Ecological Consciousness of the Maeng People by Nanie Gonzales

MODULE ON LAPAT:

ECOLOGICAL CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE

MAENG PEOPLE

ELEMENTARY LEVEL

MESSAGE

Republic of the Philippines CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION Province of Abra Municipality of Tubo OFFICE OF THE MUNICIPAL MAYOR Many of the Philippine historians, particularly those of culture advocates, were observed to have common blames pointing to the western oriented education system of the Philippines in the past decades, as instrumental to the gradual diminishing and denudation of those God-given indigenous knowledge systems and traditions, which guided the Maeng peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life ways, care and love to their natural resources and ancestral domain. Unfortunately, such scenario have produced new generations of people whose development perspective happened to be very unfriendly to the kind of world given to us by our forefathers, resulting to the continued worsening of environmental imbalance. However, at this point in time, I believe that it I the will of Apo Kabunian to bring Tubo to its renaissance, generating and blessing new breed of intellectuals, researchers and educators alike with the high initiative to bring back into life the Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices such as LAPAT which is an excellent indigenous community resource management system. Now that the LAPAT is formally revitalized with its iii

functional structure and management system, I recommend and I am so grateful to TIPON in cooperation to DepEd Tubo District with assistance from SGP-GEF-UNDP and FPE and also technical support provided by NCIP Abra who initiated for the timely formulation of this Lapat Module wich is also an important support instrument to the current mandate of the Indigenous Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Education Program of the Department of Education. The aim of the education department I integrating our beautiful culture in the basic education curricula is a clear sign that the national government recognized the beauty of our indigenous knowledge system as a basic Filipino value that is worth learning, promoting and preserving. I therefore urge the Tubo District teachers and school managers to make this module functional as a part of the K-12 program towards a full transfer of its concepts to the mind of the young. I have a high hope that in the near future, the Dap-ay di Tubo will be producing new generation who are vigilant in protecting and maintaining the ecology within our ancestral domain. To all those who have contributed to the successful formulation of this module, I am so proud of you. MATAGO-TAGO TAKO!

GUILBERT BALLANGAN Municipal Mayor

MESSAGE

Republic of the Philippines Office of the President NATIONAL COMMISSION ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLES Abra Provincial Office Abra Tingguian Center, Abar – Ilocos Norte Road Calaba, Bangued, Abra Our generation today is already experiencing the effect of climate change and global warming. Too bad its effects are so destructive, more than what we – humans – can handle. Adaptation alone is evidently wanting. It must be coupled with other measures to mitigate its ill effects. In the Philippines setting, industrialization and urbanization appears to play major roles in the denudation and degradation of our forests. Worthy to note however is that most of the remaining forests throughout the country are located around or within Ancestral Domains and managed by Indigenous Cultural Communities and Indigenous Peoples inhabiting these domains. And if in the future these remaining forests suffer the same fate – denuded and degraded – like other areas, can we – the ICCs/IPs – avoid not being blamed? Imparting our indigenous knowledge, systems and practices on the management of our natural resources to other members of the community is imperative in inculcating our roles and responsibilities to our environment. And starting it with our children is very noble. This module will be very informative and appealing to the youth of Tubo as it was made in a manner where they can relate and really “read” the concept and “see” the picture of what LAPAT is all about, the role of the v

Tubo Lapat Association or TULAS as well as the policies and rules set forth in their Constitution and By-Laws. We commend the Tubo District of the Department of Education (DepEd) through the guidance of Public School District Supervisor Mrs. Magdalena B. Binong in coming up with this module, and the DepEd Division of Abra for their support and encouragement. We are also forever grateful for the funding assistance of SGP-GEF-UNDP through the TIPON (Tipon ti Umili Para iti Panangsaluad ti Nakaparswaan), Tubo’sIndigenous People’s Organization which spearheaded the project and the technical and financial assistance from Foundation for the Philippine Environment (FPE). If we now credit the observance and practice of “LAPAT” in Tubo the commendable state of forests and ecosystem in the region, its perpetuation to the generations to come will also be credited to this module and those which made this project a reality. Being the first of its kind in the province, our wish is that this undertaking will be emulated in other districts of Abra in as musch as other Tingguian communities of the province also have their own “version” of LAPAT.

ATTY. RUSSEL A. BRAGAS Provincial Officer, NCIP-Abra

MESSAGE

Republic of the Philippines DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Cordillera Administrative Region Division of Abra Bangued

The Department of Education has adopted the National Indigenous Peoples Education Policy Framework through the issuance of DepED Order No. 62, series of 2011. As clearly stipulated in this order, DepED shall give due recognition to and promote the sustainability of indigenous learning systems and committed to provide adequate and culturallyappropriate learning resources and environment to IP learners, among others. In support of this commitment, DepED-CAR is developing an Indigenous Peoples Education Program (IPED) that subscribes to the rights-based approach which gives primary importance to the principles of participation, inclusion and empowerment. Conserving the beauty and richness of the God-given natural resources and protecting them from further destruction is a collective concern of the Indigenous Peoples of the Cordilleras. Saving the environment and enriching the ecological system for future generations ensure sustainable development in IP Communities. This can be done through proper education. The crafting and formulation of this Lapat Module recognizes the importance of the indigenous learning systems. Its utilization and integration in the IPED curriculum will enhance the community resource management skills and would greatly contribute in improving the lives of the IPs particularly the Maeng Tribe of Tubo. My deepest appreciation and commendation to those who make this module formulation possible including those who supported this endeavor. This module is an effective instrument in transferring IKSPs to vii

the next generation and considered unique instructional support material for the implementation of the K to 12 Basic Education Program and Indigenous Education Program.

AMADOR D. GARCIA OIC, Schools Division Superintendent

viii

MESSAGE

Republic of the Philippines Province of Abra Municipality of Tubo TIPON TI UMILI PARA ITI PANANGSALWAD TI NKAPARSWAAN

As naapuan mi ay I-Maeng ad Tubo palalo unay iyaman mi ay kapututan yo as tinaynan yo ay amay ay ug- ugali ken kultura ken dakami ay an- ak yo kangrunaan na as panangaywanmi as nataguwan mi ay batawa, danina na ninbalin ay inspirasyon mi ay an akyo ay mang iyanma as libro na ta wad di ilaen ken kintuladan di minsasaruno ay unong-a. Dunina nadumaduma ay ahensiya ay binmadang ta maiyanma na ay libro am- amed as LGU – Tubo babaen ken ni Hon. Guilbert P. Ballangan (Municipal Mayor), NCIP – Abra babaen ken ni Elsa B. Dioayan (Community Development Officer III) ken DepED babaen ken danina nasisiglat ken nalalaing ay mamaestro; Mrs. Magdalena B. Binong (Public Schools District Supervisor), Mrs. Elvira B. Belino (Master Teacher III), Mrs. Delilah Wad-as (Principla I), Mrs. Emma C, Segundo (Head Teacher II); adi mi pulos masubsubadan na anus, sakripisyo, ayat ken panangbayabay yo ket sapay koma ta danina ay sursuro ay inbingay yo et mintalined as puso ken nemnem di an-ak tako ay minbasbasa ta wad kintuladan da ay minbalin ay manakem ay ipugaw. Kayat mi met ay iyebkas na iyaman mi as UNDP – SGP (United Nations Development Program - Small Grant Program) ay nang ited as pondo ta maammaan na ay libro. Kasta met es na EU-FUNDESO-Foundation for the Philippine Environment (FPE) ay adi pulos mauma ay mang it ited as

badang na san I-Maeng ad Tubo ulay ano ay rigat tako et wad da latta ay mang as asibay ken datako. Danina adu ay rigat, sakripisyo ken badang di adu ay ahensiya ken ipugaw as pannakaiyamman nina ay libro et siya na mang ipaila ay kaykayngaan tako na nakabanuyan tako ay batawa, sapay koma ta na nilaon nina ay libro et minbalin ay kired ken bileg tako ay mang itultuloy ay mang aywan as tawid tako ay daga, ug ugali ken kultura ta wad di tawiden di sumalsaluno ay kapututan. MASIGASING KAMI UNAY KET SAPAY KOMA KEN APO KABUNIAN TA MATAGO TAGO TAKO AM-IN!

