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Opera Minora , Paris, 1969 , Vol I , pp. 514-522, 550-572,573-591; H. Corbin. Corps spirirue/et terre celeste, Paris , 1979, pp. 82-99. ~ JI"'~IJ~ '/-Y.J.J:--: ~P ~ 4-:.J ..sTahani Sabri <.:>;; ~l.i .IS?J ~L..j",-! Jy!.

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Zeitschrift fur

Assyriologie, Berlin , 22 , 1909 , pp. 324 sq .; T. Andrae , Die Person Muhammeds im Leben und Glauben seiner Gemeinde, Stockholm , 1918, pp. 3I3sq.; F.Rosenthal, Triumphant , Leiden , 1970, pp. 157 sq.; LMassignon. "Nur Muhammadi" , in l'lslam (1(

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Arabic and Islam , 1, 1979, pp . 41-64; M. Sharon , " The Development of the Debate Around the Legitimacy of Authority in Early Islam ," JSAI 5, 1984, pp. 121-142; M. Mornen , An

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William Beeman. Language, Status and Power in Iran.Bloomington , 1986. 3. Gaston Bachelard, The PolicicsofSpace,Boston , 1969. pp.211-231. 4. Fatima Mernissi, Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Muslim Society, Revised ed., Bloomington , 1987, p.137. 5. Shahla Haeri , Lawof Desire; Temporary Marriage in Shi'j iran, Syracuse, 1989, p.5. 6. Hamid Naficy , Exile Discourse and Television: A Study of Syncretic Cultures: Iranian

Television in Los Ange/es,U npublished Ph . D. Dissertation , UCLA, 1991. 7. The Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud (24 Volumes) , London, 1953-73, vol. 111. p.307. ';L;I.r.I ~b,.t. ISt..·r.('rrll) ' ~)..r<lSISI""')..Lorl,,;~ 'o -":>'L.Jj~.s ~Y~N.}Y-Jb.1I ';1.*).) ...;\.r-!.;L:.....r-'..)~.>J~ 0L:....b . ..;-1 ~L. ~.I.).,).J~~..:...i\..JO ~ 1)01,,;i 0).r-'.) 0)p"";')I..:.,;.I) ';Ij".i ";'; \.) jl ISI.J.&. ~ ~ ~L..;..!.4 ';.).J .;1},.t. ..!-o:U ~ ';\jri";';b j\ ~ 01 y.s J..o,.)<J"IS.J.1 (Jlil J .lSo)

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Revolution in Iran. Gu ity Nashat. ed. Boulder, 1983, pp. I09-128. 13. H. Naficy. ''The Developm ent of an Islamic Cinema in

Iran~,

Third World Affairs, 1987.

London , Thi rd Wo rld Foundation. pp .447-463. ~p;.t t.IYI ~ .k~JI~ ';'..y .~ • .)r~ ):.iJ '/15';r,-- ';I,.;j ~ ...,..~I ';I/-I ~ Q";""""; ~I .)~

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Allan Megill and Donald N. McCloskey, "The Rhetoric of History." In The Rhetroric of the

Human Sciences: Language and Argument in Scholarship and Public Affairs. Eds. John Nelson, Allan Megill, and Donald McCloskey (Mad ison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987), 211·238; Dominick LaCarpa , "Rhetoric and History", in History & Criticism (Ithaca: Cornell

University Press, 1985), 15-44; Hans George Gadamer, Truth and Method (New York: 1975); David Harlan, "Intellectual History and the Return of Literature," American Historical

Review 94 (June 1989),581-609. :"'! J.....A ,jL:....b J 6)l,; ~ ';';I} .1 ~ J

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Dominick LaCapra, History, Polirics, and Novel ( Ithaca : Cornell University Press, 1987); F.R. Ankermit, "Historiography and Postmodernism," History and Theory

28 (1989):

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Theory 29 (1990): 263-274 . .1 ...:..:...i5'I)

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Dominick LaCapra, "Rethinking Intellectual History and Reading Texts," in Rethinking

Intellectual History: Texts, Comexts, Language (hhaca: Cornell University Press, 1983) ,

23-71.

