ALTERING THE WAY ARCHITECTURE SHAPES THE OLD AGE
LIVING
SENIOR
NAOMI G. SÁNCHEZ CARMONA
ARCHITECTURE IN
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Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico | Ponce Campus School of Architecture Capstone Year Project: Architecture in Senior Living ARAD / ARAR 410 - 420 Prof. Manuel De Lemos Prof. Alejandro Mieses Prof. Jesús Omar García By Naomi G. Sánchez Carmona
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HOW CAN ARCHITECTURE SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF QUALITY OF LIFE FOR THE AGING COMMUNITY? 5
PREFACE The population is aging worldwide. According to data from World Population Prospects: the 2017 Revision, the number of older people, those aged 60 years or over, is expected to double by 2050 and to more than triple by 2100, rising from 962 million globally in 2017 to 2.1 billion in 2050 and 3.1 billion in 2100. Globally, population aged 60 or over is growing faster than all younger age groups. Due to their unique situations, it is difficult for arhitects to design adequate spaces for this population. This books proposes a distinct way of considering and designing this population’s needs.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK QUALITY OF LIFE 13 NEUROSCIENCE AND ARCHITECTURE 14 2 HYPOTHESES NEURODEGENERATION IN ELDERS 19 ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS 20 3 CONTEXT PUERTO RICO 28 GUAYNABO 30 4 PROJECT SCOPE FINAL SOLUTION 34 5 PRECEDENT ANALYSIS ARMED FORCES RETIREMENT HOME 38 TORRE SÉNIOR 40 6 PROPOSAL REFERENCES 56
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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
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QUALITY OF LIFE Winston Churchill once said, “We shape our buildings; thereafter they shape us”. The built environment forms the way we behave and carry ourselves. The design of structures has been proven to affect our well-being, as well as have long-term implications for quality of life. In the health aspect, the term can be defined as a multidimensional concept that includes physical, mental, and social well-being. Overall, it is a subjective term and has been studied in many different fields. The physical, mental and social aspects of a person’s life are influenced by factors that are studied in environmental psychology. This branch of psychology examines the interrelationship between natural or man-made environments and human behavior. The environment influences us in such a way that it can restore us, help us process information, and affects the way we behave. As being a part of nature, humans love to look at life. Harvard biologist Edward Wilson presented the “biophilia hypothesis” where he essentially states that there is an innate bond between humans and all other living things. Biophilic design, the approach to building design inspired in the biophilia hypothesis, ensures to create new projects that recognize and meet the human need to observe and engage with nature. A study conducted by The National Human Activity Pattern Survey found that humanity spends approximately 90 percent of their time in the built environment, meaning that our lives are made and transformed there. Buildings affect our health in a physical and emotional way, as well as trigger our cognitions and social interactions. Therefore, cognitive neuroscience and perception plays an important role in architecture.
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NEURO-ARCHITECTURE The human brain is essentially oriented toward vision. The majority of our gray matter is devoted to creating a visual representation of the world and storing this information. Gray matter refers to brain tissue that is made up of cell bodies, and the filaments that extend from the cell bodies are known as white matter. The density of gray matter cells is determined by genes and environmental factors. This means that a person can have certain characteristics in their brains that has been passed on by a relative, as well as the ability to impact, either positively or negatively, their own brain cells. A study focused on memory conducted to London taxi drivers proved that the hippocampus, a region in our brain in charge of recollecting memory, may grow new neurons or hippocampal neurons may make more connections with one another. Growing neurons, or neurogenesis, means that your cognitive functions are enhanced thus being able to store a greater amount of information. Neurogenesis can occur non-consciously, but there is also memory related exercises that can facilitate this process.
