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DETAILS
OHANA COMMONS NICK SANDIFER
WSU LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE SPRING 2019 CAPSTONE PROJECT ADJUNCT FACULTY JENA JAUCHIUS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Dedicated to Connor and Kelly Sandifer: “A dedication in my capstone project isn’t enough to thank you guys for all of the support, confidence, and love you’ve given me over the last 4 years. Thanks for all the late night reassurances, Sounder commutes, and awesome parent weekends... You guys hardly stink at all.”
DETAILS
PROJECT INFORMATION
RESEARCH
DISABILITIES & LONELINESS
PROCESS
DESIGN PROCESS WORK
DESIGN
FINAL DESIGN WORK
DETAILS
FINAL DESIGN DETAILS
ANALYSIS
FINAL DESIGN ANALYSIS
PG.5 PROJECT INTRODUCTION
PG.6 PROJECT DETAILS
PG.8 SITE DETAILS
PG.11 STRATEGY
01 13 33 57 89 101 DETAILS
PG.14 DEMENTIA
PG.17 AUTISM (ASD)
PG.19 DOWN SYNDROME
PG.23 MOBILITY
PG.27 MENTAL HEALTH
PG.29 LONELINESS
RESEARCH
PG.35 SITE INVENTORIES
PG.41 SITE ANALYSIS
PG.45 PROJECT PRECIDENTS
PG.48 SITE DESIGN SCHEMATICS
PG.50 NAVIGATION CONCEPTS
PG.53 PROCESS SKETCHES
PROCESS
PG.59 MASTER PLAN
PG.71 FLEX SPACES
PG.77 DESIGN DIAGRAMS
DESIGN
PG.89 FLEX CORRIDORS
PG.92 DESIGN INTERVENTIONS
PG.98 DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS
DETAILS
PG.102 POTENTIAL OPPORTUNITIES PG.104 RESEARCH BIBLIOGRAPHY
PG.103 CONCLUSION & EVALUATION
ANALYSIS
OHANA COMMONS
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DETAILS
OHANA COMMONS PROJECT
INTRODUCTION This monograph documents the design process of Ohana Commons, a mixed-use community built for residents with disabilities and a destination for visitors from the surrounding Spokane area. Ohana Commons is an interpretation of the BUILDING OHANA project, a nonprofit organization aimed at creating an inclusive, multigenerational, residential development for individuals and families with disabilities. The process to create Ohana Commons took over 4 months and involved countless hours of research and numerous iterations of design work. The final design presented in this monograph is the culmination of this work, and serves as the capstone project for Nick Sandifer, a 4th year Landscape Architecture major from Washington State University.
PROJECT DETAILS PROGRAM
& PROJECT REQUIREMENTS The BUILDING OHANA team expressed a number of design criteria they wished to see met in the final designs for this capstone project. In addition to providing a meaningful home and community for the future residents of Ohana, the team requested: • The design to be inclusive and thoughtful in its design, as approximately 22% of residents will have some form of disability. • A mixture of housing, businesses, and other features to involve other communities surrounding Ohana. • To make Ohana Village and its residents the heart of the project. • To provide 8 acres of residential space, and include approximately 60 residences. • To create an intergenerational community, strengthening relationships and building a network of support and care in the process.
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DETAILS
SITE DETAILS LOCATION
& SURROUNDING FEATURES The site selected for the Ohana Commons project is a retired gravel quarry to the North of Spokane. The quarry, named the Old Corral gravel mine, was once owned by Spokane county, and was used to mine and process gravel from the mid 20th century until fairly recently. The quarry is located in a suburb of Spokane, surrounded by sprawling neighborhoods, apartments, and some commercial developments about a 1/4 mile away from the site. The nearest major road is Highway 395, and the abutting road of North Addison St is used primarily by the residential communities it connects to.
The eastern and northeastern boundaries of the site are buffered by a several-foot tall retaining wall, and the existing neighborhoods surrounding the site have asked to refrain from building permanent connections to their developments. There is little in the way of scenic views or vistas from the site, and the northwestern edges of the property contain excessive slopes. To reach any retail or dining options, a pedestrian must walk nearly a quarter mile and cross highway 395, making very little accessible within walking distance of the site.
COORDINATES: 47.7729, -117.386 WALKSCORE: 19
9
SPOKANE
1/2 MILE RADIUS
DETAILS
HIGHWAY 395
MEAD HIGH SCHOOL
OLD CORRAL GRAVEL MINE
1/4 MILE RADIUS
N ADDISON ST
N
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700’
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STRATEGY THE MISSION: To develop a mixed use community built around families and individuals with disabilities. The project will focus on urban/public design and will explore its potential to minimize the negative effects of loneliness.
THE GOALS: A successful project in keeping with this mission will result in a design that: • • •
Creates a navigable, friendly environment for residents with a range of disabilities. Creates a place that evokes a strong sense of community, for visitors and residents alike. Provides a space for meaningful connection and social interaction, to mitigate the impacts of loneliness.
ARCH
DEM ENTI DEAF A, ASD, D NESS OWN , MO S BILIT YNDRO ME, B Y, ST RESS & LO L NELI , DEP INDNES NESS S, RESS ION
RESE
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RESEARCH
DEMENTIA
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ASD
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DOWN SYNDROME
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INFO & DESIGN IMPACTS
INFO & DESIGN IMPACTS
INFO & DESIGN IMPACTS
MOBILITY
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MENTAL HEALTH
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LONELINESS
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INFO & DESIGN IMPACTS
INFO & DESIGN IMPACTS
INFO & DESIGN IMPACTS
DEMENTIA DEMENTIA & ALZHEIMER’S
ABOUT: Dementia is an umbrella term for conditions that severely inhibit or impair memory. When an individual’s cognitive decline hinders their capacity to function in everyday situations, the term dementia is commonly used to describe their condition. The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimer’s, accounting for approximately 60-80% of dementia cases. In most cases Alzheimer’s onsets later in life; and is often diagnosed after the age of 65. As such the greatest known risk factor for Alzheimer’s is advanced age (What is Alzheimer’s, n.d.). In addition to memory impairment, Alzheimer’s can also result in: • Decreased tolerance to intense stimuli. • Intellectual decline and difficulty following logical trains of thought. • Difficulty with spatial orientation. • Difficulty with communication. (Wolf, K., 2010).
DESIGN IMPACTS: The host of problematic symptoms experienced by individuals with dementia and Alzheimer’s mean that certain environments can seem challenging and frustrating. When designing for these conditions, spaces should: • Limit the amount of moderate to high levels of stimuli. • Select plantings with soft colors and subtle fragrances. • Avoid toxic and abrasive plants. • Incorporate easily identifiable landmarks for spatial awareness. • Limit/avoid dead ends, opting for looped pathways and navigation. • Limit areas that seem crowded and provide areas for seclusion. • Include well-lit pathways and provide ample handrails and seating (Wolf, K., 2010).
