Art appreciation by nandni sethi

ART APPRECIATION Name: Nandni Sethi Interior Design and Styling 2014-16 Duration: 30 day Date of submission 1

: 10.12.2014

Letter Of Acknowledgement

I would like to take this opportunity to thank the people who have supported me in the duration of this project. First of all I would like to thank Suhasini Maâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;am, for giving us this chance to explore the various art styles of the past and present and Harroop Maâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;am for guiding us to complete this project in the most accurate format. Also, I am thankful for the support I received from Nitin Sir and my fellow classmates while doing this project. I am also grateful to my parents and brother for their love and support.

Nandni Sethi PG-IDS

Contents MESOPOTAMIAN

Executive summary Page no:13

Egyptian Civilization Page no: 19

Mesopotamian civilization Page no: 14

Greek civilization Page no: 24

Roman civilization Page no: 32

Renaissance Page no: 37

Romanticism Page no:47

Baroque Page no:42

Rococo Page no:45

Realism In Art Page no: 51

Impressionism Page no: 62

Art Nouveau Page no:66

Art Deco Page no: 71

Fauvsim Page no:81

Cubism Page no: 84

Expressionism Page no:75

Futurism Page no: 87

Surrealism Page no: 91

Minimalism Page no:104

Dada Movement Page no: 95

Op Art Page no: 107

Pop Art Page no:99

Environmental Page no: 110

Installation Art Page no: 114

Cubism Page no: 118

Limitations Page no: 117

Bibliography Page no: 119

Table of Images Page No.

S. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Fig 1. 'winged bull with human head' Fig 2. Statue of Gudea Fig 3. Albaster with shell eyes Fig 4. lion eating a man (sculpture) Fig 5. Ziggurat , near Iraq Fig 6. Hanging Graden of Babylon (painting) Fig 7. God Sobek Fig 8. tomb of Sarenput II (painting) Fig 9. Ramses tomb Fig 10. Head of Amenhotep III (sculpture) Fig 11. Menkaura and queen (sculpture) Fig 12. ancient sculpture Fig 13. Golden Ratio Fig 14. Doric Order oloum Fig 15. Corinthain Order Coloum Fig 16. Ionic Order Coloum Fig 17. Twin Kouroi of Argos Fig 18. .â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Diadumenos 8 Fig 19. Parthenon in Athens Fig 20. The Charioteer of Delphi

15 16 16 16 17 18 20 20 21 21 22 23 25 26 26 26 27 28 29 29

21 22 23 24

Fig 21. Laocoon and his sons Fig 22. Aphrodite of Milos Fig 23. Pergamon Altar Fig 24. The Palazzo Farnese

30 31 31 33

25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Fig 25. The Fontana delle Naiadi Fig 26. The Pantheon Fig 27. Santa Maria Maggiore (groin vault) Fig 28. The Cloisters Fig 29. Cathedral of Reims Fig 30. Transfiguration 1516-20, Rafel Fig 31. Leonardo da Vinci,’ Lady with an Ermine’ 1489–1490

34 34 35 36 36 39 40

32 33

Fig 32. Donatello, ‘David Fig 33. Tempietto di San Pietro in Montorio, Rome

40 41

Fig 34. The Triumph of the Immaculate by Paolo de Matteis Fig 35. Château de Maisons Fig 36. Rococo style mirrior Fig 37. J.M.W. Turner, 1839 Fig 38. Crusaders Thirsting near Jerusalem Francesco Hayez

Fig 39. The Voyage of Life Old Age,1842, Thomas Cole Fig 40. Albion Rose, 1794-5 William Blake

Fig 41. The Sower, 1850, Jean-François Millet

35 36 37 38 39

44 46 48 49

50 52

Fig 43. Jules Brenton, The End of Working Day, 1886-87

Fig 44. Le Sommeil (Sleep), 1866, Gustave Courbet

Fig 45. Jean-François Millet, 'The Gleaners' 1857

Fig 46. Gustav Courbet, Young Women from the Village ,1852

47 48

Fig 47. Winslow Homer, The Fox Hunt, 1893 Fig 48. Monet.C .'Rouen Cathedral in Full Sunlight’,1893

61 63

49 50

Fig 49. Degas. E, 'Four Dancers', 1899 Fig 50. Monet.C, 'Nympheas' (Water-lily Pond),1918

64 64

Fig 51. Monet.C, 'Impression Sunrise', 1872 Fig 52. Degas.E, L'Absinthe, 1876, Musee d'Orsay, Paris

53 54

Fig 53. Beardsley. A,’The Peacock Skirt’, 1892 Fig 54. Art Nouveau interior ,1900

67 68

55 56 57

Fig 55. Tassel House stairway in Brussels Fig 56. Louis Comfort Tiffany, Vase, 1913 Fig 57. interior of the Vitebsk Railway Station in St. Petersburg

69 69 70

Fig 58. Chrysler Building in New York City, William Van Alen; built 1928–30

Fig 59. County Courthouse doors, Bisbee, Arizona, 1931

Fig 60. Window Design

Fig 61. sunburst design above front doors,1930

Fig 62. A. M. CASSANDRE ,'Nord Express' 1927

Fig 63. Tamara de Lempicka,"The Musician", 1929

64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

Fig 64. Gogh. V, ‘Starry Night’, 1889 Fig 65. Gogh. V, ‘sunflowers’ ,1888 Fig 66. Munch. E, ‘Madonna’,1894 Fig 67. Munch. E , “The Scream” 1893 Fig 68. Matisse. H, ’green strip’,1905 Fig 69. Matisse. H, 'Self Portrait', 1937 Fig 70. MATISSE.H, 'The Goldfish', 1912 Fig 71. Matisse. H, ’Red Interior: Still Life on a Blue Table‘ ,1947

