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CONTENTS """y
V O~U M E
200.
,t .
PlU M .IO R
LAND MATTERS
5
113
LETTERS 115
RIPRAP
118
Detroit welcomes a happy trail an art installation bnngs winter cheer in Arkansas, one landscape that needs more bamboo, and news on upcoming mmpdifionx Edited by Linda Mcintyre
RESIDENTIAL DESIGN 1 24
Pacific Heights A Cali/ornia couple surrounded their
house in Maltbu with a landscape that shows offtheir spectacular vantage point on the ocean. By De re Ptln:r.i
lao Shoehorn Pm ks
URBAN PARKS
Squeezing innovative green spaces into crowded cities requires looking/or
land in unexpected places. B)' Peter H
k
WORK SPACES
142
Walkin a the Talk
'"
\'f>'hat 'iOme landscape architects arc doing to make theiro/fices more sustainahf<'. By Dal
_I Jost, ... Ii .....
FIRM FOCUS 154
Designjng Disney For the landscape architect., at \\'I'aft Dimey lmaginecrillg, the mdgic is ill the detdils. By Dal
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ON !HE COVER
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PU8L1SHING 166
Publish and Be Seen Landscape architecls are using books
In Los Angeles, a new park 011 a former oil field brings nalure into a park-starved neighborhood.
as marketing tools. By L ke Ooutla
.........
TECHNOLOGY
174
A Ceospali,J Approach To PDFs New types ofPDFrare alu)wing GIS data and mapx to be shared more easily 6y Jal
L. Sipe •• A......
SHARED WISDOM 1102
Drawn to Design Ace Tom', FASIA, sketches as a catalyst for ideas. By Jame. Ric rd ",11...,.
41LandsupeAr(hlteeture
Mitigating Past Inequities
IIll 20U
By Daniel Jost,
1118
DISPLAY
1120
AD INDEX
8UYER ' S GUIDE INDEX 1121
ASLA
82
Northala Fields Forever Northala FieMs, the largesl park 10 be bUilt in London/or a century, is an exemplar 0/ sustainable amstruction and deJlgn. By Tim Coulthard
94
PRODUCT PROFILES
OPINION
r;-34
In a Tough Job l'vla rkel, Reasons to Persevere [f your dream job isn't available, comider some alternatives. By Mid
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Fn'd"!' it'k B. Sicin el', FASt,\ , Chair Thnmas B. Ta v,'IIa , FASLA, Vice PI'ell idelll . COl/ll/llllliclItioll Br'iall Br·aa , ASI..A T. C arter C ra wfonl , ASLA David C utlt~ r ·, ASLA Barbara Faga , FASI....\ Mit' h ae! M . .J a nH's. ASLA Tod d D. John sllll , F/\ 5 LA Jot·dan Jon es, S tudt' llt ASw\ BimH"a E, Koe nig, AS I..A Frank Lewis , ASLA Naill'), S. M<·Lt·an, AS L,\ Seou O. Bet:st:, ./\ 51..1\ S tep h anie A. Boll ey, FASLA BOil aid B. Sawhill , ASLA Tal·a N. Saw)'t" I·, ASL/\ EDITORIAL :
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(krafts'man), n. 1. One who performs with skill and In the manual arts and crafts W,,"o
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OU CAN'T GO HOME AGA IN," wrote novelist Thomas
"Y
\'Volfe. Those words have cercainly rung crue for me. My homerown is Arlanta, and ' haven't voluntarily gone back fora single day anytime in the past quarter century.
Why did I turn my back on my homewwn? JUSt this: I hate the ÂŁ'\cr that it has earned the moniker "Sprawl City." I remember the Atlanta of the 1950s (yes, that far back) when urban developmemdidn't extend much beyond rhecity lim its. A fleer of electric buses plied the st~ts. AI! roads led downtown, and there was just one downtown. l 11en,sometime in the last decades of the century, Adanta went cancerous. Developers cut down the vase ookIhickory forem around rhe city to build subdivisions, shopping malls, even "edge cities," Adanta's defining fearurecame [Q be 10lane freeways packed with floods of single-occupancy vehicles. Sprawl is endemic to U.S.ciries,of course, wirh rhewonderful exceprion ofPordand,Oregon. Bur rhoseorherciriesaren't my hometown. Adanra is. So when I gOt an opportunity to visit Adama in March, my first impulse was to demur. I'm glad I changed my mind. Not that Atlanta isn't the sprawling monstrosity I thought it was, but near Atlanta's old hean is a despised and forgOÂŁten landscape that is in the process ofbeing reborn. The BeltLine, a continuous greenslXlCe and light-rail conidor to be built on an old railroad bed circling downtown (see "Ring ofGreen," umdiCdpeA rrhiraJllre, March), changed the way I envision Atlanta's future. My first glimpse of the BeltLine corridor came via Fred Yalouris, the Beld.ine's director ofdesign, who took our small cadre ofland-
scape architects for a hike along the derelict right-of-way. Convening the 22-mile defunct railroad bc-d into a vibrant trail and transit greenway could take decades and is JUSt in the early Stages, so it was no surprise that the segment we hiked still had the fet'! of inner"City abandonmen t. For me, it was strange to walk down that corridor in view of Atlanta's glittering skyline and Sl~ abandoned buildings like the old Sears store, above, where my fami ly shopped decades ago. Now, thanks to its adjacency to the BeltLine, it will be rehabbed as condos. One day, this nearly deserted rail bed will be a parklike landscape lined with apartment buildings and animated with light-rail cars, joggers, bikers, and Rollerbladers. The dearest places in our cities, I sometimes think, are those most in need ofhealing-afrer all, rhey are the places that offer the grearest possibilities for design, Students, rake note: EDAW is sponsoring an "Urban 50S" competition for ideas about turning around degraded urban environments (see UJ/(J/il.edaw.amPllnxlIIsru). J wonder if landscape architects' most viral role in rhis centu!)' will be to help our cities turn inward and build in a "Iivabledensity" that will reverse the flight to the suburbs. Reader, what opportunities for rebirth lie at rhe heart of your hometown?
~ , V\ ~~b1JY'-J. William "Bill" T hompson , FASLA Editor / bthompJOrJ@aila.()f"g
IU T 2001 Landscape Architetture
113
ADA Drinking Fountains
Fountains
Misting Stations
Showers
LETTERS Should Christo's Propose<! Canopy Over the Arkansas River Go Forward?
CAROL WARFIELD
tal extremists to derail this project is an irresponsible use of your editorial position. Personally, I do believe that Christo's project is long overdue and that resistance ro the project is generally uninformed. Lmdscape architects are in a unique IX>sition to inform publicopinions regarding public art. To promote a negative position seems counterintuitive and not in the best interest of the profession.
jerome, Michigan
ERIC CROrfY, ASLA
HANK YOU FOR DRAWING ATIEl\'T10N (b.nd Maners, April) to these ridiculous
T
projects of Christo and Jeanne-Claude. Do you remember their pink skins around is-
lands in Biscayne Bay? They were hideous decorations on nature. I say enough! Their
day has passed.
Englewood, Colorado OMPLETE WASTE of resources to make an art statement.
C
CHRIS MI LLER, AS LA A/cf/eI7l}'.
"
IlIhwi!
ISMISSING THIS as JUSt another
Dstunt would be co
Stop thousands of pt:'ople from experiencing some
public arr. For me, Christo and J eanne-Claude's work allows more curting-edge landscape projects co beaccepred by [he mainstream public. For landscape architects, [his is critical so [hat our work can concinue co evolve and visionary work can be
more accepted. I\.LA,RT!N BARRY, ASSOC IATE AS t A
Brooklyn, New York ET TI IE ART LIVE. It's only in place for
Ltwo weeks. In geological and evolution-
ary time it's nothing. For the landscape architecture community to promote the position that temporary installations of public art are environmentally insensitive damages the entire creative community. Christo's works do not get installed without review. They are subject to much scrutiny, ooth by his creative team and the pertinent jurisdictions. Sadly, in the United States, art is not considered a vital component of our national culture. An is often re.garded as unnecessary, an extrava,gance, much like goOO design in past decades. I, by no means, intend to imply thar irresponsible installations should be lauded, but thoughtful , carefully executed works need the support of rhe creative community. To rally environ men-
Christo and JeanneClaude's work allows more cutting-edge landscape projects to be accepted by the mainstream public. "
does neither. Stop the madness. GARY SCOTT, FASLA
Del Moinru". Iowa YCONCERNS WITI-I the Christo propos-
Mal: The wrap material is basically made from oil, so its production is nor benign. Aren't there better uses for oil, like medical technology? There will beon-sireenvironmemal impactS, such as creating holes in beautiful rocks for rhe anchors. \'{lho Ix:nefits other than a segment of the public who likes this type of an? The Arkansas River is already affeered way roo much by humansit's overused by rafting, bUildings in the riparian zone, agriculture, and so on. A mu<:h Ix:ner projeer would Ix: one that restores the riparian zone. If Christo would do that, I'd be OUt there helping him. There is !"l()(hing, IKIIMlIg more beautiful than a free-flowing river. Other than by environmental restoration , it cannot be made more beautiful.
HIS PROJECT IS A POSITIVE.
jURGEN A. HESS
T
I understand where Rags Over the Arkansas River (ROAR) is coming from with respea to the environment, but perhaps they don't understand the real benefits of highlighting that experience through art. If you're from that part of the country (I am), you haw this innate defense aoom the landscape because you think nobody else understands its beauty. Part of ROAR 's apprehension is probably due to the ir thinking that Christo sees the geography as a wasteland- a place where he would likely be allowed to "do" the art- as opposed to his having chosen that geography because it's so beautiful. ZAKERY D. STEELE, ASSOC IATE ASLA
Rrxht!lter, Nrw York
I
WAS IN AN EXPERIMENTAL film class in the mid-1970s where I saw the film Chr;SIO'S Valley CUrtam. That was cool and '"fresh." Although I did not visit TheGateJ in Central Park , it seemed to "work'" and create a positive reaction. This river deal
Hood Ril'et; Oregon HILE I ENJOY the vastness of Christo's work, through his use of artificial media he would seem to have less of an innate connection with the land {han other artists such as Andy Goldsworthy. ADAM E. ANDERSON Newport Beach. California
W
s AN ARTIST, a landscape designer, and
Aa lover of all things natural, the only value that I see in this project is the need for more discussions on the marriage between art and nature. My sense is that Christo and Jeanne-Claude need ro find a way ro focus on creative sustainability and not these massive projects thar end up costing them millions to implement. If they are such great artists could they not reinvent themselves as creators of something more beautiful and meaningful? DW IGIIT NYSEWANDER
/IIinneapolis MAY :001 Llndscape Artllihthre 115
LETTERS Rehab the National Mall? Pony Up the Bucks, Congress "S J-IJITING GROUND" (Land Matters,
March) should perhaps be titled "Shifting Priorities." The National Mall belongs to the people of the nation, as do the monuments and federal buildings that line the mall. I can understand how the mall n~-ds may not be funded through the stimulus package, given the other current national priorities, bur why doesn't Congress appropriate sufficient annual funds to maintain and rehabilitate the mall infrastmcture through the National Park ServICe? Afrer all, it is rhe Congn:"SS's front yard too, isn't it? Perhaps the DistrictofColumbiashould be authorized to charge user fees Of collen taxes from [he local hotels and restaurants that cater to the many om-of-towners who use the mall. Surely we as a nation can figure Out some way of maintaining our collective from yard. Otherwise, JUSt plow it and grow victory gardens; at least in that way the local folks could derive some benefit from a farmer's market on the mall. R. Gus DR UM, AFFIUATE ASI. A Hllntingfon. \I"t'.ft Virginia
More Rhetoric from "Joe the Landscape Architect"?No Thanks
I
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Nl iER LE1TER (February),]enni 111Ompson talks about drilling for oil in [he Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and says that landscape architects are more concerned about saving "another acre of pristine parkland" than they are about people who work in the energy, auto, and housing industries. For far tOO long we've been given the false choice between creating jobs and saving the environment. People are rejecting the propaganda of the last failed administration in Washington that denied g lobal warming, leased public lands to mining companies, lessened air and warerqualiry, and favored corporate profits over the environment. Although it is still early, the Obarna adm inistrarion seems to (,1.vor policies that will value the environment and create jobs that encourage sustainability. 111ese policies can only be a positive developmem for landscape architects.
L1nd untouched by man is rapidly dwindling. Even dlOUgh r may never physically go to the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, r am gratified thar it is there. r would like it to be there for future generations too. If we lose this piece of "pristi ne parkland," how long will it be before we justifY the denigration of Yosemite, Yellowstone, and the Grand C'll1yon? T he rhetoric of a ·'joe the Plumber·· has no place in our profession. \'{fe do not need a "Joe the Landscape An:l1itect. " Let us celebrate the new environmental awareness sw~ping the country and lead the way into a sustainable fmure. THOM A S BIRO, ASLA Hillsborough, NewJ ersey
Setting the Record Straight N ··PRAIRIE CROSSING" (February) no mention is made of the role of the unique pavement surfacing in tying Forr Vancouver to che Columbia R iver (up and over che Land Bridge). T he surfacing irselfis inaccurately desc ribed as a "locally sou rced, can-colored decomposed granice chac is permeable and narurallooking." While we agree wich tan-colored and narural looking, che surfacing thac is shown in five picrures in chearcicle is NaruralPAVE XL Resin Pavement. 'I11e surface is not decom(X>Sed gran ice nor is it permeable. NaruralPAVE XL Resin Pavement is an upgrade to hQ(mix asphalt in terms of pavement strength, and ic offers a nontoxic and solar-reflective sustainable alternative that is placed by asphalt paving mach inery in cont inuous joint-free paving applications for roads and streets and parking lots as well as accessible pedestrian surfaces such as you S~ on the land Bridge. T he designers at Jones & Jones color keyed the other elements on the Land Bridge to be complementary with the NaturalPAvEsurfacing. NaturalPAVE surfacing not only covers the Land Bridge itself but carries the theme from the Columbia River up and over the Lll1d Bridge all the way over to Fort Vancouver and throughout the inside of the fort. Both the Vancouver Lll1d Bridge and Fort Vancouver IXmions of the overall project are covered on aUf web site at wwu!.JsjKo.wm. BOB RANOOLPll Soil Siabilizafion ProdllCfJ COIIIPany fnc. Merced. California
I
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Blazing a New Trail In the Motor City Detroit P"ts its (iWI1 stamp 011 greenway design. HIS MONTH BRINGS some good, green
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news to a population- Detroitersthat can really use some. It comes in the form of the official opening of the Dequindre Cut, a pedestrian and bike trail connecting the riverfront with the historic and lX)pular Eastern Market. The trail nms along acity-owned abandoned railway line 25 feet below grade. Unused for a quarter century, the space
had grown wild both figuratively- walls along the tren ch were decorated with Aamboyant graffiti-and literally, as foxes, pheasants, and other urban wildlife sought refuge in the weedy subterranean Aora. N ow the spiffed-up pathway boasts a wide paved trail with separate lanes for walkers and cyclists as well as benches, lighting, and security cameras and phones. 11lt' graffiti, however, remains. It's bodl an iconicelement of the space and a reminder of its recent past, when spray-am impresarios were some of the only people brave enough [Q venture into what looked like a set for The World \VttlXilif Vi meets Blade Rllllller. T he Dctjuindre Cur is short, only a little over a mile long, but it brings a crucial connection between two much-visited
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WHERE IMAGINATION COMES TO LIFE Landscape Structures creates innovative playground equipment that sparks child ren's imaginat ions and encourages active play, From pe rsona lized des ign to custom-themed p laystructures, we offer environmenta lly preferable p roduct s tha t deve lop children's bod ies and minds. And when you see ch ildren p lay ing . you know a community is healthy and strong . To learn more about how Landscape Structures enhances children's lives while honoring the environment, visit playlsi.com/ ad/ Isi.
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RlP RAP attractions. It's also part of an ambitious plan fora new, less car-centric Detroit. T he Community Foundation for Southeastern Michig an (CFSm.I), a key player in the project, is spearheading a broader g reen-
POD CASI
ways ini t iative and working to secure funding and access for the second phase of the cut. The Motor City government also recently approved a nonmOforizro transportation plan that envis.'\ges400 miles of bike lanes. Might all of th is poli tically correct muJtimoclalism be seen asa fri ll when so many here have fallen on hard times? No, says
CFSEi\!"s Tom Woiwode. "It"s a defining opportunity for chese hard-hit communities, fostering a sense of pride and a way to see the future," he told LAM. The tmil has already generated so much attention and support that people gathered to watch the pavement being laid. \'\foiwode hopes other cities, looking for ways to invest and revitalize, are taking note.
The Star Seeds installation brightened up the University of Arkansas campus aU winter, evolving as the elements took their toll on the natural materials,
Winter Ephemerals A landscape architectllre prof finds illSpiratioll ill the Ozark winter.
I
N WINTER, the Old Main Lawn
atche University of Arkansas can be a little bleak l3urassismnt professor oflandscape architecture Carl
Smith saw a lost opportunity. H is soft, British -timed voice betrays him as a veteran of wet, g loomy seasons. "I was JUSt daydreaming," he says, "about what the campus could look like in winter, particularly at Christmas:' Last December,Smith , working with former student Stuart Fulbright and math department head Chaim GcxxIman-Stmuss, installed Star Sf£lir, agroupof five woven wood p.xIs adjacent to the principal walkway through the lawn. The tempomry installation could be v::lr-
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• iously imerpreted as a set of gargantuan seed p.xIs, stylized birds' nests, or wicker holiday ornaments. ·nlree large pods measured six feet high and 16 feet in length;
The 21st CentUlY Park & dle Contempo~'ary City HE FORUM FOR URBAN DESIGN in New York City will host two panels composed of leading figures from North
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America to discuss different visions for the 21st centu· ry urban park. On May 13 in the Museum of Modern Art, a panel on landscape architedure will feature George Har·
greaves, fASLA, James Corner, ASLA, and Michael Van Valken· burgh, FASLA. On May 14 three eivic leaders-John Campbell from Waterfront Toronto, David Karem from Louisville, Ken· tucky, and Ale. Garvin of Alex Garvin & Associates in New York City-will address questions about development strategy, implementation, finaneing, and why parks are so fundamental to their visions for the future city at the Century Association, 7 West 43rd Street, The events are free but RSVP is required; see _w.forumforurbandesign.org.
two smaller ones were constructed of long scrips of oak and poplar salvaged from local lumber yards. Inside each large pod were five or six smaller orbs made from river cane harvested by the three artists. The pods were lit from wichin at night. last wimer was a particularly wet one in Fayetteville. Smith couldn 't have been happier. "We knew that because of the surface area of the wood slats the pods would be quite visually interesting covered with frost , snow, and even ice," he says. And chey were. The ice scorm that crippled the midd le South in February turned the pods into glistening crystals. \"Xfidl all that seasonal abuse, the sculptures actually changed shape. "They have started to sag and bulge," Sm ith told us in February. "\'\fe like that chey are evolving and settl ing into place .. ' In March, Stdr SeedJ was dismantled to make way for spring . -
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"We wanllo know if lhey're inleresled in having a longterm relalionship. We want it to basically be • fmeyer. " wi th a preference for the genus
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BEAR NECESSITY
Bamboozled Zoo Seeks New Suppliers When invasiveness just isn't mONgh.
So when rhe National Zoo in Washingron, D.C., discovered chat it was having difficulty harvesting sufficienc fodder for its adorable and popular gianr pandas, it made sense to make an appeal to local
property owners. To fulfill rhe pandas'and other zoo animals'- need for 75,000
AMBCX) AND SHORTAGE are (wo words chac rarely go together. First inrro-
pounds of bamboo each year, zoo officials
duced to the United Scates in 1882 as a windbreak for Alabama woocco farmers,
{ions from local property owners, A story followed on Nacional Public Radio, and che results, like ehe spread of ehecrop, were overwhelming- more chan 250 responses, according to the zoo's senior nutritionisc, Mike Maslanka. 111e zoo's requirements were quite specific - Maslanka's charges have a refined palate,
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[he Asian supergrass has been spreading ever since. For many home owners, gardeners, and farmers, ie's a barely contained nuisance, threatening to overtake open space at a mee that thwarts mechanical and chemical eradication.
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had (0 be free from contaminants, Maslanka's task was to weed through the o ffe rs and winnow a list of pros(X"Ctive sites, "It was heartbreaking in a lot of cases to say we couldn't take it," Maslankacontinues, "but for the safety of the animals there really wasn't much choice," H e has made numerous site assessments, and the zoo isclose (0 a permanent arrangement with a handful of landowners. Maslanka wants to be certain that the effort is a true collaboration and that the providers are prepared to feed ehe zoo's v(}racious appeeiee in perpecuity, "\'V'e wane to know if they're interested in having a long-term relaeionship," he concludes. "\'V'e wane it co basically be forever," With bamboo, forever is rarely a problem. - JOSH UA GRAY
the announcement mentions only archileds, engineers, and artists, the group told unduape Architectute that they enthusiastically wel-
Competition Aims to Investigate come submissions from landscape architects as well. Landsupe architects seeking a different lnlraslruclw'e, Remake sort of challenge can check out a new kind PAMPH LE T of AR C HIT EC T U R E Tianarnnen Square The site is lH'omoting a web 2.0 landscape Designers encouraged to think big.
F THE RECENT TSUNAMI OF BAO NEWS has you thinking that we in this country need to do some things differently, here's an option for putting your ideas and design skills to work. This year's Pamphlet Architecture
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competition, Illrestigations i" I"frastructure, invites design students and professionals to propose new directions for transportation, energy, and agriculture on a continental scale. The deadline for submissions is July 1. For more information, visit www.papress.com/otherlpa...phietarchitedure/competitiOll.tpl. While
22 l landsup, Archltectllre
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competition sponsoteel by Gardenvisit.com.
design competition to explore new design solutions for China's historic and infamous TIanalWllen Square in Beijing. The competition is open to all. Submissions, in the form of two· or three-dimensioNI models, mono tages, or plans, hand or comlHlier drawn lor photographed in the case of modelsl, can be uplo.1ded to the competition's Flickr page at _ , flic/cr.com/groups/tianalltne''- squafe_t.ndscape_arelrHe«ufe_ competitio,,_20JOI. See additional details at www.gardenrisitcom/ histfHY_theory/Chil/ese_t.nduape_architectufe_co",petitiOll.
Winners will be announced in June 2010.