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DEMENTIA ALZHEIMER’S
AUTISM
“Early behavioral/educational interventions have been very successful in many children with ASD. In these interventions therapists use highly structured and intensive skill-oriented training sessions to help children develop social and language skills, such as applied behavioral analysis, which encourages positive behaviors and discourages negative ones. In addition, family counseling for the parents and siblings of children with ASD often helps families cope with the particular challenges of living with a child with ASD.� -AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER FACT SHEET
ASD AUTISM
SPECTRUM DISORDER ABOUT: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a very common condition, affecting approximately 1 in 68 children in the US (Autism Spectrum Disorder, n.d.). As the name implies, ASD exists on a spectrum, meaning that the intensity of symptoms can range from a minimal impact for some to intense debilitation for others. Those heavily affected with ASD often require constant supervision, and are greatly challenged without a caretaker. The condition causes difficulties in three areas of social aptitude, commonly referred to as the triad of impairments. These areas of difficulty include: • Challenges with social interaction— the ability for an individual to create or maintain social relationships. • Challenges with verbal and nonverbal communication. • Challenges with imagination and social play. (Khare, R., 2008) In addition to these three universal impairments, ASD can also result in impaired mental faculties, seizure disorder, hyperactivity, stimuli dysfunction, and anxiety and depression (Khare, R., 2008). Individuals with autism also have a higher risk of developing epilepsy—approximately 20-30 percent of autistic children develop epilepsy by adulthood.
DESIGN IMPACTS: Many places designed for and loved by the general population are not ideal for an autistic population. As such, several considerations should be taken into account when designing with autism in mind. A successful site for an autistic individual requires: • Minimal/no easy access to large bodies of water. Wandering is a serious concern for caretakers, where nearly 90% of the deaths that occur while wandering are attributed to drowning (of those age 14 and younger). • Surfaces and or public knowledge that help minimize the dangers of self-injurious behaviors; a common action of individuals affected by ASD. (Autism Facts and, n.d.) • Plantings with non-abrasive textures, and minimally stimulating characteristics. • Spaces for retreat from crowded public areas. • Easily identifiable landmarks for spatial awareness. • Open lines of site for caretakers. • Simple and intuitive wayfinding strategies to navigate.
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DOWN SYNDROME
“We still have battles to fight for inclusion, at too many classrooms around the country. And unemployment is still a huge hurdle for us [with down syndrome], but those grass-roots, family-driven organizations are hard at work collaborating, lobbying, and driving for improvement.� -KAREN GAFFNEY, AUTISTIC ATHLETE, TED
background gradient courtesy of freepik.com
DOWN SYNDROME JUST ONE
MORE CHROMOSOME ABOUT: Down syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by the addition of a 21st chromosome in some or all of an individual’s cells. The condition is relatively uncommon in the US, where approximately 1 in 700 babies born have the condition; however these numbers are expected to rise. The primary known cause of Down syndrome is the age of a mother during conception and pregnancy—suggesting that as the current trend of waiting longer to start families continues, the likelihood of conceiving a child with the condition will also increase. People with Down syndrome are individuals, and no two cases are identical. The spectrum of effects can range from minimal to significant, and commonly include intellectual and developmental problems—such as slower growth rates, distinct body features, and mental handicaps. While some people born with Down syndrome can lead long, healthy, and independent lives, others may encounter significant medical challenges (such as heart defects or other issues). Additionally, being born with Down syndrome greatly increases one’s likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s later in life. Some common symptoms related to Down syndrome include: o Heart defects o Immune disorders o Obesity and poor muscle tone o Seizures o Spinal problems o And other conditions (Down Syndrome, 2018)
DESIGN IMPACTS: While designing for individuals Down syndrome may not always require the same magnitude of specific design interventions required for ASD or Dementia, certain features can be included in a community to benefit individuals with the condition. Most notably, it is essential to remember that people with Down syndrome are individuals, and thus deserve connection and inclusion like anyone else. (Down Syndrome, 2018) • As such, programs, events, and community organizations can strongly benefit the ways in which people with Down syndrome are welcomed and incorporated into communities. Requiring businesses within Ohana Commons to engage in affirmative action is one way the project would greatly benefit disabled residents of Ohana. • Down syndrome and other conditions can be diagnosed together—they are not mutually exclusive conditions—meaning an individual with Down syndrome may also have ASD, Dementia, or other conditions. Therefore, designing for Down syndrome often benefits from meeting the same design criteria for ASD and dementia.
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DEAFNESS
HEARING IMPAIRMENT
ABOUT: Hearing impairment, like vision impairment, affects people to varying degrees of severity. For some, hearing impairment is mild and may have a relatively small impact on their lives. Others may have total or near total loss of hearing— which can have a significant impact on their way of life. In the United States, approximately 2-3 out of every 1000 children are born with significant hearing loss. Obtaining an education, engaging in social interaction, and other tasks can become more challenging for children affected by hearing impairment.
DESIGN IMPACTS: Some of the most important design requirements for a deaf individual are: • Visual wayfinding strategies/safe navigation solutions. • Community support/perception programs. • Locations that provide ample space and sight lines to hold conversations in sign language.(Cities, T.A., 2012)
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DEAFNESS
MOBILITY IMPAIRMENT
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MOBILITY
MOBILITY IMPAIRMENT
ABOUT: Mobility impairment is any condition in which certain extremities or portions of the body do not function properly; often times limiting an individual’s means of travel or interaction with their environment. In some cases an individual’s impairment may allow them to navigate relatively unassisted for short distances, but require them to use a wheelchair or mobility scooter for longer distances (Mobility Impairments, n.d.). Regardless of the extent of their disability, the environment around an individual with a mobility impairment has the opportunity to greatly assist their independence and wellbeing.
DESIGN IMPACTS: Some critical design requirements for individuals with mobility impairment include: • Adhering strictly to ADA requirements, and exceeding these requirements where possible. • Limiting the number of places that would be accessible to some people, and not accessible to others. • Minimizing manual doors or other systems that can prove challenging. • Providing ample sidewalk space and minimizing road-crossing distances.
BLINDNESS
VISION
IMPAIRMENT ABOUT: Blindness and vision impairment describe the restriction of vision in one or both eyes, and can range from mild sight impairment to complete blindness (total loss of vision). The four most common eye conditions that result in vision impairment are age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy (Blindness and Vision, n.d.). According to the CDC, blindness and extreme vision impairment can harm an individual’s ability to interact socially, obtain an education, engage in common daily activities (such as walking and navigating) and more.