MARIANO A. DANGATAN Tipon Chairman

FOREWORD

It is fascinating and at the same time humbling to see how centuries-old traditions and beliefs have substantially helped maintain the integrity and abundance of Abra’s remarkable natural wealth despite industrialization and urbanization happening elsewhere in the country. We at FPE became first-hand witnesses to a revival of this land’s very own system of environment-oriented knowledge and practices known as lapat when we came here to help CCAGG (Concerned Citizens of Abra for Good Governance) establish an equitable and sustainable resource management system for the Buasao Watershed and Mount Poswey in 1996. That said, what is even more humbling perhaps, is that we are now in a position to perpetuate and further enrich this ancestral tradition of stewardship and responsibility for the environment by educating the youth of the Maeng people. In the form of such a compact reference volume, this learning module makes lapat easier than ever to understand and be taught from one Maeng generation to the next – and perhaps to other neighboring communities, as well. Combining due reverence for the Tinguian forefathers’ invaluable teachings on caring for our God-given natural heritage with the context of the present day’s most pressing xi

environmental concerns, this module effectively illustrates historyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s best practices as a means to actively respond to the changes that are adversely affecting the global environmental condition. This document that you hold in your hands is a testament to the collaborative efforts of the Tubo District of the Department of Education, the local governments of the Municipality of Tubo, the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples-Abra Provincial Office, and the SGP-GEF-UNDP through TIPON (Tipon ti Umili Para iti Panangsaluad ti Nakaparsuan). On behalf of the Foundation for the Philippine Environment, I salute and thank them wholeheartedly for partaking in this untiring pursuit of the welfare of the environmental treasures of Tubo, Abra, as well as that of the communities who make them their home.

NESTOR R. CARBONERA Chair and CEO, FPE

xii

INTRODUCTION

The environment and natural resources are the most precious invaluable gift of Kabunian (God) to man, the source of all human needs for survival. Kabunian has created man to steward his creations. We, as human beings are the custodian and managers of these priceless and incomparable wealth that Kabunian has bequeathed to our forefathers passed on to present generations. In the Maeng Tribe of Tubo, LAPAT as the indigenous system of conserving and protecting the environment has been practiced since the time of our Ancestors. “LAPAT is an adopted word from MASADIIT and BANAO through Intermarriage, the common term of this word for the Maeng Tribe is ‘KAYNGA” that means to “TAKE CARE” Based on this term the word LAPAT was given a meaning; PROTECT, ENRICH, CONSERVE, and REGULATE the use of natural resources in a given period of time. The 1987 Philippine Constitution finally recognized the right of what it calls “Indigenous Cultural Communities” included in the recognition of these rights is the right of indigenous peoples to preserve and develop their cultures, traditions and instruction (Sec. 17, Article XIV). The constitution also provides: “The state, subject to the provision of this constitution and national development policies and programs that shall protect the rights of indigenous cultural communities to their ancestral domains to ensure their economic, social and cultural well-being. (Sec 5, Article XII). In this connection, the Dap-ay system (DAMATUPAD) of governance in the Maeng Tribe of Tubo is mandating the practice and implementation of LAPAT System to ensure the preservation of environment, proper use of natural resources, protection of land, forest wildlife and prohibition of the entrance of large mining companies that would destroy the environment and natural resources of Tubo as the source of living of the people and so that sustainability of ecological balance in the different communities would be maintained. LAPAT system was implemented and applied many times. Violators from the place where gravely punished, and several times, intruders from the neighboring municipalities and provinces tried to destruct our natural resources but because of the rigid and intensive implementation of LAPAT, the elders of Tubo successfully drove and punished them accordingly. Even before the creation of the first Philippine Constitution that prohibits xiii

the destruction of environment, LAPAT already existing in the Maeng Tribe of Tubo. Protecting and preserving the environment and natural resources was the great and noteworthy teachings of our ancestors transmitted from generation to generations. The great grand fathers inculcated in the minds of the people of Tubo that natural resources are very eminent wealth and inheritance that we should treasure and develop. LAPAT aims to safeguard and sustain the Ancestral Domains and to stop any activity on environmental degradation. This possible catastrophe is the result of human activities on environmental destruction. Climate change as an effect of global warming is the reason of heavy rain falls and numerous typhoons. So now we realize that when natural disasters happen, we cannot do something but to cry and shout for Godâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s help and safekeeping. Time to wake up and save the earth, for tomorrow might be too late, we can still do something to restore our environment. For better implementation of the LAPAT, this module was conceptualized as a permanent document for educational purposes. The youth and the children should be aware of environmental conservation and protection. They should learn the importance of LAPAT and its best effect to the current and future generations. It is strongly recommended that Educators of Tubo should utilize this module and make it functional for the welfare of the entire ancestral domains and natural resources of Tubo. The document aspires to increase the APPRECIATION, AWARENESS, CONSCIOUSNESS and UNDERSTANDING of the people on LAPAT as the indigenous environmental management of the Maeng Tribe of Tubo. Every resident of Tubo is responsible to protect the environment through managing ecological waste and conserving biodiversity. We should put in our minds that we are the victims of our own delinquency. So let us do more that care, let us all help to save the environment. Yes, it is not just the responsibility of the government and officials we are all in position to make a difference for us today and for the next generations. Environmental experts have identified climate change as the most dangerous threat to the world in our time. But how do we exactly simplify these complex environmental problems? How do we bring this global concern closer to home and to our children? It is through this module. Imagine our environment abounding with trees, everyone breathing clean air and our community enjoying healthy surroundings. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s time to wake up and save our Ancestral Domain, we can still do something to restore our environment. xiv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................................................xi

II.

Brief Profile of the Municipality of Tubo ................................................................................................ 1

III.

Functions of Lapat on Environmental Protection ............................................................... 4

IV.

Functions of Lapat on Fishing ................................................................................................................................ 8

Functions of Lapat on Pastureland ......................................................................................................... 13

VI.

Functions of Lapat on Swidden Farms and Burning of Forest ....................................................................................................................................................... 18

VII.

Functions of Lapat on Solid Waste Management ........................................................ 21

VIII.

Functions of Lapat on Wildflife and other Fauna ........................................................... 26

IX.

Functions of Lapat on Hunting Wildlife ............................................................................................. 29

Functions of Lapat on Gathering Wildlife and Young Species ............................................................................................................................................................ 31

XI.

Functions of Lapat on Mining............................................................................................................................ 34

XII.

Functions of Lapat on Conservation of Natural Resources and Climate Change for Sustainable Development .............................................................. 38

XIII.

Tubo Lapat Association (Tulas) ....................................................................................................................... 45

XIV.

Bagawas................................................................................................................................................................................................ 46

XV.

Bibliography

...................................................................................................................................................................................