Whether it's a trellis, seating, planters or arbors, we've got aU the elements of style for your "natural habitats· All custom-crafted In premium woods or Greenwood'" (recycled), they're designed to be the centerpiece of an your slles. Whalever you envision: Configurations to Stimulate conversa tion or retreats for private reflecting, Sitecraft has your design. Be S(1re to ask for O(1r Garden Line catalog OTKE.R DESIGNS AVAILA8LE:
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A California couple sW'J'O unded their house in Malibu with a landscape that shows off uleir spectaCLciar vantage point on ule OCe311. By Debra Prinzing Photography by Jack Coyier
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I SO-dc.gree view of rhe Pacific , (here arc times when Frank and Helene Pierson prefer ro look up. These moments usuallyoccurar (\vilighr when the Spiral Garde n, which sirs in a seclud ed comer of their lI.falibu hillside, beckons. Seated on a bench plneed (here just for the purpose, rhe couple gazes at rhe niSlu 's celestial d isplay and observes a moonlit labyrinth formed by bl uesrone pa\'e~ embedded in rhe lawn. They inhale the sweet fra,graocc ofdouble-white angel's trumpets (Brugmumia x cal/dida) and perhaps even hear wi ld quails cooi ng in rhe hills. 24 I l.ndlup.Arehlhctur. lin n ot
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PLANT LIST
Pittosporum unduldlum
cheesewood
~ustralian
buckthorn
RIIsmarinus'Tuscan PERENNIALS
milweed
sage GROUND COVERS
'A",tos,taph1fos 'Emerald Carpet' I Manlanita
.ArctosuphJ/os 'Pacific Mist' I Manzanita .Batcharis piluldris 'Pigeon Point' 1Coyote brush .Ceanotbus 'Centennial' 1Ceanothus
Rosmarinus 'Huntington Carpet' I Rosemary
") like to sit here with a gCKXl., strong drink," Frank con fides. "Espec ially on a
moonlit night- it's just mag ic." T he Piersons' relationship with their mooest, triangular slice of parad ise wasn'r
always this charmed . T he mupJe purchased rhe midcemury ranch house, with 26 l landsup, Archltectllre IUV 200$
its floor- to-ceiling windows and uninterru pted sea vis tas, in 2004. At t ha t point, according to Frank , a film di recw r and O scar-w inning screenwriter (Dog Day AItem oo!l), it was hard to enjoy the view from the neg lected g rounds with an unstable brick patio and a crumbling hillside.
ear rocks ÂŁ~heferia
'Afterglow' Echemia
To help them rework the space, rhecoupie hired Pamela Palmer, ASLA, a landscape archirect wi th ARTECl IO, a firm based in Venice, California. In place of rhe brick pat io, Pal mer installed a grand, semicircular Pennsylvania blucstone terrace oriented toward the sea. nle design encompasses {he full leng th of the house and is level wi th its interior floors, nearly doubling dining and entertaining areas. Paved in a running bond pattern, rhe grayblue hues and wavy surmces of each 12-by20-inch rile emulate the ocean's color and rhythm . At the terrace's edge, a custom dmin catches water that once eroded the surrounding slopes. A marure coml tree (Er),lhril1d sp.) original (0 the sire was careful ly pruned to provide a leafy canopy above the seat ing areas and fire bowl. Below the terrace edge, a vibmnt ribbon of colorful succulents was planted . Helene selened many of rhe silvery-blue, FERNS
. PofIStidJ,." tmlniblm 1Wtsterw swotdftrl . W"d"ardia finbri.Jta Ciut ,bi"!n
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Slope. Ire pllnted with nltiYei, left, which pro,ide habitat for wildlife. liYl ble I rell Ire adjaeent to the house as see n in th e plan, belo" .
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wine, apricot-pink, and lime specimens dlat fill the crescent-shaped border, including agaves, aloes, kalancl-.oes, ech(-verias, crnssulas, sedU01S, and aeoniums. " 1 call this my jewel-box garden," she says. At th e weSt e nd of the ocean terrace, a bluestone gravel pathway wraps around an infinity lawn. Fmnk may have an office indoors, but some of his most inspiring narratives are cooceived while he sirs here. A curved, CorTen steel wall, which developed a ruSted finish when exposed to the elements, encloses the lawn. A raised edge serves as an imprompru bench---{l. favored ocean vantage point-from which t he eye is "led to the curve of rhe horizon," Frank observes. Coastal conditions of marine ai r, wind, and sun called for durable plants, including native California and Mediterranean varieties that tolerate drought. Diseased trees have been removed, replac(-d by native
Coastal conditions of marine air, wind, and sun called for durable plants.
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Pacific wax myrtle (/\IJr;ca
cdlijomica) and California buckthorn (RlwnlllllJ caliIomica) to form a privacy
screen. T he hillside has been restored with a carpet of wild lilac (CamO/hlls 'Centennial" and C. thyrsif/orlls var. griJeIlJ 'Y..1nkee Poine') and coymebrush (BacchdriJ pillllari1 'Pigeon Point,), native ground coveTS thac help control erosion. Exist ing lemonade berry shrubs (RhIlJ illtegrifolia) have been joined by several hybrid varieties of ruby-hued conebush (ulfwdmdrofl 'Safari Sunset' and L 'Red Gem') and silvery C1lifornia sagebrush (A rfCIllUiawlijomiw 'Montara), beautiful folillb't' planlS requiring little water. Helene tucked favorite edible planrs, including tomatoes, e5JXd iertd mngtri nes, and culinary herbs, into proteered pockets near rhe house. Fig, avocado, grapefruit, and walnut ttees thrive near the moon garden, where theyareshdtered from marine winds.
"The design was inspired by this amazing site, especially the horizon and the light." This landscape also feeds songbirds, bees, butterflies, and hum mi ngbi rds, thanks to rhe addi tion of plants that pro-
Sheds and Elegant H ideaways (ClarkJon PotterlPlIblishm, 2008). She publisher a design blog at www.shedsryle.com .
vide berries, seeds, and nectar s uch as
bright orange-red flowering milkweed (Asdepias Iflberosa ) and woolly grevillea (G revil/ea lanigera 'Coas tal Gem'). "We worked rocreate as much wildlife habitat as Ix>ssible," Palmer says.
\X'hen the couple sits on the terrace, their garden and its vistas give them a sense of calm. "Frank and Helene wanted an unbroken view of the ocean," Palmer explains. "T he design was inspired by this amazing site,
eSJX-cially the horiwn and the light."
Debra PmlZillg is a SOllthem Calijrmua-Msed gardell and design writer (/JlddlltlxirojSrylish The sculpture
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the terrace, opposite top, is by
family frierMI Krista Zinner. The Lower Triangle Garden, with a Charles Swanson fountain, oppI)site bottqm, leads to the Spiral Garden
beyond. Landscape architect Pamela Palmer,
Reprinted wi th permission from Metropolitan Home, March 2009. PROJECT CREDITS Clients: Frank and Helene Pierson. Landscape architects: ARTECHO
Architectu re and L-mdscape Architecture, Ven ice, California (Pamela Palmer, ASLA, Tavi Pemula, Associate ASLA, and Marisol Metcalfe, Affiliate ASLA). landscape cootrac路 tors: CRW Landscape, Malibu, California (Chris Wilson). Hardscape: Sunset Construction, T housand O aks, Ca!ifornia(Jim Purcell). Custom CGncrete wall: Ron Odell Custom Concrete, Woociland H ills, California. Ugtrting: Gannon Electric l ight, San Pedro, California (john G annon). Steel fabncation: Art Metal, Gardena, C'llifornia(Jim Grzesek). Woodwork: Frank Varnuska, Northridge, California. Landscape maintenance: G olden Scate Landscapes, Somis, California (Robert O lsen).
ASLA, joins frank and Helene Pierson at the Cor-
Ten steel seat waH, feft. Scented brugmansia hangs ower the Slice Bench and Earth WaH, be/ow. An edible border with artichokes is
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E YOU REG ULARLY TOLD thar your
A
city is "all built our" and has no room for new parks, even though there seem to be plency of new high-rises,
parking lots, and shopping malls? Is it perhaps time w smrf looking for new urban parkland in untraditional places?
That is exactly what's beginning ro happen in densely packed cities. Here are a few of the innoYou ions.
Squeezing innovative green spaces into crowded cities requjres looking for land in unexpected places. By Peter Harnik
Cemete,I â&#x20AC;˘â&#x20AC;˘
Before parks came into bei ng. cemeteries
public cemetery lands, both with and with-
were the principal manicured greenspaces
out graves[Ones, rh.1t could t heoretically help with the JXlfkland shomge. T1le most enthusiastic conservationistS tend to regard cemfteries as parkland, but rhar is nO{ necessarily the view of the general public. Is a cemetery a park ? A cem etery certai n ly qualifies as pervious ground and "breathing
for cities-most fumously lI.-foum Auburn CemNcry in Cambridge, Massachusetts,
and Greenwood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York As parks arose, rhe open areas of cemercries d im in ishcd in importance. Bur
nx:lay, some cities have hundreds of acres of
space," bur whether it does any more than (hat depends on the rules and regulations goveming (he fuciliry. l 11emoreonecan do rhere--walk a dog? cycle? picnic? throw a ball ? sit under a tree?- the more it's like a park. T he more restrictive, the less justifiable it seems to pretend it's a park. The ''Vas hingron , D.C., area has exrremes on either end of this spectrum. At Arlington National Cemetery, which is a vast spice almost as large as the emire park system of Arlington, vi rtual ly not hing is permitted OI:her than walking from grave to grave-togging and eating are prohibited, and there are almost no benches. Across town, at venerable (bur little-known) Congressional Cemftery, not onl y are picnicking and child play allowed but rhe mciliry is also a formal off-leash dog park. (Dog membersh ip is limi ted to a sustainable
The final resting plaCl! for 70,000 Atlantans, Historic Oakland Cemetery is also a n official park-the city's oldest, dating back to 1850. 30 I l.ndlupaArchlhctura
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"Incorporating the di5p/ay paffern5 pre5ented an effective and efficient way of improving water quality while at the mme time introducing a new, ottractive landmark feature to Abbey Pork. N
Councillor John Mugglestone lei<esler, U.K.
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Chicago's Campus Pari!. program puts school play area s to double use, allowing the community in after school honrs. eraeme Stewart Elementary School, below, was completed, here, in the summer of 2008.
number and COStS nearly $200 a year, with the funds used rosupporr the nonprofit organization whose mission is to operate , develop, maintain , preserve, and enhance the cemete,), grounds; use by humans is free and unrestricted.) Another famous cemere')', Oakwood , in Hartford, ConnecricU[, nor only allows residents to run, walk dogs, and ride bicycles, but also programs the space wirh jazz concerts and orher evems and even allows residents ro bring food and wine. Atlanta's hisroric Oakland Cemere,)" owned by rhe city's parks departmenr and run by a foundarion , is designed as a pleasure ground. It has benches, gardens, and a central building for events and pmgmms, and ir allows visitors to jog and stroll wirh rheir dogs. In Portland, Maine, 240-acre Evergreen Cemerery is much larger than rhe city's largesr "regular" park. Owned and maintained by rhe ciry's parks division, and com aining gardens, ponds , woods, and open lawns, Evergrr-en is used for hiking, walking, run ning, biking, birding, picnicking, cross-colUmy skii ng, and snowshoeing . Schoolyards
Schoolyards are large, flat, cem rally located open spaces with a mandate to serve the 32 l landsup, Architecture IUV 200$
recreational needs of schoolchildren . Great schoolyards- t he rare ones t ha t have healthy gmss, big trees, a p layground, and sports equipmem- srem a lot like parks. But they aren路t. For one thing they have fences and locks. For another, they are closed to the general public, not only from 8 :00 AM to 3:00 PM b ut even at times when school is out of session--early morning, late afternoon, evening , and weekends. Schoolyards are part -t ime open spaces with a limited constituency. But they have terrific potential to be more than
---
__
thar. Even less-than-great schoolyards, t hose that a re vi rtual wastelands of asphalt with few amenities, often represent sizable places in key locations {sre 'T oo Cool USt) for School," Ldl/dsCdpt Architectllre, August 2(08). Creating an urban schoolyard park is not impossible-it's been done in N ew York, Chicago, and a fewother places- but it's not as easy as it sounds. It requires real attention to derail , clarity of authority, and ongoing acceptance of responsibility. Most ofall it requires commitment to success, which is why it tends to come to fruit ion when b:>th rhe school system and the park system are under the control of the mayor. In Chicago, Mayor Richard M. Daley, Honorary ASLA, following a successful pilor program in 1996, announced an ambitious goal of converting 100 asphalt schoolyards into small parks. C'lHed the Campus Park Program, it involved playgrounds, baseba!l fields, basketba!l courts, tennis courts, and run ning tracks on a total of 150 acres. Phase r was completed in fOllr years at a cost of$43 million- $20 million each from the school system and the city, plus $3 million from the park district. (By 2008 the goal had been surpassed, and more
a
In Chicago, Mayor Daley announced an ambitious goal of converting 100 asphalt schoolyards into small parks.
---
schools have been added .) Design was handled by the park district and construction by the Public Buildings Commission, and the process was guided by way of meetings among park and school officials, principals, local school councils, and community organizations. O ngoing maintenance is handled largely by the school dis trict with asneeded assistance from the park district for larger properties and more park-deficient neighborhoods. In New York City, the Trust for Public Lmd (TPL), a nonprofit, has forged a fourway partnership wi th corporate donors, the Board of Education, and the Dqmnmentof Parks and Recreation not only to open up schoolyards bur also to work with the child ren to thorough ly redesign their play areas, adding natural elements and artwork. Ata minimum price tag of$4OO,OOOeach, the schoolyard parks are nor cheap, bur TPL projectS thar rhe program will increase the city's usable park space by nearly 300 acres. Rooftops
Are rooftop parks feasible ? If so, for what activities? How much weight can they sup-
port? How much do they cost? T hese are complex questions that require a good deal of research, I:xxh into the issue of "rooftops" and of "'parks.,. Some of the investigation is generic, but much of it needs to be highly specific, on a city-by-city basis. In, say, O klalloma Ciry, how many flat rooftops are there? \Vhat is the total combined acreage? How many are on public buildings, and what is that combined acreage? How many of them are large (i.e., an acre or more)? How many of those large ones are relatively uncl uttered with air-<:onditioning units and other paraphernalia? H ow many are accessible by the public? How much rooftop area is available in park-poor areas? And that doesn't even get to the issues of
What park facilities are appropriate on rooftops? Flower gardens, lawns, benches, and pathways?
struc tural strength, drainage, noise, ligh ting, and more. (Nme that lightweight "green roofs" are rarely usable as parks because most can't be walked on .) \Vhat park facilities are appropriate on rooftops? Flower gardens, lawns, benches, and pathways? Courts for basketball, tennis, and volleyball, surrounded by cages? Community h'lmlens? Playgrounds? Miniature golP None of this is impossible-there is a roofTop park at Riverbank State Park in New York City so large that it contains a IXXll, a skating rink, a theater, four tennis cou rts, four basketball courtS, a wading pool, a softball fi eld, a football field, four handball courts, a running track, two playgrounds, a weight room, a boat dock, and a restaurant. R iverbank is a 28-acre roof on a new sewage treatment plant alongside the Hudson River. At present the most successful rooftop parks are ones at ground level built over subsurface parking garages- p laces like Millennium Park in Chicago, H udlin Park in St. Louis, and Verba Buena G arden in San Francisco. N ew rooftop parks increasingly incorporate more ecological features.
The Gary Comer Youth Center in Chicago's South Shore neighborhood, by Hoell" $chaudt Landscape Architects, has a working flower and vegetable garden on the roof. Urba,,";:~:,fto~:p::.,.~:::~r,~ a huge untapped a, II park use.
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UIlAN PAUS For instance, Nashville, Tennessee's Public Square collects all its rain (or later use as pumped irrigation water. Using rooftops higher than street level is, thus far, much rarer. For one thing, keeping the plants alive is harder because of the extremecoooitions of wind, sunlight, soil thinness, and lack of trees. For another, there acc concerns aOOm stnlCtural strength and pocenrial water leakage. Finally, there are issues ofhuman access and semriry. Neverthek-ss, for extremely dense communities dmt are very short of parkland- places like Brooklyn, Chicago's near west side, and South Los Angeles- roofcop parks could make a big difference.
Moreover, by their vcry nature, community gardens aTe fairly lightly used, with only
Community Gardens
a handful of people---or fewer- in sight
Community g ardens are another vascly underappreciaced and underprovided resource for cities. Americans traveling in Europe are often scruck by the fact that small patches alongside railroad tracks and roads, and even odd ploes between buildings spaces that are almost invariably wasced in the Uniced Srates-are intensiwly cultivated for flowers, vegetables, and spices. In theory, community gardens could be a "growth sector" for the urban park movement in this country. They come in many different forms and types, but the two major classes are stand-alone gardens (often located in spaces where rowhouses have oc"en tom down)and gardens that are located in a corner of a larger city park. But it must also be admitted that community gardens, as semiprivatized space, are not a perfect fit as public parks. T he vegetables, fruits, and Rowers requi re some protection from theft and from inadvertent damage, and this entails fences and locks, which are often unsi g htly and unneighborly.
at any g iven moment. (A parcel that perhaps could use more eyes often has fewer than many others.)
34 l landsup,
Archltectllre IUV 200$
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On the ocher hand, with their planting , watering, weed pulling, and harvesting, gardeners are the ewryday visitors who can help make a space more inviting . Pl us, community gardens are excremely efficient users of space. An area chat could barely fit a single tennis murt might hold 90 garden plots; a soccer field might be replaced with 37 5 or more gardens. Reservoir Lands
Many cities have drinking water reservoirs that are used for parks. At Griggs Reservoir Park in Columbus, Ohio, or White Rock Lake Park in Dallas visitors can go right to the water·s edge and dip their toes in , if they wish, or even go Intting. (The water is clean but not yet ··finished·· for human consumption.) On the other hand, some reservoi rs that are surrounded by extremely attractive landscapes are nevertheless entirely off-limits to the public. To look at \Xfashington, D.C.·s McMillan Reservoir, now devoid of people and encircled by an unsig htly chain-l ink fence, one would never guess that it had been designed by the Olmsted firm as a pleasure ground, complete with handsome carriageways.
GREEN
UIlAN PAUS Obviously the protection of drinking wa~ rer for hundreds of dlOUsands of residents raises sensitive issues. In fact, for reservoirs that contain finished water, dw Environ~ mental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2006
established new rules calling for the installation of a physical COveT to prevent contam-
ination by airborne
Of
ground-borne sub-
stances and particles. Some people like the view of the opeo wu teraoo are dismayed by
rhe requirement, but the very fact ofa coveropens up the possibiliryfor gaining more parkland. Seanle, in particular, is moving aggressively co cover its reservoirs-it got Started more than adccade ahead of EPA. As Mayor G reg Nickels, Honorary ASLA, has pur it, "This is a rare opportunity to rum public works into public parks. Underground reservoirs will nor only Improve (he quality and security of our water supply, they will add co the quality of life in our neighborhoods." All in all, the city is set w add 76 acresof new parkland using reservoir decks-four acres in densely populated
36 l landsup, Archltectllre IUV 200$
C'Ipiwl Hill, 20 acres in Jefferson Park (including a running track, SfXlrts fields, picnic grounds, and a large, unprogrammed lawn), and a completely new park on wI' of Myrtle Reservoir. Covering it all will cost $161 million. Of course, dl(' EPA rule is an ·'unfunded mandate·' since there is no federal money w pay for compliance; in Seattle, the cost of decking IS funded via a rise in the water-use fees that all residents pay. Under EPA·s rule, cities have the option of covering their reservoir water with a variety of materials, from air-supported fabric w floa ting fXllypropylene, from a flat sur(,1.Ce of wood, steel, or concrete to a dome of aluminum. ObViously rhe soft materials are much cheape r- a to-acre rubberlike polypropylene mat costS about $500,000, while a concrete slab in Seattle COStS more
"We turned what could've been ahuge liability into an incredible asset for the community."
than $13 million. But the Seattle mayor·s office has done a smdy showing that the cost ofacquiring a similar amount ofodl('r parkland would cost about 85 percent of the concrete deck, and, as the city's deputy director of planning says, ·'There's no way we·d be able to buy properties like this, situated as they are on scenic overlc~)ks in densely buil t-out locations throughout the city." The concrete decks are coveR--ci with eigh t inches to two feet ofdirt and planted with g rass. They are principally used as open lawn areas, active sports fields, and game courts, interwoven wi th pathways. Trees are not planted because of the risk of penetrat ion of the deck by roots. In another approach, Sf. Louis long ago figured out how to protea its water yet rerain rhe beauty of a shimmering park fXlnd: For more than 1. 00 years Compton HI II Reservoir has been covered, but the top of the cover is shaped likea shallow bowl and IS filled with water- nondrinking waterto make fora beautiful park experience. Stormwater Channels
Forenvironmenral, financial, and legal reasons, urban swnnwater management is get-
ting much more attention. Gone are the days when flood-control engineers would prescribe the construction ofstmight, deep concrete channels, and stream after stream would be converted into sterile spillways. Cities dlat still have extensive natural wetland areas are carefully protecting them to contain and filter stormwater; many are now also creating new artificial swales and other storage areas to slow down and capture the sheets of water running offstreets and asphalt surt.1.Ces. New Yotk City boasts a "blue-belt" system under the jurisdiction of the city's DqmrtmentofEnvironmental Protection
mther than being funneled destructively into a nearby salmon-bearing stream. But the authority balked at the aesthetics of the standard, unadorned , chain-linksurrounded pit. Instead, it created an extensive 130-acre drainage system culminating in Pond Park with benches, a boulder-filled stream, a pond, a trail, stairs, a playground, and gardens. "\'{Ie turned what could've been a huge liability into an incredible asset for the communityin a place with a direct view of downtown Seattle," says Tom Phillips, project manager. Constructed by the Housing Authority, the park has been curned over to the Parks and Recreation Department for manag ement and maintenance. Closing Streets And Roads
(DEP). The blue belt, located largely but not entirely in less built-upStaten Island, consists of mapped wetlands that DEP acquires for stormwater management. T he blue bel ts are wned as open space and are protected from development, although the protection is not as stringent as for mapped parkland. Although the bluebelr lands are partially fenced (to help focus the points of ing ress and eg ress for both people and wildlife), they are fully open to the public. When the Seattle Housing Authority p lanned the transformation of the distressed H ig h Point public housing site into a new mixed-income community, it was required to include a system to contain stormwater running off the property. The water was to be released g radually
In every city there are hundredsof acres of roadway potentially available as park and recreational facilities. \'{Ihile parks make up about 20 percent of New York City's total area, streets make up about 30 percent. In Chicago, 26 percent of the land is devoted to streets com pared toonly 8 percent g iven to parks. Converting some street capacity for recreational activity is an underreali7.ed opporrunity. \'{Iresting space away from automobiles is never easy, but if any opportunities constitUte "lower-hanging fruit" they are the hundreds of miles of roads within city parks. Naturally, all large parks need some roadways, both for access to facilities and to allow motOrists to get from one side of the park to the other, but most city parks have a surfei t of auto corridors. '1l1e National Mall in Washington , D.C., formerly had four parallel drives running for about a mile between the U.S. Clpitol and the Washington Monument. Not only was the green mall thoroughly intersected every few yards by asphalt, but the drives themselves were permanently clogged with tourists (and government workers) l(X)king for parking spaces. In 1976 , JUSt in time for the national bicentennial celebrat ion, Assistant Interior
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UIlAN PAUS Secretary N athaniel Reed decided to aoolish the two central roods and replace them wi th pebble-covered walkways rem iniscent of those in Paris parks. T he aggregate amount of space-about four acres -was relatively small, but the impact on park usability, ambience, s.-uery, and air quality was monumental. Similarly, in Atlanta, following a raft of crime and nuisance issues that were negatively affecting Piedmont Park, the parks commissioner announced test
weekend rood closures. Despite protests, rhe results led to dramatic increases in other uses of the park such as running, walking,
they can be regreened, too. In \'qashington, D.C. , T homas Circle was sliced down almost to the diameter of the statue of General George H enry TIlOmas and his horse, with traffic consuming the entire area. In 2007, rhe National Park Service and rhe District of Columbia reinstitUted dle orig~ inal circle, including rx-"C!estrian walkways. Earlier, a similar project reunified two-and~ a-half~acre Logan Circle and helped igni te a renewal of its entire neighborhood. More difficult is closing and beamify~ ing sneets tha[ are not in parks. M any cities, including 8 0s[On; Santa Monica, California;and New Orleans, have mmed one of their key downtown sneets into a car~free zone, although in nearly al l cases the motivation is less for casual rec reation
Mayor (later Governor) Tom McCall , the old roadway was dug up and replaced by \'{faterfrom Park (later named after Mc~ Call). McCall Park has become the focal poim offestivals and many other activities in the city. Cities can also convert streets into what the Dutch call "woonerfs:' where pedesnians, bicyclists, and children are given priority over cars. \Xfhi le the concept has yet [0 fu lly establish itself in the United Sta tes, variants have surfaced. On \Xi"all Street in downtown Asheville, North Carolina, the ci ty installed brick pavers, bollards, benches, and lights so intertwined tha t they become an obstacle course that greatly reduces automobile speeds. Seattle is doing similar traffic calming in certain neighborhoods and is also adding numerous pervious ar~ eas and water-capturing fea~ tures to add ecological benefits to these ';street parks." Removing Parking
and cycling, and in 1983 the closures were made total and permanem. (P iedmom Park is today the most car-free major city park in the United States.) Other exam ples abound. San Francisco's long~time Sunday closure of two m iles of John F. Kennedy Drive in Golden Gate Park was extended in 2007 to SatUrdays as wel l. T h is program, which, according to the San Francisco BikeCoalition, results in one of dle only hard, flat , safe areas for children in the entire city, effectively adds abou t 12 acres of parkland without any ac~ quisition or construuion COSts. Park usage during car~free hours is about double that of when cars are around. It's not JUSt large parks-many small parks have been decimated by roads, and 3s l landsup, Archltectllre IUV 200$
Thomas Circle in Washington, D.C., one of the original circles laid out by Pierre L'Enfant in 1800, was gradually whittled away by traffic engineers. In 2007 it was restored to beauty (and pedestrian usel by the D.C. Department of Transportation and the National Park Se"ice.
