Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes and Pteridophytes
(Mosses, Ferns and Fern Allies)
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes and Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns and Fern Allies) A Training Manual
Technical Editors: Dr. Filiberto A. Pollisco, Jr. Dr. Edwino S. Fernando Taxonomy Supervisors: Dr. Dedy Darnaedi, RCB-LIPI, Indonesia Dr. Benito Tan, UC-Berkeley, USA Dr. Edwino Fernando, UPLB, Philippines Editors: Leslie Jose-Castillo Rolando A. Inciong Layout Artist: Nanie S. Gonzales
Š Copyright 2014 ACB and MOE-Japan ISBN No. 978-621-95038-1-5
Table of Contents Acknowledgement....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv Opening Messages...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... v Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Training Workshop on Bryophytes & Pteridophytes..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Objectives................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Expected Outputs......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Participants to the training workshop.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
Sample programme of Activities............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Lectures....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8
State of the Art: Plant Taxonomy in SEA..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Plant Resources of SEA. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................16
Introduction of ESABII and its Efforts for Taxonomic Capacity Building...................................................................................................................18
The Biological Lessons Learned from the Study of Bryophytes...................................................................................................................................................21
Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
How to Identify a Moss......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................31
The Moss Physcomitrella patens (Funariaceae) as a Model Plant
For Molecular Genetic Studies................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 37
Morphology of Ferns & Fern Allies................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 40
Life Cycle of Ferns & Fern Allies......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
Phylogeny and Classification of Ferns & Fern Allies.................................................................................................................................................................................. 47
Economic Importance of Ferns & Fern Allies................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53
Evolutionary Process of New Biological Species
In Asplenium nidens and its Related Species......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 56
Analysis of the Survey...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 62 Annexes
A. Sample of Pre-Training Evaluation Questionnaire................................................................................................................................................................................ 67
B. Sample of Post-Training Evaluation Questionnaire.............................................................................................................................................................................. 69
C. Directory of Participants......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 73
Pictorials.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 76
Acknowledgement
Special thanks to the following institutions and personnel who made this course a reality and a success:
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Ministry of the Environment of Japan n Dr. Miwa Hidetsugu Japan Wildlife Research Center n Dr. Ichikawa Kanei Research Center of Biology – Indonesia Institute of Sciences (LIPI) n Dr. Bambang Sunarko, Director n Dr. Atik Retnowati n Mr. Arief Hidayat n Ms. Yessi Santika n Ms. Ida Haerida n Ms. Wita Wardani Staff of the Cibodas Botanic Garden Plant Resources of Southeast Asia, Inc. Dr. Junko Kawai, Tokyo University Dr. Kanako Yamada, Tokyo Metropolitan University
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
Opening Messages
Dr. Bambang Sunarko Director, Research Center for Biology, LIPI Good morning distinguished lecturers and participants, Honorable Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, It gives me a great pleasure, as head of Research Center for Biology to extend a warm welcome at the opening session of training on Extended Taxonomic Capacity Building for Sustainable Use of Biodiversity: Bryophytes and Pteridophytes. On this occasion I would like to express my gratitutde to the firm support of Ministry of Environment (MoE) Japan, the ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity (ACB), the Japan Wildlife Research Center (JWRC), and East and South east Asia Biodiversity InformationInitiative (ESABII). My deep appreciation goes to all lecturers and participants of this training program who have spared the time to come to this important program. My gratitude should also go to the Organizer for their hard work in making the preparation of this training program. The purpose of this training is to firstly generate new taxonomists who play important role to the work on biodiversity and to establish a new collaboration among the scientists who particularly come from South East Asia Member States. The lack of trained young taxonomist and inadequate capacities on taxonomy has been stressed as one of the obstacle in the implementation of CBD commitments, and to rich the goal of Aichi Biodiversity Targets especially in the ASEAN region. Lack of scientific information on biodiversity in this region is a crucial issue in the inventory and prediction of biodiversity changes, caused mainly by the lack of taxonomic capacity in data collection and analysis. Under these above circumstances, this kind of training is highly needed. As a national herbarium in Indonesia, Herbarium Bogoriense has been supportive of this kind of activities and it has actively explored the diversity of Indonesian flora. It deposits more than 1 million herbarium specimens, including a large number of type specimens. Furthermore, the HerbariumBogoriense actively collaborates with national and international organizations. To date,the Herbarium Bogoriense has collaborated with many universities throughout Indonesia, in providing necessary facilities to satisfy the research needs for graduate students in the form of the use of the herbarium collections and other research materials. LIPI experts on plant systematics and ecologyhas actively contributed to university graduate programs as lecturers and supervisors in several leading universities in Indonesia. I believe that this training program will develop a fruitful cooperation among all participants, which will in turn lead to the development of taxonomy in the Asia, particularly in Southeast Asia. I hope that by being here you will be able to form new collaborations and so expand further growing international collaboration in flora diversity in the region. Last but not least, I do hope all of you enjoy visiting Bogor, Cibinong and Cibodas and also have a fruitful training course. Officially I open the training on Extended Taxonomic Capacity Building for Sustainable Use of Biodiversity: Bryophytes and Pteridophytes. Thank you.
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
Mr. Dana A. Kartakasuma ASOEN Chairperson Asst. Minister, Global Environment, Ministry of Environment Indonesia Dr. Bambang Sunarko, Director Research Center for Biology LIPI Dr. Hidetsugu Miwa, Ministry of the Environment , Japan Dr. Filiberto Pollisco, Jr. ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity Distinguished Participants Ladies and gentlemen Assalamu’alaikum Warohmatullohi Wabarokatuh Good Morning, First of all, allow me to express my sincere gratitude to LIPI, ACB, MOE-Japan and the ASEAN Secretariat for arranging and hosting the “Extended Taxonomy Capacity Building for Sustainable Use of Biodiversity: Bryophytes and Pteridophytes”. On this occasion, I wish to extend my appreciation and warm welcome to all of you that have made effort to come here in Cibinong, Bogor and participate in this training workshop. I am greatly honored and pleased to be given the opportunity to deliver my message at this very important event. Distinguished participants, ladies and gentlemen We all have responsibilities for the future of our world and a common obligation to resolve environmental issues, as “environmental security” is undeniably a fundamental pillar of global security along with economic and political security. This event reflects our continued commitment as a global community to secure the world’s environment, in particular to the issue of biodiversity. Global biodiversity is being lost at an unprecedented rate as a result of human activities, and decisions must be taken now to combat this trend. But how do decisionmakers decide where to establish protected areas if they don’t know what is being protected? How can regulators identify and combat harmful invasive species if they cannot distinguish them from native species? How do developing countries ensure that they reap the benefits of the use of their biological diversity if they don’t know the biological diversity that is being used? Distinguished participants, ladies and gentlemen The Conference of the Parties of CBD recognized that conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity are essential to the survival of species and also benefits humankind, particularly those people who are dependent on biological diversity for their livelihoods. The importance of integrating the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into sectoral or cross-sectoral plans, programmes and policies and of addressing this issue in national biodiversity strategies and action plans was also recognized. Managing the use of biodiversity and ecosystems demands an integrated approach that reconciles ecological, social and economic dimensions. Research that tackles these three elements simultaneously is challenging due to disparate disciplinary thinking and dialects. Taxonomy is essential to implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Taxonomic knowledge is a key input in the management of all types of ecosystems, from marine areas to forests and drylands. It is also a key in effectively addressing alien species, access and benefit-sharing and the many other cross-cutting issues under the Convention. Each country and region, in addressing this wide range of biodiversity issues has different needs and priorities regarding taxonomic support. Taxonomy provides the basic foundations of conservation practice and sustainable management of the world’s remaining resources. It is perhaps time to better integrate the science of taxonomy back into the conservation world to meet the global biodiversity challenge that we currently face. Taxonomy also provides basic understanding about the components of biodiversity which is necessary for effective decision – making about conservation and sustainable use.
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Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
Distinguished participants, ladies and gentlemen ACB as an ASEAN institution has a mandate to facilitate cooperation and coordination among the ASEAN Member States and with relevant national government, regional and international organizations, on the framework to achieve the three objectives of the CBD, namely conservation, sustainable use, and fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the use of biodiversity. Therefore, the ACB has important roles to create good cooperation amongst ASEAN Member States, not only for other purposes such as creative understanding on the importance of biodiversity and communication amongst the ASEAN Member States, not only for the project activities but also for other purposes such as create understanding on the importance of biodiversity and good communication amongst ASEAN member states. The existence of the ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity is important to provide services to the needs of the ASEAN Member States in supporting their global commitments. ACB is also important to facilitate cooperation and coordination among the AMS and with other relevant parties on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Therefore I would greatly appreciate to ACB who has collaborated with ESABII in the implementation of this training workshop. My gratitude also goes to the Ministry of the Environment of japan, the ASEAN Secretariat and LIPI for the support so it can hold this training workshop. Lastly, I certainly hope this four days ahead of us would bring about the fruitful results which essentially enhance your skills in terrestrial plants taxonomy especially on mosses and ferns, advanced taxonomic methodologies and experience in collection management, cataloguing and storage cooperation and promote our contribution in addressing the biodiversity. Thank you.
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
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Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
Introduction
T
he Southeast Asian region boasts of globally significant terrestrial and marine biodiversity. While it occupies only 3 percent of the world’s surface, it is estimated that 19 percent of all species assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) can be found in the region’s habitats. Southeast Asia also boasts of the world’s most diverse coral reefs and includes the mega-diverse countries of Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. Its high species endemicity and diversity brings the region to the fore of the world’s critical habitats that are of high importance to global environmental sustainability. The ASEAN Biodiversity Outlook 2010 confirms that the region is increasingly losing its biodiversity at an alarming rate within various ecosystems – forest, agroecosystems, peatland, freshwater, mangroves, coral reefs and seagrass. The Outlook underscores that the drivers of biodiversity loss in the ASEAN region continue to intensify. These include ecosystems and habitat change, climate change, invasive alien species, over-exploitation, pollution and poverty. Addressing the taxonomic impediment The lack of trained human resources and inadequate capacities on taxonomy has been stressed as one of the obstacles in the implementation of commitments to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), especially in the ASEAN region. The region’s dynamic growth in recent years has increased the pressure on its natural resources. Human activities, the driving force behind the regional growth, threaten the biological resources. Lack of scientific information on biodiversity in this region is a crucial issue in the assessment and prediction of biodiversity changes, caused mainly by the lack of taxonomic capacity in data collection and analysis. Currently, the increasing use of herbal and organic resources in commerce and trade and in the industry
pose alarming concerns for the sustainability of the region’s biodiversity. For instance, the lack of capacity on the identification of species at the Customs is a huge obstacle in preventing the illegal trade of threatened species listed on the Appendices of the Convention on the International Trade on Endangered Species (CITES), and the introduction of invasive alien species that are damaging to the ecosystem, agriculture, fisheries, and human health. Adequate capacity on species identification among Customs authorities for monitoring domestic markets and trading companies will be very crucial for the unification of ASEAN countries as far as trading of genetic materials and species is concerned. Taxonomic classifications of these bioresources, therefore, will be vital in the comprehensive identification of these potential resources and in the formulation of suitable mechanisms that will regulate industrial and commercial utilization and production of these resources, specifically bryophytes and pteridophytes. This will help ensure the efficient use and sustainability in the future, in compliance with the CBD and the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Moreover, it will protect and strengthen the cultural identity, spiritual values, and appreciation of biodiversity among the peoples of ASEAN while boosting opportunities for livelihood, business, ecotourism, education, and research in the region. Ultimately, taxonomic classifications of bioresources will contribute significantly to the global efforts to meet the United Nations MDGs on the environment and achieve a significant reduction in the rate of biodiversity loss by 2020 as a commitment to the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, including the Aichi Targets (2011-2020). The 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro gave birth to the CBD. The three goals of this convention – conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair and equitable sharing of the
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
benefits arising from the use of genetic resources – have become prime points on the political agenda of most of the world’s governments. Understanding the GTI Programme of Work Achieving these goals depends largely on humans’ understanding of biodiversity. Yet, in many countries of the world, particularly in the tropics, many species remain poorly known or undescribed and unnamed. Taxonomy – the science of describing, naming and classifying organisms – has been hampered by the shortage or dire lack of expertise at the regional and local levels leading to the worldwide efforts of addressing this concern through the Global Taxonomy Initiative (GTI). A summary report of the First GTI Workshop in Asia stated, “it was a global consensus that no single country has the expertise or funding to fully document its biodiversity, although as a basis for sustainable management of resources, and to ensure adequate access to these genetic resources and the protection of rights at national and sub-national levels (CBD Art. 15), adequate knowledge in taxonomy is vital.” (Wilson et al., 2003). At the 6th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the CBD (COP 6), an operational programme of work for the GTI was endorsed (COP Decision VI/8, paragraph 5). This programme of work not only sets the operative objectives, but also provides the rationale for the choice of the operational targets. It was concluded that the quick and successful implementation of this programme of work will, to a large extent depend on: (i) coordinating it with existing national, regional and global initiatives, partnerships and institutions such as, inter alia, the Global Biodiversity Initiative Facility (GBIF) and BioNET-International, and (ii) taxonomic capacity building at the national and regional levels. The programme of work of the GTI consists of five operational objectives: (1) assess taxonomic needs and capacities at national, regional and global levels for the implementation of the Convention; (2) provide focus to help build and maintain the human resources, systems and infrastructure needed to obtain, collate and curate the biological specimens that are the basis for taxonomic knowledge; (3) facilitate an improved and effective infrastructure/system for access to taxonomic information with priority on ensuring that countries of origin gain access to information concerning elements of their biodiversity; (4) within the major thematic work programmes of the Convention, include key taxonomic objectives to generate information needed for decisionmaking in conservation and sustainable use of biological
diversity and its components; and (5) within the work on cross-cutting issues of the Convention, include key taxonomic objectives to generate information needed for decision-making in conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and its components. The programme of work with deliverable outcomes was adopted during the 9th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the CBD (COP 9) under Decision IX/22. Hence, Parties to the convention were urged to carry out and promote the programme of work for the GTI through coordination of its implementation with existing national, regional, sub-regional, and global initiatives, partnerships and institutions, designation of national GTI focal points, provision of updated information about legal requirements for exchange of genetic/biological specimens, and about current legislation and rules for access and benefit sharing in terms of the needs for the GTI, and initiatives of setting up of national and regional networks to aid the Parties in their taxonomic needs in implementing the CBD. Enhancing taxonomic skills in the ASEAN region To push the GTI programme of work, a series of workshops was conducted in various venues: 2001 for Central America and Africa, 2002 for Asia, and 2004 for Asia-Oceania (Wilson et al., 2003; NIES, 2005). In support of these initiatives, the ESABII was started in January 2009 in collaboration with the ASEAN Member States, China, Japan, Mongolia, and the Republic of Korea. This initiative mainly aims to promote the development of biodiversity information and taxonomic capacity building needed for developing policies in the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. In support of this, the ASEAN + 3 Regional Workshop on Global Taxonomy Initiative: Needs Assessment and Networking was jointly organized by the ESABII, the ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity, the French Government through its embassies in the Philippines and Thailand in May 2009. Held in Los Baños, Laguna in the Philippines, the scientific meeting was supported by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and other Japanese agencies, the French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), the French Research Institute for Development (IRD), the Museum National de Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) of France, European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy (EDIT), and Global Network for Taxonomy (Bionet). It was attended by about a hundred scientists from member-states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines,
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, and Viet Nam), China, Japan and Korea. The workshop was held to assess the needs on taxonomy in the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity that stresses the need for trainings and capacity building to be able to use taxonomy as a tool towards this end. A major output of the workshop was a regional action plan in accordance with the CBD-GTI PoW. With the political affirmation from the ASEAN Member States making ACB as a full-fledged regional and international institution, the ACB is fast becoming a regional center of excellence of biodiversity conservation in the ASEAN region. Guided by its vision that biodiversity is protected, conserved and managed and sustainably used, its benefits fairly and equally shared for the social, economic and environmental well-being of the region’s more than 600 million people, the ACB is bent on taking a leadership role and championing the cause of preserving the rich but highly threatened ASEAN biodiversity. Working on GTI as a key thematic area forms part of this vision,. The Centre is working in tandem with ESABII to expand these initiatives into the ASEAN + 3.
