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Editor: Daryush Shayegan Managing Editor: Daryush Ashouri Book Review Editor: A Persian Journal of Iranian Studies Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak, A Publication of the Foundation for Iranian Studies University of Washington Advisory Board: Guitty Azarpay, University of California, Berkeley Peter J. Chelkowski, New York University Richard N. Frye, Harvard University M. Dj. Mahdjoub S. H. Nasr, George Washington University Roger M. Savory, University of Toronto Ehsan Yarshater, Columbia University

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Simiand, "Methode historique et science sociale", Revue de synchese. 1903,

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(extraits) L 'histoire sous Surveillance. Calmann·Uvy. 1985. pp. 204-5.

5. Aaron Gourevitch. " Bloch . Febvre et la perestroika", U Mande 19101190.

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21. Ibid. p. 147. 22. Ibid. 23. Jean Pierre Drege. Marco Polo et la route de la soie, Gallimard (Decouverte), 1989.

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a la metaphysique .

Paris. 1979. p. 14.

6. Martin Heidegger. Reponse el quesrion sur I'hisloire et polilique. Paris . 1977. p .65.

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10. M. Heidegger. Leure sur I'humanisme, Paris , 1964, pp.101-115.

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Edited by Ehsan Yarshater

Bibliotheca Persica: Columbia Lectures on Iranian Studies,No 3 Albany N. Y. The Persian Heritage Foundation"Suny Press , 1988. pp.xi,526

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Revisea de Africa y Medio Orienee(English Edition) Vol 2, No. 1115, Centro de Estudios de Africa y Medio Oriente, Habana , Cuba. o Hamdard Isiamicus, Vol XIII , No. 1, spring 1990, quarterly journal of Bait a1 .. Hikmat, Pakistan.

o Studies in Isiam,

Vol XIX, No. 4, October 1982, quarterly journal of Indian Institute of Islamic Studies, New Delhi, India.

o Manuchehr

Irani , King of the Benighted, Mage Publishers, 1990, Washington D .C.

Acta lranica. Encyclopedie permanente des etudes iranienes, troisieme

serie , Vol. XVI. Papers in Honor of Professor Ehsan Yarshater. o Hossein Ziai. Knowledge and lIIuminarion, A Study of Suhrawardi's Hikmat al-[shraq, Scholars Press, Atlanta, Georgia , 1990.

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in his earlier writings, Shayegan, who is still highly critical of modemity, only attempts to offer ways of escaping its onslaught. To shed more light on Shayegan's early thinking on the subject, the author presents a critical review of Heidegger's philosophy and its theoretical underpinnings. Although he considers Qu'est-ce qu'une revolution religieuse? a pOint of departure for Shayegan and a stepping stone to the approach he subsequently adopts in Le regard multi/e, he sees ~, in terms of both form and content, as still under Heidegger's influence. It is only in Le regard mutile that Shayegan attains his intellectual independence, substituting a serious search for the origins and development of the Western ccncept of " reason" for his earlier critical view of "rationality". Abandoning his repudiation of metaphYSICS. Shayegan settles down to a simple but serious review of the problem of the interface between the West and the Third World.

An Analysis of the Process of Modernization in Persian Poetry

Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak

The essay applies the notion of description as a way of organizing and simplifying the world to the articulation of the state of the poetic arts in Iran in the latter part of the nineteenth century. The process facilitated the admission ' and assimilation of extrasystemic elements in the system of poetic expression in the Persian language and eventually led to the emergence of modem Persian poetry. Three individuals have been selected to illustrate the manner by which a new group of Iranian intellectuals, disenchanted with the state of affairs in their native society and familiar with European cultures, characterized the existing Persian

A Glance at Both Sides of the Mirror

Farhad Khodabandehlou

This article is an examination of Oaryush Shay egan's writings on the interaction between the West and the Third World. The author's discussion begins with an overview of the various intellectual approaches to the relations between the West and the Third World. He argues that many of these approaches, particularly those which, inspired by Marxist-Leninist thought, limit the scope or relations between the West and the Third World to economics and/or blame the West for the backwardness of the Third World , border on historical oversimplification. The author then reconstructs Shayegan's trend of thought through a critical review of three of his books: Asiya darbarabare Gharb [Asia FaCing The West), Qu est-ce qu 'une revolution religieuse? and Le regard mutile. Referring to the outlook of the Muslims who consider Christianity as the prime cause of Westem expansionism, the author suggests that Le regard mutile is perhaps the first work of its kind which presents the problem ofthe interface between the West and the Third World outside the prevailing frames of reference. In his opinion, in this work Shayegan has tackled the problem wrthin its basic philosophical context and has illustrated the essential characteristics of the human leap forward which has come to be known as modernity. It is this leap in man's basic perception of time, space and existence that explains the vast qual~ative gap that separates the traditional from modem society. The author suggests that Le regard mutile and its basic themes signal Shayegan's departure from his earlier and rather rigid frames of reference which had been influenced by his fascination with Heidegger and his " irrationalism", and with the theories of the end of philosophy. The author further points out that in his first work on the subject Shayegan, still bound by his earlier thinking, criticizes modernity and its impact on Iranian SOCiety. for which he offers no solution but a retum to "Eastern spirituality. " In other words,

