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"Chroruque de Josue le Stylite. icrite vers I'an 5 IS" lexte et tract parl'bbe P. Martin. in: Abhandlungen for die Kunde des Morgen/andes. herausgegeben von der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft. VI / I. 1876. 4l . Joshua: IX-XI, p. 7-9. 44. Ibid, XIX. p. 12- 13.

45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52.

Ibid. Xx, p. Il. Ibid, XXI, p. 14. Ibid, XXJI, p. 14. Ibid, XXJI-XXIll, p. 14-15. Ibid, XXJV, p. 15-16. Ibid, XLVllff, p. 36ff. Procopius: It iii; pp . 13-21. Ibid, I, iv: pp. 21-31.

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Agathias: IV, xxx, 5; p. 134. 53. Procopius: I, v, 1-2; p. 31-33. 54. Ibid, I,v. l-7; p. 33-l5 .

.J')./ t/;4.lY 1.S~t. ~ ~ J .l.JJT V- ~I) wlJ.;j .A.;.l r.,Sj!J.l wl;....b <.J"~~,JJ! ~1.J.) 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63.

Ibid, Ibid, Ibid, Ibid, Ibid, Ibid, Ibid. Ibid, Ibid.

I, vi, 19; p. 49. I, vii-x; pp. 49-83. I, xi, 6; p. 85. I, xi, 25 ; p. 91. I, xi, 31-37; p. 93-95. I, xii, 1-4; p.95-97. I, xiii, Iff; pp. 10lff. I, xxi, 21; p.20 I. I, .xxi, 22; p. 202.

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64. Agalhias: IV, xxx, 4; p. 134. 65. Ibid. IV, xxvii, 6-7-; p. 130.

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73. Yarshater: p. 993. 74. Joshua: V. p.5; XLVff, pp. 34ff. 75. Ibid. XLVIII, p. 37. wf ~.J~flJ~./t~"";-iu...J~.s- ~L5 'c.s'"'!..IiISt...,",=",,1;;) :~""";if/.~IJ~~G ~ .(w "-'" '~.J ~~) lA.)I."!JJ ~.J'.l.AL!.J ,J.i?!

76. 77. 78. 79. 80.

Yarshater: p. Ibitkm. Procopius: I. Yarshater: p. Procopius: I.

1021. vi.9: p. 45-47. 1021. v,l; p. 30.

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- Agathias: The Histon"es. trans. by J . D . Frendo. Berlin - New York.. 1975 (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae. Vol. II A).

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AI-Tha'alibi: Hislaire des rais des Perses. ed. et trad. par H. Zotenberg, Paris, Imprimerie National, 1900. . \At! .&.4'> •.lIIy.! .;.;f" ~ .1,,;<jIJ ~)~I.$;'..r- tp • •.JIrV' ;.;->-Hamzae Ispahanesis: Anna/ium. ed.1. M. E. Gottwaldt. Leipzig, 1848.

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Geschichle der Perser und Araber rur Zeil der Sasanilkn. Leyden, Brill. 1879.

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Yarshater.

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in: The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 3 (2), 1983.

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Ernst Kuhnel, Min;olurmalerei im islamischen Orient, Berlin. 1922. p. 9ff.; Sir Thomas W. Arnold, Painting in Islam. Oxford, 1928, p. 133 cr.; Roger Fry, "'Persian Art" in Persian Art. edt by E. Denisson Ross, London, 1930. pp. 25--37; L. Binyon. "'Painting". ibid., p. 72: L. Binyon, J. V. S. Wil,k inson and B. Gray, Persian Minta/ure Painting. London. 1933, pp. 4-15. 83,92, 110. IS3!f. : A . Survey oj Persian Art. ed. by A. U. Pope. London and New York. 1938-39: see the subject index compiled by Th. Besterman. 19S8: and particularly Vol. II, pp. 1258ff., 1930: Vol. III. pp. 185Off., 1911-20; R . P. Wilson, Islamic An. New York.. 1957, pp. 7-11: Arthur Lane. Early Islamic POllery, 4th ed., London, 1958, pp. 18, 30-31 . 40-42.46-48; O. Grabar. '"1ntroduction.... Catalougue of the exhibition of Persian Art Before and After the Mongol Conquest. Ann Arbor. 1959; Ernst KuhneL Persische Miniaturmalerei, Berlin. 1959. pp. 17-18: Basil Gray. Persian Paiming. Skira. 1961. pp. IS. II(}' II 2. ~\,;\,i;J\:TJ.l~J ,~liT.J\:T.J.l~.xS ~ I~JI..L.,,&.o...;.-5" u'1/.1 ~ ~lrL!. .l.J>".J.l ..:...~")I...J.:I . ,. ,~..t.iJ.J ~>\,; tf ..:..Ui-")I... J~Jt"! l,.1 . ~~ ~.l,;1 \Sjl,...~J.l} ~ \Sh.~.Y ".s~~!JJ.l ;1 ~ J ~Ir\,;

