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Ana Orientalia 3: 1-37. 6. Javadi, H. (1985). Ethics o/the Ari~lOcrat.\ alUl Other Satirical ~V()r4~. Berkeley: Jahan Press. 7. LidLbarski. M. (1918). "Ein Desideratum," Der hlam 8:300-301. 8. Nicholson, R.A. (1953). A Lilnary HislOry of n,l' Arabs. Cambridge: UniverSIty Press. 9. Owen, CA. (1934). "Arabian Wit and Wisdom from Abu S.t'id al-Abi's Kitah Nathr a/Durar," J ournal of tIll' Americoll Orier/wl So('/('tl'. 54:3:240-275. 10. Pauli, Johannes. (1924) Schimpf lUul Ern!>t. cd. Johannes Bolte. Berlin. 2 volumes. II. Pcnzer. 1\. M . (1923). The On;'011 ofStory: Belll[: C II. TallfU'.I".\ Fram/afion oj Soma D{'l"O's KallIO Sri/ Sagara. London 10 volumes. 12. Reschcr, O. (1925). "Einigc Bcmcrkungcn IU Arthur Christcn!;cns Arbeitcn auf dcm Gebiete der pcrsischen folklore," Dn hllllll 14: 151-154. 13. (1925 a). "Zu Artur Christensens 'Remarques sur les faceties de 'Ubeid-i-Zakani 路... Der /slam 14:401-402. 14. Rotunda, D.P. (1942). MOJiJ~/ndex ofrhl' /taliun Novella ill Prose. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 15. Rosenthal. Fran ... (1956). /lull/or in hlall/. LClden: Brill. 16. Van Ess. Josef. (1979). "Anekdotcn urn 'A~udaddin al-igi," Oil' I.I/"III;.I("he Welt LlI'isclien MiHelalln unci Nt'u:eit cd. P . Bachman. BeIrut : pp. 126-132.

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Iran i'\amch. Vol. VI

Scorpion an its claws-can already be found in cuneiform sources (F. GossmHnn. Planetarium Babylonicum. No. 176). An interesting parallel to

the Arabic designation of the Pleiades as "the constellation" (an-nagm) can be ~een in the cuneiform writing for Pk:iad~~ which ~il11ply means "Stars" without further qualification. However, the constellation name was probably

read differently in later Babylonian times. Occasionally Strohmaier also give~ explanations of Arabic constellation names. especially in those cases where they differ from the ones known in the West. In this way all kinds of interesting details about constellations which

would be hard to find in a single other book become available to a general public. for whom this book is obviously intended. The light style of the presentation may contribute to its enjoyment by interested readers who are not specialists in the subject. The color illustrations are well printed. and the author is to be congratulated on this handsome book.

Hermann Hunger University of Vienna

Book Reviews Hermann Hunger

Die Sterne des abd-ar-Rahman as-Suji Gotthard Strohmaier, Gustav Kiepenheuer Verlag, Leipzig und Weimar, 1984. 112 pp., numerous illustrations.

The purpose of this book is the publication of 48 constellation pictures contained in the illuminated manuscript II 141 of the Forschungsbibliothek Gotha. This manuscript is part of a tradition going back to a description of the constellations accompanied by pictures by 'Abd-ar-Rahmiin a~-Sufi written in the second half of the 10th century A.D. When Islamic astronomical literature was translated in Spain and become known in

mediaeval Europe. only the pictures from a~-~ufi's work were transmitted; so

far no Latin translation of it has been found. Instead of a text, the European manuscripts just add the coordinates of the stars contained in a~-~ufi's constellations; these coordinates are taken from Ptolemy's Almagest and

adjusted to the time of a~-~ufi. Closely related manuscripts, which most likely were produced by the same workshop, are known from several libraries; they have been discussed by P. Kunitzsch, ZDMG 115,65 fr. Strohmaier publishes only the pictures from the Gotha manuscripts; including the star coordinates would have made little sense, as they do not

apply to our times any morc, and are anyway simply derived from Ptolemy. In order to provide some context for the pictures, Strohmaier tells selected stories from Greek mythology which were connected with the constellations. Many of these stories were invented only when Oriental constellations found their way to Greece. They try to explain a given constellation picture with a new context taken from Greek mythology. Some of these stories therefore were of an obvious artificial character. The ancient Oriental origin of some of the constellations is several times mentioned by Strohmaier. The dual attribution of stars of Libra-either to a separate constellation Libra or to the

Selections Âˇ

The selections chosen for this issue of Iran Narneh in fact complement its lead article. To show that FarsI. Dar;; and Ttijik are not three different languages, ten excerpts of poetry from contemporary poets of Iran, poetry and other writings of Afghan authors, and samples from contemporary Tiijik poetry are presented. Also, closing the section, isa Tajik poem written in two scripts: Cyrillic, the official script for the language, and Arabo-Persian. Though this poem was the work of a Persian poet, it was identified as 'Tajik" .