B
ryophytes are terrestrial plants that do not have true vascular tissues. Mosses, liverworts and hornworts belong in this group of terrestrial “nonvascular” plants. They are found growing on soil, rocks and / or trees and can be found throughout the world. Although small in stature, they play a significant role in diverse ecological systems. They are an essential part of this planet’s biodiversity. Pteridophytes, also terrestrial plants, has vascular tissues and have leaves (known as fronds), roots and sometimes true stems, and tree ferns have full trunks. They are more popularly known as ferns and fern allies. Pteridophytes do not have seeds or flowers but they reproduce through spores.
Unimplemented topics for taxonomic capacity building from Year 1 (Taxonomic Capacity Building and Governance for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity) and Year 2 (Expanded Taxonomic Capacity Building and Governance for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity) identified during the Y1 and Y2 Inception Meeting Workshops will be implemented in Year 3. In the Y1 Inception Meeting Workshop held in Manila, Philippines in August 2010, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes were identified to
be implemented in the third year of the Japan-ASEAN Integration Fund (JAIF)-supported project. Furthermore, the Y2 Planning and Inception Workshop held in Hanoi, Viet Nam on 5-6 March 2012 identified “insects” as another topic for implementation for 2012; however, the meeting agreed that this be conducted in the third year since the Y2 2012 activities were fully subscribed. For Year 3 implementation, there are three topics that would be taken up in the training. These are the bryophytes (mosses), pteridophytes (ferns) and the economicallyimportant insects, which are the predators and parasitoids. The training on bryophytes and pteridophytes can be conducted as a single activity or it can be implemented separately, depending on the availability of funds. The training on economically-important insects is a separate activity. Training Workshop on Bryophytes and Pteridophytes Objectives Generally, the training workshop would enhance the capacity of participants in the rigors of taxonomy especially on the terrestrial plants group on Bryophytes and Pteridophytes. Specifically, the training workshop will: 1. Introduce the participants to the taxonomy of terrestrial plants particularly the mosses and ferns 2. Familiarize the participants to the general biology of these plants 3. Upgrade the taxonomic skills of the participants on (a) Methods of morphological observation, (b) Sample collection, processing and managing 4. Provide hands-on experience through a field exercise in collection Expected Outputs The outputs of the training workshop will be the following: 1. Upgrade the skills of the participants in terrestrial plants taxonomy especially on mosses and ferns 2. Advanced taxonomic methodologies introduced to the participants 3. Provide hands-on experience in collections management, cataloguing and storage 4. A Training Manual on Mosses and Ferns Participants to the Training Workshop Those who will participate in this Training workshop will be representatives of the ASEAN Member states who have background in botany, plant ecology and related field.
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
They must be less than 45 years old and have an academic or government position which involves work on terrestrial botany or plant ecology. Agenda of the Training Workshop The following are the topics to be discussed in the training workshop: 1. Taxonomy and systematics of mosses and ferns 2. Ecology and forest dynamics 3. Herbarium specimen collection 4. Ecological sampling mosses andferns 5. Field trip for hands-on collection of mosses and ferns 6. Report writing Resource Persons The experts on the taxonomy of bryophytes and pteridophytes who will conduct the training are: 1. Dr. Benito Tan, Plant Taxonomist - Bryophytes, University of Berkeley, California, USA 2. Dr. Edwino S. Fernando, Plant Taxonomist, University of the Philippines Los Banos, Philippines 3. Dr. Dedy Darnaedi, Plant Taxonomist – Pteridophytes, RCB, LIPI, Indonesia Duration of the Training 5 days Effective Number of Training Hours Laboratory Facility and Herbarium Orientation – 4 hours Pteridophytes – 6 hours of lectures Bryophytes – 6 hours of lectures Field Exercise –8 hours of field work in the Cibodas Botanic Garden
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that would be examinedunderthe microscope. Briefings will be held on how to handle and focus the microscope. The laboratory rules will be discussed as well. The Herbarium is a repository of systematically arranged collections of plant specimens, labeled and categorized for easy access. The group will bebriefed on what it contains, where to find the plant specimens for study, and how these are arranged.
Part 2: Lecture Series • The lecture series will bedivided into the bryophytes and pteridophytes since the two plant groups are different from each other. Each plant group will befurther divided into specific topics touching on the taxonomy, ecology, and economic importance. Part 3: Field Exercise / Hands-on Experience • After the theoretical part of the course, the participants will be taken to a field exercise in the Cibodas Botanic Garden. The participants will be divided into the Bryophyte group and the Pteridophyte group. Each group will besupervised by a resource person. The groups will be taken inside the Botanic Garden where the ferns and mosses are found. They will be taught how to collect the specimens, which plant parts to collect, and how to carry the specimens prior to processing them in the herbarium.
Organization of the Training Workshop A pre-evaluation questionnaire will be distributed among the participants. This pre-evaluation survey would determine the participants’ level of knowledge in terms of the topics of the training course before the conduct of the activity. A sample questionnaire is attached as Annex A. The training course is divided into four parts.
Part 4: Feedback of Participants • This is the part where the participants will be asked about the course and what improvements they think should be made. Their observations, insights, and technical inputs would be valuable in conducting succeeding training activities of the same topic. • The post-evaluation questionnaire will also handed out for the participants to fill out. This survey would determine if the participants have gained any knowledge in the training course. A sample of the post-evaluation questionnaire is attached as Annex B.
Part 1: Laboratory and Herbarium Orientation Tour • This is a tour of the facilities that would be used in the course of the training. The laboratory houses the microscopes and equipment used in dissecting the specimens of mosses and ferns
Programming the Topics and Time Distribution This sample programme of activities could be used in preparing a similar training course. Adjustments could be madein accordance withthe requirements of the training activity.
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
Sample Programme of Activities Time
Activity
Responsible Person/s
19 February: Arrival of participants Day 1 – 20 February: Opening and Start of Training 7:30 – 8:15
Travel from Bogor to Cibinong
8:15 – 8:30
Registration
8:30 – 9:10
Opening Session • Messages
Workshop secretariat Dr. Filiberto Pollisco, Jr. ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity Dr. Hidetsugu Miwa Ministry of Environment - Japan Dr. Bambang Sunarko Director, RC-Biology
• Keynote Message
Pak Dana Kartakusuma Chair, Governing Board, ACB
9:10 – 9:20
Introduction of Participants and Lecturers
Dr. Atik Retnowati Mycologist, RCB-LIPI
9:20 – 9:30
Photo Opportunity
Workshop secretariat
9:30 – 10:30
State of the Art of the Global Taxonomy and in Southeast Asia
Dr. Dedy Darnaedi GTI National Contact Point
10:30 - 10:45
Coffee/tea break
10:45 – 12:00
RCB-LIPI tour and its facilities (Herbarium)
12:15 – 1:00
Lunch break
1:00 – 3:00
Continuation of LIPI Complex tour (Molecular and cytology lab)
3:00 – 3:15
Coffee/tea break
3:15 – 5:00
Familiarization / orientation in Herbarium
5:15 – 6:15
Travel back to Bogor hotel
7:00
Dinner in Bogor Hotel
c/o Dr. Atik and Arief Hidayat, Yessi Santika, Ida Haerida, and Wita Wardani
c/o Dr. Atik, Arief Hidayat, Yessi Santika, Ida Haerida, and Wita Wardani
c/o Dr. Atik, Arief Hidayat, Yessi Santika, Ida Haerida, and Wita Wardani
(c/o ESABII/MOE-J/ACB)
Day 2 – 21 February: Lecture Proper 7:30 – 8:15
Travel from Bogor to Cibinong
8:15 – 8:30
Registration
Workshop secretariat
8:30 – 9:30
• Classification of Bryophytes: mosses, liverworts, hornworts • Life Cycles of Bryophytes: Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts
Dr. Benny Tan University of California Berkley Ms. Ida Haerida –RCB (Assistant)
9:30 – 10:00
Coffee/tea break
10:00 – 12:00
• Ecology of Bryophytes • Economic Importance of Bryophytes
Dr. Benny Tan University of California Berkley Ms. Ida Haerida –RCB (Assistant)
3:00 – 3:30
• The moss Physcomitrella patens as a model plant for molecular genetic studies • Open forum
Dr. Junko Kawai Tokyo University Ms. Ida Haerida –RCB (Assistant)
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
Programme continuation Time
Activity
3:30 – 3:45
Coffee/tea break
3:45 – 5:00
• Laboratory Exercise
5:15 – 6:15
Travel back to Bogor hote Dinner is on your own
Responsible Person/s
Dr. Benny Tan University of California Berkley Ms. Ida Haerida –RCB (Assistant)
AMS
Day 3 – 22 February: Lecture Proper 7:30 – 8:15
Travel from Bogor to Cibinong
8:15 – 8:30
Registration
Workshop secretariat
8:30 – 9:30
• Morphology of Ferns • Morphology of Fern Allies
Dr. Edwino Fernando University of the Philippines Los Baños Ms. Wita Wardhani-RCB (Assistant)
9:30 – 10:00
Coffee/tea break
10:00 – 12:00
• Life Cycles of Ferns and Fern Allies
12:00 – 1:15
Lunch Break
1:15 – 3:15
Classification of Ferns & Fern Allies
3:15 – 3:30
Snack Break
3:30 – 4:00
• Ecology of Ferns and Fern Allies
Dr. Edwino Fernando University of the Philippines Los Baños Ms. Wita Wardhani-RCB (Assistant)
4:00 – 4:30
• Economic Importance of Ferns & Fern allies
Dr. Dedy Darnaedi Research Professor, RCB-LIPI
4:30 – 5:15
• Evolutionary process of new biological species in Asplenium nidus and its related species • Open forum
Dr. Kanako Yamada Tokyo Metropolitan University, Makino Herbarium Ms. Wita Wardhani-RCB (Assistant)
5:15 – 6:15
Travel back to Bogor Hotel
6:30
Dinner is on your own
Dr. Edwino Fernando University of the Philippines Los Baños Ms. Wita Wardhani-RCB (Assistant)
Dr. Edwino Fernando University of the Philippines Los Baños Ms. Wita Wardhani-RCB (Assistant)
AMS
Day 4 – 23 February: Travel to Cibodas Botanic Garden and to Jakarta Hotel
6:00 - 7:00
Breakfast
7:00 – 9:00
Travel to Cibodas Botanic Garden
ACB / LIPI
9:00 – 12:00
Field Work
Resource persons and RCB staff (Atik Retnowati, Arief Hidayat, Yessi Santika, Ida Haerida, and Wita Wardani)
12:00 – 1:00
Lunch Break
1:00 – 4:00
Field Work
Resource persons and RCB staff (Atik Retnowati, Arief Hidayat, Yessi Santika, Ida Haerida, and Wita Wardani)
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
Programme continuation Time
Activity
Responsible Person/s
4:00 – 8:00
Travel to Jakarta
ACB
8:00 onwards
Check in at Novotel
ACB
Dinner at Novotel
Courtesy of ACB/MOE-J/ESABII
Day 5 – 24 February: Closing Programme & Departure (Participants scheduled to fly out this morning can already depart) 8:30 – 10:00
Evaluation, Feedback and General discussion on the training
Workshop secretariat
10:00 – 10:30
Snack Break
Dr. Edwino Fernando University of the Philippines Los Baños Ms. Wita Wardhani-RCB (Assistant)
10:30 – 11:00
Closing Programme • Awarding of certificates
Early departing participants will get their certificates in advance
• Closing messages Dr. Dedy Darnaedi Dr. Benito Tan Dr. Hidetsugu Miwa Dr. Filiberto Pollisco, Jr. 11:00 to pm
Departure of Remaining Participants
To Jakarta airport
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
Lectures State of the Art Plant Taxonomy in South East Asia Dedy Darnaedi Herbarium Bogoriense, R.C. Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Chair of Indonesian Plant Taxonomy Association Training Workshop on Plant Taxonomy: Pteridophyte and Bryophyte Bogor, 20-25 February 2014
Contents • What is plant taxonomy ? • Plant taxonomy for Flora Malesiana
• Plant taxonomy for useful plant species in South East Asia (PROSEA) • Plant taxonomy for Aichi Biodiversity Targets
. Plants Taxonomy: Study and description on the variation of organisms, the investigation of the causes and consequences of this variation, and the manipulations of the data obtained to produce a system of classification (Stace, 1980).