BRIEF PROFILE OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF TUBO:

HISTORY (Based on Legend)

Based on the story of old folks, the municipality of Tubo originated from a tribe known as Maeng. The tribe Maeng is a place located North eastern sitios Alangtin and Batayan named after couple May-eng and Mayyang. The Maeng people are the descendants of May-eng and Mayyang who accordingly are the survivors of a calamity that destroyed all communities in the hinterlands killing most of the living creatures. When May-eng and Mayyang meet after the calamity they become happy and sad knowing that they are brother and sister who respect the tradition that person with close relationship are not bound to marry. They have strange feeling then, until Kabunian intercede by giving rolled tobacco to Mayyang which was grabbed by May-eng causing a collision of their naked body that made them forget of their relationship. Many years past their offspring multiplied and scattered to different mountains to locate place where they could established a “kaingin” and “payew”, which is the main source of their livelihood. Finally, from these abandoned communities were formed eight (8) barangays namely Alangtin, Amtuagan, Dilong, Kili, Supo, Mayabo (Poblacion), Tiempo and Tubtuba. Throught he power of Republic Act No. 5161, the ten (10) barangays of Tubo were created on June 17, 2009. The ninth (9th) and Tenth (10th) barangays known as Wayangan and Tabacda are the latest creation of barangays through executive order signed by the late President Ferdinand E. Marcos in 1966. Wayangan is a former sitio of Mayabo (Poblacion) while Tabacda is former sitio of Barangay Kili whose people are migrants from the tribe of Belwang in Mt. Province. A.

PHYSICAL FEATURES

Land Area Distance from Bangued Land Distribution: Forest Land Alienable & Disposable

– 49,211.75 hectares – 58 km – 40,703 has – 1,687 has

LAND AREA AND LOCATION BY BARANGAY TOTAL LAND AREA (has)

% TOTAL LAND AREA

Alangtin

5,032.97

10.18

Amtuagan

6,603.2

13.36

Dilong

3,190.55

6.45

Kili

7184.26

14.53

Poblacion

1,288.66

2.61

Supo

1,717.55

3.47

Tabacda

15,920.29

32.20

Tiempo

2,993.20

6.05

Tubtuba

4,611.43

9.33

895.77

1.81

49,437.89

100.00

NAME OF BARANGAY

Wayangan Total Source: PAFID GIS, 2012

TOPOGRAPHY The municipality is characterized by rugged hilly to mountainous topography. The highest elevation of 2,468 or roughly 8,685 feet above sea level is found at Mount Lalangnan in Barangay Tabacda while the lowest elevation of 220 meters (722 feet) above sea level is located at the intersection of Utip and Abra River in Barangay Supo. The Southeast portion of the municipality exhibits the highest relief and moderate relief on the northwestern portion. Most of the mountainous area areranging from 1,000 to 2,200 meters above sea level. CLIMATE AND RAINFALL The climate of Tubo varies from one place to another places. Upper Tubo (barangays of Tabacda, Kili, Alangtin and part of Tubtuba) have cooler climate while lower Tubo (barangays of Amtuagan, Dilong, Poblacion, Tiempo, Supo and Wayangan) experience slight hot and cold climate. There are two (2) distinct seasons, wet season starts in May and usually ends in November and dry from the rest of the year. Typhoons with strong winds and floods usually occur in the months of July to December. SOIL TYPE The soil characteristics of the municipality varies from one place to another, however it is noted that most of the rice lands along the river are classified as sandy loam while those rice lands away from the river are characterized as clay loam. Soil in the mountainous areas is known to be Penaranda clay.

SESSION I

This module will give you a reflection on the roles and functions of LAPAT. As an indigenous resource management system of Maeng people, we must be aware of the abundance of natural resources, fresh air and protecting our environment. This lesson presents the special role of indigenous people to earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s keeping. I.

Title: FUNCTIONS OF LAPAT ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

II:

Objectives: 1. Enumerate ways of maeng practices on environmental protection 2. Appreciate the value of caring for nature 3. Apply/Role play practices on how to protect the environment

III.

Background of the Lesson:

Maeng fore fatherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s centuries ago had their traditional culture of preserving the natural resources endowed to them by Kabunian. However, during the first early part of Maeng history, it was told that they were careless in preserving lumber trees by burning the grass portions of mountains so it was easy for them to see the deer and wild pigs that lick the ashes of burned grasses and trees. In this manner, the hunters could get more catch of deer and wild boar, but later they realized that lots of forestland and wild animals decreased because many of them were caught by a racing fire. They decided to stop burning the forest and set rules for them to follow. Presidential Decree No. 705 Section 37, 38 covers the protection of forest and natural resources. Republic Act # 9512 Sec. 3 states the scope of environmental education. There are comprising activities, projects and programs such as tree planting, waste minimization, segregation, recycling and composting; fresh water and marine conservation; forest management conservation, relevant livelihood opportunities and economic benefits for sustainable development. 4

At present about 58.98% or 25,000 hectares of the total land area of Tubo are covered with forest. These include 18,750 hectares are mossy and old growth pine and dipterocarp forest, 6,250 hectares residual dipterocarp and reproduction pine forests. Most of these forests occupy higher elevation north and eastern portion of the municipality particularly at the mountains of Poswey, Buasao and Taliktik. These forests are watershed areas (headwaters) of the three (3) major rivers: Damalin River on the north, Dilong River on the south and Utip River on the central portion. These rivers are some tributaries of the Abra River, main drainage way of the provinceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s watershed basin. Forest is the largest land use in Tubo. Major resources in the area is timber. In terms of volume, the common hardwood constitutes 115.28 m3 / hectare constituting about 53.06% of the total wood volume in the forest. Dipterocarps alone have 57.6 m3/hectare accounting about 26.51% of the total wood volume of the forest. The premium species account 23.04 m3/hectare accounting to 10.61% of the total volume of wood. While lesser used, species have 78.93 m3/hectare. There are seven (7) existing principles on environmental protection; Hand in hand with the integration of the LAPAT SYSTEM, the seven (7) environmental principles should also be integrated into the curriculum. These seven environmental principles are as follows: a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

Imagine Nature knows best All forms of life are important Everything is connected to everything else Everything changes Everything must go somewhere Ours is a finite earth Nature is beautiful and we are stewards of Godâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s creation.

These principles falls on some topics that will contribute on the dissemination of nurturing the beauty of nature. Excessive use of artificial fertilizers will result to low harvest. Population and industrial growth also affects our resources. Proper garbage disposal and solid waste management must be implemented. Although, we belonged to indigenous communities we must 5

be stewards of Godâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s creation by enjoining everyone to respect all life and the order of the nature.

Thickly forest in the Maeng Tribe of Tubo

. . . causes of forest degradation: logging

mining

IV. Concept: Ways for caring our environment V.

Environmental Principle:

Nature is beautiful and we are obliged to protect God’s creation. VI. Suggested Activities: MY STORY a. Procedure 1. Divide the class into groups of three let them choose a leader to facilitate the group discussion. 2. Have the pupils share their own stories they have heard from older people about how they protect the environment. These stories can include beliefs, traditions and practices. 3. Show some samples of RECYCLED products 4. Dramatize/ Role play some activities and programs on environmental protection. 5. Enumerate the seven (7) environmental principles. b. Guide Questions: 1. What lessons did you learn from the selection? 2. What are the specific actions you can take to be a good protector of our environment? VII. Evaluation: Let the pupils write a paragraph on “Environmental Protection” based on what they have learned.

SESSION II

Title: FUNCTIONS OF LAPAT ON FISHING

II.

Objectives: 1. Identify ways of preventing effects of harmful fishing activities to environment. 2. Name the fishing activities in Tubo

III.

Background of the Lesson: Maeng Tribe of Tubo bodies of water as sources of different fishes.

