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Syracuse University Press, 1989.

v,· -Dick Davis, Epic and Sedition, Fayetteville. The University of Arkansas

Press, 1992. -Ertan Turkmen, The Essence of Rumi's Masnevi, Konya, SeJjuk:

University,I992. -Lieli Echghi, Un Temps entre les temps; l'Imam, Ie chi'isme et l'Iran. Paris.

em, 1992. -Revist.a de Ahica y Medio Oriente, Vol. 3, No.1, ]991.

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Persian Journal for Science and Society P.O. Box 7353 Alexandria, Virgina 22307

Shayegan, DarylJsh. Henri Corbin: The Spiritual Topography of Iranian Islam.

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X:2 (1992).

In Search of Lost Spaces. IX:4 (1991). Prince Dara Shokuh: Pioneer in Comparative Mysticism. VllI:2 (1990), _ _ _ ' The Spiritual Quest of Henri Corbin: From Hcideggcr to Suhrawardi (I). VII:3 ( 1989). _ _ _ " The Spiritual Quest of Henri Corbin: From Heidcgger 10 Suhrawardi (II). VII:4 (1989). Shayegan, Yeganeh. Avicenna On Time. V:4 (1987). SIIMyJi KhvDlIsari, Ahmad. Sayyid Muammad Baqa:'s Contribution to lhe Shtlhnamah. II1:2 (1985). Taban, Turaj. The Zindiq Heresy in Early Islam. V:3 (1987). Tajazzoli, Ahmad. Did Spandarmad Marry Afrasiab? A Seduction Motif in Iranian Mythology. VII:2 (1989). Tajaddod, Nahal. The Role of Iranian Languages in the Spread of Religions in Centra] Asia and China. VIII:2 (1990). Taroghi, Goli. The Manifestation of MMother~ Archetype and ILS Relevant Symbols in !.he Poetry of Forugh Farrokhzad. VII:4 ( 1989). Tovak.oli.-Torghi, Mohllmnuul. Constitutionalist Imaginary in Iran and the Ideals of lhe French Revolution. VliI:3 ( 1990). YorsluJter, ÂŁhSOR. Mazdakism. II:I (1983). _ __ . Some Common Characteristics of Persian Poetry and An. VIII: 1 (1990). _ _ _ . The Absence of Median and Achaemenian Kings in Iran's Traditional History. IlI:2 (1985). ::-----;_. The Critical Nature of the ShahntJmeh. VI:3 (1988). Yovori, Huro. Psychoanalytic Technique and Narrative Literature in Iran. X:2 (1992). _ _ _ . The "Novel" and the "Sell: Marquez and Posl-Revolutionary Fiction in Iran. IX:4 (1991). Yozdllnjor, Faron. An Interpretation of Akhundzadch's Writing. VIII:! (1990). Zorrinlwob, A. H. GhazzaIi in the Nizamfyya of Baghdad. IV:4 (1986). Zitli, Hossein. On the Political Doctrine of lhe Ulwninationist Philosophy. IX:3 (1991). _ _ _ . Vision, Melhodology and Poetic Language ofSuhrawardi's Philosophy of Illumination. VIII:) (1990). Zuluz, Yohyo. On the Kinar-Ab Dialect V:I (1986). o

_ __ " Isfandiyar and the Question of his Invulnerability. 1:2 (1983). _ _ _ ' NOles on 'Ubcyd-i Zakani's Jokes. VI:2 (1988) . . On 8abr-i Bayan. 1:3 (1983). - -- . On the Story of Rakhsh. Ill:! (1984). Zahhak. Son of Manias; or, Zahhak, the Cannibal? 11:2 (1984). ::pa-chC:Ia- ,-an, Changiz. A Review of the Biennial Painting Exhibitions in Iran. X:4

(1992). ::--:-_ ' Anatomy of a Celebration. X:2 (1992). Parham, Bagher. Child, Women, Stranger and Historical Destiny: A Critical Examination of the Films of Bahram Beyzayi. VII:3 (1989). Parsinejad,lraj. MirJ'..a Aqa Khan Kennani and Literature. VIII:4 (1990) . . Mirza Malcolm Khan: Literary Critic. X:2 (1992) - -_ ., Zeyn al-'Abcdin Maraghc'i, LiLCrary Critic. IX:3 (1991). Rahimieh, Nasrin. Hcdayal's Metamorphosis of Metamorplwsis. X:3 (1992). Rutin, M. Am I Not Writing My Own Tale and Story? X:3 (1992). Ru'ya'i, YadJJllah. Vidal's Creation in France and Iran's Currrent Dark Ages. IV:2 (1986). Sadiq Yazdchi, M.H. Particular and Universal Intellect: A Commentary on the First Parable of Rumi's Mathnawi (I). IX:! (1991). ~--,:-' interpreling the First Parable of the Mathnawi (II). IX:3 (1991). Sa/a, Zabihullah. Andarz. VII:3 (1989). _ __ . Bahar Remembered. V:4 (1987). _ _ _ . Islamic Theologians vs. the Nalural Sciences: GhazzAli's Role in me Oebme. IV:4 (1986). _ _ _ . Khvajah Sh1ipiir TehranI and His Family. 1:4 (1983). _ __ . Sa'di and Sayf-i FarghanJ. in:4 (1985). _ _ _ - The Banning of Aba Mus/imntlmah. V:2 (1987). _ __ . The Religious and Historical Epic Poetry of the Safavid Period. I: I