â&#x20AC;˘ AhHf(l('/ /I'(/II.\/a/(' (/ hy Paul Sprachman .

Historical Documents: British Policy on Iran'

After the allied occupation of Iran in August 1941, and Britain's forcing of Relli Shah into exile in South Africa, the British were criticized within Iran. As a response to this criticism the British radio (evidently B.B.C.) on November 5, 1941 directed a broadcast to the people of Iran which was later published as a document by the British embassy in the Persian press. The apparent source of this document was the British Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The document gives an explicit account of British policy vis a vis Iran. Essentially the British stated that whenever their vital interests were threatened, they had the right to use any weapon at their command to defend those interests. The full text of this document is printed in the Persian section of this journal and was taken from Mostafa Fiiteh, Panjiih Sal Naft-e-Iran (Fifty years of Iranian Oil), Tehran 1335, pp. 467-469 .

•••

This section also points out that the problem is not limited to Britain nor to these few episodes of foreign intervention in Iran, rather the historical record indicates that whenever any of the great powers, during the last sixty or seventy years, felt that their vital interests were at risk, their behavior toward Iran became similar to that of Britain .

• Alwrarl Iromlou'd by Paul Sprachman.

Iran Nameh, Vol. VI

to verbal abstracts and nomina actionis, denominative nouns, diminutive and

similar suffixes, nomina agentis and participles. There are tables which show schematically which suffixes may be joined to bases of a certain kind (e.g. adjective, verbal stem, etc.), and also the combinations of several suffixes

which are attested (e.g. -a~cii- + -illaa-, but not -Tnaa + -ii~Cti- ). Last but not least, there is a list of suffixes traceable inside Khotanese, even if they are no longer productive.

The study of suffixes is essential to the interpretation of Khotanese literature. It also sheds light on translation technique, since in translations from Indian languages, compounds are very often analyzed and each part translated, and suffixes are employed to express the relationship of the compound parts.

Note: I) Saka Grammatico/ Studies. (London Oriental Series. 20). London 1968; The VOlI'e/ Phonemes 0/ Khotallese. Laurgeschichte und Etym%gie, ed. by M. Mayrhofer, Wiesbaden 1980, 166-172; The Consonant phonemes of Khotanese. Acta /raniea 21, 1981, 185-209.

Khotanische Suffixe * by Almuth Degener The fourth reccpicnt of Foundation for Iranian SlUdies' annual award for the best Ph.D. dissertation in the field of Iranian studies was Almuth Degener. She received the 1987 pritc for her work entitled "K hotanischc Surtixc", submitted to the "Seminar fur Gcschichte and Kultur des Vordcren Orients" at U niYcrsily of Hamburg in West Germany. The following i!> an abstract of the dissertation prepared by the author.

Khotanese is the easternmost East Middle Iranian language known to us. While its morphology and phonology were extensively studied by R. E. Emmerick', nominal suffixes have hardly found the attention they deserve. This is all the more regrettable as suffix derivation is the primary means of forming new words in Khotanese. The importance for Iranian stud ies of research on suffixes has been amply demonstrated by p.Horn (New Persian. in Grundi 8 der Iranisehell Philologie. 1,2), I. Gershevitch (A Grammar of Mallicheall Sogdian, Oxford 1954), V.I Abaev (A Grammalieal Skeleh of

Ossnie, The Hague 1964) and others, and it is hoped that this study will help to fill a gap. There are nearly 60 productive nominal suffixes to be found in Old and Late Khotanese texts. Each suffix is brieOy described, taking account of- as far as possible- rules of suffixation, function, etymology, and in some cases points of syntax. A list is given of all evident derivations of the suffixes in question which have been found. All examples are furnished with translations into German or English and full references to the text-loci. Suffixes are interesting on several counts.

the introductory part of the

book is intended both as a summary of the results of the investigation and to point out the relevance of suffix classification to morphology, semantics and syntax. In order to define "s uffix derivation" as understood here, a contrast is

made with composition as the other main type of forming syntagmas. A glossary explains terms used in a technical sense. Short sections are devoted