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Mangol Bayat, "M irza Aga Khan Kirmani: A Ninteenth Century Persian Nationlist,"

Middl~

Eastern Studies 10 (1974): 36-59; idem, "Re ligion and Government in the Thought of Mirza Aqa Khan Kinnani," International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 5 (1974): 381·400; idem, Mysticism and Dissent: Socioreligious Thought in Qajar Iran

(Syracuse: Syracuse

University Press, 1982); Mohamad Tavakoli-Targhi, "The Fonnation of Two Revolutionary Discourses in Modem Iran" (Ph. D. diss., University of Chicago, 1988.

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36 The archetypes of all matter are found in such a world, whose perception is supersensual. The path toward the world of form is not the methodology of traditional learning, but the path of mysticism and love. The individual gains this stage of awareness by means of love of, and oneness with, the Truth through self-annihilation. Perceptions that come to the individual through love are ineffable. They can only be related indirectly by means of parables, inferences, and instructive tales, for the tongue belongs to the realm of the senses and thus is incapable of describing the supersensual. In his tale, Rumi shows how the profusion of human tongues has prevented the apperceptions of the essence of reality. The tongue of Truth is the language of the heart and the heart is the epicenter of love, the place where Truth alights. The tongue of the heart loosens when we are free of the world of the senses and its languages and when we gain the vision of the true nature of reality in the world of form. This is achieved by means of purification of the soul and by traversing the stages of gnosticism in the Sufi path. But the quest in the unseen world does nol end with one's arrival in the world of form. The wayfarer bursting with love must pass through this world to frod union with his eternal beloved, to achieve a vision of the "formless face" .

â&#x20AC;˘ Abstract translated by Paul Sprachman.

Interpreting the First Parable of the Mathnavi (II) Mohammed-Hosayn Sadiq Yazdchi

This is the second part of an article published in Iran Nameh (vol. IX, no. 1). In that article the author investigated the first tale of Jalal al-Oin Rumi's Mathnavi in light of the contrast between particular and universal intellect. In this section he reviews another basic element in Rumi's thought in particular and in lrano-Islamic gnosticism in general; namely, imagination in the human mind as opposed to imagination in the world of eternal forms, emanations from the universal intellect of the Necessary Being. The author divides his discussion of imagination in Rumi's thought into two parts. The first part, illusion (vahm), deals with a kind of perception that is related to the realm of the senses and that never reaches certainty, but is forever vacillating between doubt and certitude. Certainty is impossible because of illusion's reliance on our senses and particular intellect, which are mired in this world and which have no sure path toward the Absolute Truth. In so far as they originate in the senses, Rumi also cousiders knowledge and philosophy to be in the category of illusion. They are types of knowledge related to this world, and this world is nothing but a pale imitation of the essence of Truth. Therefore, knowledge is an illusion without recourse to Truth. The world of illusion and illusory knowledge are the provenance of the soul's childhood. In this childhood, the soul cannot distinguish between the image of a thing and the thing itself, and it is through the development of true wisdom that we pass from spiritual childhood into sentient adulthood and to a vision of the world of pure form (mundus imagina/is). In this vision, the gnostic wayfarer forsakes the road of sensory perception to achieve another view of reality and an awareness of the secrets and hidden causes behind the events in the realm of the senses. This world of form is one of the stages in the manifestation of Truth, situated above the senses, completely divorced from the material world.

Tehran and Modernity Abbas Milani

Modernity is the central problematic of contemporary Iranian history. As a concept and a vision, Modernity entails radical cbanges in epistemology, aesthetics, ethics, economics and politics. It fosters the transition of a theacentric, feudal society in the throes of tradition to a logo-centric, capitalist economy mediated by civil society. Cyclical historical time is supplanted by the idea of progress and the linear progression of history. Urbanity is another consequence of Modernity and in turn reqnires a new structure of swveillance. The discourse of legitimacy also cbanges. The very concept of history is transformed both in terms of its scope and method. Aspects of civil society and of the quotidian become valid historical data. Iranian society has had a tumultuous encounter with Modernity. Some of the most important aspects of this encounter are chronicled in two often neglected works by Jafar Shahri. His Bitler Sugar is a long novel about the life of a woman, while Old Tehran is a monograph on the architecture and institutions of the city in its earliest experiences with Modernity. Through a ricb tapestry of cbaracters, events, idioms, rituals and cultural history both works provide the existential flavor of what the transition to Modernity entails and offer important clues to the continuous hegemony of tradition in mucb of Iranian society.