(1982). Salili, Shahlil. Two Marriage Ceremonies in the Lauer Qajar Period. VII:2 (1989). Sanai, Mahmoud. On the Innuences on Sa'di's Personality and Character. 111:4 (1985). ::-_.,-' On the Meaning of Tanjdan. III:2 (1985). Sanandoji, Sullan Hussein. Sharafniimah-yi Shiihi. VI:2 (1988). Saravani, Suhrab. Don't Sacrifice Wisdom for a Few Simple Minds. IV:3 (1986). Shahabi, Ali Akbar. On '11m and 'Ulama. III:2 (1985). _ _ _ . The Iranian Literati and the Art of Making Dictionaries. VI:3 (1988). _ _ _ , The Traditional Iranian Education (I). II:2 (1984). _ _ _- The Traditional Iranian Education (II). II:3 (1984).

_ _ _ ' The Image of Nature in Nima's Poctry. X:4 (1992) The Origin and Meaning of 'Aql (Reason) in the View of Nasir Khusraw (I). VII:2 (1989). _ _ _ ' The Origin and Meaning of 'Aql (Reason) in the View of Nasir Khusraw (II). VII:3 (1989), =,--,:-' Toward a "GeohislOry" of Iran. VIII:2 (1990). Milani, Abbas. Tehran and Modernity. IX:3 (1991). Milani, Farznneh. A Dream of the Past Hidayal's View of Ideal Women. V:l (1986). _ _ _ ' Prometheus and Exile. VIII: 1 (1990). _ _ _ . Woman's Booy as Sign and Symbol: On Veiling and Foolbinding. V11I:2 (1990), Minuvi, Mujtaba. GhazzAli of Tus. IV:4 (1986). _ _ _ ' Majlisi's Mush u Gurbah (The Battle of Cat and Mouse), IV:l (1985). Sa'di's Ante-Mortem Fame. 1II:4 (l985), Mir·Fetros, Ali. The Revah of the Red-Coats (Khorramdinids): A Study of the Sources and Studies. Ancient and Modem. IX:I (1991). Moayyad, Heshmat. Sahar's Satire and Humorous Poclry. V:4 (1987). _ _ _ . On KIUla,. VII:I (1988). "-:---c' Parvin E'tcsami Remembered. VI:! (1987). Momeni, jamshid. Size and Distribution of the Iranian Ethnic Group in the United Slates: 1980-, 1I:2 (1984). Mozayyan, Mehrdod. MirL.a Ali Akbar Khan Mozayyan, the Painter. 11:4 ( 1984),

=--=-_'

Naderpour, Nader. Balancing Word and Meaning on the Scales ofContcmporary

Persian Poetry. VII:2 (1989), :-:-::-_' The East in Exile and Exile in the West X:2 (1992). Naficy, Hamid. "Dash Akal" and the Luti Film Genre. X:3 (1992), Women and Semiotics of Veiling and Vision in Iranian Cinema. IX:3 (1991). Nafisi, Amr. The Problem of The Bilnd Owl. X:3 (1992). Nas" Styyed Hossein. Ghazzarr--PhilosophicaJ OppJnents or... IV:4 (I986). _ _ _ . The Relation between Sufism and Philosophy in Persian Culture. 1:1 (1982). Nosr, Seyyed Vali-ReZ/J.. The Persian Culture in a Distant Land. VIII:! (1990). Nazjr Ahmad. Observations on Khanlari's Diwan of Hafiz. _ _ _ ' The Gorakhpur Ms. of the Divan-i Hafiz: The Tale of the Discovery and Publication. V:3 (1987). Nezami Taiesh, Astul. Coveri:1g the }(a'bah. IV:l (1985). Omidsalor, Mahmoud. Arabic Antecedents of Some of Sa'di's Aphorism s and Tales. VII:2 (1989).