76 77 78 78 82 82 83 83

Fig 72. Picasso.P,'Factory, Horta de Ebbo', 1909

73 74

Fig 73. GRIS. J, 'Violin and Glass', 1915 Fig 74. PICASSO. P ,'Still Life with Chair Caning', 1912

86 86

75 76 77

Fig 75. Boccioni .U, ‘ The Laugh’, 1911 Fig 76. Umberto Boccioni, ‘self-portrait’ Fig 77. Boccioni .U, ‘development of bottle in space’ ,1913

88 89 90

Fig 78. Boccioni.U,‘unique forms of continuity in space’,1913

Fig 79. Chirico. D. G ,’The Disquieting Muses’, 1916

Fig 80. Dali. S, ‘un-chien-andalou, film still’,1928

81 82

Fig 81. ‘Photograph of S.Dali and M.Ray’ Fig 82. MIRO. J, ‘The Birth of the World’, 1925

92 93

Fig 83. Dali. S,‘accommodation of desire’, 1929

Fig 84. 'DER DADA NO.2' 1919 (magazine cover) Edited by Raoul Hausmann, John Heartfield, and George Grosz

85 86 87

Fig 85. Duchamp.M, 'Fountain’, 1917 Fig 86. Duchamp.M, 'L.H.O.O.Q', 1919 Fig 87. Grosz.G and Heartfield.J 'Life and Work in Universal City 12:05 Noon’ 1919

97 97 98

88 89 90

Fig 88. Hausmann.R, 'ABCD’,1920 Fig 89. Lichtenstein, Roy ,’Blam’(1962) Fig 90. Paolozzi, E,'I was a Rich Man's Plaything',(1947)

98 100 101

Fig 91. Rauschenberg, R, 'Retroactive 1', (1964)

102

92 93

Fig 92. Warhol, A , 'Marilyn Diptych' (1962) Fig 93. Piet Mondrian, Composition II in Red, Blue, and Yellow, 1930

103 106

Fig 94.Piet Mondrian, "Composition No. 10" (1939–42)

106

95 96

Fig 95. Riley, B, Loss (1964) Fig 96. Edith Meusnier, Artefact, Bois de Belle Rivière, (installation)

109 112

Fig 97. Environmental Art in the woods , (Scotland)

113

98 99

Fig 98. Kinetic rain installation Fig 99. Kinetic rain installation

116 116

Executive Summary This project is tracing the development of art and architectural style beginning from ancient civilization to the present. after working on this project I have gained an insight of the way the thought process of design has changed with the changing times. Having an understanding of the art history helps us as design students in understanding the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;evolution of design thinkingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. This project would help in my course of Interior design and styling, as it would guide my understanding of the different styles of deign.

MESOPOTAMIAN 14 CIVILIZATION

INTRODUCTION One of the oldest civilizations to have existed. The art of this civilization was influenced by three factors. First, the socio-political organization of city states, this was found in the way cities were planned and the irrigation system Second, the role of organized religion, since city was responsibility of temple. Third, the influence of natural environment, since it was not favorable to use wood or stone they had to use terracotta. Here evidence of earliest use of painted ornament on pottery vessels.

Fig 1. Winged bull with a human head, guardian figure from the gate of the palace at Dur Sharrukin, near Nineveh; in the Louvre. Credit: ClichĂŠ MusĂŠes Nationaux, Paris www.britannica.com, accessed:7.12.2014 15

Fig 4. One of the Nimrud ivories shows a lion eating a man. , www.wikipedia.org, accessed:7.12.2014

Fig 2. One of 18 Statues of Gudea, a ruler around 2090 BC, www.wikipedia.org, accesed:7.12.2014

Fig 3. Alabaster with shell eyes, Sumerian male worshiper, 2750-2600 BC,www.wikipedia.org, accessed:7.12.2014

The Architecture Among the Mesopotamian architectural accomplishments are the development of urban planning, the courtyard house, and ziggurats.

Fig 5. The reconstructed facade of the Neo-Sumerian Great Ziggurat of Ur, near Nasiriyah, Iraq www.wikipedia.org, accessed:7.12.2014 17

Fig 6. Painting depicting the Hanging gardens of Babylon, www.wikipedia.org, accessed:7.12.2014

The hanging gardens of Babylon, were developed over the architecture of Mesopotamian ziggurats. This showed the architectural advancement of the Mesopotamian civilization. 18

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION 19

I N T R O D U C T I O N

The painting and sculptures of Egyptian highly stylized and symbolic. During this period symbolism used to depict gods and goddesses. Animals were depicted in symbolic figures. Art form of Egyptian period included detailed depiction of gods, human beings, heroic battles, and nature.