• Naming the plants, description, and key identification
• Binomial Nomenclature, Carolus Linnaeus, 1707-1778 Lecanopteris darnaedii Hennipman Dryopteris Indonesiana Darnaedi
• Species Plantarum, Linnaean System
Products • Floristic Study: Based on exploration in certain area (not all plants species in the region)
Variation of organism • Morphology; anatomy; ecology • Cytology; genetic • Molecular (DNA)
• Flora: All plant species in certain area (country, island, national park etc.) • Fern Flora: All fern species in certain area
• Monograph: All biological information on certain group of plants (family or genera in a whole distribution range) • Revision: updating to the Floristic, Flora or Monograph
. Halimun A
• Molecular phylogeny using DNA sequences mostly revealed phylogenetic relationships of living organisms. (developed in last 20 years)
B A
Halimun B
• (bio-systematic, phylogeny, evolution)
Murakami,N., Y.Yatabe, D.Darnaedi , K.Iwatsuki. 1999.
Yatabe, Y., S.Masuyama, D.Darnaedi, N.Murakami. 2001.
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
The Phylogeny Lycopods
Ginkgo
Cycads
Conivers
Gnetales
Monocots Basel angiosperms
Ophioglossaceae Psilotaceae
Ferns
Leafy Mosses liverworts Hornworts Thalloid liverworts
Bryophytes
Angiosperms
Horsetails
Gymnosperms
Flora Malesiana
200 Ma
Pteridophytes
Charophytes
Eudicots
300 Ma
400 Ma
480 Ma
Doc. Hasebe
Flora Malesiana Taxonomy in Malesian region: Flora Malesiana (1950) , Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Timor Leste;
Malesian region: – Brunei – Filipina – Indonesia – Malaysia – Papua Nugini – Singapura – Timor Leste Rich in numbers of species and endemic genera
40,000 species of plants (seed plants, ferns, bryophytes)
Endemic genera
SE Asia Reconstructions 50-0 Ma Reconstructions of Malesian region
© Robert Hall 1995
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Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
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Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
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Early Taxnomy Study at Bogor Botanic Gardens (During Dutch occupation)
Doc. BO
(doc. Bogor Botanic Gardens)
Doc. BO
Taxonomy and Flora • Flora Malesiana (South East Asia region) • Local Flora: Flora of Thailand, Flora of Philippines; Flora of Peninsular Malaysia; Flora of Java; (country and or island by island) Flora of Mt Gede-Pangrango National Park; Mountain Flora of Java. Checklist Flora of Bali. (smaller region, only in one National Park or Mountains in Java)
Flora Malesiana publications: • Seri I (Seed plants) : Spermatophyta •
( 18 Volumes; 190 families) Famili Aceraceae s/d Zygophyllaceae
• Seri II ( Fern & Fern allies) •
( 3 Volumes; 15 families): Families and group (sensu Holttum),
•
(Total 8,791 species has been described)
IX Flora Malesiana Symposium, Bogor, 27-31 August 2013
Azollaceae to Thelypteridaceae and Tectaria group
• Only 22 % from 40,000 species
Taxonomy in useful plant species in South-East Asia (PROSEA)
Plant Resources of South East Asia PROSEA
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Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
19 Volumes; 24 books, 9,223 pages
Synthesize information on the 6,000 – 7,000 useful plants species of the region
Synthesize information on the 6,000 – 7,000 useful plants of the region Vol Vol Vol Vol Vol
Status PROSEA is an international program focusing on the documentation of information on plant resources of South East Asia, interdiciplinary, covering the fields of agriculture, forestry, horticulture and botany.
Objectives to document and make available the existing wealth of information on the plant resources of South East Asia for education, extension work, research and industry. Disseminating information for their better utilizations
.
1. Pulses : 25 species 2. Edible Fruits and Nuts : 120 major species and 270 minor species 3. Dye and Tannin-Pruducing Plants : 53 major species and 500 minor species 4. Forages : 114 major species and 500 minor species 5. Timber Trees : 5 (1). 500 species major commercial ; 5 (2). 800 species minor commercial; 5 (3). 1550 less commercial Vol 6. Rattans : 25 major species and 30 minor species Vol 7. Bamboo : 45 major species and 30 minor species Vol 8. Vegetable : 100 major species, 125 minor species dan 800 species pemanfaatan sekunder Vol 9. Plants Yielding Non-Seed Carbofydrates : 54 major crops dan 50 minor crops Vol 10. Cereals : 20 major species, 9 minor species and 25 less use Vol 11. Auxiliary Plants : 78 major species, 107 minor species, 15 jenis pemanfaatan sekunder Vol 12. Medicial and Poisonous Plant : 1300 species , bersumber dari 550 publikasi Vol 13. Spices : 61 major species,65 minor species, 150 species less use Vol 14. Vegetable Oil and Fats : 56 species Vol 15 (1). Cryptogams Algae : 218 species Vol 15 (2). Cryptogams Fern and Fern Allies : 100 species Vol 16. Stimulants : 20 major species, 34 minor species, 250 species less use Vol 17. Fibre Plants : 72 species, 129 minor species Vol 18. Plants Producing Exudates : 15 major crops, 40 minor species, 272 species less use Vol 19. Essential-Oil Plants : 37 major crops, 31 minor species, 400 species less use
Aichi Biodiversity Targets
Taxonomy in Aichi Biodiversity Targets of the CBD • Target 9. By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment. • Target 12. By 2020 the extinction of known threatened species has been prevented and their conservation status, particularly of those in decline, has been improved and sustained
• Information system and data sharing • Clearing House Mechanism (CHM) • ESABII (East and South East Asia Biodiversity Information Initiative)
Plant taxonomy – systematic Conclusions
1. Taxonomy is an old science but always developed and important as fundamental for any others biological sciences (at ecosystem, species and genetic variation level) 2. Plant species diversity in ASEAN Region still poorly known, it needs intensive exploration and taxonomic works (Local Flora and Flora Malesiana) 3. High rate of biodiversity loss in the region needs conservation action. Status of species is important. 4. Taxonomy strongly related to Aichi Biodiversity Targets 9, and 12. 5. Developing data base and networking among ASEAN member states and others in the region and global is important. Contribute to GBIF, CHM.
• Plant systematic serves as a major unifying force in biology because it uses data from a multitude of discipline, such as molecular biology, biochemestry, comparative phytochemestry, electron microscope as well as morphology, ecology, biography to develop a framework upon which classification can be developed. Indeed without the system of nomenclature provided by plant taxonomy, there could be no comparative refrence to name of plants (Jones, S.B & A.E. Luchsinger, 1987).
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
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What is ESABII? (since2009)
Introduction of ESABII and its efforts for taxonomic capacity building
East and Southeast Asia Biodiversity Information Initiative Goal
Target area
Contribute to the implementation of the Strategic Plan* for the CBD * Strategic Plan 2011-2020
20 February, 2014
Means
Particularly by addressing the Target 19 of the new Strategic Plan through:
Hidetsugu Miwa Biodiversity Center of Japan The Secretariat of ESABII
Development of biodiversity information system Raising taxonomic capacity
ESABII members Countries
ASEAN Member States Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia. Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republics, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam
ASEAN+3 (CN/KR/JP) GTI Workshop 19-21 May 2009, Los Banos, Philippines (GTI; Global Taxonomy Initiative) Needs Assessment on Biodiversity Information and Taxonomy Capacity Building for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity
East Asia China, Japan, Mongolia, Republic of Korea
Organizations
- ASEAN Center for Biodiversity (ACB) - Secretariat of Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) - Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)
Networks
- BioNET International - NaGISA - AP-BON (Asia-Pacific Biodiversity Observation Network)
New Strategic Plan, 2011-2020 CBD COP 10, October 2010, Nagoya Strategic goal E. Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building
Target 19: By 2020, knowledge, the science base and technologies relating to biodiversity, its values, functioning, status and trends, and the consequences of its loss, are improved, widely shared and transferred, and applied.
Photo ©: Mitsuhiko TODA (JWRC)
ESABII and other frameworks ESABII
AP-BON
CBD
GTI Program of Work
GBIF
Biodiversity Information
Capacity Building
National
International
- NBSAPs - Conservation of species and ecosystems - Sustainable use of natural resources
- IPBES - Implementation of CITES and other international treaties
Achievement of CBD’s Strategic Plan 2011-2020
Photo ©: Mitsuhiko TODA (JWRC)
ESABII components
Information Sharing
Biodiversity information
Capacity Building Scattered Providing Biodiversity information for Policy/Decision Makers
Global: CBD, CITES, Ramsar Convention National: NBSAPs, Species Conservation, Invasive species, others
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Biodiversity information – ESABII database
ESABII components
http://www.esabii.org/
From: GBIF data portal http://data.gbif.org/species/15729819/
Information Sharing
Capacity Building
Migrant Birds Threatened Mammal Species Threatened Vascular Plant Species Red Data Books
Capacity building - Overview
Capacity building - since 2010 JAIF – ESABII Project “Taxonomic Capacity Building and Governance for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity” 2010 Coral Taxonomy in Malaysia (Dec4-8) 2011 Training of Trainers on CITES in Malaysia (Jan 17-20) Terrestrial Plants (dicots) in Indonesia (Feb 15-22) CITES Training in Viet Nam (Feb 21-23) 2012 CITES Training in Cambodia (Feb 13-17)
Terrestrial Plants (monocots) in Indonesia (Mar 12-16)
Capacity building - training materials
Species ID Sheets - Key Objectives
*Provide user friendly tool for front-line enforcement *Make available in local languages
Vietnamese (for Vietnam) Species ID Sheets – Species
Khmer (for Cambodia) Species ID Sheets – Species
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
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Malay (forID Malaysia, Darussalam) Species SheetsBrunei – Species
Species ID Sheets – available on website
- The full set includes more than 90 species. - English version is available at TRAFFIC website (http://www.traffic.org/identification). - Local language versions will be made available on
ESABII website (http://www.esabii.org/).
For more information
Introduction of ESABII and its efforts for taxonomic capacity building 20 February, 2014 Hidetsugu Miwa Biodiversity Center of Japan The Secretariat of ESABII
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ESABII website http://www.esabii.org/
ESABII Secretariat Biodiversity Center of Japan, Ministry of the Environment E-mail: webmaster@biodic.go.jp
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
The three major groups of bryophytes
Why study bryophytes?
They are the first to live on land during the evolution of land plants
Portraits of bryophyte diversity by the German artistbiologist, E. Haeckel in 1904
They are everywhere !!!
Important ecological role of bryophytes
Protection of environment from erosion
Uses of mosses for landscape gardening in Asia
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
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A moss garden in Kyoto, Japan
A large moss wall designed as a partition in a Italian restaurant in Singapore
Singapore Moss
Taiwan Moss
Mini Java Moss
A small moss wall design for interior decoration in an office
A small aquarium of fish with Java Moss sold in a department store in Japan for 1,680 Yen (= ca US $15/16)
A winning fish tank aquascape design
• 8 tropical moss species in 2 genera • S$100,000* worth of aquarium bryophytes were exported from Singapore in 2003.
Some of the misconceptions about bryophytes (1) (2) (3) (4)
They all look alike They are small inconspicuous plants in nature They are the smallest plant group in nature They have no economic importance; not useful as ornamental plants (5) They are not vascular plants..
What biological lessons have we learned from them The first report of sex chromosomes in plant was from a study of liverwort in 1917. The maternal cytoplasmic inheritance was reported by Prof. Von Wettstein from a study of intergeneric crosses of Funarioid mosses in 1920s. One of the lowest haploid chromosome count in plants is from a moss (n = 4) (Ramsay 1983). The first female sexspecific DNA marker for plant was discovered in a moss, (Korpelainen . 2008).
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Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
What have we learned from studying the bryophytes
The moss is the first bryophyte to have the genome completely sequenced for genomic and genetic studies.
The ABC genes found in flowering plant groups that govern the functioning and formation of flower are also found in moss.
Having a haploid body makes the interpretation of gene and character interaction more easy and direct in a moss model.
䉒䉒 䛒䜚䛜䛸䛖
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
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Topics for Discussion
1. What are bryophytes? 2. Life cycle of a bryophyte (moss plant) 3. Three major groups of bryophytes: mosses, liverworts & hornworts 4. Mosses or Musci morphology and ecology 5. Liverworts or Hepaticae morphology and ecology 6. Hornworts or Anthocerotae – morphology & ecology 7. Economic importance of bryophytes
First, by the plant size
Small plant size
See Raven, P.H., R.F. Evert, and S.E. Eichhorn.. 1999. Eichhorn ,, 6th edition. Freeman, New York.
