The Newburgh Path - Background by nans voron

THE NE WB U R G H PATH BACKGROUND

GR OU P 07 B RA DY RO SS NIEMB RO A NA IS VO RO N NA NS YE Z H A NG

1. ABSTRACT

2. NEWBURGH

3. THE HUDSON VALLEY REGION

4. NATIONAL FACTS

5. PHILOSOPHY

6. TYPOLOGIES

A B STR ACT

The prison system of the United States has an extremely detrimental effect in its relationship with cities like Newburgh, New York. Many years of institutionalized incarceration have worked to keep entire portions of the population behind bars for most of their lives. Public spending on prisoners has reached an all-time high, with $30,000 per prisoner per year being the national average, and $60,000 per year for New York State inmates. Considered on it’s own, the population of U.S. prisons would exceed most major cities. The only statistic more staggering than these is that nearly two-thirds of all inmates are repeat offenders, and that simply being in prison once increases one’s likelihood of being re-admitted to prison again in the future. Once released, former inmates have an exceedingly difficult time being hired for legitimate jobs because of their records. Since the grouping of inmates together in prisons strengthens criminal networks, opportunities for recently-released inmates to support themselves and their families through profitable crime are readily available. Furthermore, the widespread privatization of prisons across the country has evolved into a set of circumstances where prisons are more profitable for their proprietors if more prisoners are being housed inside, thus forming an economic base where police and law enforcement are encouraged to send people to prison and keep them there. Newburgh is a city caught in the grasp of this vicious cycle. 3,000 people, nearly ten percent of its population, are arrested every year. Violent crime is common. Gangs run rampant through the streets. Rumors exist that ex-cons and social service clients are “dumped” in Newburgh by Orange County officials. This city’s outsize role in cyclic incarceration can be seen as nearly unnecessary in light of the fact that almost one third of all inmates in New York are serving sentences of 3 years or less for nonviolent crime. This portion of the prison population, if diverted from penitentiaries and kept in rehabilitation programs within active society, has a much greater chance of breaking this cycle. If successful, such a condition would take thousands of would-be criminals off the streets and funnel their energies into employment, industry and other productive endeavors, saving state governments millions of dollars in the process. The time to act is now. The place to start is Newburgh.

NE W B U R G H

POVERTY LEVEL

LIVING UNDER POVERTY Less than 10% 10% - 35% More than 35%

OF THE POPULATION IS LIVING UNDER POVERTY LEVEL. Source: U.S. Census Bureau

UNDER 25

POPULATION UNDER 25 YEARS 25% - 30% 30% - 40% 40% - 50%

OF THE POPULATION IS UNDER 25. Source: U.S. Census Bureau

RENTER OCCUPIED

RENT OCCUPIED HOUSING 35% - 60% 60% - 85%

OF THE HOUSING STOCK IS RENTER OCCUPIED. Source: U.S. Census Bureau

EDUCATION

AFTER SCHOOL PROGRAMS VS YOUTH RELATED CRIME Orange County Community Health Assesment

OF THE POPULATION HAS LESS THAN A HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA. Source: U.S. Census Bureau

TIME CONFLICT PEAK

PARENT’S JOB SCHEDULE US Department of Commerce

PART-TIME

8 PM

12 AM

8 PM

12 AM

12HRS SHIFT

4 PM

12 PM

8 AM

4 AM

REGULAR SHIFT

PEAK

AFTER SCHOOL ACTIVITIES

12 PM

8 AM

4 AM

CLASS TIME

4 PM

STUDENT’S SCHEDULE Newburgh Free Academy

U.S.

PEAK

PARENT’S ABSENCE Reference Sources: NIDA: InfoFacts

HEROIN

12 AM

8 PM

COCAINE 4 PM

12 PM

8 AM

4 AM

CRACK

BORDERS

SEGREGATION PATTERN

MORE THAN 50% AFRICAN AMERICAN

GANGS’ TERRITORIES IN NEWBURGH

CRIPS

Los Angeles - 1969

Mostly African American 30,000 - 35,000

Drug trafficking, robbery, extortion, murder, burglary, theft

ENN

SEGREGATION PATTERN MORE THAN 50% HISPANIC LATINO

BLOODS

Los Angeles - 1972 1988

Primarily African American 15,000 - 20,000

Murder, drug trafficking, robbery, extortion

ALLIES

NEMIES

BROADWAY LATIN KINGS Chicago - 1940 Mostly Hispanic 20,000 - 35,000

Racketeering, battery, arms trafficking, drug trafficking, extortion, identity document forgery, robbery, and murder

HOT SPOTS Area in Newburgh with a high likelihood for violent crime correlate with concentrations of commercial gathering spaces, often in the form of bodegas, delis or restaurants. This map shows the location of all the “hot spot” intersections in Newburgh – those with two or more commercial gathering spaces in close proximity to each other. These areas present the most effective locations for intervention.