and environmental purity than forexpensive shopping and dining . H owever, Port~ land, Oregon, is the site of a famous and extraordinarily successful "'road-to-park" conversion. It involved the 1974 elimination of six-lane H arbor Drive, an expressway along the \'{fillamerre R iver that had been rendered redundant by a new intersta te highway. M ost ci t ies would have happi ly kept highways along both sides of their ri ver, bu t under the leadership of
If it weren't fo r parked cars, there would be plenty of space for urban parkland. It's not pe0ple who take up all rhat much space-New York's small Bryam Park regularly hosts 1,000 persons at lunchtime on a nice day. It's rile cars thar either take up significant chunks of parkland (50 acres of parking lots in Chicago's Lincoln Park) or overwhelm the streets and curbs of tile surrounding neighborhood. In virrually every midwestern and southern downtown, there are few if any downtown parks, yet there are hundreds of acres of surface parking lots. Ir turns out that there is a relationship between gOCKi mass tmnsi t and good parks, and it appears that park advocates need to pay attention to transportation issues. For instance, eight of the 10 most heavily used parks in American ci ties have subway or light-mil access within a quarter mile, and all of them have bus service that comes even closer. T he best way to add parkland in the city is to reduce the size of, or close, parking areas within parks. After all, the land is free and is already ideally located. Naturally, tllere wi!! be a public outcry, so this action
must be undertaken with great care and subsmmial analytical backup. Is rhe parking lot (or roadside parking) heavily used, or does it rt'aC h full capacity only a couple of days a year? Is the problem more day of week or time of day? \'V'ould auto usership be brought down simply by instituting paid meters in certain locations or at certain times? \'V'ould a shuttle bus system compensate for less parking? Could arrangemems be made with existi ng parking lots around the edge of the park- whether office buildings, shopping ccmers, or churches? Many of these ques t ions were debated In 2003 In Pittsburg h when rhe Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy launched an efforr to bring back Schenley Park Plaza as the grand entrance to the city's flagship park- the role it had played from 1915 until it was paved over as a 278-car parking lor in 194 9. A study by rhe planning department identified a large number of available nearby parking spaces, and the city was also able to install 110 new meters in the vicinity. Ultimately only 80 spaces were lost and the city gained a beautiful new five -acre gathering place complete with wireless Jncernet, a one-acre lawn, food kiosks, a carousel, a flowe r garden, and regular programming. Another way to reduce parking is to expand mass transit to and through the park. \'V'hen Houston decided to construct a new trolley system, park advocates lobbied hard for a station in H ermann Park. (lr ended up getting two stations, one on either side; the Hermann Park Conservancy is now redesigning the park's internal miniature railroad so that it will serve not only as a fun ride for children but also as meaningful transportation through the park.) The next step is to redesign and shrink dle size of the massive parking lots within the park. 111e situation in Porrland路s Washington Park is the reverse-the park is 11(11 overwhelmed with parking areas, and the city wants to keep it that way. From May to September, rhe Portland Parks and Recreation Department collaborates with Porrland路s Tri-Met transit agency to run a shuttle from a nearby light-rail line to various stops within \'V'ashington Park. 'nle park, which con tains thecity路s famed Rose Garden, has only 85 parking spaces, and Portlanders reached consensus that no more spaces would be added.
Deployed for years in the rough Nordic climate. Kebony provides a beautifu l environmentally friendly modifie d wood solution for du rabilit y. Public boardwalks. piers. marinas. private te rraces and garden installatio ns benefit fro m t he extra quality inside Kebony wood. What is modified wood? Find out at www.kebony.us.com. Or senda mail to uLtrad urable@kebony.us.com. CIRCLE 10, ON RE.o.DER SERVCE C ~FU 00 GO TO HTTPlIINfO .HOTIMSCOIN.13400路 ,O,
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Arehit,ttur,
I 39
UIlAN PAUS A third strategy is to dig an under~ ground parking garage within the park and elim inate an equivalent number of surfuce spaces, as was done in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park in 2007. In addition to yielding more parkland, this expensive solution
has a second advantage. \'\fith the high cost of construcrion, a parking charge becomes inevitable, encouraging people to drive less by carpooling, walking, biking, or taking transit. Minneapolis took a different page om of the same book; there, without building anyth ing underground, the park and recreation board installed meters at rhe most heavily used lots (some of which happened to be located near other automobile attractors, such as the Uni-
versity of Minnesota). Ideally, parking rc'V{'nue should be used to subsidize the costs
and H ow to Get T here. 111is article is adap ted from a forthcoming
book, The Complete City Park System: How /Jlg It Sholdd /J e dlld How to Gel There,
other Opportunities
scheduled for publication by Island Press in Spring 2010.
ScIte_Ie, Plaza, left, the
historical entryway to Pittsburgh's Schenley Park, was a parking lot, right, for 60 years until it was restored as a horticuhural ;ewel, he re.
Architecture IUV 200$
Peter Hamik is dirat()/" of the Cel/ter for City Park Excel/meta! the Trfljt for Pllblic Land ill New York. He is the dflfhor of T he Excellent City Park System: What Makes It Great
of improved park transi t service.
T hese examples aren't the only ways of finding new lancl. Two other approaches I've written about in Landscape Architecfllre include decking over freeways (see "Nature O ver T raffic," Landscape Architecture, February 2(08) and building parks
40 I landsup,
on old landfills (see "From Dumps to Dest inations," Landscdpe Architectllre, December 2006). Even with these, [here are surely other possibili ties. What land is going begging in your community?
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AST FAll, JOANNE ADAIR, agraduate student at the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada, called 50 firms employing landscape architects in [he Greater Toronto area to see
L
What some landscape architects are doing to make their offices more sustainable. By Daniel Jost, AS LA
whol[ they were doing [Q "gret'll" their own
operations. "Only seven people would mlk to me," remembers Adair. "The rest of them said: '\Y./e're not green. l l lere's no use intervlewmg us.
H owever, many firms throughout North America are striving to make their workplaces more sustainable, and some are
even using their office's "greenness" to market themselves. Recently, Ld lldsCdjX ArchiTo draw aHention to the amount of paper con路 sumed by a landscape architecture office, Ah'be landcape Architeds deweloped an al1 installa路 tion, above, using three months' worth of waste paper. A film chronicling this installation won an ASLA award. Calvin R. Abe, FAstA, right, founder of Ah'be Landscape Architects, feeds shredded paper to the worms in the office's worm bin.
42 l landsup, Archltectllre IUV 200$
teetllre talked
[Q nearly 20 firms- from big multidisciplinary firms with many offices [Q small landscape architecture firms with only a few people. Collectively, they have enaned a variety of strategies to decrease the amount of resources they consume, reduce the amount of trash they generate, and move toward cleaner and more efficient energy consumption . \Y/e asked if any of the changes they've made have saved them money and what they would suggest as a simple first step for other firms looking to become more sustainable.
Reducing the Pile. of Paper
Paper waste provides the most visible reminderofan office路s environmental impact.
IOU SPACES
. ~
•
" tea" Utat can be used to fertili2e gar· dens, left. A spout on Ute side of the
In their ASLA award-winning documentary, So \Vhat? rhe staff of
Ah 'be Landscape Architects of Culver City, C"llifomia, created a series of art installa t ions using waste paper their office generated. At the end of six weeks, they had enoug h shredded paper (0 (reace a lOO-root-[ong line, 12 feet wide and 18 inches deep; after three months, they were able rocreace a fO!'estlike massing of shredded paper columns. "You see so much paper going out (he dour, it makes you sit back and gulp," says Diana Rae1 ofNarris Design, a landscape architecture and planning firm based in Denver. Over che years, many landscape architects have pondered the irony chat a profession rooted in plaming destroys so many crees. Addressing chis issue is often the first seep chac firms rake in rheir quest ro be more sustainable. \'Vhi !e none of [he finns contacced for chis srory have gocten anywhere close ro che much-prophesied paperless office, many are implementing scracegies to reduce cheir paper use, One of the easiesc places ro scan: is digitally archiving e-mails racher chan printing them out, unless there is some strong reason to do so. Most people under a certain age will consider chis preccy obvious advice, but there are still people out there who print all their e-mail out of habit. To combat this sort of ingrained thinking, some firms have adopted e-mai l signatures that read: "Please consider the environment before priming this e-mail." The number of drawing sets printed for 30,60, and 90 percent reviews could also be cut back, according to Connie Roy- Fisher, ASLA, rounder of Roy-Fisher Associates in Tequesta, Florida. Architects often send her an entire drawing set on large format paper, including plumbing fixtures and truss details that her firm doesn't need to review. " \'{Ie need to target those architects who do all that printing, So'\ve them money, and let them know that we would be happy to look at a set electronically," she says. "'f l have 44 l landsup, Archltectllre IUV 200$
J
Inside Ah'be's worm bin, the wonns convert paper, food scraps, and other biodegradable waste into a potent
bin, belolr, is used to erlract Ute tea.
"It doesn't smell and they don't make any noise. [The worms1 . are pretty qmet. ~,
the drawings digi tally from subs or primes, I only print what I need to mark up."' Printing on smaller sheets of paper is an(){her option. At Norris Design, employees are encouraged ro print review sets at half size, a paper-saving strategy that also saves money. "You can still read and review [the drawings} and d o the quali ty assurance needed," So'\ys Rael. "And it's a much handier size. It can be folded and put in an expandable folder rather than a box." T here are also digi tal redlining options. Amodesk Design Review is a program chat allows you to mark up drawings created in AutoCAD and other Aurodesk programs. 11le program is free on the company's web site, so it can be used by cliems and local governments that don't have their own CAD software. 11le makers ofMicruStation have a similar program called Bemley Redline,
which subscribers can discribuce ro (he entire design team at no excra cost. \'{fhile Vecror\'{forks does not currently offer Standalone redlining sofcware, ic has a redline tool wichin che program icself chac allows you {Dcreace and crack markups for intemal reviews. For working with dients, they encourage exporting che drawing as a PDF, which can be marked up in Adobe Acrobat, a fuirly ubiquitous program. "nla{ PDF can {hen be imported back into Vectorworks so you can make the necessary changes. Taking advancage of these existing programs and features could potentially So'\ve a loe of paper and cut priming costs. But redlining digitally has been slow to takeoff. ·'It's one thing to see it on a screen,"' says Linda Daley, ASLA, a managing principal at Ah'be. "You catch more when you see it printed in from of you." She So'\ys that her office will often make comments on consultants' drawin,gs digitally, but they prefer paper drawings for internal reviews. \'«hen landscapearchitecrs r{'(Hine, they often need to refer back and forth berween sheets to make sure the entire drawing set works together. 11lis is often faster to do on paper than it is on the compmer when you are working with large files and limited screen
space. Also,sketching out ideas is an important part of the redlining process, and many people are more comfortable sketching with a pen, penci l, or marker than a computer mouse or tablet.
-
cling paper and cardboard is actually easier than throwing it away. - Only print e-mails when you really need to, ''The big trash dumpster is a 200- Encourage consuHants and fellow collaooraton not to foot walk from the office, whereas send paper copies for ewery review, the rffyclers come on site to collect - Redline drawing sets at half size, it. "' Rieck says the service is fairly - T..,. out the latest in digital redlining technology, cheap, approximately $11.50 per Recycling and Composting month, and her firm now diverts Tips for Reducing Waste and Programs 90 percent of its garbage to about Resource Consumption It is likely that paper will continue recycling. - Use recycling programs where awailable. [0 be a part of the design process in 111e Philadelph ia office of Wal- If your community or office part does not offer lace Roberts & Todd (WRT) actualone form or another; however, recyrecycling serYices, see if there are other cheap or cling programs can lower the numly quantified its office waste more relatively ine.pensive options available to you. ber of trees needed to procluce new 111e office used a series of precisely. - Consider replacing trash cans at people's desks with trash and l"Cl)'clable weigh-ins rodepaper. To make these programs paper recycling receptacles and centralizing trash work, people need ro both rC<.),c1e termine its impact and encourage collection in a few areas. and buy products made from rtX.)'rti)'d ing, says Ruth Stafford, Asso- Recycle empty print cartridges. cled materials. In some regions, ciate ASLA. T hese efforts led roa 78 - Take advantage of programs that will refurbish or curbside rel),cling IS standard pracpercent decrease in the amount of recycle old computers, waste sent to landfills. tice, but many local governments - Consider composting coffee grounds and food scraps. Paper is nor rhe only material and office parks do not provide the - Buy recycled products whenever possible, service, leaving some landscape arthat design firms are rti)'Cling; they chitects to their own devices. also recycle glass, plastic, and alu"Billings [Montana} does not have a re- twO weeks," says Jolene Rieck, ASLA, the minum contall1ers. H igh-tech waste is cycling program, so our office pays ro have principal landscape architect for Peaks ro also being recycled. Many companies that a private recycling company come every Plains Design. At their small firm, recy- manufacture prim cart ridges include
T ips for Reducing Paper Use
SilhooeI1e Rec)'de Trash r~. Ske 30"". 3/l"high Per1ora!ed stalnless:i1etl or "n'Iin(Jm . C;Jst aiurnk100l ~ Rec'j1er 1, 2. or 3 compartrrlel1l&
SIlhouette Recycle Tras/1 Re;;eptacIe Modifleoj Sife:30' >36" ~ Per!<nll!oj stainless 5l8eI or alumlnOOl. Ca$lakJmrnom lOll I\eCydei' 3 <:OI'I1fIaIImenl$ OMS,
pbsl;,;, IraSh
I'>'.OC Reo;yo;Ief Modell 00Ia Sire 3(1". 3"1.- hIgI1 . 45 galior1s 2 or 31r.M oompa1_. SlOe door OIl"'1intl Mic!.riwIr1; _ .
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IUV 2001 L.ndstlpe Arehit,ttur,
I 45
Demonstrating green technologies at your own office can also help to educate clients about these options and convince them these technologies can be used successfully.
H
to a collecrion faciliry? Some of rhese things are hard to quantify due to wild Auctuarions in the cost of gas and the value of raw marerials. In addition to recycling, a surprising number of firms have implemented some level of composring in rheir offices. Norris Design, TBG Partners, and LPA composr their offices' coffee grounds. Ar Norris Design's Denver office, rhe coffee grounds are stored in an ice bucket, and every few days a firm member removes rhem to use in his .garden. There is no problem with undesirable odors, says Rael, and fruirs and vegetables fertilized with the coffee grounds often make their way back to the office. The Portland, Oregon, office of David Evans and Associates and the Philadelphia office of WRT reporred more extensive composring programs for food scraps. Initially, some employees at WRT objeaed to composting due to concerns abom odors and aesthetics. These problems were overcome by using biodegradable liners. Ah'be practices vermlcomposringfeeding food scraps and other biodegradable wasce to earthworms. The worms live in a black box locaced in cheir conference room. "rc's a nice conversation piece when you have c1iencs coming in ," says Daley. "You show chern your work, cell them about your worm bin ...... Some cliencs are grossed our in icially, but most are more curious chan anyrhing else, and visitors will ofcen ask to see inside che box. "rc doesn'c smell and they don't make any noise," nores Daley. "{llle worms} are pretry quiet."
use our fa ir share 01 paper, we ha ve implemented many of the changes and programs mentiOfled
Conserving Energy in the Office
in the article. Sitlple things like turning off our computers at night have been very effective.
\X1ith rhe wild variations in fuel prices and worriesabour global wanning, many firms are raking steps to lower rheir energy consumption and reduce theirClrbon footprim. A few companies have pursued rhe U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (liED) certification for rheir own offices. Sranrec, a mulridisciplinary firm with locarions across North America, has three offices that are LEED certified and rhree rhar are LEED registered. Another firm, LPA, conStructed a new LEED-cerrified headquarters in 2004. To cm down on the amounr of eleerric lighring necessary, there is extensivedaylighting throughom the office. TIl(' building has low-energy LED light-
1011 SPACES pouches that allow you to send your old caruidge back [Q them for recycling, and a few companies buy them back (though the returns are uSlJ..'Illy only cems on the dollar).
Charities such as Goodwill and the Salvk cion Army will accept old computers as long as they are in working condition, bur you may wane to wipe the hard drive clean before donating them. Dell and a number of other companies have programs to refur-
bish old computers and resell chern, and if they arc too old to be of use
(0
anybody,
some partS can be recycled. Whenever you purchase a new computer through Dell, you can dick a box [0 indicate you want [0
participate in its free recycling prugrnm. Some firms have actually made money through their recycling effortS. Last fall, LPA, a multidisciplinary firm in Southern California, partnered with its reprographics company, Pro Repro, to recycle its paper waste. Over a chree-monch period che companies raised $ 1,800 by recycling paper, which chey donaced to che Laguna Beach Boys and Girls Club. Bue most of the businesses we heard from were nO( earning anything through cheir programs. TI3G Parrners, a landscape
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architecture and planning firm with four offices in Texas, had hoped its recycling program might make enough money to expand its library; however, the firm did not produce enough recyc1ables to generace any revenue. Firms that expect their recycling programs to make money (or even pay for themselves) need to look closely at a number of variables. Will you be able to save money on crash pickup? How much wasce do you generace? How much will local recycling companies reimburse you for differenc cypes of recyclables? And how much will ic COSt to cranSIXlrr chose recyclables
A SLA's Office ERE AT THE American Society 01 landsca pe Architects ]UtA), our office has also attempted
to be more sustainable. Most notabq, our green roof has dropped our e ne rgy use." 10 per路 c ent in the winter and a liHIe in the summer, too. While we are not currently composting, and we
"It's s urprising how simple behavioral changes have a pretty good bang lor the buck," says NanC}'
Somenille, executiwe me president of ASIA. Through our efforts, we have become Energy
Star certified, meaning we consume 30 percent less energy than a typical office. Additionally, we a re doing something that none of the other companies mentioned. To furthe r decrease our commuting footprint and as a benefit to emplOYHs, the organization has ]H'ovided com]H'essed workweek and telecommuting options for some employees. Phones are set to dial employees' home phone or cell ]thone when someone tries to call them at the office when the, are telecommuting. Due to software licensing issues, telecommuting may be difficult to imp.ieme nt in many landscape architecture offices. However, s ome offices may find creative ways to !mike it possible. Like some of the firms in the article, we 've found that practicing what we preach has he lped us to be more ",ective in encourag ing others to consider sustainable technologies. "The gree n roof not only helped us red uce our loot]H'int, but it's been highly effective at encouraging others to reduce the ir energy use," says Somerville. "If we did not ha ve it the re, we could not be the effective advocate we are."