•

Massignon, Louis. The Contribuliion of Iranian Thinkers to Arab Civilization. VIJl:3 (1990). Malini, Jawl. A Persian Maqamah in Verse. 1II:4 (1985). _ __ . Afrns'Y'b. 11:2 (1984). _ _ _ . Another Verse Translation of Pan of Buzurgmihr's Book of Advice.

V:I (1986). _ _ _ . "Cypress and Pheasant": Legitimate Trope or Accident of Rhyme. 111:3 (1985). _ _ _ . Editing Hafiz. VI:4 (1988). _ _ _ ' Faridiin 's Early Years According 10 Different Sources. IV:I (1985), _ _ _ . From Azarbaijan to the Persian Gulf. V:2 (1987). _ _ _ ' Ghau.ali and Iranian Culture. IV:4 (1986), _ _ _ ' 'lim and 'Ulama in the Language of Qoran and Ifadith Litemlurc. II:3

(1984). _ _ _ . "Islamic Art," at What COSlLO Iran and Islam? VII:l (1988), _ _ _ " Kay-Kavus. the Willful and Ambitious King. 1:2 (1983), _ _ _-' Khiyaban. 1:1 (1982). _ _ _ ' KUsh Versus Kush-i Pilg11sh. 1Il:2 (1985),

_ _ _ ' KUsh" or "Gilsh"? VI:l (1987). _ _ _ ' Mil Amadimmdn, MatarsDdn.. 11:1 (1983), _ _ _ ' Mazandaran in Kay Kaviis and Rustam's Batlles Against the Dfvs.

11:4 (1984). _ _ _ . Muhammad Taqi Bahar. V:4 (1987) . _ __ . Muhammadan Art! V:2 (1987).

_ _ _ . On F""i. the Language. VI:2 (1988). _ _ _ . On M.A. Jamalzadch's Khulqiyat-i rna Iranian. IV:2 ( 1986). _ _ _ . Persian Art in Arabo-Islamic Art Exhibition. VI:3 (1988). _ _ _ . Spiritual Titles in Iranian Shi'ism. 1:4 (1983). _ _ _ . The Drvs of Mazandaran Revisited. III : 1 (1984). _ __ . The Issue of the Gulf of Basra. VII:2 (1989). _ _ _ . The Significance of the Judeo-Persian Literary Works. 1:3 (1983). _ _ _ . The Textbooks of the Islamic Republic. III: I (1984). _ _ _ . Various Accounts of the Shoulder Snakes of the Serpent King Zahhak.

IV:3 (1986). Melikion-ChiTl'ani, AS. References

LO Buddhism in Persian Literature of the Early Islamic Period. VIII:2 (1990). Meskoob, Shahrokh. A Glance at the Politically Committed Persian Poetry of

the I 330-40S/1950-60s. VII:4 (1989). _ _ _ . Dialogue on the Garden. IX:4 (1991). _ _ _ . Faridun-i Farrukh. V:I (1986).

_ _ _ ' "Il is a SLOry Full of Tears," 1:2 (1983). _ _ _ ' On the Critical Editing of the Shahnamah (1), IV:3 (1986).

==' =

On the Critical Editing of the Shahnamah (II). V:l (1986) . . On the Cnical Editing of the Shahnamah (JII). V:2 (1987). _ _ _ ' The "Florence" Manuscript of the Shahnama dated 1217. VII: I (1988). _ _ _ ' The Guradians of the Foncess of Petra. 11:3 (1984), _ _ _ ' The Innucnce of Sa'di's BUstan on the SMhntlmiJh. I1I:4 ( 1985). _ _ _ ' The Royal Audience in Iran (I). V:3 (1987). _ _ _ ' The Royal Audience in Iran (II). VI:I (1987). ::-:---,_' The Shahntunah and the Matter of the First Man. 11:2 (1984), Khan/ari, Parviz. Natel. Nu-Ruz. 1:2 (1983), Khodabandehlou, Farhad. A Glance at Both Sides of the Mirror. VIII:4 (1990). Lewisohn, Leonard. The Life and Times of Kamal Khojandi. X:4 (1992), Mahdjoub, M. OJ. Ancient Aeronauts: Man's Early Urge to Fly As Reponed in Legend and Revelation (I). 11:4 (1984). _ _ _ ' Ancient Aeronauts: Man 's Early Urge to Fly As Reponed in Legend and Revelation (II). III: I (1984). _ _ _ . 8ahram-i Gur's Grave. 1:2 (1983). _ _ _ ' Bilsliin-i Khiydf, 11:1 ( 1983). _ _ _ ' From Fazii'jJ-Khviinf and Manaqib-Khviinf to Rawzih-Khw'int.