DESIGN IMPACTS: Although some common methods of aiding the visually impaired are present in most developed areas (audible street crossings, tactile stirps), an ideal and comfortable location requires much more. Some design interventions may include: • Tactile and audible wayfinding strategies. • Easily navigable paths, streets, and common areas. • Minimal obstructions and extreme changes in grade (stairs, curbs, etc.). • Numerous, accessible options for shopping, dining, and interacting. • Community support/perception programs.
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BLINDNESS “Not only is the city good for the blind, but the city needs us. And I’m so sure of that, that I want to propose to you today that the blind be taken as the prototypical city dwellers when imagining new and wonderful cities. And not the people that are thought about after the mold has already been cast; it’s too late then. So if you design a city with the blind in mind, you’ll have a rich, walkable network of sidewalks, with a dense array of options and choices all available at the street level. If you design a city with the blind in mind, sidewalks will be predictable, and generous. The space between buildings will be well balanced between people and cars. In fact, cars: who needs them?” -CHRIS DOWNEY, ARCHITECT, TED
M E N TA L H E A LT H
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MENTAL HEALTH DEPRESSION & STRESS
ABOUT: Stress and depression can occur at any age, and can affect an individual simultaneously. Though possible at any age, these conditions occur more frequently later in life due to stresses associated with adulthood. Stress can manifest with physiological symptoms (i.e. weight loss, weight gain, loss of sleep, etc.) and can lead to depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, and other issues. For both conditions, studies have linked physical activity and exposure to nature (such as a park or other green space) with a perceived decrease in the effect of their conditions. According to the University of Washington, over 100 studies have linked stress reduction and relaxation to spending time in green spaces. In one study, a survey of depressed individuals who went for a walk outdoors found that 71% of individuals perceived a decrease in their feelings of depression. Similarly, an increase in social connection has also been found to alleviate the effects of depression. (Wolf, K., 2010)
DESIGN IMPACTS: Due to the strong supporting evidence linking green space, physical activity, and social connections to a decrease in stress and anxiety, the design requirements for these conditions are clear: • Provide ample green space in the form of parks, gardens, and urban plantings. • Provide access to social hubs within green spaces. • Create inviting opportunities for physical activity.
LONELINESS WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE LONELY?
Counter to popular public belief, loneliness isn’t the same as being alone. A person can be entirely content in their own company, and despise social situations wile surrounded by others. Likewise a celebrity with thousands of fans and numerous friends may also experience intense feelings of loneliness, despite the strong social atmosphere they find themselves in. Loneliness is subjective to the individual, meaning if you feel lonely you are lonely. (Kurzgestagt, Loneliness) What we call loneliness is our mind’s reaction to feelings of social pressure—an evolutionary trait developed by humans to avoid social exclusion by our peers. Thousands of years ago, a good understanding of our fellow tribe’s social vibes could mean life or death—if the alternative was social exclusion from the tribe and fending for ourselves. As such, our bodies evolved to experience “social pain,” a method of encouraging us to alter our behavior to better fit the group we’re in. (Kurzgestagt Loneliness, 2019) Why Study Loneliness? Loneliness is a widespread issue faced by everyone at some point in their lives, and the impacts it can have to our health and wellbeing are significant. Research shows that of middle aged adults surveyed about their experience with loneliness, 5-7% reported feeling persistent, intense loneliness, and 32% of individuals 55 or older reported that they feel lonely
almost constantly (Masi, C. M., 2011). Children as well can suffer from loneliness, where up to 12% of kindergartners and first graders surveyed reported feeling lonely while at school. (Masi, C.M., 2011). Although we live in the most connected time in human history, the rates of loneliness have continually grown (Kurzgestagt Loneliness, 2019). Some likely factors for this are the general aging of populations, as well as changing social values such as marriage and careers. Additionally, declining fertility rates may also contribute in the future to perceived levels of loneliness (Masi, C.M., 2011). Our experience of loneliness isn’t just an uncomfortable feeling, numerous studies have linked the perception of loneliness to declines in both mental and physical health. Aside from the obvious feelings of disconnection and social longing that come with loneliness, loneliness can be as damaging to our physical health as smoking (Day, F.R., 2018). As such, studies have shown that the amount of social interaction we have, as well as the quality of that social interaction can have a significant influence on our health—especially for elderly individuals (Day, F.R., 2018). One study revealed that adults who suffered severely from loneliness as children were more likely to be diagnosed with cardiovascular disease later in life (Masi, C.M., 2011).
LONELINESS DESIGN IMPACTS
Studies have shown that the cause of loneliness is approximately 50% environmental, and 50% genetic (Masi, C.M., 2001). While the most effective solution for reducing our perception of loneliness is targeted mental exercises and an awareness of our perception of loneliness, our environment also has the potential to impact our loneliness or lack thereof. A paper published by the GRATTAN Institute in Australia investigated the impacts of loneliness in urban settings, and created a list of potential design alternatives for cities to encourage social interaction. Their findings suggest several design interventions to create more social cities: • Promote Mixed-Use streets • Slow traffic in residential streets • Promote active street fronts • Provide public art and games and activities in parks • Bring activity to under-used spaces • Promote social community events for individuals to engage in
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RESEARCH CONCLUSION DESIGN
IMPLICATIONS? This research spans a number of different conditions, but by no means is a comprehensive summary of the conditions we hope to design for with the Ohana project. As each condition requires their own unique design interventions to create an ideal community, it is essential that the final design be as inclusive as possible--what might work for some disabilities may not work for others. In some situations, the needs of one community may even clash with those of another. Therefore the goal of the Ohana project is to design as universally as possible, supporting design decisions with the research and findings presented in this section.
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images courtesy of pinterest.com
ITIAL
ESS LYSIS , SITE SCHE SKET MAT CHES ICS, I N
PROC
DESITHE GN INVE NTO RY, A NA
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INVENTORIES
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ANALYSIS
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PRECEDENTS
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SITE SCHEMATICS
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NAVIGATION
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PROCESS
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PROCESS & FINDINGS
PROCESS & FINDINGS
DESIGN EXAMPLES
DESIGN PROCESS
CONCEPTS
SKETCHES
POSITIVE FEATURES SITE
INVENTORY The first stage of the design process involves understanding the site--its physical features, its relation to nearby sites, its relevance or importance, and in some cases its history and story. For Ohana Commons, the Old Corral Gravel Mine North of Spokane, Washington was the location selected for the project. In the case of this site, the features were best understood by dividing the inventory into three separate graphics--positive features, environmental features, and challenging features. The inventory to the right illustrates the positive features currently existing on the site. These features pose a potential benefit to the project, and were important to consider before beginning the next phases of design. These are features I hoped to encourage and bolster in the final design, or to draw from to strengthen the final product.