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ing, furnishings made with recycled materials, and low-flow faucets and fixtures. In addition to LEED, the federal government offers a program for recognizing energy-efficient buildings with an Energy Star. CTA Architectsand Engineers, a large multidisciplinary firm, earned an Energy Star for its new offices, located in a former warehouse in Billings, Montana, according to Eirik Heikes, ASLA, a landscape architect there. The Energy Star label considers more than JUSt the design intent; building owners must submit 12 months' worth of utility data to be eligible. LEED and other certifications for your building can be very expensive and may be out of reach for small firms. However, even if you can路t afford the certification, you can use the guidelines established by these programs [0 create greener, more energyefficient buildings. That路s what Joy Kuebler, ASLA, a landscape architect in \'{/("Stem New York, did for her new office, a working environment for about four people adjacent to her home. She designed a green roof for the scruccure and is also experimenting with permeable pavers chere. Her green roof was one of the first in che region and provided an opportunity to ceach people about the technology. Approximately $4,000 worth of materials and labor for che
roof were donated by Lichtenfels Nursery, a Pennsylvania company that was looking to encourage che technology and market itself in \'V'estem New York. In re turn, Kuebler arranged an open house through the local chapcers of ASLA and the American Institute of Archi tects, which provided continuing education credits toapproximately 65 architects and landscape architects interested in learning moreabouc green roof technology. Demonstrating green technologies at your own office can also help to educate clients about these options and convince chem these technologies can be used successfully. 4Sice Jncorporated, a mul tidisci plinary firm in Huntsville, Alabama, uses interpretive panels and tours of its '路green ,. office to encourage clients to implement "green" technologies in their projects. For firms that aren路t planning to move Into a swanky new office anytime soon, chere is sci ll a variety of ways you can decrease Yollc energy use within yourexiscing building. When your office is looking into new compucer equipmenc, plotters, and copy machines, purchasing products chac have che Energy Scar label can help co reduce your energy consumpcion. The Energy Scar web sice estimaces chat if every computer sold in the Uniced Scares met ics
requirements, that would prevent greenhouse gas emissions equal to theemissions from cwo million cars. Reevaluating the lighting in your office may be a more immediate way of providing savings. Many offices provide much more lighting than is actually necess.1.ry. An energy audi t at i\lSCW's Orlando, Florida, office determined chat they could save $1 ,200 per year by simply removing one fluorescent bulb from each of their three-bulb light fixtures (a savings of about $7 per bulb removed). ll1ere are also opportunities to save energy by using sensors in shared work areas so chat the lights will shutoff when the room is unoccupied and by replacing incandescent light bulbs with compact fluorescent lights (CFLs). Energy Star estimates chac if every American household replaced one standard light bulb with a CFl., char would collectively save $600 million in energy COStS and prevent the eqUivalent of more than 800,000 cars' greenhouse gas emissions. 111ac's because CFLs lise 75 peram less energy than standard light bulbs,
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T ips for Energy Conservation In the Office _ look to the LEED and Energy Star programs when building or renouting your office. - Work with a local utility company or chamber of commerce to perfonn an energy audit. - Buy computers, copiers, and plotters that have the Energy Star label. - Experiment with the lighting in your office to detennine if it's all really necessaryremove bulbs and see if you notice. - Replace incandescent bulbs with efLs, especially in utility areas. - Set your computer to go to sleep when you are not using it. - When you go home at night, tum off your computer's surge protector. - Unplug battery and cell phone chargers when they are not in use. - Install a programmable thennostat. - look into software to manage your network's power consumlJlion alK! detennine whether it makes sense for your company. - Consider options for buying energy from green sources.
MAY :001 Llndscape Artllihthre 147
IOU SPACES saving approximately $30 in energy costs owr each bulb's lifetime (which may be sev-
eral yean;). Even befoTe you take up t he issue of energy conservation with the rest of your offi ce, there are things you can do to reduce the energy your own computer consumes. Set your computer co go into sleep mode when it is not in use and turn it off at the surge protector when you leave for the day.
Encourao'tJ intJa cyclin tJo. also encourages employee health through physical activity.
on what individuals would have done without the program . Such a program may no t save much addi tional energy (or \Vhy make rhe effort? Because even when moncy) if employees are already performyour computer is shut down, it continues ing the same functions manually. to draw phantom power-energy use that Cuning down on the lise of heating and doesn'r actually provide any benefits. Bat- air-mnditioning is another option. Many tery and cell phone chargers also waste en- utilities suggest that to save energy you ergy this way. keep your thermostat ser to 68 degrees There are programs that can manage Fahrmheirduring the wimerand 78 degrees power consumption throughout your during the summer when air-conditioning computer network. LPA uses Verdiem's is on, though there is often disagreemenr Surveyor software, which automatically among staff members as to whether these shuts down its compmers at night(unless temperarures are actually comfonable. [nrhey are in use) and cenrralizes power set- stalling a programmable thermostat is a tings so that all computers are put {O sleep step everyone can agree on. A programmawhen they are inactive. T he software was ble thermostat can be set to automatically expensive---it COSt $6,750 {O pUt iton 210 turn down your heat and air-conditioning computers-but LPA expects {Osave near- at night when the building is nor in use. ly $12,000 per year in reduced energy bills Reducing energy will only gec you so fur; by using the proclucr. What the company ultimately we will need to find clean, C05twill actually save depends to some extenr effective sources of energy to power our homes and businesses. Norris Design looked into installing solar panels T ips for Reducing the on its office but has put this off for Environmental Impact the rime being. ''You get paid back Caused by Transportation over time, but the initial ouday- Consider what commuting options make sense in your region-is biking or taking mass transit feasible? - Consider providing amenities for employees who bike to work such as bike racks and showers. - Does your finn pay for employee parking in a nearby garage? Offer incentives to employus that encourage other forms of transportation to cut down on these expenses. - Consider using car-sharing programs for work trips if they are available in your area. - Offer the best parking spaces to people who carpool. - Coordinate with others in your office to lower the number of courier se"ice trips. - Experiment with teleconferencing to cut down on the number of necessary trips.
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$20,000 or something- wasn' t going to work , mainly because cash is scarce right now," says Rae!. "It would be a great idea if things picked back up and the market was humming along."' T here are other ways to buy renewable energy, though they tend to increase your electric bill. In some places, it is possible to reques t that your Ix>wer company provide a certain percentage of your electricity using renewable sources such as wind and solar. If your local power company does not provide this option, ir is also possible to purchase carbon offsets. Since 2005, David Evans and Associates has committed to green energy use through the purchase of carbon offsets sold by the Bonneville EnVIronmental Foundation, and this year they will offset! 00 percen t of their energy use. They pay the difference in COSt berween their current supplier and renewable energy sources, and that money IS used to subsidize the construction of renewable power plants. Since the foundation is a nonprofit environmental organization, the COSt of rhe carbon offsers is taX deductible. Encouraging Alternatives to the Automobile
Many firms are looking for ways they can encourage cleaner methocls of transporta{ion. To make bicycling to work more convenient, a number of offices have installed showers and changing rooms. Some have provided secure bike parking, and at Stantec's Edmonton, A lberta, headquarters, there is even a small bike repair center. Bicycling is not only beneficial to the envi-
ronment, it's beneficial in other ways, notes Laura Franceschini, the internal sustainability coordinator for all of Stamec's offices, "Encouraging cycling also encourages employee health through physical activity, which increases worker productivity and reduces absenteeism," she says, It could potentially n'duce the need for parking, too, although it usually doesn't unless there is easy access to mass transit, because most employees will want the option to drive when weather is bad, Some offices pay part or all of the cost of riding a bus or subway. Others make direet payments to employees who don't drive alone to work. While the prog ram has now been Clit back a little due to the recession, David Evans and Associates was offering the employees at its Portland office S 1.50 per trip for carpool and transit trips and S3,OO for trips made by bicycle or by walking, Employees could be paid for a maximum of tWO trips per day, six days per week. T he firm reports that 34 percem of its employees in Portland use alternative transportation three or more days per week. For firms in dense urban areas that do not own their own parking , providing these bonuses can be cheaper than paying for parking in a nearby parking garage, a benefit many firms provide, Some landscape architects say hiking and riding mass transit would not work for them, since they are often working in the field and visiting clients, "I would really like ro ride my bike to work every day," says Roy-Fisher, "bur r have to go to so many job sites that it isn't practicaL" PMA Landscape Architects in Toronto solved this problem by enrolling irs employees in a car-sharing program, Car-sharing programs share the cost of owning a car between multiple motorists , allowing individuals or companies to rent a car for shon periods, often by the hour, Members of carsharing programs such as AutoShare in Toronto and Zip::ar, which has programs in many large cities, can reserve a variety of vehicles on their web sites, \'{then their reservation is over, they return the car to its designated parking space. "The car-share prog ram is a success," says Jim Melvin, ASLA, a principal at PMA, "It is perceived as a financial benefit by some, as it releases them from the expense of car ownership but offers them the flexibilityofacarwhen
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WOIl SPACES required by work or home errands." Stan~ tee's Toronto office and David Evans and Associates also use auto sharing, and some firms such as i\lSCW provide company cars for work-related trips. The sorts of approaches a firm can take vary by region, as many places don't have the infrastructure in place for mass transit, biking, arauta sharing. "In Los Angeles, we tried to encourage our staff to try
nor co drive to work once a month on a Friday," says Daley of Ah'be. "It worked a litde whde but it SOrt of stopped. I tried co take the bus and it wok me an hour and a half father than an hour to get to work. It's
nor like New York or Boston." 5tantec varies its policies frum region to region. In some places it makes sense to subsidize employees who walk or rake mass nansit, but in sprawling Phoenix, Arizona, they encourage carpooling by offering prime shaded parking spotS ro carpoolers.
Be transparent and develop support within the company rather than forcing something down people's throats. Even if you continue to use a car for the majority of your travel, thef(' are simple ways co lower your fossi I fuel consumption such as k~ping your tires properly inflated. TOG Partners' Houston office held a happy hour where employees could check thei r tire pressure. MSCW has CUt back on the number of times each day its courier senllce needs co travel to the office. "Previously we would comact (he cou riers as needed, which could be five, six, seven times a day," says Andrew Braley, ASLA, a project landscape architect there. Today, the office has decid-
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ed on thr~ set times to k~p the number of trips down as much as possible. And a few firms were teleconferencing more to cut down on the numberofcarand plane trips they needed to take. "At our busiest, [teleconferencing] saves us 36 {flights} per year," says Rich Bienvenu, ASLA, a landscape architect at LPA. 11ley use a video teleconferencing service that allows both offices to connect to one computer at the same time while interacting via voice or video. However, there are disadvantages due to problems with connections and some of the technologies. "Occasionally, we have to abandon teleconferencoo meetings and merely sit around a speakerphone or use the speakerphone as the audio for a less than satisfactory audio connection," says Bienvenu. Bienvenu says teleconferencing won't replace every trip. "'Face to face at the initial stages makes fmure teleconferencing more meaningful and fruitful," he says. Travel is sometimes important to get an understanding of a site and to do construction moniroring. It is possible to buy car-
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bon offsets to balance the emissions you produce via travel. However, while some firms were considering buying carbon offsets for their travel before the economy tanked, most of these initiatives have been tabled for the time being, since they cost money without providing any phys ical benefi ts to employees at a time when many employees are alr<."ady sacrificing. Implementing Sustainability Initiatives
To implement sustainable initiatives within their offices, firms have taken a variety of approaches. A few large firms have developed formal written plans. A team at WRT developed a g ree n operations plan last fal I that setS goals for making the com pany more sustainable. David Evans and Assoc iates completed a companywide analys is of its carbon footprint in 2008, and it has a plan to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions 10 percent in the coming year. T he firm has had a director of sllstainability since 2003- a position that now reports directly to the CEO. Originally the
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"green" technologies. '"\X'e use sustainability to market ourselves as a firm who walks our own talk," says - Lead by example. Franceschini. '"Since we help our - Don't force ideas down people's throats. clients to develop sustainable design - Set up groups to talk aoout what your firm solutions, it's only namral that we can do. demonstrate sustainabili ty ourselves, - Look at what changes make the most sense both to maintain consistency of our for your region and your individual situation. message and to highlight our capa- Quantify the benefits of a change and show bilities. Clients who care about susthem in a way that is easily understandable. tainability also want to work with a - Share information within a large firm through service provider who is sustainable, a sustainability coordinator. so internal sustainability efforts are essential for us:' position was part time, but now it isa fuU Most small and midsized firmscominue t ime position that looks at how the firm to have a more grassroots approach. A few can both operate and design more sustain- people meet either voluntarily or on comably, researching innovative practices to pany time to come up with ideas and then present them to management for approval. keep the firm up to date. Stantec's sllstainability initiative Started "Instead of having {an] in-house sustainorg anICally in its Vancouver office more abi lity director or expert , we encourage than to years ago and has been slowly everyone to become that expert ," says spreading throughout the company. Re- Rochelle Veturis, the public relations d icently, the firm put out a marketing book rector for LPA. "With more than 65 perthat showcases the firm's internal sustain- cent of our employees as LEED-Accredited ability initiatives alongside designs that use Professionals (WED AP), everyone from our
T ips for Implementing Sustainability Initiatives
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ed from an employee offering to take home the coffee grounds and use them in the garden, and there were usually already a few employees biking to work before the companies decided to provide shower facilities. One imrxmam thing to do when implementing any changes is to be transparem and develop support within rhe company rather than forc ing something down people's throats. "When the Portland office {of David Evans and Associates] began its composring program, members of rhe sllsrainabiliry comminee gathered one evening (0 collen rhe employees' garbage cans (0 encourage people (0 rhink before throwing anything away, The following day, rhe comminee sem employees an email explaining why rhey had removed rhe cans and where w pick up the cans if employees felr rhey really needed one. T his efforr was met with mixed results, says Tami Boardman. "Many people didn't mind giving up their garbage cans but would have preferred to know in advance," Being able to quantify the benefits of a change and show them in a way that is easily understandable is also helpful, particularly in these economic times, \'qhen MSCW's sustainability committee decided to advocate for replacing plastic cups in their cafeteria, they calculated the savings w be $140 per month. They also created a fun graphic showing the height of all the cups stacked on top ofeach other that their company was using in a single year, which compared it to the Em pire State Building, the Sears Tower, and other skyscrapers. There are many places to look for more advice on how to make your office sustainable. The Energy Star web site, slxmsored by the U .S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Energy, provides a variety of information about red ucing your office's energy use, though it is a bit dense. Small businesses can sign up for e-mails from the web site on sustainability issues. Adair recommends looking over the USG Ilc's guidelines for existing buildings operations and maintenance and
a free downloadable book on the subject by Canadian environm entalist David Suzuki called Doillg Bwillm ill a New Climate. TIle World Wildlife Fund also offers information abou t how to be ",greener" through a program called Climate Savers (set' Resources). What's the easiest place to start? Many firms say converting some trash cans to recyclin,g, buyin,g recycled paper, or replacin,g incandescent light bulbs with CFt.'>. "When you don't know where to Start, Start anywhere;' says Stamec's Klaas Rodenburg . "Implement one simple act that will reduce yourenvironmemal fOOtprint. ThIs will lead to another and another. All these little acts will add upover time,and beforeyo\.l know it, it Ix-comes business as usual.
Resource. • Continue the discussion with Joanne Adair in a forum on LandSLounge tided "O ur Office Footprint-Continuing Discussion from Landscape An:hiterlflre Magazi ne," Jlllvw.lalidSIOIlIlge.comlj(fffl//I • T he U.S. Green Building Council web site: wwul.IIsgbc.org • The Energy Star web site: www.energy
star. g()/l • The Climate Savers Program at the World W ildlife Fund: IWlW.wor/dwild/ije. orgldi1!klteiardi//latesatlers.hlml
• Doillg BlIJillcss III a New C/i"klfe: A Gllide to AfeaSllrillg, Redllcing, alld Offsetting Greellhome Gas EmlssiollJ, by David Suzuki; The David Suzuki Foundation. Book available for free online: www.ddliidslIzlIki.orgl
Publicatio11JIDoing_BlIJillcss_in_(l_New_ Clinldte.aspx • "Do-It-Yourself at Sasaki Associates," by Allyson Wendt; E'1l1irOllfnellta/ BlIilding News, \'01. IS, no. I ,January 2009 • To watch So Whal? visit /lIww. evan nldther. com/ nWl,ies/300kliOwhal.mOlI • Autodesk Desi,gn Review: http://lIJa.auto
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DESIGNING DISNEY For the landscape architects at \Valt Disney , IrnagilJeering, the magic is UI the details. By Daniel Jost, ASLA VEH WONDERED W H AT it would be like (0 design a theme park? A few landscape archircns don 'r have [0 won-
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der. Today, Walt Disney Imagineering
employs 12 landscape archirects-24
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whoareembeddedwithin thearnpmy. Walt Disney Imagi neering was founded more than 50 years ago to design Disneyland. Since then, it has gone on (0 design theme parks and resortS around [he world. Landscape architects have played an imporram role in these projecrs since (he beginning. \Vhat makes work ing as an Imagineer different than your typical landscape architecture job? "\\7e do planting, irrigation, detailing ... all rhe things most firms do," explainsJeff Morosky, ASLA, director of landscape architecture at Imagineering. "It JUSt gets integrated with many more layers and disciplines." Imagineering employs professionals from approximately 140 different fields. 11le landscape architects here work side by side with writers, sculpmrs, show planners, and even special effects experts. But that's only one of the many th ings that make working for Imagineering unique. Telllna: Storie. in the Landaeape
"As an entertainment company, our primary goal is to entertain," explains Moros!...')'. One way they enhance theexperience is by layering stories into (he landscape. The stories they tell are not fine literature, but they add a richness nOf found in most landscapes. For example, as you walk along one path at Disney's Animal King-
Many of the stories are made-up histodom in Florida, you might notice two sets of animal tracks imprinted into the mud- ries revealed in the landscape to provide themed concrete paving. One belongs to a another level of interest for visitors. The small rabbit and the other belongs to a big design of an African vi llage at Animal cat. Eventually, the tracks dis.'\ppear at the Kingdom integrates fake 路'remnants'路 base of a tree, and, if you look closely, you can see that the carnivore has captured the rabbit and is storing her meal in another nearby tree. Ch ildren often notice the stories first and point them out to their parents. 111ey may not always catch the attention offirst- The mountain at 楼,e center Everest. opposite, time visitors, but thar's parr of the an aHradion at Disney's Animal Kingdom in Watt Disney appeal. '路W/e want people tocome World, is one of the "weenies" that guides people through over and over to OUf parks and to that theme park. Visitors enter the aHraction through an area designed in the plan, llbove, to look like the see something new each time base camp at Mount Ererest. A courtyard within has they come," says John T. Shields, ASLA, who was [he lead landscape weeds growing up through the pavement and a large tree selected for its unusual character, below, architect fOf Animal Kingdom.
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of ancient cicy walls inro some of its pavements. At Tokyo DisneySea, (he seawalls
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[he years. "Ir has a variety of [reaements so it never becomes boring," says John Sorenson, ASLA, rhe lead landscape archiceu for
[hac cherne park. Sometimes, t he "histories" found in D is-
ney's landscapes are nor the SOrt of ching we would delight in or preserve in a typical
project. Walking through Disney's California Adventure, J couldn't help bm chuc kle to see a modern, American environment with a
"brick" road that has been interrupced with a line of concrete where a sewer was installed and "asphalt patches" tha t have been placed somewhat artis tically near many of the drains. The entire pavement is actually made out of concrete. Another unusual history can be found at Expedi tion Everest, w here the man-made environment looks as ifit is reverting to nature as weeds grow up through the paving . "\'\Ie plamed it to look like a bad hair transplant," remembers landscape architect S6 l landsup. Architecture IUV
Walt Disneylmagineering's staff, above, in· cludes 12landS(:ape architects. From left to right: John Sorenson, AStA iseatedl; Jeff Morosky, AStA iseatedl; Russeillamn, ASlA; Steve Wagner, ASLA; Cal Walsten, ASlA iseatedl; Phil Schenkel, ASLA; Jeff Compass, Affiliate AStA; Robert Kuroda, AStA; David Dahlke, ASLA; Jen· nifer Mok, ASLA lseatedl; and John Shields, AStA lseatedl. Not pictured: Becky Bishop. The fountain in front of Serooge McDuck's Department Store in the American Waterfront area of Tokyo DiSIlllJ$ea, betow, was designed to look like the piles of mOIlll)" Scrooge is known for hoarding.
Becky Bishop fondly. Not the SOrt of line that most landscape architects could use with a diem to describe their work, but here it is the ultimate placemaking strategy, used ro create a strong e/Tect that caprures people's attention in a positive way. Each of the small vignerres visitors see is grounded in a much larger Story. Before t he Imagineers begin designing a new theme park ora major addition roan existing park, they set certain parameters. "Determining the time and place is really important," says Morosky. "Is it the future or is it the past?" Is it a real place or an imaginary place? Everything must tie back to this Story, from the plants to the garbage cans. They must also determine whet her any D isney characters will be integrated into the story and how that will work. "\'\fe"re a very character-driven company," explains Morosky. '" H ow do you create a setting where characters can reside and people can engage them?" Design Proc:ess
Much of the oockstory is established during t he "Blue Sky" p hase. Blue Sky is the creative think mnk where many of Dis200$
ney's ideas start. Only a few landscape architects get to panicipate at the earliest stages ofa project. Asa memberof the creative division for the past 10 years, Bishop is one of them . "111at blank sheet of paper is so fabulous!" Bishop says. But even at the Blue Sky level, the reali ties of a project quickl y begin to sur£'Ice. Bishop must determine how much land it will take to tell a story, and somet imes she even begins to think about amenities such as stroller parking, an important consideration for the young families who visi t thei r theme parks. T he other landscape architects usually enter a project during the conceptual or schematic phase. While thesrory is already formed by this point, it's not necessarilyset in stone. "W/e don't have a hard program thar goes into a contract ," says Jennifer Mok, ASLA, a landscape architect principal. "W/e have constant conversations." During the conceptual phase, landscape architects brainstorm how a swry might be told in the landscape. "We're nor afraid to iterate here," says Russell Larsen, ASLA, another principal. "There's a pressure in traditional firms wget from A w B quickly. Here there is a sense you need w get from A w B correctly." \'{fhen they are laying OUt a landscape, a lotof attention is paid to viewsheds, hiding undesimbleviewsand creating "weenies," a tenn \'{falt D isneycoined to describe the major landmarks within D isneyland that dmw you through the landscape. Mountains, volcanoes, palaces, and rocket jets are all designed to dmw you deeper into the park. Oncea landscape architect begins working on a project, he or she will often continueon the same project for years. On avemge, it takes five to seven years to design and build a theme park and three to five years to design and bui ld a single attraction . "I think that focus is really energizing," says Sorenson. T he spaces within Imagineering's headquarters in Glendale, C'Ilifornia, are designed to be very flexible, and the landscape architects usually sit in a work space wi th team members working on the same project rather than with thei r fellow landscapearchitects. Having al l the disciplines mixed together makes real collaboration possible. "Most of our work is done with colleagues who are a hallway away," says Larsen. "You can easily run an idea by
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~ ut.ri trek ltonl I dirt road in;Soutll Africa, hHe,-
inspired the dHiin for II road ..~~:~,::~ Kingdom, abore right. Real tires cre.tte~ tire
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someone and see if ie's worth chasing or setting aside." T he large number of d1sciplines involved in a project can besrimulacing, bur it can also make a project challenging co manage. 'The amount of time we actually design is relatively minimal compared co the time we end up coordinating with all these extensive disciplines," explains Steve \'Qagner, ASLA, a principaL It also means chac no single person can really be called our as the designer of a theme park or attraction. "(OUT work] is really nor anybody's to own," says principal Jeff Compass, Affiliate ASLA.