Utip River, Poblacion, Tubo, Abra

Dilong River

Damalin River

Damalin, Dilong and Utip Rivers are the major drainage ways of the municipality. Associated these drainage ways are the network of 150 creeks/ brooks and flow in east-west directions with an estimated area of 144.13 hectares including riverbeds. These bodies of water provide potable water, domestic and irrigation needs of the municipality. Likewise it also serves as fishing grounds to supplement fish requirements of the municipality. These bodies of water are all tributaries to the Abra River. The bodies of water found in Tubo are widely known as excellent fishing ground for usually large eel and big fresh water shrimps (lawayan). Plenty of various kinds can be caught from the rivers. 9

List of fresh water resources observed in the three rivers and tributary creeks of Tubo LOCAL NAME

COMMON NAME/TYPE

HABITAT

Igat/Dalit/Kiwet

Eel

Creek

Lawayan

Freshwater Shrimp

Creeks

Udang

Freshwater shrimp

River

Kampa

Anchovy

River

Birut

Anchovy

River

Dalag

Mudfish

River/Creek

Paltat

Catfish

River/Creek

Palileng

Anchovy

River/Creek

Ugadiw/ Wadingan

Anchovy(small)

River/Creek

Agatol/agama

Freshwater crab

Creeks/rivers

Agudong

Shell

Creek/rivers

Source: REECS inventory (FPE Funded)

Udang/Shrimp

Palileng & Igat/eel

Ugadiw & Agudong/anchovy &shell

Republic Act of 8550 of the Philippine Constitution mandates the protection and reservation of marine life. Prior to this, the Local government of Tubo organized LAPAT system approved by elders through Dap-ay System of governance. One of its functions is to protect marine life and resources against water pollution and destruction. Through the concept of Constitution and bylaws on fishing was conducted in accordance to DAP-AY System. Violation of these by-laws is properly maintained by LAPAT officers in partnership with the Barangay officials. LAPAT system promotes communal fishing to rivers, brooks and creeks, wherein everyone is allowed to enjoy fishing along our water forms. But bound to protect and preserve these resources from any kind of poison. Thus, by laws on fishing was formulated as bases for present and next generation for the sustainability and conservation of marine life. By laws as well as penalties of violators on illegal fishing are found in Article XIV of Tubo LAPAT Association (TULAS). LAPAT prohibits dumping of garbage in the river. Violators of this law will fine P500.00, using any kind of chemical and poisonous substances, electricity and dynamite in fishing is also not allowed. Worth of Five Thousand pesos(Php5,000.00) is imposed as penalty. The use of PADAIT as means of catching fish in all rivers within the territory of Tubo is also absolutely prohibited. One of the best practices encouraged by LAPAT is the scheduled day on fishing.

Therefore, integration of LAPAT system in the educational process (in the school) is needed and a call for all educators in Tubo. IV. Concept: Every Human being has its role in the ecosytem V.

Environmental Principle:

All forms of life are important VI. Suggested Activities 1. Divide the class into groups of three (3). Let them choose a leader to facilitate the group discussion. 2. Let each group leader pick one hidden picture on a box.

Picture of dynamite fishing

People disposing garbage in the river

Rivers with dead marine animals due to poisonous substances/chemicals

3. Have each group discuss the picture using the chart.

Human Activity

Effects

4. Reporting of output VII. Evaluation: 1. Give at least three ways of responsible fishing. 2. Enumerate at least two effects of illegal fishing

Commitment

SESSION III

Title: FUNCTIONS OF LAPAT ON PASTURE LAND

II.

Objectives: A. Gain awareness and understanding of the stewardship role in nature especially on Pasture land. B Initiate actions in taking care of the earth as suggested by different laws. C. Infer the value of having a sustained ecological balance for the survival of future generations.

III.

Background of the Lesson:

Grazing land/pastureland occupies about 21.82% or 9,249 hectares of the municipal area. Pastures are almost found in all barangays, however, these pastures are gradually replaced by shrubs such as â&#x20AC;&#x153;wellawel/ hagonoyâ&#x20AC;? making them unproductive. Most of these pasture area are located in the scenic tri-boundary of barangays Supo, Dilong and Alangtin.

Pasture Land Located at Brgy. Tabacda, Tubo, Abra

Pasturelands in the municipality are owned communally by barangay without pasture lease/permit from DENR. The designated communal pasture land of the tribe wherein everyone is oblige to protect the areas from destruction caused by fire and all owners of the animals at the pasture area are required to join in the perimeter fencing to avoid animals in destroying plants in the Kaingin. Animals such as cows, horses and carabaos are allowed to graze freely. Cattle population is low at 676, while carabaos were counted at only 421 in 2000. Cattle commonly raised are the native kind. The area classified in this category is approximately 9,450 hectares or 22.2% of the total land area of the municipality. At present most of the pasture lands/grasslands located at Poblacion, Supo, Wayangan, Tiempo and Dilong are dominated by shrub that cannot be eaten by livestock. The pastureland dominated by good quality grasses are found under the pine trees and located at barangay Amtuagan, Kili, Tabacda, Alangtin and Tubtuba. Most of the grassland and communal pasturelands are undeveloped. Obanan, one of the existing pasture lands of Tubois owned by barangay Supo. Presidential Decree No. 705, II Sec. 54,states that no forest land 50% in slope or over may be utilized for pasture purposes. Forest lands which are being utilized for pasture land shall be maintained with sufficient grass cover to protect soil, water and other forest resources. If grass cover is insufficient, the same shall be supplemented with trees or such vegetative cover. Penalties imposed on offenses punishable under Section 79 and 80 of PD 705 as amended.

A. OCCUPYING OR DESTROYING FOREST LANDS AND PATURELANDS (SEC. 79) OFFENSES

PENALTIES

Entrance, occupying or destroying forests, pasture lands, timber wood or forest products without any permission (Ex: license, agreement, lease or permit)

• Fines: Php500.00 Php2,000.00 • Imprisonment: 6 months- 2 years • Fee: 10 x of right lease and other fees. • Properties will be confiscated by the government.

Burning of forest due to negligence of forests and pasturelands. Swidden farming (kaingin) on forest land and pasture lands.

• Imprisonment: 2-4 yrs. • Fee: 8 x of the amount on forest charges of destroyed forest products.

B. ILLEGAL PASTURING ON FOREST (SEC. 80) OFFENSES

PENALTIES

Pasturing without any permission to forests, pasturelands or public lands that have not been distributed.

• Imprisonment: 6 months -2 yrs. • Penalties: 10 x of right lease animals are confiscated.

In our municipality, LAPAT was organized to ensure the sustainable development of natural resources and maintain the ecological balance in partnership with LGU and DENR. Article XIV, Sec. 3 of TULAS Constitution and bylaws states that all private pasture lands are required to join in fencing to prevent animals in destroying crops. Anybody who does not comply will be fined Five Hundred pesos (Php500.00) and after such punishment and still, he does not complied with the said mandate, the TULAS then will be held responsible to oblige him. Further stated, that those involved in swidden farming should fence their farm.

IV. Concept: Preserving the pastureland through minimal use of possible resources V.

Environmental Principle

In what way do we compensate such conservation of possible resources in our pastureland? VI. Suggested Activity: GOD IN NATURE a. Materials: real objects, drawing paper, crayons b. Procedure: 1. Bring the pupils outside the classroom and let them view the beauty of nature that will remind them of having a plenty of animals grazing on pasture land if this is continuously protected. Answer the following questions: a. What are our roles in protecting our pasture land? b. Cite some laws which protect our forest land c. Sing a song about Forest/pasture land. 2. Divide the pupils into two (2) groups 3. Group 1 – Go to the library and look for reference that would help your group research about government projects especially DENR’s that are successfully ongoing. - Make suggestions/recommendation on how can this also be implemented in our place. - Report to the class. • Group II – Placards/slogans near pasture lands or other forest lands. These placards should warn other people against some illegal human activities • Group III – Study each picture. Determine what projects are appropriate for each to stop them from bringing harm to human and environment.

EXPLAIN HOW

ROBUST GRASS WITH FENCE

SOIL WAS ERODED (NO GRASS)

DRAW VARIOUS ANIMALS ON THIS PORTION

Picture of Domestic Animals in the pastureland

VII. Evaluation: Using the picture below, how can you infer in paragraph form that these children should not contribute in harming our pasture/forest land but conserve them instead? Your paragraph should consist of not less than 5 sentences. 1. A man cutting trees using chainsaws)

2. Burning of pasture land

SESSION IV

Title: ROLE OF LAPAT ON SWIDDEN (KAINGIN) FARMS AND BURNING FOREST

II.