DENSE EXISTING FOREST
MEAD HIGH SCHOOL
NEARBY NEIGHBORHOOD
RELATIVELY FLAT LOCATIONS
EXISTING ROAD
EXISTING STRUCTURE
MAN-MADE LAKE
NEARBY RETAIL
35 PROCESS
ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES SITE
INVENTORY It is critical to consider the existing environmental features of a site before beginning the design process. Knowing what challenges or benefits the existing environment may pose to a design is essential. Unfortunately a gravel mine has fewer environmental features to consider than an undeveloped plot of land, and as such exists almost as a blank slate. For a gravel mine such as this, some of the most important features to consider are existing slopes and elevations (what is steep, where are the low points, etc.). Additionally, storm water runoff, sun exposure, potential shade, and other features are also critical to consider.
DENSE EXISTING FOREST
POTENTIAL STORMWATER RUNOFF
SUN EXPOSURE
EXISTING TREES
ELEVATION HIGH POINTS & LOW POINTS
MAN-MADE LAKE
EXISTING TREES
37 PROCESS
CHALLENGING FEATURES SITE
INVENTORY Similarly to positive features on a site, it is critical to document any potential hazards or problems seen on a property. These features pose a potential harm or barrier to the desired project. In the case of Ohana, many residents will likely have one or more conditions that are at odds with the existing site conditions. Some potential problems include the steep slopes of the surrounding hillsides, and the loud noises emitted by the gravel processing center to the northwest.
POTENTIAL SOURCE OF LOUD NOISE
EXTREME SLOPES
IMPOSSIBLE TO CONNECT TO NEIGHBORHOOD
NEGLECTED HOUSING
OPPRESSIVE SURROUNDING HILLS
TALL RETAINING WALL
UNSIGHTLY PARKING LOTS
39 PROCESS
SITE ANALYSIS RESPONDING TO INVENTORIES
Once site inventories are completed and the physical features of a site are documented, a site analysis will analyze the findings of the inventories to influence future design decisions. The site analysis does not derive answers to the issues found in the inventories, rather an analysis simply states what action should be taken in response to the inventories. Some of the most important conclusions from the analysis were that the steep slopes of the site need to be amended for the particular residents Ohana intends to design for, and that access onto the site may pose an issue, similarly because of the existing slopes. Additionally, hazards such as the water body to the east and the gravel processing center to the west are at odds with the requirements of Ohana’s future community. These existing features will need to be dealt with in the final design.
FILL LOCATIONS
SOUND BARRIER
CUT SOURCE
EROSION AND STORMWATER BARRIER
FILL LOCATIONS
41 PROCESS
TOPOGRAPHY ANALYSIS RESPONDING TO INVENTORIES
Ohana intends to create a community for individuals with a range of disabilities and conditions. As such, the grading of the development will be critical for the success of the project. The gravel mine has areas of extreme slopes, and areas of relatively flat elevations. Following the development of site inventories, a topography analysis was developed to explore how steep slopes could be mitigated, and where logical project boundaries should be placed. The resulting conclusion is illustrated in the image on the right. The warmer colored topography lines show areas of higher elevation (light orange being the highest) and cooler tones represent areas of lower elevation (teal being the lowest). The colored contour lines show only every 10 foot of contours. Other contour lines represent changes in elevation of 2 feet. The area shaded green is the proposed project boundary capable of being easily developed following ADA standards. This conclusion is simply an estimation, as a more detailed cut and fill analysis would be required prior to construction. This proposed area was designated by roughly estimating the potential for cutting from the existing hillsides to fill areas of low elevation. The resulting area suggests a relatively flat location for the design to build upon.
43 PROCESS
“FILLED WITH SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE” -ASPECT STUDIOS
image courtesy of ASPECT STUDIOS.com
PRECEDENT EXAMPLES THE GOODS LINE
ASPECT STUDIOS, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA “The opening of The Goods Line in Ultimo brings the vision of a more connected, sustainable and innovative Sydney one step closer to reality. The Goods Line, a NSW Government initiative and delivered by Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority (now Property NSW), is the key strategic link and an important green space for this burgeoning part of the city. It provides a connection through to the Devonshire Tunnel under Central Station and Chinatown and Darling Harbour, as well as tapping into the various cultural, educational, and media institutions such as UTS’s Frank Gehry designed Dr Chau Chak Wing Building, the ABC, and Sydney TAFE that border the park.” -ASPECT STUDIOS The Goods Line was selected as a precedent example because of ASPECT STUDIO’S description of being, “filled with social infrastructure.” Their claim may be justified--the abundance of spaces for play, relaxation, and social interaction are obvious. Additionally, the wide ADA acceptable pathways and clear lines of site meet many of the criteria necessary for Ohana’s unique community.
45 PROCESS
image courtesy of MIG|SVR.com
PRECEDENT EXAMPLES BELL STREET PARK
MIG|SVR, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON “Bell Street Park is a hybrid of park activities and street functions. It gives an outdoor living room to residents of Seattle’s densest neighborhood while allowing automobile, bus, bicycle and emergency vehicle access. A subtle topographic shift raises the roadway up to the sidewalk level to create a curbless and continuous surface. Street and park materials are woven into a wall-to-wall tapestry of shared space with meandering paving, planting and seating forming a unifying “circuitry” for the park. “ -MIG|SVR Bell Street Park was selected as a precedent example because of its innovative use of a woonerf to combat traffic issues in Seattle. The design prioritizes pedestrian and cycling access over cars, and was designed to increase safety, slow traffic, and create a more engaging streetscape. The benefits of slowing traffic and prioritizing pedestrians speaks to the needs of Ohana’s unique community. Many conditions and disabilities identified as potential residents of Ohana are prone to wandering, bolting, or erratic behavior. Creating a safer streetscape is essential to develop an ideal community for Ohana’s residents and visitors.
47 PROCESS
SITE DESIGN SCHEMATICS
EARLY CONCEPTS: It took many iterations of designs to arrive at the final site plan for Ohana Commons. Initial concepts looked at a grid-like system of roads and parks, but these concepts were later dropped in favor of a more organic, looped design. Other initial concepts considered placing Ohana Village at the center, or “heart� of the development. This concept was also revised to provide residents with a sense of separation and retreat from potential visitors. As such, the final design located Ohana Village in the northeastern corner of the development, away from the noises of the gravel processing center but still within easy walking distance of Ohana Commons.