During 11 trip to Serengeti National Pari!. in Tan路 zania, the Imagineers stopped to photograph II bridge, above, and to sketch, right. The trip in路 spired this bridge at Animal Kingdom, far right. 58 1 LandsCipe Architecture IUY lOot
Bur rhe level ofcommunication facilitates discussions between landscape arch itects and engineers that migln nor always be possible in a regular firm, providing the landscape architects agrear deal of sarisfuction in their work. ''You don't wane cobewalking down a main streer and see rhis electric panel JUSt because ir had co be rhere;' says Cal Walsten, ASLA, a senior principal. "Part of our job is to make sure rhe guest never sees rhe magic," explains Morosky. Both com purer and physical models are used to study what people will experience as they progress around an attraction and to see how affractions will fit together. Precise styrofoam models can be developed with the assistance of model-making professionals on the staff, allowing the landscape architects to experiment with lipstick cameras that give a feeling of what it would be like to inhabit a site,
Compass recently used this merhod to derermine how high a line of trees will need to be limbed to preserve a desired viewshecl. Modeling also allows for hands-on adjusting of landforms. One of the machines in rhe model-making mom can rake a digiral com purer file and laser CUt foam blocks into different shapes. A designer can then go in and tweak the blocks; any changes made can be three-dimensionally scanned to update the drawings.
From their experiences in South Africa, left, th e Imaginee rs were inspired to create a river cross· ing in Animal Kingdom where you have to drive throu gh the water, below left. DriYing through, you experience the same s plash of water, but there is no risk of being stuck in the mud.
Once everything has been desig ned and the green light has been g iven for cons{1uccion, landscape architects working for Imagineering follow their projects into che field. This may JUSt mean a longer commute to nearby Anaheim, California, or it could require traveling to resorts in Florida, France,Japan , and China for months on end. "Most landscape architects don·t get that much field time, which is unfortunate because that·s where the project really happens," says Morosky. '·\'(Ie have the luxury of being there to orchestrate .·· By monitoring their projects, they can make sure that what
is constructed is true to their vision . \'\forking with con tractors also helps them to understand what information is helpful and necessary in their construction documents the next time around. Being a part of the company that owns their work allows for a level of feedback that landscape an:hitects can'r get with a normal project. ''You have the ability to find our what the lessons are-what happens to the park once it's builr and used , what worked and what didn·t, and how g uestS perceive things," says Mom;ky. Once a project is built, it is continuously evaluated by Show Q uality Scandards, a division of Imag ineering. ·'[Representatives from} a number of disciplines go our into the parks and make suggestions as to how che place needs to be altered , im prove.::l, or maintained as is," says MorO'iky. They can also get feedback on how materials are performing. For example, the interface between powder-coated steel barrier rails and concrete was getting a lot
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I LlndSClipe Architecture
IU Y lOot
of rust , so they decided to invest in s[ain~ less steel on some new projects. \'\forking for the owner can cut both ways. You live w ith your mistakes along wi th your successes. "You can't forget abou t them," says Larsen. "T hey don 't go away." A number of different landscape architects ci ted the problems with the entry a t Disney's California Adven ture. The corridor was designed so it could be used as a parade rome withom the pedestrian traffic problems found next door at Main Street, U.s.A. in D isneyland. "W e were so concerned about g uest flow, the feel of that walkway is not as imimate as we'd like,"
saysShiekls. Another problem , accorJing [Q some of the Imagineers, was that the S[Qrts on either side were genericthey didn't have a strong connection to D isney's characters or another time and place. Plans are currently under way [Q renovate this area to make it resemble the ci ty of Los Angeles in the roaring 1920s when Wal t Disney fi rst saw it. " Oisne), Is in the Details" Because the landscape architects are trying to create an experience that is "magical," distinct from the landscapes of daily life, the majority of the demiling in
Disney's theme parks is custom. '"Disney is in the details,"' says Bishop, pamphrasing Mies van der Rohe. "We cannot just take {products] out of a catalog,"' explains Sorenson. "\'\Ie are constantly inventing for each project." The Imagineers experiment with lighting, pavement, and barrier mils. Even 60 percent of the drinking fountains are custom designs. For designs that are trying to evoke another place, Imag ineers often go on factfinding trips co come up with inspimtion. Only a small number of people actually travel for each project; usually it's just the core team: an architect, a landscape architect, a writer, and (\l,'oaftists along with the p roject manager for the project. The ir charge is to ptovide documentation that can be used by the rest of the ttam du ring the design process. Why nor JUSt look at pictures in books? Because you can only get so much understanding from a typical book, says Shields. Most photographers focus on the iconic views-allees of trees, large rock formations, and landmark buildings. \When Sorenson was working on the design of the Mediterranean Harbor for Tokyo DisneySea, his team traveled to a number ofTtalian JXlftS including Venice, Tuscany, and Portofino. He took photos of doorknobs, railings, and paving patterns. "\We took many pictures of water edges and how t hey were built,"' he remembers. "\'\11' also noticed how people had attachecl metalwork to the walls to tie up boats." Many of these details were integrated into the theme park. Shields's team went on a three-week trip to Africa when they were designing Animal Kingdom. In many ways, the safari experience at that theme park is a summary of their SOO-mi!e trip. T hey took note of distinctive benches they found in Kenya, drew the bridges they passed over, and photogmphed the banks of the river and the unpaved roads they drove along. '"\'\Ie're not always trying to copy,"' explains Shields. "We're trying to use them as inspimtion for something new." Often they will try to achieve a sim ilar effect using different materials such as concrete. T he Imagineers say concrete is generally preferable to many other materials because it has a much longer life span and maintains its character under intensive cleaning regimes. "A lot of people will ~
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over them," remembers Shields. "When he spilled his cup of coffee, we knew we had created an effect people would notice." On the same project, Shields needed a curb to guide water, but a traditional concrete curb would have looked out of place in this naturalistic setting. So he came up with the idea of mud tire tracks made out of concrete. Similarly discreet barrier rails keep people out of certain areas. "T hey may be created using bits of a wall, a fallen tree, an old abandonedJeep--ali of these things can create the barriers that need to be there," says b.rsen. "Some of our hardest work goes unnoticed."
FilII FOCUS these things and say it's oc-en Disneyfied," laments Shields. 'T hey're nO{ seeing the anistic quality it took to make something out of completely different materials." Consider the design for many of the paths at Animal Kingdom- a concrete path made [0 look like the muddy, gravelly paths the team traveled in Africa. Using actual din was ruled om because of the number of people that would be walking or driving over it. Bur plain g ray concrete would have been boring and out of place. So they srained the surface, added aggregate, and created tire tracks and undulat10ns in the concrete ro make it look and feel more like a rutty din road. No one had ever requested concrece chac looked like din before, so they had to work with the manufacturer to develop ehe product. They did a great deal of sampling to make sure it would achieve rhe desired effect, and they used rhe actual t ires from rhe buses found in the theme park co create rhe rire rracks. Shields may be [he only landscape architect co ever design a pothole. A number
Emphasis on Planting
of alternate designs were actually tesred in rhe Tmagineering parking lor. He varied rhe slope leading inco rhe IXlrhole and the length of the flat area, trying co maximize rhe effeer while keeping ir safe for veh ides. "\'Ve had rhe head of rhe company driving
"We're really focusing on planting more than any practice I've been with," says Walsten. 111 isemphasis on creating unique horticultural experiences can be traced back (0 Bill Evans, the pioneering land scape architect who worked on rhe original designs for Disneyland. Evans often experimented with unusual species and new varieties of plants. Toclay, Tmagineering continues (0 push the envelope horticulturally. On a rypical projeer, 10 percent of the plants are oUtside [he range of whar {hey know will work.
Beck,. Bishop watches as a tree gets craned into place at Expedition Ewerest in Disney's Animal Kingdom, top. John Shields acted as the art director for the concrete baobab trees in Animal Kingdom, left. The,. made seale foam models of the trees, above.
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"You have ro be bold when creating a planting environment wi th a story behind it," says Sorenson. "You can do that using geometry and careful selection of your plant palene." Disney's theme parks are divided into lands (e.g., Frontierland, Tomorrowland) with a d istinctive plam palenI' for each. At Tokyo DisneySea, the palene for one land has five or six species of trees, another has only two trees, and another is extremely diverse wich a huge number of species Jam med together. Transposing the experience of one environment inro another using plants is often one of the biggest challenges facing the landscape archicects ac Imagineering.
The majority of the detailing, abore, at Tokyo DisneySea is custom. At the Italian-style garden in the pool area of Tokyo DisneySea 's Hotel MiraCosta, below, Kaizuka juniper is pruned to look like Italian cypress.
" How do you create a Jungle in Paris?" asks Walsten. O r an Italian village in Japan? "If you think of five or six plants that are typIcal to Italy, we could maybe grow three of those," explains Sorenson. So they had to find other plants chac would have che same chamcter. \'Qhen no orheroptions are available, they may even manipulate the shapes of other species co get dle desired look. In one cast where there was no simple [(-placement, chey accually constructed African
baobab trees using concrete and rebar. Shields acted as the art director for those trees. 'Td say move that branch over there," he remembers. "An elephant needs to be able to get its trunk in there." Bishop faced a different challenge when she designed the Storybook Land attraction for Disneyland Paris. T he ride takes visitors on a boat ride through a series of mmiature scenes r ipped from Disney movies. Bishop experimented with mosses and thyme for ground covers, and H ibisefIJ pâ&#x201A;Źfio/aris was used for a flowering trtt at Snow \'7hite's cottage. O n average, lOco 20 percent of chI' plants fur an attraction or theme park afe actively scouced DUe. Sometimes chey will
filM fOCUS contract w ith nurseries to grow unusual varieties or to train them in a way that is not common. Large trees that can give an in-
smm effect are also sought out. To bring the
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character of Torrey pines along the Southern California coastline to an area of Disneyland Paris, Bishop found an abandoned grove of nearly 50-foor-call amucarias, purchased them from the landowner, and had them transplantl"Cl into the theme park. T he large trees trans planted into Disney's theme parks are not always the most g raceful. '"I'm always looking for the ugly, the unique, the uncharacteristic," explains Bishop. "We found these mulberries that looked as though they were ill . O ne trtt had an angle iron in it." She says it took some explaining to convince the t["("t movers that the angle iron was pare of the tree's charm. 111e trtt was integrated in to the Expedition Everest attraction in Animal Kingdom. Career Path to Disney
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So how does a landscape architect end up working at D isney ? It 's usually a fairly crooked path. Sorenson never set out to design amusement parks. He studied under Peter \'(lalker, FASLA, at Harvard. His first job was with Dan Kiley's firm, and later he worked for POD/Sasak i. "My education, the people I idolize, are all very formal," says Sorenson. But aboUt 20 years ago, POD/Sasaki was hired to do the master planning for Euro D isney (now known as Disneyland Paris) in partnership with planning firm PBR. T hey also designed the areas around hotels, roadways, and other public spaces. "'I got to know people as design progressed," says Sorenson. "At the end of two years 1 was offered a full- time posItion. Starting OUt as a temporary consultant and then being asked to come on board is a pretty typical story among the landscape architects working for Imagineering . Many, like Robert K uroda, ASLA , were actually working full time inside the Imagineering headquarters before D isney hired them . "With all the disciplines we have, it's hIghly collaborative and thinh'S change fas t: ' explains Morosky. Temporary COntt"al:t workers from other companies are often embedded
within the building SO they are close to the ()(her sraff working on a project. Of the landscape architecrs IAllliJCtlpt ArrhittrtlfT'tspokewith ,only Mok has spent her entire career working for Disney, and even she started out as an embedded consulrant. Bishop imerned with Imagineering in 1980 bue went on (0 work for a model-home company before coming back. Each year, Imagineering offers imernships for a few landscape architecture students interested in learn ing about theme park design. Interns' responsibilities range from g raphic presentation to research and from technical drawin.gs to 3-D visualization, depending on the students' skill sers.
Each year, Ima~neering offers internships for a few landscape architecture students interested in learning about theme park design. Studems here get more dian JUSt the typical office experience; they get to understand abit about rheentireorganization through company-sponsored events throughout the summer. Srudems are even taken on day trips ro Disneyland (0 see wllat goes on behind rhe scenes. So what does Disney look for in furure Imaginttrs? "We look for people who are great thinkers and problem solvers, possess great enthusiasm for the landscape architecture profession, and desire co work In a highly collaborative envi ronmem ," says Morosky. Sorenson adds that the ability to develop rhe big idea through an understanding of materials, interrelationships between components, and design derailing isnlso important. And due ro the highly collaborat ive nature of their work, the ability to communicate ideas is a must. An understanding of the role that Disney's theme parks play in .guests' lives probably doesn 't hurr either. \'Vhen you design one of these theme parks, "you are painting someone's phmogrnph that is going [Q be in their family album for years and years," remarks Bishop.
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PUBLISHING ELF-DIRECTED PUBUCATIONS are gaining in-
S
creasing relevance among design professionalseven studems- as part of strategies to increase visibility, enhance credibility, and generate ei ther work or that aH-important firs t job. Snappy graphics and PowerPoinrs may make gcxxl. initial im-
pressions on p()(emiai cI it-ms, but well -produced books make lasting impressions as tangible reminders of professional capacities, long after digital presenta-
tions have f.1.ded. There are twO general routes
(0
gerring your
work in print: The first, and more traditional, involves writing a proposal and convincing a publisher to produce it; the second is to self-publish, either by hiring someone to manage the derails or by doing everything yourself. Each scenario has multiple variations and contingencies, and neither is wel! understood by landscape professionals. The traditional route involves an author submining a book proposal toa publisher forconsid eration (see ··Pride of Authorship," l..dlids((l/Je A rrhireculre, June 2002). Generally a proposal will
PUBLISH AND BE SEEN Landscape architects are using books as marketing tools. By Lake Douglas, ASlA include a [able of contents, a sample chapter, and probably an author·s questionnaire aoout length of manuscript; number and type of images, ifany; writing experience; similar works on the subject; and a timetable for delivery. From this proposal, the publisher makes a decision, based more on economicsprobable expenses against likely revenue-than anything else, that could lead to a negotiated contract. The days when publishers took on projects because they "desenred·· publication are gone; instead, most decisions today about what gets published are driven by economic realities of the marketplace: \'<1ho is the market? Can we make a profit? Ifyou·rea landscape starchitect with name t"{""Cog nition and high-profile projectS, this scenario is a possibility; for the rest of us, this route is less probable. It is fortuitous that as traditional publishing venues for design work have decreased in recem years due ro econom ic changes in the publishing world, corresponding technological advances have cre66 l landsup,
Archltectllre IUV 200$
ated new opportunities for self-publishing. It 's now possible, efficient, and cost-effective for professionals (and students as well) to publish their work in lxx>k form. 111ere is a broad range offormats, and each has its purpose. Small portfolios of student work are required of most graduate programs and are obviously useful in getting that first job. Online self-publishing services (see WWW.IIIIII. W !Il. for instance) have a wide range of services and are remarkably affordable: A collcague·s 52-page color 7-by-9-inch portfolio, front and back, cost $26 per copy. Printing on demand from a PDF, there are no qU.1.ntity requiremems, and turnaround time is minimal. Professionals can use these and other resources ro produce publications
PUBLISHING ranging from office brochures expanded into OOok formac widl basic text to publications that look more like independent assessments, particularly when they include analytical observations, essays, and critiques by known figures from amdemics or the profession. Office brochure publications are generally distributed to prospective clients, although examples of in-depth treatments are sometimes commercially avai lable in national bookstore chains or online from office web sites or other resources. Self-publication has multiple advancages; the obvious ones include being able to define the message, control the content in both graphics and text, and print on demand. T here are associated risks as well, and professionals should pay careful attencion here. Among chem are issues related
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to credibility and self-imjXJrtance (A fine line here: Your significant other may not be the best person to write about your work.); content of text (informed, thoughtful design criticism or gratuitous ad copy?); and quality of images (Is there a unified vision here or a collection of images of random quality?). In the past, selfpublishing was, for good reason, called "'vanity press" because chose who em -
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ployed this route co publication paid to have their work published, and since such products were not based on objective, independent assessments of a work's literary merit or professional value, they often reeked of fulsome praise or were defeated by their design, content, and production values. But while issues of critical objectivity and professional relevance remain in self-produced work, easy-to-use desktop publishing programs facilitate both graphic design and Image enhancement and make self-publication easier, more professional in appearance, and more accessible than ever before. T hose who want to have their work published have several options. Whether one pursues the traditional route or elects to self-publish, several first steps will fac;1 irate moving forward. First, office decision makers should define a general purpose and dlTenion for the publication (Who is the audience? Where is the mar-
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The traditional route lllYolves an author submitllllg a book proposal to a publisher for consideration. kerf What is the competi tion?). Second should be an honcst and realistic assessment of in-house capabihties and resources, includ ing in-house staff
expertise Of available consultants, ,graphic material (use existing material orcommission new images ?), time1ines and budgets (it will
rake longer and COSt mUf C than YOLI
may initially think). T hird, rhere should be commitmem [Q the project and a will-
ingness to allocate financial and human resou rces appropriate to rhe situation, and JUSt
like any construction projeer, this
would do well to consider hiring a consultant to advise on the project and shepherd it through produc-
tion. Putting together a credible book project is more complicated dlan it may first appear, and someone experienced in such projects can s,,\ve both time and money in the long run . A book projcn involves text, gmphic design, images, and production; in all four areas, quality, attention to details, and CDordination are equally important to meet budgets and schedules. Such a consultant is sometimes called a ·'packager;· and while this term is usually applied to someone engaged by a publisher to assemble a book project, the process can work from the other direction as well, with the packager h'athering material from an office and putting together an appropriate team toassemble a book and shepherd it through production. O bViously each path to publication has its own set of financial, staffing, and log istical issues that can inform the business
project should have a detailed budget, includ ing a generous contingency allocation and a realistic timeline. And finally, there should be an understanding that you' re not likely to make money selling your self-published book; however, an office may well advance and get new work and more important projects as a result of getting its work published. 1110SC who have never worked on a book or attempted a large publication project
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PUBLISHING decision about which direct ion to pursue, and these should be considered carefully before p roceeding with a publication project. Time is an imponant factor as well; publica t ion projens will take months- if not years- from Start to finish, depending on vari ables within each step along the way. For those thinking about embarking on a publication venture,
an examination of recent examples might be instructive. Two works representing the traditional
rome to publication, both frum Monacelli Press (pan of Random HOLlse), are 0/111 Placemukmg (2008; $65) and The CO/(ffS of Natllre: the Subtropical Gardem 0/ Rayr/UJ/ld
Jungles (2008; $50). Monacelli specializes in beautifully produced architecture and design books and, according to a recem conversation with a representative, is very
interested
In
Increasing its offerings in
landscape design. Oli" Plaul/lokmg begins with an imroduccion by John Srilgoe (having a preface from a H arvard academIC
gives credibil iry to a publication proposal); six general chapters follow, each with an interview between a partner in [he linn and someone else (some big names here (00).
These interviews offer insightful comments on the firm'sclesign philosophy("placemak-
ing") and approach to design. Chapters include four to six highprofile projcns, each with a brief project description and color images (no captions). The CO/(Jrs OjNdtllrt is a monograph on rhe work of midcareef Florida land scape archirect R aymond Jungles,
FASLA, a protege of Robeno Burle Marx. Twenty-four residential projectS arc shown; all but one are in souch Florida. Brief commentaries by Jungles d("SCribe the projectS, giving the reader insightful information wichout obcuse philosophy, precense, orde-
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sign jargon. Images are spectacular (many from nmed landscape photographers Richard Felber and Roger Foley, Affiliate AM). Again, images are everything here, and this work demonstrates rhe power of engaging someone who knows how to shoot gardens, and nm all phmographers do. TIlese books are monographs in the sense that they are about projects from one practice (Olin) orone person (j ungles). TIley are much more, though, because with text and image they document approaches to design (Olin) and examples of small-scale residential work (jungles) in compelling and inspiring ways. Beautiful production values make bmh books well wort h having, and since these come from a mainstream commercial press, they are likely to be readily available. esign Workshop's self-published TflWard Legacy (2007; $45 ) is a record of this large firm's design philosophy and sample
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pro jects. This book was completed inhouse under the d irection of Eliot Hoyt, principal in the Denver office, then passed on to a packager. According to the pref.1.Ce, the book is more about Hwhat it·s like to run a business based on ideas . . .'· rather chan a review of che firm's 35-plus-year history. An introduction explains the firm's defining values (environment, community, economics, and arc) and how chese ele-
ments translate into their design approach, a theory they call "legacy Design.'· A brief firm history follo\vs that includes a "fOrmative project·· in which the firm·s philosophy first came together. Chapters are organized around fi ve central themes: "nature;· ·'places;· "community,'" ··connection;· and '·leading change." Each chapter starts with an imnx:luctory essay by a partner or principal, followed by project discussions in ei ther case study or '·project discussion·· format. Color images are abundant, together with plans and analysis diagrams, sketches, graphics, and project credits. This work's generous fOrmat allows images to be large and useful. T he book's organization is logical, and its text is well written and informative, though it will take moce than a few sittings to get through the entire book. T hiS is a book of vallie on many levels: As a market ing tool it has been a success, according to Hoyt; as a ceaching cool, it should find a place in any
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professional curriculum; and as a record of
contemporary landscape architecture in America, it is an excellem documentary on what is possible with design talent , a strong design approach, good cliems, and appropriate budgets. Design Workshop's
earlier book, New Gardells of the AmeriwlI W'eu (2003; $35), documents the firm's residen tial work. This book was also produced in-house then "packaged" by Grayson Publishing o(Washington, D.C. Side by side, New Gardem is modest in content next (0 ugacy and less visually appealing-even dated now- in its design. Ugaq, how(""Ver, has a timeless quality and demonstrates that a project, wel l executed in concept, design, organization, coment, images, and producrion, will pay dividends well into [he furure .
Findillg the Place of Archilemlre ill the
umciscape (2008; $68) is a monograph on rhe work of Perer Gisolfi, ASLA, an arch i-
ten and landscape architen practicing on the East Coast. T he publisher, Images Publishing Group of Australia, was established in 1983 and specializes in illuscraced books abomarchicectural, interior, and landscape design. According to its web sire, "'over 70 high-profile arch iteccs have
already appointed Images, with its worldwide reputation for excellence, to publish these irnportant chronicles of their firms' work. ,. \'V'ork here IS organized into general categories such as townscape, campus, landscapes, and buildings; gardens and houses; and transformation (maintaining the original stnlcrnre bmadding new uses). Each seccion has from six to nine projectS, well illustrated with a lively mix of images, plans, drawings, and details. Appropriacesupplementary informacion is given
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as well, includin,g a firm profile, chronology of projects, credits, engineers and consu ltants , awards, and biblio,graphy. T he '·pho to,grapher of record·· was the eminent archicecmral photo,grapher N orman McGra th, wi th contributions from others (notably Mick H ales for ,gardens), and the wisdom ofhavin,g consistently ,good ima,ges really comes throug h here. T his may well be a self-funded monograph judging from the quote from Images, but the results will certainly be an effective marketing tool. Design students could use projects shown here as case studies and gain insig ht from a cartfu l study of how projects are organized and presented. Another app roach to publishing one's work comes in Met/'IINl from Reed H ilderbrand of\'qacertown, Mas.sachuseus. Clearly this book has ItS roots in an office brochure format. With minimal , almost nonexistent cexc , chis book's approach is
ima,ge driven, and though small in size and mooest in concept, it is nevertheless beautifully proouced. It will likely be an effective marketing tool for years to come and, as such, may not becommerciallyavailable through your local bookstore (check out their web site, however, to get a sample of the images). Both color and monochromatic images are used, and many are the work of noted landscape photographer Alan \'qard (here again, che value of having good
photographic work cannot be underestimated). Getting into publishing may seem inconceivable or too complicated for some professionals, but the results can be rewarding both professionally and personally. Some may think that the printed page is a relic of the past, bur many desi,gn professionals will continue to depend on the printed pa,ge to display, analyze, and talk about what we do. How consum ers ,get that printed page-whether from a traditional publisher or throu,gh self-publishin,gis of little consequence. \'\fhat's on the printed page is offar greater value. And ul timately, like everything else, the marketplace , informed or nor, will determlfle what is of value.