OF NEWBURGH’S POPULATION IS ARRESTED EVERY YEAR. SOURCE: NEWBURGH POLICE

RED BLOB MAP

THE HU D SO N VA L L E Y

$30,000/YEAR

AVERAGE COST OF AN INMATE IN U.S.

$60,000

/YEAR

COST OF INMATE IN NEW YORK STATE

Source: New York State Department of Corrections

MEDIUM SECURITY Inmates convicted of less serious crimes (often non-violent, drug or theft-related incidents) are typically housed in medium security facilities. Orange County hosts six such institutions.

HUDSON VALLEY MEDIUM SECURITY JAILS

SULLIVAN HUB

New York state departement of corrections

WOODBOURNE

GREEN HAVEN HUB

ULSTER

WALLKILL

FISHKILL OTISVILLE

VA L

TACONIC

ION

CO R

ION

FA CIL

ITIE

SZ ON

OTISVILLE ORANGE COUNTY

711

ULSTER ULSTER COUNTY

840

WOODBOURNE SULLIVAN COUNTY

981

WALLKILL ULSTER COUNTY

608

FISHKILL DUTCHESS COUNTY

1800

TACONIC WESTCHESTER COUNTY

502

TIME UNDER CUSTODY Source :New York State Department of Corrections

ANNUAL AVERAGE

NATIONAL

$60

kINMATE COST

240

180 - 240

NEW YORK STATE

12 6,6 %- 18 M

HAN

NTH 16,2 %S

24 18 % 8

30%

MONTHS% 7,9

36 10 - 4 ,7 % 8 2 48 - 7% 12,8

0 12

0 - 18

S NTH

24 - 36 M ONTHS 12,3 %

HS % NT ,9 O 9 M

NT H

THS MON

72 - 1 20 M ONTH S 15 %

RE T

E LIF % 0,5

ANNUAL AVERAGE

ON TH S

< 12 MONTHS 0,3%

$30

k INMATE COST

30 OF

INMATES

ARE UNDER CUSTODY FOR

LESS THAN 3 YEARS

OF INMATES ARE UNDER CUSTODY FOR LESS THAN 3 YEARS. = 4,000 INMATES IN THE HUDSON VALLEY REGION =

$243,000,000/YEAR Source: New York State Department of Corrections

MAXIMUM SECURITY Prisoners who are deemed the most serious threats to public safety are confined in Orange Countyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s maximum security penitentiaries. Long sentences, solitary confinement and in-house violence are common. These facilities are often seen as breeding grounds for gangs which flourish outside prison walls.

HUDSON VALLEY MAXIMUM SECURITY JAILS

SULLIVAN HUB

New York state departement of corrections

GREEN HAVEN HUB

SULLIVAN

EASTERN SHAWAGUNK

GREEN HAVEN DOWNSTATE

VA L

BEDFORD HILLS

ION

CO R

ION

FA CIL

SING SING ITIE

SZ ON

SULLIVAN SULLIVAN COUNTY

820

EASTERN ULSTER COUNTY

429

SHAWAGUNK ULSTER COUNTY

575

DOWNSTATE DUTCHESS COUNTY

900

GREEN HAVEN DUTCHESS COUNTY

2530

SING SING WESTCHESTER COUNTY

2000

BEDFORD HILLS WESTCHESTER COUNTY

800

Justice Re-investement New Orleans - Spatial design lab 6 000

400

5 000

300

4 000

200

3 000

CRIME RATE

INCARCERATION RATE

(PER 100,000 RESIDENTS)

RECIDIVISM PATTERN

(PER 100,000 RESIDENTS)

500

Once released, former inmates have an exceedingly difficult time being hired for 2 000 100 legitimate jobs because of their records. Since the grouping of inmates together in prisons strengthens criminal networks, opportunities for recently-released1 000inmates to 1931 1970 2005 support themselves and their families through profitable crime are readily available, contributing to a majority of recidivist inmates.