GRID CONCEPT
1
FINAL CONCEPT: The final concept was chosen in favor of other concepts primarily because of the strong potential offered by using parks as a navigation system, welcome sign, and gathering space for Ohana Commons. Another feature of this concept is the gradual transition from public space, to semi private space, to private space.
LOOP CONCEPT 1
CULDESAC CONCEPT
2
3
LOOP CONCEPT 2
4
49 PROCESS
NAVIGATION CONCEPTS
Developing the site plan and navigation routes occurred simultaneously and were an iterative process. Designing for navigation involved identifying points of entrance into Ohana Commons, and how traffic would best circulate through the site. Numerous concepts were developed but the final concept involved a winding street layout with a circular flow of traffic. A middle street through the orange section was added to ease traffic as well as provide an avenue that could easily be sectioned off for fairs or festivals to be held on the site.
STREET NAVIGATION
51
PROCESS
PEDESTRIAN NAVIGATION
PROCESS SKETCHES
53 PROCESS
A critical part of the design process involves investigating potential design solutions through sketches and other visual media. While designing Ohana Commons, I used a combination of digital and print media to explore possible design interventions. These sketches show the processes I went through to arrive at the final design for some of Ohana Common’s details. Sketching and illustrating are one of the best ways to better understand a space, and explore how the ratios of size, plantings, and materials play a role in the success of a design.
55 PROCESS
S,
GN ERSP E DIAG CTIVES , SEC RAM TION S
AN, P
DESI
THE FINA L MAS TER P L
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MASTER PLAN
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SECTIONS
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FLEX SPACES
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DIAGRAMS
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DESIGN & MAP KEY
& PERSPECTIVE
DESIGN INFORMATION
DESIGN PROCESS
MASTER PLAN OHANA COMMONS
ABOUT: elcome to Ohana Commons! A retail center and social hub for the surrounding area, driven by the community and residents of Ohana Village. Ohana Commons strives to be a welcoming, inclusive destination for people of the Spokane area, as well as the diverse community of residents that call Ohana Village home. As visitors and residents arrive in Ohana Commons, their first view is of a lush green corridor surrounding the development’s largest park. This scenic entrance was designed to communicate that first and foremost Ohana is a community, and any visitors are welcomed to join--even if only for a short visit. As they enter, the 15 MPH winding streets guide them to the front of the “urban center� of Ohana Commons, where shopping, dining, and entertainment are easily found. Ohana Commons was built with the pedestrian in mind, so visitors are encouraged to leave their car and navigate the highly walkable environment freely.
W
Every detail of Ohana Commons was designed to provide space for the community to connect and interact--from unique public gathering spaces to more intimate, secluded settings. This diverse network of spaces means that there will always be somewhere desirable to spend time, and often visitors may encounter enticing community events to take part in while exploring Ohana Commons. So what are you waiting for? Grab some coffee, meet some friends, and welcome to the community of Ohana Commons.
50’ N
200’
OHANA VILLAGE
100’
59 DESIGN
MASTER PLAN OHANA COMMONS LEGEND
1
ADA ACCESSIBLE TRAIL
9
2
TURF PLAZA
10 FOUNTAIN PLAZA
3
URBAN PARK
11
4
OHANA VILLAGE GREEN CORRIDOR
12 NORTHEASTERN BIKE LOCKS
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SEATING GARDENS
13 PARK PLAZA
6
CENTRAL PLAZA
14 THE GREAT FIELD
7
SOUTHWESTERN BIKE LOCKS
15 NATURE PLAY PLAYGROUND
8
CLIMBING WALL
16 PARK PAVILION
OHANA CLOCK TOWER
OHANA WELCOME SIGN/SCULPTURE
1
50’ N
OHANA VILLAGE
200’
100’
4
3
2
5
9
6 15 10 8
7
13
14
16
12 11
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MASTER PLAN OHANA COMMONS LEGEND
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FLEX SPACE CORRIDORS
9
2
NATIVE FOREST/GREEN BELT
10 BIOSWALES
3
GREENWAYS
11
4
FIRE PIT & ROCK STACKING SCULPTURES
12 LOW INCOME HOUSING/APARTMENT
5
NATURE SEATING
13 APARTMENT SPORTS COURT
6
WAYFINDING BOARDS
14 ROUNDABOUT ENTRANCE
7
“WOONERF” CURVING STREETS
15 EMERGENCY EXIT ROUTE
8
LINEAR SEATING FEATURE
NATIVE PARK GREENBELTS
BIKE COMMUTING PATHS
15
50’ N
OHANA VILLAGE
200’
100’
2
4 3
5 1 1
6
1
1
1
9
1
7 1
1
12
8 1
10
13
11
14
63 DESIGN
WELCOME TO OHANA COMMONS
65 DESIGN
CORRIDOR SECTION
The building corridors of Ohana Commons provide an invigorating environment suited for relaxation and socializing. The dense abundance of plant life in the corridors serves not only to bring more nature to the urban landscape, but to provide an escape from some of the more active areas of Ohana Commons.
FOUNTAIN PLAZA SECTION 67 DESIGN
The fountain plaza is a flex space that can be outfitted for a variety of activities and gatherings. One day the plaza may be home to cafe tables surrounding the trickling fountain, the next could offer an assortment of local produce stands.
PARK PLAZA SECTION
69 DESIGN
The park plaza, with its colonnade of mature shade trees provides an ideal location for a variety of activities and social gatherings. This heart of the park will house outdoor games, exercise equipment, bike locks, and provide a platform for inviting community events.
FLEX SPACES WHAT
ARE THEY? ABOUT: Imagine if you could mix a Swiss Army tool with a park--the result would be a flex space! A flex space is a park or other location designed to serve an array of different functions, and they can be changed frequently and easily to outfit the needs of a community or individual. For example, one day a flex space may be home to outdoor ping pong tables and creative seating, while the next you may find an outdoor music festival in its place. Basically, a flex space is whatever you want it to be! And the opportunities they can bring are nearly limitless...
WHY IN OHANA COMMONS? Why bring flex spaces to Ohana Commons? The answer is simple, they provide one of the best opportunities to interact and connect with a community. Dealing with loneliness is not as simple as forcing people to interact--that’s not inherently what loneliness is. Loneliness is entirely personal, what makes one person feel lonely may fill another person with a sense of joy and connection (Kurzgestagt, Loneliness). The best solution to counter loneliness is to provide numerous welcoming events, activities, or opportunities for people to engage with, and create the option for individuals to interact with one another while doing so. This method creates opportunities for individuals to experience social interaction and connect with one another however they best see fit.
71 DESIGN
Image courtesy of ArchiTravel.com
The Goods Line, by ASPECT STUDIOS in Sydney Australia has features that can serve as Flex Spaces for users.