Fig 7. god Sobek (anmal symbolism) www.wikipedia.org, accessed: 8.12.2014

Fig 8. Tomb of Sarenput II. www.wikipedia.org, accessed: 8.12.2014 20

S C U L P T U R E S

The sculpture of this period was found to be following same figure convention as the one for paintings, wherein figures had parted legs (where not seated) and head shown from the side, but the torso from the front, and a standard set of proportions making up the figure. Found both large and small sculptures n this civilization.

fig 10. sculpted head of Amenhotep III, www.wikipedia.org, accessed:8.12.2014

Fig 9. Ramses tomb, example of large sculptures, 21 www.tripadvisor.com, accessed: 8.12.2014

Fig 11. Menkaura (Mycerinus) and queen, www.wikipedia.org, accessed:8.12.2014

The formality of the pose is reduced by the queen's arm round her husband. 22

Of the materials used by the Egyptian sculptors, we find - clay, wood, metal, ivory, and stone - stone was the most plentiful and permanent, available in a wide variety of colors and hardness. Sculpture was often painted in vivid hues as well. distinctive qualities found is the cubic forms of sculptures, since the stone cube or block formed the base of the figure.

Image showing the cubic form of ancient Egyptian sculpture fig 12. www.crystalinks.com, accessed:8.12.2014

INTRODUCTION The Greek Civilization has provided the ancient world with the finest and most distinctive sculptures and architecture. The greeks strived for perfection in their understanding of structures and human body. They achieved this by uncovering the rule of ‘Golden Proportion’ and applying it in building of their structures and sculptures. The development of greek architecture and understanding of human proportions can be traced over Three periods• Archaic Period • Classical Period • Hellenistic Period

Fig 13. Golden ratio seen implemented in architecture, www.theglobeandmail.com,acces sed:5.12.2014

Three Orders The greek architecture is know to have Three Orders • Doric Order • Ionic Order • Corinthian Order The different orders were applied to the whole range of buildings and monuments. The development of these orders can be traced in Classical Period of Greek Fig 14. Architectural elements of the Doric civilization. Order showing simple curved echinus of capital Images : www.wikipedia.com, accessed:5.12.2014

CORINTHIAN

I O N I C Fig 16.Capital of the Ionic Order showing volutes and ornamented echinus

Fig 15. Capital of the Corinthian Order showing foliate decoration and vertical volutes.

D O R I C

In Archaic period, small solid figures in clay, ivory, and bronze were largely found. The human figures resemble those in contemporary Geometric pottery designs, having elongated limbs and a triangular torso. Even though, largely bronze sculptures with small bases were prevalent, the understanding of human proportions in this period can be seen in the large stone figures of kouroi - nude male youths and kore clothed female figures. These kind of sculptures were rigid with the arms held straight at the sides, the feet are almost together and the eyes staring blankly ahead without any particular facial expression.

Fig 17.Twin Kouroi of Argos - named Kleobis and Biton - sculpted by Polymedes (c 580 BCE), mature archaic style. Delphi Archaeological Museum, 27 Greece. www.ancient.eu, accessed: 5.12.2014

Classical period is known to have resurgence of art and underwent ‘structural revolution’. Greek sculptors would break off the shackles of convention as they created life-size and life-like sculpture which glorified the human body and especially nude male form. Thus, they had achieved perfection in depicting the human anatomy and idealized classical sculptures. The sculptures no longer seemed to be sculptures but were figures instilled with life and verve, as the marble figures depicted life like expressions, clothing and positions. Fig 18.‘Diadumenos’, www.wikipedia.org, accessed:5.12.2014 28

The Classical Period also saw an increase in the use of statues and sculptures as decorations of buildings. The characteristic temples of the Classical era, such as the Parthenon in Athens, and the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, used relief sculpture for decorative friezes, and sculpture in the round to fill the triangular fields of the pediments.

Fig 19. Parthenon in Athens, temple in classical period, Fig 20.The Charioteer of Delphi, 478 or 474 BC, www.wikipedia.org, accessed:5.12.2014 Delphi Museum, www.wikipedia.org,29 accessed:5.12.2014

this period marked by the death of Alexander the great, there was exaggeration of depiction as the sculptures added more drama and added a narrative to the sculpture. There was a shift towards increasing naturalism and common people, women, children, animals, and domestic scenes became acceptable subjects for sculpture. The sculptures no longer needed to depict human as ideals of beauty or physical perfection. Rather compared to classical sculptures, sculptures began expressing more power and energy during this time period.

Fig 21. Laocoon and his sons (Late Hellenistic), Vatican Museum, www.wikipedia.com, accessed:5.12.2014 30

Fig 23. Pergamon Altar, Pergamon Museum, Berlin, www.wikipedia.org, accessed:5.12.2014

Fig 22. Aphrodite of Milos (Venus de Milo), www.wikipedia.org, accessed:5.12.2014

ROMAN

Civilization

Introduction 7n civilization architecturally carried forward the characteristics of Greece architecture but is known to have brought the use of concrete to build. The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;concrete revolutionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; in the field of architecture enabled them to build arches and break away from the Greek architectural styles. The use of concrete to make arches lead to the introduction of use of bricks in architecture. Fig 24. The Palazzo Farnese, www.wikipedia.org, accessed:6.12.2014

Fig 25. The Fontana delle Naiadi, www.wikipedia.org, accessed:8.12.2014

Fig 26. The Pantheon, www.wikipedia.org, accessed: 8.12.2014

Prominent in roman architecture were the use of different vaults: • Groin Vault • Barrel Vault • Ribbed Vault

Groin Vault It refers to the edge between the intersecting vaults. This is characterized by four corners and is known to be stronger than most. These arches are usually pointed instead of being round. Fig 27. Santa Maria Maggiore at Guardiagrele in Abruzzo www.wikipedia.org , accessed:8.12.2014

Barrel Vault

Ribbed vaults

These vaults were mostly circular and the simplest form of a vault, since it was a series of arches placed one after another. They were also known as tunnel vault or wagon vault.