â&#x20AC;˘ Abstract prepared by the author.

Zeyn al-'Abedin Maraghe'i, literary Critic !raj Parsinejad

This article is another in a series of studies which the author has devoted to leading figures in the modern Iranian thought of the nineteenth century (his study on Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani was published in Iran Nameh vol. 8, no.4). Haji Zeyn a1-'Abedin Maraghe'i (1839-1911) was one of the influential Iranian writers of the nineteenth century. Born in Maraghe, he went to Ardebil at the age of twenty and from there to the Caucasus region. He eventually settled in Georgia and began to make his living there. Through the efforts of the consul-general of Iran, he was appointed vice-consul for the Caucasus. However, after losing all his wealth, he went to Crimea and to Istanbul to engage in commerce. At Yalta his prestige and credit grew considerably to a point where, in his won words, he became famous as "the honest Iranian merchant: After thirty years of residence in Russia, he began to regret the fact that his children were being raised on foreign soil, so he left the country for Istanbul. He gave up his Russian citizenship and died at the age of seventy two in Istanbul. Haji Zeyn a1'Abedin's residence in Tellis (Tblisi) and Istanbul, both of which were crucibles of progressive Eastern thought at the time, made him aware of the advanced intellectual currents of the age. Among the Persian intellectuals who, at the time, resided in Istanbul were Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani and Mirza Habib Esfahani .

â&#x20AC;˘ Abstract translated by Paul Sprachman.

32 Women in post-revolutionary Iranian cinema, structurally absent and relegated to the background, limited to the domestic space, and governed by codes of modesty and strategies of veiling and unveiling, may have constructed a representation of women as modest and chaste and helped prevent them from becoming sexual fetishes. Such representation, however, has also tended to reinforce the dominant/subordinate relations of power that exist between men and women in the society at large. It has also tended to strengthen the constitution of the self as dual and the distances that are posited between inside and outside, self and otilers, and women and men. Ironically, the incorporation of a system of modesty in the motion picture industry and in the cinematic texts has also served to break the direct link previously established between cinema, women, corruption and pornography in societal consciousness. Thus "purified", the filin industry has become open to women as realistic and proper profession .

â&#x20AC;˘ Abstract prepared by the staff of Iran Nameh.

Women and the Semiotics of Veiling and Vision in Iranian Cinema HamidNaficy

Anti-cinema feelings of the Iranian religious leaders who have subscribed to the "hypodermic theory" of ideology have been evident throughout the 90 year history of Iranian cinema. These leaders have traditionally condemned this medium as well as westernization and Pahlavi regime, as monolithic agents of corruption in society. Their theory of cinematic power--coupled with their belief that the mere exposure to unveiled or immodest women turns otherwise autonomous and moral men into dependent and corrupted subjects--has led to the encoding of an Islamic system of looking and a semiotics of veiling and unveiling in Iran's post-revolutionary cinema. Modesty in its most general sense is encoded in the regulations put into effect in 1982 which govern the ftlm industry and according to which women must be shown to be chaste and to have an important role in society as well as in raising God-fearing children. These general and ambiguous guidelines have had a profound effect on the use and portrayal of women in cinema. Until recently, if women were portrayed at all, they were given limited parts depicting housewives and mothers. Furthermore, women actors have usually been given static parts or filmed in such a way as to avoid showing their bodies. In addition, these guidelines have tended to undermine the art of acting and created enormous psychological problems for the female actors. The aesthetics of veiling has also affected the mise-en-scene and the filming style, and modesty in vision has resulted in the construction and inscription in cinema of what may be called "the averted look."