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Neuroscience is defined as the study of the composition of nerves and the nervous tissue in relation to our behavior and learning. People have multiple subconscious tendencies and behaviors that govern their responses to built environments. Research in this area has proven that architecture affects our lives on an intrinsic level; buildings and cities affect our well-being to the point where it has been proven that cells in our brains automatically adapt to the geometry and arrangement of the spaces we inhabit. This is due to the hippocampus, the region in our brain that is responsible for consolidating long term memory, spatial navigation, and our emotions. Colin Ellard, who researches the psychological impact of design at the University of Waterloo in Canada, found that people will be strongly affected by the appearance of buildings; if a faรงade is complex and interesting, it affects people in a positive way. Nevertheless, if it is simple and monotonous it will affect people in a negative way, and most likely change our mood. Another study, done in England in 2008, found that the risk of circulatory disease is less distinct in people that occupy greener areas. Attention restoration theory, a field in environmental psychology, has proven that the natural environment is fundamental to our health. The term essentially states that our involuntary attention focuses on nature as a way to seek tranquility from our demanding lifestyle, supporting the biophilia hypothesis above mentioned. A functional design, in the neuro-architecture aspect, is one that is knowledgeable of the mindset a person has in the space, making whoever enters the environment feel at ease.
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HYPOTHESES
Source: Tenetflorida.com 18
NEURODEGENERATION IN ELDERS When designing a space, architects must take into account all demographics groups that will inhabit the proposal. The elderly community is one of the age groups where architects should be more careful for a number of reasons. Aging deteriorates the brain, specifically parts of the limbic system. This is essentially responsible for our emotions, behavior, motivation, long-term memories, and olfaction. Another age-related change in the brain is the appearance of white matter lesions, which essentially obstructs the brain in the process of storing new information. This leads to certain challenges elders have to face such as those with dementia who may struggle with disorientation in new environments. Wayfinding, which refers to the abilities necessary to reach destinations, is one of the characteristics that contributes to the quality of life of people who struggle with memory disorders. Living and care facilities for the elderly that are designed to simplify spatial orientation and wayfinding contributes to exercising the hippocampus region, therefore improving long term memory and emotional health. Other challenges may include loss of vision, poor balance, memory loss, fatigue, and/or loneliness. This can be reduced by designing a simple, symmetric, and balanced place that contains the necessary amount of light. Sensory stimulation is a problem for the elderly as well, since the sensorial part of the brain is included in the limbic system, thus deteriorating with age. This stimulation is the use of one or more of the senses such as taste, smell, vision, hearing and touch. In recent times, Multi-Sensory Stimulation (MSS) has become a progressively popular approach to care and it is used in a large number of Dementia Care Centers. Charles Reynolds III, a professor of geriatric psychiatry, neurology, and neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh medical school, stated another way to improve the quality of life for seniors, which is through physical activity. This reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease and slows down the decline in cognition. In sum, architecture for the elderly and their community must consider all of the above points in order to help in the stimulation of their brain and, thus, improve their quality of life.
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ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS The reasons stated above lead to an architectural solution: a senior living facility that includes the necessary components to aid elders in their aging process, allowing elders to live within the community as well as gain access to a variety of programs to help keep them mentally, physically, and socially active. To have a successful facility, the architect has to design thinking about the neuroscience behind their project, and how this impacts a person positively or negatively. In the design, it is important to embrace therapeutic related programs that promote brain stimulation, even though each care alternative already counts with specific programs that differentiate them. Possibilities for senior care alternatives are vast and designed according to the private entity in charge, but they can be summed up to five options: active adult programs, independent living, assisted living, skilled nursing facilities, and continuing care retirement communities. Active adult programs are the only option in the alternatives mentioned which does not offer housing options. It provides seniors the opportunity to participate in activities, receive basic medical and therapy services, or participate in educational programs. These programs benefit those who don’t necessarily require constant care, but for whatever reason are not safe in their homes. Independent living facilities provide elders the opportunity to live in an apartment or condominium within a complex, that offers different type of social and recreational activities. Health care services or assistance with activities of daily living are offered only when needed. Assisted Living Facilities, on the other hand, combines housing, social interaction, and assistance on daily tasks. Common patients are those with memory disorder including Alzheimer’s, or they may need help with mobility or other challenges. Skilled Nursing Homes offer constant care by licensed health professionals, such as meals, activities, housekeeping and other services. Some facilities have only living headquarters and housekeeping, but many also provide personal care and medical services. Many facilities offer special programs for people with Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia. Continuing care retirement communities encompass all the alternatives mentioned above in a single campus. This can be designed as clusters of buildings or in a single building.