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3. louis Massignon. '1...es methodes de la realisation anistiques des peuples de 11slam .... Syria, 2. (1921) pp. 47-53, 149-160. 4. Richard Ettinghausen. "The Character of Islamic Art", in The Arab Heritage. ed. by N. A. Faris. Princeton University Press, New Jersey. 1946. pp. 251-267.

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Mehmet Aga-Oglu. '"Remarks on the Character of Islamic Art"', The Art Bulletin Vol. XXXVI. 3 (September 1954). 6. A. 1. Arberry, Immortal Rose. an Anthology of Persian .Lyrics. London. 1948, pp. vi-vii. 7. E. G. Browne. Literary His tory of Persia. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. 1928 (4th printing). p. 17.

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Content Iran Nameh VoI.VIII , No. I, Winter 1990

Persian: Articles Selection Book Reviews Communications

125 130

167

English: Abstracts of Articles: The Tale of Mazdak and Qoblid Revisited . Homiiyiin FiiltIdpiir, Hiiyede Rab!,i Introduction to AS/iir Mehdi UiI'eri Yazdi Some Common Characteristics of Persian Poetry and Art Ehsan Yarshater The Birth of. Photography in Iran And the First Photographers Chahryiir Adle Vision, Illuminationist Methodology and Poetic Language of SUhrwardi's Philosophy of Illumination l!ossein Zid'; An Interpretation of Alchiindz.ide's Writing Farzin Yazdiin/ar

I .

3 6 8

Hazar Vazhah Persian Word Frequency Based on Research Conducted in Iran, 1972-1977

Research Supervisor

Lily Ayman (Ahy)

Published by Foundation for Iranian Studies

$10.00

Send check or money order to: Foundation for Iranian Studies 4343 Montgomery Ave., Suite 200 Bethesda, MD 20814, U.S.A.

The Tale of Mazdak and Qobad Revisited Homayiin Fiiladpiir, Hayede Rabj'j

The story of Mazdak's uprlsmg in the Sassanian period has attracted the attention of a large number of Iranists during the past two centuries, and many books and articles have been devoted to the topic. This research is based on.the accounts of the period in the works of such Islamic-era historians as Tabari, I;lamza Isfahani, Mas'iidi, Ibn Athir, Ya'qiibi, Ibn Qotayba, etc.; Ferdowsi also includes a version of the incident in his epic. According to these accounts, Mazdak's uprising had both religious and socia-political overtones. Moreover, the uprising was allegedly communist in ideology. It is for this reason that it aroused the curiosity of, first, many European scholars and later Iranian scholars. One part of the story deals with the relations between Mazdak and the Sassanian king Qobad which, according to some accounts, culminated in Qobad's personal adherence to Mazdakism. It was Qobad's conversion that caused the turmoil and insurrections in the Sassanian court and establishment that brought his dethronement in the first decade of his reign. The writers of this article focus on this aspect of the accounts. Based on their historical and logical analysis of the relationship between these accounts and the political structure of the Sassanian state and their evaluation of them in the light of contemporary Greek and Roman sources, they show that this section of the Qobad tale cannot have a fum basis in history. The writings of Islamic era historians have given â&#x20AC;˘ Abstract translation by Paul Sprachman.