Male and female plants of moss
Male plant
Sex organs in bryophytes and other land plants – Antheridium – male organ Archegonium – female organ
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Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
Female pla pla
calyptra (mitrate type) capsule
seta
foot
Sporophyte of moss plant consists of foot, seta and capsule
Two types of peristomes
Peristome teeth at the mouth of a moss capsule
a moss capsule with no peristome
long calyptra
Double peristome
capsule with no peristome teeth
Single peristome
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
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The aquatic
Male and female plants of
Female plant
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Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
Male plant
,, a common road bank thalloid liverwort
The tiny sporophyte of in long long section
sporophyte
sporophyte
,, a shining thalloid liverwort on soil
– a tree trunk leafy liverwort
Two rows of lateral leaves of a leafy liverwort
,, a common thalloid liverwort on soil in Malesia
a common leafy liverwort in Malesia
Elongate oil bodies in leaf cells
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
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capsule seta
foot
Oil bodies seen inside the leaf cells of leafy liverwort
A comparison of capsules of moss and liverwort
A mature capsule of leafy liverwort split open into four parts
or hornworts
The greenish, long horn hornlike capsules of hornworts
– a common hornwort on grassy ground in Malesia
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Single chloroplast in the plant cell of hornwort
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
Where can you see bryophytes?
Habitat of bryophytes – on boulder
Montane forest – mossy forest
Peat moss ( ()) floating on lake in Russian Siberia
A mature mossy forest in the Philippine mountain at 2,500 m elev
Help conserve water and prevent erosion Provide shelter and food to animals..
Hanging bryophyte plants inside wet forest in the tropics
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
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A pheasant bird from Sichuan Province of China that feeds mainly on mosses
From National Geographic Society News, Dec 9, 2008
, , a common white moss
Mosses used in tropical garden landscape
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Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
Slow seasonal growth of moss population
Dr Benito C. Tan
The University and Jepson Herbaria University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, CA USA February 2014
(a (a common moss in peat swamp and bog)
(
First, by the plant size
The identification of a moss depends on characters observed in both gametophyte (haploid) and sporophyte (diploid).
Small plant size
By leaf characters observed under microscope
Thank you
Single leaf costa
Ovaloblong and smooth leaf cells and Oval no leaf costa
Double leaf costae
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
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Crenulate leaf margin; quadrate leaf cells with thick cell walls
Dentate leaf margin and elongate leaf cells
Strongly and irregularly toothed leaf margin
Differentiated leaf border of linear cells; oval laminal cells
Pluripapillose leaf cells with thin cell walls
Unipapillose and elongate leaf cells with thick, porose cell walls
Strongly differentiated leaf alars
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Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
Few alar cells with elongate to linear, smooth leaf cells
Sporophyte characters too.
Shape of capsule
Straight capsule; seta smooth Cucullate calyptra on capsule; seta papillose
Pendant, oblong capsules showing operculum with blunt tip
Curved and asymmetric capsules
Arrow pointing at the immersed capsule with very short seta
Peristome characters are useful..
Double peristome teeth
single peristome of
Additional characters used in moss identification include leaf shape, sexuality, rhizoids, vegetative propagules or gemmae, as well as habitat preference, such as elevational distribution and substrate information.
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
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Moss gemmae (vegetative reproductive structures)
(Hairy capped moss) hairy calyptra
Round or globose capsules in Bartramiaceae (Apple Moss)
(Family Thuidiaceae Feather Moss) Moss)))
paraphyllium
branch leaf
(Family Hookeriaceae) Hookeriaceae)
How rich is the moss flora of Malesia Malesia? ?
(a group of flat or complanate moss)
At the website of Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research at NUS in Singapore (http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/)
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References: Tan, B.C. & Z. Iwatsuki. 1993. A checklist of Indochinese mosses. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 74: 325405. Tan, B.C. & Z. Iwatsuki. 1996. Hot spots of mosses in East Asia. Anal. Inst. Biol. Univ. Auton. Mexico, Ser. Bot. 67: 159167. Gradstein, S.R. et al. 2005. A catalogue of Bryophytes of Sulawesi, Indonesia. J. Hattori Bot. Lab: accepted. Suleiman, M. et al. 2006. A revised catalogue of mosses from Borneo. J. Hattori Bot. Lab: accepted.
Malesian moss species summary
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
• Advance search for informtaion on Malesian mosses
Character identification search
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
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An artificial taxonomic key to identify mosses 1. Plants erect or acrocarpous; stem with few lateral branches; leaves with one costa; capsule terminal on main stem(s) in position ... 2 1. Plants creeping or pleurocarpous; stem with many lateral branches; leaves with two costae or none; capsule lateral on main stem(s), or terminal on secondary stems .... 24 2. Plants flat or complanate; leaves distichous, with vaginant lamina ... 2. Plants not flat; leaves not distichous, w/o vaginant lamina .............. 3 3. Upper leaf surface with green lamellae in crosssection; mouth of capsule covered with a whitish membrane called diaphragm .... Family Polytrichaceae 3. Upper leaf surface without green lamellar extension in crosssection; mouth of capsule without a diaphragm cover . 4 4. Plants with lateral branches in cluster; leaves made up of empty dead hyaline cells with fibrils and pores, alternating with slender green living cells .. 4. Plants with lateral branches not clustered together; leaves with no such arrangement of empty, fibrillose cells alternating with slender green living cells ... 5 5. Capsules very large, asymmetrical in shape, sessile, with very short seta .. 5. Capsules not asymmetrically large, with distinct seta ..... 6
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Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
Thank you
Phylogenetic Relationship of Green Plants
21th Febrary, 2014 in Bogor
Streptophytes Green algae Core Chlorophyceae
Land plants
Streptophyta algae
The moss Physcomitrella patens
(Funariaceae) as a model plant for molecular genetic studies
Monilophytes Volvocales Charales Coleochaetales ChlamydoZygnematales Ulvophyceae Seed plants monadales Bryophytes
- 400 million vascular bundle - 450 million
Junko Kawai, Tokyo University, JAPAN
(Langdale and Harrison, 2008; Leliaert et al, 2012; Zhong et al, 2013)
Bryophytes researches can solve the evolution of land plants
Gene Duplication and Change of Morphology
Gene Duplication and Morphology Regulator of morphogenesis of floral organs
plant
MADS-box
AUX/IAA
morphology
A. thaliana (angiosperm)
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complex
P. patens (Bryophyta)
6
3
simple
unicellular
complex morphology
gene duplication
simple morphology
Gene duplication, New functions, Morphology diversification
A component of auxin signaling
C. psl. complex (streptophyte algae)
1 or 2
Study of functional analysis of P. patens will elucidate evolutionary mechanisms in land plants.
The Life Cycle of P. patens
The Moss Physcomitrella patens ★ Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp. subsp. patens. The strain of wild type is from a single spore collected by Harold Whitehouse in England, 1962 (Ashton and Cove 1977).
spore
20µm
protonema
chloronema
archegonium 20µm
open sporangium
sporophyte
★Gene targeting protocol is established. ★ Highly efficiency of homologous recombination and transformation. ★ Deletion mutant collection also exist (forward genetic approach).
bud gametophore
★The whole-genome sequencing was completed in 2006. size=511Mb, n=27 (Rensing et al, 2008) ★ Sterile culture is easy. Life cycle is about 3 months.
caulonema
sporophyte
rhizoid
1 mm
antheridium
gametophyte
Key-character of bryophytes The haploid gametophyte is dominant, while sporophyte has no branching and lateral organs.
Culture Conditions of P. patens - Media
Culture Conditions of P. patens - Media
Germination medium for spore germination BCDAT + 10mM Ca + 0.8% agar, + cellophane (TAIKO, Hyogo, Japan)
Jiffy7 media (Jiffy Products International AS, Kristansand, Norway)
BCDAT, BCDATG medium for protonemata and gametophores BCDAT +1mM Ca +0.8% agar BCDATG +1mM Ca +0.8% agar BCD medium for gametophores BCD + 1mM Ca + 0.8% agar Expansion by H2O
B Stock B (x100) : 0.1mM MgSO4 7H2O C Stock C (x100) : 1.84mM KH2PO4 D Stock D (x100) : 1M KNO3, 4.5mM FeSO4 7H2O A Alternative TES (x1000) : 0.22mM CuSO4 5H2O, 10mM H3BO3, 0.23mM CoCl2 6H2O, 0.1mM Na2MoO4 2H2O, 0.19mM ZnSO4 7H2O, 2mM MnCl2 4H2O, 0.17mM KI T 500mM Ammonium Tartrate (x100) Ca 50mM CaCl2 2H2O (x50) G 0.5% glucose
121 , 15min
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
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Culture Conditions of P. patens - Cultivation
Culture Conditions of P. patens - Cultivation 16 , 8h dark/16h light
antheridia
Germination medium + cellophane
2weeks after moving to 15
After over 1week
25 , continuous light
100µm
transferred to BCDAT medium
archegonia
antheridia
3weeks after moving to 15
To induce the gametangia and sporophytes Store at 4
with parafilm seal
egg cell
transferred to Jiffy7 medium
25 , continuous light
If necessary, pouring water to the surface of moss for improving the fertilization rate.
100µm
25 , continuous light After 1-1.5 months
sperms
fertilization
moved to 15 , 8h light/16h dark Sporophytes development
After 1 week, collected
Sporophyte of P. patens
21th Febrary, 2014 in Bogor
The moss Physcomitrella patens
spores
capsule (sporangium)
columella
seta foot
(Funariaceae) as a model plant for molecular genetic studies
Vaginula (archegonia+
1mm
gametophore apex)
Junko Kawai, Tokyo University, JAPAN
A sporangium contains thousands of spores
Transformation of P. patens
Transformation of P. patens polyethylene glycol (PEG) -mediated
Rate of homologous recombination is exceptionally high in plants. Facilitative of “the reverse genetic approaches”.
Special apparatus is not needed
Transformation in the predominant haploid.
2days Particle bombardment
transformation
Mutant phenotype may immediately appear.
haploid
diploid
Selection of Transformants
(Schaefer et al., 1991 & 1997)
Most efficient for homologous recombination (stable transformants) Introduce DNA into protoplasts protonemata DNA 2% Driselase-20 8% D-Mannito
Protoplasts PEG/T solution
Protoplasting
45 , 5min transformation
(Sawahel et al., 1992; Cho et al., 1999; Bezanilla et al., 2003)
Most efficient for transient assay (unstable transformants) Introduce DNA into protonemata directly 2-3 hours Agrobacterium-mediated The number of insertions are one to numerous (non-homologous) Using for a high-throughput screening
Transformants of Localization Analysis
After transformation and cell-regeneration… transplant Incubation on a selection plate (over 3weeks) Antibiotics: Geneticin (G418), Hygromycin B, Zeocin, Blasticidin S, or Nourseothricin/LEXSY NTC
transplant Incubation on an antibiotic-free plate (1 week)
transplant Incubation on a selection plate (over 1 week) PCR screening
MKN1-GUS (KNOX2) Class 2 KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (NKOX2) transcriptome factor (Sakakibara et al, 2013)
Southern blot analysis
(Photo by Dr. Yuji Hiwatashi)
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Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
PpHxk1-GFP Chloroplast stromal HEXOKINASE (HXK) Glucose-phosphorylating enzyme (Olsson et al, 2003)
Transformants of Loss of Function Analysis
The Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L.
Thalli
WT
Class 2 KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (NKOX2) in P. patens. transcriptome factor
arpc1
WT
mkn1mkn6
Actin-related protein2/3 complex subunit (Arpc1) Regulator of actin filament dynamics. (Harries et al, 2005)
Takaragaike-2
Takaragaike-1
★The whole-genome sequencing is been processed. ★Gene targeting by homologous recombination (2%) (Ishizaki et al, 2012) ★Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using sporelings and regenerating thalli (Kubota et al, 2013). ★Sterile culture in a part of its life cycle is not completed.
(Sakakibara et al, 2013)
regenerating thalli
The Center of Research in Japan ★ The moss Physcomitrella patens HASEBE laboratory in National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB) (http://www.nibb.ac.jp/evodevo/)
★ The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. KOHCHI laboratory in Kyoto University (http://www.lif.kyoto-u.ac.jp/labs/plantmb/)
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Cyathea philippinensis Baker
Edwino S. Fernando
Cyatheaceae
PhD
Photo: Leonard L. Co
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BAÑOS
• Lycophytes have small leaves with only a single unbranched vein. • These leaves, called microphylls, probably evolved from tissue flaps on the surface of stems. • Vascular tissue then grew into the flaps.
Morphology of Ferns & Fern Allies
Extended Taxonomic Capacity Building for Sustainable Use of Biodiversity: Bryophytes and Pteridophytes
20 – 24 February 2014 Research Center for Biology – LIPI Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia
• In contrast, the leaves of ferns and other vascular plants, megaphylls, are much larger and have highly-branched vascular system. • A branched vascular system can deliver water and minerals to the expanded leaf. • It can also export larger quantities of sugars from the leaf. • This supports more photosynthetic activity.
Rachis
Lamina
Petiole
Ferns stem =
Rhizome Branching
Rhizome used for those with creeping or climbing habit. If short caudex is used; for erect stems (e.g. tree ferns), trunk is used.
Creeping rhizomes: long-creeping with widely spaced fronds or short-creeping with fronds relatively close together. Rhizomes: radial or radially symmetric or dorsiventral with leaves or fronds produced on the dorsal or upper side and roots produced on ventral or lower side.
Sometimes the branching is regularly dichotomous, sometimes with alternate branches reduced to a great or lesser extent. Rhizome covering takes the form
epidermal hairs, or scales (palea), or a combination of
of
bristles
any of these.
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Internal structure of the rhizome Can provide useful diagnostic characters especially from the arrangement of the
vascular bundles and leaf traces.
Sometimes the surface of the rhizome is glaucous with a bluish grey waxy sheen and sometimes with a dense white waxy or with hairs or bristles or scales on the surface. Often useful diagnostic characters that may be lost with collecting and preservation techniques.
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu
Fern leaves, fronds
Fern leaves, fronds
Leaves of typical and true ferns are usually called fronds; those of ‘fern allies’ referred to as leaves.