11:3 (1984)0 _ _ _ . GhazzAlI and Ihe Ismll'Uis: A Review of Faztiih al-Btitinfyya, IV :4

(1986)0 _ _ _ . /Jaslu Bihishl and /lafl Paykar, 1:3 (1983). _ _ _ 0' The Abu Musfimnilmah (1), IV:2 (1986), _ _ _ 0' The Abu Musfimniimah (II). IV:3 (1986). _ _ _ 0' The Development of Naqqali and Story-telling. IX:2 (1991) _ _ _ 0' The Indian Cultural Heritage and Its Effect on the Enrichment of the Islamic Civilization in Iran. VIlI:2 (1990) _ _ _ 0' The Popular Roots of Sa'di's Language. 111:4 (1985). _ _ _ 0' The Story of Jamshid's Spell from Bilsttin-i Khiytil (I). 1Il:2 (1985). :-:-:-_0' The Story of Jamshid's Spell (II). TII:3 (1985). Mahmoud, Zha/th. The Best of Tales in the Persian Writings of Suhrawardi.

Vl:l (1987)0 ,-:-_-:-' The Invulnerable Hero in Iranian Thought, V:2 (1987). MatUl/uuJeh, AUreza. Military and History. VllI:4 (\990). _ _ _ . Ta'ziyeh and the Tragic Vision. IX:2 (1991). ,-:----;---;' The First Text of Modem Western Philosophy in Persian. IX: 1 (1991), Mar'ashi, Mthdi. Naw Ruz in Tashkent IV:3 (1986). _ _ _ 0' Persian Loanwords in Uzbek. VI:! (1987).

Gobineau, Cou rU Arthur de. Theatre in Iran. IX:2 (1991), Ha'eri, Mohammad ReZ/l. An Anatomy of the Iranian City. X:4 (1992). -::--:--;-:' An Encounter with Iranian Music and Architecture. IX:4 (1991). Ha'eri Yazdi, Mehdi. Introduction to As[ar. VIII:! (1990). Hanaway, WiIliilm 1.. Fcrdowsi, Shahnama. and Iran. VII:4 (I989). Hillmann, Michael. A Chronology of Hedayat's Life. X:3 (1992). 'lmadi, 'AM ai-Rahman. The Persian Songs of Abu Nuwas. V:3 (1987), IsluJghpour, Youssef. At the Tomb of 5adeq Hedayat X:3 (1992). Jalumpour, Farhang. Hafiz and Emerson. VI:4 (1988). _ __ ' Nuzhat-NofTllJh-yi 'Ala'; (1). 11:4 (1984). _ __ ' Nuzhal-NtJmah-yi 'Alt:2'[(lI). III:! (1984), -:-----c-' Sa'di and Emerson. 111:4 (1985), Javadi, Hassan. Iran in Classical Greek Literature (I), 1:1 (1982). -:--_--:' Iran in Classical Greek Literature (II). 1:2 (1983), Jazayeri, Mohllmmad-Ali. Kasravi on the Cultural Encounter Between East and West. VIII:3 (1990). Kahle, Sigrid. H.S. Nyberg, Swedish Orientalist. IX:3 (1991). Karimi, Simin. A Critical Review of 'Zabanshenosi Journal. X:4 {l992). ::---:-;-,' Language and Style in Hedayal's Writing. X:3 (1992). Karimi路Hak.lcak, Ahmad. An Analysis of the Process of Modernization in Persian Poetry. VIII:4 (1990). _ _ _ ' BcUes-LeltreS. Ethics and Dialectics Literature: Thoughts on Three

Concepts in IrdIlian Culture. VII:4 (1989). _ __ ' Thoughts on the Language of Persian Poetry in India. VI II :2 ( 1990). KatouziD.lI, M.A..H. Sadeq Hedayal's Psycho-Fictions. X:3 (1992). Khaki, Rem. Ta'ziyeh and Ta'ziyehnameh (passion Plays and Passion Libretto). 1X:2 (1991). KluJleghi Modagh, Djalal. An Excursion in GarshlJspndmLlh (I). 1:3 (1983). _ __ ' An Excursion in GarshAspfltlmah (II). 1:4 (1983). _ __ ' An Excursion in GarshiispNlmah (Ill). 11:1 (1983). _ __ ' An Introduction and Evaluation of Various Manuscripts of the Slulhnamah 0). 111:3 ( 1985). _ _ _ ' An introduction to some Shahnamah ManuscriptS (II). IV:l (1985). _ _ _ . An Introduction to some ShaluuJmah Manuscripts (III). IV:2 (1986). _ _ _ . Sabr-i Sayan: Varieties of Invulnerability (I). VI:2 (1988). _ __ ' Sabr-i Sayan: Varieties of Invulnerability (II). VI:3 (1988). _ _ _ ' Farclmarzndmah. 1:1 (1982), _ _ _ ' Hafiz and the Iranian National Epic, VI :4 (1988). _ __ ' Identifying Spurious Verses in the Shahnamah (I), 111:1 (1984). _ _ _ ' Identifying Spurious Verses in the Shilhnamah (II), Ill:2 (1985).