The intersection of two or three barrel vaults produces a rib vault

Fig 28. The Cloisters, New York City, www.wikipdia.org, accessed:8.12.2014

Fig 29. Cathedral of Reims, France, 36 www.wikipedia.org, accessed:8.12.2014

RENAISSANCE LEONARDO DA VINCI, 'The Madonna of the Rocks’,www.artyfactory.com, acessed:7.12.2014

INTRODUCTION Renaissance, emerging as a distinct style in Italy in about 1400, in parallel with developments which occurred in philosophy, literature, music and science. Renaissance drew on the wealth and power of the Italian courts and was a blend of secular and religious forces.

the Early Renaissance was the period of artistic development in Italy when art broke away from the rigid Byzantine and Gothic traditions to develop a more naturalistic approach to drawing and the organization of figures within a landscape. 38

High renaissance to have begun in 1490’s and declined in 1527The word 'Renaissance' means 'rebirth' - a rebirth of the classical ideals from Ancient Rome and Greece. The artists of this period achieved a revival of the classical ideals of beauty and form; an anatomical and scientific accuracy in drawing; a sensual and psychological response to color and composition,

Fig 30. Raphael, ‘Transfiguration’,1516– 20,www.wikipedia.org, accessed:8.12.2014 39

Fig 31. Leonardo da Vinci,’ Lady with an Ermine’ 1489–1490,www.wikipedia.org, accessed:8.12.2014

Fig 32. Donatello, ‘David’, www.wikipedia.org, accessed: 8.12.2014

RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE demonstrated a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture, Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture of classical antiquity and as seen in ancient Roman architecture. During this period in the architecture use of Orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters and lintels, as well as the use of semicircular arches, hemispherical domes, niches.

Fig 33. Tempietto di San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, 1502, www.wikipedia.org, accessed: 8.12.2014 41

BAROQUE

INTRODUCTION As an art style it exaggerated motion and interpreted detail to evoke drama, tension, grandeur in all the works â&#x20AC;&#x201C; paintings, architecture, literature, dance, music.

The background of this art style included the protestant reformation, because of which the church began to promote art to communicate religious themes.

Fig 34. The Triumph of the Immaculate by Paolo de Matteis , www.wikipedia.com, accessed:5.12.2014

The boroque architecture begun in late 16th century Italy, it was characterized by new explorations of form, light and shadow and dramatic intensity. The architecture depicted both emotions and wealth and power of church. In the 17th century the style became prevalent in palaces and it was during the 17th century that it spread through Europe and Latin America.

Fig 35. Ch창teau de Maisons, www.wikipedia.com, accessed:5.12.2014

ROCOCO

Also known as â&#x20AC;&#x153;Late Baroqueâ&#x20AC;?, this 18th century Artistic movement developed as a reaction against the grandeur, symmetry, and regulations of Baroque. This movement developed first as a decorative and interiors style. In Interiors the style was done as a total work of art, with elegant and ornate furniture, small sculpture, tapestry to compliment it, wall paintings. The furniture was lighthearted, physically and visually. The idea of furniture had evolved to a symbol of status and took on a role in comfort and versatility.

Rococo mirror and stuccowork in Schloss Ludwigsburg reflect the style's characteristic antiarchitectural integration of materials and forms Fig 36. www.wikipedia.org, accessed:5.12.2014

Théodore Géricault, The Raft of the Medusa, 1819,www.wikipedia.org,accessed:6.12.2014

ROMANTICISM

INTRODUCTION The word 'Renaissance' means 'rebirth' - a rebirth of the classical ideals from Ancient Rome and Greece. It originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century.

It followed the Enlightenment period and can be described as anticlassicism since it developed in part inspired by a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms. Fig 37. J.M.W. Turner, The Fighting TĂŠmĂŠraire tugged to her last Berth to be broken up, 1839,www.wikipedia.org, accessed:7.12.2014

Romanticism can be loosely defined by what it stood against. The movement championed spiritualism over science, instinct over deliberation, nature over industry, democracy over subjugation, and the rusticity over the aristocracy. they glorified huge, complex concepts such as liberty, survival, ideals, hope, awe, heroism, despair, and the various sensations that nature evokes in humans.

Fig 38. Francesco Hayez, Crusaders Thirsting near Jerusalem, www.wikipedia.org, accessed:7.12.2014

Fig 39. Thomas Cole, The Voyage of Life Old Age,1842, www.wikipedia.org , accessed:7.12.2014

Fig 40. William Blake, Albion Rose, 1794-5, www.wikipedia.org, accessed:7.12.2014

REALISM IN ART 51

Introduction Realism (or naturalism) in the arts is the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic and supernatural elements. Realism was an art movement that revolted against the emotional and exaggerated themes of Romanticism. Artists and writers began to explore the reality of every day life.

Fig. 41. Jean-Franรงois Millet, The Sower, 1850, www.wikipedia.org, accessed:6.12.2014

Realism Movement The Realism movement lasted around forty years from 1840 to 1880. It followed the Romanticism movement and came before Modern Art. Movement began in the mid-19th century as a reaction to Romanticism and History painting. In favor of depictions of 'real' life, the Realist painters used common laborers, and ordinary people in ordinary surroundings engaged in real activities as subjects for their works. Its chief exponents were Gustave Courbet, Jean-François Millet, Honoré Daumier, and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot.