Fern fronds are
megaphylls, are large and complex, have many veins and are often lobed or variously divided, commonly with
The leaves of the fern allies
a distinct stalk or petiole.
are simple and undivided, not often toothed, sessile, with a single unbranched vein and are often small; they are called microphylls.
The spore-producing organs are borne on the leaves and those that do so are called fertile and those without, sterile. The fertile fronds may be of markedly different size, shape or orientation to the sterile fronds and this is known as dimorphism.
Huperzia
Diversity of size and shape in fern leaves
Pteridium aquilinium
Vasco et al. (2013)
Parallelism in four simple-leaved ferns
Vasco et al. (2013)
from four different families
(A) Lindsaea cyclophylla (Lindsaeaceae). (B) Adiantum reniforme (Pteridaceae). (C) Trichomanes reniforme (Hymenophyllaceae). (D) Schizaea elegans (Schizaeaceae).
2 Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
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Fiddleheads and aerophore lines
Fiddleheads, also called ‘croziers’ are circinately coiled leaf buds. Highly distinctive of ferns because they are absent in lycophytes and nearly all seed plants.
Vasco et al. (2013)
Aerophores are also characteristic of nearly all leptosporangiate fern leaves. Their surfaces bear stomata that allow air to diffuse into the loosely packed parenchyma beneath.
Morphological features in Eupolypod II ferns.
Soral and indusial characters of Eupolypod II ferns. Sundue MA , & Rothfels CJ Ann Bot 2014;113: 3554.
Sundue MA , & Rothfels CJ Ann Bot 2014;113: 3554.
Aglaomorpha splendens
Loxogramme avenia
(A) Pale fleshy roots, Homalosorus pycnocarpos; (B) petiole base with two vascular bundles, Homalosorus pycnocarpos; (C) medial portion of petiole with two vascular bundles fused into an x-shape, Asplenium nidus (photo: Tom Ranker, used with permission); (D) trophopods, left arrow points to aborted leaf apex, right arrow points to thickened persistent starch-filled petiole base, Matteuccia struthiopteris; (E) pneumatophores, Deparia acrostichoides; (F) reddish young leaves, Salpichlaena volubilis; (G) anastomosing veins and membranaceous leaf margin, Hemidictyum marginatum; (H) pinna costae with adaxial projections, Athyrium microphyllum; (I) arrow points to whitish acicular hairs, Thelypteris supina.
Cyathea sp.
(A) Round sori, Cystopteris fragilis; (B–F) elongate sori restricted to one side of the vein: (B) Homalosorus pycnocarpos; (C)Hemidictyum marginatum; (D)Hymenasplenium laetum; (E)Diplaziopsis javanica; (F)Blechnum orientale; (G–I) elongate sori along both sides of the vein: (G) Athyrium dolosum (=Deparia sect. Lunathyrium); (H)Diplazium riparium; (I) Athyrium niponicum.
Rachis–costa architecture in Eupolypod II ferns. Sundue MA , & Rothfels CJ Ann Bot 2014;113: 3554.
Humuscollecting leaves are completely differentiated from the green
foliage leaves that produce spores—an example of holodimorphism. The humuscollecting leaves are also brown, stiff, papery, and dead at
functional maturity. The fertile
(A) Onoclea sensibilis; (B) Matteuccia struthiopteris; (C) Homalosorus pycnocarpos; (D) Diplazium assimile; (E) Deparia acrostichoides; (F) Athyrium japonicum; (G) Hymenasplenium riparium; (H) Asplenium harpeodes; (I) Asplenium uniseriale.
leaves are green, much longer, and arching away from the substrate. Drynaria sp.
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Petiole vasculature
Vasco et al. (2013)
Eupolypods I
Examples of petiole vasculature in ferns, as seen incross section.(A) Eupodium laeve (Marattiaceae). (B) Dicksonia sellowiana (Dicksoniaceae). (C) Saccoloma chartaceum (Saccolomataceae). (D) Acrostichum danaeifolium (Pteridaceae). (E) Diplazium hians (Eupolypods II, Athyriaceae). (F) Polystichum concinnum Vasco et al. (2013) (Eupolypods I, Dryopteridaceae).
Several bundles all circular in cross section Eupolypods II
Two vascular bundles elongated in cross section
4 Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
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Humata repens (L.f.) J.Small ex Diels
Edwino S. Fernando
Davalliaceae PhD
Photo: Leonard L. Co
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Life Cycles of Ferns & Fern Allies
LOS BAÑOS
In all land plants — from bryophytes to ferns to angiosperms — the typical
sexual
life cycle Life Cycles of Ferns & Fern Allies
involves the alternation of a diploid sporophyte phase with a haploid gametophyte phase.
Extended Taxonomic Capacity Building for Sustainable Use of Biodiversity: Bryophytes and Pteridophytes 20–24 February 2014 Research Center for Biology – LIPI Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia
Life Cycle of a Typical Moss
Life Cycles of Ferns & Fern Allies
(Bryophyte)
Ferns and lycophytes are unique among land plants in that both sporophyte and gametophyte are not only
visible to the unaided eye, but they are completely independent from one another. © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Life Cycles of Ferns & Fern Allies
Bryophytes Seedless non-vascular plants Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
‘Pteridophytes’ Seedless vascular plants
Ferns, ‘fern allies’
Spermatophytes Seed plants Gymnosperms, Angiosperms
‘Pteridophytes’ Ferns also demonstrate a key variation among vascular plants: the distinction between
homosporous and
Seedless vascular plants
Ferns, ‘fern allies’
heterosporous plants.
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• A homosporous sporophyte produces a single type of spore. • This spore develops into a bisexual gametophyte
with both archegonia (female
HOMOSPOROUS Life Cycle Sporophyte Ä
Ƃ sex organs) and
Eggs Ƃ Single È Bisexual type Ä gametophyte of Ê Sperm ƃ Ƃƃ spore
antheridia (male ƃ sex organs). HOMOSPOROUS Sporophyte Ä
Single È Eggs Bisexual type Ä gametophyte of Ê Sperm Ƃƃ spore
www2.estrellamountain.edu
• A heterosporous sporophyte produces 2 kinds of spores.
HETEROSPOROUS Life Cycle Female Ƃ Megaspore Ä gametophyte Ä Eggs Ƃ È Sporophyte Male ƃ Ê Microspore Ä gametophyte Ä Sperm ƃ
• Megaspores develop into female Ƃ gametophytes. • Microspores develop into male ƃ gametophytes. Azolla pinnata
HETEROSPOROUS
Sporophyte
È Ê
Female Ƃ Megaspore Ä gametophyte Ä Eggs Male ƃ Microspore Ä gametophyte Ä Sperm www2.estrellamountain.edu
Life Cycle of Selaginella
heterosporous
Life Cycle of Psilotum (homosporous)
heterosporous
Selaginella engleri Hieron. Selaginellaceae Photo: Leonard L. Co
2
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Life Cycle of Lycopodium (homosporous)
Life Cycle of IsoĂŤtes Quill wort (homosporous)
Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic.-Serm. Lycopodiaceae Photo: Leonard L. Co
Life Cycle of Equisetum Horsetail
Isoetes lacustris L. Denmark / Photo: J.C. Schou
Life Cycle of a Typical Fern (Polypodium) (homosporous)
(homosporous)
Aglaomorpha meyeniana (Hook.) Schott. Polypodiaceae Photo: Leonard L. Co
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Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
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Phylogeny and Classification of the Ferns & Fern Allies Edwino S. Fernando
‘Embryophytes’
Four great episodes in the Evolution of land plants:
PhD
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BAÑOS
the origin of
bryophytes from algal ancestors
the origin and diversification of
vascular plants
the origin of
Tracheophytes Vascular plants
seeds
the evolution of
Extended Taxonomic Capacity Building for Sustainable Use of Biodiversity: Bryophytes and Pteridophytes
flowers
20 – 24 February 2014 Research Center for Biology – LIPI Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia
Campbell & Reece (2002)
gametophyte
sporophyte
‘Embryophytes’
Tracheophyte
characteristics from
bryophyte lineages in which the small, unbranched sporophyte is nutritionally dependent on the dominant gametophyte.
Tracheophytes Vascular plants
Origin of land plants
Bryophytes
‘Pteridophytes’
Seedless non-vascular plants
Seedless vascular plants
Ferns, ‘fern allies’
Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts Campbell & Reece (2002)
Spermatophytes Seed plants Gymnosperms, Angiosperms
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pteridophytes
‘Ferns
Seedless vascular plants formed vast “coal forests” during the Carboniferous period 290-360 million years ago.
fern allies’
‘Pteridophytes’
true roots with vascular tissue.
These plants left not only living representatives and
Most have
fossils, but also fossil fuel in the form of
lignified
coal.
&
Sporebearing or ‘seed-free’ or ‘seedless’ plants
sporophyte-dominant
A life cycle.
Sporophyte (2n)
Gametophyte (n)
Campbell & Reece (2002)
Phegopteris guyottii commons.wikimedia.org
1 Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
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‘Ferns
&
Major lineages of vascular plants
fern allies’ and ‘Pteridophytes’ are
non-monophyletic
assemblages of plants Euphyllophytes
Lycophytes
Spermatophytes
Monilophytes
‘Fern allies’
Seed plants
Ferns
‘fern allies’ M
‘fern allies’
Lycophytes
E
< 1% of vascular plants
Monilophytes
T
(ferns, including horsetails, whisk ferns, & all eusporangiate and leptosporangiate ferns)
‘fern allies’
> 260,000 species
‘fern allies’
L
c. 9,000 species
Spermatophytes (seed plants)
S
‘fern allies’ Tracheophytes Vascular plants
Consensus phylogeny depicting relationships of major vascular plant lineages based on morphological and molecular data Smith et al. (2006)
T
Tracheophytes
L Lycophytes
E
Euphyllophytes
M Monilophytes S
Timetree of ferns
Spermatophytes
Pryer et al. (2004)
Pryer & Schuettpelz (2009)
biflagellate sperm
httpcourses.eeb.utoronto.ca
Phylogeny of the ferns. Numbers in parantheses indicate approximate species richness of each clade (Rothfels et al. 2012)
LYCOPHYTES Previously known as
With lycophylls (leaves with intercalary meristem); sperm biflagellate
‘fern allies’
Largest in size in the Carboniferous Period (345-290 MYA), comprise much of the fossils of this time. Arborescent members common, some 40 m tall, 2 m diameter at base
Isoëtales Selaginellales
L
Lycopodiales
Comprise three main clades:
Lycopodiales (club mosses)
– homosporous
Isoëtales (quill worts) – heterosporous
Selaginellales (spike
mosses) - heterosporous
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LYCOPHYTES
LYCOPHYTES
Previously known as
‘fern allies’
Family Selaginellaceae
Order Isoëtales Family Isoëtaceae L
Order Selaginellales Family Selaginellaceae Order Lycopodiales Family Lycopodiaceae
Family
Isoëtaceae
1 genus, Selaginella. c. 750 species. Mainly tropical. Wide range of habitats.
Selaginella plana (Desv.) Hieron.
Herbaceous, creeping, erect or sprawling plants.
Quill wort family 1 genus, Isoëtes. c. 150 species. Cosmopolitan. Mostly aquatic plants. Rare in SE Asia
Spike moss family
Selaginella atimonanensis B.C.Tan & Jermy
Isoetes philippinensis Merr. & Perry
Photo: John Rey Callado
LYCOPHYTES
MONILOPHYTES
Family Lycopodiaceae
Ferns + Horsetails & Whisk ferns (‘fern allies’)
4 classes; 11 orders; 37 families
Club moss family 3 genera, Lycopodium, Lycopodiella, Huperzia. c. 380 species. Mainly tropical. Wide range of habitats. Herbaceous, creeping, erect or sprawling plants. Dichotomously branching stems. Leaves simple (microphylls) with one unbranched vein.
MONILOPHYTES Equisetales / Equisetaceae
Polypodiopsida Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic.-Serm.
Equisetopsida
Photo: Leonard L. Co
Marattiales
M
Ophioglossales Psilotales
‘fern allies’
Huperzia serrata (Thunb. ex Murray) Trevis. Photo: Leonard L. Co
Leptosporangiate: mature sporangium wall of only one cell thick
MONILOPHYTES
Psilotum
Psilotales / Psilotaceae
Horse tail family
Whisk fern family
1 genus, Equisetum c. 15 species. Cosmopolitan. tropical. Lake margins and wetlands.
2 genera, Tmesipteris (15 spp.), Psilotum (2 species) c. 380 species. Pantropical and temperate. Most species in SE Asia and S Pacific. Low elevations. Mostly epiphytes on tree fern trunks.
Terrestrial to aquatic, rhizomatous perennials. Stems with swollen jointlike nodes. Leaves whorled, fused at base.
‘fern allies’
Epiphytic herbs; aerial stems hanging. ‘Roots’ absent.
Tmesipteris
Psilotum
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Ophioglossum pendulum L.
MONILOPHYTES Ophioglossales / Ophioglossaceae
MONILOPHYTES
Marattiales / Marattiaceae
Adder’s tounge fern family
Giant fern family
4 genera / 70-90 species, Botrychium)(45-60 spp.), Ophioglossum (25-30 spp.), Helmintostachys,
4 genera / c. 300 species
Mankyua
Shaded forest floors in wet tropics.
Boytrychum
Angiopteris evecta Sw.
lanuginosum Wall. ex Hook.
Terrestrial or epiphytic mycotrophic herbs; stems unbranched. Leaves one per stem, usually divided into a photosynthetic sterile blade, and a spore-bearing portion (sporophore).
Terrestrial large ferns with fleshy roots.
& Grev
MONILOPHYTES
Osmundales Family Osmundaceae. 4 genera: Leptopteris, Osmunda, Osmundastrum, Todea. ca. 20 species. Temperate and tropical.
