ZOONOSES
Dr.Nan Nitra Than M.B.,B.S DTM&H M.C.T.M(Tropical medicine)
The outcome Able to illustrate the basic concepts and terminologies used in zoonosis Able to illustrate the epidemiological concepts relating to Rabies Able to state the epidemiological concepts relating to Plague
Contents Classification of zoonosis The epidemiology of Rabies The epidemiology of Plague
Definition 4
Zoonoses are diseases of vertebrate animals (WHO 1959) Transmitted to man: either directly or indirectly through an insect vector( Arbovirus infection) Not all arboviral diseases are zoonosis e.g. dengue and urban yellow fever Examples of viral zoonoses that can be transmitted to man directly include rabies, hantaviruses, lassa and ebola fevers
Zoonoses: Classification 5
DIRECT ZOONOSES:[one host for completion of its life cycle] Rabies, Trichinosis, Brucellosis CYCLOZOONOSES:[at least two species of vertebrates as definitive and intermediate hosts] Human Taeniasis, Echinococcosis
METAZOONOSES: [Requires both a vertebrate and an invertebrate host for completion of the life cycle] Arboviral diseases, Plague, schistosomiasis
SAPHROZOONOSES
: [A zoonosis whose causative agent requires both a
vertebrate host and a non animal reservoir or developmental site for completion of its life cycle]Various Larva migrans and mycoses
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Zoonoses: Animal Species Dogs & Cats
Rabies
Round worm
Ringworm
Lyme Disease (dogs only)
Cat Scratch Disease (cats only)
Food Animals
Salmonella
E. coli
Brucellosis
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Zoonoses: Animal Species
Birds:
Psittacosis
West Nile
Cryptococcus
Reptiles, Fish, & Amphibians
Salmonella
Mycobacterium
Wild Animals
Hantavirus
Plague
Tularemia
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Zoonoses: Viral Examples
Zoonoses: Bacterial Examples
Zoonoses: Parasitic Examples
Zoonoses: Mycotic Examples 12
Aspergillosis Blastomycosis Cryptococcosis Dermatophytosis Histoplasmosis
Structure ‘bullet’ shaped , RNA structure Caused by neurotropic viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus.
Envelope
M protein
G protein
RNP core
Regardless of the viral variant found throughout the world, all lyssa viruses cause rabies Picture from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/rabies
Distribution of important rabies vector species 15
AFRICA:
Domestic dog, jackals, mongoose
AMERICAS: Fox, skunk, racoon, bats, dog ASIA: EUROPE:
Domestic dog, wolf Fox, wolf, dog, bats
High Risk Animals
Raccoon Skunk Groundhog Fox Bat “free-roaming” cats
Intermediate Risk Animals Dogs Cats – vaccinated or non-roaming Livestock – horses, cattle, pigs Other non-rodent wild animal species i.e, bear, deer, coyote, etc
Low Risk Animal
Squirrels, chipmunks Rats Mice Indoor small caged pet rodents Logomorphs
Public Health importance 19
> 2.5 billion at risk in over 100 countries 50,000-70,000 human deaths annually 10 million people treated for exposure to rabies every year 90% in developing countries in Tropics i.e. Africa, Asia, South America, Oceania
Global distribution of mammalian reservoirs and vectors 21
Mode of Transmission 22
1) ANIMAL CONTACT: inoculation of virus laden saliva into a wound or on a mucous membrane (BITES & LICKS)
2) Human-to-Human: very rare! (corneal grafts,transplacental infection?)
3) INHALATION: very rare! (bat-infested caves, laboratories)
Pathogeneis Virus binds to a nerve cell & migrates to spinal cord to brain (centripetal spread)- viral replication occurs & produces encephalitis
Viral particles travel out from brain (centrifugal spread) via nerve cells to salivary glands, where further replication occurs & secretion in saliva, rendering the person or animal to be infectious At the time it gets to the salivary glands, this is the end stage of the disease, and death usually occurs shortly thereafter – within several days
Transmission Cycle of Rabies 24
Rabies attacks the Central Nervous System ď‚— rabies virus from an exposure on the leg spreads up the spinal cord to the brain and throughout the rest of the body
Rabies virus entering the body.