Iran Nameh. Vol.V I1I

many a jumbled and unfounded tale, which evidently stem from some minor incident that has been embroidered by the popular imagination into a strange and unreasonable historical account. The writers point out that in Pahlavi Sassanian sources there is no mention of the tale of Mazdak or of a person by this name. Likewise one sees no mention of such an insurrrection or specifically of its influence at the Sassanian court or to Qobad himself in several important Greek and Byzantine historical sources containing credible accounts of Iran's history from the time of Qobad and his son and successor Khosrow Anushirviin. After reviewing the writings of Malalas, Procopius, and Joshua who do not confirm such events and evaluating the various and conflicting reports of Islamic historians, the authors conclude that these accounts cannot be based on historical fact. The authors emphasize that their sources are the same as those used by such European and Iranian scholars as Noeldeke, Christerisen, and Yarshater; however their analysis reveal that these scholars' effort to reconstruct the history of Qobad was unsuccessful and that their trust in Islamic sources, without serious critical re-evaluation of them was misplaced. Based on his re-examinatoin of the sources, the author concludes that which has been touted with such fanfare under the heading of Mazdaki Movement was most probably a revival of Manichaeism during the time of Qobad and its suppression as reported in Greek sources. The authors see an inherent contradiction between some reliable historical sources which describe Qobad as a combative king who engaged in forty years of foreign warfare, tried to restore Zoroastrianism in Armenia, and finally left the legacy of a powerful state and those sources which speak of his gravitation toward Mazdakism, his destruction of the economic and political order (the communization of property and women), and of the disturbances which continued for several decades during his reign. US

Introduction to Asflir Mehdi I::HI'eri Yazdi

Asflir is the most important philosophic work of Molla ~adra of Shiraz, known as Sadr al-Mota'allehin. In this work, the Safavid philosopher and theosophist presents a general philosophic system which is a merger of i11uminatism and Prepatetic philosophy (I;zekmate mashshii) and links visionary contemplation (shohud) with induction and logic. The term asfor is the plural of safar (journey), not sefr (book) as some orientalists surmised. Molla Sadra distinguishes the four spiritual journeys of the book which Wthe elect of God and wayfarers on the path toward spiritual knowledge Wexperience: first, the journey from man to God; second, the journey from God with God in God; third, the return from God toward man; and fourth, the journey which Âˇ in a way is parallel to the second, with God in the foundation and depth of his Creation. In this article, philosopher and theologian Mehdi l;Ia'eri Yazdi goes into detail on Molla ~adra's view of philosophy and on how he established his philosophical thought within the framework of journeys toward spiritual and intellectual knowledge. The writer notes that in the view of Molla Sadra, intellectualjourneys were inseparable from spiritual quests, for both aided in getting the truth-seeker to his final goal. The syncretizing of logical thought and visionary contemplation, philosophy and gnosticism on all levels, is what distinguishes this work from aU other works of Islamic philosophy. MoUa ~adra caUs this syncretism or synthesis of philosophy and â&#x20AC;˘ Abstract translated by Paul Sprachman.

Iran Nameh. Vo l. VIII

gnosticism "transcendental philosophy" (I}ekmar-e mora'ii/iya) . The intellectual and spiritual quest in transcendental philosophy takes the wayfarer first to the stage of "self", and then from "self" to "heart"; and form "heart" to "spirit". Those who traverse these stages, becoming gnostics, arrive at the stage known as "surviving annihilation in the permanency of God" (baqi be baqa' Allah). A wayfarer who transcends this stage reaches the level of prophethood and sainthood ft,laliiy ar) . He achieves the stage of "representative of God on earth," and since his substance has become one with the substance of God, and he is in' the "right path: his awareness of the multiplicity of creatic n never causes him to stray from Oneness of Being. The method of transcendental philosophy enabled Molla ~adra to transcend the kind of contention and controversy on the matter of the primacy of the rational judgment or revelation which prevailed between Aristotelian philosophers such as Farabi and Avicenna on the one hand and such dialectical theologians as Ghazali on the other. For this reason Asfor never sparked heated debate between philosophy and religion, rather seized control of the debate with its reliance on citations from scripture and traditions as true evidence of the validity of its statements. The theory of the "fundamentality of existence" (a~iilar-e wojiui) is one of the masterpieces of this book; it is the theory upon which the entire system of transcendental philosophy is based. On the basis of the fundamentality of existence, he arrives at his special theory of the "unity of existence"( wal;ldar-e wojud) which totally differs from that of Shaykh Akbar MoJ:liy aI-Din 'Arabi's theory. For the Shaykh, unity of existence could not accommodate' any fo~m of multiplicity, which was a figment of the imagination; however, Molla ~adra with his law of "multiplicity in unity" and "unity in multiplicity" was able to forge a synthesis between the two concepts. In transcendenal philosophy the concept of "existence" is so formulated that it conforms to both the concept of unity of existence in Sufism and with the idea of the multiplicity of forms which makes up the subjects of philosophy and the sciences. The author then points out some weaknesses in the analysis of the second and third spiritual journeys. l:Ia'eri Yazdi states that Molla ~adra's style is "simple yet impossible" and that with his simple expression and method, Molla ~adra fostered the notion that in it all philosophical problems are solved easily. However, the reality is that the deeper one delves into the book, the more difficult do its topics appear. The writer ends his article by referring to the "philosophical

Introduction to As/or

innovations' found in the As/tir, and maintains that the work is of interest and in its own way innovative, although this does nor mean that it is not without precedent. Many of the topics found in the work are modified versions of others' opinions and observations. The article ends with a list of principles and concepts for which Molla ~adra is well-known.