Fig 42. Jean-François Millet, „A Norman Milkmaid at Gréville‟, 1871, www.wikipedia.org, accesssed:6.12.2014

Characteristics of realism Realism artists tried to depict the real world exactly as it appears. They painted everyday subjects and people. They didn't try to interpret the setting or add emotional meaning to the scenes.

Fig 43. Jules Breton, The End of the Working Day, 1886â&#x20AC;&#x201C;87,www.wikipedia.org, accessed:6.12.2014

Characteristics: Genres and Subject Matter The style of Realism spread to almost all genres, including History painting, portraits, genre-painting, and landscapes. Favourite subject matter for Realist artists included: genre scenes of rural and urban working class life, scenes of streetlife, cafes and night clubs, as well as increasing frankness in the treatment of the body, nudity and sensual subjects. Realism heralded a general move away from the 'ideal' (as typified by the art of Classical mythology, so beloved by Renaissance artists and sculptors) towards the ordinary.

In their figure drawing and figure painting, Realists portrayed real people not idealized types. Artists felt increasingly free to depict real-life situations stripped of aesthetics and universal truths.

Realism reflected a progressive and highly influential shift in the significance and function of art in general, including literature as well as fine art.

Fig 44. Gustave Courbet, Le Sommeil (Sleep), 1866, Petit Palais, MusĂŠe des BeauxArts de la Ville de Paris, www.wikipedia.org, accessed:6.12.2104

Some of the Realist Artists.. First, Jean-Francois Millet, was a French painter and was part of the Realism art movement. The Gleaners, was one of the most well know painting of Millet. This painting is a great example of realism. It shows three peasant women gleaning a field for some scraps of wheat. They are bent over in hard work in the hope of finding a tiny bit of food

fig 45. Jean-Franรงois Millet, The Gleaners 1857; www.wikipedia.org, accessed: 6.12.2014

This painting was not well received by the French upper class when it was first exhibited in 1857 as it showed the harsh reality of poverty.

Second, Gustave Courbet, is another famous French painter who led the Realist movement in 19th-century French painting. He was Committed to painting only what he could see, he rejected academic convention and the Romanticism of the previous generation of visual artists.

Young Women from the Village, one of Courbetâ&#x20AC;&#x;s work shows stark contrast to romanticism.

The three women are dressed in their country clothes and the landscape is rough and a little ugly. Even the cows are scraggly looking. The rich lady is handing some money to the poor girl while the others look on.

Fig 46. Gustav Courbet, Young Women from the Village (1852), www.gustavecourbet.com, accessed: 6.12.2014

Courbet was criticized for the "reality" of this painting, but that was what he found beautiful and was trying to capture.

Fig 47. Winslow Homer, The Fox Hunt, 1893, www.wikipedia.org, accessed: 6.12.2014

Third, Winslow Homer, in his painting shows a hungry fox hunting in the snow for food. At the same time there are ravens which are so driven to hunger they are hunting the fox. There is nothing heroic or romantic about this painting, just the reality of what happens in the winter to hungry animals.

IMPRESSIONISM Begin: Early 1872 Decline : Early 1892

This art movement grew to become the most popular movement in history of art. With the development of scientific thought, the artists to explored the sensory effect of a scene. They explored the optical effect to light and tried to capture the effects of light and shadow in nature. The artist in this period were renowned for their painting technique and approach to using colour in art. The artists explored the colour theory further, for instance rather than using the traditional way of making shadows by using black and brown. The artists began mixing different colours to create the shadow effect. Thus, this art movement is known to have brought the freshness of colour and energy of brush strokes to the art world. Fig 48. Monet.C .'Rouen Cathedral in Full Sunlightâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;,1893, 63 www.artyfactory.com, accessed: 4.12.2014

The Changes it brought to the Art World The artists moved away from the traditional focal of the painting from the central position in a composition. The artists didn't compose their paintings in the conventional way.

Fig 50. Monet.C, 'Nympheas' (Water-lily Pond),1918, www.artyfactory.com, accessed: 4.12.2014

This movement also lead to the artists moving out of their studios to street and countryside. Thus, many art works of this period are capturing moments of beautiful Landscape. Fig 49. DEGAS.E, 'Four Dancers', 1899, www.artyfactory.com , accessed:4.12.2014

Famous Works

Fig 52. Degas.E, L'Absinthe, 1876, Musee d'Orsay, Paris , www.theartstory.org, accessed:4.12.2014

Fig 51. Monet.C, 'Impression Sunrise', 1872, www.artyfactory.com, 65 accessed:4.12.2014

Begin:1890 Decine: 1905

INTRODUCTION It was a decorative Art and Architectural style of late 19th- early 20th century. It was given a French name –’Art Nouveau’, which means “new art”. It was a move away from historical styles as it aimed to modernize design. The artists achieved the modern designs by using organic and geometric forms to evolve design. They began to use flowing natural forms with more angular contours.

This style movement was important predecessor to modern art.

Fig 53. Beardsley. A,’The Peacock Skirt’, 1892, www.wikipedia.org, accessed:2.12.2014 67

Characteristics: This style was characterized by organic, flowing lines with - forms resembling the stems and blossoms of plants- as well as geometric forms such as squares and rectangles.