Boroujerdi, Mtht7Ad. Wc!'toxlcatlon and Orienta1ism in Reverse. VIn:3 (1990). Hurbur. Mehdi. Islamic An and architecrure: me Necessity of Changing a Rubric. VI:I (19H7).

Chelkowski, Peter. When TIme Is No Time and Space Is No Space: The Passion Plays of Husa.yn. IX::! (1991)

Clinton, Jerome W. The U"agcdy of Suhrab. VII:3 (19R9). Daooshi, Hamid. A View of MulLa Sac1r'a's Social ThoughLS: Social Order in a Sacred Order. 111:3 (1985) . _ _ _ ' Man on the Crossroads of Past and Prescnt. V:3 (1987). _ __ " Practical Ethics and Theoretical Theosophy in Gha.f.7..MJ'S Alchemy of I/appiness. IV:4 (\986). _ __ " Sa' eli's Views on Moral Education: An Interpretative Reading. (1985). ::--:-_" Hafiz: Interpreting the Intcrprctauons. VI:4 ( 1988). Da/lIlT" Farluul. NOICS on the Origins of the Isma<iti Movement VII:3 (1989). DaryabantkJri, Najoj. Persian: A National or Common Language? vn:4 (1989). Do.shli, Ali. Creator and Resurrection in Khayyam. V:3 (l987). Davis-KimbaU, Jeannine . Canons of Proportions in Achaemenid An: Abstract of Ph.D. Disscnation. VID:2 (1990). Degener, Almll.lh. Khotanische Suffue. VI:2 (1988). DjaINJIZJUleh, MA. Recollections of the Late Doctor Qasim Ghani. n:2 (1984). c:--:--.. Sa'eIi's Realism. III:4 (1985). DlI.chesne-Guiliemin, J. Thoughts on Zoroaster. IX:I (1991). During, Jean . The Concept of Tradition in the Contemporay Music of lr.m. X:2 (1992). EsJami NodushtJn, MohtJmmad Ali. Hafiz's Poetic Method. VI:4 (l988). ESINJ'ili. Hoseyn. An Introduction to the Semiology of Ta路ziyeh. IX:2 (1991). Faghih, Nasrine . The Nature of me Persian Garden. IX:4 (1991). Farhoudi, Hossein. An Unwrillen Chapler in the Contemporary History of Iran. VIU (1988). _ __ . Iran and the Paris Peace Conference. VI:3 (1988). _ _ _ . Reza Shah During the Turkish Journey. VII:2 (1989). _ __ . The Impact of the First Iranian Constitution on Persian Prose. V: 1 (1986). -=-,.--,-_. The Rise of Ferdowsi and His Hekmal. VI:2 (1988). Fuiadpur, Homayun atul Rabi'i, Hayedt . The Tale of Mazdak and Qob3d Revisited. VIII:I (1990). Gaffary Farrolch. A Shan Bibliography of Iranian Plays. IX:2 (1991). GhtJni, Qasem . From the RC(:o llections of Contemporary Authors. 1:4 (1983). Gilanslulh, Farah. The Iranians of the Twin Cities. IV :3 (1986). Gluck, Jay. Persian An and Japan . VIII:2 (1990).

III,.