Some Common Characteristics of Persian Poetry and Art Ehsan Yarshater

This article (originally read to the 4th International Congress of Iranian Art and Archeology, May 1959) is an attempt to highlight a less observed aspect of the Persian arts; i.e. the features poetry - this most significant achievement of Persian art - shares with the visual arts of the country. By focusing on some parallel features of Persian poetry and painting Professor Yarshater emphasizes their abstractness of view; i.e. their relative independence from any specific place and time. In other words the Persian poet and painter both are less concerned with the palpable reality of their immediate environment than with the archetypal or essential characteristics of thei"r subjects. Therefore, the sceneries of the garden, banquet, or war and game are represented with the same traditional means of expression and imagery which remain essentially unchanged through the centuries. One can not distinguish the personal feature and presence of a ruler depicted in a panegyric ode in the 10th century from those of a ruler eulogized in the 15th century or represented in a banquet scene by painters of different times and places. But the Persian artist by his creative sensitivity and personal vision and taste gives a warm and sensible atmosphere to those prototypical representations. In this respect, Persian poetry proves to be the most developed means of expression among Persian arts. The linguistic elaboration and expressiveness of they imagery in â&#x20AC;˘ Abstract by [ran Nameh.

Some Commom ...

poetry are against the deficiencies caused by the lack of perspective and shading which limits the painter. The writer also emphasizes another universal characteristic of the Persian arts, both linguistic and visual, namely, their decorative and ornamental quality, a characteristic which is inseparable from and complementary to the first essential characteristic, i.e. the abstractness of the vision, which is represented most purely in Persian carpets and ceramics.

The Birth of Photography in Iran and the First Photographers Chahryar Adle

This article is a Persian summary translation of the author's French original written in collaboration with Yahya Zoka', i.e. "Notes et documents sur la photographie iranienne et son histoire: J. Les premiers daguerreotypistes c. 1844-1854/ 1260-1270" in Studia lranica 18 (1983):2. Adle first discusses the importance of the study of the history of photography in Iran. Toward the end of the first half of the 19th century, during the reign of the Qajar king Mohammad Shah, the art of photography was known as "dagguerreotypy". Later in the century, during the time of Na~er ai-Din Âˇ Shah, .photography achieved considerable success because the king himself was interested in photography and its practice. Adle not only assesses the technical significance of photographs that have survived from this period, but also their importance in the study of Iranian society, architecture, clothing, etc. He introduces readers to two of the pioneers of the art of photography, one of whom was the Frenchman Jules Richard who came to Iran in 1844 and was appointed as Mohammad Shah's photographer. Richard settled down in Iran and became known as "Richar Khan," and, after a scandal, became a Muslim and adopted the name Mirza Rei:a Khan. Jules Richard also taught in the Iranian Polytechnic (Dar al-Foniin), became an Iranian citizen, married an Iranian woman who bore him a son Joseph, who was to receive the title â&#x20AC;˘ Abstract translated by Paul Sprachman.

The Birth of Ph otography in Iran ...

Mo'addab al-Molk. Richard died in Tehran in 1891 and was buried near Rey. Apparently none of Richard's daguerrotypes have survived; however, the artist Kamal al- Molk used them to paint several portraits (described in detail in the article) of Mohammad Shah and crown prince Na~er ai-Din. The other figure in the early history of Iranian photography was one of the sons of Fat~ -'Ali Shah (r. 1797-1834), Prince Malek Qasem, who pursued the art on his own - independently of Richard. According to his European and American acquaintances, the prince was very engaging and progressive, and tried to promote the new European education in the country.

