Iran Nameh Vol. 16, No. 4, (Fall 1998) by Iran Namag: A Bilingual Quarterly of Iranian Studies

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A Persian Journal of Iranian Studies Published by the Foundation for Iranian Studies

Editorial Board (Vol. XVI): Shahrokh Meskoob Ahmad Ashraf Sadroddin Elahi Book Review Editor: Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr Managing Editor: Honnoz Hekmat

Advisory Board: Gholam Reza Afkhami Ahmad Ashraf Guity Azarpay Ali Banuazizi Simin Behbehani Perter J. Chelkowski Richard N. Frye William L. Hanaway Ir.

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The Foundation for Iranian Studies is a nonÂˇprofit, non-political, educational and research center, dedicated to the study, promotion and dissemination of the cultural heritage of Iran. TIle FOImdation is classified as a Section (501) (C) (3) organization under the Internal Revenue Se-Mce Code. The views expressed In the articles are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Journal.

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OratV A Persian Journal of Iranian Studies

The Ideological Origins of Iranian Intellectuals in Berlin Jamshid Behnam

Reflections on Ethics: From Avesta to Shahnameh Shahrokh Meskoob

Initiatory Voyages Ehsan Yarshater

"Islamic Feminism" and the Women's Movement in Iran Hammed Shahidian

Raw Desire: The Litany of Revolutionary Hangover in Iran Ali Ferdowsi

VoL XVI , No. 4, Fall 1998

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ENCYCLOPJEDIA IRANICA

Fascicles I and 2 of Volume IX

ETHE--FARABI V

Published by

BIBLIOTHECA PERSICA PRESS NEW YORK

DistribUied by EISEN BRAUNS, IN C , PO Box 275 Winona Lake. IN 46590 Tel: (2 19) 269-201 1 Fax: (219) 269-6788 Website: www.e isenbrauns.com

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ENCYCLOPJEDIA IRANICA

Fascicles 1 and 2 of Volume IX

ETHE--FARABI V

Published by BIBLIOTHECA PERSICA PRESS NEW YORK

Distributed by EISENBRAUNS, INC. PO Box 275 Winona Lake. IN 46590 Tel: (219) 269-2011 Fax: (2 19) 269-6788 Webs ite: www.eise nbrJuns.com

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ETHE--FARABI V

Publi shed by

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Di:路.tributed by EISENBRAUNS. INC. PO Box 275 Winona Like, IN 46590 Tel: (2 19) 269-2011 Fax: (2 19) 269-6788 Website: www.eisenbrauns.com

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ETHE--FARABI V

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ENCYCLOPlEDIA IRANICA

Fascicles 1 and 2 of Volume IX

ETHE--FARABI V

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Contents Iran Nam eh Vol. XVI, No.4 Fall 1998

In Persian : Articles Excerpts Book Reviews Abstracts In English: The Ideological Origins of Iranian Intellectuals in Berlin Jamshid Behnam

Reflections on Ethics: From Avesta to Shahnameh Shahrokh Meskoob

Initiatory Voyages Ehsan Yarshater

"Islamic Feminism" and the Women's Movement in Iran Hammed Shahidian

Raw Desire: Tbe Litany of Revolutionary Hangover in Iran Ali Ferdowsi

THE ORAL HISTORY CO LLECTION OFTHE

FOUNDATION FOR IRAN IAN STUDIES

Edited by Gholam Reza Afkhami and Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr With a Foreword by Elizabeth B. Mason

FOUNDATION FOR IRANIAN STUD IES

Harvard Fellowship in Iranian Studies The Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Harvard University is inviting appli cations fo r the Ehsan Yarshater Visiting Fell owsh ip in Iranian Studies, with stipend, for the 1998-99 academic year. The Fellowship was estab li shed to promote resea rch in Irani an languages, jiteralUres, religions. history , sociology. anthropology, art history and archaeology to encourage post-doctoral scholars who have not yet achieved senior statu s in their fields to utilize Harvard 's research facil ities and become acquainted with its methods of research and instruction. Qua lified fellows may, at the discretion of the Center or the relevant department, be asked to help wi th the instructi on of the students.

The deadl ine for the receipt of applications is August 31, 1998. Please fax applications and all other inquiries to (617) 496-8584 to the attent ion of: Committee on Ehsan Yarshater Fellowship, Prof. Roy Mottahedeh, Chair, Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Coo lidge Hall, 1737 Cambridge Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02 138 .