Objectives: - Give possible cause and effect of a situation. - Draw pictures of incidents that are possible to happen. - Write about oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s feelings/reactions using the correct form of verb.

III.

Background of the Lesson:

The Kaingin (Swidden) farms are located and made inside the forest zone, which are usually allocated by the elders for Kaingin activities. The Kaingin areas are delineated and selected in such a manner that it causes less damage to the watershed and environment. It is done through cutting and burning of trees before the occurrence of rainy season. The Kaingin system in the Maeng cannot be prohibited but it can be regulated due to limited rice fields so some Maeng people are dependent on this kind of farming. Slash and burn forests:

Kaingin system as being described is of help to the populace for it augments food supply for families. Cash crops produced from their kaingin also help generate additional income. On the other hand, engaging in such activities will result to impairment of forest resources, sedimentations, erosion and reduction in water yield. It has also contributed to the increased incidence of floods and depletion of flora and fauna. When high yielding varieties of palay were introduced, Kaingin decreased with a total area of 42 hectares (CISSR 2003). The previous primary purpose which is for additional rice production is now shifted to agro-fruit trees and vegetable area. There are different laws existing regarding Swidden farming and burning of forest. Chapter IV Sec. 69 of PD No. 705 states that any person who makes kaingin without permit or in any manner destroys such forest land or part thereof or sets a fire or negligently permits a fire to be set in the forest land shall upon conviction, be fined in an amount of not less than Five Hundred pesos (Php500.00) nor more than Twenty Thousand pesos (Php20,000.00). Section 2.2 of the TULAS Constitution and By-laws states that every barangay has to designate swidden farm area within its inhabitants could have their swidden farm. Further stated that the Barangay Council should first visit the area to ensure the place has lesser trees to be affected. Anyone caught engaging in swidden farming without the permission of the Barangay Council will be fined One Thousand Pesos (Php1,000.00). It also states that the Kaingin farm should last for at least three (3) years. Kaingenerous are advised to replant desirable trees there on before transferring to another swidden area for future survival. Section 2.3 also states that anyone caught burning the forest that leads to the destruction of forest lands and part thereof will be fined One Thousand pesos (Php1,000.00) and is obliged to pay an amount agreed upon by the barangay council as his obligation of the damaged area. As a part of the indigent communities, the Tubo populace, strongly support all existing laws and procedures that govern swidden farming and burning of forest, that all measures shall be taken to protect the forest resources from destruction, impairment and depletion.

IV. Concept: Forest is habitat of wildlife and conserver/provider of water V.

Environmental Principle:

Nature is beautiful and we are steward of Godâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s creation VI. Suggested Activities: I. ACTIVITY: A. Show picture of swidden (kaingin) farms. Have pupils talk about the picture. B. Group the pupils into three (3) using the picture, let pupils perform the activities below. Group I â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Give the possible causes and its effects.

KAINGIN

Group II. Draw a picture that is possible to happen from the situation. Group III. Write your reaction on the picture shown. VII. Evaluation: What are the effects of continuous burning of forest and swidden farming? Illustrate your answer.

SESSION V

Title: FUNCTIONS OF LAPAT ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

II.

Objectives: 1. Describe the factors affecting the ecosystem. 2. Identify things in the surroundings which are harmful to peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s health 3. Appreciate the value of a simple lifestyle by proper solid waste management. 4. Suggest ways on how to conserve resources and contribute to their sustainability. 5. Identify causes and effects of improper waste management

III.

Background of the Lesson:

Pursuant to the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of RA 9003 which known as Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, it is the policy of the state to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management which ensure the protection of Public health and environment and ensuring the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental practices in solid waste management. The Ecological Waste Managementâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s goal is Zerowaste. Sort out the two kinds of waste, package properly and use/reuse ecologically. Do not burn. Do not dump. Reuse/ Recycle.

Image of our river if we will not practice proper waste management

As per office of the Sangguniang Bayan of Tubo, they created a Municipal Ordinance No.03 Series of 2009 an Ordinance enacting the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management of the municipality. This ordinance shall apply to all residential houses, commercial establishments such as stores, institution like health clinics, schools, plaza, river banks, churches, public and private offices, and other establishments of any kind; and agricultural areas, and all vehicles operated in the area of Tubo as stated in Section 2. Municipal Ordinance No. 3, Section 7, known as Waste and Storage A) Residents shall learn the two (2) kinds of wastes; Biodegradable or compostable, and non-compostable. These two kinds of wastes shall be 22

stored and segregated at the site or place where they are generated. Section 8 is about littering and scavenging- No person shall litter, scatter or scavenge solid waste in the streets, roads, bridges, vacant lots and other public areas, e.g., parks, playgrounds, rivers, etc. Solid wastes shall include, among others, cigarette butts, boxes, package, candy and bread wrappers, match sticks, disposable diapers, food packages, etc. Section 9 and 10 imposed on the segregation and dumping of garbage and disposal of solid waste. There are bad effects on improper disposal of wastes such as rise of water on sea levels, floods, contamination of sources of waters, etc. This also pollutes air and land. IT IS MANDATED IN Section 7 (b) of R.A. 8371 or known as Indigenous Peoples Rights Acts, Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous people has the right â&#x20AC;&#x153;to manage and conserve natural resources within the territories and uphold the responsibilities for future generations.â&#x20AC;? As stated in the TUBO LAPAT Association (TULAS) on the Constitution and bylaws of Article XIV, Sec. 1A, states that dumping of all kinds of waste in river and creeks is prohibited. Anyone who is caught dumping empty containers of poisonous materials like pesticides, insecticides and herbicides as well as dead animals will be fined Five Hundred pesos (Php500.00). Empty containers of such poisonous substances and dead animals should be buried immediately. God made all these beautiful things. God put humans in charge of the world. So we must find possible ways and means to involve and participate on the movement which seeks to achieve maintain, preserve, and perpetuate for all time a habitable pleasure, beautiful, bountiful and wonderful world IV. Concept: Sustainable cleanliness,orderliness, beauty and enhance ecological balance in the community. V.

Environmental Principle:

Everything must go somewhere. 23

VI. Suggested Activities: A. Materials : CD on ESWM, cassette recorder, different kinds of wastes (compostable, residuals, recyclables) B. Procedure: 1. CD viewing on Ecological Solid Waste Management a. What are the factors affecting our ecosystem if there’s no proper management of waste? b. Predict what might happen if there is a continuous dumping of garbage everywhere. c. Differentiate the two kinds of wastes. d. Enumerate wise use of resources for sustainability e. What are the things in the surroundings that affects the health of the peolple 2. Group Activities Group A – Listen to the song “Kapaligiran.”, Interpret or portray the song through a dance drama Group B – Go outside the classroom, Collect scattered wastes as many as you can. Dispose/distribute waste according to the labeled waste cans. Group C – Put a check ( / ) on the blank if it is proper waste management and (x) if it is not: ________ 1. Segregated recyclables shall be properly stored before collection. ________ 2. Recycling of waste is not important. ________ 3. Encouraging the recycling and resource recovery of backyard waste through composting. ________ 4. Litter, scatter or scavenge solid wastes in the streets and vacant lots. ________ 5. Burning any kind of plastics is strictly prohibited.

3. Using the format below. List down at least 5 things according to where they belonged: Compostable

Residuals

Recyclables

VII. Evaluation: 1. In a piece of paper, write at least 5 causes and effects of human activities that disturb ecological balance. Causes

Effects

SESSION VI

Title : FUNCTIONS OF LAPAT ON WILDLIFE AND OTHER FAUNA

II.