Landscape architect Lake DOllg/as, ASLA , teaches (./ d an Oil writillgfor deJigll p ofessiollals at LSU j· Robert Reich School of LalldJ(ape Archirectllre.
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TECHNOLOGY OR LANDSCAPE ARCHlTEcrsand oth~
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er design and plann ing professionals, sharing digital data is a necessity. Many types of digital data have standard formats that make the process a little easier. \VIe send word processing documents in a IX)C formutand CAD files in a DWG or DXF forma t. But accessing and sharing GIS maps and data has always been an issue. Most of
AGEOSPATIAL APPROACH TO PDFS New types of PDFs are allowing GIS data and maps to be shared more easily. By James l. Sipes, ASLA [he file formats used co save these documents are proprietary, so you can often only open them in the programs that created them. GIS g ives us wonderfu l opportunities co create digital maps showing analysis such as slope, viewsheds, and buffers. Bur how do you share thac information with ciiems, stakeholders, or even other design and planning firms that don't own the same software? For many years, the answer has been to save the information in degrnded formats such as GeoTIFF,)PEG , or Adobe PDF (Porrable Document Format). nit' problem with saving GIS maps in a GooTIFF,)PEG, and a typical PDF format is that it flattens the file. TIle thematic data is lost when the new file is created, and this can make it difficult to distinguish one type of information from another. For example, a map showing mntou~, property lines, roads, sewer lines, and electric Iines can be difficult to reacl. T here are other drawbacks as well. GooTIW fi les maintain the geospatial coordinates associated with the data, buc a hig h-resolucion aerial photo can be as big as 30 gigabytes in 14 l landsup, Architecture IUV 200$
These maps of Marigot Sa, on St. Martin in the Virgin Islands were generated using Publisher for ArCGIS. The Map La,ers command is used to turn on and off different layers of infonnation such as satellite imagery, top, land uses, center, and manmade strudures, bDttom.
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ArcGIS· 9-The Complete Geographic Information System ASLA Sales to Fund Dangermond Fellowship ESRI , the world leader in geographic information system (GIS) solutions,
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has offered software and extensions to the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASl A) as a fund -raiser for the Dangermond Fellowship. This offering makes it possible for ASLA members to purchase powerful GIS software at signif icant ly discounted prices.
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Network Analyst enables you to solve a variety of problems using geographIC networks, such as f inding the most eff icien t t ravel route, g enerat ing travel direct ions, f inding t he closest fac ility, or defining service areas based on travel t ime CAD/GIS Interoperabllity: Use geoprocessing tools to interpret and t ranslate CAD data into the Arc GIS geodatabase, exchange data f iles between the latest versions of CAD and GIS, and
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Contact AS LA today.
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TECHNOLOGY size or greater. That makes it difficult to open in Photoshop, lllustramf, and other programs used to open TIFFs. Even worse, a )PEG (ormat does no t maintain the
geospatial coordinates, and there is a loss of image quality. )PEG uses wha t is called a "lossy" compression roucine, which physically changes the visual appearance of a map in order to reduce file size. The more you reduce file size, the mOft the original image is altered. Forrunately for landscapearchitens and others who want ro access maps in a digitaJ formar, a new typeo(PDF is now avail able. Geospatial PDFs are changing how
maps and GISdacaareexchanged. PDF files have long been the de ÂŁ1.Cto industry Sfanclard for sharing digital documems. According [Q Adobe, mOTC chan 900 million {X-opJe use its Reader program. It can be downloaded free of charge from the Internec, and ic is very simple to use, Mosc people are able to view POFs jusc by clicking che file , Mosc landscape archicects probably use PDF files even if chey don'c know anyching abouc che file formac.
Traditionally, landsat data has been limited to remote sensing scientists who hawe access to upensiye and hard-to-use analysis software. With geospatial PPFs, all seven bands from multispectral images can be exported and accessed dynamically. These maps of northwest Washington, above and below, show the same data with different bands turned on.
Benefits of Using Qeospatlal PDFs
The biggest benefic of geospacial POFs is that they provide easy access to intelligent, inceraccive sets of maps, A geospacial PDF also contains information chat is used to georeference location data. \Vhen geospatial data is imported into a PDF, Acrobat retains the geospatial coordinates so you can view and internct with the PDF to find and mark location data. With geospatial POI's, you can view maps with multiple coordinate displays, measure length and area, tum layers on and off, and search map attributes. T he measuring tools read the geospatial information and can be used to calculate d is tance, perimeter, and area. Unlike JPEG or GeoTI FF, when a user rooms in or out on a file, the scale for measurement is adjusted automat ically. For geospatial data to be useful and accessible digitally, the data files have to be small enough to be distributed easily. O ne of the big benefi ts of using a geospatial PDF is that the resulting files are significantly smaller than the originals. For ex16 l landsup. Architecture
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ample, a satellite image in a GroT]FF format may be five gigabytes in size, but a PDF wi th the So'\me image quality may be 400 megabytes in size, or smaller. T he PDFs are small enough so they can be loaded on a city or county's web site.lnterested constituents could access the different alternatives, turning information on and off in order to better understand how and why decisions were made. If you have a map that is not georeferenced but does include a couple of coordinates, the tools that make geospat ial POI's, such as Adobe Acrobat, TerraGo, and ESRJ's An."G]S, can fill in the missing infor-
mati on . After you find a location on a geospatial PDF, you can copy the coordinates to the clipboard. From the clipboard, you can paste the data intoa web mapping service that reads latitude and longitude coordinates. Another benefit is tha t all of the geosparial information needed to create a series of maps can be Sowed wi thin one file. Digiral mapbooks, which are a compiled set of individual map sheets, can have a high level of detail, yet are easy to use and small enough todistribuce. Mapbooksare much more useful than individual map sheets because they provide greater flexibility and
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URBAN DESI GN AND THE BOTTOM LI NE Optimizing the Return on Perception Dennis Jerke The Urban Land Institute
This practical book describes how 10 employ Ihe power at design 10 creale and capture added value in the buill environment. It examines the many opportunities for using urban design stralegically to generate a Return on Perception"-the payoff in economic, environmental, social , and cultural benefits. Lavishly illustrated with color photographs and examples of practice, the book explains how to holistically plan and design tour key image systems of the built environmentarchi tecture, green infrastructure, transportation, and water settings-to create great places where people will want to visi t, live, work, and play. Order IU28 • $79.95 Retail
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ORDER ONLINE AT WWW. ULI . ORG~OOKSTORE OR CAll 800·321·5011. OUTSIDE THE U.S., CAll +1 410 626 7500.
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provide a broader view of an a["(."a. The ability to hyperlink maps makes it easier to navigate from ooe map to another instead of having to sort through individ~ ual maps. Geospatial PDFs have a number of collaboration, review, and markup tools thm can be very
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want to review a map, make cornmems,and then shafe those with others. Users can create notes, redlines, and markups Of arrach images or mher data from multiple sources. This information can even be exported as a shapefile, which is rhe file standard used by
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ESRr's A reGIS sofrare, and then incorporated inw a GIS prog ram or ageo-
browser such as Google Earth. Uses of Geospatial PDFs
Landscape archireccs can use geospariaI PDFs ina number of ways, including sire review and analysis. For example , a landscape archi tecr could access an aerial image, cum land use and parcel data on and off, pull up a FEMA Aoodplain map and a wet land inventory map, and mark key areas ofimerest that needed further analysis on site. To find dle location of these areas of interest , users simply right-dick the location on the map and copy the coordinates to a cl ipboard. The clipboard can then be downloaded to a handheld GPS uni t, which can be taken omo the site. A mobile GIS/GPS application using Adobe Reader, geospatial PDFs, and GPS is an affordable and effecti ve tool for anyone needing [Q access geospatial informa tion out in the field. L mdscape architects can use this technology for field -verifying initial desig n concepts. You scan in a hand-generated sketch or import a digital draWing from a CAD, 1s l landsup, Architecture IUV 200$
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The map above shows the density of sightings of Dall's porpoise off the California coast. Geospatial PDFS were used to share images of fires in California, below, with firefighters and emergency workers.
GIS, or illustration program, then use the measuring and location tools in the GeoPDr to locate key design features such as lot ooundaries , roads, public spaces, and landmarks. \Virh this information loaded into a handheld GPS, you can literally walk down the proposed main Strttt of a desig n or stand in the middle of a new town square.
This past year, GeoPDFs were
used to create a mapbook of satelli te imagery for emergency workers and relief agencies fi g hting fires in California. T he Images cover approximately 1,500 square kilometers in the Malibu area and about 4 ,000 square kilometers in and arollnd San Diego. Using the GeoPDF maps, relief workers are ab le [Q access accurate maps, measure disrance, pull up crirical Informac ion, and insef[ comments and markups [Q help determine how best [Q fig hr fires. Because it is so quick and easy to generare new maps, rhe workers are able to pull up t he rimeliest informacion char shows current conditions. Many municipalit ies are now providing their geospacial dara to cheirconscicuems in GeoPDFformars. Gwinnect COUnty, Georgia, which is located just north of Atlanra, is one of rhe fastest growing and most affluent counties in the South. It has been making extensive use of GIS since 1989, and today virtually every department in the county uses the technology. Geospatial data has been integrated among all of the county·s system s, and GIS is plugged into SAp·s CR M (customer rela tionship management software), public Uti lities, records management, public safety, and permi tting . T he county also uses G[Sto manage more [han 265 ,<xXJ parcels ofJand, and an addi tional IO,(X)) to 12,000 parcels areadded every year. Parcel data is used for many purposes, including p lanning projects typically involving landscape architects. T he parcel data can also be incorporated
CALL FOR ENTRIES AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 2009 AWARDS
landscape .m:hltectUf
AWARDS PRESENTED: September 18-21, 2009 at the ASLA Annual Meeting and EXPO in Chicago
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more than 65,000 computers, so marines can access maps and geospatial data. TerraGo's Map2PDF is used to create interactive GeoPDF files with embedd ed data and mapping features. The GeoPDF Toolbar [Urns the free Adobe Reader into a powerful geospatial application that gives users the ability to view, manipulate, and update mapping data. TIle latest release of Map2PDF for Acrobat
TECHNOLOGY into CAD or GIS programs and Us<--d for design projects. Last year the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) started making its quad sheets available in GeoPDF format since these files arc q uicker and easier to download and use than many other d igi tal formats. More than 60,000 USGS digital raster graphics, which are used by landscape archi tects and other design and planning professionals, have been converted to GeoPDP files, and these can be accessed through the USGS SfOre. Different Flavors of Oeospatial PDFS
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There are acnmlly several differem types of geospatial PDFs. Each is a liule different, bur the good news is dmt all providesimilarfunaionality, and all are very simple to access and use. TIle newest versions of Adobe Acrobat and Adobe Reader support geospatial PDFs that al low forencoding of map coordinate systems and georeferenced information. Adobe has greac1yenhanced its original PDF format, providing basic measuring capabilities, georegistration tools, and a coordinate display for showing offlacirude and longitude in Acrobat Pro Extended. Adobe also provides support for TerraG o's GeoPDF in its Acrobat 9 sofnvare. ArcG1S 9.3 has the ability [Q create GeoPDFs. Adobe Acrobat 9 Standard or Pro provides features for reading coordinates, taking measurements, and marking up maps. The geospatial PDFs produced by ESRI support many of the international proiections that global organizations require. Landscape architects using ArcMap 9.3 can use the Export PDF Llyers command to create a geospatial PDF. A geospatial PDF from TerraGo Technologies has been around for several years, and it is becoming ade fueto standard for sharing maps. T he United States Marine Corps has installed TennG o's GeoPDF Toolbar on
.
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Cobb County, Georgia, is using geospatial PDFS to produce online maps, above and below, that are a,ailable to constituents.
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supports extension of most of the Acrobatcompatible geospatial PDF files you can create with ESRI's ArcGIS 9.3 extension to GeoPDF. Adobe and TerraGo have worked together to bring geospatial functionality to the Acrobat and Reader communi ty. The georegistration technique used by Acrobat 9.0 is similar to [he technique used by TerraGo for GeoPDF. TerraGo has submitted the GeoPDF format to the Open Geosparial Consortium (OGC), an international organization that promotes standards for geospatial applications. OGC standards are free, so this means that other programs are able to add the ability to read GeoPDF fi les at no charge. LOG IQ is another third-parry company thar produces geo-encoded PDF Ii les. LOGIQ PDF embeds native ArcMapspatial data elements direcrly into the PDF Ii Ie fOrmar. The resulting maps contain map fearure attributes, geomeuy, table schema, spatial references, and other relevant mapping information within a PDF file. Geospatial PDFs simplify the process of putting interactive maps (hat relate to the real world into the hands of the masses. For landscape architects and other design professionals, the technology will enable us to share maps and drawings, review and make changes, and then import these changes into a CAD or GIS application, or a geobrowser such as Google Earth and Microsoft Live, or use chem with a web mapping service such as Yahoo Maps or Google Maps. T he best thing about geospatial PDFs, though, is that they are totally innocuous. You don't even have to know you are using a new type of PDF-you just know it is easier than ever before to use geospacial information to make gCKXl design and planning decisions.
.lames L. Si/JeJ, ASLA, is a sellior aJs(}{"iate //lith EDA W alld fillilldillg prillcipal ojSalld COIllIIy Stlldiru. Resources
• TerraGo Technologies, w1IIw.terrago l«h.coIJI • Adobe GIS and Mapping PDF Gallery, http://acroiJalllSeruom/ga/lery/grospalia/ • ESRI, Ulw1II.eJri.com • LOG IQ, www.globa/mdpsystel/ls.com • Adobe, www.adobe.com
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1H[ DIRT: [AN YOU DIG If? We ,10. l!!leartlwd five days a week ·"The Dirl'~ is groundb,'caking news of intere:-;I to landscape arehiteets. Find it 011 ASLA"s weh ,.'iite at dirl.as[u.org. AMERltAN SOCIETY Of IANOSCAPf ARCHIHUS 636 mSlRm NW. WASHINGTON. DC 2000T·3736 202·090·24H •fAX 202090·2205 •WWWASIAORG IUV 2001 L.ndstlpe
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In Los Angeles, anew park on aformer oil field brings nature into apark-starved neighborhood.
TIS t\ WARM WINTER EVENING at Vista Hermosa Natural Park, and dusk is fast approaching when, stKldenly, I hear children sing ing. About 30 children and a few adults surround a small fire, and a park ranger leads them as they belt our a familiar campfire song : "T he other day, the other day, I met a bear.... " i\-farshmallows are passed. around, and for a second, I feel as if I'm ar a summer camp or a national park. Bur Vista Hermosa is no wilderness, and it's unlikely I will meet any bears here. l"m in the cemer of rhe United. States's second-largest metropol is, on rhe wesrern edge of downtown Los Angeles. Vism Hermosa is (he first new park built in this area in more than 100 years. Activists have long decried the city's lack of park space. A 2004 study by rhe Trus t fur Public b.nd showed. that
merely 33 percent of rhe children living in the city of Los Angeles can walk (0 a park within a quarter mile of their house. That means more th.1n 6 50 ,000 children do nor have convenient access ro green space where rhey can ru n and play. Compare rhat to Bosron, where 97 percent of children live within walking d istance of a park, and New York City, where the fig ure is 91 percent . 11le dispo.riry between rich and poor, whites and minorities is IXlfTicularly appalling. According toa 2003 stud y by reSearcilefS ar the University ofSourilern CaJifomia, neighborhocxls where whites make up more rhan rhree-quaners of the population averaged. 3 [.8 acres of parkland per [,000 people, while areas where Latinos, African Americans, and Asians were rhe largest racial group averaged 1.6,0.8, and 1.2 acres per 1,000 people, respectively.
So when Vista Hermos.'\ Park opened in the poor latino neigh~ borhood of Temple Beaudry last summer, it was a major victOry for those who view parkland as a civil righc "{This park) sends a mess.1ge," proclaimed Assemblyman Kevin De Leon, "that re~ gardless of who you are, regardless of where your parents came from, regardless of the color of your skin, regardless of your legal status, you deserve access ro nature." As with much of the new parkland in and around Los Angeles, Vista Hermosa is a projen of the Santa Monica Mountains Con~ servancy, a state agency, and the Mountains Recreation and Conservation Amhority (MRCA), a joint powers au thori ty linked strongly to the conservancy. Since it was created in 1980, the conser~ vancy has preserved more than 65,{){X) acres of parkland throllgh ~ out Southern California. As the conservancy's executive di rector since the beginning, Joseph T. Ed ~ miSton, Honorary ASLA, has had a hand in all of chose projects (see "When Cities and Conservation Collide," Lalldscape Architectllre, July 2004). He is also che director of the /l.IRCA. Edmiston says the secret to the agenq"s success is an energecic staff and their single~ minded focus on increasing access to park land. 'nleir aggressive pursuit of part~ ners has also helped. At Visra Her~ mosa, chey partnered with the school discrict, which owns che land, the city of Los Angeles, and other govem~ mem and nonprofit entities to fund the p1fk's conSCl1Jccion and maintenance. But securing the land for Vista Hermosa was not all handshakes and making friends. It required taking srands and wading into murl], political waters where most burelUcmts would not tread. A Toxic History
Merely 33 percent of the children living in the city 01 los Angeles can walk to a park within aquarter mile of their house.
The park's complet ion last summer and the opening of the adjacent school this past fall mark the end of one of the most controversial development proj~ ects in the ci ty's history- the inf.1mous Belmont Learning Cen~ ter project. It was in the midst of this comroversy rhat the idea co use part of the site for the park took shape. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) used its powers of eminent domain to cre~ atea 35~acre parcel in Temple Beaudry, clearing many houses and knocking down a local church without much community outreach. \'{fhile the methods were controversial, the classroom space was much nteded. TIle Belmont Learning Center was going to be the first new high school built by the overcrowded school district in nearly 20 years. T he plans were unique-officials planned to help finance the school through the construaion ofhigh~rise apartments
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and a shopping mall on site. Some lauded these plans as a shining model for future dC\'elopmem, but instead, Belmont l..eaming Center became known as a toxic mess and the most expensive school in America, eventually costing more than $400 million. During the planning stah't'S, the school district had not been forth~ coming alx>ut environmental problems on the site. Like much of the neighOOrhood, the project sits atop the 800-acre Los Angeles City Oil Field, which was once the largest active oil field on the \'{fest Coast. By the 1920s, the area had been developed with single-fiunily hous~ es. However, many of the oil wells were never properly capped, and highly toxic hydrogen sulfide and explosive methane existed in dangerous concen trations dCfp below the surface and could poten~ tially percolate upward. T he school district had bought the property knowing the risks, but the district leaders figured any problems they ran into could be resolved along the way. People had,afrerall, been building on the oil field for years. Blit in the fall of 1998, they were forced to suspend construction temporarily after a state environmental agency in ~ formed the school district that pockets of methane under the site were more extensive than previously thought. Then , a series of exposes in (he local press created fears alxJUt rhe sire's s.1fety and angered the public, who eventually forced OUt (he school superintendent and the school board members who had supported dle project. In January 2000, the new schooll.xJard \'Dted to kill the projecr, despite the facr that the building was 60 percenr finished and approximately $150 mil lion had already been spent. TIle board members feared litigation; they were nor convinced rhe site could be made safe. For years, rhe project site sat unused , its halffinished buildings wmpped in plastic. But rhe technology for remediating the site was available, and it wasn't particularly esoteric. TIle concentrarions of methane and hydrogen sulfide found at the surface were nor dangerous, and the gas beneath rhe surface was nor under pressure. TIlere would be no problem as long as the gas was nor allowed to build up in an enclosed space, and act ive and passive venting sys~ tems, used to prevent rhe buildup of dangerous gases, were already in use throughout Los Angeles County. "It was just a matter of willp:lwer," remem bers Edm iston. Advocating for a Park
TIle site in Temple Beaudry first caught the attention of Edmis~ ton and others at the consetvanl)' in December 2002. TIle conser~ vancy's first urban park, the Augustlls F. Hawkins Park in South
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of dOWfttoon lot b,.Ie. 1ft â&#x20AC;˘ neichborhOO4l"1t previousty "ad ,ery IHUe public creen l pace, ""polite. G..eeft roofs Ire use4 on ,II three of its I mall buildinp, inclwding the upper restroom , here.
Mia Lehrer + Associates' design for Vista Hermosa Park includes IAI a synthetic turf soccer field, IBI a children's adventure area/playground, ICI an informal seating area
Chaparral
Grassland
.,k woodland Lawn Detention
""" Riparian zone
Green roof Drought-tolerant demonstration gardeu Synthetic "rl Permeable concrete IHI an outdoor classroom, III two restrooms, UI a water feature, IKI a loop path surrounded by native plantings in most places, aMI III a bowl-sha ped lawn area that encourages infiltration and provides a place where locals can play sports_
The conservancy did not try to shove aplan down community members' throats; they asked what the community wanted.