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INDEPENDENT LIVING Independent living, in this case, refers to independent senior housing inside a community, meaning elders own a typical living space in which they may also receive assistance with daily activities. The people who choose to live here are still independent and productive with freedom of choice. This living arrangement is usually limited to those people aged 60 and older. Independent senior living communities commonly provide apartments, but some also offer cottages, condominiums, and single-family homes. The emphasis is on having a safe, secure and convenient environment. These communities contain, aside from the apartments, dining and activity facilities. The dining facilities generally provide three meals a day. Laundry and housekeeping services should also be available. Additional amenities include day rooms/lounges, craft rooms, libraries and media rooms. Organized activities are usually offered such as exercise classes, group excursions or cultural events. Transportation to doctor’s appointments are provided as well. 21
ASSISTED LIVING Assisted living is a care service that provides a combination of housing, personal care services, and health care services designed to respond to the elder’s needs and daily activities. This service can be provided in freestanding communities, near or integrated with skilled nursing homes or hospitals, as components of continuing care retirement communities, or at independent housing complexes. This multi-faceted residential setting provides 24-hour supervision and it accommodates to the individual resident’s needs and preferences. Assisted living residents usually live in their own apartments or rooms and share common areas. The trait that distinguishes this type of living facility is the fact that residents, such as those who lives with memory loss or an adult with mobility problems, require custodial care. There is usually no special medical monitoring equipment that one would find in a nursing home, and their nursing staff may not be available at all hours. However, trained staff are usually on-site able to provide other needed services.
Activities of Daily Living 80% 70% 60% 50%
40% 30%
20% 10% 0% Bathing
Dressing
Toileting
Source: National Center for Assisted Living
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Transferring
Eating
Top Chronic Conditions of Residents
High Blood Pressure
Alzheimer's disease and other dementias
Heart Disease
Depression
Arthritis
Osteoporosis
Diabetes
COPD and allied conditions
Cancer Source: National Center for Assisted Living
NURSING HOMES A nursing home is a place for people who don’t need to be in a hospital but can’t be cared for at home. Skilled nursing care is a high level of medical care that must be provided by trained individuals, such as registered nurses (RNs) and physical, speech, and occupational therapists. The services offered can be necessary on either a short or long period of time, depending on the medical condition. Skilled nursing homes or skilled nursing facilities provide a wide range of health and personal care services. These services are focused on medical care with 24-hour supervision, three meals a day and assistance with everyday activities. Some nursing homes are designed to seem more like a hospital, yet some are set up to feel more like a home. Nurses’ stations are generally in each floor. These homes may also contain special care units for people with serious memory problems such as Alzheimer’s disease.
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DESIGN PROPOSAL The most complete, out of all of these options, is the continuing care retirement community (CCRC). These communities are a combination of independent housing, assisted living and skilled nursing homes. In these facilities, the resident moves within levels of care, depending on their needs. Assistance is available anytime and cares for patients whenever they require assistance. Available health amenities range from personal care to rehabilitation, hospice, or Alzheimer’s services. A benefit these establishments have is that they also provide a variety of different aids such as nursing, social work, dietician services, physician care, pharmacy and various therapies for residents. Other advantage is that CCRCs offer both the freedom of a private residence and the opportunity to socialize with others in common areas. These communities can range from clusters of houses to an apartment building. Advantages of living in a CCRC include supportive environments that promote interactions, as well as physical and intellectual engagements. Some of these communities include living arrangements for the resident’s family members as well as playgrounds for their grandchildren. All medical care needed is provided, giving residents and their families peace of mind. Most importantly, it grants elders quality of life by granting them the choice of independent living and the ability to socialize with other age groups.
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CONTEXT
PUERTO RICO The United States Federal Census Office estimated that by 2016 elders make 25% of the total population of Puerto Rico. The reduction in fertility levels, migration, and the increase in life expectancy are components that are associated with the aging of this demographic. This data requires the development of a plan that identifies and meets the needs that such population will face in the coming decades. Due to the fact that there has been an alarming increase in the old age population in the island, this project could have a positive impact. The Puerto Rican media has already noted this and has taken it upon themselves to spread the fact that urban centers should meet the needs of older people. Currently, about 40% of elders live alone in the community, according to a study by the Department of Health held in 2016. The numbers continue to progress after the event of Hurricane María, and according to the Procurator of the Elderly in Puerto Rico, for the next census, the population of people over 65 years are expected to rapidly increase. The local architect Edgardo González, president of Equinox Solutions Corp., mentions that the construction of housing aimed at the elderly in Puerto Rico has been increasing. However, there are many homes built several decades ago that do not meet the minimum federal specifications imposed by the American with Disabilities Act (ADA). An ongoing situation in the island is the fact that older generations will want to stay in the homes they’ve lived in for years, which is generally not adapted for the change in their physical needs. Due to this population’s ongoing difficulties, it is important to act on the current situation of elders in Puerto Rico. The president of the AARP chapter of the island, José Acarón, stressed that it is necessary to create community support mechanisms such as different types of homes, clinics, clubs, among others. However, it is important to emphasize that it must be in community, since in this way it is possible to provide better care and safety, thus resulting in improvements towards their health. This leads to creating in Puerto Rico senior care alternatives that will benefit elders and give reassurance to their families.