Fig 54. Mรถhring. B, Art Nouveau interior at the 1900 Paris Universal Exhibition, German pavilion, www.wikipwedia.org, 68 accessed:2.12.2014

Fig 55. Victor Horta's Tassel House stairway in Brussels, www.wikipedia.org, accessed:2.12.2014

Fig 56. Louis Comfort Tiffany, Vase, 1913, www.wikipedia.org, accessed: 2.12.2014

Fig 57. The interior of the Vitebsk Railway Station in St. Petersburg, www.wikipedia.org, accessed:2.12.2014 70

ART DECO Begin : 1920’s Decline: 1930’s

Image: cwkovach.blogspot.in

I N T R O D U C T I O N

It was an elegant style of decorative Art, Design, and Architecture which began as a Modernist reaction against the Art Nouveau style. It first appeared in France after World War I , and spread internationally in the 20’s. The Art Deco themes of 30’s-era skyscrapers can be seen in –New York’s Chrysler building and Empires state building.

Fig 58. Spire of the Chrysler Building in New York City, William Van Alen; built 1928–30 www.wikipedia.org, Accessed: 4.12.2014

This style was Characterized by the use of â&#x20AC;&#x201C; angular, symmetrical geometrical forms. It combined traditional craft motif and machine age imagery and materials.

Fig 60. Window Design, www.purlfrost.com, accessed: 4.12.2014

FAMOUS WORKS Well known artists of this period were- Tamara De Lempicka, Glass artist- Rene Lalique, and Gaphic designer Adolphe Mouron (professionally known as Cassandre).

Fig 62. A. M. CASSANDRE ,'Nord Express' 1927,www.artyfactory.com, accessed: 4.12.2014

Fig 63. Tamara de Lempicka,"The Musician", 1929, wwwiwikipedia.ord\g, accessed:4.12.2014

Expressionism Begin : 1905 Decline : 1933 75

• This Art movement encouraged Art to come form within rather than taking from external world. Paintings were to be taken as depicting the character of artists feelings rather than just focusing on the composition. • During this movement the artists used swirling, swaying, exaggerated brush strokes. This way of painting was indicative of the emotional state of the artists. • The term „Expressionism‟ was coined in 1910, much later than the work of the famous artists- Edvard Munch and Vincent Gogh . • Both these artists focused on a form of “self-expression”.

Fig 64. Gogh. V, „Starry Night‟, 1889, www.wikiart.org, accessed: 2.12.2014

Painting by Van Gogh This artist was known to express himself through color, and became an influential artist in this period. His brushstrokes were the key in the development of this style of painting technique. In this painting, „sunflowers‟(1888), was an eye opener towards the intensity of expressive colour.

Fig 65. Gogh. V, „sunflowers‟ ,1888 www.artyfactory.com, accessed: 2.12.2014

Paintings by Edvard Munch As an artist Van Gogh produced work that derived inspiration from his emotions and his works portray his emotions through the use of colors and brushstrokes

Fig 67. Munch. E , “The Scream” 1893 www.artyfactory.com, accessed: 2.12.2014

Fig 66. Munch. E, „Madonna‟,1894 www.ayay.co.uk, accessed: 2.12.2014

His work „The Scream‟ (1893), came from a walk on the bridge during an evening. It is there that he “heard the enormous, infinite scream of nature”(as said by Van Gogh himself). This painting evokes a strong emotion in the viewer and portrays an anxiety towards the world.

Abstract Expressionism Begin : 1943 Decline: late 1965

This art movement grew up in New York in 40â&#x20AC;&#x;s and 50â&#x20AC;&#x;s. it applied not only to an expressive use of color but also gestural expressionism. The commonality of this movement was that all artists focused on a form of expressive art. The artists in this period were influenced by surrealism, as abstract expressionists artists found a painting to be a struggle between self-expression and the unconsciousness.

Fauvsim Begin: 1899 Decline : 1908

As a movement of Modern Art, it was inspired by the post-impressionist painters way of painting ,forms, and especially by the use of un-mixed colors. Henri Matisse was recognized as the leader of this art movement, as his style involved use of intense colors to depict color , space and the painters emotions.

Fig 69. Matisse. H, 'Self Portrait', 1937, www.artyfactory.com, accessed:3.12.2014

Fig 68. Matisse. H, â&#x20AC;&#x2122;green stripâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;,1905, www.wikipedia.org, accessed:2.12.2014 82

Some key points of this movement: • Fauves took the subject matter like Impressionists which included landscapes, scenes of bourgeois leisure. • This movement stood out because of the use of un-mixed color. • They used color outside the color theory and used unnatural combinations os colours in the paintings. Fig 70. MATISSE.H, 'The Goldfish', 1912, www.artyfactory.com, accessed:2.12.2014

Fig 71. Matisse. H ’Red Interior: Still Life on a Blue Table‘ ,1947, www.artyfactory.com, accessed:2.12.2014

CUBISM Begin: 1907 Decline: 1922

INTRODUCTION It was the first style of abstract art to evolve in beginning of the 2oth century. It was developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braques. This art style challenged conventional forms of representation, focused on developing a new way of seeing, which also reflective of the modern age.

The artists develop a new style by ignoring the traditions of perspective drawing and showing many views of a subject at one time. The artists began to see in a new light and not depict modernity in the traditional way of perspective drawings. Thus, they introduced collage into a painting.

Fig 72. Picasso.P,'Factory, Horta de Ebbo', 1909, www.artyfactory.com, accessed: 4.12.2014 85

Cubism described as Two forms • ‘Analytic’ Cubism Moved away from perspectives and analyzed subjects from different view points. They avoided realistic modeling of figures. Fig 74. PICASSO. P ,'Still Life with Chair Caning', 1912, (synthetic cubism), www.artyfactory.com, accessed: 4.12.2014

• Synthetic cubism

To create something different, artists began to represent objects. Pablo and Barque began to explore different objects as abstract signs.