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of whom are apparently neither from aristocratic famil ies nor entertain any such pretensions. In this article, I have tried to elaborate on the reasons for the popularity of this book by exploring the current mindset of its readership. One can not grasp the sense and import of the novel without relating it to the heady and intoxicating days of the Revolution and its disappointlng aftermath. The Iranians fell willingly for the spell of a revolution that promised blissful utopia, and then awoke to a huge hangover. Their collective litany parallels the personal story of Mahbubeh. We read this novel neither as aristocrats nor as workers, but as "women" emerging from patriarchy, betrayal and brutalization.

Thus, continued legitimacy of the Shari'ah's discourse on women and family denies the separation of religion from state, subjugates not only non-Muslims, but also non-believers, to Islam. As a reformist movement that responds to problems arising from a dysfunctional patriarchal system

in post-revolutionary Iran, "Islamic feminism" aims to shift the locus of control over women from the private rule of individual men to the public domain. But it fails to offer solutions to the deeper gender conflict in Iran.

Raw Desire: The Litany of Revolutionary Hangover in Iran Ali Ferdowsi The unprecedented success of the popular novel Bamdad-e Khomar [The Morning After] by a female writer, Fattaneh Haj Seyyed Javadi, has provoked a rare, and for the most part vitriolic, response from the Iranian intelligentsia. Sudabeh, an educated girl from cultured classes, is about to marry a young man of moneyed but uneducated classes. Her parents are strongly opposed to this marriage, but to no avail. They ask for Auntie, the much older sister of Sudabeh 's father, to intervene. Instead of exhorting her niece, she chooses to tell the story of her own life. Auntie, as headstrong girl named Mahbubeh during the Iranian transition out of the "ancient regime," falls passionately in love with a working class youth and marries him against the wishes of her aristocratic father. Soon, her marriage descends into a hellish nightmare, and she is forced to run back to her own family, childless and forever sterile due to her attempt to end an unwanted pregnancy. The title captures the general drift of the auntie 's story; the night of inebriation is not worth the dreadful hangover of the following morning. The intellectuals ' critique of this novel is overwhelmingly negative. It charges the author with waging a vicious attack on the lower classes and celebrating a decadent exemplar that is the antithesis of genuine feminism. These readings, however, fail to account for the success of the novel, especially among the Iranian women and youth, the vast majority

"Islamic Feminism" and tbe Women's Movement in Iran Hammed Shahidian The discriminatory laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran have, from the outset, been faced with women's resistance. Women, both believers and non-believers. have offered "new" interpretations of Islamic law and gender relationships. Working from a cultural relativist perspective, some scholars, especially in European and North American universities have supported "Islamic feminism" as an indigenous Iranian women's

response to patriarchy. This article presents and overview of "Islamic femin ism" in an attempt to assess the promises and pitfalls of this trend. I analyze "Islamic feminists'" reinterpretations of Islamic laws and their definitions of such key concepts as patriarchy, gender, sexuality, and individual路collective relationship. I argue that "Islamic feminists'" commitment to Islam limits the scope of their analyses (for example, regarding hijab and individual rights) and their struggle for laws recognizing women's rights. Furthennore, in their discourse patriarchy is reduced to a "cultural mistake." Sex is assumed to have a predefmed nature, and men and women are assigned certain "natural" roles. Gender is defined as social and cultural encroachments upon what "nature" assigns to each sex. Sexuality is defmed in the limited sense of heterosexual relationship within marriage. The belief that individuals are created male and female, nevertheless, re路institutes a patriarchal order within the family. Though "Islamic feminists" demand legitimization of women 's public role, they also insist that public presence must not interfere with a woman's primary duties as wife and mother. The roles of each partner in the "new" family remain similar to those in its "traditional" counterpart, but there is more emphasis, in the "Islamic feminist" family, on women's roles as mothers and wives. According to "Islamic feminists"--whose constituency is limited to middle and upper-class, heterosexual Muslim women-- an authentic indigenous Iranian women's movement must consider women's natural attributes, lest it sacrifices the good of the collective for the benefit of the individual.

Initiatory Voyages路 Ehsan Yarshater

Since the revolution of 1979 and the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the study of Shi'ism has attracted the interest of even some western scholars who, in the last two decades, have enriched the field by their research and publications. The works of three distinguished Iranian scholars, the author suggests, have made a significant contribution in sharpening the current interest in Shi ' ite studies. The most noteworthy of these works are: All introduction 10