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Hospitals
Main roads
Comparative of People Aged 65 Years 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 By Concentration of Age
By Residence in Urban Areas Hormigueros
Mayagüez
By Level of Poverty
Guaynabo
Source: Demographic Profile of Elderly Population in Puerto Rico (2017)
CHOSEN MUNICIPALITIES After analyzing the Demographic Profile of Puerto Rico in 2017, the municipalities where the proposal is of greater advantage would be the following: Hormigueros, Mayagüez, and Guaynabo. Hormigueros would be the first choice due to the fact that this city contains the greatest concentration of people aged 60 years or more in relation to their total population. Moreover, the three municipalities contain a large portion of their elderly population residing in urban areas, which would benefit this type of project. Another reason for choosing these cities is because their old age population are in lower levels of poverty, meaning this design would not be far off from the financial situation of the residents. In finding a specific sector to potentially localize the project, the following criteria was used: it had to be in proximity to clinics and/or a hospital, it had to be near the main road, and it had to be in an accessible urban area. In Hormigueros, the site is located in the Guanajibo sector, where at least five clinics are nearby as well as PR-2. Though there are no hospitals in this area, the neighboring cities of Mayagüez and San Germán both contain major medical facilities which are less than a fifteen-minute drive to each one. In Mayagüez, the site is in the Sábalos district where it is diagonal to the Mayagüez Medical Center. The site can be seen clearly from the PR-2 and is situated in the urban part of the city. In Guaynabo, the site would be in the Pueblo district, near three clinics and a hospital. It’s in an urban part of the city and faces the expressway Rafael Martinez Nadal, one of the main roads of the area. Of the following municipalities, the most viable would be Guaynabo. 29
GUAYNABO Guaynabo is located in the northern region of Puerto Rico and, as of 2016, contains a total population of 89,307. The municipality is divided in 10 districts: Pueblo Viejo, Frailes, Pueblo of Guaynabo, Santa Rosa, Camarones, Guaraguao, Mamey, Rio, Hato Nuevo, Sonadora. The topography can be divided into three areas. The first covers its northern area and is formed by and humid lands that are concentrated in the Pueblo Viejo district. Towards the center of the municipality, in the Santa Rosa, Frailes and Camarones districts there is an average area in which heights are recorded no higher than 150 meters high. In this area several mogotes are observed. Finally, Guaynabo develops a mountainous area in its southern area in the neighborhoods Guaraguao, Hato Nuevo, Mamey, Río and Sonadora. The elevation of the terrain oscillates between 150 and 300 meters above sea level. The hydrography is composed of the Bayamón River, which serves as a border element with the municipality of Bayamón, and its tributaries: the Sonadora, Damiana, El Marqués and Santa Catalina. The Guaynabo River, the largest tributary of the Bayamón River, originates in the Mamey district and travels about 10 miles until it joins the Bayamón River. In turn, the Guaynabo River is nourished by the Camarones and Frailes streams. The climate in Guaynabo is hot, windy, and partly cloudy. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 71°F to 88°F and is rarely below 68°F or above 91°F. Guaynabo experiences significant seasonal variation in monthly rainfall. Rain falls throughout the year in Guaynabo with the most rain falling during September, with an average total accumulation of 4.3 inches. The least rain falls around March, with an average total accumulation of 1.2 inches. Retirement Homes
PUEBLO VIEJO
FRAILES
O BL
E PU
SANTA ROSA
CAMARONES
GUARAGUAO
RÍO
MAMEY
HATO NUEVO SONADORA
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Clinics
H Hospitals
The site chosen for this project is located in the Pueblo district, which is in the center of Guaynabo. It is near the Frailes Ravine as well as near the expressway Rafael MartĂnez Nadal. The decibels of this expressway were measured by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal High Administration as approximately 74 decibels. This means it can be classified between annoying and hazardous in a decibel scale, if the noise prolonged more than 8 hours. Fortunately, Noise Standards and Procedures states that Design Noise Level for residences, public meeting rooms, and recreation areas should be up to 70 decibels. U.S. Department of Transportation states that an increase or decrease over ambient level of up 5 decibels causes no impact, meaning that the noise level of the expressway would not affect the proposal. One of the main reasons for choosing to place this type of project in this location was due to the fact that, though there are already elderly housing options in Guaynabo, that area specifically does not contain any. It is ideal for this type of project because it contains several clinics and the Guaynabo Medical Mall. Another reason for choosing the Pueblo district is because of the different types of land use, ranging from entertainment, services, restaurants, retail, and residences. In 2014, the government of Puerto Rico issued a series of development projects for Guaynabo, consisting of housing for young adults and small families, a connector road easing traffic between PR-177 (Los Filtros Avenue) and PR-199 (Avenida Las Cumbres), and a town center containing: retail activity, offices, several condominiums, a hotel, and a convention center. Due to the current and future state of the Pueblo district of Guaynabo, the placement of a project of this type would synergize greatly. 31