Fig 73. GRIS. J, 'Violin and Glass', 1915 (analytic cubism), www.artyfactory.com, accessed: 4.12.2014 86

FUTURISM Begin : 1909 Decline: Late 1920â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

Futurism originated among Italian artists in 1909, after the publication of the “Futurist Manifesto” written by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. Initially this was prevalent in Milan, but it spread to other areas as Marinetti promoted it. This Movement of 20th century celebrated advanced technology and urban modernity. The ideas prominent in this movement were committed towards the future, even if that was by destroying the older forms culture. This ideology lead them to celebrate the arrival of First World War. The artists found beauty in the modern Life- in the machines, the speed, violence and change. They were so futuristic that they embraced popular media and new technology to communicate their ideas. Fig 75. Boccioni .U, ‘ The Laugh’, 1911, www.wikipedia.com, Accessed:2.12.2014 88

Some key points: • It was the only art movement of the 20th century to embrace far-right politics. • Unlike other art movements this movement did not immediately get identified with a distinctive style. It borrowed aspects from postimpressionism, divisionism, etc.

Umberto Boccioni He was the most prominent artist among the Italian futurists. He took geometric forms and depicted them to evoke feeling of crashing, startling sound with movement. Fig 76. Umberto Boccioni, ‘selfportrait’, www.wikipedi.org, accessed:2.12.2014 89

Umberto Boccioni moved from making paintings to produce futuristic sculptures.

Fig 77. Boccioni .U, ‘development of bottle in space’ ,1913, www.wipedia.org, accessed:2.12.2014 Fig 78. Boccioni.U,‘unique forms of continuity in space’,1913,www.wikipedia.org, 90 accessed:2.12.2014

Begin: 1924 Decline : late 1966

INTRODUCTION This 20th century art movement differed from others since it sought to break the bounds of creativity from rational thought , by exploring the ‘unconscious mind’- referring to dreams and imagination. They gave importance to ‘power of imagination’.

•It began in Paris, as a literary movement but it stood out because of the way it propagated that relevations could be found from everyday life. •The surrealist artists were influenced by Freud, wherein they took the interpretation of dreams to be a great source of inspiration for their art. •Most important influence was of Italian artist, Giorgio de Chirico, with his style of painting called ‘Pittura Metafisica’ (metaphysical art). Fig 79. Chirico. D. G ,’The Disquieting Muses’, 1916, www.artyfactory.com, accessed: 3.12.2014

It was in this movement that artists like Salvador Dali and Man Ray produced great art works. They worked not only to produce art but also in commercial field of fashion, film and photography. Many instances where these two artists have worked together. The works of Salvador Dali resonates the ideas behind surrealism. Fig 81. ‘Photograph of S.Dali and M.Ray’, www.wikimedi.org, accessed:2.12.2014

Fig 80. Dali. S, ‘un-chien-andalou, film still’,1928, www.wikiart.org. Accessed:2.12.2014

Fig 82. MIRO. J, ‘The Birth of the World’, 1925, www.artyfactory.com, accessed: 3.12.2014

Fig 83. Dali. S,‘accommodation of desire’, 1929, www.artyfactory.com, accessed: 3.12.2014

DADA MOVEMENT BEGIN: 1916 DECLINE: 1924

As a movement it influenced works in all fields â&#x20AC;&#x201C; art to poetry, photography, sculpture, collage. As an art movement it promoted the idea that simple things in life can be art. This movement came to be in Cabaret Voltarie in Zurich in 1916. The art style was born out of the experimental, groundbreaking group of painters, poets, filmmakers. It was the only movement to be named by the artists themselves. The movement developed against establishment, bourgeois convention and also attacked the traditionalistic values. They considered the existing art world as they saw it as a part of the system. Fig 84. 'DER DADA NO.2' 1919 (magazine cover) Edited by Raoul Hausmann, John Heartfield, and George Grosz ,www.artyfactory.com, accessed:3.12.2014

The artists believed that everything existing could be remade. In this movement, the art varies so much that it was hard to pin a particular style to this movement.

Fig 85. Duchamp.M, 'Fountainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, 1917 (ready-made) www.artyfactory.com , Accessed: 3.12.2014 Fig 86. Duchamp.M, 'L.H.O.O.Q', 1919 (ready-made),www.artyfactory.com Accessed: 3.12.2014

Fig 88. Hausmann.R, 'ABCD‟, 1920 (collage),www.artyfactory.com, accessed:3.12.2014

Fig 87. Grosz.G and Heartfield.J 'Life and Work in Universal City 12:05 Noon’ 1919 (photomontage), www.artyfactory.com, accessed: 3.12.2014 98

BEGIN: Mid 50’s DECLINE: Mid 70’s

INTRODUCTION As an art movement it differed from others because of the attitude that lay behind this movement. The art was indicative of fun and youthful energy.

• It coincided with the consumer boom of 1950’s & 60’s and came along the globalization of pop music. • This movement endorsed the capitalist market as it promoted mass production.