Central Los Angeles, had been a huge success, and rhey were looking [Q replicare dlat success throughout rhe city (see 'The Wilds ofSourh Central," Landieape Arrhilatflre, April 20(2). Edmiston was scouring other sites in [he neighborhocx:l with J ose H uiz.'1r, then a school boord member, and Ed Reyes, a city councilman, when he spofted the shrink-wrapped buildings of the Belmont Learning Cemerand the large area of open space next to t hem. "\Vhat's that?" Edmiston asked, and they went over to look. Could this be the space they were looking for? A few months later, the school district announced new ProlX>Sals for the Belmont Learning Cemersite. A popular new superintenden t backed a plan to sell off the existing buildings and build a small high school on an empty section of the site. Bur H uiz.'U believed they could get the classroom space they needed faster by finishing the bUildings rhey'd starred. Inspired by the conservancy's work,
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H uizar met with Edmiston to see if [hey would be imerested in developing a park on the site. There was only a small window ofopportunity, so [he conservancy would have to mow quick1y. Stephanie Landregan, A')lA, its chief landscape archi tect at that time, called Mia Lehrer + Associates (ML+A) to organize a charrette. ML + A, a Los Angeles-based firm, had worked on a few other projects for the conservancy and had a master services agret'ment with them . T hat weekend, M ia Lehrer, FASLA, visited the si te for the first time with conservancy Staff. Immediately, she was struck by the amazing view of downtown. "Vista hermosa," whispeR-d Lehrer, who was born in El Salvador. Vista ber7/l0Jd, Spanish for beautiful view, became the name of thei r proposal and a guiding force behind their design. Lmdregan and designers at r.D.+A worked long hours, producing a concepmal plan for the site and renderings thar would sell the idea. Concep[s were faxed back and forrh between the de-
signers and Edmisron, who critiqued their The grotto, "bore, provides an infonnal bers chat che gases could be micigated and plans (rom his home. chat the conservancy was working in their incouncil ring for gatherings such as campfires. A group plays bocce ball in cerest. "People were concerned che park wasn't T hey presented ro the school board the folgoing to be for them," recalls land regan. lowing Monday. H uizar was excited about the the relatl,ely flat decomposed granite proposal, but the other members of the school area in the center of the grotto, below. Tn addition ro the meetings, che scaff at the IxxLrd initially gave it a lukewarm response. conservancy also organized field trips ror stakeU nwilling w give up, they took their plans w the community to holders and elecced officials. 11ley bused them ro rhe Augusrus E see if they could get enough grassroots support ro move the proj- Hawkins Park and their parks in the mountains roshow them what ect along. They only had a few weeks before the school board would the conservancy was capable of. They cook them to other developvote. Huizar's office, which was fumiliar with the main stakehold- ments around town that had successfully mitigated underground ers in the community, helped set up meetings in local schools. gases. And they explained how having a park on part of the site was Unlike the school district's previous attempts over the years, ideal, as it would allow the gases beneath to disperse. the conservancy did not try to shove a plan down community Edmiston, Huizar, and Reyes worked on selling the park to othmembers' throats; they asked what the community wanted. Lehrer er local leaders, and soon the state senator, the state assemblyman, remembers one of those early meetings, held in a tent on land and even the mayor had come oUt in fuvor of building a park But overlooking the site. "We wid che decision was the school district's to make, and Superintendthem there's a very strong possibility for a park," she recalls. ent Roy Romer was not budging. Romer was not a small-time bu"\'{1hat are your hopes for what reaucrat; before being named as can happen ?" Many of the community members speak Spanish the superintendent, he had been as their first or only language. the govemorofColorndo and the Lehrer and Barbara Romero, a head of the Democratic National Committee. He'd been brought p lanner wi th the conservancy who comanaged the project, are in to reform the school district, and he'd been allowed to rule it both fluent, and this helped create a level of comfort and trus t. wi th somewhat of an iron fist, says Edmiston. He d id not like T he main challenges wefe the conservancy stepping on his convinCing community mem-
turf. '·He calls me upand says, 'I don·t care if you get the governor and all these people; you're n()( going [0 haw your park,'·· Edmis[On remembers. However, the conservancy"s effof(s were working. One byone, the necessary vO[es were secured, and two days after Romer [Old Edmiston he would lose, the school OOard voted for the parkwith the superintendent supp:ming it. It took another year [0 s0lidifY the plan, but the conservancy was eventually granted a 20year lease for 10.5 acres. Not Just Nature
13m what kind of park would Vista Hermosa be? The conservancy specializes in parks where city dwellers can experience nature. "\'\11" generally don't do active recre-
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ation,'· explains Romero. But it was dear from the beginning that passive recreation alone would not suffice here. T hrough their community meetings, the design team learned that an empty field where the local children played soccer had recently been fenced off. "There was no negotiating a soccer field,'· remembers Lehrer. 'They wanted that, period. There were even discussions whether there should be three soccer fields, and we should just forget the park.·· But there were other unmet needs wi t hin the local community aside from places to play soccer. Walking trai ls were also nc""t'ded, as were places to have outdoor celebrations. T he landscape archi tects brokered a compromise, providing a single soccer field on the site. T he rest of the park
The conservancy specializes in parks where city dwellers can experience nature.
would be developed in a more naturalistic way to accommodate many different users. Vista Hermosa sits on a fairly steep site with a Go-foot change in el~va tion from top to bottom. \Xlhen the designers first visited, it had been graded into three distinct terraces with sharp drops between [h~m. ML+A regraded the site to mak~ th~ landforms softer. '路\XI~ had a huge earth-moving operation-som~thing our agency had never done;路 says Landregan, because the conservancy usually works with less-impaC(~d sit~s. To keep costs down, ML+A tried to avoid using retaining walls as much as possible and worked to reduce the amount of soil exported off site. T hat was really challenging, according to ML+A managing partner Esther Margulies, ASLA,due to the mitigation methocl used throughout the park. To prevent gases from being trapped. and bUilding up JUSt below the surfac~, the top 18 inch-
es of topsoil were stockpiled., an 18-inch layer of sand was spread over the entire site, and the topsoil was laid down on top of that. 111e sand layer was introduced so that the gases will be able to percolate horizontally if areas of the topsoil become compacted. As it reaches the top of the soil, the gas vents into the air where it rises up into the atmosphere or is carried away by the wind. It is not able to concentrate to dangerous levels. Under the park buildings and the school next door, membranes prevent the gases from entering the buildings, and venting systems prevent theiraccumulation beneath the buildings. Today, grading helps to separate different areas of the park so that it can serve many types of users simultaneously. Sitting around a campfire organized in the informal stone amphi theater, you are not disturbed. by the teams playing soccer, the children playing on the p layground, or tile jogser winding around the other side of the loopparh,and you cannot see the cars parked. in rhe parking lot below. T his sense of separation that is desirable during the day is less desirable at night. Becausevisibility is not particlilarly goocl into rhe site from the street, rhe park is fenced. off and doses at dusk. T he art ificial rurf soccer Passive recreation opportunities abound at Vista HennO$il including searching for frogs at the water feature near the grotto, opposite, walking through naturalistic areas, below, and picnicking, left. "Culturally, people in the Latino community like parks for quinceneras, weddings, and other celebrations," notes Mia Lehrer, FASLA.
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he comes twice a week to play fomball or soccer, but he rarely gets a chance to play on the fancy turf field. The soccer field is only free for a half hour each day, according to Judy Perez Soto, a park ranger with the MRCA. Even during the summer months when school is not in session, the field is locked during the day, and at night it's reserved for league play managed by the city's department of recreation and parks. $oto says the soccer leaglles charge a fee, which many children in the immediate neighborhood can't afford. Other landscape architects would be wise to consider how they can design spaces that provide opportllnities for athletes not involved in team sports. While the older child ren gravitate toward the fields, young children play in an adventure play area deSigned to get them in touch with natllre. "It was
Romero does not believe that manufactured play equipment is essential.
fi eld is fenced separately from the more naturalistic parts of the park, so it can be limi ted to schoolchildren dueing the day and stay open for night games held under the lights. Drawing on community input, the designers located it at the south end of the site, where its bright lights would be less ofa nuisance. The designers balanced the formal soccer field with informal lawn areas. Carlos Calderon, a 14-year-old who lives nearby, says
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meant to be unconventional," says Lehrer. "Kids make cheirown fun. They play with sticks and stones, scramble up and down a screambed, and climb on [sculptures of) animals native to the area." Prop artists from the local movie industry were broughc in to work on a giant snake and a turtle that has a small slide attached to it. T he snake is used as an unusual balance beam and chi ldren scamper along it. \Vhen I visited on a Sacurday afternoon, fi ve kids were hanging out here. While a few children chased one anmher around , caking advantage of obstacles like logs and boulders, most were just hanging out in the crevices of the turrle. "\Ve do wish they would have more swings and stuff," remarked Dorit Dowlerguero, who was there with her eigh t-year-old daughter. But her daughter, Liberty, liked the turtle, a grassy hill nearby, and having a place where she could run. Romero does nm believe that manufactured play equipment is essential. "We have surveyed kids aboue what they like to do in parks," shes.'IYs. 'They say they like to jump. TIley like to climb.
A girl runs across the giant snake sculpture in the children's ad'errture area, opposite. Organized soccer teams dominate the large turf soccer field, right. Rough·surfaced retaining walls with a faux rirer rock 'eneer, abore, are designed to hare a national park character a nd do not seem to attract graffiti.
They like co run. They like co rol l. It's not necessarily just swinging on a swmg. Sustainable Features
Since protecting natural resources is an essential part of the conservancy·s mission, "we tried to put in as many sustainable e[emems as we could," says Romero. Every effort is made (0 keep water from running off rhe site. 'The majority of the park is permeable-99 percent of it! ·· declares Lehrer. Green rws cover the two restroom buildings and the park ranger"s office. Decomposed granite is used for most of the paths and gathering areas. Permeable pavers are used near the entry, and permeable concrete is used for the parking lor. Only the concrete ramps aren·t permeable. To slow the water as it runs down the site, the [ower field is graded [ike a bowl. \Xi"ater that gathers in this bowl-shaped area is diverted by pipe to a 20,000-gallon cistern under the parking [or, which is used to irrigate some of the plantings on the site (the rest are irrigated using city water). Bm there is also a sttong
emphasis on infiltration; the pipe is undersized so that water has a chance to soak into the ground and replenish the aquifer that is an important source of water for the region. "[n Los Angeles, we try to infiltrate whenever we can," says Margul if'S. '' It"s a radical sea change from five years ago.·· The bowl shape and the undersized pipe are vestigial design features that relate better to the original plan for planting the
lower field as a native meadow than to its current use for active recreation. During the construction process, seeding a meadow was determined to be tOO com plicated and time-consuming,given a neighborll(xxl. tha t was itching to use its park, so the area was planted wi th lawn instead. Whi le the multipurpose field is much loved, the way it drains toward the center is not ideal. T he landscape archi tects' desire to create a small wetland on si te was also never realized. TIle property is still owned by the school district, which has strict requirements for water features . To pass muster, the water needs to be crystal clear and the bottom of the pool needs to have a nonslip surface in case someone walks in. Earl y plans for releasing stormwa ter from a nearby storm sewer into the park were also abandoned because the water qual ity was tOO poor and there was not enough funding to clean it before it was released, says Margulies. However, the re is a small pond near the amphitheater, designed to LAUSD guidelines, that kids like to play in. Naturalistic native plantings are found chroughom the site. '"The intent was to re-creace portions of che Santa Monica Mountains through d ifferent p lanting areas," says Romero. "T he minute we put the trees in, it was like creating a new subdivision for birds. We had birds fighcing for crees,"' remembers Landregan. even though che trees are not yet grown in, many visitors had good things to say abouc the plantings ... , recognize a lot of the plants from when r go hiking oue in the Simi Valley," remarked Scephanie H achaway, who was visiting the park for the firsc time. '"There's a lot of natural sages. TIle smells are JUSt wonderful." Buc plancings are not limited to natives; nonnacives including bougainvillea are used to provide color. "Perception is imporcane," says Margulies. "{The conservancy] waneed to make sure the park would look accractive and have planes Aowering on opening day. Some of our natives are a li ttle more subtle."' T he naturaliscic plantings in the park are used as a learning tool by the MRCA, and designers hope they can be incorporated ineo lessons at the high school next door as well. (N o longer wrapped in plastic, the school buildings were retrofitted with systems tha t vent and monitor unde rground gases and are now complete and filled with students). The MRCA's junior ranger program teaches younger kids who visi t the park about plants, animals, and environmental issues . 't prepares them for trips out into natural areas, so they know what is safe and what is unsafe. A program called 'Transit to Trails" offers inner-city children and families, many of whom d on't have access to cars, monthly fie ld tri ps from Vista H ermosa to the beach and the Santa Monica Mountains. l1lrough the new park and the programs the MRCA provides, the neighborhood is coming together more tightly as a community. Ranger Sow says she hasn 'r encountered any issues with gangs, and neighbors seem to be less fearful as time goes on. "Initially, people worried about walking in the dark back home, bur now people have made friends with their neighbors in the park so it's not real-
Iy a big deal:' she says. "Kids who weren't friends before are now friends. Seeing that really gives you a rewarding feeling..' Resources
• No Place to Play: a Comparative Alla/YJiJ o/Park Aam in Seven Major CitifJ, T he Trust for Public Land, 2004. Available online at www.tPI. orglfierJ jd cjm?contenUftnl_id= 14565 &fold£r_id: 266. • '"Toward a Sustainable Los Angeles: A "Nature's Services' Ap-
"Initially, people worried about walking in the dark back home, but now people ha~e made friends with their neighbors in the park so it's not really abig deal."
proach," University of Southern G lifornia Center for Sustainable Ci ties, March 2003. Available on line at http://co/!ege.IIJ[.edlllgeo
graphylESPElp"bliCdtioml rlalllrmerviCfJ.html. • 'T he School T hat \Xfasn't;' by Susan Anderson; TheNafioll, June 5, 201Xl. Available online at wWl().thi!llation.romlciocI200006051
alldersoll. • 'T he Bolshevik Who Beat Belmont," by Ralph Fmmmolino; Los Allgeles Times Magazine, J anuary 7, 200 I. • "Vista Hermosa Park O pens," by Teresa Watanabe; Los AllgdfJ Til/les, July 20, 2008. Available online at hup:llarlicles./atimes.coml
200SljIlI1201l0Cd1Ime-park20. . T heenvironmenral impact reporrand other official documents for Vista H ermosa are avadable online at www./aschools.orgl
t!i.Jtd-bermosaldoCllfl/ClltS. PROJECT CREDITS
Owner: Los Angeles Unified School District,
Los Angeles (R ichard Alonzo, Distriu F superintendent; R ick H ijazi, senior p roject manager; Tom \Xfarson, health and safety; Edmundo Rodriguez}. Clientl1ead agencies: Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy/Moumains Recreation and Conservation Auchority, State ofGlifornia (Joe Edmiston, H onorary ASLA, executive director; Stephanie V. Landregan, ASLA, chieflandscape architect ; Barbara Romero, project manager/community liaison, Amy Lechbridge, MRCA education). Additional oversight: D ivision of State Architect, State ofGlifomia (Frank Chia). Landscape architecture! prime consultant Mia Lehrer + Associates, los Angeles (Mia Lehrer, FASLA, design partner; Esther Margulies, ASLA, managing partner; Jeff H utchins, ASLA, project manager). General contractor: Los Angeles Engineering, Covina, Califomia (Ron H alquist, project principal; l1lecKl.ore Posch, project manager). CiviVsbuctural engineering: KPFF Inc., Los Angeles (R ick Davis, civil principal in charge; Kumar H albe, civil projeu engineer; Aaron Reynolds, structural engineer; Devlin T homas, struuural engineer). Electrical engineering: Nicolas Abanto. Architect: ERW Design, Malibu, Glifomia (Elaine Renee Weissman). Irrigation: Sweeny + Associates, San Diego (Daniel Zumallen). Pood consultant: EPD Consul tants, San Pedro, C'Ilifom ia (Kevin Poffenbarger). Mitigation engineers: SCS Engineers, Long Beach, C'Ilifomia(Mike Leonard, senior technical manager}; Meredith & Associates Inc., Los Angeles (Thomas Dolan, senior engineer). Construction specifications consultants: Jerry O rland. Cost estimating: C. P. O'H alloran Associates Inc., Westlake Village, C'li 1fornia (Ciaran O ·H alloran). Gate and fencing artist: Bre tt Goldstone, Brett Goldstone Inc., Los Angeles. Public art /signage, etc,l: Art Share, Los Angeles.
o rever
Northala Fields, the largest park to be built in London for a century, is an exemplar ofsustainable construaion and design.
By Tim Coulthard
T
HE UNM ISSABLE EARn I FORMS OF Northala Fields mark a new gateway [0 ''''est London. They art' landmarks for ÂŁIX' largest new park in rhe eil}' for a century and symbols of a momemous struggle
[h'-It rook place before rhe scheme could become a reality. As well as providing a funmsric Il('W amenity for re.idents in nearby Northolr and E.lling. Nortlmla Fields represents proof of an ecologically sound, financ ially robust model for rhe creation ofa major new gR"tTl spoce. Lead designers foRM Associares(formerly Arr2Archi recrure) have seen the project through an eight-yenr journey, working in a project ream that also included EOAW ecologist Peter Neal and design and budd support
from
LD A
Design. During thar period, rhe pract ice has been cast various-
ly as desi,gne r, mediator, agitator, and savior bur has emerged vindicated for its passion and persistence. N orrhala r ields lies at the h(-arr of the Northolt and Greenford Countryside Park, a network of open spaces covering 100 hectares, from Northolrvillage in the north to Ruislip Rood in the somh and flanked by the busy A40. 11lc: new park occupies an IRS-hectare plot that was first acquired by Ealing Borough in 1997 from Kensington and Chelsea, which
The plan shows Ihe major fealures on Ihe Northala Fields sile: IAJ urban fishe ry, 181 model bGaling lake, lei reed bed, IDJ borehole water source, lEI swale, IFI playground, ICllookoLlt, IHI meadows/wetlands, III woodland, IJI amphitheater, IKI primary path, and III parking a reas,
Fink was struck by the "emotional connection between the female form and landscape.."
had previously used it for sportS fields for schools. T he site lay dormant until 2000, when Ealing launched a compet ition for ideas for uses for the land, which had started to attract antisocial behavior and was prone to flooding, a threat to nearby housing. Rob Cairns, who at the time was Ealing's project manager, said the briefconcentrated on the practical requirements for incorporating the necessary earth fill, using water, offering flood defenses, and featuring an eco-logical focus . T he general feeling was that there should be an artistic approach to the earth forming, but the direct ion was not specified to competi tion entrants. Cairns says the entry led by FoRM was the "obvious choice" Ix-cause '路they responded beSt to the brief, incorporating all of the elements in a meaningful way." Black-and-white photography dating back to the 190(}s provided the spark of inspiration for FoRM partner Peter r ink. O ne particu lar shot of a naked woman had particular resonance for rink,
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who was struck by 路路the emotional connection between the female form and landscape." FoRM's proposals for Northala Fields represented a dramatic move away from the conventional British not ion of public parks, both in design and implementation. The dominant forms are four conical mounds 15, 20,25, and 30 meters high that screen the border of t he site. T hey are both playful and functional, acting as an extremely efficient noise screen from the ad jacent A40. ror Fink, the forms have a very dear effect on visi tors. '" \VIe were trying to find a resolution that doesn路t overwhelm the urban rim. I was fascinated about creat ing a landscape in a city on a scale that doesn'texisr. I had this idea of propelling people into movement, and that is what happens here-they arrive and get up onto the mounds and move around . It's big enough to have that effect." T he smaller mounds are turf covered and planted with wildflowers to add seasonal vibrancy, while the largest mOllnd features
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a spiral path and seating that lead to the peak. From there, the view back across the city makes Canary Wharf visible, creating an unprecedented link between east and west. In the other direction, the (hilterns are visible on a clear day. To the delight of the designers, the mounds are already being absorbed into the social and cultural functions of the surrounding community. Some uses are unsurprising- they are a wonderful slXlt for sledding during snow. But others have been totally unexpected--on certain holy days, hundreds of Hindus come to the eastern mound to pray at sunrise. llwre are further instances that reinforce the powerful effect of landscape on emotion and behavior, says Fink. "The local school has autistic children, who are often very sensitive to too much open space. Bm for some reason, they really took to this mound, and when
they get disturbed or upset, the school staff brings them here and walks them round the padl. The kids have recently designed their uniform and have included the mound and path on rhe badge.'路 The buildup of the mounds was critical to unlocking rhe financial and ecological benefits of the project. The si te is entirely self-financing by using inert waste from building projects around the $omheast. The construction of the mounds ultimately used 100,000 cubic meters of imported material, much of it from some of the region路s best-known projects. As we walk up the largest mound, Fink reveals that beneath our feet are the recycled rubble from Wembley Stadium路s legendary twin towers and material displaced for the Terminal5 building at Heathrow. It would evencually take about 65,000 truckloads of waste to create
the park, and it is estimated that if the clean constmction spoil was not used here, rhen 13,000 journeys of several hundred miles to outlying landfills would have been necessary, in addition to the embOOied energy used fur (he passive processing of the materiaL The earth forms have been delivered almost as they wert originally conceived, but the (){her aspens of the park have been compromised. In de\'eloping the plans and accompanying funding model , FoRM developed (wo options of varying degrees of
Benealh our feel are recycled mbble frolll Wernbler Sladjuln alld materjal displaced for the Tennil1815 building al Headll'O lV.
ambition. Northala Fields could develop as either a fiscally neutral project-solely hlllded by ÂŁ6 million of spoil-generated income, delivering a park with a functioning urban fishery and a limited range oflocal Sport, art, and play fJcilities; oran aspirational projeaa sustainable exemplar 2lst-cemury park with a wide range of facilities supported by a long-term endowment fund for maimenance and a provision of free inclusive educational, art, and sport program ming. To mttf those objectives, r"ORM proposed a visitor cemer
housing educational facilities, a cafe, a park ranger office, and [Qi~ lets. This would be set in a fully WiMAX-connected park, with an environmental education program based on open~air accessibility through mobile phones and vif(u~ al databases designed [Q explore the connect ions between people and their local, regional, and global environment. 111ere would also be a program of vocational training [Q deliver skins required [Q maintain and manage this type of park; innovative play facilities exploring water; a central core designed as a demonstration landscape environment exploring the value and meaning of water throug h play, education, and water~ preservation ~focllsed design; and a new pedestrian and cycle bridge. The regrettable loss of this more ambitious option certainly cannot be blamed on the designers, who from the outset had embarked on an extensive period of public re~ search and consultation ro create passionate support and establish truSt among the pol iticians. As happens tOO often on major land ~ scape schemes, the budget fell afoul of political upheaval as, in 2006, the incoming conservative administration in Ealing reap~ propriated ÂŁ7 50,000 of the previously ring ~fenced funding and downg raded the park.