1991

%I N M A T E S

OF THE NEW YORK STATEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S

ARE REPEAT OFFENDERS

REPEAT OFFENDERS PATTERN

FREEDOM

LACK OF REHABILITATION OPPORTUNITIES

UNDER CUSTODY

YEARS

CRIME SCHOOL

CRIME CATEGORY BY INMATE STATUS

Justice Re-investement New Orleans - Spatial design lab

VIOLENT FELONY

14%

PROPERTY OFFENSES

64% 12% %

DRUG OFFENSES

INMATES

ARE UNDER CUSTODY FOR

OF NEW YORK STATE’S INMATES ARE REPEAT OFFENDERS SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF JUSTICE

RECIDIVISM RATE BY STATE 60%+ 50% - 60% 40% - 50% 30% - 40% 20% - 30% NA

REW center of the states - 2011

NATI O NA L FACT S

INTERNATIONAL INCARCERATION RATE per 100,000 people 500+ 300-399 200-299 100-199 50-99 0-49 International center for prison studies

THE

UNITED

STATES

HAS

OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION, BUT

25%

OF THE WORLD’S PRISONERS.

INTERNATIONAL INCARCERATION RATE per 100,000 People

Source : International center for prison studies

WORLWIDE INCARCERATION RATE per 100,000 people ICELAND JAPAN DENMARK FINLAND NORWAY SWEDEN SWITZERLAND IRELAND GERMANY ITALY BELGIUM FRANCE SOUTH KOREA AUSTRIA NETHERLANDS PORTUGAL GREECE CANADA AUSTRALIA SLAUVAKIA HUNGARY ICELAND ENGLAND LUXEMBOURG TURKEY SPAIN NEW ZELAND CZECH REPUBLIC MEXICO USA 100

200

300

International center for prison studies

400

500

600

700

800

OP 15 HDI

TOP 15 HDI

The Human Development Index is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. Source: United Nations

nited nations

1. NORWAY

2. AUSTRALIA

3. USA

4. NETHERLANDS

5. GERMANY

6. NEW ZELAND

7. IRELAND

8. SWEDEN

9. SWITZERLAND

10. JAPAN

11. CANADA

12. KOREA

13. ICELAND

14. DENMARK

15. ISRAEL

7 MILLION

PEOPLE ARE IN THE U.S. CARCERAL SYSTEM. THIS INCLUDES PROBATION, PAROLE, JAIL AND PRISON. Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice

8.4 MILLION

PEOPLE LIVE IN NEW YORK CITY. 6.8 MILLION LIVE IN BRONX, QUEENS, BROOKLYN AND STATEN ISLAND. Source: U.S. Census Bureau

2.3 MILLION

INMATES ARE LOCKED UP IN U.S PRISONS. Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice

THE PRISON POPULATION IS THE

LARGEST “CITY” IN THE COUNTRY. Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice

01. New York : 02. Los Angeles : 03. Chicago: 04. U.S. Prisons : 05. Houston :

8,405,000 3,884,000 2,718,000 2,319,000 2,195,000

OF INMATES THAT ARE RELEASED FROM PRISON ARE RE-INCARCERATED WITHIN 3 YEARS. Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice

INCARCERATION EXPLOSION Source :Justice Re-investment New Orleans - Spatial Design Lab

The introduction of strict drug laws brought about an increase in the incarceration rate and a new type of prisoner. Although this was a contributing factor, there are other factors, including many states replacing the death penalty with “life without parole”, keeping more inmates in prison, and recidivism, where newly-released prisoners return to prison within a short time after their release due to a re-offense or a new crime.

500%

INCREASE IN PRISON POPULATION SINCE THE

500

6 000

400

5 000

300

4 000

200

3 000

100

2 000

1970

1971 PRESIDENT NIXON DECLARES, WAR ON DRUGS

1 000

2005

1991

2014

CRIME RATE (PER 100,000 RESIDENTS)

INCARCERATION RATE (PER 100,000 RESIDENTS)

DECLARATION OF THE “WAR ON DRUGS”

CARCERAL CONTROL by type

Source :U.S. Bureau of Justice

In 2010, the majority of people under carceral control were those on probation. Probation is a court-ordered sanction that allows a person to remain in the community under the supervision of a probation officer. probation can also require counseling, drug/alcohol restrictions, weapons restrictions and offender reporting to their probation officer. If the person does not follow the rules of the probation, they could go back to court and be sent to a jail or a prison .

5,000,000

4,000,000 Probation

3,000,000

2,000,000 Prison 1,000,000

Parole

2010

2004

1996

1990

1980

Jail

INCARCERATION RATE by crime type

Source :U.S. Bureau of Justice

Due to the â&#x20AC;&#x153;War on Drugsâ&#x20AC;?, drug related offenses are the major crime type leading to prison sentences in 2000. As a result, a majority of the prisoners can be considered non-violent, non-serious, non sexual-offenders.