Polypodiopsida (= Filicopsida)
80% of all living fern species 7 orders; 32 families Order
Osmundales Hymenophyllales (filmy ferns) Gleicheniales Schizaeales
Salviniales (water ferns, heterosporous ferns)
Cyatheales (tree ferns) Polypodiales Smith et al. 2008
Stem anatomy distinctive with a ring of discrete xylem strands; stipules at bases of petioles; leaves dimorphic or with fertile portions dissimilar to sterile.
Gleicheniales
Hymenophyllales (filmy ferns)
Dipteris conjugata
3 families
Characters: root steles with 3–5 protoxylem poles
Family Hymenophyllaceae (filmy ferns; incl. Trichomanaceae). 9 genera
Family Gleicheniaceae (gleichenioids, forking ferns; incl. Dicranopteridaceae, Stromatopteridaceae). 6 genera (Dicranopteris, Diplopterygium, Gleichenella, Gleichenia, Sticherus, Stromatopteris), ca. 125 species. Pantropical.
Hymenophyllum, Trichomanes, Cephalomanes,
Characters: rhizomes with a ‘‘vitalized” protostele, or rarely solenostele; leaves indeterminate, blades pseudodichotomously forked (except Stromatopteris); veins free; sori abaxial, not marginal,
Terrestrial and epiphytic; Pantropical and south temperate Rhizomes slender, creeping, wiry, or sometimes erect and stouter, protostelic; vernation circinate; blades one cell thick between veins (a few exceptions); cuticles lacking or highly reduced; sori marginal; gametophytes filamentous or ribbon-like, often reproducing by fragmentation or production of gemmae
Osmunda banksiifolia
Family Dipteridaceae (incl. Cheiropleuriaceae). 2 genera (Cheiropleuria, Dipteris) from India, southeast Asia, eastern and southern China, central and southern Japan, and Malesia, to Melanesia and western Polynesia (Samoa), ca. 11 species; Family Matoniaceae (matonioids). 2 genera (Matonia, Phanerosorus), each with two species; monophyletic, sister to Dipteridaceae. Malesia–Pacific Basin. Hymenophyllum reinwardtii
Dicranopteris linearis
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Lygodium flexuosum
Schizaeales
3 families
Salviniales (water ferns, heterosporous ferns)
fertile–sterile leaf blade differentiation; absence of well-defined sori; sporangia each with a transverse, subapical, continuous annulus.
Fertile–sterile leaf blade differentiation; veins anastomosing; aerenchyma tissue often present in roots, shoots, and petioles; plants heterosporous
Family Lygodiaceae (climbing ferns). 1 genus (Lygodium), ca. 25 species; Terrestrial, pantropical. Rhizomes creeping, slender, protostelic, bearing hairs; leaves indeterminate, climbing, alternately pinnate.
Schizaea digitata
Family Schizaeaceae. 2 genera (Actinostachys, Schizaea), ca. 30 species; Terrestrial, pantropical. Blades simple (linear) or fan-shaped, variously cleft and with dichotomous free veins; sporangia on marginal, elaminate, branched or unbranched projections at blade tips, not in discrete sori.
Family Marsileaceae (clover ferns) (incl. Pilulariaceae). 3 genera (Marsilea, Pilularia, Regnellidium), ca. 75 species. Rooted aquatics, in ponds, shallow water, or vernal pools, with floating or emergent leaf blades; sub-cosmopolitan. Stems usually long-creeping, slender, often bearing hairs; leaflets 4, 2 or 0 per leaf; veins dichotomously branched but often fusing toward their tips; sori borne in stalked bean-shaped sporocarps Family Salviniaceae (floating ferns, mosquito ferns; incl. Azollaceae). 2 genera (Salvinia, Azolla), ca. 16 species; Plants free-floating, subcosmopolitan; Roots present (Azolla) or lacking (Salvinia);
Azolla pinnata
Cyatheales (tree ferns)
Polypodiales 15 families
(tree ferns; incl. Dicksoniales, Hymenophyllopsidales, Loxomatales, Metaxyales, Plagiogyriales)
Indusia laterally or centrally attached (indusia lost in many lineages); sporangial stalks 1–3 cells thick, often long; sporangial maturation mixed.
7 families, 3 in Asia Family Cyatheaceae (cyatheoids, scaly tree ferns; incl. Alsophilaceae, Hymenophyllopsidaceae). Ca. 5 genera: Alsophila (incl. Nephelea), Cyathea (incl. Cnemidaria, Hemitelia, Trichipteris), Gymnosphaera, Hymenophyllopsis, Sphaeropteris (incl. Fourniera). 600+ species. Family Dicksoniaceae, nom. cons. (dicksonioids; incl. Lophosoriaceae). 3 genera (Calochlaena, Dicksonia, Lophosoria). Ca. 30 species. Terrestrial; eastern Asia, Australasia, Neotropics, St. Helena. Family Cibotiaceae. 1 genus (Cibotium), ca. 11 species; monophyletic, with some affinity to Dicksoniaceae, as circumscribed here (Korall et al., 2006b). Terrestrial, amphipacific (eastern Asia, Malesia, Hawaii, southern Mexico, and Central America).
Lindsaea gueriniana
Aspleniaceae
Lindsaeaceae 8 genera; Terrestrial, or infrequently epipetric or epiphytic. Pantropical.
(asplenioids, spleenworts). 1–10 genera (generic delimitation in doubt, in light of all recent molecular data Ca. 700+ species; monophyletic Asplenium nidus
Pteridaceae (pteroids or pteridoids); incl. Acrostichaceae, Actiniopteridaceae, Adiantaceae (adiantoids, Maidenhairs), Antrophyaceae, Ceratopteridaceae, Cheilanthaceae (cheilanthoids), Cryptogrammaceae, Hemionitidaceae, Negripteridaceae, Parkeriaceae, Platyzomataceae, Sinopteridaceae, Taenitidaceae (taenitidoids), Vittariaceae (vittarioids, shoestring ferns). Ca. 50 genera, 950 species. Terrestrial, epipetric, or epiphytic. Sub-cosmopolitan, but most numerous in tropics and arid regions.
Lindsaeaceae Saccolomataceae Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridaceae Aspleniaceae Thelypteridaceae Woodsiaceae Blechnaceae Onocleaceae Dryopteridaceae Lomariopsidaceae Tectariaceae Oleandraceae Davalliaceae Polypodiaceae
Family Polypodiaceae (incl. Drynariaceae, Grammitidaceae (grammitids), Gymnogrammitidaceae, Loxogrammaceae, Platyceriaceae, Pleurisoriopsidaceae). Ca. 56 genera, ca. 1200 species. Pantropical, a few temperate. Mostly epiphytic and epipetric, a few terrestrial. Rhizomes long-creeping to short-creeping.
(lindsaeoids; incl. Cystodiaceae, Lonchitidaceae).
Pteris ensiformis
Marsilea crenata
Terrestrial, epipetric, or epiphytic. Subcosmopolitan, but most numerous in the tropics. Thelypteridaceae (thelypteroids or thelypteridoids; incl. ‘‘Sphaerostephanaceae”). Ca. 5–30 genera, Ca. 950 species;
Chingia ferox
Terrestrial, rarely epipetric. Pantropical, a few temperate.
5 Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
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Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.
Woodsiaceae
Blechnum orientale
Mostly terrestrial. Subcosmopolitan.
Acrophorus nodosus
Athyrium puncticaule .
Oleandra neriiformis
Lomariopsidaceae
Neprolepis sp.
Nephrolepidaceae, sword ferns). 4 genera (Cyclopeltis, Lomariopsis, Nephrolepis, Thysanosoria1); ca. 70 species.
(dryopteroids or dryopteridoids; incl. ‘‘Aspidiaceae,” Bolbitidaceae, Elaphoglossaceae, Hypodematiaceae, Peranemataceae). Ca. 30–35 genera, 1700 species, of which 70% are in four genera (Ctenitis, Dryopteris, Elaphoglossum, and Polystichum) Terrestrial, epipetric, hemiepiphytic, or epiphytic. Pantropical, also with many temperate representatives.
Oleandraceae
Davalliaceae
Tectariaceae (tectarioids; incl. ‘‘Dictyoxiphiaceae,” ‘‘Hypoderriaceae”). 8–15 genera ca. 230 species, most in Tectaria s.l. Terrestrial, pantropical.
Dryopteridaceae
Monogeneric, ca. 40 species. Terrestrial, epilithic or often secondary hemi-epiphytes.
(lomariopsids; incl.
Tectaria angulata
Blechnaceae (blechnoids; incl. Stenochlaenaceae). Currently ca. 9 genera recognized (Blechnum s.l., Brainea, Doodia, Pteridoblechnum, Sadleria, Salpichlaena, Steenisioblechnum, Stenochlaena, Woodwardia). Ca. 200 species.
(athyrioids, lady ferns; incl. Athyriaceae, Cystopteridaceae). Ca. 15 genera, ca. 700 species, nearly 85% of them in the two main genera, Athyrium and Diplazium
(davallioids; excl. Gymnogrammitidaceae). 4 or 5 genera: Araiostegia, Davallia (incl. Humata, Parasorus, Scyphularia), Davallodes, Pachypleuria; ca. 65 species.
Davallia repens
Paleotropics and subtropics, Pacific Basin.
Aglaomorpha meyeniana
Polypodiaceae incl. Drynariaceae, Grammitidaceae (grammitids), Gymnogrammitidaceae, Loxogrammaceae, Platyceriaceae, Pleurisoriopsidaceae). Ca. 56 genera, ca. 1200 species Pantropical, a few temperate. Mostly epiphytic and epipetric, a few terrestrial. Platycerium grande
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Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
Economically important: Coal deposits originate from vast pteridophyte forest that lived during the carboniferous era
Economic Important of Fern and Ferns allies
Ornamental plants & others
Dedy Darnaedi
Food, vegetable, fibre, starch Medicinal plants Building materials, handcraft Decoration, kite Alkaloids and the phenols compounds
Herbarium Bogoriense, R.C. Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Chair of Indonesian Plant Taxonomy Association Training Workshop on Plant Taxonomy: Pteridophyte and Bryophyte Bogor, 20-25 February 2014
Cyathea gardens
d
Staghorn fern, Platycerium spp. Outdoor ornamental plants
Hundreds species used as ornamental plants
a. Platycerium bifurcatum with Lycopodium sp b. P. holtumii c. P. bifurcatum ssp. willinckii
a
b
c
Doc. Hennipman and Doc. Darnaedi
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
53
New discovery of fern species, Platycerium grande in Nantu SW, First generic record for Sulawesi (Oct. 2013)
Ornamental plants, â&#x20AC;˘ Attractive to consumer
Adiantum, Asplenium, Nephrolepis, Ruhmora, Selaginella, Pteris, Microsorium
Angiopteris evecta for ornamental plants
Cibotium barometz
bulu jambe (Ind), penawar jambi (Mal), borabor (Phil).
Golden-coloured hairs as a styptic to stop bleeding Over exploitation, protected as endangered species, CITES regulation
Trunk of tree Ferns: Cyathea spp. - Construction materials; - Medium for orchids - Handicraft and tourist industry - Protected by CITES
Lygodium Sw. materials for baskets, handicraft, fishes trap (buwu);
Doc. Tien Ng. Praptosuwiryo
54
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
Traditional used by local people: Children using dry based frond for kite.
Vegetables:
Diplazium esculentum (cultivated) Stenochlaena palustris,
Drynaria rigidula
Achrostichum aureum, Angiopteris evecta,
Nitrogen fixing
Salviniales
Ferns as aquatic ornamental plants Colysis sp..
Azolla
Salvinia
Azolla
Doc. Hasebe
Thank you
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
55
Morphological features
Overview • Biological species concept • Utility of DNA analysis in taxonomy • Molecular taxonomical study: Cryptic species of Asplenium nidus in Mt. Halimun national park • My research: two cryptic species of A. setoi in Japan
→Overlapped variation, Not distinguishable
Biological species concept
What is species?
• Different phenotypes do not always constitute different species • Lack of objectivity Canis lupus familiaris
Argyranthemum frutescens
Homo sapiens
• Most basic unit in taxonomy • Morphological species: common variation/phenotypes
Reproductive isolation • Mechanisms to prevent two different species from producing offspring pre-mating isolation post-mating pre-zygotic isolation post-zygotic isolation
ecological isolation temporal isolation behavioral isolation mechanical isolation
gametic isolation hybrid inviability hybrid sterility hybrid breakdown
More scientific definition: Biological species concept • interbreed in nature, reproductively isolated
Advantage and disadvantage of biological species concept • Reasonable for phylogenic study Reproductive isolation
species B
• Not applicable to assexually reproducing organisms and fossil organisms • Extent of reproductive isolation is often gradual
Can biological species be recognizable by morphology? • Recognizable: bird, fish, flowering plant pollinated by animals → visually attract mates/pollinators • Not recognizable: fern, bryophytes, fungi →No eyes, no need of help by animals with vision
56
http://wired.jp/2012/12/13/birds-of-paradise/4/
species A
ancestor
Cryptic species • Reproductively isolated→different biological species • Often ecologically isolated as well • But difficult to recognize by their gross morphologies • May be common in ferns How can we detect cryptic fern species?
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
Utility of DNA information
Method of DNA analysis • PCR: Amplifying specific DNA fragment with DNA polymerase • Sequencing: Determining nucleotide sequence • Alignment: Comparing the obtained sequence
Sample A Sample B Sample C Sample D
• Abundant • Easy to handle • Objective →Efficient search of cryptic species
Denature at 95℃
Annealing at 45-60℃ Elongtion at 72℃
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction
Asplenium nidus and its related species (A. nidus complex) • Old world tropics and subtropics • Simple morphology, wide range distribution →containing cryptic species?