• The movement developed in different ways in Britain and America. Fig 89. Lichtenstein, Roy ,’Blam’(1962) , www.ayay.co.uk ,accessed:2.12.2014

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Tracing the development of movement â&#x20AC;˘ In Britain, the name of this movement was coined in 1954 by a critic Lawrence Alloway. The Independent Group promoted this art through exhibitions. The famous British artists of this art period were Richard Hamilton & Eduardo Paolozzi. The British artists saw the American land to be free of the class hierarchy and more youthful. they were also inspired by the Dadaists and focused the pop art to reflect mass imagery of popular culture. Fig 90. Paolozzi, E,'I was a Rich Man's Plaything',(1947), www.artyfactory.com, accessed:2.12.2014

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• The American pop art movement developed as a reaction against the elitist Abstract Expressionism. The noteworthy artists includedJasper Johns & Robert Rauschenberg. Seeing Rauschenberg’s work mainly involved collages with used oil paintings and images. This enabled him to experiment with contemporary images, thus his work used images in a way to reflect the way we experienced mass-media. Fig 91. Rauschenberg, R, 'Retroactive 1', (1964),www.artyfactory.com,accessed:2.12.2014

• In this work Rauschenberg used the narrative of powerful figure like Christ with other Elements like the figure of Kennedy who was assassinated in the period and the red cloudSymbolizing the Cuban missile.

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ANDY WARHOL • One of the most prominent artist of the Pop-Art movement. He was known for taking second hand images of icons and products, made them into works that were of the status of being museum art. • He removed meaning and emotion from his works since they had received mass exposure. He looked at this aesthetic of mass-production to mirror the American Culture. • His statements like “art should be meaningful in the most shallow way” resonates in his work.

His work- “ Marilyn diptych” was based on his idea that the sense of “self” is degraded by repetition of the image.

Fig 92. Painting 1 Warhol, A , 'Marilyn Diptych' (1962), www.artyfactory.com, accessed:2.12.2014 103

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About the Movement

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Fig 93. Piet Mondrian, Composition II in Red, Blue, and Yellow, 1930, www.wikipedia.org, accessed: 3.12.2014

Fig 94.Piet Mondrian, "Composition No. 10" (1939â&#x20AC;&#x201C;42), www.wikipidea.org, accessed: 3.12.2014 106

OP ART Begin: 1964

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This kind of art is also referred to as Optical Art , and basic idea in the art works was to create an OPTICAL ILLSUSION. In 1964, The times magazine coined the term “optical art” (op art). The art works achieved this illusion by giving a sense of movement or showing hidden images, patterns in the image. Therefore, the art work was done in monochrome – black and white- to create an effective illusion. The art work was seen on television and print. The most noteworthy artist was- Bridget Riley. Some characteristics of this art movement : • As an art movement it lasted three years, however, op-ish works have often been undertaken by Art students in projects. • The work is non-representational and uses more of geometric work. • Elements used in the art works are to create a perspective. • Gives equal importance to negative and positive spaces in a composition.

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fig 95. Riley, B, Loss (1964),www.artyfactory.com,accessed: 2.12.2014

This work showed the geometric forms in an abstract way.

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ENVIRONMENTAL

ART

Introduction Environmental Art is an „umbrella term’- describes both historical approach to nature and works depicting ecopolitical issues. The works show “ecological” concerns, the art depicts activists concerns, as well as the artists connection with nature.

This kind of art implies work that is related with natural world “art in nature”. 111

Fig 96. Edith Meusnier, Artefact, Bois de Belle Rivière, Québec, 2010, www.wikipedia.org, 112 accessed: 6.12.2014

Fig 97. Environmental Art in the woods at Balloch, Scotland, www.wikipedia.org, accessed:6.12.2014 113

INSTALLATION ART

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INTRODUCTION It refers to Three-dimensional works that are site specific and designed to transform the perception of space.

Installations have a sensory affect taking space as a dimensional constant and involves manipulating it to represent a theme or issue in the artists vision. They are applied to interior spaces since, installations in exterior spaces are called Public art, Land art or intervention art. 115

KINETIC RAIN INSTALLATION

Fig 98. www.thisiscolossal.com accessed: 6.12.2014

•

Moving installation

•

installed in Sinagpore airpor t (July201 2)

• Collaboration with animators, programmers Fig 99. www.impressivemagazine.com, Accessed: 6.12.2014

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Limitations In the duration of this project I faced a few limitations while researching and with the time period I had available to complete it. In the context of research, I had to go over a lot of historical matter to understand the prevalent design thinking of the period. This was a time taking process and made it difficult to find matter relevant to my topic. Also, due to shortage of time for covering this large topic, as a student I had to aim my research to be very topic-specific. However, working on this project was an enriching experience.

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Conclusion In conclusion, this project traces the art and architectural styles that have influenced the design thinking over the years. In the end, this also shows the way in which the historical styles have influenced the way of thinking and lead to the present way of design and art.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY • • • • • • • • • •

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Wikipedia.org, Environmental Art, Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_art, [Accessed: 6.12.2014] Wikipedia.org, Mesopotamia, Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia, [Accessed: 7.12.2014] Wikipedia.org, Architecture of Mesopotamia, Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia, [Accessed: 7.12.2014] About.com, Romanticism – Romantic Art History, Available at: http://arthistory.about.com/od/renaissancearthistory/a/Romanticism-101.htm, [Accessed: 7.12.2014] Wikipedia.org, Romanticism, Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism, [Accessed: 7.12.2014] Wikipedia.org, The Renaissance, Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Renaissance#Art, [Accessed:8.12.2014] Wikipedia.org, Renaissance Architecture, Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture, [Accessed: 8.12.2014] Wikipedia.org, Ancient Egypt, Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt, [Accessed: 8.12.2014] Crystalinks, Ancient Egyptian Art, Painting, Sculpture, Available at: http://www.crystalinks.com/egyptart.html, [Accessed: 8.12.2014]

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