Cumulative Index of English Abstracts (1892-1992) Ad/e, ShDhryar. The Birth of Photography in Iran and the First PhOiographcrs. VIIU (1990). AjshiJr, Ahmad. Ghiyath ai-Din Jamshid KasMnT. IV :3 (1986). Aga-Oglll, Mohammad. The Landscape Miniatures of an Anlhology ManuscripL of the Year 1398 A.D. IX:4 (1991), Ajolldani, MasiulUah. Nationalism and Hedayat. X:3 (1992). AI-A wadi, Muhammad Sadiq. Persian Loanwords in Hijazi Arabic. Ill:3 (1985). Alavi, Bozorg. On Various Translations of Gulisldn and Biisldrt. into Gcnnan. 11104 (1985). Ali:.tuleh, Abbas. Mobile Pastoralism and the Development of Complex Societies in Highland iran. VII:2 (1989). Amanat, Abbas. In Search of the Resurrection. X:2 (1992). Amir-Moew, MoluJmmad-Ali. The lmamology of Early Shi'ism (I). IX:3 (1991) _ _ _ " The Imamology of Early Shi'ism (II). IX:4 (1991). Amu::.egar, Jahongir. Iran's Economy after the Revolution. X:4 (1992). Anon. Women in Iran from the Constiwtional Revolution to the Vicarate of the Jurist. 111:2 (1985), Ashouri, Daryush, East and West, X:2 (1992), _ _ _ ' Language: Language of Poctry. Poetry of Language, IX:4 (1991). _ _ _ . Nima and His innovations, IX:l (1991), _ _ _ ' Observations on the Explkation of Poetry of HafIZ, VII:4 (1989), -:--:--:' WeslOxication, VII:3 (1989). Azodonlu, H, Gh. On Discourse, VOI:3 (1990), Bahar, Mehrdad. Pigeons, V:4 (1987), Balulr, PanalUh, Recalling My Father, V:4 (1987), Beard, Michael. The Lantern of Imagination in the Works of Hedayat X:3 (1992). _ __ ' The Woman in the Train: The EslheLics of Exile in Khoi's "Return ," IX:I (1991). Buman, Willitzm 0, The Symbolic Scapegoat in Iranian Theatre, IX:2 (1991 ). Behbahani. Simin. Wailing for Rain. X:2 (1992), Behnam, lamshid. On ModcrnizaLion of Iran (I), VIII:3 (1990), ::--:-_' On Modernization of Iran (II). VUI:4 (I 990). Bumke, G. arul Smirnolla, Lydia P. The Date of Composition of lhyd' aiMu/UJc. VI:3 (1988).

Iran's Economy after the Revolution Jahangir Amuzegar Iran's economic developments in the post-I 979 revolution are of interest to all studems of Iran's political economy regardless of personal sympathy or antipathy toward the Islamic Republic. These developments, according 10 the government'S own agencies, paint a rather unflattering picture of the regime's

economic record. The 1991J92 GOP in constant prices was barely different from the figure for 1977nS-signifying no overall growth. Per capita real income was down by 37 percent. During the 13-year period, the economy was persistently plagued by chronic inflation. budgetary deficit, unemployment. a balance-ofpayment gap, and a declining standard of living. The regime Lends [0 altribute its acknowledged economic shoncomings to the war with Iraq, Western enmity toward the Islamic revolution, sabotage by the domestic opposition. and natural disasters. There is no doubt that certain internal and external impediments have indeed sLiOed growth. Internally, repercussions of the early revolutionary lIlmloil, the exodus of professional cadres, flight of capital, Wlcenaimics regarding property ownership, and friction among clerical groups were factors inimical to private inveslment and product expansion. Externally, a costly and devastating war, hannful nuctuations in the global oil markel, Western trade sanctions, diplomatic isolation, and the influx of more that 3 million refugees from neighboring countries' played havoc with economic planning. Nevertheless, while some of these adverse factors were beyond the regime's control, some others were certainly of the government's own making. Specifically three policies stand out. First, the regime's constitutional undenaking to export the revolution throughout the Muslim world (and beyond) sapped a good measure of the country's resources and contributed to its diplomatic isolation. Second, the pursuit of an old Russ~Indian economic model favoring public enterprise, price control, import-substitution, and overall economic regimentation discouraged private ivestment, increased inefficiency, and gave rise to widespread corruption. And third, attempts to impose an austere and puritanical Islamic culture on inhospitable Persian cultural traditions led to a mass exodus of managerial and entrepreneurial talent. More disappointing still, from the regime's standpoinl, is the fact that none of early promises by the victorious revolutionaries to change the course of the Pahlavi's economic strategy has been achieved. Iran continues to be an oil路 based economy, deficient in food, and dependent on industry and services for rapid growth. The success of the present "moderate" administration in its reconstruction and revival depends on the results of present economic reforms for which a national consensus has yet to be found.

concentrated in the historic and old sectors, the industrial structures and residcnLial dwellings have moved LO the new and urban areas. Since the historic

and old sectors can not absorb the burden of needed infrastructure and urban services, the bottlenecks and constant disruptions of urban life have continued to plague the inner core of the cities. The legal-financial resources required to remedy the situation have either been totally inadequate or at best have not been properly coordinated.