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Was There An Exposure? A bite (penetration of the skin by teeth) from a known or suspect rabid animal Scratches, abrasions, open wounds (bleeding within 24 hrs), or mucous membranes (eyes) contaminated with saliva or other potentially infectious material from a known or suspect rabid animal Other contact - such as petting an animal or contact with urine, feces or skunk spray - does NOT constitute an exposure
WHO Definition of Exposure Category
Type of contact
Type of exposure
Recommended treatment
I
Touching or feeding of animals; Licks on intact skin;
None
None if reliable history is taken
II
Nibbling of uncovered skin Minor scratches or abrasions without bleeding
Minor
Administer vaccine immediately; Stop treatment if animal remains healthy for of 10 days or if animal is proven to be negative for rabies by a reliable laboratory using appropriate diagnostic techniques
III
Single or multiple transdermal bites or scratches, licks on broken skin; Contamination of mucous membrane with saliva (i.e. licks); Exposures to bats
Severe
Administer RIG and vaccine immediately. Stop if animal remains healthy for 10 days or if animal is negative for rabies
Symptoms Headache, fever, sore throat Nervousness, confusion Pain or tingling at the site of the bite Hallucinations Seeing things that are not really there ( Cowering in the corner like a caged animal) Hydrophobia “Fear of water" due to spasms in the throat(I throw up every time I try to eat or drink something. I can’t swallow my spit) Paralysis
Laboratory Diagnosis 30
Histopathology - Negri bodies are pathognomonic of rabies. Negri bodies are only present in 71% of cases Rapid virus antigen detection -Direct Fluorescent Antibody test (DFA) Virus cultivation - definitive means of diagnosis Serology - circulating antibodies appear slowly in the course of infection but they are usually present by the time of onset of clinical symptoms
Diagnosis of Rabies
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Management and Prevention Inactivated whole virus vaccines •Nervous Tissue Preparation e.g. Sample Vaccine associated with the rare complication of demyelinating allergic encephalitis. • Duck Embryo Vaccine - this vaccine strain is grown in embryonated duck eggs, (a lower risk of allergic encephalitis but is considerably less immunogenic) •Human Diploid Cell Vaccine (HDCV) - currently the best vaccine •Other Cell culture Vaccines - (developing countries)
Prevention Pre- exposure prophylaxis • Provides protection from unapparent exposures and when treatment is delayed • persons at increased risk of being exposed to rabies e.g. vets, animal handlers, laboratory workers etc. • spending 1 month or more in countries with endemic dog rabies and in which PEP would likely be significantly delayed to geographic distances/ lack of medical infrastructure 11/3/13
Pre-exposure Vaccination Protocol Three doses of vaccine administered on days 0, 7 and 21 or 28 Dosage: 1.0 ml administered IM in the upper deltoid
Test serum every 2 years to determine if an adequate antibody level persists
If absent, administer booster
WHO Recommended Pre-exposure(PreEP)
3-dose series intramuscular or intradermal regimen
day
0
7
21 or 28
day 0
Exposure: No Rabies immunoglobulin needed
3
WHO Recommended Post-exposure prophylaxis 1.
Immediate flushing and washing of the wound with soap and water, or other detergent ď‚Ą
If soap or detergent are not available, flush extensively with water
2.
Passive immunization: Administration of Rabies immune globulin for Category III contacts/exposures
3.
Active immunization: Administration of tissue culture vaccine according to one of WHO regimens
WHO Recommended PEP Schedule
Essen intramuscular Regimen Standard intramuscular regimen. One dose into deltoid on each of days:
5 vials 5 visits day 0
3
7
14
Rabies immunoglobulin
28
Control of Rabies 38
Urban - canine rabies accounts for more than 99% of all human rabies. Control measures against canine rabies include; stray dog control Vaccination of dogs quarantine of imported animals Wildlife - this is much more difficult to control than canine rabies { trials in Europe -where bait containing rabies vaccine is given to foxes}
Plague
Introduction Plague has a long history as a biological weapon A bacterial disease, caused by Yersinia pestis Primarily affects wild rodents- spread from one rodent to another by fleas-Humans bitten by an infected flea Develop a bubonic form of plague(a bubo- a swelling of the lymph node) draining the flea bite site IP, Bubonic plague appear 7–10 days after infection If the bacteria reach the lungs, the patient develops pneumonia (pneumonic plague) - transmissible from person to person (coughing)
The History of Plague 41
ď śHistorians think that the plague arrived in England during the summer of 1348. By 1350, nearly the whole of Britain was infected with the plague ď śAt the end of 1350 nearly two and a half million people were dead!