'The cultural services people who were put in charge of the parks took a look at the accounts for [his project, saw the money sitting there waiting for the work to continue, and said [hey would take the mon~ ey for other uses and downgrade this project--do the minimum here," says Fink. "Bur the public was so commi tted to this project that they had a demonstration of 1,000 people in from of the town hall, which almost never happens." At this point, feeling there was no option, FoRM spoke out pub~ licly against the council and was fi red from the project. A media row ensued, in which the public advocates of the scheme had their say. "T he public's understanding of the issue'S was so clear that the people could arg ue on behalf of the project almost as if they were landscape architects," says Fink. Ultimately, the council re l em~ ed and the public had the park it demanded , albeit the less ambi ~ tious version first proposed. Fink is now philosophical about the negative response of the council, which has subsequently brought his firm back on board. "People {at the counci I) genuinely didn't understand what was happening in this project, but they have now changed their views," he s.'lyS. T here isstill hope that a second phase can deliver some of those
extra features, but, even now, what has been delivered is a huge asset for the area. \Xfhile the earth mounds dominate visually, further design features add to the range of activities possible in the park. Fishing is a major new recreation provision not only for the park but also for West london. The lakes, to be managed by a fishing charity, will provide mixed-<:aurse fishing, with up to 60 fishing pegs, offering day-ticket facilities and featuring specific provisions for disabled, youth, and family fishing. Model boating is to be accommodated on the amenity pool, and there are also traditional and natural playground areas and equipment. An entertainment amphitheater has been built into the new landform, providing a venue for local community and scluX)1 events. Enhancing the ecological valLie of the site has been limited toadegrtt by the proximity of Royal Air Force Norrholt airfield and the potential risk to aviation safety of attracting large nLimbers of bird species that may increase the risk of bird strikes. As a result, the ecological gains have been carefully aimed at habitats and species that will nor attract bird species of concern. Habitats include areas of existing woOO.land near the perimeter of the site and additional woodland planc ing around the perimeter. \Xfithin the site, where possible, the existing ecological resource of dead elm hedgerows is salvaged and integrated incothe new woodland areas. Meadow types are the dominant vegetation in the development, covering the prop::rsed mounds and most of the area co the south. A range of meadow types is being established through the careful selection and placement of imported material and differing management regimes, providing an ecological showcase for different meadow and grassland flora and fauna. T he new water system captures ground and surface water drainage from the new landform and is augmented by a borehole supplying groundwater from a deep aquifer. The borehole allows a constant water flow co be maintained through the water system, particularly during periods of low rainfall. From its source, the water flow is spli t, one part flowing into the recreation water catchment and the second into the ecological water catchment. T he recreation water catchment features a large, shallow amenity pool designed to provide a calm water surface suitable for use by model boaters. The fishing area is a relatively large water I:xxl.y that is divided on the surface with causeways and boardwalks co form six smaller water bodies (co discourage bird takeoff and landing). CLirrent proposals are for rhe fishery to be stocked and managed as a clear-water mixed-course fishery.
111e ecological catchment includes education habitats- co the SOUth of the amenity pool are a pond and wetland matrix with dipping and observation platforms to encourage direct interaction for school and interest groups with the wetland and water communities. The outfall watercourses-from both watercatchments as well as the scormwater drainage for the whole site-are two newly created watercourses flowing into an existing watercourse lying to the south of the site. Wherever possible, materials used in the landscape details are sourced from reused or recycled materials. Crushed concrete, mainly produced on site from impaned demolition material, is used extensively for gab ion retaining walls, structural fill, and subbase and wearing course material for most paths. Timber for seats and bins is from reclaimed railway sleepers; path edging and fishing platforms are constru([ed from recycled plastic;and paving materials are reclaimed granite cobbles, curbs, or new materials constructed with a high proportion of recycled material. Despite ItS troubled birth, Northala Fields now stands as a fine example of what can be achieved when passionate designers, public support, and political will coincide to attempt projects on a g rand scale. For Fink, it was a long but rewarding process. 路路\Xfhen we won the competition, everyone said, You can'e build this on people's doorsteps: At that point we went into a two-year consultation with the public. Wle were not paid, bue we slowly saw people buy into it until they became the project's greatest supporters.路' Cairns, who still maintains a project management ro!edespite leaving Ealing, believes Norrhala Fields offers valuable lessons for other authorities. "As a template for creating public space, if is something everyone should look at."
Tim COlli/hard i1 the editw a/Landscape magazine. Reprinted with permission from the February 2(X)9 issue ofl..dndmagazine.
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PROJECT CR拢DITS Lead designers: FoRM Associates Ltd. (former-
ly Art2Architecfure Ltd.), london. Ecology: Peter Neal, EDAW, London. Engineering: Techniker Ltd., London, and Peter Bren Associates, London. Landscape design: EDAW ,london, and FoRM Assoc iates Ltd., London. Prolect management: EDAW, London. Deslgnlbuildteam: c.J. Pryors(main contractor), Harlow, and C. R. Swift (landscape contractor), Essex, with LDA Desig n, London.
1,.,
Torre explores ideas through
eye路 level sketch studies and his signature tilt-up aerial drawing technique.
30~hIINUTE CONVERSATION with
A
Ace Torre, FASLA, can be exhausting. T he 61-year-old designer leaps with boyish enthusiasm from worldwide conservation issues to French
Ace Torre, FASLA, sketches as a catalyst for ideas. By James Richards, ASLA 102 1 Landscape
Architecture MAY lOot
philosophy to the intricate derails of a building roof. BlIt at some point, words aren't enough co communicate the (omplexities of his ideas. T hen, he draws. Drawing IS a common thread that knits together Torre's way ofseeing, thinking, and practicing across several complex areas ofend(-avor. He IS a registered landscal~ architect, an architea, an interior designer, and a (iry planner who has distinguished himself as one of the fOremost designers of moclern mos in rhe United Scates, and he has a brood portfolio of award-winning parks, warerfroms, and urban revitalizations as well. He is a gifted musician who once pursued acareer in rock and roll, as well as an author who paints, sculpts, and designs furniture (and his own residence) for good measure. How did theone-rime New Orleans keyl:xmdist become Auem in such a range of crearive d isciplines? "f love rodraw," he 5.'lys. Torre began his career as the founder of the urban design department within the New Orl eans Planning Commi ssion, bringing design thinking and his gift of drawing to the political agency's vision of the city. After leaving government to study in h aly as a R ome Pr ize recipient, he worked as a designer in architectural production firms and eventually became a partner in a landscape architectural pructice that after years of evolution and a buyout exists toclayas Torre Design Consortium. Along the way he invented his own unique approach to design drawing, which he termed "the tilt-up technique. " In his 1986 book Site PenpatilJeJ, he describes it as "a free-form combination of aerial, axonometric, isometric, and onepoint perspective" that lays back building walls and site elements to expose all for design study. These epic drawings are
SHAIED IISDOII quickly constructed to scale on trace over the rough plan view, and they allow design exploration ofhardscape, plantings, architectural facades, and spatial relationships si-
multaneously. It's a particularly potent tool for the many com plex facets of zoo design, especially when the designer is thinking concurrently in the capacities of architect, landscape archi tect, and interior designer.
For any given project, Torre's tilt-up view is su pplemented with a staggering number of loose, freehand cross sections and perspccrives that, through many overlays and refinements, fix the details and characrer of the vision. Many of these loose drawings find their way into the digital construction documents, allOWing contractors to clearly see his design intent. After visiting Torre's office in a former historic schoolhouse on Magazine Sereet in New Orleans, , became anxious to share Torre's unique approach to drawing and practice with a new generation of designers. Torre and J sac down for a rambling series of conversat ions over tWO days in February.
J.R.: There are a ron of drawings in here! TORRE: We've done 35 zooprojecrs. I have
probably 5,000 sketches. Some are loose; some are refined. Some big, some small. J.R.: Freehand drawing is a big pan of your working style and your firm's identity. 111at'S increasingly rare even in design offices. Why do you draw? TORRE: Because [ love ro draw. [t's a vehi de thac allows exploration. If you can't draw ic and see it, ic's impossible to think Torre's qu ic k study sketch captures the design路 er's first thought for an entry plaza, left. The eye level of the perspectl'e is raised to allow a view of the swamp beyond. Proportions and perspective are refined throu gh trace overlays, below left. The final sketch, below, is still loose enough to encour路 age client feedback.
104 1 Landscape Architecture MAY lOot
if through. And if your intent is to work on a project that requires other people to undersmnd your Vision and you can'r draw ic so chac chey undersmnd it, ie's impossible to go furrher into refinement. So ic's a powerful tool, but it's only a tool if you like co draw. A lac of people are intimidaced by scarring. They expecc a mascerpiece when chey smrCOUL A lotof [he drawings I do are no good. Bue che exercise chac I wenc chrough to c reace chern, to think aoout chem, and to discard chern is sci II a posicive process in arriving ac che ulcimace design solution. And chere's a continuum in this office that if the idea is strong enough, ic goes through another iceracion and another iteration and eventually finds its way into [he final elecrronic produccion sec as a freehand drawing.
â&#x20AC;˘â&#x20AC;˘
You know, ae [he rurn of (he cemury, che educated man had to be able rodraw. lfyou couldn't draw, you weren't eruly considered
an educated man. Nowadays, those of us who like to draw, draw. A lot of people look at it as tedium, and dley only use it when rhey have to-you know, you do a plan and
you have co do [he obligatory cwo sketches. Then the value isn't much because you've already set everything in position. But in our case it's an iterative process back and forth , using drawing as a tool [Q explore mther than to justifY or clarify what you already did. I think that's a big difference.
Torre creilted his first titt-up drawing, above, ollt of iI need to explore the complex urban relationships of New Orleilns's SL Charles Street in three dimensions. The approilch won iI major competition for the design commission. Torre explains and re.c;reates the thought process of multiple vanishing lines for the St. Charles Street sketch, left. His initial sketch, bottom left, tries to capture the ''feel'' of the proiect. As the sketch evol'es, bottom right, ideas for architecture, theme, branding, and distant landforms are explored.
LR.: You're probably the most prolific sketcher I know in any discipline. Is sheer volume of drawings pan: of how you work through the creative process? TORRE: I believe more is better. I haw to do that volume to really see what it looks like and then show people what I'm trying to create so that they can react and modifY it. So the volume is a result of the process. I also believe that more is more accurate and informative. You can see the nooks and crannies and twists and turns of a design if
IUY toot Landscape Architecture 1 105
you draw your way through if. If you do a plan and then you do the requisite three illuscrarives, you probably pick them based on whar you think the key points are. Bur you know, there may be L,OOO important points (ha{ constitute {he overall experience. T hen 50 sketches is going to be berter rhan rhree, righr? J.R.: Well, when your contract caLis for
The process for creating the plan is outlined on this page and opposite: IAI After reconciling sur路 vel' information with a planimetric aerial base, Torre sketches through plan ideas at 40 scale. IBI Revised ideas are taped into place to avoid redrawing. lei Building footprints are highlight路 ed in red to keep critical lines ,isible through successive overlays. IDI Torre adds color to the preliminary plan 'iew.
rhreedrawings and you're doing 50, obVIously speed is a factor. So how did you learn {() work fast? TORRE: 111e way I dorhings came ro me by being a student at Louisiana State University (LSU) while playing music as a professional four or five nights a week in New Orleans. I didn't have a lot oftime co ponde r, you know? So you heard what you had
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to h(-ar in class, came down and played music, went back to school early. And YOll atracked rhe drawing. \'Vhile people were sti ll raping it down, plltting a border on it, thinking about it, I was already halfway throug h rhe project because I didn't have time. And it turned out to be a great asset to be able to push through and get stuff down and to realize that hey, even if it's
scribbled, it's something; it's a srarr. And from the scribble you can do layers and refinement, modify it,and so forrh.Just getting started was so imjXlrmnt. If you end up throwing the whole thing away, you've still made progress. As long as that sheet's blank, you've done nothing. And I believe that great French adage that "your first idea is probably your best." If you
can get it right the first time, or get it right enough as in there are no finite, black-andwhite solutions to any design problem, and if you fed goOO about it once it's executed, did you really need six weeks to work on it, or could you have done it in threedays? And [ do like the intensity of JUSt jamming it through . So for better or worse, it's the way rhat I do it. It's what allows a relarively small
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firm to do what other firms need a lot more people to do. I find it's a really great solurion. I.R.: When doyol.! first rememberdmwing? TORRE: When I was in g rammar school. A buddy of mine and J got ouc of a lac of classwork by doing murals (laughs). I remember wedid a mural of Egyptian temples with Pharaoh 's army riding horses. They filled the whole wall- he'd be on chis side and I'd be on che other, we'd discuss a liccle, and we'd work co che cencer. In high school I gOt inca drawing aucomobiles so chat che racing slicks looked like black rubber, and che chrome had che righc refleccion. Bur when I goc ca L<;U, I was lost for the first few projects because I didn'c underscand che drawing vocabulary for landscapes. So I tried to invenc myown vocabulary and wasted a lot of time. LR.: \Vas chere an "aha" moment when you "got it," or was it more a matter of de-
108 1 Landscape Architecture
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Haying detennined the most advantageous angle from which to construct the tilt-up drawing, Torre oyerlays the plan view with trace and draws the central "yanishing line" perpendicular to the bottom of the sheet. This line's placement is important as the viewer's eye will be drawn to this part of the finished sketch. (AI Radial "vanishing lines" are drawn from rertical edges of mportant plan features toward an imaginary vanishing point off the bottom of the sheet. Lines are adjusted slightly from true perspective as needed to allow for the most infonnati짜e view of vertical features
such as building facades . (8) Using vanishing lines as a guide, the first yertical lines are projected up from building corners to begin to create a 3-D effect. The yerticallines are drawn to the same scale as the plan view. (el More buildings are " popped up," their angle guided by the yanishing lines to simulate an aerial perspecli짜e view. Unlike a true aerial perspective, Yertical elements are drawn to scale, allowing the designer to ell"plore concepts with true dimensions as the drawing evolyes. lDI The red lines are an aid to make the vanishing lines more yisible for the reader.
veloping the skills and drawing vocabulary over cime? TORRE : Ic was when my professor Max Conrad, FASLA, brought me Ted Kautzky's Pencil Brwdsjdes book. J probably spent a month duplicating every drawing just co see what it would feel like. J eventually learned chac there were these icons used as a vocabulary that when assembled created
a greac skecch thac looked like a landscape arc hicectural drawing. And once I gOt che hang ofic, I really loved chac approac h. \V hen I used co teach dmwing, I"d make (he scudents crace for che first month. Pick a style that you like and trace it so you can physically feel the hand strokes and what it takes to create it. TIlat exercise pushes it backward into your brain, and as a result
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you have a base vocabulary to make things happen. You know, when you p lay the piano there's a certain feel to the keys. It's che same process in drawing. If you can get a vocabulary and physically understand what it takes to make these marks and icons that when assembled make a sketch, it putS you much farther ahead than if you were trying to invent your own vocabulary. You can kill yourself that way. It would be like crying to invem your own language every time you meet somelxxly. You'd wear yourself OUt; nolxxly would understand you and you'd never make any progress. I.R.: How did you develop che cilt-up cechnique? TORRE: l ike everydling else, out of necessicy. It came ouc of che Sr. Charles Streec design competition. I laid it out in plan view, and it was all square building fOotprints and rectangular streets and circles that were going to be trees. I looked at it and said, '"I
110 1 Landscape Architecture
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lEI The ]·0 tilt·up litkes shape as more ele· ments are edended vertically, using the "wan· ishing lines" as guides. Rough perspective studies are used as a design tool for the evolving drawing. IFI A revised tilt·up concept for the lodge building, based on a quick eye·lewel perspective sketch study, is taped into place. With all revisions in place, a final overall tracing can be created. (GI After the final overlay is created, the completed tilt·up is printed and color is applied. Shadows for trees, buildings, and other vertical elements are a key to creating a convincing ]·0 eHect. Torre draws shad· ows horizontally, parallel to the boHom of the sheet. IHI A close·up view of the entry complex reveals details of both plan wiew features and vertical elements, including architectural facades. The subtle green grid indicates one· acre squares. Each acre represents an aver· age $4 to $9 million in investment, providing designer and client with a wisual budgetall lool for discussion.
don't even know what this is going to look like." So I envisioned it in perspenive as a whole street scene, but rather than everything coming to a single point I took a Pence I and taped it to a yardstick and created multi ple points, laying the building facades back. Since it was drawn to scale, I saw fOf the first time chat these blocks are all small historic buildings. And cheseochers are larger, more urban scale downtown bui ldings, and soon four zones and a radical new element to tie them togecher stan: to evolve jusc based on peeling chese facades back. Ac che time J JUSt did it and then thoughc about it lacer. Somecimes you use your imuitive sense and just do it, and if you're pleased with it , you go back and think about it and figure out what worked. Then it's a tool. I.R.: It seems to work particularly well in zoo design. You've got so many issues that
you're trying to think through, starting with values and the conservation message, deciding how to translate that into a visitor experience, then translating that experience into form .. TORRE: \'{1e always start with the fuet that everything on the earth is interconnected. So how do you tell stories that help people undersmnd why critters have SpotS or stripes or why they"re big or small, dimborswim? It·s usually based on the complexity of a globe that has differential heating because it·s a sphere that has wind patterns that create 'le,gemtive habitats that create geographic issues. It's hard to tell a Story without getting into the whole and why it's like it is. Our concept fur the Northwest Passage at the Memphis Zoo began with a scribble of what the journey would be like. And from there it went to diagrams that tilt up visualizing how it works, and J did a wholes!ew of sketches. T he (oo! thing is that it's a Journey, not only geographically, but in time. YOll know, the last land bridge of the Ice Age was 10,000 years ago. T hat bridge led critters to come to North America; people fo llowed and that then led (0 the creation of different nations of people as groups. So this is as much about the history of the U nited Sratesas it is about the animals. An ice age befalls us, patterns change, people move, and a whole new nation is OOrn.111en comes this genius, Chief Seatrie, who tells Congress in 1854 that man didn·t create the web of life, he's merely a strand in it, and what he does to the web he does to himself. He moves on, and we won't pick up that idea again for 120 years. So as you go through the exhibit, you're actually moving across the land bridge and across time through 3,000 or 4,000 years of change that leads to at least four culwral entities. Journeys like this link different forms of vegetation, different cri tters doing different things, different ecological interrelationships. Our work rakes the visitors and puts them there. Nor just to look around, but to show them a sequence of events that explains why things are the way they are. And if it's a really great ('Xhibi t, in the end you mo'le somelxxly. J.R.: Teil me about the role of drawing in your personal creative process. TORRE: 1 work with a lot of groups. So I'm sitting with 10 people, and there·s a blank sheer. T hey don't know what it's going to
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be. I don't know what it's going to be. At that point you have to draw. And what's really different about what we do rather than what engineers, attorneys, and other people do is we can create the magic of a visual image. Even just running a cross section and drawing your little scale person, showing where the sight line is-that's juSt magical. It also helps them see what dirt'(tion you're moving in. So it's a great t(X)1. And the reality is, I can't see it until I draw it. J.R. : You don't see it finished in your mind first? TORRE : No; there might be some kind of concept or thought process there, but to see if it works or not you have to draw it, and then you have to draw it to scale, Look at those wonderful drawings by Leonardo da Vinci- the way he rakes something and cutS it apart and then analyzes it and rurates it and explores how it hooks onto another gizmo. It's JUSt great! But he had to draw it to understand it and to demonstrate what he's thinking to somelxxly else. The other thing that I really love about d rawing is when something evolves that you didn't think was going to happen. You had no idea. It's like a resulting force. You explore this, then that, and what eventually comes , you didn 't anticipate. That's what everybody's l(X)king for- that's the magic of d iscovery. J.R.: So how do hand drawing and computer work imerface in the office now? TORRE: As an evolution. Doing that stuff on the computer early on takes more time to set it upand get it going. Of course once you have it set up, you're on your way. But at the schematic level, you're at your loosest, most amorphous experience; it's part of the search, So we'll do all the initial exploration in freehand. Even the plan is done in freehand with the sfXIt grades. Once we 've got the first iteration approved and we think we have a goo:l thing going, then we actually transition to electronic production. I do miss that our office doesn't l(X)k like a design office anymore; it l(X)ks like an insurance company with a bunch of people sitting at computers. I loved it when there were big drawing tables and drawings hanging off the side.
I find it wry interesting that there are a lot of programs to make eienronic drnwinf,'S look like hand drawings. In the old days, hand style, line weight, the way you articulated the line you drew- if somel:xxly had talent, the drawings were good. If they didn 't, they were bad. With electronic production, drnwings are good, period. So you have to look funher to see what's inside the drawing, beGluse they can be incorrect or misleading. Even with an electronic montage you can have scale problems because people don't understand the concept of the horiwn line. It's so easy bur I'll seeelectronic mock-ups that are all wrong; it's a matter of not understanding how perspective works. J.R.: Do you do all rhe hand drawing? TORRE : [ do all rhe illustrative design drawing. As we refine rhe project, my Staff will do imponam hand drawings ro d isCU!iS prior to producing rhem electronically. Speed is a factor as well. I can blaze through a concept pretty quickly and do a whole lot of drawings where someone else might JUSt be getting starred; otherwise we'd have to have more people. So we run a pretty efficient machine based on this iterative process we've developed. J.R.: Your drawings and your built work have a robust feel to them. Does your drawing style inAuence the design, or does your vision of {he finished design dictate the drawing style? TORRE : Neither. Bur I guess if it's working like it shou ld , the way the first drawing feels is how the built project ends up feeling. Maybe it won't look exactly like rhis, bur ir should feel like th is. I think thar's what you're going for. J.R.: I've written about the speed advantages of working very small. You, on the other hand, work very large. TORRE: I think ir takes the same amount of time to drnw a large drnwing You do have more real estate to cover, but ifyou're moving quickly, and you 're not afrnid to just blaze through it, and you're working with a pen like a club rather than in a refined posi tion, it's a great way to work. Lu-ge size is also good for drnwing with rhedient. If you want to have somebody be pan of the process, put the tracing up and draw it with them there. Maybe they can't drnw, bur they feel they're really inAuencing the design because they're there while it'sactually being shaped. It has a whole different
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tract document, He's got little notcs on it, making calculations and then scrntching out. T hat's che drnwing that built the biggest dome that mankind had ever seen, And that was his drawing, in his own hand. I think anybody can be taught to drnw with a level of proficiency. But if you're at the proficiem level only and you llatedoing it, you're nutgoing to embrace it like you really enjoyed itorreally believed in its power as a tool. And if you don 't feel comfortable with drawing it, how can you fig ure itom? Romamically I want hand drawing to stay. Pragmatically I don't know how it can be replaced. J find it hard to imag ine. Bur [ believe that in the future there will be mOf(' people who want to draw, because it's more valuable than it's ever been before.
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impact dlan if you showed up with a big slick presemation and you're asking them to sign off on it as the best thing since sliced bread. l.R.: You've said that a tremendous amoum of design personality could be developed through drawing .... Pedel SIp penl. New pens are used to skills, he sands them to create thicker TORRE: If you look at a lot of drawings, you can see or maybe feel the personality of the person who did it- the J.R.: \'V'hat would you say is the value of way they textured it, the lack of texture, the drawing to landscape architects -today freedom of the strokes-so whether some- and in the future? body's tig htly wound or a free spirit, they TORRE : Delineation of concept. T here's a portray their personality in their hand. Now very human quality there, When you look it's different in the electronic age because back ac grC'".lt renderings from da Vinci on, that's an agg regate of different attributes you're looking into that guy's brain, You that you locate from different plac("S and as- can see how he made those strokes, how he semble, So ic can hide whecher you are loose crossed someching oue or correcced and James RichardJ, ASIA, is cofollnder oj TOUJnas a goose or tight as a dock. Bur in hand modified it. Back in the kitchen we have a scope IlIc" all "rball desigll COllsllltallCY bmed fII drawings, you can see jX:rsonality, [ enjoy drawing that's a cross senion of Brunel - Arlillgtoll, Texas, alld isa Bradford Williams chat; it's something r like to see, leschi's Duomo in Florence, That's a con- Medal wIllller.
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114 1 Landscape Architecture
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