Objectives : 1. Identify and enumerate different kinds of wildlife. 2. Classify them according to their habitat

III.

Background of the Lesson:

Not only trees and other plant species but also wildlife and other animals exhibit their presence and great variety in the forest. Wild animals are still seen in the area. There are still wild pigs, wild fowl, monster lizard, different species of birds and reptiles along the transient lines it was observed that there were several signs of the presence of various types of animals. The forest is notable for its rich air fauna. Birds could be found roaming everywhere; from the canopies, on the branches of trees on the ground and in the creeks and rivers.

The table below shows the different types of wildlife that are still active in the area. Local name

Common name

Status

Alingo (baboy-buka) (male)

Wild pig

rare

Ugsa

Wild deer

very rare, endangered

Bolikat

Wild

very rare, endangered

Motit

Wild cat

rare

Buwet

Wild

rare

Kaag

Monkey

very rare, endangered

Musang

Wild cat

very rare

Otot

rodent

relatively abundant

Mammals

Along the transient lines, it was observed that there were several signs of the presence of various types of animals, such as font markings, focal droppings, nest and sound/calls. Birds could be found roaming everywhere; from the canopies on the branches of the tree on the ground and in the creek and river. In order to safeguard the existence of this wildlife in our forest, the LAPAT was organized and made constitution and By-laws followed strictly among the residents and visitors in order to protect and safeguard our beautiful environment. IV. Concept: Wildlife are important. Let us protect and care for them so that they will not become instinct. V.

Environmental Principle

All form of life is important 27

VI. Suggested Activities: Activity 1 I. Write at least six (6) wildlife seen in your forest, describe their habitat. Tell what food they eat. Wild life

Habitat

Food they eat

Activity 2 I. Name the wildlife you like best and make their sound and why you chose it. Activity 3 I. Draw the wildlife you have chosen and give its importance.

VII. Evaluation/Assessment: Divide the class into groups. Ask them to think wildlife they like. Each group shall mimic the sound of the animal they chose.

SESSION VII

Title: FUNCTIONS OF LAPAT ON HUNTING WILDLIFE

II.

Objectives: 1. Identify and enumerate different ways of hunting 2. Identify the causes why wildlife are becoming endangered? 3. Explain the prohibition of the use of illegal hunting as stated in the TULAS Constitution and By-laws?

III.

Background:

The first oral agreement done between the Maeng Tribe to their adjacent tribes is hunting agreement. These include the delineation of hunting ground and the sharing of wild meat when hunters with his prey. The agreement in the olden times is one of the causes of Tribal war in the Maeng tribe due to abuse and violation of this law. But generosity of the Maeng people to open freely their ancestral domain to neighboring “ilis” (Communities) was done through the establishment of “Peden” (Peacepact) mostly in all tribes adjacent MaengTubo. At present, forest and hunting grounds of Tubo are shared to the people of Luba, Boliney, Sadangga, Mainit, Besao, Quirino and San Emilio with prohibition of the use of illegalhunting as stated in the TULAS constitution and by-laws: article XIV Section 5 – Wildlife and Forest products. Under 5.1 the barangay will designate as permanent place (Sanctuary place) where hunting and wild life gathering is prohibited. 2.2 Forbidden/Illegal ways of hunting: a. Animal trap (Lassag) b. Blasting cap (Patungkab) c. Using hard pointed object (ludok)

d. Using hard strap pointed object (BAIS)Anybody caught violating the By-laws will be fined: Ist offense – Php2,500.00 2nd offense – Php4,000.00 3rd offense – Php5,000.00 Wild animals are hunted by the people primarily for food. Some captured animals were sold to collection. Preferred game animals are usually the larger species because they have heavier biomass and easier targets. These include all types of mammals, like the deer and wild pigs. Favorite birds and fowls for hunting and the wild chicken, banog, ulingeb and otot, Baniyas and bekgat and the favorite reptile species because of their delicious meat. Hunting is not prohibited in the forest. People usually go hunting with their shotgun hunting dogs. Other used traditional methods such as animal’s trap. Some even used blasting cap (patungkab) to hunt deer and alingo. This method is prohibited because of the danger to existing livestock grazing near the forest. Although there is an ordinance prohibiting dangerous and destructive method, there are still some who employ it. In this method the blasting cap is placed conspicuous place or other kinds of tubes mixed with fermented fish and place in an inconspicuous place where the wild animals find them and eat the tuber, the whole head/ mouth of the animals could be blasted and instantly killed. IV. Concept: Hunting and wildlife gathering is prohibited, All forms of animal is important V.

Environmental principle:

Let us care, love and protect our environment and they will do same to us. VI. Activities : Activity 1 – Divide the class into 2 groups . Enumerate ways of illegal hunting and their corresponding punishment VII. Evaluation/ Assessment Divide the class into groups, ask them why these wildlife becoming lesser in number and tell the root causes. How do we protect/preserve wildlife? 30

SESSION VIII

Title: FUNCTIONS OF LAPAT ON GATHERING WILDLIFE AND YOUNG SPECIES FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES.

II.

Objectives: 1. Name kinds of wildlife gathered for commercial purposes. 2. Tell young species collected in your barangay. 3. What are the by-laws of the LAPAT regarding the abuse of discriminate cutting/collecting of rattan, gathering of honey and other species?

III.

Background of the Lesson:

There are numerous heads of insect and other forms of animals harboring in trees in the sort on dead decaying organic matter. Worth mentioning are the honey bees the excellent agent of pollination and source of wild honey. Different species of termites and ants are eating and moving litters converting them into such humus soil. Likewise, other litters eating macro fauna include isopod, mollusk and earthworms are contributory to the nutrient cycling in the forest ecosystem. The LAPAT which is an indigenous natural resource management system of the Maeng Tribe of Tubo was organized through “TIPON” (general assembly). The first LAPAT was organized among the residents of barangay Tiempo, Kili, Amtuagan, Poblacion andWayangan to avert the abuse of discriminate cutting/collecting of rattan forcommercial activities done by certain “pakamang” (intermarry) of Tubo. They find their “pakamang” (illegal cutter of rattan) with one carabao and use it for food of the assembly who organized the said LAPAT. The honey takers in the forest were advised not to be careless with fire when they get honey by the use of smoke to avoid the burning of the forest. Anyone found who have burned the forest because of carelessness of handling fire will be punished accordingly. Today as per TULAS

constitution and bylaws is a concern of honey takers and are required to secure permit before they gather. One of the highlights of the oral provision of this indigenous law is the prohibition of collecting young species in certain areas will be opened only for the production activities for the period of time. Article XIV, Section 5.5.3 states that visitors are not allowed bringing out any kind of orchids taken within the LAPAT of TUBO. Anyone caught violating the law will be fined One Hundred pesos(Php100.00) per piece taken. 5.4 Orchids propagation for commercial purposes is prohibited. Anyone caught violating will be fined One Hundred pesos(Php100.00). 5.5 Mango Insecticide and pesticide spray within Five (5) years. Duration effective March 2007 is prohibited to safeguard the death of wildlife like the birds, insects and etc. Violators caught be fined One Thousand pesos) Php1,000.00 and must stop doing it. 5.6 Honey takers in the forest should secure permit fee of Twenty Pesos (Php20.00) and must comply with the following conditions. Pinpoint the place of gathering honey. Must gather during daytime and be sure for the safety of the forest before and after leaving. Violators caught will be fined Five Hundred pesos(Php500.00). 5.7 Gathering of Rattan and PAIT (young rattan for viand) for commercial purposes is prohibited. Violator be fined One Thousand pesos(Php1,000.00) and materials taken be confiscated. Gathering period for use must be from the month of January to October. IV. Concept: Protecting wildlife resources and young species is one of our important role in caring our environment. V.