90% Drugs 80%

60% 50% 40% 30% 20%

Robbery Sexual Assault

Burglary Murder Assault

2000

1998

1996

1994

1992

1990

1988

1986

1984

10%

1982

Incarceration rate

70%

OF INMATES ARE IN FOR NON-VIOLENT OFFENSES. Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice

TIPPING POINT

Frenchtown, Tallahassee, FL Source :Justice Mapping Center and Information Design Lab, Columbia, 2006

One would normally think as you incarcerate more people, crime would go down. It sounds logical, and it is what actually occurs in most places. This is what happened in Frenchtown. At first, the crime rate dropped as incaceration increased, but there was a tipping point in 1997 where crime increased as incaceration increased, reversing the general logic of the incarceration system. Due to the large number of residents behind bars, families are broken, resentment is directed towards the criminal justice system, and ultimately, the prisoners come back usually worse-off when they entered the system.

CRIME RATE PER 1,000

0.1

0.5

1.5

2.0

INCARCERATION RATE PER 1,000

-10

-20 1997, TIPPING POINT

1971

P H I L O SO P H Y

“PRISONS ARE ALL ABOUT TAKING PEOPLE’S FREEDOM. THAT IS THE REAL PUNISHMENT. BUT THEY SHOULD ALSO HELP CRIMINALS CHANGE THEIR BEHAVIOR AND LEARN TO RESPECT OTHER PEOPLE AND THE LAW” Source: Amnesty International

FIVE ESSENTIALS IN A CORRECTIONAL AGENCY

2 STAFF

WARDEN COM OFFICER

ADMIN ASSOC. WARDEN

SECURITY

PRIMARY AIM

TOWERS GATES

PATROLS

TREATMENT ULTIMATE AIM

STAFF

BARRACKS

INMATES

SHOPS

INMATE FLOW CHART

INTAKE ASSESSMENTS MEDICAL/MENTAL HEALTH SCREENING

RISK/NEED ASSESSMENT

EDUCATIONAL

CLASSIFICATION SPECIALIZED UNITS

MEDIUM

MINIMUM

PRE RELEASE

COUNTY STEP DOWN

ELECTRONIC MONITORING

PERSONALIZED PROGRAM PLAN ACADEMIC & VOCATIONAL

PRISON INDUSTRIES

COGNITIVE/ BEHAVIORAL

SEX OFFENDER TREATMENT

SUBSTANCE ABUSE

FAITH-BASED & VOLUNTEER

DISCHARGE PLANNING REENTRY AND EMPLOYMENT READINESS WORKSHOP

HOUSING

MEDICAL

INSTITUTIONAL RELEASE COMMITTEE

MENTAL HEALTH

PROBATION PAROLE COORDINATION

REENTRY PRESENTATIONS

EMPLOYMENT

VICTIM AND PUBLIC SAFETY NOTIFICATIONS

SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT

RELEASE/EXPIRATION OF SENTENCE REGIONAL REENTRY CENTER

RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT PROGRAMS

COMMUNITY INTEGRATION

JUSTIFICATION

STRATEGY

FOCUS OF PERSPECTIVE

IMAGE OF OFFENDERS

RETRIBUTION

DETERRENCE

Moral offenders

Prevention of further crime

Ris Co pr

None : Offenders simply deserve to be punished

Make punishment more certain, swift and severe

Of off pr

Earned their punishment

Actual and Ac potential offenders

Free agents whose humanity we affirm by holding them acountable

Rational beings who engage in cost/benefit calculations

No bu co

NCAPACITATION

REHABILITATION

REINTEGRATION

sk control ommunity rotection

Offenders have correctable deficiencies

ffenders cannot fend while in rison

Treatment to reduce offendersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; inclnation to re-offend

Programming to make for suces-sful reentry into society

ctual offenders

Needs of offenders Needs of offenders

ot to be trusted ut to be onstrained

Good people who have gone astray will respond to treatment

Ordinary folk who require and will respond to help

RE-ENTRY PROCESS “But they all come back” Jeremy Travis

In his book, Jeremy Travis states that a successful re-entry process is not related to the creation of beatiful community centers or rehabilitation centers. Using a conjunction between “building” and “place”, the idea is to strenghten the social networks of the former inmates. Family implication is a key element for a successful re-entry process. Most of the inmates upon release are left alone in their new freedom; this can be overwhelming and intimidating. Providing the inmate a sense of belonging and acceptance in the community and in the family is an essential step in the reentry process.