30 like Key-Khosrow and Kiumars, defined the divine ruler as one who is blessed with divine light. Suhrawardi also intimates that politics can be buttressed by the wisdom of an influential philosopher-theologian who has traversed the gnostic path to the magisterial level of the pole of the universe. Would not Suhrawardi'. invitation of worldly leader. to follow and obey the teachings of a spiritual leader be one of the reasons why Salah al-Din turned against him? Would not the mullas of the time have seen a potentially dangerous rival in the figure of the young, fiery gnostic? These are some of the questions Ziai attempts to answer in this article. It is known that Suhrawardi did not live the life of a reclusive ascetic

in Aleppo, rather he was one of the close associates of Malek Zaher, the ruler of the city and son of Salah al-Din. His own very proximity to power is all the more reason to suspect Suhrawardi's interest in politics. That he tried to establish a city of God, on the one hand, and his utterances and demeanor, on the other, provided the chief judge of Jerusalem and biographer of Salah al-Din, Baha' al-Din Shaddad, with ample motivation to go to the Ayyubid ruler and disparage Suhrawardi. Ibn Shaddad was the first person to mention, in print, the execution of Suhrawardi. On the basis of the historical evidence, Ziai concludes that Suhrawardi was an influential and powerful figure, whose political ambitions, in all likelihood, proved to be his own undoing.

â&#x20AC;˘ Abstract translated by Paul Sprachman.

On the Political Doctrine of the Dlllmjnationist Philosophy

Salah ai-Din (Saladin), the Ayyubid ruler and victorious commander in the Crusades, put the illuminationist philosopher Shahab ai-Din Suhrawardi to death in 1191. This article explores the works of Suhrawardi, some historians and biographers in order to find the sociopolitical reasons behind his execution. Though the ostensible charge behind the punishment was heresy, by referring to the works of Suhrawardi and the intimations of his contemporaries, Ziai suggests that the ultimate causes of the philosopher's death were his political ambition and his interpretation of the politics and government of the time. None of Suhrawardi's books and treatises deals specifically with issues of public morals and politics. Unlike Farabi, Suhrawardi never discussed the city as a unit of the state or society. However, from dispersed passages in, and the introductions and conclusions of, his works, one can glean references to political matters and to government, which form a kind of illuminationist political philosophy. In this respect, the works Alvah-e 'Emadi ['Emadian tables], Partow-Nameh [Epistle of Emanation] and the introduction to Hikmat aI-Ishraq, are of particular importance. In these works, Suhrawardi refers to a just ruler as being one who has attained illuminative and divine knowledge and one who has traversed aU of the stages of the Sufi path and reached the supreme stations of asceticism and gnosis and has gained intuition and performed personal feats of spirituality. Such a person can rule in a truly "divine government"; otherwise, rulers and k.ings should be guided by his ideas. In other words, Suhrawardi, referring to the mythical kings of the Iranian past

28 was a noted theologian and Arabist; the two maintained their friendship for the rest of their lives. After the publication of his pioneering Documents d'A vraman in 1913, Pahlavi entered Nyberg's intellectual life and never left it thereafter. Intending to master this little known language but lacking instruetional materials, he composed his own manual (publishers at the time lacked a Pahlavi typeface). The manual included a glossary of Pahlavi terms, the fruit of many years' labor. He spent the remaining two decades of his life rewriting the first and second volumes of his Hjlfsbuch des Pahlavj, publishing seetions of his Pahlavi dictionary, and compiling his index of Pahlavi ideograms. Sigrid Kahle ended her talk with these remarks: "Ladies and Gentlemen, in honor of my father, who loved France and her language and who always praised the methods of her scholars, and in gratitude to the Societe Asiatique, of which my father became a member in 1928, I introduce the work Henrik Samuel Nyberg: A Scholars Life (published by the Swedish Academy). I think that the Societe, especially Emile Benveniste, valued my father'S ideas and I would, therefore, like to express his gratitude to both."

â&#x20AC;˘ Abstract translated by Paul Sprachman.