FLEX SPACES AN EVOLVING URBAN PARK
ABOUT: This smaller, urban park was designed to provide visitors and guests alike with an opportunity to escape outdoors while still in an urban setting. The park is located nearby several restaurants, cafes, and shops, and is across the street from one of Ohana Common’s two bus stops. At the head of the park is an ADA accessible trail that takes hikers up the hillside and further into nature. Along the perimeter of the park lies streets and parking that boast a 15 MPH limit, 11’ wide lanes, and tabled street crossings and intersections to improve pedestrian and traffic safety. The urban park can be outfitted in numerous ways to increase social interaction and provide new and exciting events for the community. What event will the park be hosting today? Yoga? Soccer? Painting lessons? The community decides!
DESIGN DETAILS: The urban park was designed to: • Provide a natural escape for users from the surrounding urban environment. • Create a friendly, welcoming space to create, play, and interact. • Provide opportunities for community involvement in activities, sports, or events. • Link the natural green belt into Ohana Commons, serving as a threshold for the trail. • Serve as a waypoint for navigation. • Serve as a pseudo-lawn for residential apartments in the surrounding buildings.
73 DESIGN
What will take place today in the urban park? A community yoga class, perhaps?
Or perhaps a concert and festival can take over the urban park for a weekend.
OHANA VILLAGE
How about a break from work, shopping, or whatever else you have going on to join in a quick soccer scrimmage with members of the community?
FLEX SPACES A CREATIVE TURF PLAZA
ABOUT: The turf plaza is an evolving and interactive escape from the surrounding urban environment. Encircled by cafes, shops, and restaurants, the turf plaza serves as a focal point and gathering space for Ohana Commons. The turf plaza is designed to be a hub for social interaction and activity--yet offers nearby escapes in the form of lush, green corridors if a visitor desires a quieter atmosphere. Why not grab a cup of coffee, and play a board game with some friends? Or better yet, invite someone new in the community!
DESIGN DETAILS: The turf plaza was designed to: • Provide guests and residents with a creative, fun space to interact and meet. • Serve as a unique waypoint for navigation. • Allow for numerous activities at once, or provide a space for community events. • • • • •
POTENTIAL USES: Small concert venue Creative, hangout space Yoga/exercise lawn Field game space And more...
75 DESIGN
An arrangement of oversized beanbags creates unique opportunities for interaction and play.
Raisable, vegetative awnings can be used to customize the amount of shade in the flex space.
OHANA VILLAGE
Fun, oversized umbrellas can be inserted into the turf field for hot, sunny days.
SIMPLE NAVIGATION PEDESTRIAN TRAVEL
Ohana Commons strives to make navigation and wayfinding as simple as possible. To do this, the design of Ohana Commons opted for relatively straight alleys between buildings to maintain strong lines of sight, and a circular park system to act as a safety net in the event that a resident or guest gets lost. Pedestrian navigation through Ohana may appear confusing from an aerial view, however buildings, streets, and landmarks were all placed to increase lines of sight and improve navigation. The building layout is reminiscent of some European cities--marked by corridors connected to open plazas. This
style of urban design creates a comfortable relationship between buildings, pathways, and streets (see design sections). However, should the pathways through the urban center of Ohana Commons become too confusing, and a visitor or resident gets lost, the circular park system navigates the perimeter of Ohana Commons and can be used as a safety line to return to a known point. If a resident prone to wandering or bolting understands that the park will always lead back to Ohana Village (a known route) then they will always have a safety net to return home.
50’ N
200’
100’
PRIMARY PEDESTRIAN NAVIGATION PARK SYSTEM NAVIGATION TABLED STREETS/CROSSINGS
OHANA VILLAGE
77 DESIGN
SIMPLE NAVIGATION IDENTIFIABLE LANDMARKS
Ohana Commons strives to make navigation and wayfinding as simple as possible. One of the best solutions for navigation?--easily identifiable landmarks. Certain conditions such as Alzheimer’s cause individuals to struggle with navigation without the presence of visible landmarks (Wolf, K.L, 2010). By creating an abundance of unique, easily identifiable landmarks throughout Ohana Commons, residents and visitors can navigate easily--with the assistance of traditional wayfinding methods.
This image shows the locations of some of the primary landmarks around Ohana Commons. They were designed to meet any of these criteria: • Unique and memorable design. • Tall vertical height. • Noticeable color usage. • Visible from a distance with clear lines of site. All of these features are listed on the master plan in this monograph.
50’ N
200’
100’
WAYFINDING LOCATIONS NON-BUILDING LANDMARKS MULTI-STORY BUILDING LANDMARKS
OHANA VILLAGE
79 DESIGN
SIMPLE NAVIGATION DESIGNED
FOR PEDESTRIANS Ohana Common’s street design may look unusual and confusing at first glance, however they were intentionally designed with pedestrian safety in mind. As such, every area accessible to the general public within Ohana Commons can be reached by crossing a single street or less. This decision was made with Ohana’s residents in mind; many of which have
conditions or disabilities that could impact their safety while crossing streets. In addition to limiting the number of street crossings required to navigate Ohana Commons, the street design itself was engineered to increase safety, reduce speeds, and ease pedestrian navigation around the site. See the next page for more information on street design.
50’ N
200’
100’
OHANA VILLAGE PEDESTRIAN TRAVEL
OHANA VILLAGE
81 DESIGN
SAFER STREETS DESIGNED
FOR PEDESTRIANS The final design intervention is the addition of “tabled streets and intersections.” These tabled streets raise the existing level of the road to curb level for short distances. This causes drivers to become more aware of their surroundings, while also acting as a speed bump. AdditionThe first intervention looked at the required widths for ally, tabling a street for crossings and intersections does low speed streets. According to the National Association not require individuals with handicaps to navigate elevaof City Transportation Officials, ideal urban streets re- tion changes while crossing a street. quire no more than 11’ widths. This smaller width reduces pedestrian crossing times, increases driver awareness, and doesn’t have a negative impact on traffic times. One of the primary goals for Ohana Commons was to create a development where cars and pedestrians coexist in harmony. This desire for safer streets led to three primary design interventions.
The second intervention adopted a street design known as a “woonerf,” a German term for a subtely winding street designed to slow traffic speeds and increase driver awareness. These woonerfs are shared streets where pedestrians, cars, and cyclists all share the same space-perhaps surprisingly to the benefit and safety of all. The concept works from the idea that if a street isn’t straight, the driver is required to pay greater attention to driving, thus improving safety.