39 policies, that group of historians who are obsessed with only historical analysis and finally the legend-makers and seekers of identical pattems in history, do not agree with such a proposition since, on the basis of their respective understandings of history, they believe that spec~ic boundaries separate each domain of the social sciences from the others. The author, therefore, deems it necessary to include, in the introduction to his article, not only a passing account of the main properties of trad~ional historiography and its limitations, but also a brief discussion of the reasons for the collapse of the barriers that used to separate various fields of the social sciences. The writer then attemps to define and explain the tenm "mentality" and its application in different social, group, and individual contexts. As he reviews the various aspects of "mental~". the author approaches a more comprehensive defin~ion of the tenm. He considers " mentality" as a range of ideas and mental processes which are intertwined at rational as well as emotional levels, and whose basic components con'sist in the accumulated experiences of all members of past generations and vanished civilizations. The author further believes that a society's mental~ detenmines the behavior of all ~ members. He considers mentality as a living and expanding process which is nourished by a powerful and dynamic set of ideas and concepts. Referring to specific examples in various mentalities, particularly in the Iranian mental~ , the author also attempts to demonstrate the effect of mental structures on social movements. Another theme discussed in the article is the theme of group hysteria as a most powerful mental phenomenon, and its function in the Iranian revolution. The comparison between primitive and ancient mentality on the one hand, and the Western mentality on the other, is another important theme treated in the article. The author tries to succinctly demonstrate the mental causes of the decline of the primitive and ancient civilizations. He considers the current tensions and upheavals in the primitive and ancient civilizations, more than anything else, the consequence of their encounter with the Western mentality which in ~e~ is an inev~able process. Finally, the author expresses his belief that the Iranian mentality has not yet been able to fully absorb and internalize the Westem concepts and thought processes that have penetrated Iranian society. And he concludes that the Islamic revolution in Iran was a by-product of the mental structure in the Iranian society and that its outbreak may be attributable as much to the intelligentsia as to the masses.

38 treatise Raihan-e Bustan Afruz he writes, "European literature in this day and age has so progressed that comparing it to the 'magnificent' works of our great literati is like comparing telegraphic communication to smoke messages or electric light to old kerosene lamps ... "

In his later writings, he continues to attack Persian traditional

prose and poetry as wanting in pei1ection and in many cases remaining unequal to the demands of the time. He includes in his criticism such venerable works as Kalila

va Demna or Sa'di's Goleslan and Bustan. Mirza Aqa Khan is in fact a vanguard of the theory of Iitterature engage in Iran, demanding of literature a social and moral purpose. In his view, literature must help societies toward progress and minds to become enlightened. On a different plain, his critical observations on the formal aspects of Persian poetry helped prepare the ground for the " Nimaian revolution" and the emergence of free verse in modem Persian poetry.

Mentality and History

Ali-Reza Manafzadeh The main objective of the article "Mentality and History" is to demonstrate the importance of mental structures in historical research, particulary where the focus is on the history of social movements and ideas. From a purely theoretical Viewpoint, such research is within the purview of sociology and social psychology. The author believes, however, that the historian could and should bring this area of study into the realm of historiography itse~. Clearly, the traditional histOriographers who view history as merely a detailed reconstruction of political and military events, those historians who write history with a view to its political utility or in the service of specific

Mirza

Aqa

Khan Kermimi and Literature

[raj Parsinej ad

Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani, a singularly important thinker during the Iranian constitutional movement, was one of the most influential propagators of the idea of modemization in Iran. Intellectually, he followed men like Akhundzadeh, Malkam Khan and Seyyid Jamal ai-Din Asadabadi (Afghani). He was a radical critic of Qajar Iran's social and political systems. He was a relentless fighter and in the end gave his life in defense of the ideals of freedom and progress for which he had fought all his life. He was not only well-versed in traditional subjects, including Persian and Arabic, he was also conversant in French and Turkish, through which he had become acquainted with modern European political, social, philosophical and literary criticism. Armed with such intellectual resources, his essays on social, intellectual and moral life in Iran assumed a biting quality that was uniquely his. He used reason and philosophy to fight religious superstitio~ as he employed modern concepts of freedom and humanism to fight against the horrors of oriental despotism. He considered a good part of the Persian classical literature to be a source of social corruption and moral decadence. He never tired of assailing reactionary and atavistic tendencies. In this article Iraj Parsi Nezhad, a professor of Persian literature in Japan and an expert on modern thinkers of the Iranian const~utional movement, discusses Mirza Aqa Khan as a literary critic. After a short biographical account of his Iffe, he identffies and analyzes Mirza Aqa Khan 's literary treatises. Parsi Nezhad shows how Mirza Aqa Khan begins with emulating the poet Sa'di in his first work Rizwan, and how little by little he breaks away from the ancients and achieves his own intellectual and literary style. It is then that, using modern literary concepts, he moves to show the backwardness of Persian literature and its alienation from the ethos of the times by comparing it w~h contemporary European writings. In his