A Review of Zabanshenasi Journal Simin Karimi This is a critical review of the Iranian journal of linguistics, the only publication in Iran that is solely concerned wilh linguistic topics and issues. The journal was founded in 1984, and has been published semi-annually in Tehran

ever since. The eighty five articles published in the journal cover a wide range of linguistic issues including the synchronic, diachronic, etymological, dialectal, stylistic, and sociolinguistic aspects of Persian, its variants, as well as other Iranian languages. These issues are presented mainly from a descriptive point of view. The journal, however, includes theoretical papers as well, mostly based on the uansfonnational framework of generative grammar. The need felt by Iranian linguists to explain the fundamental concepts of theoretical assumptions, and to popularize modem linguistic concepts is reflected in a number of articles which introduce linguistic hypothesis, theories, and tendencies. In the first part of this review, the articles of the journal are classified in ten different categories, and their content is evaluated on the basis of the general goals set forth by the journal's editor, A. A. Sadeqi, in the first issue of the journal published in spring of 1984. The main body of the review is devoted to a critical analysis of the methodological and theoretical aspects of the journal, in the light of fundamental trends and tendencies in the field of modem linguistics. The discussion includes a presentation of the positive properties, as well as a discussion of the methodological and theoretical shortcomings evident in some of the ankles in the journal. Basic theoretical assumptions of the generative grammar, proposed first by N. Chomsky in 1957, are also briefly presented in this article. A few suggestions regarding the future of the journal conclude this review.

peculiar lens, analyzed by means of the biased views of the hagiographicaJ canons of classical histories-remains obscure to us today. The biographies of many of the Sufi poets of the period, such as HafIz. Humam Tabrizi, Salman Savaji, Shabcstari, Maghribi and Kamal Khojandi are replete with puzzling anecdotes, enigmatic incidents and fmely-spun witticisms, so it seems lhat literary history is itself but one of the many levels of Sufi symbolic poetry. Such a haze of hagiographical legend and pious mythology also beclouds the personality of Kamal Khojandi (d. 803/1400). one of the brighleSl stars in the galaxy of me Timurid Persian poets, whose poetry deeply influenced those poolS who followed the Indian style (sabk-e hendi) as well as the later Timurid. and Mogul Sufi poeLS. This article is a biographical study of his life and limes. Because the socio-cconomic and politico-cultural background of Kamal Khojandj's life has been insufficiently explored by literary historians such as E.G. Browne and Zabihollah Safa, particular attention is given to the cultural milieu and political climate of his day, and, as far as the references in his Divan can be dcciphered, to his relationship with royalty. Besides the notices provided by Dowlatshahi Samarqandi, Ibn Karbala'i, and Jami, biographical dala on Kamal Khojandi is quite meager; this article attempts to sort out some of the discrepancies in the various extant accounts of his life, and to resolve cenain problems regarding his travels and locations where he resided. Critical attention is also given to the references provided in the poet's Divan to Teymur-e Lang and to the latter's son. Miranshah, who governed Tabriz in the last decade of the fifteenth century.

An Anatomy of the Iranian City路 M. Reza Ha'eri In order to reconstruct and revive the historic texture of Lhe Iranian city, the prevailing "incongruous textures" in the urban areas should be rectified. According to the author, the contemporary Iranian city is, in general. nothing more that piled up layers of disconnected and heterogenous structures that have sprang up haphazardly since the beginning of this century. Unplanned growth of residential structures, uneven distribution of infrastructure and basic urban services. rapid deterioration of the ecological conditions and an explosive population growth in urban areas have all contributed to the prescnt imbalance in lnmian cities. Relying on a number of studies on the structure of major Iranian cities. the author identifies four distinct urban textures: the historic, the old, the new and the suburban. While the economic and administrative centers have been

The Image of Nature in Nima's Poetry* Shahrokh Meskoob Characterizing "Afsanch", Nima Yushij's long and best-known prem, as the harbinger of a new era in Persian poetry. the aulhor claims Lhat Nima's

unique lreauncm of nature and natural elements in his works represents a tOlaJly new vision of nature which sets him apart not only from Iranian classical poets bul also from many of his cOOlcmporarics. In the vision of lran's classical prelS natural clements are the organic parts of a larger and complex whole, nOl unlike the organs and limbs of the human body which are its integraJ and inseparable parts. Hence. the classical allegories likening various facial features of the idol

or the beloved to s-pecific nalural clements. In such a poetic imagery, nature exists only in relation to the poet's inner feelings; it is not projected or

experienced as it is, outside of man's existence. since natural elements do not possess an independent and separate identity. Indeed, not only man but nature also, become whole only in refcrence to a higher and uanscendcmal order of existence which gives them meaning and relevance and brings them into proper perspective. In Nima's perception, however, man is no longer superior 10 nature nor is he its master. Nature is no longer a closed entity to be experienced and probed only by man's soul and not his mind. For Nima, clements on the earth's landscape are not to be viewed for references to man's inner pains or pleasures; they are to be observed for what they are, and for the mysteries they represent. Comparing Nima with classical poets and some of his contemporaries such as Malek al-Sho'ara Sahar and Parvin E'tesami, the author also highlights their differences in terms of their perception of man's place in the order of universe and the nature and causes of man's failings and of social injustices that afflict his life. In his break with the miUennial tradition of Iranian poeLic world view, Nima has, according 10 the author. blazed a new lCail for generations 10 come.