PROJECT SCOPE
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FINAL SOLUTION The expected outcome of this project is to create a place where the old age demographic can experience a new way of living, by differentiating their care alternatives focusing on neuroscience and how this leads to quality of life. Also, to focus on caring for their physical and emotional health, as well ensuring their families that they will be taken care of. As for those who can be possible stakeholders, there can be found local hospitals, clinics, private and federal health insurance companies and the respective municipalities. The government of Puerto Rico has taken action in addressing the elderly community concern in 2017 by creating the Law to Promote Wellbeing and Improve the Quality of Life of Older Adults, where the governor mentions eight programs that were added in order to benefit this demographic, some of them being Support and Rehabilitation Centers for Older Adults (CARE) and Assisted Living facilities. In the architectural solution, those programs are already taken into consideration. A Continuing Care Retirement Community typically offers those programs already, in fact, the design can be flexible and additional program could be added.
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HEALTH
STRENGTH
WELFARE
QUALITY OF LIFE ACTIVITIES
HOUSING ENJOYMENT
Aside from a residence, this project aims to offer different types of services to elders aged 60 and older, as well as to their families. Areas will be divided according to age and specific disease, in order to provide a more pleasant stay for residents and visitors. Floors will contain communal areas where residents can socialize, as well as a clean design where whoever inhabits the space is not lost. The residents’ rooms will encompass the necessary elements that the individual needs, and will have space in case they need their family members by their side. Several types of therapy rooms will be available if necessary, ranging from physical therapy to psychotherapy. There will also be activity rooms dedicated to music, art, cooking, reading, and board games. Entertainment areas will be included as well, where residents could gather for special occasions or local artists could perform. Spaces for gardening will be available as well as gardens for residents to admire. These types of leisure activities will improve the resident and visitors’ mental health, thus improving their mood. The design of the project will be like a campus setting, with clusters of buildings separated by use and communal areas that will serve as connectors. Each building cluster will be designed taking into consideration the difficulty of wayfinding in older adults. This means single corridors will distribute the spaces indoors on one side and allow the user to look outdoors through large windows on the other side. This type of design will fulfill the biophilic design theory, giving the person the opportunity to ease themselves by looking at their surroundings. The local architect Ivan García, mentions that when preparing a home for an older adult, the design consists of contributing to their physical, emotional and mental well-being, which has a direct effect on the quality of life, which is the goal of this project. 35
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PRECEDENT ANALYSIS
ARMED FORCES RETIREMENT HOME This home belongs to the US Navy and was created in 1976 after being relocated from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Gulfport, Missisipi. The project contains 40 acres and is located in a waterfront land on the Mississippi Sound, where casinos, hotels, and scenic shorelines are found. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina destroyed the building, which reopened in October 2010 as a contemporary complex with 817,000 square feet. This project is a multi-tower complex with five levels of care designed to house 582 residents. This facility offers assisted 38
living, memory support and long-term care units. Three towers are dedicated to housing, designed as a double loaded floor plan. Communal areas are located between each building. The design of the project manipulates the terrain, containing several stairs and cores. It contains a common community area as well as a parking garage for 400 vehicles. Sustainable features of the design include increased natural lighting, indoor/outdoor integration, individual temperature control, high quality indoor air and an open floor plan.