Vision, Illuminationist Methodology and Poetic Language of Suhrawardi's Philosophy of Illumination

Suhrawardi's reconstruction of philosophy, based on principles other than the prevailing Peripatetic ones of his time, is the subject of this paper. The author discusses the following problems: the position of primary intuition in the illuminationist epistemology; the process of vision-illumination as the alternate means for obtaining certitude with respect to knowledge; the iIluminationist critique of the Peripatetic essentialist definition; the four stages in the iIluminationist path to wisdom which mark the subject's ·progress· from a subject with only awareness of its self-identity, to a knowing, creating subject; and the .fina1. result of illumination, said to be a type of knowledge that may only be adequately communicated through metaphorica11anguage, termed the ·language of illumination· - and this is equated by the author with the poetic mode of expression. Suhrawardi, as the author shows, does not accept the Peripatetic position that the essentialist definition - a formula composed of the genus plus the differentia - indicates the essence of the thing to be defined. Thus, from the standpoint of illuminationist epistemology, the formula ·rational animal· conveys nothing to us concerning the idea ·man: This is because the sequence of a thing's essential attnbutes may not have an upper bound and may not be exhaustively enumerated. The alternate foundation of iIluminationist epistemology rests on a mowing subject's·relation· with the potentially knowable object, whose quality of Evidenz allows for an immediate knowledge, should no • obstacle· prevent the subject's vision of the • Abstract translated by Paul Sprachman .

Vision. lIIuminationist Methodology and ...

object This type of knowledge is called knowledge by presence. It is not predicative and the subject's own experience serves as the basis for its acquisition. The ensuing end of philosophical investigation, founded on intuition and vision illumination, comprises wisdom which is conveyed at the meta-language level. Persian poetry, it is pointed out by the author, is indeed such an end of philosophy, and is the ultimate medium for channeling wisdom. The author discusses a structure by means of which Suhrawardi indicates the ascent of man from ordinary existence to the position of man as philosopher-sage. The first stage consists of ascetic practices which prepare the subject for becoming the recipient of divine wisdom. This will be given to him in the second stage through the intermediation of a '"light'" personified as Gabriel (who acts in a way similar to the activity of Peripatetic Active Intellect). The experience of the philosopher, which forms the basis of his understanding of the whole, serves as a primary intuition of time and space and is used in constructing a consistent system which is the third stage. In the final stage the very quintessence of the philosopher's wisdom gained by the end of the third stage is then communicated through the written word.

An Interpretation of Akhundzade's Writing F arzin Yazdllnfar

Although Akhiindzade or Akhundov, a writer born in the Caucasus region, was a citizen of Czarist Russia and held a commision in the Czar's army, his love for Iran caused him to consider himself Iranian and to write some of his works in Persian. Akhiindiilde was an adherent to "modernist" (Tajaddod) thought. Inspired by the new scientific and rationalist thinking in Europe, he criticized the backward and superstitious society of Iran and contrasted its past greatness with the low, demeaned state Iran had fallen into in recent centuries. He alerted Iranians to the fact that they could liberate themeselves from their backwardness by following the example of the civilized world. The author of this article analyzes Akhiindzade's literary method and finds that by juxtaposing certain characters and types, one representative of modern rationalism, the other representative of medieval and suerpstitious obscurantism, and making them engage in discussion and debate, the writer engenders in his readers or audiences a notion of progress and new thinking. The target of Akhiindzade's critical barbs were ignorance and superstitious tyranny, the autocratic authority of the khans and mullahs over the people, and the subjugation of women. In addition to his comedic writing in which he satirized his contemporary society, Akhiindzade also advanced proposals for serious social reforms. Among them was a proposal to change the Arabo-Persian alphabet, the purpose of â&#x20AC;˘ Abstract translated by Paul Sprachman.

An Interpretation of Akhundzade's Writing

which was the advancement and the standardization of education and the facilitation ofliteracy. He considered "IslamicwritingWto be one of the causes of the backwardness of Islamic nations. In this article the writer also details Akhundziide's linguistic method and his approach to inculcating modern reasoning and establishing the bases of enlightened and undogmatic thought.

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'7ra1O A Persia n Journal of Iranian Studies

Th e Tale of Ma zdak a nd Qobad Revis ited Homiiy un FU/ddp ur, HO.1'ede Rahi'i Introduction to As/ar Mehd i /fa'ert Yazdi So me Co mmo n C ha ra cteristics o f Pe rsia n Poet ry and Art _ Ehsan Yarshar er T he Birth o f Ph otograph y in Iran A nd the Fi rst Ph otogra p he rs _ Chahry ar A d/e Visio n. Illumin a toini st Met hod o logy a nd Poetic La nguage of Suh rward i's Phil oso ph y o f Il lumina ti o n _ /fossein Zio'i An Interpretati o n o f Akhund zad e's Writ ing Farzin Ya zdan/ar

Vo l. VIII. No . 1. W in te r 1990