Molecular taxonomical study: Cryptic species of Asplenium nidus in Mt. Halimun national park
Asplenium nidus
Study site: Mt. Halimun National Park
Yatabe et al. 2009
3 rbcL types of A. nidus in Mt. Halimun
rbcL • A part of chroloplast DNA • Coding a subunit of an enzyme involved in carbon fixation • Very useful for phylogenetic analysis of ferns
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
57
Morphological features
Artificial crossing test • Antheridiogen (gibberellin-like pheromone)
♀ ♂ archegonia antheridia
antheridiogen
→Overlapped variation, Not distinguishable
Artificial crossing test
Reproductive isolation between 3types A×B
A×C
B×C
3 types are reproductively isolated
Ecological difference
Ecological difference: attitude
B
B A
A
A
A
5 rbcL types found in & around Mt. Halimun
58
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
5 rbcL types found in & around Mt. Halimun
Discussion • 5 rbcL types of A. nidus in & around Mt. Halimun national park: cryptic species – Recognized only by difference in rbcL sequences – Reproductively isolated – Ecologically differentiated
• DNA sequence: useful to detect cryptic species
A. nidus complex in Japan My research: two cryptic species of A. setoi in Japan A. nidus
A. antiquum
A. setoi
Recent investigation
Blue: A. nidus Green: A. setoi Orange: A. antiquum
Many genetic variation?
Study site
Method Orange…A. antiquum Blue…A. nidus Green…A. setoi
• Collect plant samples • Determine rbcL sequence→ Analyze interspecific variation of rbcL sequence • Artificial crossing test • Observe difference in habitats
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
59
Result: DNA analysis
Location of Ogasawara and Ryukyu
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonin_Islands
• Genetic difference between A. setoi in Ogasawara and Ryukyu
• Ogasawara: oceanic islands in 1000km southward from Japan mainland • Ryukyu: continental islands
Flora of Ogasawara
Flora of Ryukyu Grassland
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonin_Islands
• Limited chances to immigrance • Various environments, Vacant niches →Adaptive radiation, Various endemic species
Dry shrub
2~1.7 MYA
1.7~1 MYA
1~0.4 MYA
0.4~0.02 MYA Kimura 1996
• Connected to continent repeatedly • Immigration from continent Mesic forest http://www.cosmos.ne.jp/~taiyo/sansannouen3.html
Result: artificial crossing test
Result: Ecological difference
12
10
8
6
grassland
4
limestone
2
0 haha075*haha075
iri270*haha075
haha075*iri270
iri270*iri270
• Asymmetry reproductive isolation?
stick on trees or rocks in forest
tree trunk
A. setoi in Ryukyu
Discussion ×
A. setoi in Ogasawara
Summary ？
？ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonin_Islands
• 2 types of A. setoi in Japan: On the way to speciation – Recognized by difference in rbcL sequences – Reproductively isolated – Ecologically differentiated • Origin of A. setoi in Ogasawara: Not from Ryukyu?
60
forest floor
• Many groups of ferns contain cryptic species • DNA analysis: Useful for recognizing cryptic species • A. nidus complex: containing many unknown cryptic species • Different biological species tend to be also ecologically differentiated
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
Reference
Reference
• Ikeda, H., & Koizumi, I. (Eds.). (2013). Keitou-chirigaku: DNA de tokiakasu ikimono no shizen-shi. Tokyo: Bun-ichi sogo shuppan • Iwatsuki, K., & Mawatari, S. (Eds.). (1996). Biodiversity series Ⅰ: Seibutu no shu-tayousei. Tokyo: Shokabo Publishing • Kimura, M. (1996). Quaternary Paleogeography of the Ryukyu Arc. Journal of Geography 105(3) 259-285. • Mayr, E. (1942). Systematics and the Origin of Species. New York, NY: Columbia University Press • Murakami, N., Yatabe, Y., Iwasaki, H., Darnaedi, D., & Iwatsuki, K. (1999a). Molecular α-taxonomy of a morphologically simple fern A. nidus complex from Mt. Halimun National Park, Indonesia. The biology of Biodiversity pp. 53-66.
• Murakami, N., Watanabe, M., Yokoyama, J., Yatabe, Y., Iwasaki, H. and Serizawa, S. (1999b). Molecular Taxonomic Study and Revision of the Three Japanese Species of Asplenium sect. Thamnopteris. Journal of Plant Research 112: 15-25. • Tobe, H., & Tamura, M. (Eds.) (2012). Atarashii Shokubutubunrui-gaku Ⅱ. Tokyo: Kodansha • Toyoda, T. (2003). Flora of Bonin Islands (Enlarged & Revised). Kamakura: Aboc • Yatabe, Y., Darnaedi, D., & Murakami, N. (2002). Allozyme analysis of cryptic species in the Asplenium nidus complex from West Java, Indonesia. Journal of Plant Research, 115: 483-490
Reference • Yatabe, Y., Masuyama, S., Darnaedi, D., & Murakami, N. (2001). Molecular systematic study of the Asplenium nidus complex from Mt. Halimun National Park, Indonesia. Evidence for reproductive isolation among three sympatric rbcL sequence types. American Journal of Botany, 88(8): 1517-1522 • Yatabe, Y., Shinohara, W., Matsumoto, S., & Murakami, N. (2009). Patterns of hybrid formation among cryptic species of bird-nest fern, Asplenium nidus complex (Aspleniaceae), in West Malesia. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 160, 42–63.
I also thank Prof. Noriaki Murakami Prof. Yoko Kakugawa-Yatabe Prof. Hidetoshi Kato Mr. Takuo Takara all the members of MAK, and all of you.
E-mail: kanako.since1987@gmail.com
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61
Analysis of the Survey
F
or this GTI workshop conducted in February 2014, survey questionnaires were handed out to the participants before and after the training course. There were a total of 16 participants who responded to the survey: Indonesia (3), Laos (2), Malaysia (2), Myanmar (2), the Philippines (1), Singapore (2), Thailand (2) and Viet Nam (2). 1. The pre-training evaluation questionnaire had eight (8) questions focusing on the needs to develop participants’ skills, expectations they have of the training, the benefits to their current jobs, the weaknesses they felt prior to the training, their learning goals, and their supervisors’ expectation. Generally, the participants wanted to develop their taxonomic skill in identification of bryophytes and pteridophytes which they can apply in their research and in biodiversity management and conservation. Many of the participants had minimal knowledge of mosses and ferns. Most of them are familiar about the ferns. However, all of them mentioned having limited or no knowledge of mosses. The participants also expected to have greater chances in availing of similar training courses to enhance their taxonomic skills and experience. 2. The post-training-workshop evaluation revealed that participants were primarily interested in the lecture on the state of the art on global taxonomy in Southeast Asia, and secondly the classification and economic importance of fern
62
and bryophytes. They also provided high scores for the lectures on morphology and ecology of bryophytes and pteridophytes. More than 60 percent of the participants said they gained a good understanding of the three lectures given by the experts. The remaining participants mentioned that the lectures were excellent. All participants rated as excellent the experts’ knowledge and skills. The biggest learning experiences cited were the improvement of their knowledge and the experiences they had during the field work. Information sharing between the participants and experts were likewise were well-appreciated. Participants evaluated the training workshop as an excellent course. They were satisfied with the lectures, the exercises, and the field work. However, they felt the need for more time to gain greater knowledge and to conduct more field work to improve their skills in field identification and classification of the bryophytes and pteridophytes. The participants recommended that informal network of the taxonomy of mosses and ferns be set up among the ASEAN Member States. Pre-and Post-Training Evaluation Results Pre-Training Evaluation Number of Participants – 16: Indonesia – 3, Lao PDR – 2, Malaysia – 2 (1 Evaluation form), Myanmar – 2, the Philippines – 1, Singapore – 2, Thailand – 2, Vietnam – 2.
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
Question 1. Skill /knowledge/ behavior the participant wants to develop by attending this trainingworkshop Summary of Answers 1. Taxonomy skill(3) 2. Identification skill(5) 3. Knowledge in related topics(3) 4. Research skill(2) 5. Biodiversity management and conservation (2) Number = Number of opinions given to each item Note: Participants want to develop their identification skill firstly, then want to gain knowledge in Bryophytes and Pteridophytes and some want to apply knowledge gained into research work and biodiversity management in their home countries.
Question 2. Expectation of participant to see/hear/feel differently by developing the above skills/ knowledge/behavior Summary of Answers Country
Expectation
Indonesia
1. Information about Bryophytes and Pteridophytes from expert with good field experience 2. Ability to recognize, describe and identify these plants in nature and in Botanical Garden
Lao PDR
1. Ability to identify and classify plants
Malaysia
1. learn to identify and classify plants 2. Taxonomic information 3. Plant diversity of ASEAN
Myanmar
0
Philippines
1. Confidence in identification, vegetation management and monitoring
Singapore
1. Knowledge of the morphology 2. Knowledge of subject 3. Establish good networking with colleagues
Thailand
1. Data of Bogor fern and bryophytes 2. Taxonomy 3. Identification
Viet Nam
1. Research skill 2. Application of training-workshop results in natural resources management
Note: Participants expected to improve their identification skills and to have the ability to recognize, describe and identify Bryophytes and Pteridophytes. Some expected to gain more information about Bryophytes and ferns in the region. They also expected to apply the knowledge they gained to their jobs, especially for those who are working in the Botanical Garden, conducting research, teaching and natural resource management.
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Question 3. How will it benefit participant’s job performance by developing the above skill/ knowledge/behavior? Summary of Answers Country
Participant’s job performance benefit
Indonesia
1. Confidence in taxonomic skill that can be applied into final research project (SKRIPSI SARJANA) 2. Helpful to work at Botanical Garden 3. Benefit for taxonomic job at Glodas Botanical Garden
Lao PDR
1. Skill of teaching in taxonomy 2. Skill of plant taxonomy
Malaysia
1. Knowledge on lower plants 2. Experience in Taxonomy to share with colleagues
Myanmar
1. Basic education of taxonomic capacity building 2. Experience in collection management
Philippines
1. Contribution to general capacity in research
Singapore
1. Approach more for fern identification 2. Ability to specialize on the above subjects
Thailand
1. Identification 2. Herbarium techniques and plant taxonomy
Viet Nam
1. Update information and achievement in Taxonomy 2. Exchange knowledge and experience with the colleagues 3. Development larger cooperation with international specialists, particularly with ASEAN countries.
Note: Participants from eight (8) ASEAN countries provided different pre-training evaluation resultsregardingthe benefits to their jobs since participants are holding different responsibilities in their respective countries. Overall, the participants evaluated that this training workshop has benefits to their job by enhancing their knowledge particularly in taxonomy and identification skills. They also learned some new techniques that they can apply in their work related to biodiversity management and conservation. This training-workshop will also give the participants the opportunity to be part of international cooperation through networking of practitioners.
Question 4. How do participants want others to relate to them after the training-workshop? Summary of Answers Country
Participant’s other wants after the training-workshop
Indonesia
1. Networking 2. Forum, group discussion
Lao PDR
1. Field visit to identify plants on sites
Malaysia
1. Research collaboration 2. Scientific material and references exchang2. Experience in Taxonomy to share with colleagues
Myanmar
0
Philippines
1. Bring specimens, photos to share with colleagues who missed such rare chance
Singapore
1. Cooperation and sharing of information with regards to Bryophytes and Pteridophytes
Thailand
1. Identification plants on the field
Viet Nam
1. Communication and sharing of information with regards to Bryophytes and Pteridophytes
Note: After the training-workshop,the participants want to establish a network through which they may share and exchange scientific information and to establish collaborative research partnerships. They mentioned the need for a field visit to strengthen the knowledge they gained.
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Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
Question 5. What participant’s feel they are currently not achieving due to the undevelopment of the above skill/knowledge/behavior? Summary of Answers Country
Participant’s current feeling not being achieved
Indonesia
1. Understanding the taxonomic terms in a species description
Lao PDR
1. Few information on related plants 2. Lacking experience in taxonomy of Bryophytes and Pteridophytes
Malaysia
1. Lack or less knowledge on both plants
Myanmar
0
Philippines
1. Lack of identification skill even to its family level
Singapore
1. Identify of mosses or ferns
Thailand
1. Lack of knowledge on Bryophytes 2. Less of knowledge on Pteridophytes
Note: Participants said they havea limited knowledge and skills on these plant groups. They need to obtain basic knowledge starting from learning of taxonomic terms used for describing and identification.
Question 6. What are participants’ personal learning goals? Summary of Answers Country
Participant’s learning goals
Indonesia
1. Basic principle of Bryophytes taxonomy and collecting 2. Key knowledge of ecological concept of Bryophytes 3. Understand of taxonomic terms 4. Identification 5. Maintain the Herbarium Collection
Lao PDR
1. Identification of Bryophytes
Malaysia
1. To develop interest to study The Bryophytes and Pteridophytes 2. To learn the Identification of both plants 3. Good in plant taxonomy and systematic
Myanmar
1. To provide hands on experience in collection management ,cataloging and storage 2. Advanced collection, processing and managing
Philippines
1. To be able to contribute to the proper assessment of this type of biodiversity in my country
Singapore
1. To be expert in fern and bryophytes 2. To be able to appreciate and understand the important of these plant groups
Thailand
1. To be able to identify Bryophytes 2. To have more connection between participant from others country
Note: The participants’ learning goals are broad. They hope to obtain information covering the basic principles of Taxonomy in Bryophytes and Pteridophytes to advanced Taxonomy and Identification that could enable them to be more interested in or to become experts in these plant groups. They also sought to apply the knowledge learned to their work. Moreover, they want to develop collaboration among ASEAN countries in terms of taxonomy and biodiversity conservation.
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
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Question 7. What are the supervisorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s expectations from the participants in attending the training-workshop? Summary of Answers Country
Supervisorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s expectations from participants
Indonesia
1. Sustainable relations with scientists 2. Widening scientific linkage 3. Enable to manage fern collection at work 4. Have skill in identification
Lao PDR
1. Gain more experience on biodiversity
Malaysia
1. Learn and gain advance knowledge in lower plants 2. Enhance taxonomic skill especially in lower plants group
Myanmar
0
Philippines
1. Share knowledge on identification of Bryophytes and Fern to colleagues
Singapore
1. To gain advance knowledge in lower plants 2. To have specific skill set on identifying Bryophytes and Pteridophytes to be able to present to senior management staff.