Sharafmlmah-ye Shflhi* by Sultan Hussein Sanandaji This article is about the manuscript of Shara/niimah-ye Shiih~ kept in the British Museum, which Charles Rieu in the slipplemel1l o/Ihe catalogue 0/ rhe Persian Manuscripts in the British Museum , London 1895, and Hermann Ethe in the Catalogue of Persian Manuscrlj)(S ;n the Library of the India Ojjice, Oxford 1903, had both mistakenly called "Abdallah Namah". Mr. Sanandaji offers his opinion about the name of the book's author and then discusses its contents. The alllh o, Ill' the book had intcn ch::d to arrange his book in an introduction(muqaddima),two parts Vl1aqala), and a closing section (kholima). Ethe clearly, though briefly. testifies to the existence of the second part. He even quotes a sentence from it. And yet, in his description of the Ms. , Rieu states that "it is not clear whether the second part of the book wa s ever wriuen But in his examination of a Ms. called "Tarikh-e Ismail" ( Calalogue 0/ Pers. Mss. illlhe Lib. 0/ Ihe India Office, vol.l, c01.214, NO,536)Mr. Sanandaji has found that, in addition to a section from Shara/Iliimah-ye Shiihicopied by the same scribe who also copied the British M llseum Ms., it contains a part of the second volume of that book copied by the same hand as well. It perfectly corresponds to the description given by Ethe. The author practically meant to write his history in 2 volumes which he initially called maqola. The first volume (maqiila) with the introduction is extant. Of the second volume plus the kharima only a section has survived. At the end. the author explains the circumstances which led Abdallah Khan to attack and plunder Harat and massacre its inhabitants , based on information provided by the scribe of the British Museum Ms. who was himself an eyewittness to the events. Mr. Sanandaji also offers useful information about the lkhtiyar al- DTn stronghold of Hanlt, and on Mir Qulbiiba Kukaltash , a minister at the court of the Uzbek 'Abdalhih Khan . H

â&#x20AC;˘

â&#x20AC;˘ AhMfllCI tram/all'll hy the author.

The Rise of Ferdowsi and his Hekmat* by H. Farhudi

The author briefly reviews the social, economic, a nd political conditions in Iran during the first two or three centuries after the Muslim invasion and Arab domination of the country. He discusses the revival of the Persian spirit during that time. especially interest in the history and myths of pre-Islamic Iran. He cites the writing of Shlihniimas as one of the manifestations of that spirit. The author finds this spirit to capture the glory of Iran's pre-Islamic past very strong in the environment that gave birth to Ferdowsi who felt that it was his duty to devote his life to writing a Shahnoma. Farhudi then turns to Ferdowsi, the Hakim. one endowed with Hekmat. He discusses the various connotations of the term hakim and indicates that I ranians have applied it to only a few of their poets. He speaks of Ferdowsi's ethic or collected wisdom and morality which appear in the epic and, at the end of his article, treats the concepts of justice and righteousness in Ferdowsi's philosophy .

â&#x20AC;˘ Ah.'JIrW 'f trum/u(('d by Paul Sprachman.

Iran Namch. Vol. VI

textual tradition by scholars trained or interested in the science of Folklore can place these texts in their proper historical context. To achieve this end, we as lcxtualisls. should overcome our foolish bias against the oral tradition and should look not exclusively at the text. but also its social and historical contexts as revealed by the folklore data. Otherwise we shall for ever linger in this one-sided and silly frame of mind which leads us to undcrutililation of the data and therefore to underanalysis of the texts which we attempt to study.

- Notes on 'Ubeyd-l. Zakam's Jokes *

by Mahmoud Omidsalar

This paper is a preliminary report on the present author's translation into English and annotation of the jokes of the 14th century Persian writer and poet 'Ubeyd-i Ziikiini(d. circa 772 ( 1370). Through a study of some of the jokes and anecdotes of'Ubeyd, chosen at random from hisRisiila-yi Dilgu!:a, the following points are demonstrated: I. Contrary to the belief of many authorities, 'Ubeyd is not the creafOr of these tales but merely a IranSl1lillor of them. This point is alluded to by 'Ubeyd himself in the short introduction 10 the Risala. 2. It can be demonstrated that virtually all of these tales had appeared in the works of authors, both Arab and Persian, centuries before 'Ubeyd. In this article, early classical Arabic texts are utilized morc often than classical Persian texts, because Arabic literature has a more ancient literary tradition than the Nell' Persian literature. 3. An attempt is made to acknowledge the great debt of the Persian literature to the textual tradition of the Arab cultures. A debt, quite often ignored by Persian scholars as a result of racial prejudice. or ethnocenteristic tendencies. 4. The paper further argues that much if not the bulk of the tales which are found in both Arabic and Persian belles iellres is no more than literary renditions of the existing oral tradition of these cultures at the time of the composition of the texts. This I hasten to add, does not mean that there are no oral tales which can be traced to a written source. I only mean that the number of such tales is so small in comparison to the totality of tales with a textual variant that they should be treated as exceptional cases. 5. There still exists in the discipline of Middle Eastern Studies, a silly bias in favor of the written word and against the oral tradition which often leads to inaccurate analysis of the literary monuments. Only a careful study of the â&#x20AC;˘ Ah!Jlracl Iralls/all'd by Ille aullwr.