The Life and times of Kamal Khojandi Leonard Lewisohn There is a quixotic brilliance to the stardom of the major Persian Sufi poets of the medieval period. Given all the intricacies, niceties. and subtleties of Sufi symbolism. plus the abstruseness of their theosophical theories, it is hardly a marvel that the paradoxical nalurc of their personalities-reflected through the

On the Biennial Painting Exhibitions in Iran* Changiz Pahlavan Commenting on the ftrSt painting exhibition held in Tehran during the latter pan of 1991, the author reviews in some detail the 5 painting biennials that were held in Iran in the two decades preceding lhe Islamic revolution. The main criteria used by the author in evaluating the success, or failure, of these biennials include me range of participation by Iranian painters and SCuJPlOrs, the composition of me jury and the impact of each biennial on the evolution of Iranian an scene. The author believes that although the presence of non-Iranian an critics in me panel of judges of the pre-reVOlutionary biennials may have brought a measure of international recognition to the work of Iranian anists, it evoked criticism on both artistic, psychological and political grounds. In general, however, me decision to hold these biennials was, according to the author, a positive step in responding to the needs of the Iranian anists in their effom 10 move beyond the fonns 3nd styles that had for centuries infonned Iran's traditional painters and miniaturists. The injection of political motifs into the frrst post-revolutionary biennial limited the scope of participation by lranian anists. Nevertheless, the author believes that, given the circumstances surroWlding the event including the composition of the panel of judges and the stated criteria for me selection of the best works, this latest biennial must also be considered a step forward for the Iranian artistic community.

*Abstracts marked by an asterisk are prepared by Iran Nameh. Abstracts without asterisk are prepared by authors.

THE ORAL HISTORY COLLECTION OFTHE

FOUNDATION FOR IRANIAN STUDIES

Edited by Gholam Reza Afkhami and Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr With a Foreword by Elizabeth B. Mason

FOUNDATION FOR IRANIAN STUDIES 1991

Contents Iran Nameh Vol. X. No.4, Fall 1992 Persian:

Articles Book Reviews English:

On the Biennial Painting Exhibitions in Iran

Changiz Pahlavan

The Image of Nature in Nima's Poetry Shahrokh Meskoob The Life and Times of Kamal Khojanrli Leonard Lewisohn An Anatomy of the Iranian City M. Reza Ha' eri

A Critical Review of Zabanshenasi Journal Simin Karimi Iran's Economy after the Revolution Jahangir Amuzegar

Cumulative Index of Iran Nameh (1982-1992)

A Persian Journal 01 Iranian Studies Published by The Foundation for Iranian Studies

Editorial Board:

Advisory Board:

Daryush Shayegan Shahro~

Meskoob

Book Review Editor: Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak

Managing Editor: Hannoz Hekmal

Guiuy AZlIrp;lY. Unive~tyol California. Berkdey Peter J. Chclkowski, New York University Richard N. Frye, Harvard Universitl' M. OJ. Mahdjoub

S. H. NaSI, George Washingron Univcrs.iry Roger M. Savory, University of Toronto Ehsan Varshaler, Columbia Uni~ersily

The r".l'Idati<>n r", I,.nion S,udie. ;.. ""n.pror.,. ""n.poIi.",.1. eJuc3tion.1 ond r",,,.rch cen .... dedica.ed .n Inc 'IUdy. promo.ion ."d dI\l<:mln.tiun "r lh~ "w.u",1 hcn.a~ 01 Iron The FoolHbliun is dtwi,tN If' S«rion (SOl) M U) ,,,,;,,,,z~uotr ulld<r the Inrtrml R~ Servia: Cr'<k

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FOUND~TION

FOR

IR~NI~N

STUDIE:S

CJratV A Persian Journal of Iranian Studies

On the Biennial Painting Exhibitions in [ran

Changiz Pahlavan The Image of Nature in Nima's Poetry

Shahrokh Meskoob

The Life and Times of Kamal Khojandi Leonard Lewisohn An Anatomy of the Iranian City M . Reza Ha' eri A Critical Review of Zabanshenasi Journal

Simin Karimi Iran's Economy after the Revolution

Jahangir Amuzegar

Cumulative Index of Iran Nameh (1982-1992)

Vol. X, No. 4, Fall 1992