OHANA VILLAGE
50’ N
200’
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STREET AND PARKING LOCATIONS PROPOSED TABLED STREET LOCATIONS
OHANA VILLAGE
83 DESIGN
ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS MITIGATING SITE CONDITIONS
Ohana Commons implemented several design interventions to mitigate existing environmental conditions. The most noticeable intervention being the reservation of nearly 11 acres of property for restoration in the form of a greenbelt planted with native species. This greenbelt will help stabilize the steep slopes on the northwestern portion of the property, reduce erosion. Additionally, this intervention will increase water infiltration and minimize stormwater runoff in this area of the design. Within the developed areas of Ohana Commons, several locations have also been designed to include bioswales--a common method of trapping and containing excess stormwater.
the opportunity to grow locally sourced produce on their rooftop gardens. Ohana Commons also uses tactical building heights and tree placement to minimize the loud sounds of the nearby gravel processing center. The loud noises generated by the center could potentially have a negative impact on the certain residents of Ohana with special needs.
Not illustrated in the master plan, Ohana Commons also calls for rooftop gardens and vegetative roofing systems. These systems have double the life expectancy of traditional roofing methods, and help trap, slow, and filter stormwater. Restaurants may also have
OHANA VILLAGE
TREES/BARRIERS
PROCESSING CENTER NOISE
50’ N
200’
100’
WAYFINDING LOCATIONS MULTI-STORY BUILDING LANDMARKS
OHANA VILLAGE
85 DESIGN
VIBRANT COMMUNITY PROGRAMING BUSINESSES
With the creation of Ohana Commons, it became necessary to program which businesses were where to inform other design decisions around the site. The goal was to include a variety of different retail, dining, entertainment, and commercial options for residents and visitors. A successfully programmed development would include anything a resident might need within walking
distance of their homes. This would increase the walkscore of homes in the community, thus increasing their financial value. According to Walkscore.com, every point of walkscore has the potential to raise a property’s value by up to $3,000 dollars. Not to mention, the less time spent in cars, the more time spent in the community.
RETAIL & COMMERCIAL USE
COMMERCIAL USE
MIXED INCOME TOWNHOMES
MIXED INCOME APARTMENTS
LOW INCOME APARTMENTS
LOW INCOME APARTMENTS OHANA VILLAGE
OHANA VILLAGE
50’ N
OHANA VILLAGE
200’
100’
RESTAURANTS & BARS
RETAIL
ART GALLERIES & ENTERTAINMENT
CAFES & BISTROS
GROCERY STORES & COMMUNITY BUILDINGS
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICES
87 DESIGN
ILS
DETA
FINA DESI L GN FLEX COR RIDO RS, D ESIG OTH ER FE N INTER ATUR VEN T IONS ES
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FLEX CORRIDORS
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INTERVENTIONS
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RECOMMENDATIONS
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DESIGN DESCRIPTION
DESIGN INTERVENTIONS
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS
FLEX CORRIDORS MAXIMIZING EVERY SPACE
ABOUT: Some residents and visitors may at times feel overwhelmed by the large, active flex spaces around Ohana Commons (yellow in image on the right). In fact many of the disabilities Ohana Commons is designed for require access to private space and low stimulation--heavily populated or loud areas can be a source of stress and anxiety. The solution? Transforming the corridors between buildings into secluded flex spaces that can serve as a retreat from the more populated social hubs of Ohana Commons. These flex corridors will offer private seating surrounded by dense vegetation, while still providing options for social interaction and connection, albeit on a smaller scale. By strategically placing trees and plants to act as a vegetative screen from heavily active areas, and using artificial white noise as both an audible wayfinding feature and
FLEX CORRIDORS
noise barrier, these corridors will act as a serene getaway from hyper stimulating areas. DESIGN DETAILS: The flex corridors were designed to: • Provide a natural escape for users from the surrounding social environments. • Create a welcoming, calming space to enjoy privately or with others. • Provide opportunities for community involvement in small activities, games, or events. • Enhance navigation and wayfinding for individuals with sight impairment. A combination of audible wayfinding features, and tactile pavers are used to achieve this. • Maintain direct lines of site between areas. • Provide easy access to shops.
FLEX SPACES
N 50’
200’
OHANA VILLAGE
100’
91 DESIGN
DESIGN INTERVENTIONS SEATING DETAILS
ABOUT: Seating options in the flex corridors should be more private, yet still offer opportunities for social interaction and connection. This bench and seating design show one potential option for encouraging interaction while still allowing for privacy. The circular design creates an island of vegetation that can partially shield users from view, or act as a gathering point friends.
93 DETAILS
DESIGN INTERVENTIONS FOUNTAIN PLAZA
ABOUT: The leading cause of death resulting from wandering or bolting for children with ASD is drowning. Of accidental deaths before the age of 14, nearly 90% are water related (autismspeaks.org). However, it is also common for children with ASD to have a fascination with water. As such, the client expressed that while water should be carefully monitored in Ohana Commons, it also has its place in the design. The solution was a flex space dedicated to a water and seating sculpture, where a bubbling fountain hides standing water under vegetation and river stones. The proposed sculpture speaks to the site’s history as a gravel mine, showing the transformation and healing the site has undergone to become Ohana Commons. A geometric boulder made of welded stainless and cor ten steel serves as a bubbling fountain, seemingly feeding the dense vegetation that surrounds it. Furthermore, the vegetation seems as if to overcome and surround the stark concrete ring in the center.
95 DETAILS
DESIGN INTERVENTIONS BIOSWALES & BIKE LANES
ABOUT: Ohana Commons strives to be environmentally conscience. The design includes several different methods for on-site stormwater management and mitigation. One such intervention is known as a bioswale. Bioswales trap, retain, and filter stormwater from impervious surfaces such as sidewalks and rooftops. Instead of pumping excess water through a drain and off site, bioswales capture stormwater and allow water tolerant plants to filter and clean the water. Water is then evapotranspired by the plants, or infiltrated into the soil. Any excess water during an extreme rain event can be removed through a “beehive drain.� A beehive drain limits how deep the water level can be, greatly reducing the risk of drowning or flooding. Many of the bioswales in Ohana Commons help separate pedestrian pathways from bike lanes. Ohana Commons hopes to encourage bike commuting to limit traffic and fossil-fuel-burning cars. More bikes and less cars means a greener, safer community for Ohana Commons.
97 DETAILS
OTHER DESIGN INTERVENTIONS DETAILS NOT SHOWN
ABOUT: While we would love to show all of the details thought out and proposed for Ohana Commons, the time frame of a studio project limits how much detail can be communicated. In addition to what has already been shown, Ohana Commons proposes some of these design solutions to benefit the community:
• • • • • • • • •
WAYFINDING: Audible white noise unique to certain areas of Ohana Commons. Required paint & color schemes for certain areas of Ohana Commons. Tactile pavers. Handrails with brail wayfinding information. Audible and tactile street crossings. Excessive wayfinding boards, maps, and help locations. Unique lighting & other design elements for certain areas of Ohana Commons. Unobstructed sight lines. Easily identifiable/iconic building design.