Thailand
1. Gain more information about Bogor plants
Viet Nam
1. Gain knowledge and progress in Taxonomy, especially for Bryophytes 2. Enlarge taxonomic skill and apply in work 3. Able to cooperate with researchers from ASEAN countries
Note: Supervisors of participants expected that by attending participating in the training-workshop the trainees will have enhanced knowledge and taxonomic skills on lower plants which they can apply in their current jobs. They will also set up a collaborative network among ASEAN countries to manage biodiversity and natural resources.
Question 4. How do participants want others to relate to them after training-workshop? Summary of Answers Country
Other Expectations and Comments
Indonesia
1. Sustainable relations with the scientists 2. Opportunity for master and Doctoral Program with expert on this fields 3. Add more exercise than theory 4. How to learn botanical Latin as a basic knowledge in taxonomic description
Lao PDR
1. Sustainable use of biodiversity
Malaysia
1. To be platform for participant to study lower plants 2. To have another chance to be in such training-workshop
Myanmar
0
Philippines
1. To meet participants from ASEAN as the host community of research
Singapore
1. To have more field trips
Thailand
1. Gain more skill of identification 2. Learn more about economic important of Bryophytes and Fern 3. Able to cooperate with researchers from ASEAN countries
Viet Nam
1. Update information about global Taxonomy 2. Approach to sustainable use of plant resource
Note: This training-workshop provided participants a platform to improve their knowledge and skillsin studying, conductingresearch, and working with specimens, and to develop their goals in sustainable use and conservation of plant resources, particularly Bryophytes and Pteridophytes. Some of the participantssaid they wish to have more practice in the laboratory and in the field to make them more confidentin their identification skills. Participants also wish also to develop a strong collaboration among scientists in the ASEAN countries to facilitate the exchange of scientific information to establish a community of research. They also hope to have another opportunity to participate in a similar training-workshop.
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Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
Annexes
ANNEX A: Sample of Pre-Training Evaluation Questionnaire
Taxonomic Capacity Building for Sustainable Use of Biodiversity: Bryophytes, Pteridophytes and Its Allies 20 – 24 February 2014 Research Center for Biology – LIPI, Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia PRE-TRAINING EVALUATION Instructions: Please fill out the following questions prior to attending the training session. We will refer to this form at the beginning of the training. NAME: ORGANIZATION / AGENCY: COUNTRY: POSITION: Please check: ____Permanent ____Temporary
What skills / knowledge / behavior do you want to develop by attending this training-workshop?
What do you expect to see/hear/feel differently by developing the above skills/knowledge/ behavior?
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
67
How will it benefit your job performance by developing the above skills / knowledge / behavior? (Be as specific as possible)
How do you want others to relate to you after attending the training-workshop?
What do you feel you are currently not achieving due to the underdevelopment of the above skills/knowledge/behavior?
What are your personal learning goals? What do you want to learn from this meeting-workshop? Be specific, list one to three goals.
What are your Boss’ (Supervisor)’s expectations from you in attending the training-workshop?
What other expectations do you have of this training workshop? Please provide any other comments you would like to make prior to attending the training-workshop?
Thank you……
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Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
ANNEX B: Sample of a Post-Training Evaluation Questionnaire Taxonomic Capacity Building for Sustainable Use of Biodiversity: Bryophytes and Pteridophytes 20 – 24 February 2014 Research Center for Biology – LIPI, Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia POST-TRAINING EVALUATION Instructions: The Post-training Evaluation is in two (2) parts. Part I refers to the process and substance of the training workshop. Part II makes reference to the Pre-training Evaluation that has been previously filled-up by the trainee. NAME: ORGANIZATION / AGENCY: COUNTRY: POSITION: Please check: ____Permanent ____Temporary
PART I. PROCESS AND SUBSTANCE OF THE TRAINING WORKSHOP The TOP THREE BEST training-workshop lectures for me were:
1. 2. 3.
Kindly check on the appropriate column to rate your BEST lecture / session. Excellent 1.
Good
Fair
Poor
My understanding of this lesson was: The practicality of this lesson for my work is: The instructor’s knowledge of the subjects was: The instructor’s skill in presenting this lesson was:
2.
My understanding of this lesson was: The practicality of this lesson for my work is: The instructor’s knowledge of the subjects was: The instructor’s skill in presenting this lesson was:
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
69
Excellent 3.
Good
Fair
Poor
My understanding of this lesson was: The practicality of this lesson for my work is: The instructorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s knowledge of the subjects was: The instructorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s skill in presenting this lesson was:
Time Allotted More time spent on the subject 1.
For this lesson I would like:
2.
For this lesson I would like:
3.
For this lesson I would like:
Less time spent on the subject
This was just right
Yes or No Yes 1.
No
This lesson was easy to understand This lesson will help me in my daily job I would like more lessons on this subject
2.
This lesson was easy to understand This lesson will help me in my daily job I would like more lessons on this subject
3.
This lesson was easy to understand This lesson will help me in my daily job I would like more lessons on this subject
Which of the training-workshop lectures / sessions need to be further improved? Please elaborate which aspect needs to be given attention (time allotment, clarity of topic, instructor/trainer expertise, processes/methodologies used).
Kindly provide your recommendations to further improve the training-workshop lecture/session.
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Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
PART II. FROM PRE-TRAINING-WORKSHOP EVALUATION What were your personal learning goals?
1. 2. 3.
Looking at each goal separately, list below the learning and results for each goal since attending the training-workshop.
1. 2. 3.
What was your biggest learning experience since attending the training-workshop?
What skills/knowledge/attitude do you have now, that you didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have before attending the training? What will you be able to do better after acquiring such skills/knowledge/behavior since attending the training-workshop?
What changes will you do to apply what you have learnt from the training-workshop into your day-to-day job? Please be specific.
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
71
What support do you need from your Supervisor and colleagues to make the above real for you in your job?
Do you have any other comments about the training-workshop?
Thank youâ&#x20AC;Śâ&#x20AC;Ś
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Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
ANNEX C: Directory of Participants Taxonomic Capacity Building for Sustainable Use of Biodiversity: Bryophytes, Pteridophytes and Its Allies 20 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 24 February 2014 Research Center for Biology â&#x20AC;&#x201C; LIPI, Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia
no.
Country/ Organization
Name
Job title/Organization
Contact Details
1
Malaysia
Ms.
Syahida Emiza Suhaimi
Research Officer Forest Biodiversity Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Tel.; +6012-3807957 Fax: +603-62731041 Email: syahida@frim.gov.my
2
Malaysia
Ms.
Avelinah Julius
Research Officer Forest Biodiversity Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Tel. No: +603 62797000 ext 7912 Fax: +603-62731041 Email: avelinah@frim.gov.my
3
Myanmar
Ms.
Phyu Phyu Hnin
Assistant Researcher - 2 Forest Research Institute, Forest Department, Myanmar
Tel: +95 9 420 727 105 Fax: +95 67 416 523 Email: trdd.fd@gmail.com; Phyuhnin670@gmail.com
4
Myanmar
Ms.
Khin Myo Htwe
Ranger Mt. Popa National Park Forest Department, Myanmar
Tel: +95 67 405 002 Fax:+95 67 405 397 Email: trdd.fd@gmail.com; nwcdmof@gmail.com
5
Singapore
Mr.
Arthur Zi Qiang Ng
Manager, Plant Information Tel: +65 97100350 Unit Email: arthur_ng@nparks.gov.sg Horticulture Standards and Management Branch Horticulture and Community Gardening National Parks Board, Singapore
6
Singapore
Mr.
Parusuraman Sethembaran Athen
Assistant Officer Herbarium, Research and Conservation Branch, Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, Singapore
Tel: +65 98460836 Email: parusuraman_athen@nparks. gov.sg
7
Thailand
Ms.
Sukontip Sirimongkol
Forestry Technical Officer, Professional level Office of The Forest Herbarium (BKF), Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, 61 Phahonyothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 Thailand
Tel: +6625610777 ext 1476, +66813491610 Email: ssirimongkol@outlook.com
8
Thailand
Ms.
Sunisa Sangvirotjanapat
Living collection and database manager The Garden and Development Department Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, P.O. Box 7 Mae Rim, Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai, 50180
Email: jew2210@yahoo.com; sananut_52@hotmail.com
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
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Country/ Organization
Title Name
Job title/Organization
Contact Details
9
Indonesia
Mr.
Muhammad Efendi
Master Student Bogor Agricultural Univeristy (IPB), Kota Bogor, Java Barat 16680, Indonesia
Tel: 081903520915 Email: Muhammadefendi05@gmail. com; fendi_bio05@yahoo.co.id
10
Indonesia
Mr.
Dikdik Permadi
Student School of Life Science and Technology, ITB Bandung
Email: dikdikpermadi1992@gmail.com
11
Indonesia
Ms.
Wenni Setyo Lestari
Researcher Bali Botanic Garden â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Candikuning, Baturiti, Tabanan 82191, Bali
Tel: +62 878 741 20 908 Fax: +62 368 20 33 171 Email: wenn001@lipi.go.id; mahadewi_95@yahoo.com
12
Indonesia
Ms.
Ainun Nadhifah
S.Si Cibodas Botanic Garden, Indonesian Intitute of Sciences, PO. Box. 19 Sdl. Sindanglaya Cipanas Cianjur 43253
Tel: +62 263-512233, 520448, 520467 / 081329478441Fax: +62 263-512233 Email: inunnadhif@ymail.com ainu001@lipi.go.id
13
Lao PDR
Ms.
Thatsaphone Phaxaysombath
Master Student Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, NUOL Lao PDR
Tel: +85620 2877 4447 Email: pthatsaphone@hotmail.com
14
Lao PDR
Mr.
Bounthavy Manyvong
Technical Staff Department of Forest Resource Management, MONRE
Tel: +85620 2377 8813 Email: bounthavy1988@gmail.com
15
Philippines
Dr.
Mitzi Pollisco
Principal Terrestrial Ecologist Coordinator Natural Resources - Manila GHD Pty Ltd, 11th Floor Alphaland Southgate Tower 2258 Chino Roces Ave corner EDSA Makati City 1232 Metro Manila Philippines
Tel: 63 2 857 4849 Email: Mitzi.Pollisco@ghd.com; mitzip@yahoo.com
16
Viet Nam
Dr.
Nguyen The Cuong
Official Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, VietNam
Email: cuongntc1917@yahoo.com
17
Viet Nam
Ms.
Truong Quynh Trang
Official Biodiversity Conservation Agency VietNam
Email: quynhtrang.bca@gmail.com
no.
Resource Persons
74
18
University of California
Dr.
Benito Tan
Professor, The University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California at Berkeley CA, USA and Scientific Advisory Committee-ACB
Email: benctan@berkeley.edu
19
University of the Philippines
Dr.
Edwino Fernando
Professor, Unversity of the Philippines-Los BaĂąos and Scientific Advisory Committee-ACB
Email: edwino_fernando@yahoo.com. ph
20
Tokyo University
Dr.
Junko Kawai
Tokyo University
Email: kawaij127@gmail.com
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no.
Country/ Organization
Title Name
Job title/Organization
Contact Details
Resource Persons 21
Tokyo Metropolitan University
Dr.
Kanako Yamada
Tokyo Metropolitan University, Makino Herbarium
Email: yamada-kanako@ed.tmu.ac.jp
22
R.C. BiologyLIPI
Dr.
Dedy Darnaedi
Research Professor Herbarium Bogoriense, R.C. Biology-LIPI, Kusnoto Building 4th Fl.,Jl. Juanda 18. PO Box 332 Bogor 16122, Indonesia
Email: dedydarnaedi@rocketmail.com
23
Tokyo University
Dr. Dr
Junko KawaiSanei Ichikawa
Tokyo University Japan Wildlife Research Center 3-3-7 Kotobashi, Sumidaku, Tokyo, Japan
Email: kawaij127@gmail.com Email: sichikawa@jwrc.or.jp
Organizers 24
Biodiversity Center of Japan (ESABII secretariat)
Dr.
Hidetsugu Miwa
Ministry of the Environment, Tel: (+81)-555-72-6033 Kenmarubi 5597-1, Fax: (+81)-555-72-6035Email: Kamiyoshida, Fujiyoshida, HIDETSUGU_MIWA@env.go.jp Yamanashi 403-0005, Japan
25
ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity
Dr.
Filiberto Pollisco
Policy and Research Specialist
Email: fapollisco@aseanbiodiversity. org
26
ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity
Ms.
Rhia Galsim
Programme Management Specialist
Email: rcgalsim@aseanbiodiversity.org
27
Research Center for Biology-LIPI
Dr.
Atik Retnowati
Fungal taxonomist Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology Indonesian Institue of Sciences
Email: aretnowati@hotmail.com
28
Research Center for Biology-LIPI
Mr.
Arief Hidayat
Taxonomist on Pterydophyte Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology Indonesian Institue of Sciences
Email: ariefhidayat_99@yahoo.co.uk
29
Research Center for Biology-LIPI
Ms.
Yessi Santika
Plant taxonomist Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology Indonesian Institue of Sciences
Email: yessi_santika@yahoo.com
30
Research Center for Biology-LIPI
Ms.
Ida Haerida
Taxonomist on Bryophyte Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology Indonesian Institue of Sciences
Email: ihaerida@yahoo.com
31
Research Center for Biology-LIPI
Ms.
Wita Wardani
Taxonomist on Pterydophyte Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology Indonesian Institue of Sciences
Email: wita_wardani@yahoo.com
Basic Taxonomy of Bryophytes ond Pteridophytes (Mosses, Ferns ond Fern Allies)
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76
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78
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80
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82
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84
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