The facility includes offices for administrative accounting, security, recreation, and facilities management. Amenities include a commercial kitchen that serves over 600 meals, three times a day, as well as recreational areas. A sevenday sustainability design has been incorporated into the facility in the event of a category five hurricane, and can provide continued HVAC, potable water, electricity, sewage treatment, and fire protection.
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TORRE SÉNIOR Torre Senior is an assisted living facility consisting of 60 bedrooms, each designed differently. It also contains areas for management and administrative services, staff facilities. Activity areas, dining and service areas are included as well as therapeutic programs. The terrain inspired the architects to design two structures perpendicular to each other, forming a “Tâ€? shape. The building contains three floors, two above the ground level and one below. In the longer structure (facing south) is where the communal, administrative, and 40
living headquarters are found. The project is more closed off in the northern elevation due to the closeness to the street, whereas the southern elevation is more open toward the view. In the entrance, the reception and communal areas are found. Towards the west facing part of the project contains the medical offices, nursing rooms, physiotherapy, gym, and indoor pool. The first floor is dedicated to living areas and hospital support areas. The living areas are composed of 10 studios and 8 suites, containing one bedroom and a living
rooms. The second floor contains 8 suites with storage rooms and technical areas. Vegetation surrounds the project, shading the lounging areas.
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PROPOSAL
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REFERENCES • Sisson, P. (2016, April 04). Aging Gracefully: How a New Architecture for Old Age Helps Everyone. Retrieved from https://www.curbed.com/2016/4/4/11360202/ aging-in-place-architecture-elderly-new-aging • Connolly, J. (2007, November 20). Continuing Care Retirement Communities Explained. Retrieved from https://www.agingcare.com/Articles/DefiningContinuing-Care-Retirement-Communities-104569.htm • ARCHITECTURE FOR WELL-BEING AND HEALTH. (2015, July 23). Retrieved from http://thedaylightsite. com/architecture-for-well-being-and-health/ • Quality Of Life. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www. merriam-webster.com/dictionary/quality of life • How Architecture Affects Our Quality of Life. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.newrepublicdesign.com/ quality-of-life/ • Bond, M. (2017, June 06). Future - The hidden ways that architecture affects how you feel. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170605-thepsychology-behind-your-citys-design • Different Types of Elder Care Communities. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.interimhealthcare.com/ education-center/consumer-health-care-education/ different-types-of-elder-care-communities/ • Continuing Care Retirement Communities: Growing Old-In Style. (2018, April 12). Retrieved from https:// www.sensiblefinancial.com/continuing-care-retirementcommunities/ • E. (2015, March 19). En deterioro salud de población mayor de 65 años. Retrieved from https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/nota/ endeteriorosaluddepoblacionmayorde65anos-2022033/
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• A. (2018, March 02). Miles de personas de edad avanzada viven en condiciones vulnerables. Retrieved from https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/nota/ • Rico, M. P. (2017, August 31). Gobernador presenta ocho programas para personas de edad avanzada. Retrieved from https://www.metro.pr/pr/ noticias/2017/08/31/gobernador-presenta-ochoprogramas-personas-edad-avanzada.html • Seniors’ Residence Nursery / a/LTA. (2013, December 27). Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/462021/ seniors-residence-nursery-a-lta • Alter, A. (2013, March 30). How Nature Resets Our Minds and Bodies. Retrieved from https://www. theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/03/how-natureresets-our-minds-and-bodies/274455/ • How Architecture Affects Your Brain: The Link Between Neuroscience and the Built Environment. (2017, July 25). Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/876465/ how-architecture-affects-your-brain-the-link-betweenneuroscience-and-the-built-environment • Dresden, D. (2017, December 07). Hippocampus: Function, size, and problems. Retrieved from https:// www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/313295.php
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