Babr-i Bayan: Varieties of InvulnerabilityÂˇ by DjaJaJ KhaJeghi MotJagh

In this two-part article, the author treats the extent of invulnerability to physical harm displayed by some of the heroes of epic literature. He also speaks of the immortal beings found in the myths of Semitic and Iranian peoples. He then discusses the development of the invulnerability of the body of the individual hero to the invulnerability of a part of his armor or his weaponry. Among t ho in vulnerable garments mentioned by Khaleghi Motlagh is Rostam's Babr-i llayiin or Palangina which is found in Ferdowsi's ShlIhnama as well as in other works that came after it, such as Babr-I Bayan, a 414 line Persian epic. According to the author's research, but for the name, the garment made for Rostam to give him invulnerability--even taking the exaggeration of the traditional epic into account--has nothing to do with a Babr or "tiger". The qualities allributed to the animal from which the pelt was taken conform more to those of a mythical "dragon" or "snake" (a:hdahii). He lhen compares the fable of the Persian Babr-e Bayan to one found among the Mandaians, which is a descendant of the lallcr and which the 19th-century orienta list H. Petermann (Reisen im Orient) published after returning from a trip to the East. The difference between the two is that in the Mandaian version, the coat of mail is made from an a:hdaha.

â&#x20AC;˘ Ah.\"/rtu '/ Ir(J1I.1'Ia//'d

hy Paul Sprachman.

On Fan.i. Ihe Language

language of their own countries, thus pretending that there are three different

languages in use in the three nations. Finally, the author ends on a note of hope, saying that in all of the U.S. universities where Persian is taught, the language is called "Persian." He suggests that in order to distinguish between the various dialects of Persian as used in the three nations, the word "Persian" be used to designate the language

as used in Iran and "Afghan Persian" and "Tajik Persian" to refer to the language as used in Afghanistan and Tajikistan. This would be in keeping with customary usage in similar cases, such as English and French.

Iran fliamch. Vol. VI

beyond the linguistic horizon. 3) To speakers of this language, Persian has been known as Farslor Parsiand only rarely has it been referred to as either Ptirsi-ye Darlor DariSince the third century A. H. I ninth A. 0.4) It has been known among all English speaking Persianists and Iranists until a few years ago as "Persian" and by equivalent names in other European languages. After this introduction, Matini links the use of "Farsi" for "Persian" with attempts in recent decades to rename parts of Iran. This toponymic

conspiracy includes the naming of Iran north of the Aras "Azerbaijan" by the Soviet Union, the renaming of Khuzestan "Arabistan" by Iraq, the usc of the "Arabian Gulf" for the Persian Gulf on the part of Arab countries and many western nations, and use of the "Islamic Art" forthe Persian Art on the part of

some orienta lists and art specialists. According to Matini, one cannot understand the policy behind the renamimg of Persian in English without properly considering what was happend liguistically during the last fifty or sixty years in Afghanistan and Tajikistan. He cites evidence from works produced in Afghanistan and Tajikistan before this period showing that this language was invariably referred to as Farsi in those Areas while in English the same language was without exception called "Persian." However in Afghanistan, the language has been renamed "Dar!" and in Tajikistan "Tajik" and not only are recent writings in Persian in those Areas called by those names, but so is the entire corpus of Persian literature from the third Islamic century onward. They continue to refer to the same language when spoken within the frontieres of Iran as FarsI. Because these distinctions are not based on sound linguistic principles, discrepancies appear in the writings of those who concern themselves with such subjects. For example, in Soviet Tajikistan the works of two Iranian poets who ned to the Soviet Union, Lahutiand Zhala, are called "Tajik," whereas in a textbook written in Soviet Azerbaijan, Lahuti and Zh51a are known as FarsI authors. Other discrepencies are found in the Persian curricula of universities in Afghanistan, Soviet Uzebek, and Soviet Tajikistan, where Farsi. Dar~ and Tilj7k are considered seperate specialities. It appears that the liguistic policy practiced in Afghanistan and Soviet Union is designed to make school students think that the language they speak and write differs from that found in Iran. Matini points out that in recent years some orienta lists and western teachers of Persian have used the newly coined word Farsi in their writings and lectures. The editors of the 1985 edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica have also felt it necessary to add the following reference: "FtirslLanguagc "see Persian Language and under "Persian Language" have added "also called Fa-rsT. .. " This indirectly supportS the position of Afghanistan and Soviet Tajikistan who use FtirsTto refer to the official language of Iran, and use Darl and Tajtk to designate the same language when referring to the national