Epidemiology First Pandemic: Early Middle Ages (Plague of Justinian) Second Pandemic: 14th (Black Death) to 19th century Third Pandemic: 19th and 20th centuries
10 August 2010 -Plague in Peru 11 August 2009 -Plague in China 7 November 2006 - Suspected plague in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 13 October 2006/June 2006 /15 March 2005 -Plague in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
AGENTS FACTORS 45
Causative Agent - Yersinia pestis (Gram-ve coccobacilli, non-motile) Virulence- cytotoxin & endotoxin RESERVOIR: Wild rodents, gerbils, Skunks etc In India: Tatera indica (Immune to plague) Source of infection: Infected RODENTS FLEAS & Case of Pneumonic Plague
BLOCKED FLEA 46
REGURTITATES Plague Bacilli Inoculation
Frantic Efforts to suck blood
Blood meal (0.5 cu m)contain Up to 5000 bacilli
Multiply enormously in the GUT
blocked proventriculus Food cannot pass through
BLOCKED FLEA 47
Blocked is an efficient transmitter of plague Blocked flea eventually dies A partially blocked flea may live longer and more efficient transmitter
HOST FACTORS 48
All ages & both sexes
Man may contact with natural ‘foci’ while Hunting, grazing, cultivation & harvesting Movement of people and Cargo by sea or land No natural immunity
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 49
Season: from September to May Temperature: 20-25 C Humidity 60%, POOR HOUSING conditions & abundance of Rats and rat fleas VECTORS: Xenopsilla cheopis - Rat Flea, Others X. astia, X. braziliensis ,Pulex Irritans—Human Flea
50
Disease Progression in Human 51
Incubation period: Bubonic and septicemia 2-7 days Pneumonic- 2-3 days BUBONIC PLAGUE: sudden fever, chills, headache, prostration, painful buboes PNEUMONIC PLAGUE: complication of bubonic-septicemic plague SEPTICEMIC PLAGUE: Rare, lab infection
52
Bubonic plague 53
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Laboratory Criteria for Diagnosis 1. Presumptive • Elevated serum antibody titer(s) to Yersinia pestis fraction 1 (F1) antigen or • Detection of F1 antigen in a clinical specimen by immunofluorescent assay
2. Confirmatory • Isolation of Y. pestis from a clinical specimen {Yersinia pestis… Non spore forming , G (-) ,non motile coccus bacillus ( exhibit bipolar stainingcharacteristic safety pin appearance)} or • Fourfold or greater change in serum antibody titer to Y. pestis F1 antigen
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Treatment
If diagnosed early, bubonic plague can be successfully treated with antibiotics
Pneumonic plague ( most deadly infectious diseases)-patients can die 24 hours after infection
The mortality rate depends on how soon treatment is started, but is always very high.
Prevention & Control 57
Isolate infected animals Limit number of people in contact Personal protection Surgical mask, gloves, eye protection
Flea control Dogs and cats (Use flea control products for the pets) Spring to fall
Commercial Premise for rat control
Prevent roaming or hunting of pets 58 ( Cats & dogs should not be allow to roam freely or hunt- outdoor cats are at risk)
Rodent control Eliminate rodent habitat around home [Brush, food sources, firewood, junk]
Undertaken only after insecticide use
Insect repellents for skin & clothes for flea bites [DEET to skin and permethrin on clothes]
Insecticide use in epizootic areas
59
Public health education 60
Prophylactic antibiotics [ tetra or sulfonamides 23wks] Plague outbreak/flea bites Handled infected animal Close contact with plague case
Vaccine
Live and killed developed/No longer available in the U.S.
Prevention and Awareness 61
Report suspected animal cases State health department State veterinarian
Education of clients and public Risks, transmission, prevention
Take precautions in enzootic and epizootic areas
MANAGING SPECIAL SITUATIONS
Bioterrorist Event • Yersinia pestis has been classified as a "category A" agent for bioterrorism • easily disseminated by aerosol, can be transmitted from person to person (pneumonic plague) • capacity to cause severe illness and death • An intentional release (bioterrorist event) should be suspected if unusual clusters of pneumonia are seen in otherwise healthy individuals or in people in buildings with common ventilation systems • In the setting of a biological attack, antibiotic prophylaxis may be recommended for those with a suspected or known exposure to Y. pestis, as determined by public health officials
Conclusion
• Rabies • Plague
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THE END
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