents an amalgam of ancient Persian philosophy and the gnostic and theosophical systems of Islam. Understanding of this amalgam comes only through an appreciation of truths of the human soul and the hermeneutics of human existence. Suhrawardi's method of conveying those truths is filled with parables and mysteries, the understanding of which is impossible unless the individual has mastered the method of interpretation used by the people of the East. For this reason, in mystical literature one is confronted by many tales and parables; Suhrawarditurns old stories into such tales and parables in indicating the various levels of understanding attained by seekers enlightenment. In this essay, the author examines Suhrawardi's treatise called. Frl)aqTqal

al-'ishq (on the truth of love) or Munis al-'ushshiiq(the lovers' companion), in which he offers an artful and inspired refashioning of the ancient tale ofYusuf

and Zulaykha. To demonstrate how Suhrawardi refashioned the tale, the author compares his version to that found in the Torah, Quran and its exegesis, and in other works of Persian literature. She also discusses the question of the Perfect Man in Suhrawardi's tales, and points out the â&#x20AC;˘ A bstruc'/ Ira1lslutf!d

by Paul Sprachman.

Persian Loanwords ...

versed in Persian, the impact of the Persian language and literature on Uzbek is still evident. It is then not surprising that there is an abundance of Persian words in contemporary Uzbek. Various types of borrowings including Persian loanwords and loanblends in Uzbek are presented in this article. In the analysis of these words some of the phonetic and semantic modification of expressions include: 1) words with minor or no phonetic and semantic alterations; 2) semantically similar. phonetically altered words; 3) semantically altered words; 4) phonetically and semantically altered words; 5) grammatically altered words; 6) Persian words with Uzbek affixes; 7) Uzbek words with Persian affixes: 8) compounds with Persian and Uzbek free morphemes. The article ends with a list of common Persian names used by Uzbeks today. Some of the categories include toponyms, historical sites, residential districts, and personal names. Marashi observes that the existence of thousands of Persian linguistic elements in contemporary Uzbek and the compounding of a lexicon of the two languages indicate how much of a stronghold the Persian language has in the region. Today in Uzbekestan the native language of the people is Uzbek and the language of science, industry, politics, and administration is Russian. However, the educated people make an effort to learn the language of Riidaki, Khayyam, Rumi, Jami, and Fani, and once they have mastered it, they embrace it.

Persian Loanwords in Uzbek* by Mehdi Mar'ashi

The Persian and Uzbek linguistic data reported in this article were collected by Mehdi Marashi during his four-month Fulbright lecturing/ research assignment at the college of Oriental Studies, Tashkent State University in the spring semester of 1984-85. The primary sources of the data include native speakers of Uzbek at the Persian department of the University, and local broadcasting programs of radio and television. Being closely associated with the faculty and students at the college, the writer had the advantage of personally discussing and verifying the data in determining the phonetic and semantic modification of the Persian expressions used in Uzbek.

The analysis of the linguistic data is prefaced by an historical overview of the influence of the Persian language and literture in Central Asia. In preIslamic times, the Bactrians. Sogdians and Khwarazmians. who were all of Persian origin, left traces in the region long before the Turkic-speaking peoples of Mongol, Tartar, and Uzbek extractions settled in central Asia. In post-Islamic times, cultural relations between Iran and central Asia expanded tremendously. During this period, the first great Persian Language poets and scholars emerged from cultural centers of Samarqand, Bukhara, Marv, Rudak, Balkh, etc. The Samanids created a renaissance in Persian poetry and letters which had stagnated for two centuries after the Arab invasion. After the Samanids' defeat (999 A.D.), Iran and Central Asia fell in the hands of rulers who were all of turkic origin. Despite this, Persian language and poetry blossomed and reached perfection in Bukhara. Samarqand, and other cities

and villages of the region. Persian continued to be the common literary language of Iran and T ransoxania up to the Safavid era. In the second half of the fifteenth century, Chaghatay literature began to develop in that region. However, since Uzbek literature was first created by those who were well " Abstract (rul/l /med by the author.

Contents

Iran Nameh Vol. VI, No. I, Autumn 1987

Persian Articles Selections Book Reviews Communications

English Abstra路ct of Articles: "K ush" or "Gush"? The Royal Audience in Iran (2) Persian Loanwords in Uzbek The Best of Tales in the Persian Writings of Suhrawardi

lalal Matini Djalal Khaleghi MOllagh Mehdi Mar'ashi

Zhaleh Mahmoud

Islamic Art and Architecture:

the Necessity of changing a Rubric

Mehdi Burbur

Heshmat Moayyad

Selections: Parvin E'tesamt Remembered

Book Reviews: The History of 01- Tabar;' Vol. XVIII translated and annotated by Michael G. Morony

Fred M. Donner II

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IRI\NII\N STUDIE:S

araft) A Pers ian Journal of Iranian Studies

"Kush" or "Gush",? lalal Matini The Royal Audience in Iran (2) pia/a/ Kha/eghi Mot/agh Persian Loanwords in Uzbek Mehdi Mar'ashi The Best of Tales in the Persian Writings of Suhrawardi' -

Zha/eh Mahm oud Islamic Art and Architecture: the ecessity of changing a Rubric Mehdi Burbur Se lections: Parvin E'tesiiml Remembered Heshmat Moa,l',I'ad Book Reviews: The Hist ory o/al-TabarT. Vol. XVIII Fred M. Donner

Vo l. VI. No. I. Autum n 1987