On Farsi, the Language * by lalal Matini

In the lead article of this issue of /roll Nameh, Matini explains why he objects to the substitution of the phrase ''Farsi Language" for "Persian Language" in recent English Language writings.

First he outlines four general categorizations that apply to the languages of the world and then applies these categorizations to Persian during the Islamic period. These four include: I) the division of the languages into "dead" and "living"; 2) the speakers of living languages are at times confined to one country or part of a country. at other times they live in several countries where

their language is recognized as the official Language; 3) in each of the instances where the language is recognized as the official one, that language is

known by one name, e.g. , English. To distinguish among the various dialects of these languages, such adjectives as "American," "British," and "Australian" are used; and 4) in many cases the names used by natives of the country to

designate their countries and the names of their languages differ from those used by foreigners: e.g., the Japanese call their country Nihon or Nippon and their language Nippongo. With these categorizations in mind, we can say that I) persian is one of the living languages. 2) It is the official language of Iran

and Afghanistan, and in the Soviet Tajikistan a local language; however until fifty or sixty years ago, it was the official or second language of the Subcontinent, Transoxiana, Central Asia, north of the Aras [present-day Soviet Azerbaijan), and Asia Minor [present-day Turkey). It was supplanted as the official language in British India by English and in the north of Aras, Transoxiana, and Central Asia by Russian after the formation of the Soviet Union, where, except in Tajikistan, it fell into disuse. In Turkey, after World War II and after the change of the alphabet from the Arabic alphabet to a European one, and with the emphasis on Pan-Turkism, Persian was driven â&#x20AC;˘ Ah!>tr(J("

/r(lI/ .d(J{et/

hy Paul Spntchman.

FOUNDATION FOR IRANIAN STUDIES

DISSERTATION PRIZE

The Foundation for Iranian Studies announces a prize of $1000 for the best Ph.D . dissertation in the fie ld of Iranian studies. All students completing their dissertations between July 1, 1987 and July 1, 1988 are eligible to apply for the 1988 prize. Dissertations must be nominated by the author's advisor with a letter of acceptance for the degree accompanying the dissertation. Applicants for the 1988 award should submit two copies of the dissertation to: Secretary: Foundation for Iranian Studies; 4343 Montgomery Avenue, Suite 200, Bethesda, MD 20B14. The deadline is August 1, 1988.

Contents

Iran Nameh Vol. VI, No.2, Winter 1988

Persian Articles

17J

Historical Documents

283

Selections

288

Book Reviews

327

Communications

344

English Abstract of Articles:

On Farsi, the Language Babr-i Bayan: Varieties of Invulnerability

Notes on 'Ubeyd-i Zakani's Jokes The Rise of Ferdowsi and his Hekmal Sharafnamah-ye Shahl

lalal Malin;

Djalal Khaleghi MOllagh

Mahmoud Ornidsalar H. Farhudi Sultan Hussein Sanandaj;

19 21

••• Khotanische Suffixe

AlmUlh Degener

Historical Documents: British Policy on Iran

Selections: Farsi, Dari, and Tiijik

Book Reviews: Die Sterne des abd -ar-Rahman as-Sufi

Hermann Hunger

lditor: J.ll ..1I Maun l

A I'er.\ian Journal of Iranian

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IRt:\NIt:\N STUDIE:S

Oraft)A Persian Journal of Iran ian Stud ies

On Farsi, the Language lalal Matini Babr-i Bayan: Varieties of Invu lnerabi lity Djalal Khaleghi M otlagh Notes on 'Ubeyd -i Ziikiirii's Jokes Mahm oud Om idsalar The Rise of Ferdowsi and his Hekmat H. Farhucli Sharafnamah-ye Shahi Sultan Hussein Sanandaji

***

Khotanische Suffixe Almuth Degener Historical Documents: British Po licy on Iran Selections: Farsi, Dari, and Taj ik Book Reviews: Die Slerne des abel-ar-Rahman as-Sufi Hermann Hunger Vol: VI. No.2. Wint e r 1988