Environmental Principle:

Humanities are stewards of Godâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s creation 32

VI. Suggested Activities: ACTIVITY 1 Materials: Pictures/Charts. Teacherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s story about gathering wildlife and young species for commercial purposes. Procedure: 1. Discuss about the story.(insert a story on Wildlife) Ask comprehension questions. 2. Are there rattan, honey, orchids and other species takers in your barangay. Why are this wildlife gathering important? 3. Give the LAPAT By-Laws regarding the abuse of discriminate cutting/collecting and gathering of this wildlife? 4. What is the importance of the LAPAT By-Laws? Divide the class into group. Let the pupil tell the different wildlife gathered for commercial purposes and tell their importance and uses. ACTIVITY 2 ON WILDLIFE GATHERING 1. Role play home you gather honey in the forest and tell the importance of it. ACTIVITY 3 ON GATHERING OF WILDLIFE FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES. 1. Tell the LAPAT By-Laws on illegal cutting of rattan. Discuss. 2. What are the importance of these by-laws? VII. Evaluation: Name some young species collected in your barangay and fine their uses.

SESSION IX

Title: FUNCTIONS OF LAPAT ON MINING

II.

Objectives: - Enumerate activities that disrupt the balance in an ecosystem. - Give the good and bad effects of mining activities. - Participate in activities for managing oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s environment.

III.

Background of the Lesson:

During the early part of the American Government, ten years before the Philippines Commonwealth, there was a boom in mining exploration. First was in Boo creek, a part of Barangay Tiking now Dilong. The explorers already dug seven feet in diameter and six meters deep diagonally cut through the rock. The people of Tiking more than hundred of them went and drove them away on the ground that mining business destroys ecology and the agricultural economy of the people as seen in adverse effect of Lepanto Mine Company. The people tied their hands and brought them to Anggaki, now Quirino where they started towards the lowlands and back to Manila. Again a group of mining explorers following the Abra River and then to Dilong River. At the midpoint of the river, the people of Tiking learned that the explorers were gathering samples of rock and went to drive them until Luba the homepace of those who accompanied the Americans. Sometime in 1930â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, the same mining explorations was conducted in Buasao, they established camp exploring mine of gold and copper. The people of Tubo including the people of Aggawa, Besao joined together and went to drive the explorers away on the ground that should a mine to be established in the area, the head stream of Utip, Dilong and Pidlisan rivers will be polluted and the ecology of the area will adversely affected. Erosion will destroy the said rivers, all trees will be used by the mining business, and nothing will be used by the Maeng People.

The Mining Act of 1995or known as Republic Act 7942 fully recognizes the rights of the Indigenous Peoples (IPs)/Indigenous Cultural Communities (ICCs) and respect their ancestral lands. Thus, in accordance with DENR Administrative Order No. 2, and consistent with the new Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA), the following shall be observed: • No mineral agreements, FTAA and mining permits shall be granted in ancestral lands/domains except with prior informed consent in: a) CADC/CLC areas; and b) areas verified by the DENR Regional Office and/or appropriate offices as actually occupied by Indigenous Cultural Communities under a claim of time immemorial possession; • Where written consent is granted by the ICCs, a royalty payment shall be negotiated which shall not be less than 1% of the Gross Output of the mining operations in the area. This Royalty shall form part of a Trust Fund for socioeconomic well being of the ICCs in accordance with the management plan formulated by the ICCs in the CADC/CALC area. (In a large-scale mining operation the 1-% Royalty could easily run into several tens of millions pesos per year). • Representation in the Multi-partite Monitoring Committee; Mining activities generate income both for the local and national governments. The following tax payments areprovided for in the Mining Act, the National Internal Revenue Code and other laws: Payments to the National Government: • Corporate Income Tax • Excise Tax on Minerals • Customs Duties • Value Added Tax • Royalties on Minerals Extracted from Mineral Reservation • Documentary Stamp Tax • Capital Gains Tax Payments to Local Government: • Business Tax • Real Property Tax • Registration Fees 35

• Occupation Fees • Community Tax • Other Local Taxes

On the recent Constitution and By-Laws of TuboLapat Association (TULAS) as agreed upon by the general assembly, mining will highly depend on the collective decision of the Maeng People. There are four (4) existing applications for exploration aside from the ---- applications denied in the area of Tubo. Based on the result of Maeng Tribal Assembly conducted October, 2008 the Maeng people are against exploration or to any mining activities. IV. Concept Mining is an industry that involves extraction of mineral ore and requires cutting of rees for timber purposes . Thus, a disastrous to environment but profitable Enterprise. V.

Environmental Principle

“Everything must go somewhere”

VI. Suggested Activities a. Materials Manila paper/Cartolina strips/can b. Procedure 1. Divide the class into four (4). Let each group select their leader, secretary and reporter. • Have each group do the following: Group I. List the good effects of mining II. Enumerate the bad effects of mining. III. Group the following effects to good and bad. IV. Are you in favor of the opening of a mining industry in our locality? Why? 2. Do the activity “Let’s Go Mining” • Have each pupil get cartolina strips in a can(let’s go mining) and group them in a table shown below. Minerals we get through mining

Man’s activities that disrupt the environment

Bad effects of mining

How to take care of our Forest resources

c. Guide questions for processing: 1. What happens to a place with many mining industries? 2. What should you do to help sustain ecological balance? 3. Why do elders oppose the opening of mining industry in our locality? VII. Evaluation: List down the good and bad effects of mining.

SESSION X

Title: FUNCTIONS OF LAPAT ON CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CLIMATE CHANGE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

II.

Objectives: 1. To instill pupils’ awareness in the present situation of Mother Earth. 2. To acquire knowledge and skills on effects, adaptation measures and evidences of climate change. 3. To encourage pupils’ participation on conservation and protection of natural resources.

III.

Background of the Lesson:

These forests are watershed areas (headwaters) of the three (3) major rivers: Damalin River on the north, Dilong River on the south and Utip River on the central portion. These rivers are some tributaries of the Abra River, main drainage way of the provinceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s watershed basin. Forest is the largest land use in Tubo. Major resources in the area is timber. In terms of volume, the common hardwood constitutes 115.28 m3 / hectare constituting about 53.06% of the total wood volume in the forest. Dipterocarps alone have 57.6 m3/hectare accounting about 26.51% of the total wood volume of the forest. The premium species account 23.04 m3/hectare accounting to 10.61% of the total volume of wood. While lesser used, species have 78.93 m3/hectare.

consequence of watershed/forest degradation erratic climate leading to flood and drought

“In nature there are neither rewards nor punishments – there are only consequences.” – Robert G. Ingersoll

Most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is likely to be attributable to human activities. Water, air and land are the natural resources necessary to sustain life in this planet. These resources are quite limited, easy to pollute, and hardly replenish able . The existence of life depends on the delicate balance of the Earth’s limited resources. In nature, the life processes occur slowly, allowing time for the systems of organisms to adjust. Of all the planet’s inhabitants, man has proven to be the most capable of disrupting the balance of nature. Man is the guardian of the natural creations, a trustee of the Trustor. As a responsible steward, he must exercise due care as a good father of life. In the wrong hands, the result can be disastrous; eighty percent (80 %) of trees were damaged-the trees are the climax species of the plant kingdom as man is the climax of the animal kingdom. Only when we cut all trees, fish all our seas and poisoned all rivers, we will suddenly realize that we cannot eat “money”.