Shi'ire law; A bibliographical Study. and Crisis and Consolidation of the Formative Period of Shi ';/e Islam by Hossein Modarresi Tabataba ' i, of Princeton University; Isma'i/is: Their History and doctrine and Assassin Legends, by Farhad Daftari, of the Institute of the Isma 'i li Studies; and Le guide divin dans Ie shi'ism originel,and Ie voyage initiatiqlle en lerre d'islam. Ascensions celesles el iniliares spirituels, by Mohmmad Ali Arnir Mo 'ezzi of L'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes in Paris. This article focuses on a range of topics contained in the articles that appear in Dr. Mo'ezzis latter work, that bear particular relevance to certain beliefs and views that have been recurrent themes in the shi'ite hadiths. Among these topics are: Mohammed's "nocturnal voyage from Msjid al~Haram to Masjid al~Aqsa ", his ascension, the ascension of shi'i imams, and the guardianship of Ali, the first imam. Particular attention is paid to the questions posed over the correct interpretation of the hadiths regarding the initiatory voyages of Prophet Mohammed and his ascension, and the attribution of superhuman qualities, even divinity, to Ali. For example, since no miracles have been attributed to Mohammed, should his voyages and ascension be considered merely spiritual and not material occurances? Or, has the prophet, in his ascension, actually seen God and heard His voice or should these events also be considered as Simply visionary and symbolic? The author also discusses certain other beliefs expounded in the cited hadiths. Some of these beliefs that are discussed in the article are: Divme indications of the special status of Ali as the successor to Prophet Mohammed and the guardian of Islamic community; Ali as the companion of Mohammed 10 his ascension; and Ali as the embodiment of the esoteric truth, In contradistinction to Mohammed as the revealer of the exoteric truth.

20 Reflections on Ethics: From Avesta to Shahnameh * Shahrokh Meskoob

This article discusses the nature and meaning of ethical principles in Avesta and Iranian mythology and their relevance to the ethical concepts embodied in Shahnameh. According to the author, Avesta, as other divince books, sets forth a moral mission. However. at the time of its emergence an ethical code of behavior was not yet in existence. Nevertheless, Avesta contained the idea of good and evil that had from the beginning mformed the genesis of the world. Shahnameh, Iran's greatest epic of the Islamic period, embodies many of Iran's ancient ethical beliefs that have survived in Iranians' collective consciousness. Avesta's moral worldview was an integral part of this system of believes. Shahnameh, however, contains its own ethical frame of reference, and, above all, is the embodiment of the belief in man's free will and the imperative of resisting all that stands against its realization. While man's mere life and death is beyond his will, the quality of his existence, in honor or in disgrace, depends solely on his own will. Indeed, notwithstanding the common belief that a strain of determinism runs through Shahnameh's epic tales, its deterministic bent is not divine but human. The whole epic reflects man's never路ending struggle to escape the snare of fate. It displays a permanent negation of the ordained through the power of the will. In a sense, according to the author, Shahnameh is the story of the glorious defeat of the valiant seekers of freedom. During the Sassanid period, when Zoroastrianism turned into the state religion, the religious leaders defined the parameters of good and eVIl and determined the exact nature of every sin and its retributions. Thus, religious sanctions turned moral codes of behavior into a set of enforceable religious commandments. With the advent of the totalitarian state, the writer argues, the imposition of the ruling elite's ideological and dogmatic norms of thought and behavior overwhelmed purely ethical principles, which can only be tested in the presence of individual's free will to detennine good and evil.

Tbe Ideological Origins of Iranian Intellectuals in Berlin* Jamshid Behnam During the years 1915-1930, a number of Iranian intellectuals took up residence in Berlin and in their common and concerted search for solutions to Iran 's fonnidable social and political problems became involved in publication of various journals including Kaveh, franshahr , Name-ye Farangestan, and Elm-o-Honor. In these journals they elaborated on topics and issues that were, and still are, of overriding interest to the Iranians. Most of the contributors to these journals knew one or two European languages and were fairly familiar with Western culture and civilization. They had also kept abreast of the most relevant currents of thoughts in both Turkey and the Arab societies. According to the author, these writers, while in Iran, had followed the development of social ideas in the Ottoman Empire (later, Turkey), and Egypt with keen interest. While the Arab intellectuals of this penod focused their attention on such issues as cultural renaissance and cultural refonn, their Turkish COWlterparts pondered on the nature of political systems, national identity, and the relationship between religion and government. The latter were also by far more attracted to western SOCial and political models than the fonner. Elaborating on the salient features of the ideologies prevalent among Arab and Turkish intellectuals in late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the article points to the common trends of thought among Iranian, Arab and Turkish social thinkers and critics. In certain areas, in fact, the author suggests, the Iranians were clearly influenced by the ideals of both Arabs and Turks. This influence seems to have been particularly pronounced with respect to the concepts of nationali sm, structure of political power, the role of religion in polity and society, and, perhaps most importantly, modernity . â&#x20AC;˘ Abstracts marked by an asterisk are prepared by Iran Nameh