• • • •
• •
ENVIRONMENT: Vegetative roofs & rooftop gardens. Living walls and excessive vegetation in flex spaces. Solar panels on non-green roofs. Forested hillside reserved for native planting to increase stormwater infiltration and reduce erosion. Permeable pavement for parking spaces and nontabled streets. Ivy-vines encouraged to grow on some building facades.
•
• • • • •
•
DESIGN: Public game features such as ping pong, corn hole, etc. to create opportunities for social interaction. Public outdoor exercise equipment. A nature play playground that is entirely ADA accessible. A bouldering climbing wall with ADA features. A public pavilion for yoga and other gathering events. Elevated patio spaces for restaurants and businesses to create dynamic environments between buildings. Dedicated storage space for flex space equipment, toys, and features.
99 DETAILS
images courtesy of pinterest.com
LYSIS
ANA
POTE NTIA PROJ ECT A L OPPO RTUN NALY SIS & I T I ES CON , CLUS ION
PROJ THE ECT
POTENTIAL
102
PROJECT
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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OPPORTUNITIES
ANALYSIS
RESEARCH SOURCES
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ANALYSIS
POTENTIAL OPPORTUNITIES OVERVIEW & TAKEAWAYS
The design process behind Ohana Commons looked at a variety of issues related to the unique community of future residents, and sought out potential opportunities to creatively solve these issues. One of the first design challenges the project faced was the unusual topography of the existing site conditions. With a community of potentially disabled residents inhabiting Ohana, ADA accessibility is paramount to the success of the project. After analyzing the terrain, and proposing a boundary for ADA development, it became obvious that Ohana Commons should do more than the bare minimum required by ADA to improve accessibility and navigation on the site. As such, Ohana Commons looked at street design, crossing design, navigation strategies, and a variety of wayfinding concepts to make the development
as comfortable as possible for as many people as possible. This desire for total, easy accessibility resulted in tabled streets to improve safety and ease crossings for pedestrians. It resulted in smaller road widths and lower speed limits throughout the site. It resulted in obstruction free pathways through corridors and heavily trafficked areas of the site. These are only a few of the design strategies Ohana Commons implemented to design the most comfortable site possible. As for BUILDING OHANA’s future, many of these design strategies can be implemented in any project--not just for what has been proposed in Ohana Commons. Safer street design, pedestrian friendly navigation, social flex spaces--all of these can be implemented in any project BUILDING OHANA decides to build.
PROJECT ANALYSIS CONCLUSION & EVALUATION
Ohana Commons was the most time-intensive and largest-scale project of my academic career. The level of detail proposed in the master plan, and the research backing the designs took countless hours and numerous late night coffee runs. From the beginning of this capstone project, I had identified a desire to design urban landscapes, and create a mixed-use community for Ohana. This decision was largely driven by my desire to work in similar field of design after graduation--and was less so chosen because I felt it would be a good fit for Ohana. After nearly 4 months of working on the project, with the lens of what Ohana’s residents would most want and need, I feel that the urban landscape proposed in this design is a valid option for Ohana, and has the potential to provide many creative ideas and opportunities for the BUILDING OHANA project. Like any design or artwork, as a creator you always wish you could have more time to finish the last details, to prove better images and graphics, to nail down every last thought and concept for the project. Unfortunately, 4 months is nowhere near enough time to fully complete a project of this scale. As such, I suggest Ohana Commons be viewed as a work still in progress--a stepping stone for what could be an incredible design for the Ohana community. Even as I wrap up my final studio project, there are details I wish I could tweak--straighten the building corridors more, provide more parking, add a zipline... (some are more feasible than others). But for the BUILDING OHANA team, I sincerely hope that my Ohana Commons design has sparked some new thought, new concept, or given way to a creative alternative to enhance your existing designs for the Ohana community. Thank you for the opportunity to work on such an inspiring project. -Nick Sandifer WSU Landscape Architecture, C.O. 2019 “GO COUGS.”
103 ANALYSIS
BIBLIOGRAPHY WORKS
CITED & REFERENCES 1. Autism Facts and Figures. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.autismspeaks.org/autism-facts-and-figures 2. Autism Spectrum Disorder Fact Sheet. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/ Fact-Sheets/Autism-Spectrum-Disorder-Fact-Sheet 3. Blindness and Vision Impairment | Gateway to Health Communication | CDC. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/health communication/toolstemplates/entertainmented/tips/Blindness.html 4. Cities, T. A. (2012, March 29). Designing a City for the Deaf. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/03/ designing-a-city-for-the-deaf/255118/ 5. Day, F. R., Ong, K. K., & Perry, J. R. (2018). Elucidating the genetic basis of social interaction and isolation. Nature Communicai tons. doi:10.3897/bdj.4.e7720.figure2f 6. Down syndrome. (2018, March 08). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/symptoms- causes/syc-20355977 7. Halvorson, H. G., Ph.D. (2010, September 1). The Cure for Loneliness. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/ the-science-success/201010/the-cure-loneliness 8. Ink, S. (2015, July 24). Lane Width. Retrieved from https://nacto.org/publication/urban-street-design-guide/street-design-elements/ lane-width/ 9. Kelly, J. (2012). Social Cities. GRATTAN Institute. https://grattan.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/137_report_social_cities_ web.pdf 10. Khare, R., & Mullick, A. (2008). Figure 2f from: Irimia R, Gottschling M (2016) Taxonomic revision of Rochefortia Sw. (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales). Biodiversity Data Journal 4: E7720. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7720. “Building Comfortable and Liveable Environments for All” International Meeting, 66-75. doi:10.3897/bdj.4.e7720.figure2f 11. Kurzgestagt in a Nutshell. (2019, February 17). Loneliness. Retrieved April 19, 2019, from https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=n3Xv_g3g-mA 12. Masi, C. M., Chen, H.-Y., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011). A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Reduce Loneliness. Person ality and Social Psychology Review, 15(3), 219–266. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868310377394 13. Mobility Impairments. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.washington.edu/doit/mobility-impairments 14. What Are the Benefits of Sunlight? - healthline.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/benefits- sunlight 15. What Is Alzheimer’s? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-alzheimers 16. What Is Dementia? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia 17. Wolf, K. (2010). Mental Health & Function. Retrieved from http://depts.washington.edu/hhwb/Thm_Mental.html