As a result of manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s negligence, climate change occurred. There are potential impacts of climate change; in health, agriculture, forest, water resource, sea level rise in coastal areas, wild life, flooding, trade, and food security. To contribute in addressing this controversial problem, each individual must conserve water, adapt sustainable agriculture, plant more trees, conserve ecosystems and improve drainage system. Sustainable Development implies economic growth together with the protection of environmental quality, each reinforcing the other. The essence of this form of development is a stable relationship between human activities and natural world, which does not diminish the prospects for future generations to enjoy a quality life at least as good as your own. Many believe that participatory democracy, nominated by vested interest is a prerequisite for achieving sustainable development (Mintzer, 1992). In the Maeng tribe of Tubo, LAPAT is an instrument to achieve sustainable development by regulating kaingin systems, promote organic farming, strengthening DAP-AY System of Governance, and strict implementation of TULAS Constitution and By-laws. It was stated in Article XIV, Section 2.1A of TULAS Constitution and Bylaws that there should be identified forest area for gathering forest wood products enough for the construction of their houses but not for commercial purposes. Section 2.1B prohibits the transport of wood 42

products outside the Territorial Jurisdiction of Tubo, Section 2.E strictly prohibits the gathering of young trees, violators will be fine Fifty pesos (Php 50.00) per tree and Section 2.1F requires the registration of chainsaws operated in the area and no visitors allowed to engage in this activity related to gathering wood products. IV. Concept Small creatures are part of bigger creature. Everything is connected to everything else. V.

Environmental Principle

Everything is connected to everyone else VI. Suggested Activities Choose your Spot Directions: All participants will first cluster in the middle of the room. The teacher will read the following statements one by one.. The room will have three designated spots. AGREE, DISAGREE, DON’T KNOW After each statement, individual participants will go to the spots they choose: A brief commentary for each group will be made before moving on to the next statements. 1. The use of plastic grocery bags is considered more damaging to the environment than the use of paper bags. 2. Climate Change is more severe than terrorism. 3. Now it is the role responsibility of the government to address climate change for the citizens. 4. Even I’m segregating wastes at home if the majority will not cooperate it’s useless. 5. Cutting of trees is allowed but replaced it. 6. There are animals that could be extinct in the Philippines if climate change is not addressed. 43

7. Smudging in the backyard is good for the trees. 8. Using plastic bags is good if you will use it many times. VII. Evaluation As the saying goes, â&#x20AC;&#x153;if man is the problem,man is the solutionâ&#x20AC;?. Now that you know the problem, there are lot of things to be done. What are our next steps for ourselves, our home, and for our community? In a sheet of paper, write in your first paragraph what you can do for yourself, in a second paragraph, state what you can do at home and what you can do for the community for the third paragraph.

TUBO LAPAT ASSOCIATION (TULAS) Our forefathers had struggled to fight strangers who desired to destroy our ecosystem. This endeavor succeed for many years but because of the increasing population that needs greater demands of natural resources, road construction and agricultural projects, the forest resources of Tubo gradually disappearing. There were illegal cutting activities done in the past years within the territorial jurisdiction of Tubo. Many cut logs and drifted woods of narra were found scattered in the forest area particularly in the tri-boundary of Luba, Boliney and Tubo. For this reason, the LGU-Tubo formed a task force to be responsible for the ocular inspection and inventory of cut and drifted woods that were illegally. It was found out that abundant number of trees were unlawfully cut and littered around. So, because of this prevalent illegal logging, the municipalities of Luba and Tubo decided to formulate an agreement on May 31, 2004 to strictly prohibit illegal logging and incurring forest fire within the boundaries of Luba and Tubo. It was indicated in the agreement that violators will be penalized with an amount of Fifteen Thousand pesos (Php 15,000.00) for stealing/cutting logs and Thirty thousand for those who incurring forest fire. The people of Tubo were very much worried and troubled about the destruction of Tubo natural resources and environment, everyone yearned for the preservation of rare treasures in the forest and the ancestral domains for the next generations. Based from the experiences, The TIPON (TIPONtiumiliparaitipanangsalwadtinakaparswaan) and the LGU of Tubo conducted a series of general assemblies, forums and information drives about LAPAT since it was found out to be very effective Indigenous Natural Resource Management. As a result, Barangay Lapat was organized and each barangay formulated Constitution and By Laws concerning the conservation and protection of environment. For better and forceful imposition of LAPAT, the whole people of Tubo organized the TULAS (TuboLapat Association) as a municipal wide organization to oversee and lead the rightful and urgent implementation of LAPAT to resolve the current dilemma on environment. TULAS 45

Constitutionand By Laws were created as basis for natural resources management in the present and in the next generations. The TULAS was accredited by the Sangguniang Bayan as member of the Local Special Bodies and adapted as an LGU partner in protecting, maintaining and sustaining the environment and natural resources of Tubo.

BAGAWAS BAGAWAS is a ritual performed by the people of Tubo, Abra to testify the implementation of the rules and regulation of LAPAT with the respect to the conservation and protection of environment and natural resources. In this ritual, a roasted liver pig or cattle, tapey (ricewine) and rice are needed. The elders lead the “SAPO” (prayer) pleading “Kabunian” (God) and environment goddesses to look and guide the people of Tubo to protect and conserve the environment. It is stated in the prayer that anyone who violates the LAPAT may become blind or disabled person as a punishment. The elder/old man breaks the legs, wings and neck of the roaster and asks the KABUNIAN any violator who does not accept his/her guilt shall live like the disabled roaster. After SAPO, “basi” and “tapey” toast rite follows, then the distribution to every participants by the assigned men and women. Traditional songs and dances are also performed in between the advices and speeches of elders and officials regarding the conservation and protection of environment. Then a “leddek” (slice) of meat, one (1) galloon “basi” and a copy of the TULAS Constitution and By Laws of the LAPAT is prepared and send to the adjacent municipalities and barangays for their information and consideration.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. 2. 3. 4.

Ancestral Domain Development and Protection of Tubo, 2002. The way of Lapat. 2004 IRR of Republic Act 9003. GabaysaPag-aaral Paralegal parasaKalikasan. TanggolKalikasan. Second Edition. 5. Globalizing Philippine Mining. Revised Edition. Antonio A. Tujan Jr. & Rosario Bella Guzman. 6. Primer on the Environment. EMB-DENR. 7. Presidential Decree No. 705. DENR 8. Primer on Illegal Logging. DENR. 9. Indigenous Peoples Rights. LRC-KsK. Volume I 10. LAPAT: An Indigenous Resources Management of the Maeng Tribe of Tubo,Abra. Lawagan et.al. 2008. 11. Resource Inventory of Mt. Poswey (Tubo side).People of Amtuagan,CCAGG& ASIST. 12. Resource Incventory of Alangtin Watershed. People of Alangtin, FPE, CCAGG & ASIST.

KA MAENGAN Unknown Composer

Kamaengan ili mi’s kabanbantayan Napresko am-in ay makmakan Nadalus pay am-in ay ginginiwang Pan-emsan di am-in ay kumamkamang Cho: Kamaengan sik-a nan idaydayaw mi Ugali ay tinawtawid mi No umey Kami’s sabali ay ili Ugalimi latta na itaktakin mi No kumamang ka isnan kamaengan Naid di inka pindanagan Am-in ay baey inka sumangbayan Kasta nan ugali’s na Ka Maengan

MAENG TUBO

Composed by Candido Wail Maeng Tubo, ilik Kaammayan San Batawa’y amma ni Kabunian Bilbileg Mapagpag ya ginginawang Daem mo nanapnos Balitok ken ganbang Cho: Maeng inay aywanan Kaapuwan ad aysan Mang aagaw inda pinakpakaan Sik a, sak-en adita ingayaan Patgen tawid, Maeng ay tinmutukduan Indayon da urnos linak, kapia Sinmikadan Tured, wayawaya Ulay ado sanikua maid ken sik-a Ipugaw natudio mintitinnulong da Kaputotan ita Bumangon ka Ando ando seyep mapukaka Kamakamem estem ta sumanikua ka An-ak mo as Mapseng Matatagoda. 48