work opportunities

personal expectations

1. prepare reentry recognize milestones

healthcare

community roles family ties

5. promote successful reentry

INMATE REENTRY

prisons and private organizations

2. building bridges

4. strenghten support circle

3. seize the moment of release self

criminal justice agencies

correctional agencies and the community family exit orientation welcome team

welcome home

community

mentors

TY P O L O G I E S

PRISON TYPOLOGY

COURTYARD

RADIAL

BOYS INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL LANCASTER, OH, 1857

NEW JERSEY STATE PRISON TRENTON, NJ, 1798

ORIGINAL AUBURN AUBURN, NY, 1829

LOST WORLD TERRES HAUTES, 1940

EASTERN PHILADELPHIA, PA, 1871

STANDAR AUBURN AUBURN, NY, 1935

PANOPTI

ALLEGHENY CO PITTSBURGH

SUPER MAX FREMONT, C

ICON

TELEPHONE POLE

OUNTY JAIL H, PA, 1883

MICHIGAN STATE PRISON JACKSON, MI, 1924

NORFOLK COMMUNITY NORFOLK, MA, 1927

NORTH EASTERN PENITENTIARY LEWISBURG, PA, 1932

THOMSON CORRECTIONAL THOMSON, IL, 2001

X PRISON CA, 1994

CORRECTIONAL TRAINING FACILITY SOLEDAD, CA, 1990

HYBRID/CAMPUS

FEDERAL CORRECTIONAL FACILITY PHOENIX, AZ, 1985

WALNUT STREET JAIL 1790, Philadelphia Jeremy Travi

Mission: Rehabilitate prisoners, or restore them to crime-free lives. System: - Minor offenders worked in shops, making shoes, clothes, nails. - Female offenders spun cotton, did laundry and mended clothes. -Solitary offenders were kept in confinement and given the bible. 1798, opened a school which taught basic instruction in reading, writing and math.

EASTERN STATE PENITENTIARY 1829, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

System: - Inamtes were housed in separate cells with small private exercise yards. - Cells had water, plumbing, heating and room for equipment. - Inmates were not allowed to leave their cells at all during their sentence. - New prisoners were given a number and had a black cloth draped over their head as they were walked to their cell.

CHICAGOâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S METROPOLITAN CENTER 1975, Chicago, Illinois

System: - Blending in urban context. - Large public space at its base where people can gather. - Windows allowed prisoners to look outside their cells. - Inmates for short sentences only.

HALDEN PRISON 2010, Halden, Norway

System: - made up of several unique building designs that form a prison village within a forested area - Several prisoners share a kitchen and living room, where they prepare their own evening meals - There are indoor basketball courts, climbing walls, a cooking lab and a recording studio where inmates can learn new talents. - There are also two guest homes where families can be hosted overnight.

“... EVERY INMATE IN NORWAY WILL BE RELEASED, AND SOMEDAY HE WILL BE SOMEBODY’S NEIGHBOR” Source:Norwegian Prison Officer

SECURITY THRESHOLDS From “public” to “private” space

Source :environmental psychology of prisons and jail, Richard Wener, 2012

STATE PRISON

SECURE HOUSING UNIT

INMATE CELL Cell Design / Control Housing unit / Control room Cluster / Cell block Control room Wing security SHU Central Security - Building/Interior SHU Perimeter Security - Electric fences Site Perimeter Security - Guards Tower Buffer zone - No man’s land SIte security Geographic location

Bibliography

- Ahn-Redding, Heather. “The Million Dollar Inmate”:The Financial and Social Burden of Nonviolent offenders. Lanham, MD: Lexington/Rowman & Littlefield Pub., 2007.

- Edge, Laura B. Locked Up. A History of the U.S. Prison System. Minneapolis: Lerner Publishing Group Inc, 2002.

- Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage, 1995.

- Handbook of Correctional Institution Design and Construction. Washington: Bureau of Prisons, 1949.

- Steven, Levitt, and Stephen, Dubner. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. New York: HarperCollins, 2005.

- Townsend, John. A Painful History of Crime, Prisons and Prisoners. Chicago: Raintree, 2006.

- Travis, Jeremy. But They All Come Back: Facing the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, 2005.

- Wener, Richard. The Environmental Psychology of Prisons and Jails: Creating Humane Spaces in Secure Settings. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2012.

G SA P P MSA U D NEWBU RGH / FA LL 2014