Order (1925) and the dispatch of groups of students to Europe for higher education and their eventual return to Iran. Desp~e their ideological differences, these groups all espoused the idea of modernization for Iran. Examples here were the Young Iran Circle, the Arani group and later the Tudeh party, editors and contributors to the journal Sokhan, and various circles in Iranian universities. The modernist thought in Iran continued until the 1979 revolution and doubtless survives today, albeit without much visible manifestation. Rejection of Western values, a process begun in the early 20th century, was a natural reaction to the spread of the modernist school of thought. Thus, along w~h the religious thinkers, a number of secular writers and publicists, Kasravi being one of the first among them, began to inveigh against the West. In the 1950's, while growing in number, these anti-Western groups were divided into several main currents of thought. Some believed that being basically materialistiC, .Western civilization would inevitably come to a halt and begin to disintegrate from within (followers of Rene Guenon and Martin Heidegger). Others, advocating the cause of the Third World, objected to Iran's political and economic dependence on the West and thus, while criticizing Western Civilization, advocated a return to the traditional Iranian culture and identity, which they considered to be inseparable from basic Shi'ite values (AI-e Ahmad ef al. ). In the last part of the article, the author refers to several main factors in the modernization process in Iran. These include Iran's separation from the cultural trends in India, Turkey and the Middle Eastern countries during the 20th century; nationalism and the glorification of Iran's historical and cultural heritage along with the emphasis on modernization ; Iranian proclivity toward modernization as distinct from Westernization; the fluctuating approach of certain groups toward modernization ; and finally the presence of a number of Western cultural models. The author concludes with a summary of modernization indicators and the main causes of success or failure of the modernization process in Iran. In this regard, he underlines the following pOints: the authoritarian nature of the modernization process, the absence of a philosophical and normative system receptive to the values of modernization. and a neglect of certain aspects of the modernization process, particularly those related to culture and politics .

â&#x20AC;˘ Abstracts. unless otherwise indicated, prepared by Iran Nameh.

On Modernization of Iran <II)

lamshid Behnam

The first part of this article discusses Iran's place as a non-colonized country in the cultural milieu of the Middle East and attempts to demonstrate how such a society confronts the process of modemization. Part II focuses on ideas and reactions which are involved in the modernization process, The clash between Western civilization and the Near-and Middle Eastern societies in the 19th century was quite pronounced. It affected the religious centers, sparking a variety of Mahdiist movements in the Middle East and later led to Islamic reform movements in Iran, Egypt and Lebanon. It also acted as a springboard for ideas of reform and modernization, which, in turn, became cornerstones for the establishment of democratic orders and modem-day nation states. In part II of this article the author begins with a discussion of the role of the process of religious reformation in the overall dynamics of modemization, As main examples he discusses Babism, which he considers among the socia-religious movements called "millennial beliefs", Islamic reform movements (Seyyid Jamal ai-Din Afghani, Muhammad Abduh, Rashid Rida), and, finally, the more defintive transformation of religious thought in recent decades, Next, the author turns to a generation of modernizers in Iran and abroad in the latter part of the 19th century - thinkers and activists like Akhundzadeh, Malkam Khan, Talebof, Maraghe'i, and Aqa Khan Kermani, among others. Reference is also made to political and ideological centers in Tbilisi, Istanbul, Cairo and Calcutta, and the contacts established between such centers and the followers olthe "Nahzalh" in the Arab world and the "modemists" in Caucasia and southern USSR. The dawn of the 20th century coincides with the expansion of the activities of modernist elements in Iran (Muhammad Taqi Bahar, E'tesam al-Mulk, ... ) and the dissemination of Western jdeas and values. An early example is the Berlin group and its famous manifesto on the need for unconditional acceptance of Western civilization. Such groups expanded dramatically with the establishment of the New

snus La direction de

Rene Grousset, Louis Massignon, Henri Masse

L'ame" "de I'Iran preface de

Daryush Shayegan essai

Albin Michel

Contents

Iran Nameh Vol. VITI, No.4, Autumn 1990 Persian: Articles Selections Book Reviews Conununications English:

Abstracts of Articles: On Modernization of Iran (II) Jamshid Behnam

Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani and Literature

[raj Parsinejad Mentality and History

AlirezaManajzadeh A Glance at Both Sides of the Mirror

Fartuui Khodaba:ndehlou An Analysis of the Process of Modernization in Persian Poetry

Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak

•

FOUND~TION

FOR IR~NI~N STUDIE:S

Orav A Persian Journal of Iranian Studies

O n Modernization of Iran (II) Jamshid Behnam

Mirza Aqa Khan Kennani and Literature I raj Parsinejad

Mentality and History

Alireza ManaJzadeh A G lance at Both Sides of the Mirror Fartw.d Khodabandeh1ou

A n Analysis of the Process of Modernization in Persian Poetry A hmad Kmimi-Hakkak

Vol. VIII, No. 4, Autumn 1990