H. S. Nyberg, Swedish Orientalist Sigrid Kahle

This is the text of the lecture delivered by Sigrid Kahle, H. S. Nyberg's daughter, at the Paris Societe Asiatique on February 8, 1991. The lecture in turn is a distillation of the speaker's book, Henrik Samuel Nyberg: A Scholar's Life, a comprehensive study of the life and works of the Swedish orientalist, based on the author's personal knowledge of her father and on his library archives. She shows how her father's capacity for scholarship and his considerable talent developed in the familial and social atmosphere of the time and how, despite the difficulties of his life and his family's financial problems, the meticulous care and attention he lavished on his work never flagged. When confronted by a question in his studies, he would never rest until he found the answer. New acquaintances and familiarity with other scholars served to whet his curiosity and to extend his investigations into other fields. At the outset of his intellectual career, a friend of his father's who taught classical languages encouraged Nyberg to pursue advanced philology. One of the admirable aspects of Nyberg's intellectual life was his linguistic reach, which spanned such modern languages as German, French, English, Russian, Arabic, Persian, Georgian, Turkish, Greek, Amharic, Hebrew and extended to such ancient languages as Sanskrit, Latin, and Pahlavi. Nyberg was particularly attracted to history, especially the history of religious and philosophical ideas. He was never content with merely editing and publishing texts without delving into their contents. After meeting Tor Andrae, who was five years his senior, his interest in Islam deepened. Andrae

The Imamology of Early Shi'ism (I) Cosmic Imamology Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi

Despite numerous works on the Twelver Shi'ism, many aspects of this "Religion of the Truth," including its meaning and nature, particu1arly as related to the formative phases of its doctrine, have remained obscure. Cosmogony remains one of these unexplored aspects of the original world of imamate.

For reasons of clarity and coherence this article is divided into two parts. In the first part, the phases of the cosmogony are reconstructed on the basis of data which is scattered through the original writings of the Imams, and in the light of their acts and their central mission. These phases are: the emanation of primordial light; the formation of the preexistent luminous entities of the imams; the creation of the first and second worlds of shadows; the introduction of the "particulars" of the "pure beings" by the imams from the light of the secret sciences; the creation of the world of senses; the c1ash between the forces of intelligence and ignorance; and the voyage of the "light" through centuries of humanity's sacred history. The second part of the article (individual spiritual imamology: the vision of the imam's light in the heart) is devoted to the elaboration of the application of the cosmogonic data to the plane of practical spirituality through the technique of the "vision of the heart."

â&#x20AC;˘ Abstract prepared by the author in French.

DARYUSH SHA YEGAN

HENRY CORBIN LA TOPOGRAPHIE SPIlUTUELLE DE L 'ISLAM lRANIEN

EDITIONS DE LA DIFFERENCE

Contents Iran Nameh Vol. IX, No.3, Summer 1991 Persian:

Articles Book Reviews Communications English:

The Imamology of Early Shi 'ism (I) Mohammad-Ali Amir-Moezzi

H. S. Nyberg, Swedish Orientalist Sigrid Kahle

On the Political Doctrine of the Illuminationist Philosophy Hossein Ziai

Women and the Semiotics of Veiling and Vision in Iranian Cinema Hamid Naficy

Zeyn al-' Abedin Maraghe'i, Literary Critic [raj Parsinejad

Tehran and Modernity Abbas Milani

Interpreting the First Parable of the Mathna vi (II) Mohammad-Hosayn Sadiq Yazdchi

Editor:

Daryush Shayegan Managing Editor: Daryush Ashouri Book Review Editor: A Persian Journal of Iranian Studies Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak, A Publication of the Foundation for Iranian Studies University of Washington Advisory Board:

Guitty Azarpay, University of California, Berkeley Peter J. Chelkowski, New York University Richard N. Frye, Harvard Universitv

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~OUNDI\TION ~OR

IRI\NII\N STUDIE:S

OratO A Persian Journal of Iranian Studies

The Imamology of Early Shi'ism (I) Mohammad-Ali Amir-Moezzi

H. S. Nyberg, Swedish Orientalist Sigrid Kahle

On the Political Doctrine of the Illuminationist Philosophy Hossein Ziai

Women and the Semiotics of Veiling and Vision in Iranian Cinema Hamid Naficy

Zeyn al-'Abedin Maraghe'i , Literary Critic [raj Parsinejad

Tehran and Modernity Abbas Milani

Interpreting the First Parable of the Mathnavi (II) Mohammad-Hosayn Sadiq Yazdchi

VoI.lX, No.3, Summer 1991